Q:

Why does this generate a segmentation fault?

#include<stdio.h>
void foo(int **arr) {
    arr[1][1]++;
}

main() {
    int arr[20][20];
    printf("%d\n",arr[1][1]);
    foo((int**)arr);
    printf("%d\n",arr[1][1]);
}

A:

Suppose you declare:
      int arr[ 10 ][ 20 ] ;
    What type is arr?
  You may think that it's int **, but that's incorrect.  
Its actually of type int (*)[20] when it decays (like when you pass it to a function);
Array decaying applies only once.

Details here

Now consider the following,  
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void foo(int arr[][20]) {
  arr[1][1]++;
}
main() {
  int (*arr)[20];
  arr = malloc(sizeof(int (*)[]) * 2); //2 rows & malloc will do implicit cast.

  printf("%d\n",arr[1][1]);
  foo(arr);
  printf("%d\n",arr[1][1]);
}

Output : 

$ gcc fdsf.c && ./a.out
  0
  1

arr and arr+1 are pointing to array of 20 integers. 
arr + 0 --> int       int       int    ...    int (20 ints, contiguous)
               [0][0]   [0][1]
  arr + 1 --> int       int       int    ...    int (20 ints, contiguous)
               [1][0]   [1][1]

A:

Here's what an int[2][2] looks like in memory:
int[2] int[2]
That is, an array immediately followed by another array.
Here's what an int[2] looks like in memory:
int int
That is, an int immediately followed by another int.
So, here's also what an int[2][2] looks like in memory:
int int int int
     ^       ^
     |       |___ this is arr[1][1]
     |
     |____ this is p[1], assuming sizeof(int*) == sizeof(int)

If you cast arr to an int**, I'm going to call the result p. Then it points to the same memory. When you do p[1][1] you don't get arr[1][1]. What the program does instead is, it reads the value at p[1], adjusts that up by the size of an int, and dereferences it. If that second int contained, say, the value "21" then you have just tried to dereference the pointer "25" (if int is 4 bytes). That ain't right.
Arrays are not the same as pointers, and 2-D arrays are certainly not the same thing as pointers-to-pointers.

A:

Because foo expect a pointer to a pointer to int and you are passing it a pointer to an array of 20 int.  Casting it won't change the fact that it isn't the correct type.

