Evaluation of removal efficiency of fluoride from aqueous solution using new charcoals that contain calcium compounds.
Charcoals that contain calcium compounds have been synthesized by impregnating wood with calcium chloride followed by carbonization at 500 degrees C, 650 degrees C or 900 degrees C. The charcoals were characterized by SEM, EDAX, XRD and chemical titrations. These adsorbents were porous with the wood microstructure. XRD revealed the presence of crystallized CaCO(3) and CaO. Despite this content, all the charcoals showed acidic surface properties and pH of point of zero charge (pH(PZC)) values were around 7.4-7.7. Their performance for fluoride removal from aqueous solution was evaluated by batch experiments. Fluoride adsorption kinetic followed a pseudo-second order model. Charcoal prepared at 650 degrees C exhibited the best efficiency with a fluoride sorption capacity of 19.05 mg g(-1) calculated from the Langmuir model. A fluoride residual concentration of 0.67 mg L(-1) was achieved within 24 h from a 10 mg L(-1) solution at neutral pH. The fluoride removal was not modified by the presence of NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-) and PO(4)(3-) in the fluoride solution, while HCO(3)(-) and Cl(-) slightly affected the defluoridation capacity. The charcoals were chemically stable in solution and the amount of dissolved Ca was found to be 3.23 mg L(-1) at neutral pH.