Communalism (South Asia)

Communalism is a term used in South Asia to denote attempts to construct religious or ethnic identity, incite strife between people identified as different communities, and to stimulate communal violence between those groups. It derives from history, differences in beliefs, and tensions between the communities.

The term communalism was constructed by the British colonial authorities as it wrestled to manage violence between religious, ethnic and disparate groups in its colonies, particularly Africa and South Asia, in early 20th century.

Communalism is not unique to South Asia. It is found in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and Australia.

Communalism is a significant social issue in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

History

The term came into use in early 20th century during the British colonial rule. The Hindu Mahasabha and the All-India Muslim League represented such communal interests, whereas Indian National Congress represented an overarching "nationalist" vision. In the run up to independence in 1947, communalism and nationalism came to be competing ideologies and led to the division of British India into the Republics of India and Pakistan. The British historians have attributed the cause of the partition to the communalism of Jinnah and the political ambitions of the Indian National Congress  .The bloody Partition violence gave a clear sense to every one what communalism leads to, and it has since been frowned upon in India.

Communal conflicts between religious communities, especially Hindus and Muslims, have been a recurring occurrence in independent India, occasionally leading to serious inter-communal violence.

Movements and groups
 Hindu Nationalism
 Hindu Mahasabha
 Shiv Sena	
 Vishwa Hindu Parishad	
 Bajrang Dal
 Dalit self-respect movement
 Dalit Freedom Network
 Dalit Voice

Indian Muslim
 Islamic Fundamentalism
 Wahabist Tabligh-e-Islam and other Muslim extremist groups.
 Two-nation theory and Partition of India
 All-India Muslim League
 Razakar
 Tablighi Jamaat (Deobandi)
 Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI)
 Popular Front of India (PFI)
Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazagham
Students Islamic Organisation of India
Jamaat-e-Islami,
Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh
Jamaat-e-Islami Hind
 Indian Union Muslim League
Al-Shams
 National Development Front
Fairazi movement

 Christian fundamentalist/Secessionist
National Liberation Front of Tripura
Tripura Baptist Christian Union
 Various Secessionists
Nagaland Rebels
Other insurgent groups in Northeast India

 Sikh
 Shiromani Akali Dal
 Khalistan movement

Incidents of communal violence

Examples of communalist violence, with strong motivations based on religious identity include:
the 1809–1811 Hindu-Muslim Lat Bhairo riots
the 1921 Moplah Rebellion
the 1931 Hindu-Muslim Benares riot
the 1931 Cawnpore Riots
Manzilgah and Sukkur (Sind) Riots, 15th Feb. 1940
the 1946 Calcutta riots death toll estimated at 6,000.
the 1947 "population exchanges" at the partition of India, resulting in an estimated 500,000 deaths.
the 1971 Bangladesh genocide, 3 million victims, 8 million Hindus displaced.
Hindu areas in Bangladeshi cities suffered particularly heavy blows. Time magazine reported on 2 August 1971, "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Pakistani military hatred."
the 1984 anti-Sikh riots following the assassination of Indira Gandhi.
the 1992 Bombay riots in Bombay more than 200,000 people (both Hindus and Muslims) fled the city or their homes during the time of the riots, 900–3000 people died.
the 1992 December 2- Babri masjid demolition by Sangparivar and subsequent communal violence in various parts of India
the 1998 Wandhama massacre, 25 Hindu victims.
the 1999 Graham Staines murder.
the 2000 Chittisinghpura massacre, 35 Sikhs killed.
the 2002 Godhra Train Burning, 58 Hindus killed.
the 2002 Gujarat violence, 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus killed.
the 2002 Kaluchak massacre, 31 Hindus killed.
the 2002 Marad massacre, 14 Hindu deaths – Indian Union Muslim League conspired and executed the massacre.
the 2006 Kherlanji massacre, lynching of four Dalits.
the 2008 Indore Riots, 7 people killed, 6 of whom were Muslims
the 2007–2009 religious violence in Orissa, Christians mostly targeted, Hindu houses burnt.
the 2010 Deganga riots, Hindus targeted, Hindu businesses, houses and other property destroyed.
the 2012 Assam violence, between Bodo Hindus and Bengali Muslim settlers 
Incidents of "communal violence" cannot clearly be separated by incidents of terrorism. "Communal violence" tends to refer to mob killings, while terrorism describes concerted attacks by small groups of militants (see definition of terrorism). See also .

See also
 Caste system
 Persecution of Hindus
 Ayodhya debate
 Terrorism in India
 Indian nationalism
 Pakistani nationalism
 Saffronisation
 NCERT controversy
 Religion in India
 Persecution of Muslims
 Anti-Hinduism
 Islamic Terrorism
 Language conflicts in India
 Sectarianism
 Hate group

References

Further reading 
 
 
 Jhingran, Saral. "Religion and communalism"
 
 Asgharali Engineer. Lifting the veil: communal violence and communal harmony in contemporary India. Sangam Books, 1995. .
Ludden, David, editor. Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India, Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1996.
Manuel, Peter. "Music, the Media, and Communal Relations in North India, Past and Present," pp. 119–39.
Martin E. Marty, R. S. Appleby (eds.),  Fundamentalisms Observed The Fundamentalism Project vol. 4, eds.,  University Of Chicago Press (1994), 
Mumtaz Ahmad, an 'Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia: The Jamaat-i-Islami and the Tablighi Jamaat', pp. 457–530.
Gold, Daniel, 'Organized Hinduisms: From Vedic Truths to Hindu Nation', pp. 531–593.
T. N. Madan, 'The Double-Edged Sword: Fundamentalism and the Sikh Religious Tradition', pp. 594–627.
A History of the Hindu-Muslim Problem in India from the Earliest Contacts Up to its Present Phase With Suggestions for Its Solution. Allahabad, 1933. Congress report on the 1931 Cawnpur Riots.
Nandini Gooptu, The Urban Poor and Militant Hinduism in Early Twentieth-Century Uttar Pradesh, Modern Asian Studies, Cambridge University Press (1997).

External links
 B. R. Ambedkar, "The riot-torn history of Hindu-Muslim relations, 1920–1940", Pakistan or Partition of India
 Tony Cross Gujarat after the riots + Mumbai, during 2004 general election

Communal violence
Category:Political terminology in India
Category:Social issues in India
Category:Religion and violence
Category:Sectarian violence