The U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights, as well as federal and state statutes and local ordinances collectively establish the "public peace" in the US

What is a Social Contract

The social contract provides that for everyone to receive justice, each person must relinquish some personal freedom

What is community defined?

Community refers to the specific geographic area served by a police department or law enforcement agency and the individuals, organizations, and agencies within that area

It also refers to a feeling of belonging- a sense of integration, a sense of shared values, and a sense of "we-ness"

How does the decline of bowling league relate to crime

The bowling alone phenomenon refers to a striking decline in social capital and civic engagement in the United states

What does the broken window pheonom refer to?

The broken windows phenomenon suggests that it appears "no one cares," disorder and crime will thrive.

What does demographics entail?

Demographics include a population's size, distribution, growth, density, employment rate ethnic makeup, and vital statistics such as average age, education, and income.

What role does organizations and institutions play within a community?

Organizations and institutions can play a key role in enhancing community safety and quality of life

What power structures exist within a community?

1)formal power structure - which includes divisions of society within wealth and political influence: federal, state, and local agencies and government, commissions, and regulatory agencies.

2)informal power structure - which includes religious groups, wealthy subgroups, ethnic groups, political groups, and public interest groups.

What issues within the criminal justice system affect police-community relation

Controversial issues in the criminal justice system that affect police-community partnerships include plea bargaining, diversion, sentencing, rehabilitation, community alternatives to prison, victims' rights, and capital punishment

What is restorative justice?

Advocates a balanced approach to sentencing that involves offenders, victims, local communities and government to alleviate crime and violence and maintain peaceful communities.

How have citizens and communities been involved in community policing?

Citizen involvement in the law enforcement community and in understanding policing has taken the form of civilian review boards, citizen patrols, citizen police academies, ride-alongs, and similar programs.

VOCAB: social contract

A legal theory that suggests that for everyone to receive justice, each person must relinquish some individual freedom

Vocab: Community

The specific geographic area served by a police department or law enforcement agency and for the individuals, originations, and agencies within that area

VOCAB: social capital

Refers to the strength of a community's social fabric and includes the elements of trustworthiness and obligations. Two levels of social capital are local and public

1)local - the bond among family members and their immediate, informal groups.

2)public - refers to networks tying individuals to broader community institutions, such as schools and churches linking individuals to various levels of government - such as the police

Vocab: Bowling alone

A metaphor referring to a striking decline in social capital and civic engagement in the United states

Broken windows phenomenon

Suggests that if it appears no cares about the community, as indicated by broken windows not being repaired, then disorder and crime will thrive.

Vocab: Incivilities

Occurs when social control mechanisms have eroded abd include unmowed lawns, piles of accumulated trash, graffiti, public drunkenness, fighting, prostitution, abandoned buildings, and broken Windows

Vocab: Displacement

The theory that suggests that successful implementation of a crime-reduction initiative doesn't really prevent crime; instead it just moves crime to another area

Vocab: Demographics

The characteristics of a human population or community

Vocab: homogeneous

Involving things (including people) that are basically similar, alike; the opposite of heterogeneous

Vocab: heterogeneous

Involving things (like people) that are unlike, dissimilar, different; the opposite of homogeneous

Vocab: Ghetto

An area of a city usually inhabited by individuals of the same race or ethnic background who live in povety and apparent social disorganization.

Vocab: Bifurcated society

The widening of the gap between those with wealth (the "haves") and those living in poverty (the "have-nots") with q shrinking middle class.

Vocab: privatization

Using private security officers or agencies to provide services typically considered to be law enforcement functions

Vocab: formal power structure

formal power structure - includes divisions of society within wealth and political influence: federal, state, and local agencies and government, commissions, and regulatory agencies.