Q:

Difference among "an", "in", "von", "aus"

I am puzzled about these preposition in Deutsch.
What's the main difference among them? 
I have a example. I give my understanding after the Deutsch. Can I understanding in this way?

Das Es → The it?
  An Es → on/at/by it?
  In Es → in it?
  Vom Ich → from I?
  Aus Mir → from me?
  Ich ins Es → I in it?

Added explanation: I know this is a bad example. But it is from a German book. That's why I feel so confused. This kind of usage is not common.
If my understanding is wrong, please tell me how to understand them in a right way.

A:

Those examples make little to no sense. This is mostly because you haven't declined es properly. This is required because it makes a big difference whether a preposition is used with nominative, genitive, dative or accusative.
In es (accusative) for example means into it.

Das Heft war fast voll. Ich schrieb weiter in es hinein.

The notebook was nearly full. I continued to write into it.
In ihm (dative) in contrary means inside it.

In ihm (dem Heft) stand soviel Unsinn.

Inside it (the notebook) was so much nonsense.
Prepositions which take nominative or genitive are less common.
But most important, the meaning of prepositions in German (and in English, too) depend on the verbs they are connected with.

Er klebte eine Notiz an die Tür.

He stuck a note to the door.

Ich mag alles an ihr.

I like everything about her.

An diesem Tag ging alles schief.

At that day all went wrong.
So there is no direct translation possible. You have to learn the multiple meanings of each single verb and which preposition is used for which meaning.

