A lemon damselfish hovering over its coral shelter while looking for predators. Credit: Oona Lönnstedt

In a world first study researchers from Uppsala University, Sweden and James Cook University in Australia and have found that prey fish captured by predators release chemical cues that acts as a 'distress call", dramatically boosting their chances for survival. The findings are published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

Fish harbour a chemical substance in their skin that's released upon injury. It triggers fearful and escape behaviour in nearby fish, but until now scientists hadn't identified the benefits to the sender.

"For decades scientists have debated the evolutionary origin of chemical alarm cues in fish," says study lead author, Dr. Oona Lönnstedt -a researcher in fish ecology from Uppsala University.

Although fright responses to alarm cues provide obvious benefits to surrounding individuals, benefits to senders of alarm signals have been unclear, Dr. Lönnstedt says. The current study found that the chemical cue attracts additional predators to the capture site.

"Chemical alarm cues in fish seem to function in a similar way to the distress calls emitted by many birds and mammals following capture," says study co-author Professor Mark McCormick from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies at James Cook University.

When the researchers investigated what happens when chemical alarm cues of damselfish are released on the Great Barrier Reef, they found that lots of additional predators were attracted to the cue release area.

"More predators would seem to mean more trouble, but we discovered that additional predators interfere with the initial predation event, thus allowing the prey a greater chance to escape," says Professor McCormick.

Secondary predator attracted by chemical alarm cues to the capture site disrupts the initial predation event by trying to pirate the damselfish prey, thereby providing it with a chance to escape. Credit: Oona Lönnstedt

In a series of laboratory trials, the Swedish-Australian research team found that additional predators attempted to pirate the prey, and in the ensuing commotion, the captured damselfish had a greater chance to break free and hide.

"When caught by a predator, small damselfish have almost no chance of escaping their fate as the predator's next meal. However, when another fish predator is attracted to the capture site, prey will escape about 40 percent of the time' Professor McCormick says.

Lemon damselfish in coral. Credit: Oona Lönnstedt

This was dramatic proof that chemical alarm cues are beneficial to senders - and give small prey fish a hugely increased chance of not ending up as dinner.

"These findings are the first to demonstrate an evolutionary mechanism by which fish may benefit from the production and release of chemical alarm cues, and highlight the complex and important role chemical cues play in predator-prey interactions on coral reefs. It all goes to show that coral reef fish have evolved quite a range of clever strategies for survival which are deployed when a threatening situation demands," Dr. Lönnstedt says.

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More information: Lönnstedt OM and McCormick MI (2015) Damsel in distress: captured damselfish prey emit chemical cues that attract secondary predators and improve escape chances, Proc. R. Soc. B. 20152038, Journal information: Proceedings of the Royal Society B Lönnstedt OM and McCormick MI (2015) Damsel in distress: captured damselfish prey emit chemical cues that attract secondary predators and improve escape chances,. 20152038, dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2038