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LEVY, MORITZ ABRAHAM –
...nearly thirty years. For his scientific labors he received from the King of Prussia, in 1865, the title of professor.Levy was preeminent in the field of Semitic paleography. He was the first person after...

LOEWE, LUDWIG –
...head of the firm, insisted upon a complete investigation, which resulted in the demonstration of the utter baselessness of the charges made by the anti-Semitic leader. These charges were nothing less than that the...

MACHÆRUS –
...V08p245004.jpg; it was pronounced "Mekhawar" (comp. Μαχαβέρως, " Machaveros" in writings of the Middle Ages). Accordingly, Μαχαιροῦς in Josephus is probably only a Greek form of the Semitic name, and is...

SONNENTHAL, ADOLF RITTER VON –
...In 1896 the celebration of his fortieth anniversary was marred by the anti-Semitic feeling of the Vienna city council, which, because of his race, refused to extend the freedom of the city to him.

TARSUS –
...products, and was famed for its schools of rhetoric. In Tarsus, as in Cilicia generally, the original population was Semitic, a fact reflected in the tradition that the city was a Phenician colony (Dio Chrysostom...

WASHING –
...and water was an important factor in the Hebrew cult as in all other Semitic religions. A partial explanation of this phenomenon lies in the fact that springs and rivers were often worshiped by the Semites either...

WELLHAUSEN, JULIUS –
...Israelites and Hebrews being held to have been a crude tribal Semitic nature-worship which culminated in a henotheistic Jahvistic nationalism, against which the Prophets, as the preachers of ethical righteousness, often...

CARTHAGE –
...Ancient city and republic in northern Africa; of special interest to Jews on account of the Phenico-Semitic origin of its inhabitants, its government under the suffetes, recalling the "shofeṭim" (judges ...Carthage Israel and his 'Father in heaven' are known; from Tyrus to the west and from Carthage to the east Israel and his God are not known" (Men. 110a); which is probably meant to indicate the extent of the Semitic...

POLNA AFFAIR –
...which he had visited as a beggar, that he could not possibly have been in Polna on that day.Anti-Semitic Agitation. Meantime anti-Semitic agitators tried their...

PRESBURG –
...compromise, the city agreeing to pay annually to the Jewish congregation the sum of 1,703.88 florins and to leave to it the care of its poor (1856). The awakening of the anti-Semitic movement in Hungary found a ...sympathetic echo in Presburg, where the first Hungarian anti-Semitic society was founded, which from 1880 had for its organ the "Westungarischer Grenzbote." The Tisza-Eszlár...

RACES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT –
...Hebrews. The three great divisions, Shem, Ham, and Japhet, are geographical and political: Shem represents the region stretching from the Arabian peninsula to Elam (which in language was not Semitic); Ham is Egypt ...G. A. Barton, Sketch of Semitic Origins, New York, 1902; R. Stuart-Poole, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, May, l887; B. Bertin...

PHENICIA –
...vii. 89), came from the Red Sea (here denoting the Persian Gulf) to the coast of Syria. They probably belonged to an early Semitic invasion of Palestine before the Israelitish conquest. Although lists of early ...was plainly a characteristic Semitic cult. In its basis it was polytheistic and naturalistic, and it contained distinct traces of fetishism, later developed into idolatry. There are likewise clear vestiges of ...divine attributes. Temples were erected, although they were less important than in most Semitic cults, and even in them the old usage survived of setting up the divine images, votive pillars, and similar objects in...

KISHINEF (KISHINEV) –
...name="anchor2">Anti-Semitic Riots. A serious anti-Jewish outbreak occurred in Kishinef April 19-20, 1903, during which 47 Jews were killed, and 92 severely, and 500 slightly, injured. Great material losses ...could take only the course carefully marked out for it. Anything else would have meant disaster to the definite anti-Semitic policy of the government, and would have implicated high government officials. This, of ...right to persecute Jews with impunity, nor to conceive of any other explanation of the atrocities than that diligently spread by anti-Semitic papers in the pay of the government, namely, that the uprising at...

MONOTHEISM –
...The belief in one God. The French writer Ernest Renan has propounded the theory that the monotheistic instinct was a Semitic trait, and that therefore the universal belief that it was characteristic of the ...Hebrews alone must be modified. But later research into Semitic origins has demonstrated the untenability of Renan's contention. Robertson Smith has summed up the matter with the statement that "what is often ...described as a natural tendency of Semitic religion toward ethical monotheism is in the main nothing more than a consequence of the alliance of religion with monarchy" ("Rel. of Sem." p. 74; Montefiore, "Hibbert...

ANIMAL WORSHIP –
...among members of the most cultivated of modern communities. The whole ancient Semitic population of western Asia was infected with this superstition, which manifested itself in many different ways. In Babylonia it ...influential cult is wide and comprehensive. Israel was heir to many forms of Semitic belief; and religious symbolism had begun in early ages among peoples to which, both through racial descent and historic association ...Useful illustrations of early forms of Hebrew and Semitic worship may be gained from well-known anthropological works. For the special subject, refer to W. R. Smith, in Journal of Philology, ix. 75 et seq.;

DERENBURG (DERENBOURG) –
...principally due to his intimate friendship with Abraham Geiger that he did not entirely drift into the domain of Semitic philology, but remained faithful to Jewish science.Abandoning the idea of becoming a rabbi ...Hebrew, Arabic, and other Semitic languages under Reinaud, Ulmann, chief rabbi of France, and his father, in Paris; under Ewald, Bertheau, and Wüstenfeld, in Göttingen; under Fleischer and Krehl., in Leipsic. In ...in the Escurial and in the other libraries of Spain. On his return Earnest Renan had Derenbourg made assistant to the commission upon Semitic inscriptions at the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres...

HEBREW LANGUAGE –
...Hebrew language might be appropriately called the Israelitish dialect of Canaanitish, a branch of the semitic-languages">Semitic Languages spoken in Palestine and in the Phenician ...Hebrew occupies a middle place between Arabic, on the one hand, and Aramaic, on the other. Of the original Semitic consonants some appear to have been wholly or partly lost; at least the distinction between certain ...fault has to a large extent been remedied. As in all Semitic languages, the concrete meanings of the word-stems are more or less apparent and present in the consciousness of the speaker or writer in all the derived...

ASHES –
...Sheol (Gen. iii. 19; Job vii. 21; Ps. xxii. 16 [15]). Compare the Babylonian representation of dust as the food of the inhabitants of the underworld ("Descent of Ishtar").The ordinary Semitic term for ...thing, a bit." Probably the primary signification of "efer" is the same; outside of Hebrew it is found only in African Semitic dialects (Ethiopic or Amharic), where (in the form "afrat") it...

FINANCE –
...often been charged against them by anti-Semitic writers. Such crises have almost invariably been caused by overspeculation in industrials, in which Jewish capital has rarely been invested. It is for this reason ...Frankfort, and nearly as many at Berlin, are of Jewish origin. The Prussian law against options was declared to be influenced by anti-Semitic desire to undermine the preponderating influence of Jews on these markets...

SERVANT OF GOD –
...Semitic Use of "Servant." That devoted worshipers of the Deity were commonly designated as God's servants is attested by the theophorous personal names frequent in all Semitic dialects, and in which one...

KOHUT, ALEXANDER –
...and tributes was published by Congregation Ahavath Chesed in 1894 in New York; and another, containing learned essays by forty-four noted scholars in Europe and America, entitled "Semitic Studies in Memory of Rev ...Semitic Studies in Memory of Rev. Dr. Alexander Kohut" (Berlin, 1897), and, since 1902, has edited "Helpful Thoughts," now the "Jewish Home," a monthly periodical published in New York.

BAGINSKY, ADOLF ARON –
...Haltekinderpflege in Berlin," Brunswick, 1886, etc.It may be added that Adolf Baginsky is a member of the several associations and committees formed in Berlin for the purpose of checking the anti-Semitic movement in...

ARTAXERXES III. –
...Solinus (xxxv. 4) that Jericho was besieged by Artaxerxes and destroyed by him, has been explained by Theodore Reinach ("Semitic Studies in Memory of A. Kohut," pp. 447 et seq.) to refer to the conquests of...

BA'AL AND BA'AL-WORSHIP –
...The wide-spread and primitive Semitic root ("ba'al") may be most nearly rendered in English by "possess." The term "Ba'al," therefore, which is usually explained as meaning "lord," is ...implies especially lordship over men, though it is also, as in all north-Semitic languages, used as a mere noun of relation. In Arabic "ba'al," as applied to persons, is confined to the meaning of "husband."

CAPPADOCIA –
...Syrians" (λευκόσυροι). They must not, however, be classed with the Semites, since the little that remains of their language shows no relationship with Semitic (Gesenius, "Monumenta Phœniciæ," p. 11).

BOTTLE –
...broad jar with handles and narrow neck) and by σταμνός (jar). On the other hand, the Greek and Latin words for bottle (λάγηνος, lagena, etc.) seem to be of Semitic origin. Moreover, the bottle-form, for...

CRANIOMETRY –
...characteristic of all the other modern Semitic races and tribes, as the Arabs, Syrians, Abyssinians, etc. Among the modern Jews this ranges, as is seen in the table, from 1 per cent, in Blechman's series, to 7.3 per cent ...Semitic skulls. The pure Semitic skull is dolichocephalic, as may be seen from a study of the heads of modern Arabs, Abyssinians, Syrians, etc. The cephalic index of these races is from 73 to 77. As is at present ...among them in less than two per cent of cases.Ancient Jewish Skulls. This can be explained in two ways: either the modern Jews have very little Semitic blood in...

JEREMIAH, EPISTLE OF –
...of this Astarte cult is reported by S. I. Curtiss ("Primitive Semitic Religion To-day," Chicago, 1904) as still existing in Egypt.] Men's own handiwork, they can neither save them from war and plague...

ELCESAITES –
...Semitic conception. It may also be gathered from Hippolytus' quotations from the book of the Elcesaites that astrology and magic were prominent in their religion. The doctrine of Elcesai is as follows: "There exist...