Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an update.
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is defined as a lateral spinal curvature of greater than 10 degrees, for which no pathologic cause can be determined. The initial assessment of adolescents with scoliosis focuses on identification of any treatable underlying pathology. Adolescents with scoliosis typically are asymptomatic and have normal neurologic and physical examinations, with the exception of curvature of the spine. Treatment strategies are determined by the risk of progression. This risk depends on the extent of the curvature and anticipated future spinal growth. The extent of the curvature may be estimated by use of a scoliometer and verified by calculation of the Cobb angle on radiographic evaluation. Skeletal maturity may be estimated by several methods, including radiologic estimates of ossification by bone atlas or Risser sign. Treatment strategies include bracing and surgery.