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Wednesday, October 24, 2012

Specific Scents Can Reduce Fear While Sleeping

Breathe in, lose the fear (Image: JGI/Jamie Grill/Getty)

One of the difficult features of experiencing trauma, especially when it becomes post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), is the persistence of the fear response, as though we are consistently in that traumatic moment. As far as the brain is concerned (and the psyche), the traumatic event is happening right now, all the time.

The result of this over-activation of the amygdala (the fear center in the brain) is anxiety and hypervigilance, the need to check and recheck the environment all the time to be sure there is not any threats to our safety. We also become jumpy, with an exaggerated startle response, experience nightmares and flashbacks, and may become so depressed that suicide feels like a real option for ending the pain.

But what if we could reduce that persistent fear with something as simple as a scent. New research suggests this is possible, and it could be more effective than any of the pharmacological approaches psychiatrists are so fond of prescribing.

Sleeping helps us reset our brains and calm our emotions. Perhaps it can do more, though: if sleepers are exposed to odours they associate with bad memories, it appears they can lose the fear those memories bring.

Katherina Hauner and Jay Gottfried of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, exposed subjects to four pictures of faces and a series of inoffensive smells such as mint. When one of the faces appeared, the volunteers got a painful electric shock.

Afterwards, the researchers measured the amount of electricity conducted by the subjects' skin – a measure that goes up when afraid, because the sweat produced is a good conductor. The researchers found that conductance spiked whenever the volunteers saw the face associated with the shock.

They then let half the subjects sleep, and exposed this group to variable amounts of the odour that had been presented along with the "painful" face. The next day, these volunteers were much less afraid of the face – and those with the least fear were those that had received the highest exposure to the odour while asleep. Brain scans also showed that brain areas associated with fear and with memory were less active after this exposure.

The other group of subjects stayed awake while they received pulses of the odour associated with the "painful" face. Unlike the sleeping group, however, these volunteers became more afraid of the face with greater exposure to the odour.

The question now is why sleep dissociates the fear from the image, rather than reinforcing the connection. Hauner says a clue may lie in reports from the awake volunteers, who said they saw the face in their minds every time they smelled the odour.

The technique could eventually enhance treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder by associating images from the traumatic memory with a smell, and then using odour exposure while sleeping, says Hauner. The next step is to study whether the effect occurs during REM sleep or slow-wave sleep.