Orthoses in haemophilia.
In haemophilia patients, orthoses are used for the prevention and management of bleeds and their effects on the musculoskeletal system. The characteristics of these devices vary according to the joint to which they are applied, although two basic types are distinguished: static and functional. The upper limbs make up a functional unit that is adapted to prehension, or the action of grasping or seizing objects. The most affected joints of this unit in haemophilia are the elbow and shoulder, which require immobilization, followed by stabilization and protection and in the case of disability, assistance in the performance of function. The lower limbs, on the other hand, are adapted to the action of ambulation. The knee, ankle and hip joints frequently sustain damage in haemophilia, and in the acute phase they should be immobilized and the patient discouraged from walking. Once bleeding has ceased, and motion and muscle balance improved, a gradual return to normal activity may commence. The principle aim of orthotics in these cases is to immobilize and unburden the affected body segment, and to provide stability and assistance for ambulation. Shoe insoles cushion and modify stance, and therefore may help prevent lesions. Crutches and walking frames are used for restoring normal gait. Orthotic devices improve the quality of life of haemophilia patients with musculoskeletal lesions and are useful for preventing lesions resulting from strenuous activities, whether performed in the course of daily living or in the pursuit of games and sports.