Back pain is extremely common – about four in five people are affected at some point in their lifetime. Anyone can get back pain at any age, but it’s most common in people between the ages of 35 and 55, or over.

Your back has many interconnecting structures, including bones, joints, muscles, ligaments and tendons. Its main support structure is the spine, which is made up of 24 separate bones called vertebrae, plus the bones of the sacrum and coccyx. Between the vertebrae are discs that act as shock absorbers and allow your spine to bend. Your spinal cord threads down through the central canal of each vertebra, carrying nerves from your brain to the rest of your body.

It’s often very difficult to know exactly what causes back pain, but it’s usually thought to be related to a strain in one of the interconnecting structures in your back, rather than a nerve problem. Back pain caused by a more serious, underlying condition is rare and you’re unlikely to be affected unless you are very old or very young.

Symptoms of Low Back Pain

If you have low back pain, you may have tension, soreness or stiffness in your lower back area. This pain is often referred to as ‘non-specific’ back pain and usually improves on its own within a few days.

Back pain may be called either ‘acute’ or ‘chronic’ depending on how long your symptoms last. You may have:

acute back pain – lasting less than six weeks

sub-acute back pain – lasting six weeks to three months

chronic back pain – lasting longer than three months

You should see a doctor as soon as possible if, as well as back pain, you have:

a fever (high temperature)

redness or swelling on your back

pain down your legs and below your knees

numbness or weakness in one or both legs or around your buttocks

loss of bladder or bowel control (incontinence)

constant pain, particularly at night

pain that is getting much worse and is spreading up your spine

These symptoms are known as red flags. It’s important to seek medical help for these symptoms to ensure you don’t have a more serious, underlying cause for your back pain.

For most people with back pain, there isn’t any specific, underlying problem or condition that can be identified as the cause of the pain. However, there are a number of factors that can increase your risk of developing back pain, or aggravate it once you have it. These include:

standing, sitting or bending down for long periods

lifting, carrying, pushing or pulling loads that are too heavy, or going about these tasks in the wrong way

having a trip or a fall

being stressed or anxious

being overweight

having poor posture

There may be other, more serious underlying causes of your low back pain, but these are rare. They include:

fracture – a crack or break in one of the bones in your back

osteoporosis – a condition where bones lose density causing them to become weak, brittle and more likely to break

a slipped disc – this is when a disc bulges so far out that it puts pressure on your spinal nerves

spinal stenosis – a condition in which the spaces in your spine narrow

spondylolithesis – when one of your back bones slips forward and out of position

degenerative disc disease – when the discs in your spinal cord gradually become worn down

osteoarthritis – a wear-and-tear disease that can particularly affect the joints of your spine

rheumatoid arthritis – an inflammatory condition in which your immune system causes inflammation of the lining of your joints and surrounding structures

Low back pain may also be caused by an infection or cancer, but these two causes are very rare.

Diagnosis of back pain

A doctor will usually be able to diagnose low back pain from your symptoms and there will be no need for further tests. If, however, your symptoms don’t improve after a few weeks, or you have some red flag symptoms, he or she may refer you to have:

an X-ray

a CT scan (a test that uses X-ray equipment and computer software to create pictures of the inside of your body)

an MRI scan (a test that uses magnets and radiowaves to produce images of the inside of the body)

blood tests

These tests are used to find out if you have a more specific, underlying cause for your back pain.

Please note that availability and use of specific tests may vary from country to country.

Treatment of back pain

If your back pain is non-specific, your doctor will recommend you try self-help measures. Alternatively, he or she may prescribe medicines or refer you for physical therapy if your pain is severe or chronic. If, however, your doctor suspects you have a specific underlying cause, he or she may refer you to have spinal injections. These are used to find out the exact source of, and also to treat, your back pain but aren’t suitable for everyone.

Self-help

There are a number of things you can do to help relieve low back pain.

Stay active and continue your daily activities as normally as you can. Bed rest may actually make low back pain worse, so try to limit the time you spend resting to a minimum.

Apply hot or cold packs to the affected area. You can buy specially designed hot and cold packs from most pharmacies. If you prefer, you can apply a cold compress, such as ice or a bag of frozen peas, wrapped in a towel. Don’t apply ice directly to your skin as it can damage your skin.

Medicines

Taking an over-the-counter painkiller such as aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) or paracetamol (acetaminophen), or anti-inflammatory medicine such as ibuprofen is often enough to relieve acute low back pain. You can also use creams, lotions and gels that contain painkillers or anti-inflammatory ingredients. Always read the patient information that comes with your medicine and if you have any questions, ask your pharmacist for advice.

If your pain is severe or chronic, your doctor may prescribe stronger medicines such as diazepam, morphine or tramadol. However, these aren’t suitable for everyone because they can be addictive and cause side-effects. Always ask your doctor for advice and read the patient information leaflet that comes with your medicine.

Physical therapies

A physiotherapist (physical therapist – a health professional who specialises in maintaining and improving movement and mobility) may be able to help you design a programme to help you exercise and stretch.

Alternatively, your doctor may refer you for physical therapy such as chiropractic treatment or osteopathy (therapies that are given alongside conventional treatments) to help with your back pain. Treatment can involve exercises, posture advice, massage, and techniques known as spinal mobilisation and spinal manipulation.

Surgery

Back pain, even if it’s chronic, can usually be treated or managed successfully, but about one in 10 people have ongoing problems. Back surgery is really only considered as a last resort if the pain is related to a specific cause.

Complementary therapies

Some people find acupuncture can help relieve low back pain. Alternatively, you could try a pain-management programme to help you better deal with and manage your symptoms.

You should always talk to a doctor before trying any complementary therapy. Availability and use of different treatments may vary from country to country. Ask your doctor for advice on your treatment options.

Prevention of back pain

Good back care can greatly reduce your risk of getting low back pain. To look after your back, make sure you:

take regular exercise – walking and swimming are particularly beneficial