Fakhr ad-Dīn II

Fakhr ad-Dīn II, (born c. 1572—died 1635, Constantinople [now Istanbul, Tur.]), Lebanese ruler (1593–1633) who for the first time united the Druze and Maronite districts of the Lebanon Mountains under his personal rule; he is frequently regarded as the father of modern Lebanon.

With the death of Fakhr ad-Dīn’s father, Korkmaz, in 1585, a civil war broke out between the two predominant religious–political factions in the region, the Kaysīs and the Yamanis. After Fakhr ad-Dīn and his Kaysī faction emerged victorious in 1591, he became determined to unite the perpetually feuding Maronite and Druze districts. Although he himself was of the Druze religion, he had the support of the Christian Maronites of what is now northern Lebanon, who resented their tyrannical ruler Yūsuf Sayfā. Fakhr ad-Dīn then became locked in a seven-year struggle for supremacy, a struggle that was complicated by the fact that the Ottomans, the nominal rulers, allied themselves first with Fakhr ad-Dīn and then with Yūsuf Sayfā. Finally, with the defeat of Yūsuf Sayfā (1607), the Ottomans recognized Fakhr ad-Dīn’s authority.

Because Fakhr ad-Dīn was still uncertain of Ottoman support, however, he allied Lebanon with Tuscany in 1608. The increasing ties with the Tuscans aroused the suspicion of the Ottomans, and they forced Fakhr ad-Dīn into exile (1614–18). After his return he made peace with his old rival Yūsuf Sayfā, cementing it with a marriage alliance.

Fakhr ad-Dīn then continued his conquests, and by 1631 he dominated most of Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine. The Ottomans, wary of his growing power, sent troops against him and defeated him in 1633. Fakhr ad-Dīn fled to the Lebanon Mountains, where he was captured (1634). He was executed in Constantinople. Though Fakhr ad-Dīn’s domains were fragmented after his death, the union of the Druze and Maronite districts survived.