A 55-year-old man presented with intracerebral hemorrhage and his angiographic evaluation revealed a S-M Grade 4 AVM in his right parietal area [] and was selected for microsurgery. As demonstrated in Figure –, ICG studies are helpful in different stages of the surgery. After opening the dura, the AVM is observed [], and ICG-VA shows the precise anatomy of the vessels []. To distinguish arteries from veins, this image was further reinforced by the color-coded FLOW 800 [] where one can observe the feeding artery in red and the draining vein in blue. This visual color map featured an overview of blood flow dynamics and facilitated identifying the feeding arteries at a single glance. As the operation goes on, changes of blood flow in AVM can be tracked by further color-coded images []. When the resection was completed, a final ICG-VA depicted total AVM removal with no residual nidus [].
A 33-year-old man with an unruptured right-occipital AVM underwent surgical treatment (Figures and ). Intraprocedural delay mapping provided a detailed color-coded image after opening of the dura (Figures and ); and the location of the nidus and main feeders was visualized. Based on the findings, we occluded the feeders and achieved complete removal of the AVM with accurate dissection plane between the nidus and normal brain tissue.