A 19 year old male with no previous history of heart disease was admitted with rest dyspnoea, found to be due to acute heart failure. He had felt fatigued with progressive limitation of exercise tolerance over the preceding 3 months. Symptoms were exacerbated by an upper respiratory tract infection one month before hospitalization. The patient was treated with antibiotics without noticeable improvement. The patient's mother had died suddenly at the age of 44 with a dilated cardiomyopathy of unknown cause for which she had had a pacemaker implanted.\nOn admission, the patient was cachectic with a body mass index of 17 and in poor general condition, with rest dyspnoea, tachypnoea of 30/minute and tachycardia of 130/minute. His liver was enlarged, there was evidence of pulmonary oedema and a systolic murmur, maximal at the apex.\nBlood analysis showed elevated liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase 192 units/L; alanine aminotransferase 400 u/L and creatine kinase 510 u/L) and mildly elevated Troponin I and C-reactive protein levels. Chest X-ray confirmed pulmonary oedema and showed an enlarged heart shadow. Sinus tachycardia and left bundle branch block with QRS duration >200 ms were present on electrocardiogram.\nEchocardiography on admission revealed significantly enlarged left ventricle and both atria, severe hypertrophy of both ventricles muscle without left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. Moderate tricuspid and severe mitral valve insufficiency, decreased left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction to 30% with global hypokinesis were observed.\nThe patient was referred for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), which was performed on a 1.5 T system with 4 element torso coil. Oxygen was supplied by mask throughout the study at a flow rate of 3 l/min. Function was assessed with steady state free precession (SSFP) sequence in short axis slices covering the ventricles and in 4-chamber, 2-chamber and LVOT orientations. Perfusion was assessed at rest only in 8 short axis slices using a gradient echo sequence with inversion recovery during and after intravenous administration of Gadopentate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA, 0,15 mmol/kg). Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) images were obtained after 10–20 min in short axis and 4 chamber orientations. Inversion time was adjusted to null the signal from normal LV myocardium.\nThe CMR study showed significantly reduced global function with left ventricular EF of 14%. (Additional file ) Left ventricular end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volumes (ESV) were increased (EDV 497 ml, ESV 426 ml). LV dimension was 81 × 94 mm in the short axis orientation. Significant dilatation of the right ventricle and both atria were confirmed. Tricuspid and mitral valve insufficiency were clearly visible on 4 chamber cine images and velocity encoded images in short axis orientation at valve level. (Figure )\nPerfusion defects, mainly subendocardial, were visible in almost all segments on first pass images acquired at rest. They were obvious in the infero-septal segments and partly transmural in the lateral and anterior walls (Figure , Additional file ). LGE was present in the subendocardium and in places transmurally in the anterior and lateral walls. A small LGE region was present in RV inferior junctional region. (Fig. )\nThe patterns of LGE and perfusion deficit were atypical for sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and based on the CMR findings, myocarditis was considered unlikely. An ischaemic cause of the subendocardial LGE was considered, but the lack of correspondence with typical coronary territories and the combination with the severe hypertrophy of affected segments made this unlikely. Other causes of hypertrophy, including amyloidosis and Anderson-Fabry disease were also considered, but the LGE pattern did not seem typical. In Anderson-Fabry disease, the basal segments are predominantly affected. In amyloidosis, LGE can include subepicardial layers, but with a characteristic "zebra" pattern, and early decline of contrast levels in the blood stream.\nA diagnosis of Danon disease was confirmed by biopsy results. Skeletal muscle and endomyocardial biopsy from the right ventricle (RV) and the septum were taken. Electron microscopic analysis showed accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in affected cardiomyocytes. They were located within intrafibrillar spaces as well as in the perinuclear region (Figure ). Many of these structures resembled early autophagic vacuoles (AVi) containing morphologically intact sarcoplasmatic contents (Figure ) and double limiting membrane. A significant increase in the number of late autophagic vacuoles (AVd) limited by a single membrane and containing partially degraded sarcoplasm (Figure ) suggests that their maturation is partially retarded. LAMP-2 protein deficiency which was detected by immunofluorescence study in striated muscle of the patient supported the diagnosis of Danon disease. The patient was treated for heart failure and placed on the heart transplantation list, but he died two weeks later.\nDanon disease is a rare X – linked dominant, lysosomal glycogen storage disease that can lead to severe cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure especially in affected males. It was described first in 1981 in two boys by Moris J. Danon []. Mutation on LAMP2 gene, located on chromosome X, than encodes LAMP2 protein was identified as a cause of Danon Disease []. The X-linked disease should be considered in young males with cardiac hypertrophy and coexisting mental retardation/learning difficulties, skeletal myopathy or muscle weakness [,]. In some cases ophthalmic abnormalities [] or WPW syndrome were reported [,]. Females who carry the mutation in the LAMP2 gene on chromosome X could develop dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in their early 40s. Mental retardation or skeletal myopathy can be present in female carriers, but less commonly than in affected males [].\nWe present case of Danon disease confirmed by biopsy. As far as we know, this is the second description of CMR rest perfusion deficits and LGE in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to Danon disease []). In the case reported here, the LGE was mainly visible in the subendocardium and more extensively in the lateral segments in a distribution that would be unusual in more common pathologies []. Broadly similar LGE distribution and perfusion defects were seen in the previously described patient with preserved EF and only mild contractile dysfunction [] (Figure ). CMR examination with assessment of perfusion deficits and LGE can, in association with other investigations, be helpful in differential diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of unknown cause.
A Chinese boy has been followed up from 10 years old. Genetic analysis at 10 years old showed that he had Danon disease and was hemizygous for an LAMP-2 mutation, c.257_258delCC, in exon 3 of LAMP-2. Biomarker levels were also considerably elevated (CK: 1986 U/L, CK-MB: 42 U/L, ALT: 339 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase: 398 U/L, hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase: 1080 U/L, and lactic dehydrogenase: 1151 U/L). An ECG showed high voltage in the left ventricle and an inverted T wave (), and echocardiography was normal (LVEDd, IVS, LVPW thickness, and LVEF were 48 mm, 8 mm, 8 mm, and 53%, respectively). An ECG showed WPW syndrome, a high voltage in the left ventricle, and an inverted T wave at 13 years old (). Findings at this time were similar to those in case 1 at 13 years old. Changes in the LVEDd (55 to 51 mm), IVS (15 to 21 mm), LVPW (15 to 24 mm), and LVEF (63% to 61%) were recorded in the next 2 years (), as well as changes in MRI (). However, he was too overweight to ensure good image quality. MRI showed an expanded scope of gadolinium contrast enhancement, which was visible in the myocardium. However, the liver, psoas muscle, and bilateral gastrocnemius muscles were normal. The boy was deprived of education owing to his intellectual disability. Based on these data, the boy will be followed up in the hypertrophic stage to monitor progression of HCM to DCM.