A 64-year-old male patient had been treated by HD in the last 5 years via right brachiocephalic fistula (BCF). He presented with gradually increasing painful swelling of the right upper limb, a sign of VH. He was evaluated with CT angiography and documented to have right internal jugular vein (IJV) stenosis with extensive collaterals in upper limb [].\nUnder all aseptic precautions, right IJV access was secured with 7 Fr sheaths. 5 Fr KMP catheter was used to negotiate across the IJV stenosis over a guide wire. A 10 mm × 40 mm balloon dilator was deployed across the stenosis and dilatation done. 14 mm × 40 mm self-expandable stent was passed across the stenosis. Poststent check angiogram revealed few collaterals still persisting around the stenotic site []. The AVF was cannulated via radial artery and fistulogram done revealing multiple stenosis along the whole length of the cephalic vein which were dilated sequentially from central to the peripheral. The venogram revealed persistent stenosis in IJV proximal to the level of the stent already in situ. Another 14 mm × 40 mm self-expandable stent was deployed proximal to the first one and final check angiogram revealed good direct flow in central vein []. AE of the peripheral collaterals near the anastomotic site was also done to give a further advantage.
A 63-year-old male patient had been treated by HD in the last 5 years via left brachiobasilic AVF. He presented with gradually increasing painful swelling of the left upper limb, a sign of VH. CT angiography documented left brachiobasilic vein stenosis with extensive collaterals in the upper limb. Under local anesthesia, the right common femoral artery access was obtained with 8 french arterial sheath. This was followed by 5 french micro venous sheaths in left basilic vein, distal to stenosis site via left common femoral venous access. Then a Swan-Ganz catheter was placed in the left brachial artery just proximal to fistula site, followed by inflation of the balloon, check angiogram showed patent fistula site with stenosis of basilic vein. Through dilator of 5 French sheath – 6, 8 cm × 5 cm pushable coils were placed in venous side just distal to fistula, followed by introduction of fibrin glue, 1 ml (1:2). Final check angiogram documented successful embolization. Also, in this case, a rapid disappearance of the edema occurred with a progressive resolution of the elephantiasis [].