The patient was a 14-year-old female who had a prior history of tracheostomy, performed when in an intensive care unit because of head trauma, at the age of eight. She had been discharged from hospital after a one month stay and, around three months later, developed subglottic tracheal stenosis, which was treated with outpatient endoscopic dilatation sessions over a period of six years.\nDuring the fifth year of these dilatation sessions, she suffered repeated episodes of hemoptysis, without significant hemodynamic consequences, initially managed conservatively. However, bronchoscopy and CT revealed a TIF, which was identified as the source of the bleeding. This lesion was repaired by a surgical procedure to ligate the TIF, reconstruction of the brachiocephalic trunk with an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prosthesis, preserving the carotid and vertebral arteries.\nAfter this initial surgical treatment, she progressed well for one year, during which the dilatation sessions were continued, but at the end of this period, hemoptysis recurred. This time, bronchoscopy and CT of the thoraco-cervical region did not reveal the source of the bleeding.\nUnder general anesthesia, selective arteriography of the brachiocephalic trunk revealed a TIF approximately six cm from the carina ( A). At this point, the fistula burst open once more, flooding the lower respiratory tract, with massive bleeding via the oral endotracheal tube, hemomediastinum with compression of the apical segment of the right lung and resultant deterioration of ventilatory function ( B).\nAs an emergency measure, a compliant occlusion balloon (Coda®, Cook Medical, Bloomington, United States) was placed in the mid-distal segment of the brachiocephalic trunk, achieving total obstruction of flow through the vessel ( 2B). Once the blood had been aspirated through the oral endotracheal tube, the patient’s saturation began to improve and hemodynamic stability was achieved.\nEndovascular treatment of the TIF was conducted with placement of a covered stent measuring 7 × 50 mm (Wallgraft®, Boston Scientific, Marlborough, United States) in the brachiocephalic trunk and right subclavian artery, proximal of the origin of the right vertebral artery, excluding the fistula and occluding the origin of the right common carotid artery, which totally controlled the bleeding ( ).\nThree days later, an elective surgical operation was conducted via a cervical access to debride devitalized tissues, remove the prostheses and perform carotid-carotid revascularization with preservation of the cervical vessels. One day after the last surgical procedure, the patient was already extubated, breathing spontaneously, hemodynamically stable, and free from signs of neurological deficits. She was put on antibiotics for three weeks and remained free from additional clinical complications over six months of outpatients follow-up.
A 17-year-old girl with CP at GMFCS V was referred to our department for surgical treatment of her spinal deformity. Within the past year of her first visit to our department, she needed emergency hospitalization twice for acute respiratory failure and has been recommended for tracheostomy due to tracheal stenosis. Although her preoperative anterior-posterior radiograph in the supine position showed thoracolumbar scoliosis with a Cobb angle of 130 °, which seemed to have little impact on her thoracic cavity, preoperative lateral X-ray and CT clearly demonstrated a flattened tracheal lumen at the T3/4 level due to exaggerated cervicothoracic hyperlordosis (Fig. a-c). After preoperative halo traction for three weeks, she underwent PSF from C7 to L5 with Ponte osteotomy at T2/3/4/5/6 and sublaminar taping from T2 to T5 like case 1 (Fig. d, e). Postoperative CT revealed expansion of the tracheal lumen (Fig. f). Although she required gastrostomy postoperatively due to severe aspiration pneumoniae, she developed no respiratory failure related to impaired airway clearance during the one-year follow-up period without having a tracheostomy.