human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Michaelsen KF , Larsen PS , Thomsen BL , Samuelson G. The Copenhagen cohort study on infant nutrition and growth : duration of breast feeding and influencing factors . Acta Pædiatr 1994;83:565–71 . Stockholm . ISSN This study is the first to report approximations of energy requirements for male and female breast-fed and formula-fed infants based on individual estimates of total daily energy expenditure ( TDEE ) and energy deposition derived from total body fat ( TBF ) and fat-free mass ( FFM ) gain as determined by total-body electrical conductivity . In 46 healthy , full-term infants the effect of > or = 4 mo of exclusive breast-feeding compared with formula feeding on macronutrient and energy intake , TDEE , energy deposition , and growth were investigated prospect ively . Metabolizable energy intake ( MEI ) was assessed from macronutrient intake by test weighing ( MEI-TW ) and from the sum of TDEE and energy deposition  ( MEI-Pred ) . At 1 - 2 , 2 - 4 , 4 - 8 , and 8 - 12 mo of age MEI-Pred averaged 431 + /- 38 , 393 + /- 33 , 372 + /- 33 , and 355 + /- 21 kJ x kg(-1 ) x d(-1 ) for boys , and 401 + /- 59 , 376 + /- 25 , 334 + /- 33 , and 326 + /- 17 kJ x kg(-1 ) x d(-1 ) for girls . No significant difference between breast-fed and formula-fed infants was found with respect to weight , length , head circumference , TBF , FFM , and TDEE at all ages , or for gain in length , weight , TBF , and FFM . MEI-TW was significantly different between feeding groups at 1 - 4 mo of age ( formula-fed being greater than breast-fed , P < 0.005 ) . This feeding effect , however , was not significant for MEI-Pred ( MJ/d ) . MEI-TW differed from MEI-Pred only in breast-fed infants at 1 - 4 mo ( P < 0.05 at 2 - 4 mo ) . The data from this study indicate that energy requirements in infants are lower than the recommendations in guidelines currently in use BACKGROUND Current recommendations for energy intake of children are derived from observed intakes . Deriving energy requirements on the basis of energy expenditure and deposition is scientifically more rational than is using the observational approach and is now possible with data on total energy expenditure ( TEE ) , growth , and body composition . OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were 1 ) to define energy requirements during the first 2 y of life on the basis of TEE and energy deposition ; 2 ) to test effects of sex , age , and feeding mode on energy requirements ; and 3 ) to determine physical activity . DESIGN TEE , sleeping metabolic rate , anthropometry , and body composition were measured in 76 infants . TEE was measured with doubly labeled water , sleeping metabolic rate with respiratory calorimetry , and body composition with a multicomponent model . RESULTS Total energy requirements were 2.23 , 2.59 , 2.97 , 3 . 38 , 3.72 , and 4.15 MJ/d at 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 18 , and 24 mo , respectively . Energy deposition ( in MJ/d ) decreased significantly over time ( P : = 0.001 ) and was lower in breast-fed than in formula-fed infants ( P : = 0.01 ) . Energy requirements were approximately 80 % of current recommendations . Energy requirements differed by age ( P : = 0.001 ) , feeding group ( P : = 0.03 ) , and sex ( P : = 0.03 ) . Adjusted for weight or fat-free mass and fat mass , energy requirements still differed by feeding group but not by age or sex . Temperament and motor development did not affect TEE . CONCLUSION The TEE and energy-deposition data of these healthy , thriving children provide strong evidence that current recommendations for energy intake in the first 2 y of life should be revised I . The intake and excretion of energy , total nitrogen , fat and carbohydrate by twenty baby boys aged about a fortnight were measured over 3 days . 2 . Ten of the babies received breast milk which had been expressed from their mothers , the remaining ten received one of two preparations based on dried cow ’s milk , with either lactose or sucrose added . 3 . The intake of energy , protein and carbohydrate was greater in the ten babies receiving the cow ’s milk preparations . 4 . The urinary excretion and retention of N was greater in the babies fed on the cow ’s milk preparations . 5 . The absolute excretion of N in the faeces was simiIar whatever the diet , but the excretion of fat was less and the excretion of carbohydrate greater for babies having breast milk . 6 . The ca1orie : N ratio in the urine was 5.8 kcal/g urinary N in those receiving breast milk and 4.8 kcal/g N in those fed on the cow ’s milk preparations . The value for the adult is 7.9 . 7 . Calorie conversion factors have been calculated which are more appropriate for milk diets for babies than the factors of Atwater which were design ed for mixed diets for adults Abstract The relationship between growth and the breast-milk plus complementary food intake of a group of British babies has been studied prospect ively up to 8 months . From the data the human milk needs of  solely breast-fed children to grow along the 5th , 50th , and 95th Gentile of the NCHS st and ard have been predicted using multiple regression analysis . The values obtained are substantially lower than previous estimates and they may form a more practical guideline for the evaluation of lactational adequacy within a community . Individual variation is important . It is futile to identify a single age when breast-feeding becomes inadequate as the sole source of food ABSTRACT : We have studied the nutritional adequacy of exclusive breast-feeding by following prospect ively the growth and protein nutrition of healthy infants during the 1st yr of life . The number of exclusively breast-fed infants was 116 at the age of 6 months and 36 at 9 months . These infants had slower length velocity after age 3 months than a comparison group of 32 infants who were weaned early and given formula plus solids .  As a group , the exclusively breast-fed  infants lagged slightly , but progressively , behind in relative length . By 9 months , 45 % of them versus 18 % of the comparison group showed a > 1 SD decrease in relative length . No such decrease was found in relative weight . Skinfolds and weight for length2 index showed that they were heavier for their length than the comparison infants . At 6 and 9 months the calculated protein intake ( 0.9 g/kg/day ) was much less than the recommended amount ( 2.0 g/kg/day ) . Serum prealbumin concentration was lower than in the comparison group but this was noted as early as 4 months . No relation was found between the parameters of growth and protein nutrition either individually or in general . Whether the slower growth of the exclusively breast-fed infants represents appropriate physiological growth or whether it indicates nutritional deficiency is not known but we did not find any evidence of protein deficiency . Six infants did , however , show subsequent catch-up growth which could indicate previous malnutrition 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Michaelsen KF , Larsen PS , Thomsen BL , Samuelson G. The Copenhagen cohort study on infant nutrition and growth : duration of breast feeding and influencing factors . Acta Pædiatr 1994;83:565–71 . Stockholm . ISSN This study is the first to report approximations of energy requirements for male and female breast-fed and formula-fed infants based on individual estimates of total daily energy expenditure ( TDEE ) and energy deposition derived from total body fat ( TBF ) and fat-free mass ( FFM ) gain as determined by total-body electrical conductivity . In 46 healthy , full-term infants the effect of > or = 4 mo of exclusive breast-feeding compared with formula feeding on macronutrient and energy intake , TDEE , energy deposition , and growth were investigated prospect ively . Metabolizable energy intake ( MEI ) was assessed from macronutrient intake by test weighing ( MEI-TW ) and from the sum of TDEE and energy deposition  ( MEI-Pred ) . At 1 - 2 , 2 - 4 , 4 - 8 , and 8 - 12 mo of age MEI-Pred averaged 431 + /- 38 , 393 + /- 33 , 372 + /- 33 , and 355 + /- 21 kJ x kg(-1 ) x d(-1 ) for boys , and 401 + /- 59 , 376 + /- 25 , 334 + /- 33 , and 326 + /- 17 kJ x kg(-1 ) x d(-1 ) for girls . No significant difference between breast-fed and formula-fed infants was found with respect to weight , length , head circumference , TBF , FFM , and TDEE at all ages , or for gain in length , weight , TBF , and FFM . MEI-TW was significantly different between feeding groups at 1 - 4 mo of age ( formula-fed being greater than breast-fed , P < 0.005 ) . This feeding effect , however , was not significant for MEI-Pred ( MJ/d ) . MEI-TW differed from MEI-Pred only in breast-fed infants at 1 - 4 mo ( P < 0.05 at 2 - 4 mo ) . The data from this study indicate that energy requirements in infants are lower than the recommendations in guidelines currently in use BACKGROUND Current recommendations for energy intake of children are derived from observed intakes . Deriving energy requirements on the basis of energy expenditure and deposition is scientifically more rational than is using the observational approach and is now possible with data on total energy expenditure ( TEE ) , growth , and body composition . OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were 1 ) to define energy requirements during the first 2 y of life on the basis of TEE and energy deposition ; 2 ) to test effects of sex , age , and feeding mode on energy requirements ; and 3 ) to determine physical activity . DESIGN TEE , sleeping metabolic rate , anthropometry , and body composition were measured in 76 infants . TEE was measured with doubly labeled water , sleeping metabolic rate with respiratory calorimetry , and body composition with a multicomponent model . RESULTS Total energy requirements were 2.23 , 2.59 , 2.97 , 3 . 38 , 3.72 , and 4.15 MJ/d at 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 18 , and 24 mo , respectively . Energy deposition ( in MJ/d ) decreased significantly over time ( P : = 0.001 ) and was lower in breast-fed than in formula-fed infants ( P : = 0.01 ) . Energy requirements were approximately 80 % of current recommendations . Energy requirements differed by age ( P : = 0.001 ) , feeding group ( P : = 0.03 ) , and sex ( P : = 0.03 ) . Adjusted for weight or fat-free mass and fat mass , energy requirements still differed by feeding group but not by age or sex . Temperament and motor development did not affect TEE . CONCLUSION The TEE and energy-deposition data of these healthy , thriving children provide strong evidence that current recommendations for energy intake in the first 2 y of life should be revised I . The intake and excretion of energy , total nitrogen , fat and carbohydrate by twenty baby boys aged about a fortnight were measured over 3 days . 2 . Ten of the babies received breast milk which had been expressed from their mothers , the remaining ten received one of two preparations based on dried cow ’s milk , with either lactose or sucrose added . 3 . The intake of energy , protein and carbohydrate was greater in the ten babies receiving the cow ’s milk preparations . 4 . The urinary excretion and retention of N was greater in the babies fed on the cow ’s milk preparations . 5 . The absolute excretion of N in the faeces was simiIar whatever the diet , but the excretion of fat was less and the excretion of carbohydrate greater for babies having breast milk . 6 . The ca1orie : N ratio in the urine was 5.8 kcal/g urinary N in those receiving breast milk and 4.8 kcal/g N in those fed on the cow ’s milk preparations . The value for the adult is 7.9 . 7 . Calorie conversion factors have been calculated which are more appropriate for milk diets for babies than the factors of Atwater which were design ed for mixed diets for adults Abstract The relationship between growth and the breast-milk plus complementary food intake of a group of British babies has been studied prospect ively up to 8 months . From the data the human milk needs of  solely breast-fed children to grow along the 5th , 50th , and 95th Gentile of the NCHS st and ard have been predicted using multiple regression analysis . The values obtained are substantially lower than previous estimates and they may form a more practical guideline for the evaluation of lactational adequacy within a community . Individual variation is important . It is futile to identify a single age when breast-feeding becomes inadequate as the sole source of food ABSTRACT : We have studied the nutritional adequacy of exclusive breast-feeding by following prospect ively the growth and protein nutrition of healthy infants during the 1st yr of life . The number of exclusively breast-fed infants was 116 at the age of 6 months and 36 at 9 months . These infants had slower length velocity after age 3 months than a comparison group of 32 infants who were weaned early and given formula plus solids .  As a group , the exclusively breast-fed  infants lagged slightly , but progressively , behind in relative length . By 9 months , 45 % of them versus 18 % of the comparison group showed a > 1 SD decrease in relative length . No such decrease was found in relative weight . Skinfolds and weight for length2 index showed that they were heavier for their length than the comparison infants . At 6 and 9 months the calculated protein intake ( 0.9 g/kg/day ) was much less than the recommended amount ( 2.0 g/kg/day ) . Serum prealbumin concentration was lower than in the comparison group but this was noted as early as 4 months . No relation was found between the parameters of growth and protein nutrition either individually or in general . Whether the slower growth of the exclusively breast-fed infants represents appropriate physiological growth or whether it indicates nutritional deficiency is not known but we did not find any evidence of protein deficiency . Six infants did , however , show subsequent catch-up growth which could indicate previous malnutrition 
    Output:
    