human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Evidence -based practice involves the use of evidence from systematic review s and r and omised controlled trials , but the extent of this evidence in physiotherapy has not previously been surveyed . The aim of this survey is to describe the quantity and quality of r and omised controlled trials and the quantity of systematic review s relevant to physiotherapy . The Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) was search ed . The quality of trials was assessed with the PEDro scale . The search identified a total of 2,376 r and omised controlled trials and 332 systematic review s. The first trial was published in 1955 and the first review was published in 1982 . Since that time , the number of trials and review s has grown exponentially . The mean PEDro quality score has increased from 2.8 in trials published between 1955 and 1959 to 5.0 for trials published between 1995 and 1999 . There is a substantial body of evidence about the effects of physiotherapy . However , there remains scope for improvements in the quality of the conduct and reporting of clinical trials Background Promoting quality of life ( QoL ) is a key priority in cancer care . We investigated the hypothesis that , in comparison to usual care , exercise post-neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy/prior to surgical resection will reduce pain , fatigue , and insomnia , and will improve physical and mental health perceptions in patients with locally advanced stage rectal cancer . Methods In this non-r and omized controlled pilot trial , patients in the supervised exercise group ( EG ; Mage = 64 years ; 64 % male ) and in the control group ( CG ; Mage = 72 years ; 69 % male ) completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer core Quality of Life question naire and the R AND 36-Item Health Survey three times : pre-neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy ( Time 1 ; nEC = 24 ; nCG = 11 ) , post-neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy/pre-exercise intervention ( Time 2 ; nEC = 23 ; nCG = 10 ) , and post-exercise intervention ( Time 3 ; nEC = 22 ; nCG = 10 ) . The 6-week exercise intervention was delivered in hospital and comprised of interval aerobic training . Patients trained in pairs three times per week for 30 to 40 min . Data were analyzed by Mann – Whitney tests and by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests . Results No significant between-group differences in changes were found for any of the outcomes . In both groups , fatigue levels decreased and physical health perceptions increased from pre- to post-exercise intervention . Pain levels also decreased from pre- to post-exercise intervention , albeit not significantly . Conclusions The findings from this study can be used to guide a more definitive trial as they provide preliminary evidence regarding the potential effects of pre-operative exercise on self-reported pain , fatigue , insomnia , and health perceptions in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer . Trial registration : This study has been registered with clinical trials.gov ( NCT01325909 ; March 29 , 2011 ) OBJECTIVE To examine the independent associations of leisure-time aerobic physical activity ( PA ) and resistance exercise ( RE ) on  all-cause mortality in cancer survivors . PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients included 2863 male and female cancer survivors , aged 18 to 81 years , who received a preventive medical examination between April 8 , 1987 , and December 27 , 2002 , while enrolled in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study in Dallas , Texas .  Physical activity and RE were assessed by self-report at the baseline medical examination . Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to determine the independent associations of PA and RE with all-cause mortality in participants who had a history of cancer . RESULTS Physical activity in cancer survivors was not associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality . In contrast , RE was associated with a 33 % lower risk of all-cause mortality ( 95 % CI , 0.45 - 0.99 ) after adjusting for potential confounders , including PA . CONCLUSION Individuals who participated in RE during cancer survival had a lower risk for all-cause mortality . The present findings provide preliminary evidence for benefits of RE during cancer survival . Future r and omized controlled trials examining RE and its effect on lean body mass , muscular strength , and all-cause mortality in cancer survivors are warranted Purpose Peak oxygen consumption ( VO2peak ) is an important predictive factor for long-term prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . The purpose of this study was to investigate whether 8 weeks of exercise training improves exercise capacity , as assessed by VO2peak , and other related factors in patients with NSCLC receiving targeted therapy . Methods A total of 24 participants with adenocarcinoma were r and omly assigned to either the control group ( n = 11 ) or the exercise group ( n = 13 ) . Subjects in the exercise group participated in individualized , high-intensity aerobic interval training of exercise . The outcome measures assessed at baseline and after 8 weeks were as follows : VO2peak and the percentage of predicted VO2peak ( % predVO2peak ) , muscle strength and endurance of the right quadriceps , muscle oxygenation during exercise , insulin resistance as calculated by the homeostasis model , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , and quality of life ( QoL ) question naire inventory . Results No exercise-related adverse events were reported . After exercise training , VO2peak and % predVO2peak increased by 1.6 mL kg−1 min−1 and 5.3 % ( p < 0.005 ) , respectively ; these changes were associated with improvements in circulatory , respiratory , and muscular functions at peak exercise ( all p = 0.001 ) . The exercise group also had less dyspnea ( p = 0.01 ) and favorably lower fatigue ( p = 0.05 ) than baseline . Conclusions Patients with NSCLC receiving targeted therapy have quite a low exercise capacity , even with a relatively high QoL. Exercise training appears to improve exercise capacity and alleviate some cancer-related symptoms The short-term beneficial effects of physical rehabilitation programmes after cancer treatment have been described . However , little is known regarding the long-term effects . The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of high-intensity resistance training compared with traditional recovery . A total of 68 cancer survivors who completed an 18-week resistance training programme were followed for 1 year . During the 1-year follow-up , 19 patients dropped out ( 14 due to recurrence of cancer ) . The remaining 49 patients of the intervention group were compared with a group of 22 patients treated with chemotherapy in the same period but not participating in any rehabilitation programme . Outcome measures were muscle strength , cardiopulmonary function , fatigue , and health-related quality of life . One year after completion of the rehabilitation programme , the outcome measures in the intervention group were still at the same level as immediately after rehabilitation . Muscle strength at 1 year was significantly higher in patients who completed the resistance training programme than in the comparison group . High-intensity resistance training has persistent effects on muscle strength , cardiopulmonary function , quality of life , and fatigue .  Rehabilitation programmes for patients treated with chemotherapy with a curative intention should include high-intensity resistance training in their programme Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training and continuous low to moderate intensity training on quality of life , functional capacity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in cancer survivors . Methods Cancer survivors within 24 months post-diagnosis were r and omly assigned into the low-volume high-intensity interval training group ( n = 8) or the continuous low to moderate intensity training group ( n = 8) group for 36 sessions ( 12 weeks ) of supervised exercise . The low-volume high-intensity interval training ( LVHIIT ) group performed 7 × 30 s intervals ( ≥85 % maximal heart rate ) and the continuous low to moderate intensity training ( CLMIT ) group performed continuous aerobic training for 20 min ( ≤55 % maximal heart rate ) on a stationary bike or treadmill . Results Significant improvements ( time ) were observed for 13 of the 23 dependent variables ( ES 0.05–0.61 , p ≤ 0.05 ) . An interaction effect was observed for six minute walk test ( 18.53 % [ 32.43–4.63 ] ES 0.50 , p ≤ 0.01 ) with the LVHIIT group demonstrating greater improvements . Conclusion These preliminary findings suggest that both interventions can induce improvements in quality of life , functional capacity and selected cardiovascular disease risk factors . The LVHIIT program was well tolerated by the participants and our results suggest that LVHIIT is the preferred modality to improve fitness ( 6MWT ) ; it remains to be seen which intervention elicits the most clinical ly relevant outcomes for patients . A larger sample size with a control group is required to confirm the significance of these findings Background ﻿The purpose of this study was to identify demographic , clinical , psychosocial , physical and environmental factors that are associated with participation in and adherence to a combined resistance and endurance exercise program among cancer survivors , shortly after completion of primary cancer treatment . Data from the r and omized controlled Resistance and Endurance exercise After ChemoTherapy ( REACT ) study were used for this study . Methods The participants of the REACT study were r and omly allocated to either a high intensity ( HI ) or low-to-moderate intensity ( LMI ) exercise program . Patients ’ participation rate was defined as the cancer survivors ’ decision to participate in the REACT study . Exercise adherence reflected participants ’ attendance to the scheduled exercise sessions and their compliance to the prescribed exercises . High session attendance rates were defined as attending at least 80 % of the sessions . High compliance rates were defined as performing at least of 90 % of the prescribed exercise across all sessions . Correlates of exercise adherence were studied separately for HI and LMI exercise . Demographic , clinical , and physical factors were assessed using self-reported question naires . Relevant clinical information was extracted from medical records . Multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to identify correlates that were significantly associated with participation , high session attendance , high compliance with resistance and high compliance with endurance exercises . Results Participants were more likely to have higher education , be non-smokers , have lower psychological distress , higher outcome expectations  , and perceive more exercise barriers than non- participants . In HI exercise , higher self-efficacy was significantly associated with high session attendance and high compliance with endurance exercises , and lower psychological distress was significantly associated with high compliance with resistance exercises . In LMI exercise , being a non-smoker was significantly associated with high compliance with resistance exercises and higher BMI was significantly associated with high compliance with resistance and endurance exercises . Furthermore , breast cancer survivors were less likely to report high compliance with resistance and endurance exercises in LMI exercise compared to survivors of other types of cancer . The discriminative ability of the multivariable models ranged from 0.62 to 0.75 . ConclusionS everal demographic , clinical and psychosocial factors were associated with participation in and adherence to exercise among cancer survivors . Psychosocial factors were more strongly associated with adherence in HI than LMI exercise . Trial registration This study was registered at the Netherl and s Trial Register [ NTR2153 ] on the 5th of January 2010 Background Evidence suggests that exercise training improves CVD risk factors . However , it is unclear whether health benefits are limited to aerobic training or if other exercise modalities such as resistance training or a combination are as effective or more effective in the overweight and obese . The aim of this study is to investigate whether 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic , resistance , or combined exercise training would induce and sustain improvements in cardiovascular risk profile , weight and fat loss in overweight and obese adults compared to no exercise . Methods Twelve-week r and omized parallel design examining the effects of different exercise regimes on fasting measures of lipids , glucose and insulin and changes in body weight , fat mass and dietary intake .  Participants were r and omized to either : Group 1 ( Control , n = 16 ) ; Group 2 ( Aerobic , n = 15 ) ; Group 3 ( Resistance , n = 16 ) ; Group 4 ( Combination , n = 17 ) . Data was analysed using General Linear Model to assess the effects of the groups after adjusting for baseline values . Within-group data was analyzed with the paired t-test and between-group effects using post hoc comparisons . Results Significant improvements in body weight ( −1.6 % , p = 0.044 ) for the Combination group compared to Control and Resistance groups and total body fat compared to Control ( −4.4 % , p = 0.003 ) and Resistance ( −3 % , p = 0.041 ) . Significant improvements in body fat percentage ( −2.6 % , p = 0.008 ) , abdominal fat percentage ( −2.8 % , p = 0.034 ) and cardio-respiratory fitness ( 13.3 % , p = 0.006 ) were seen in the Combination group compared to Control . Levels of ApoB48 were 32 % lower in the Resistance group compared to Control ( p = 0.04 ) . Conclusion A 12-week training program comprising of resistance or combination exercise , at moderate-intensity for 30 min , five days/week result ed in improvements in the cardiovascular risk profile in overweight and obese participants compared to no exercise . From our observations , combination exercise gave greater benefits for weight loss , fat loss and cardio-respiratory fitness than aerobic and resistance training modalities . Therefore , combination exercise training should be recommended for overweight and ob 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Evidence -based practice involves the use of evidence from systematic review s and r and omised controlled trials , but the extent of this evidence in physiotherapy has not previously been surveyed . The aim of this survey is to describe the quantity and quality of r and omised controlled trials and the quantity of systematic review s relevant to physiotherapy . The Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) was search ed . The quality of trials was assessed with the PEDro scale . The search identified a total of 2,376 r and omised controlled trials and 332 systematic review s. The first trial was published in 1955 and the first review was published in 1982 . Since that time , the number of trials and review s has grown exponentially . The mean PEDro quality score has increased from 2.8 in trials published between 1955 and 1959 to 5.0 for trials published between 1995 and 1999 . There is a substantial body of evidence about the effects of physiotherapy . However , there remains scope for improvements in the quality of the conduct and reporting of clinical trials Background Promoting quality of life ( QoL ) is a key priority in cancer care . We investigated the hypothesis that , in comparison to usual care , exercise post-neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy/prior to surgical resection will reduce pain , fatigue , and insomnia , and will improve physical and mental health perceptions in patients with locally advanced stage rectal cancer . Methods In this non-r and omized controlled pilot trial , patients in the supervised exercise group ( EG ; Mage = 64 years ; 64 % male ) and in the control group ( CG ; Mage = 72 years ; 69 % male ) completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer core Quality of Life question naire and the R AND 36-Item Health Survey three times : pre-neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy ( Time 1 ; nEC = 24 ; nCG = 11 ) , post-neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy/pre-exercise intervention ( Time 2 ; nEC = 23 ; nCG = 10 ) , and post-exercise intervention ( Time 3 ; nEC = 22 ; nCG = 10 ) . The 6-week exercise intervention was delivered in hospital and comprised of interval aerobic training . Patients trained in pairs three times per week for 30 to 40 min . Data were analyzed by Mann – Whitney tests and by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests . Results No significant between-group differences in changes were found for any of the outcomes . In both groups , fatigue levels decreased and physical health perceptions increased from pre- to post-exercise intervention . Pain levels also decreased from pre- to post-exercise intervention , albeit not significantly . Conclusions The findings from this study can be used to guide a more definitive trial as they provide preliminary evidence regarding the potential effects of pre-operative exercise on self-reported pain , fatigue , insomnia , and health perceptions in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer . Trial registration : This study has been registered with clinical trials.gov ( NCT01325909 ; March 29 , 2011 ) OBJECTIVE To examine the independent associations of leisure-time aerobic physical activity ( PA ) and resistance exercise ( RE ) on  all-cause mortality in cancer survivors . PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients included 2863 male and female cancer survivors , aged 18 to 81 years , who received a preventive medical examination between April 8 , 1987 , and December 27 , 2002 , while enrolled in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study in Dallas , Texas .  Physical activity and RE were assessed by self-report at the baseline medical examination . Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to determine the independent associations of PA and RE with all-cause mortality in participants who had a history of cancer . RESULTS Physical activity in cancer survivors was not associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality . In contrast , RE was associated with a 33 % lower risk of all-cause mortality ( 95 % CI , 0.45 - 0.99 ) after adjusting for potential confounders , including PA . CONCLUSION Individuals who participated in RE during cancer survival had a lower risk for all-cause mortality . The present findings provide preliminary evidence for benefits of RE during cancer survival . Future r and omized controlled trials examining RE and its effect on lean body mass , muscular strength , and all-cause mortality in cancer survivors are warranted Purpose Peak oxygen consumption ( VO2peak ) is an important predictive factor for long-term prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . The purpose of this study was to investigate whether 8 weeks of exercise training improves exercise capacity , as assessed by VO2peak , and other related factors in patients with NSCLC receiving targeted therapy . Methods A total of 24 participants with adenocarcinoma were r and omly assigned to either the control group ( n = 11 ) or the exercise group ( n = 13 ) . Subjects in the exercise group participated in individualized , high-intensity aerobic interval training of exercise . The outcome measures assessed at baseline and after 8 weeks were as follows : VO2peak and the percentage of predicted VO2peak ( % predVO2peak ) , muscle strength and endurance of the right quadriceps , muscle oxygenation during exercise , insulin resistance as calculated by the homeostasis model , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , and quality of life ( QoL ) question naire inventory . Results No exercise-related adverse events were reported . After exercise training , VO2peak and % predVO2peak increased by 1.6 mL kg−1 min−1 and 5.3 % ( p < 0.005 ) , respectively ; these changes were associated with improvements in circulatory , respiratory , and muscular functions at peak exercise ( all p = 0.001 ) . The exercise group also had less dyspnea ( p = 0.01 ) and favorably lower fatigue ( p = 0.05 ) than baseline . Conclusions Patients with NSCLC receiving targeted therapy have quite a low exercise capacity , even with a relatively high QoL. Exercise training appears to improve exercise capacity and alleviate some cancer-related symptoms The short-term beneficial effects of physical rehabilitation programmes after cancer treatment have been described . However , little is known regarding the long-term effects . The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of high-intensity resistance training compared with traditional recovery . A total of 68 cancer survivors who completed an 18-week resistance training programme were followed for 1 year . During the 1-year follow-up , 19 patients dropped out ( 14 due to recurrence of cancer ) . The remaining 49 patients of the intervention group were compared with a group of 22 patients treated with chemotherapy in the same period but not participating in any rehabilitation programme . Outcome measures were muscle strength , cardiopulmonary function , fatigue , and health-related quality of life . One year after completion of the rehabilitation programme , the outcome measures in the intervention group were still at the same level as immediately after rehabilitation . Muscle strength at 1 year was significantly higher in patients who completed the resistance training programme than in the comparison group . High-intensity resistance training has persistent effects on muscle strength , cardiopulmonary function , quality of life , and fatigue .  Rehabilitation programmes for patients treated with chemotherapy with a curative intention should include high-intensity resistance training in their programme Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training and continuous low to moderate intensity training on quality of life , functional capacity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in cancer survivors . Methods Cancer survivors within 24 months post-diagnosis were r and omly assigned into the low-volume high-intensity interval training group ( n = 8) or the continuous low to moderate intensity training group ( n = 8) group for 36 sessions ( 12 weeks ) of supervised exercise . The low-volume high-intensity interval training ( LVHIIT ) group performed 7 × 30 s intervals ( ≥85 % maximal heart rate ) and the continuous low to moderate intensity training ( CLMIT ) group performed continuous aerobic training for 20 min ( ≤55 % maximal heart rate ) on a stationary bike or treadmill . Results Significant improvements ( time ) were observed for 13 of the 23 dependent variables ( ES 0.05–0.61 , p ≤ 0.05 ) . An interaction effect was observed for six minute walk test ( 18.53 % [ 32.43–4.63 ] ES 0.50 , p ≤ 0.01 ) with the LVHIIT group demonstrating greater improvements . Conclusion These preliminary findings suggest that both interventions can induce improvements in quality of life , functional capacity and selected cardiovascular disease risk factors . The LVHIIT program was well tolerated by the participants and our results suggest that LVHIIT is the preferred modality to improve fitness ( 6MWT ) ; it remains to be seen which intervention elicits the most clinical ly relevant outcomes for patients . A larger sample size with a control group is required to confirm the significance of these findings Background ﻿The purpose of this study was to identify demographic , clinical , psychosocial , physical and environmental factors that are associated with participation in and adherence to a combined resistance and endurance exercise program among cancer survivors , shortly after completion of primary cancer treatment . Data from the r and omized controlled Resistance and Endurance exercise After ChemoTherapy ( REACT ) study were used for this study . Methods The participants of the REACT study were r and omly allocated to either a high intensity ( HI ) or low-to-moderate intensity ( LMI ) exercise program . Patients ’ participation rate was defined as the cancer survivors ’ decision to participate in the REACT study . Exercise adherence reflected participants ’ attendance to the scheduled exercise sessions and their compliance to the prescribed exercises . High session attendance rates were defined as attending at least 80 % of the sessions . High compliance rates were defined as performing at least of 90 % of the prescribed exercise across all sessions . Correlates of exercise adherence were studied separately for HI and LMI exercise . Demographic , clinical , and physical factors were assessed using self-reported question naires . Relevant clinical information was extracted from medical records . Multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to identify correlates that were significantly associated with participation , high session attendance , high compliance with resistance and high compliance with endurance exercises . Results Participants were more likely to have higher education , be non-smokers , have lower psychological distress , higher outcome expectations  , and perceive more exercise barriers than non- participants . In HI exercise , higher self-efficacy was significantly associated with high session attendance and high compliance with endurance exercises , and lower psychological distress was significantly associated with high compliance with resistance exercises . In LMI exercise , being a non-smoker was significantly associated with high compliance with resistance exercises and higher BMI was significantly associated with high compliance with resistance and endurance exercises . Furthermore , breast cancer survivors were less likely to report high compliance with resistance and endurance exercises in LMI exercise compared to survivors of other types of cancer . The discriminative ability of the multivariable models ranged from 0.62 to 0.75 . ConclusionS everal demographic , clinical and psychosocial factors were associated with participation in and adherence to exercise among cancer survivors . Psychosocial factors were more strongly associated with adherence in HI than LMI exercise . Trial registration This study was registered at the Netherl and s Trial Register [ NTR2153 ] on the 5th of January 2010 Background Evidence suggests that exercise training improves CVD risk factors . However , it is unclear whether health benefits are limited to aerobic training or if other exercise modalities such as resistance training or a combination are as effective or more effective in the overweight and obese . The aim of this study is to investigate whether 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic , resistance , or combined exercise training would induce and sustain improvements in cardiovascular risk profile , weight and fat loss in overweight and obese adults compared to no exercise . Methods Twelve-week r and omized parallel design examining the effects of different exercise regimes on fasting measures of lipids , glucose and insulin and changes in body weight , fat mass and dietary intake .  Participants were r and omized to either : Group 1 ( Control , n = 16 ) ; Group 2 ( Aerobic , n = 15 ) ; Group 3 ( Resistance , n = 16 ) ; Group 4 ( Combination , n = 17 ) . Data was analysed using General Linear Model to assess the effects of the groups after adjusting for baseline values . Within-group data was analyzed with the paired t-test and between-group effects using post hoc comparisons . Results Significant improvements in body weight ( −1.6 % , p = 0.044 ) for the Combination group compared to Control and Resistance groups and total body fat compared to Control ( −4.4 % , p = 0.003 ) and Resistance ( −3 % , p = 0.041 ) . Significant improvements in body fat percentage ( −2.6 % , p = 0.008 ) , abdominal fat percentage ( −2.8 % , p = 0.034 ) and cardio-respiratory fitness ( 13.3 % , p = 0.006 ) were seen in the Combination group compared to Control . Levels of ApoB48 were 32 % lower in the Resistance group compared to Control ( p = 0.04 ) . Conclusion A 12-week training program comprising of resistance or combination exercise , at moderate-intensity for 30 min , five days/week result ed in improvements in the cardiovascular risk profile in overweight and obese participants compared to no exercise . From our observations , combination exercise gave greater benefits for weight loss , fat loss and cardio-respiratory fitness than aerobic and resistance training modalities . Therefore , combination exercise training should be recommended for overweight and ob 
    Output:
    