human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: CONTEXT Uncertainty about the benefits of dietary docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) for pregnant women and their children exists , despite international recommendations that pregnant women increase their DHA intakes . OBJECTIVE To determine whether increasing DHA during the last half of pregnancy will result in fewer women with high levels of depressive symptoms and enhance the neurodevelopmental outcome of their children . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A double-blind , multicenter , r and omized controlled trial ( DHA to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome [ DOMInO ] trial ) in 5 Australian maternity hospitals of 2399 women who were less than 21 weeks ' gestation with singleton pregnancies and who were recruited between October 31 , 2005 , and January 11 , 2008 . Follow-up of children ( n = 726 ) was completed December 16 , 2009 . INTERVENTION Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil capsules ( providing 800 mg/d of DHA ) or matched vegetable oil capsules without DHA from study entry to birth . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES High levels of depressive symptoms in mothers as indicated by a score of more than 12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 6 weeks or 6 months postpartum . Cognitive and language development in children as assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development , Third Edition , at 18 months . RESULTS Of 2399 women enrolled , 96.7 % completed the trial . The percentage of women with high levels of depressive symptoms during the first 6 months postpartum did not differ between the DHA and control groups ( 9.67 % vs 11.19 % ; adjusted relative risk , 0.85 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.70 - 1.02 ; P = .09 ) . Mean cognitive composite scores ( adjusted mean difference , 0.01 ; 95 % CI , -1.36 to 1.37 ; P = .99 ) and mean language composite scores ( adjusted mean difference , -1.42 ; 95 % CI , -3.07 to 0.22 ; P = .09 ) of children in the DHA group did not differ from children in the control group . CONCLUSION The use of DHA-rich fish oil capsules compared with vegetable oil capsules during pregnancy did not result in lower levels of postpartum depression in mothers or improved cognitive and language development in their offspring during early childhood . TRIAL REGISTRATION anzctr.org.au Identifier : ACTRN12605000569606 Methods : Various developmental problems including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) have been linked to biological deficiencies in polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) . Additionally , there is evidence that symptoms may be reduced with PUFA supplementation . This study investigated effects of supplementation with PUFAs on symptoms typically associated with ADHD . Because nutrients work synergistically , additional effects of micronutrient supplementation were also investigated . A total of 132 Australian children aged 7 to 12 years with scores ≥2 SD above the population average on the Conners ADHD Index participated in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind intervention over 15 weeks , taking PUFAs alone , PUFAs + micronutrients , or placebo . Due to unreturned question naires , data were only available for 104 children . Results : Significant medium to strong positive treatment effects were found on parent ratings of core ADHD symptoms , inattention , hyperactivity/impulsivity , on the Conners Parent Rating Scale ( CPRS ) in both PUFA treatment groups compared with the placebo group ; no additional effects were found with the micronutrients . After a one-way crossover to active supplements in all groups for a further 15 weeks , these results were replicated in the placebo group , and the treatment groups continued to show significant improvements on CPRS core symptoms . No significant effects were found on Conners Teacher Rating Scales . Conclusion : These results add to preliminary findings that ADHD-related problems with inattention , hyperactivity , and impulsivity might respond to treatment with PUFAs and that improvements may continue with supplementation extending to 30 weeks BACKGROUND Psychological distress ( PD ) and depressive symptoms are commonly observed during menopausal transition . Studies suggest that omega-3 ( n-3 ) fatty acids may help alleviate depression . OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare enriched ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid ( E-EPA ) supplementation with placebo for the treatment of PD and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women . DESIGN Women with moderate-to-severe PD ( n = 120 ) were r and omly assigned to receive 1.05 g E-EPA/d plus 0.15 g ethyl-docosahexaenoic acid/d ( n = 59 ) or placebo ( n = 61 ) for 8 wk . The main outcomes were 8-wk changes in PD scores [ Psychological General Well-Being Schedule ( PGWB ) ] and depressive scales [ 20-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist Depression Scale ( HSCL-D-20 ) and the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( HAM-D-21 ) ] . RESULTS At baseline , women with PD were mildly to moderately depressed , and 24 % met the major depressive episode ( MDE ) criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th edition . After 8 wk , outcomes improved in both groups , but no significant differences were noted between them . Stratification analyses for MDE diagnosis at baseline indicated that differences in adjusted 8-wk changes between the E-EPA group without MDE ( n = 46 ) and the placebo group ( n = 45 ) were 8.0 ( 95 % CI : 0.6 , 15.3 ; P = 0.034 ) for the PGWB , -0.2 ( 95 % CI : -0.01 , -0.4 ; P = 0.040 ) for the HSCL-D-20 , and -2.7 ( 95 % CI : -0.3 , -5.1 ; P = 0.030 ) for the HAM-D-21 . Differences in adjusted 8-wk changes between the E-EPA group with MDE ( n = 13 ) and the placebo group ( n = 16 ) were not significant . CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge , this is the first trial of n-3 supplementation in the treatment of PD and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women . In women with PD without MDE at baseline , the 8-wk changes in PD and depressive scales improved significantly more with E-EPA than with placebo . This trial was registered at http://www.controlled-trials.com as IS RCT N69617477 OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid ( E-EPA ) and placebo in the treatment of female subjects with borderline personality disorder . METHOD The authors conducted an 8-week , placebo-controlled , double-blind study of E-EPA in 30 female subjects meeting Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines and DSM-IV criteria for borderline personality disorder . RESULTS Twenty subjects were r and omly assigned to 1 g of E-EPA ; 10 subjects were given placebo . Ninety percent of those in both groups completed all 8 weeks of the trial . Analyses that used r and om-effects regression modeling and controlled for baseline severity showed E-EPA to be superior to placebo in diminishing aggression as well as the severity of depressive symptoms . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that E-EPA may be a safe and effective form of monotherapy for women with moderately severe borderline personality disorder Low dietary intakes of the n-3 long-chain PUFA ( LCPUFA ) EPA and DHA are thought to be associated with increased risk for a variety of adverse outcomes , including some psychiatric disorders . Evidence from observational and intervention studies for a role of n-3 LCPUFA in depression is mixed , with some support for a benefit of EPA and /or DHA in major depressive illness . The present study was a double-blind r and omised controlled trial that evaluated the effects of EPA+DHA supplementation ( 1.5 g/d ) on mood and cognitive function in mild to moderately depressed individuals . Of 218 participants who entered the trial , 190 completed the planned 12 weeks intervention . Compliance , confirmed by plasma fatty acid concentrations , was good , but there was no evidence of a difference between supplemented and placebo groups in the primary outcome - namely , the depression subscale of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales at 12 weeks . Mean depression score was 8.4 for the EPA+DHA group and 9.6 for the placebo group , with an adjusted difference of - 1.0 ( 95 % CI - 2.8 , 0.8 ; P = 0.27 ) . Other measures of mood , mental health and cognitive function , including Beck Depression Inventory score and attentional bias toward threat words , were similarly little affected by the intervention . In conclusion , substantially increasing  EPA+DHA  intake for 3 months was found not to have beneficial or harmful effects on mood in mild to moderate depression . Adding the present result to a meta- analysis of previous relevant r and omised controlled trial results confirmed an overall negligible benefit of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation for depressed mood This pilot study evaluated the effects of supplementation with PUFA on blood FA composition and behavior in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD)-like symptoms also reporting thirst and skin problems . Fifty children were r and omized to treatment groups receiving either a PUFA supplement providing a daily dose of 480 mg DHA , 80 mg EPA , 40 mg arachidonic acid ( AA ) , 96 mg GLA , and 24 mg α-tocopheryl acetate , or an olive oil placebo for 4 mon of doubleblind parallel treatment . Supplementation with the PUFA led to a substantial increase in the proportions of EPA , DHA , and α-tocopherol in the plasma phospholipids and red blood cell ( RBC ) total lipids , but an increase was noted in the plasma phospholipid proportions of 18∶3n-3 with olive oil as well . Significant improvements in multiple but outcomes ( as rated by parents ) were noted in both groups , but a clear benefit from PUFA supplementation for all behaviors characteristic of AD/HD was not observed . For most outcomes , improvement of the PUFA group was consistently nominally better than that of the olive oil group ; but the treatment difference was significantly , by secondary intent-to-treat analysis on only 2 out of 16 outcome measures : conduct problems rated by parents ( −42.7 vs. −9.9 % , n=47 , P=0.05 ) , and attention symptoms rated by teachers ( −14.8 vs. + 3.4 % , n=47 , P=0.03 ) . PUFA supplementation led to a greater number of participants showing improvement in oppositional defiant behavior from a clinical to a non clinical range compared with olive oil supplementation ( 8 out of 12 vs. 3 out of 11 , n=33 , P=0.02 ) . Also , significant correlations were observed when comparing the magnitude of change between increasing proportions of EPA in the RBC and decreasing disruptive behavior as assessed by the Abbreviated Symptom Question naire ( ASQ ) for parents ( r=−0.38 , n=31 , P<0.05 ) , and for EPA and DHA in the RBC and the teachers ' Disruptive Behavior Disorders ( DBD ) Rating Scale for Attention ( r=−0.49 , n=24 , P<0.05 ) . Interestingly , significant correlations were observed between the magnitude of increase in α-tocopherol concentrations in the RBC and a decrease in scores for all four subscales of the teacher 's DBD ( Hyperactivity , r=−0.45 ; Attention , r=−0.60 ; Conduct , r=−0.41 ; Oppositional/Defiant Disorder , r=−0.54 ; n=24 , P<0.05 ) as well as the ASQ for teachers ( r=−0.51 , n=24 , P<0.05 ) . Thus , the results of this pilot study suggest the need for further research with both n−3 FA and vitamin E in children with behavioral disorders Patients with depression have been extensively reported to be associated with the abnormality of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) , including significantly low eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in cell tissue contents ( red blood cell membrane , plasma , etc . ) and dietary intake . However , more evidence is needed to support its relation . In this study , we conducted an 8-week , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , comparing omega-3 PUFAs ( 6.6 g/day ) [ corrected ] with placebo , on the top of the usual treatment , in 28 patients with major depressive disorder . Patients in the omega-3 PUFA group had a significantly decreased score on the 21-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression than those in the placebo group ( P < 0.001 ) . From the preliminary findings in this study , omega-3 PUFAs could improve the short-term course of illness and were well tolerated in patients with major depressive disorder OBJECTIVES This clinical trial evaluated whether supplementation with 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: CONTEXT Uncertainty about the benefits of dietary docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) for pregnant women and their children exists , despite international recommendations that pregnant women increase their DHA intakes . OBJECTIVE To determine whether increasing DHA during the last half of pregnancy will result in fewer women with high levels of depressive symptoms and enhance the neurodevelopmental outcome of their children . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A double-blind , multicenter , r and omized controlled trial ( DHA to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome [ DOMInO ] trial ) in 5 Australian maternity hospitals of 2399 women who were less than 21 weeks ' gestation with singleton pregnancies and who were recruited between October 31 , 2005 , and January 11 , 2008 . Follow-up of children ( n = 726 ) was completed December 16 , 2009 . INTERVENTION Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil capsules ( providing 800 mg/d of DHA ) or matched vegetable oil capsules without DHA from study entry to birth . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES High levels of depressive symptoms in mothers as indicated by a score of more than 12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 6 weeks or 6 months postpartum . Cognitive and language development in children as assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development , Third Edition , at 18 months . RESULTS Of 2399 women enrolled , 96.7 % completed the trial . The percentage of women with high levels of depressive symptoms during the first 6 months postpartum did not differ between the DHA and control groups ( 9.67 % vs 11.19 % ; adjusted relative risk , 0.85 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.70 - 1.02 ; P = .09 ) . Mean cognitive composite scores ( adjusted mean difference , 0.01 ; 95 % CI , -1.36 to 1.37 ; P = .99 ) and mean language composite scores ( adjusted mean difference , -1.42 ; 95 % CI , -3.07 to 0.22 ; P = .09 ) of children in the DHA group did not differ from children in the control group . CONCLUSION The use of DHA-rich fish oil capsules compared with vegetable oil capsules during pregnancy did not result in lower levels of postpartum depression in mothers or improved cognitive and language development in their offspring during early childhood . TRIAL REGISTRATION anzctr.org.au Identifier : ACTRN12605000569606 Methods : Various developmental problems including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) have been linked to biological deficiencies in polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) . Additionally , there is evidence that symptoms may be reduced with PUFA supplementation . This study investigated effects of supplementation with PUFAs on symptoms typically associated with ADHD . Because nutrients work synergistically , additional effects of micronutrient supplementation were also investigated . A total of 132 Australian children aged 7 to 12 years with scores ≥2 SD above the population average on the Conners ADHD Index participated in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind intervention over 15 weeks , taking PUFAs alone , PUFAs + micronutrients , or placebo . Due to unreturned question naires , data were only available for 104 children . Results : Significant medium to strong positive treatment effects were found on parent ratings of core ADHD symptoms , inattention , hyperactivity/impulsivity , on the Conners Parent Rating Scale ( CPRS ) in both PUFA treatment groups compared with the placebo group ; no additional effects were found with the micronutrients . After a one-way crossover to active supplements in all groups for a further 15 weeks , these results were replicated in the placebo group , and the treatment groups continued to show significant improvements on CPRS core symptoms . No significant effects were found on Conners Teacher Rating Scales . Conclusion : These results add to preliminary findings that ADHD-related problems with inattention , hyperactivity , and impulsivity might respond to treatment with PUFAs and that improvements may continue with supplementation extending to 30 weeks BACKGROUND Psychological distress ( PD ) and depressive symptoms are commonly observed during menopausal transition . Studies suggest that omega-3 ( n-3 ) fatty acids may help alleviate depression . OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare enriched ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid ( E-EPA ) supplementation with placebo for the treatment of PD and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women . DESIGN Women with moderate-to-severe PD ( n = 120 ) were r and omly assigned to receive 1.05 g E-EPA/d plus 0.15 g ethyl-docosahexaenoic acid/d ( n = 59 ) or placebo ( n = 61 ) for 8 wk . The main outcomes were 8-wk changes in PD scores [ Psychological General Well-Being Schedule ( PGWB ) ] and depressive scales [ 20-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist Depression Scale ( HSCL-D-20 ) and the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( HAM-D-21 ) ] . RESULTS At baseline , women with PD were mildly to moderately depressed , and 24 % met the major depressive episode ( MDE ) criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th edition . After 8 wk , outcomes improved in both groups , but no significant differences were noted between them . Stratification analyses for MDE diagnosis at baseline indicated that differences in adjusted 8-wk changes between the E-EPA group without MDE ( n = 46 ) and the placebo group ( n = 45 ) were 8.0 ( 95 % CI : 0.6 , 15.3 ; P = 0.034 ) for the PGWB , -0.2 ( 95 % CI : -0.01 , -0.4 ; P = 0.040 ) for the HSCL-D-20 , and -2.7 ( 95 % CI : -0.3 , -5.1 ; P = 0.030 ) for the HAM-D-21 . Differences in adjusted 8-wk changes between the E-EPA group with MDE ( n = 13 ) and the placebo group ( n = 16 ) were not significant . CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge , this is the first trial of n-3 supplementation in the treatment of PD and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women . In women with PD without MDE at baseline , the 8-wk changes in PD and depressive scales improved significantly more with E-EPA than with placebo . This trial was registered at http://www.controlled-trials.com as IS RCT N69617477 OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid ( E-EPA ) and placebo in the treatment of female subjects with borderline personality disorder . METHOD The authors conducted an 8-week , placebo-controlled , double-blind study of E-EPA in 30 female subjects meeting Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines and DSM-IV criteria for borderline personality disorder . RESULTS Twenty subjects were r and omly assigned to 1 g of E-EPA ; 10 subjects were given placebo . Ninety percent of those in both groups completed all 8 weeks of the trial . Analyses that used r and om-effects regression modeling and controlled for baseline severity showed E-EPA to be superior to placebo in diminishing aggression as well as the severity of depressive symptoms . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that E-EPA may be a safe and effective form of monotherapy for women with moderately severe borderline personality disorder Low dietary intakes of the n-3 long-chain PUFA ( LCPUFA ) EPA and DHA are thought to be associated with increased risk for a variety of adverse outcomes , including some psychiatric disorders . Evidence from observational and intervention studies for a role of n-3 LCPUFA in depression is mixed , with some support for a benefit of EPA and /or DHA in major depressive illness . The present study was a double-blind r and omised controlled trial that evaluated the effects of EPA+DHA supplementation ( 1.5 g/d ) on mood and cognitive function in mild to moderately depressed individuals . Of 218 participants who entered the trial , 190 completed the planned 12 weeks intervention . Compliance , confirmed by plasma fatty acid concentrations , was good , but there was no evidence of a difference between supplemented and placebo groups in the primary outcome - namely , the depression subscale of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales at 12 weeks . Mean depression score was 8.4 for the EPA+DHA group and 9.6 for the placebo group , with an adjusted difference of - 1.0 ( 95 % CI - 2.8 , 0.8 ; P = 0.27 ) . Other measures of mood , mental health and cognitive function , including Beck Depression Inventory score and attentional bias toward threat words , were similarly little affected by the intervention . In conclusion , substantially increasing  EPA+DHA  intake for 3 months was found not to have beneficial or harmful effects on mood in mild to moderate depression . Adding the present result to a meta- analysis of previous relevant r and omised controlled trial results confirmed an overall negligible benefit of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation for depressed mood This pilot study evaluated the effects of supplementation with PUFA on blood FA composition and behavior in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD)-like symptoms also reporting thirst and skin problems . Fifty children were r and omized to treatment groups receiving either a PUFA supplement providing a daily dose of 480 mg DHA , 80 mg EPA , 40 mg arachidonic acid ( AA ) , 96 mg GLA , and 24 mg α-tocopheryl acetate , or an olive oil placebo for 4 mon of doubleblind parallel treatment . Supplementation with the PUFA led to a substantial increase in the proportions of EPA , DHA , and α-tocopherol in the plasma phospholipids and red blood cell ( RBC ) total lipids , but an increase was noted in the plasma phospholipid proportions of 18∶3n-3 with olive oil as well . Significant improvements in multiple but outcomes ( as rated by parents ) were noted in both groups , but a clear benefit from PUFA supplementation for all behaviors characteristic of AD/HD was not observed . For most outcomes , improvement of the PUFA group was consistently nominally better than that of the olive oil group ; but the treatment difference was significantly , by secondary intent-to-treat analysis on only 2 out of 16 outcome measures : conduct problems rated by parents ( −42.7 vs. −9.9 % , n=47 , P=0.05 ) , and attention symptoms rated by teachers ( −14.8 vs. + 3.4 % , n=47 , P=0.03 ) . PUFA supplementation led to a greater number of participants showing improvement in oppositional defiant behavior from a clinical to a non clinical range compared with olive oil supplementation ( 8 out of 12 vs. 3 out of 11 , n=33 , P=0.02 ) . Also , significant correlations were observed when comparing the magnitude of change between increasing proportions of EPA in the RBC and decreasing disruptive behavior as assessed by the Abbreviated Symptom Question naire ( ASQ ) for parents ( r=−0.38 , n=31 , P<0.05 ) , and for EPA and DHA in the RBC and the teachers ' Disruptive Behavior Disorders ( DBD ) Rating Scale for Attention ( r=−0.49 , n=24 , P<0.05 ) . Interestingly , significant correlations were observed between the magnitude of increase in α-tocopherol concentrations in the RBC and a decrease in scores for all four subscales of the teacher 's DBD ( Hyperactivity , r=−0.45 ; Attention , r=−0.60 ; Conduct , r=−0.41 ; Oppositional/Defiant Disorder , r=−0.54 ; n=24 , P<0.05 ) as well as the ASQ for teachers ( r=−0.51 , n=24 , P<0.05 ) . Thus , the results of this pilot study suggest the need for further research with both n−3 FA and vitamin E in children with behavioral disorders Patients with depression have been extensively reported to be associated with the abnormality of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) , including significantly low eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in cell tissue contents ( red blood cell membrane , plasma , etc . ) and dietary intake . However , more evidence is needed to support its relation . In this study , we conducted an 8-week , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , comparing omega-3 PUFAs ( 6.6 g/day ) [ corrected ] with placebo , on the top of the usual treatment , in 28 patients with major depressive disorder . Patients in the omega-3 PUFA group had a significantly decreased score on the 21-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression than those in the placebo group ( P < 0.001 ) . From the preliminary findings in this study , omega-3 PUFAs could improve the short-term course of illness and were well tolerated in patients with major depressive disorder OBJECTIVES This clinical trial evaluated whether supplementation with 
    Output:
    