human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE It has been suggested that the clinical ly detectable changes of the blue-on-yellow ( B/Y ) visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer ( RNFL ) may precede st and ard white-on-white ( W/W ) visual field defects in the progression of glaucoma . The aim of this study was to test the relationship between the results of B/Y visual fields and semiquantitative  RNFL evaluation in corresponding areas and to determine how the B/Y visual fields and RNFL scores label the normal W/W perimetry hemifields in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension . DESIGN A cohort study . PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Monochromatic RNFL photographs of 32 normal subjects and 29 patients with ocular hypertension and different stages of glaucoma were assessed in a masked fashion . The B/Y and W/W visual fields ( program 30 - 2 ) were examined with a Humphrey perimeter . The results of both visual fields were adjusted for the patients ' age and lens transmission index measured with a lens fluorometer . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Mean deviation ( MD ) of visual field and semiquantitative score of RNFL loss were measured . RESULTS The total and hemifield MD values of B/Y and W/W visual field showed a statistically significant correlation with diffuse and overall score of RNFL loss in corresponding areas . The hemifield MD values of B/Y perimetry obtained from " normal " W/W hemifields of patients with early glaucoma were well correlated ( r = -0.56 ) with respective RNFL loss scores found to be abnormal in 84 % of hemispheres . The difference between the hemifield MD values of B/Y perimetry obtained from normal W/WAN hemifields of patients with ocular hypertension and patients with early glaucoma was not statistically significant ( analysis of variance ) . The respective B/Y hemifield data of normal subjects were statistically significantly different from the data of patients with ocular hypertension and early glaucoma . CONCLUSIONS The hemifield MD values of B/Y perimetry correlate well with semiquantitative scores of RNFL loss obtained from the corresponding hemisphere . The B/Y perimetry as well as RNFL assessment may show glaucomatous defects in a hemifield found to be normal on W/W perimetry . In subjects with ocular hypertension , the functional damage detected by B/Y perimetry may , in some cases , precede RNFL defects on conversion to glaucoma PURPOSE To test the relationship between the results of short-wavelength automatic perimetry ( SWAP ) and retinal nerve fiber layer ( RNFL ) measurements with scanning laser polarimetry ( Nerve Fiber Analyzer , NFA ) in age-matched normal subjects , glaucoma suspects , and early glaucoma patients . DESIGN Case-control study . PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Thirty-eight normal subjects , 32 glaucoma suspects , and 14 early glaucoma patients were recruited . All subjects underwent RNFL assessment by NFA , achromatic visual field testing ( 24 - 2 threshold ) , and repeated SWAP ( 24 - 2 threshold blue-on-yellow ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mean deviation ( MD ) of visual field testing and RNFL values were obtained . RESULTS Glaucoma suspects were divided into two groups according to their SWAP results : high risk ( with SWAP abnormalities ) and low risk ( with normal SWAP result ) . No statistically significant difference in SWAP MD and RNFL values were observed between normal and low-risk groups ( P > 0.05 ) , but these values were found to be significantly lower in high-risk and early glaucoma groups ( P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that RNFL examination by NFA may be a useful test for the early detection of glaucomatous damage of glaucoma suspects . It appears to provide agreement with SWAP abnormalities and is more sensitive than conventional st and ard automated perimetry OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between optic disc changes measured with scanning laser tomography and those measured with conventional perimetry and optic disc photography . METHODS In a prospect i ve longitudinal study , we followed up 77 patients with early glaucomatous visual field damage .  Scanning laser tomography ( using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph ) and conventional perimetry ( using the Humphrey Field Analyzer ) were carried out every 6 months . Disc progression was determined by a procedure recently described by us for scanning laser tomography , with confirmed progression requiring repeatable changes based on probability limits for both the depth ( using individual test-retest variability values ) and size of change ( determined in a group of 37 healthy individuals also followed up prospect ively ) . Field progression was determined with the Statpac Glaucoma Change Probability Analysis . The agreement between scanning laser tomography and conventional disc photography was determined in a subgroup of patients . RESULTS Patients were followed up for a median of 5.5 years , with a median of 12 sets of examinations with scanning laser tomography and conventional perimetry . Twenty-one patients ( 27 % ) showed no progression with either technique . Thirty-one patients ( 40 % ) progressed with scanning laser tomography only , while 3 ( 4 % ) progressed with conventional perimetry only . Of the 22 patients ( 29 % ) who progressed with both techniques , 10 ( 45 % ) progressed with scanning laser tomography first ( median , 18 month earlier ) and 9 ( 41 % ) with conventional perimetry first ( median , 12 months earlier ) , while 3 ( 14 % ) progressed at the same time . Of the 16 patients with disc photographs that closely overlapped the follow-up , there was concordance between scanning laser tomography and disc photography in 13 patients ( 81 % ) . CONCLUSIONS Glaucomatous disc changes determined with scanning laser tomography occur more frequently than field changes . Most patients with field changes also had disc changes ; however , less than half of those with disc changes had field changes PURPOSE To compare the ability of Fast Swedish interactive threshold algorithm ( SITA ) short-wavelength automated perimetry ( SWAP ) , lengthier full-threshold SWAP , and st and ard automated perimetry ( SAP ) using the SITA Fast program to detect early glaucomatous visual field loss . DESIGN Cross-sectional prospect i ve study of perimetric diagnostic sensitivity as defined by reference limits determined in the same healthy participants for all 3 test programs . PARTICIPANTS One hundred one patients with ocular hypertension , or suspect or early manifest glaucoma . METHODS One eye of each patient was tested with 2 blue-yellow perimetric programs : the SITA and full-threshold SWAP and the SAP SITA Fast program . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Glaucomatous visual field loss , defined as number of significantly depressed test point locations or the number of clusters of such test points . RESULTS No significant difference in number of significantly depressed test point locations between the 3 programs could be detected , neither at the P<5 % limit nor at the P<2 % limit . The difference in number of points depressed below the fifth percentile was 0.5 between full-threshold SWAP and SITA SWAP , 1.09 between full-threshold SWAP and SAP , and 1.04 between SITA SWAP and SAP . The number of eyes showing clusters of significantly depressed points also was similar with the 3 test programs : full-threshold SWAP identified clusters in 66 eyes , SITA SWAP identified clusters in 67 eyes , and SITA Fast SAP identified clusters in 65 eyes . Average test time was 12.0 minutes using full-threshold SWAP , 4.1 minutes with SITA SWAP , and 3.5 with SITA Fast . CONCLUSIONS The SITA SWAP identified at least as much glaucomatous visual field loss as the older full-threshold SWAP , although test time was considerably reduced . Conventional SAP using SITA Fast was not significantly less sensitive than either of the 2 SWAP programs AIM To determine whether analysis of sequential optic disc images obtained with the Heidelberg retina tomograph ( HRT ) is able to demonstrate optic disc change before the development of reproducible field defects in a group of ocular hypertensive ( OHT ) patients converting to early glaucoma . METHODS Two groups were analysed : ( 1 ) 13 eyes of 13 OHT patients who subsequently developed reproducible field defects ( converters ) ; and ( 2 ) 13 eyes of 11 normal control subjects .  Two sequential optic disc images were obtained using the HRT ( median separation between images was 12 months for the converters and 13 months for the normals ) . The second image in the converter group was obtained before confirmed visual field loss . The optic disc variables were analysed both globally and segmentally using HRT software version 1.11 . The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine if there were any significant differences between the variables of the two image sets . RESULTS Significant optic disc change was demonstrated in the group of converters : ( 1 ) global variables : the cup area increased by 9.7 % , the C/D area ratio increased by 10.5 % , and the rim area decreased by 6.9 % ; ( 2 ) segmental variables : the superonasal cup area increased by 11.0 % , the superonasal C/D area ratio increased 11.7 % , and the inferonasal cup volume increased by 28.4%.The temporal rim volume decreased by 15.6 % , the inferotemporal rim volume decreased by 23.6 % , and the rim area in the superonasal and superotemporal segments decreased by 6.6 % and 6.9 % respectively . CONCLUSION Analysis of sequential optic disc images on the HRT allowed the detection of glaucomatous change before confirmed visual field change in a group of OHT patients converting to early glaucoma 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE It has been suggested that the clinical ly detectable changes of the blue-on-yellow ( B/Y ) visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer ( RNFL ) may precede st and ard white-on-white ( W/W ) visual field defects in the progression of glaucoma . The aim of this study was to test the relationship between the results of B/Y visual fields and semiquantitative  RNFL evaluation in corresponding areas and to determine how the B/Y visual fields and RNFL scores label the normal W/W perimetry hemifields in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension . DESIGN A cohort study . PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Monochromatic RNFL photographs of 32 normal subjects and 29 patients with ocular hypertension and different stages of glaucoma were assessed in a masked fashion . The B/Y and W/W visual fields ( program 30 - 2 ) were examined with a Humphrey perimeter . The results of both visual fields were adjusted for the patients ' age and lens transmission index measured with a lens fluorometer . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Mean deviation ( MD ) of visual field and semiquantitative score of RNFL loss were measured . RESULTS The total and hemifield MD values of B/Y and W/W visual field showed a statistically significant correlation with diffuse and overall score of RNFL loss in corresponding areas . The hemifield MD values of B/Y perimetry obtained from " normal " W/W hemifields of patients with early glaucoma were well correlated ( r = -0.56 ) with respective RNFL loss scores found to be abnormal in 84 % of hemispheres . The difference between the hemifield MD values of B/Y perimetry obtained from normal W/WAN hemifields of patients with ocular hypertension and patients with early glaucoma was not statistically significant ( analysis of variance ) . The respective B/Y hemifield data of normal subjects were statistically significantly different from the data of patients with ocular hypertension and early glaucoma . CONCLUSIONS The hemifield MD values of B/Y perimetry correlate well with semiquantitative scores of RNFL loss obtained from the corresponding hemisphere . The B/Y perimetry as well as RNFL assessment may show glaucomatous defects in a hemifield found to be normal on W/W perimetry . In subjects with ocular hypertension , the functional damage detected by B/Y perimetry may , in some cases , precede RNFL defects on conversion to glaucoma PURPOSE To test the relationship between the results of short-wavelength automatic perimetry ( SWAP ) and retinal nerve fiber layer ( RNFL ) measurements with scanning laser polarimetry ( Nerve Fiber Analyzer , NFA ) in age-matched normal subjects , glaucoma suspects , and early glaucoma patients . DESIGN Case-control study . PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Thirty-eight normal subjects , 32 glaucoma suspects , and 14 early glaucoma patients were recruited . All subjects underwent RNFL assessment by NFA , achromatic visual field testing ( 24 - 2 threshold ) , and repeated SWAP ( 24 - 2 threshold blue-on-yellow ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mean deviation ( MD ) of visual field testing and RNFL values were obtained . RESULTS Glaucoma suspects were divided into two groups according to their SWAP results : high risk ( with SWAP abnormalities ) and low risk ( with normal SWAP result ) . No statistically significant difference in SWAP MD and RNFL values were observed between normal and low-risk groups ( P > 0.05 ) , but these values were found to be significantly lower in high-risk and early glaucoma groups ( P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that RNFL examination by NFA may be a useful test for the early detection of glaucomatous damage of glaucoma suspects . It appears to provide agreement with SWAP abnormalities and is more sensitive than conventional st and ard automated perimetry OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between optic disc changes measured with scanning laser tomography and those measured with conventional perimetry and optic disc photography . METHODS In a prospect i ve longitudinal study , we followed up 77 patients with early glaucomatous visual field damage .  Scanning laser tomography ( using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph ) and conventional perimetry ( using the Humphrey Field Analyzer ) were carried out every 6 months . Disc progression was determined by a procedure recently described by us for scanning laser tomography , with confirmed progression requiring repeatable changes based on probability limits for both the depth ( using individual test-retest variability values ) and size of change ( determined in a group of 37 healthy individuals also followed up prospect ively ) . Field progression was determined with the Statpac Glaucoma Change Probability Analysis . The agreement between scanning laser tomography and conventional disc photography was determined in a subgroup of patients . RESULTS Patients were followed up for a median of 5.5 years , with a median of 12 sets of examinations with scanning laser tomography and conventional perimetry . Twenty-one patients ( 27 % ) showed no progression with either technique . Thirty-one patients ( 40 % ) progressed with scanning laser tomography only , while 3 ( 4 % ) progressed with conventional perimetry only . Of the 22 patients ( 29 % ) who progressed with both techniques , 10 ( 45 % ) progressed with scanning laser tomography first ( median , 18 month earlier ) and 9 ( 41 % ) with conventional perimetry first ( median , 12 months earlier ) , while 3 ( 14 % ) progressed at the same time . Of the 16 patients with disc photographs that closely overlapped the follow-up , there was concordance between scanning laser tomography and disc photography in 13 patients ( 81 % ) . CONCLUSIONS Glaucomatous disc changes determined with scanning laser tomography occur more frequently than field changes . Most patients with field changes also had disc changes ; however , less than half of those with disc changes had field changes PURPOSE To compare the ability of Fast Swedish interactive threshold algorithm ( SITA ) short-wavelength automated perimetry ( SWAP ) , lengthier full-threshold SWAP , and st and ard automated perimetry ( SAP ) using the SITA Fast program to detect early glaucomatous visual field loss . DESIGN Cross-sectional prospect i ve study of perimetric diagnostic sensitivity as defined by reference limits determined in the same healthy participants for all 3 test programs . PARTICIPANTS One hundred one patients with ocular hypertension , or suspect or early manifest glaucoma . METHODS One eye of each patient was tested with 2 blue-yellow perimetric programs : the SITA and full-threshold SWAP and the SAP SITA Fast program . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Glaucomatous visual field loss , defined as number of significantly depressed test point locations or the number of clusters of such test points . RESULTS No significant difference in number of significantly depressed test point locations between the 3 programs could be detected , neither at the P<5 % limit nor at the P<2 % limit . The difference in number of points depressed below the fifth percentile was 0.5 between full-threshold SWAP and SITA SWAP , 1.09 between full-threshold SWAP and SAP , and 1.04 between SITA SWAP and SAP . The number of eyes showing clusters of significantly depressed points also was similar with the 3 test programs : full-threshold SWAP identified clusters in 66 eyes , SITA SWAP identified clusters in 67 eyes , and SITA Fast SAP identified clusters in 65 eyes . Average test time was 12.0 minutes using full-threshold SWAP , 4.1 minutes with SITA SWAP , and 3.5 with SITA Fast . CONCLUSIONS The SITA SWAP identified at least as much glaucomatous visual field loss as the older full-threshold SWAP , although test time was considerably reduced . Conventional SAP using SITA Fast was not significantly less sensitive than either of the 2 SWAP programs AIM To determine whether analysis of sequential optic disc images obtained with the Heidelberg retina tomograph ( HRT ) is able to demonstrate optic disc change before the development of reproducible field defects in a group of ocular hypertensive ( OHT ) patients converting to early glaucoma . METHODS Two groups were analysed : ( 1 ) 13 eyes of 13 OHT patients who subsequently developed reproducible field defects ( converters ) ; and ( 2 ) 13 eyes of 11 normal control subjects .  Two sequential optic disc images were obtained using the HRT ( median separation between images was 12 months for the converters and 13 months for the normals ) . The second image in the converter group was obtained before confirmed visual field loss . The optic disc variables were analysed both globally and segmentally using HRT software version 1.11 . The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine if there were any significant differences between the variables of the two image sets . RESULTS Significant optic disc change was demonstrated in the group of converters : ( 1 ) global variables : the cup area increased by 9.7 % , the C/D area ratio increased by 10.5 % , and the rim area decreased by 6.9 % ; ( 2 ) segmental variables : the superonasal cup area increased by 11.0 % , the superonasal C/D area ratio increased 11.7 % , and the inferonasal cup volume increased by 28.4%.The temporal rim volume decreased by 15.6 % , the inferotemporal rim volume decreased by 23.6 % , and the rim area in the superonasal and superotemporal segments decreased by 6.6 % and 6.9 % respectively . CONCLUSION Analysis of sequential optic disc images on the HRT allowed the detection of glaucomatous change before confirmed visual field change in a group of OHT patients converting to early glaucoma 
    Output:
    