human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Lycopene has previously been shown to have high antioxidative activity . In view of the controversy regarding the beneficial effect of antioxidants on asthma , the acute effects  of lycopene ( LYC‐O‐MATOTM )  on airway hyperreactivity were assessed in patients with exercise‐induced asthma ( EIA ) Sixteen adult subjects with asthma in a clinical steady state were studied . On day 1 , after baseline spirometry , they underwent four histamine inhalation tests with functional recovery between each test . The provocative concentration causing a 20 % fall in FEV1 ( PC20 ) was obtained after each test . On days 2 , 3 , and 4 , after baseline spirometry , active and placebo ascorbic acid ( 2 gm ) was administered orally , double-blind , according to a 4.3.1 two-treatment crossover study design . One hour later , spirometry was performed , and PC20 was reassessed . We found no significant changes in FEV1 and FVC after ascorbic acid as compared with placebo administration . There was no difference between PC20 on days 2 , 3 , and 4 and by st and ardizing for the four PC20 results obtained on day 1 . We conclude that ascorbic acid has no acute bronchodilator effect and does not alter bronchial responsiveness to histamine in subjects with asthma The inflammatory response to ozone in atopic asthma suggests that soluble mediators of inflammation are released in response to oxidant stress . Antioxidants may alleviate additional oxidative stress associated with photochemical oxidant pollution . This study investigates the impact of antioxidant supplementation on the nasal inflammatory response to ozone exposure in atopic asthmatic children . We conducted a r and omized trial using a double‐blinded design . Children with asthma ( n = 117 ) , residents of Mexico City , were given r and omly a daily supplement of vitamins ( 50 mg/day of vitamin E and 250 mg/day of vitamin C ) or placebo . Nasal lavages were performed three times during the 4‐month follow‐up and analysed for content of interleukin‐6 ( IL‐6 ) , IL‐8 , uric acid and glutathione ( GSx ) . IL‐6 levels in the nasal lavage were increased significantly in the placebo group after ozone exposure while no increase was observed in the supplement group . The difference in response to ozone exposure between the two groups was significant ( P = 0·02 ) . Results were similar for IL‐8 , but with no significant difference between the groups ( P = 0·12 ) . GSx decreased significantly in both groups . Uric acid decreased slightly in the placebo group . Our data suggest that vitamin C and E supplementation above the minimum dietary requirement in asthmatic children with a low intake of vitamin E might provide some protection against the nasal acute inflammatory response to ozone Abstract . Objective : Our aim was to investigate the effects of 12-week oral magnesium ( Mg ) supplementation on the RBC redox system in stable , persistent , moderately asthmatic children ( N = 40 , 24 boys , 16 girls ) aged 4–16 years in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study . Design : Oxidized ( GSSG ) and reduced ( GSH ) glutathione , oxyhaemoglobin , methaemoglobin ( metHb ) , hemichrome and bilirubin levels before and after treatment were determined , and GSH stability tests were performed . Result : The GSH concentration was significantly higher in the Mg-treated than in the placebo-treated patients after the treatment period . There was a positive correlation between the decreased plasma metHb and hemichrome levels and the decreased plasma haemoglobin concentrations in the Mg-treated patients at the end of the study . Conclusion : Mg in the given doses exerts antioxidant activity and influences the glutathione redox system BACKGROUND Antioxidant-rich diets are associated with reduced asthma prevalence in epidemiologic studies . We previously showed that short-term manipulation of antioxidant defenses leads to changes in asthma outcomes . OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the effects of a high-antioxidant diet compared with those of a low-antioxidant diet , with or without lycopene supplementation , in asthma . DESIGN Asthmatic adults ( n = 137 ) were r and omly assigned to a high-antioxidant diet ( 5 servings of vegetables and 2 servings of fruit daily ; n = 46 ) or a low-antioxidant diet ( ≤2 servings of vegetables and 1 serving of fruit daily ; n = 91 ) for 14 d and then commenced a parallel , r and omized , controlled supplementation trial . Subjects who consumed the high-antioxidant diet received placebo . Subjects who consumed the low-antioxidant diet received placebo or tomato extract ( 45 mg lycopene/d ) . The intervention continued until week 14 or until an exacerbation occurred . RESULTS After 14 d , subjects consuming the low-antioxidant diet had a lower percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s and percentage predicted forced vital capacity than did those consuming the high-antioxidant diet . Subjects in the low-antioxidant diet group had increased plasma C-reactive protein at week 14 . At the end of the trial , time to exacerbation was greater in the high-antioxidant than in the low-antioxidant diet group , and the low-antioxidant diet group was 2.26 ( 95 % CI : 1.04 , 4.91 ; P = 0.039 ) times as likely to exacerbate . Of the subjects in the low-antioxidant diet group , no difference in airway or systemic inflammation or clinical outcomes was observed between the groups that consumed the tomato extract and those who consumed placebo . CONCLUSIONS Modifying the dietary intake of carotenoids alters clinical asthma outcomes . Improvements were evident only after increased fruit and vegetable intake , which suggests that whole-food interventions are most effective . This trial was registered at http://www.actr.org.au as ACTRN012606000286549 Background : Adverse health effects associated with diesel exhaust ( DE ) are thought to be mediated in part by oxidative stress , but the detailed mechanisms are largely unknown . MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and may respond to exposures such as DE . Objectives : We profiled peripheral blood cellular miRNAs in participants with mild asthma who were exposed to controlled DE with and without antioxidant supplementation .  Methods : Thirteen participants with asthma underwent controlled inhalation of filtered air and DE in a double-blinded , r and omized crossover study of three conditions : a ) DE plus placebo ( DEP ) , b ) filtered air plus placebo ( FAP ) , or c ) DE with N-acetylcysteine supplementation ( DEN ) . Total cellular RNA was extracted from blood drawn before exposure and 6 hr after exposure for miRNA profiling by the NanoString nCounter assay . MiRNAs significantly associated with DEP exposure and a predicted target [ nuclear factor ( erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 ( NRF2 ) ] as well as antioxidant enzyme genes were assessed by reverse transcription – quantitative polymerase chain reaction ( RT-qPCR ) for validation , and we also assessed the ability of N-acetylcysteine supplementation to block the effect of DE on these specific miRNAs . 8-hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine ( 8-OHdG ) was measured in plasma as a systemic oxidative stress marker . Results : Expression of miR-21 , miR-30e , miR-215 , and miR-144 was significantly associated with DEP . The change in miR-144 was vali date d by RT-qPCR . NRF2 and its downstream antioxidant genes [ glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit ( GCLC ) and NAD(P)H : quinone oxidoreductase 1 ( NQO1 ) ] were negatively associated with miR-144 levels . Increases in miR-144 and miR-21 were associated with plasma 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine 8-OHdG level and were blunted by antioxidant ( i.e , DEN ) . Conclusions : Systemic miRNAs with plausible biological function are altered by acute moderate-dose DE exposure . Oxidative stress appears to mediate DE-associated changes in miR-144 Background Prenatal antioxidant supplementation might influence fetal lung growth and development and reduce infant respiratory morbidity . The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that infants of mothers at risk of pre-eclampsia who were r and omised to receive high-dose vitamins C and E ( 1000 mg vitamin C and 400 IU RRR α-tocopherol daily ) during pregnancy would have better respiratory outcomes than infants whose mothers were r and omised to receive placebo . Methods Respiratory outcomes to 2 years of age were documented using question naires and , in a subset , by recording their healthcare utilisation and calculating the cost of care data . Results 330 women who had taken vitamin supplementation and 313 who had taken placebo completed the respiratory question naire ( 386 and 366 infants , respectively ) . There were no significant differences between the two groups in the proportions diagnosed with asthma . 54 women who had taken vitamin supplementation and 45 who had taken placebo  took part in the healthcare utilisation study ( 65 and 53 infants , respectively ) . On average , infants of mothers receiving vitamin supplementation had 2.6 ( 99 % CI 0.8 to 5.1 ) times more A&E/outpatient visits and 3.2 ( 99 % CI 0.2 to 6.9 ) times more GP visits than infants of mothers receiving placebo , and their costs of care were £ 226 ( 99 % CI £ 27 to £ 488 ) more for outpatient admissions , £ 57 ( 99 % CI £ 3 to £ 123 ) more for GP visits and £ 22 ( 99 % CI £ 3 to £ 50 ) more for medications . Conclusions High-dose antenatal vitamin C and E supplementation  does not improve infant respiratory outcome and is associated with increased healthcare utilisation and cost of care In asthmatic patients , antioxidant defence is decreased . Although inhaled corticosteroids decrease asthmatic inflammation and modulate reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) generation , little is known of their effect on cellular antioxidant levels . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate ( BDP ; 1,000 microg x day(-1 ) ) on erythrocyte antioxidant levels in stable asthmatic patients . Forty patients with stable , mild asthma were treated in a double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel-group study with BDP 250 microg , two puffs b.i.d . for 6 weeks . At entry and every 2 weeks during treatment , erythrocyte antioxidant levels , haematological parameters , pulmonary function tests and asthma symptoms were determined . The results show that during treatment with BDP , erythrocyte catalase levels increased ( at entry ( mean + /-SEM ) 41+/-4 , after 6 weeks 54+/-4 micromol H2O2 x min(-1 ) x g haemoglobin (Hb)(-1 ) , p = 0.05 in comparison with placebo ) . Erythrocyte total glutathione levels significantly decreased after 6 weeks treatment with BDP ( from 7.0+/-0.4 to 6.6+/-0.3 micromol x g Hb(-1 ) ( p = 0.04 ) ) . In the BDP-treated patients , blood eosinophil counts were higher in patients who responded with an increase in erythrocyte catalase levels during BDP treatment , as compared to those not responding ( ( mean + /-SEM ) 340+/-39 and 153+/-52x10(6 ) cells x L(-1 ) , respectively , p = 0.05 ) . The present study shows that treatment with inhaled bedomethasone dipropionate results in changes in antioxidant levels in erythrocytes of patients with stable , mild asthma Background : Epidemiological evidence from observational studies has suggested that blood levels and dietary intake of selenium of adults with asthma are lower than those of controls . The only previous trial of selenium supplementation in adults with asthma found no objective evidence of benefit but involved only 24 participants . Methods : A r and omised , double blind , placebo-controlled trial of selenium supplementation was performed in adults with asthma in London , UK , the majority of whom ( 75 % ) reported inhaled steroid use at baseline . 197 participants were r and omised to receive either a high-selenium yeast preparation ( 100 µg daily , n = 99 ) or placebo ( yeast only , n = 98 ) for 24 weeks . The primary outcome was asthma-related quality of life ( QoL ) score . Secondary outcomes included lung function , asthma symptom scores , peak flow and bronchodilator usage . Linear regression was used to analyse the change in outcome between the two treatment arms by “ intention 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Lycopene has previously been shown to have high antioxidative activity . In view of the controversy regarding the beneficial effect of antioxidants on asthma , the acute effects  of lycopene ( LYC‐O‐MATOTM )  on airway hyperreactivity were assessed in patients with exercise‐induced asthma ( EIA ) Sixteen adult subjects with asthma in a clinical steady state were studied . On day 1 , after baseline spirometry , they underwent four histamine inhalation tests with functional recovery between each test . The provocative concentration causing a 20 % fall in FEV1 ( PC20 ) was obtained after each test . On days 2 , 3 , and 4 , after baseline spirometry , active and placebo ascorbic acid ( 2 gm ) was administered orally , double-blind , according to a 4.3.1 two-treatment crossover study design . One hour later , spirometry was performed , and PC20 was reassessed . We found no significant changes in FEV1 and FVC after ascorbic acid as compared with placebo administration . There was no difference between PC20 on days 2 , 3 , and 4 and by st and ardizing for the four PC20 results obtained on day 1 . We conclude that ascorbic acid has no acute bronchodilator effect and does not alter bronchial responsiveness to histamine in subjects with asthma The inflammatory response to ozone in atopic asthma suggests that soluble mediators of inflammation are released in response to oxidant stress . Antioxidants may alleviate additional oxidative stress associated with photochemical oxidant pollution . This study investigates the impact of antioxidant supplementation on the nasal inflammatory response to ozone exposure in atopic asthmatic children . We conducted a r and omized trial using a double‐blinded design . Children with asthma ( n = 117 ) , residents of Mexico City , were given r and omly a daily supplement of vitamins ( 50 mg/day of vitamin E and 250 mg/day of vitamin C ) or placebo . Nasal lavages were performed three times during the 4‐month follow‐up and analysed for content of interleukin‐6 ( IL‐6 ) , IL‐8 , uric acid and glutathione ( GSx ) . IL‐6 levels in the nasal lavage were increased significantly in the placebo group after ozone exposure while no increase was observed in the supplement group . The difference in response to ozone exposure between the two groups was significant ( P = 0·02 ) . Results were similar for IL‐8 , but with no significant difference between the groups ( P = 0·12 ) . GSx decreased significantly in both groups . Uric acid decreased slightly in the placebo group . Our data suggest that vitamin C and E supplementation above the minimum dietary requirement in asthmatic children with a low intake of vitamin E might provide some protection against the nasal acute inflammatory response to ozone Abstract . Objective : Our aim was to investigate the effects of 12-week oral magnesium ( Mg ) supplementation on the RBC redox system in stable , persistent , moderately asthmatic children ( N = 40 , 24 boys , 16 girls ) aged 4–16 years in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study . Design : Oxidized ( GSSG ) and reduced ( GSH ) glutathione , oxyhaemoglobin , methaemoglobin ( metHb ) , hemichrome and bilirubin levels before and after treatment were determined , and GSH stability tests were performed . Result : The GSH concentration was significantly higher in the Mg-treated than in the placebo-treated patients after the treatment period . There was a positive correlation between the decreased plasma metHb and hemichrome levels and the decreased plasma haemoglobin concentrations in the Mg-treated patients at the end of the study . Conclusion : Mg in the given doses exerts antioxidant activity and influences the glutathione redox system BACKGROUND Antioxidant-rich diets are associated with reduced asthma prevalence in epidemiologic studies . We previously showed that short-term manipulation of antioxidant defenses leads to changes in asthma outcomes . OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the effects of a high-antioxidant diet compared with those of a low-antioxidant diet , with or without lycopene supplementation , in asthma . DESIGN Asthmatic adults ( n = 137 ) were r and omly assigned to a high-antioxidant diet ( 5 servings of vegetables and 2 servings of fruit daily ; n = 46 ) or a low-antioxidant diet ( ≤2 servings of vegetables and 1 serving of fruit daily ; n = 91 ) for 14 d and then commenced a parallel , r and omized , controlled supplementation trial . Subjects who consumed the high-antioxidant diet received placebo . Subjects who consumed the low-antioxidant diet received placebo or tomato extract ( 45 mg lycopene/d ) . The intervention continued until week 14 or until an exacerbation occurred . RESULTS After 14 d , subjects consuming the low-antioxidant diet had a lower percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s and percentage predicted forced vital capacity than did those consuming the high-antioxidant diet . Subjects in the low-antioxidant diet group had increased plasma C-reactive protein at week 14 . At the end of the trial , time to exacerbation was greater in the high-antioxidant than in the low-antioxidant diet group , and the low-antioxidant diet group was 2.26 ( 95 % CI : 1.04 , 4.91 ; P = 0.039 ) times as likely to exacerbate . Of the subjects in the low-antioxidant diet group , no difference in airway or systemic inflammation or clinical outcomes was observed between the groups that consumed the tomato extract and those who consumed placebo . CONCLUSIONS Modifying the dietary intake of carotenoids alters clinical asthma outcomes . Improvements were evident only after increased fruit and vegetable intake , which suggests that whole-food interventions are most effective . This trial was registered at http://www.actr.org.au as ACTRN012606000286549 Background : Adverse health effects associated with diesel exhaust ( DE ) are thought to be mediated in part by oxidative stress , but the detailed mechanisms are largely unknown . MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and may respond to exposures such as DE . Objectives : We profiled peripheral blood cellular miRNAs in participants with mild asthma who were exposed to controlled DE with and without antioxidant supplementation .  Methods : Thirteen participants with asthma underwent controlled inhalation of filtered air and DE in a double-blinded , r and omized crossover study of three conditions : a ) DE plus placebo ( DEP ) , b ) filtered air plus placebo ( FAP ) , or c ) DE with N-acetylcysteine supplementation ( DEN ) . Total cellular RNA was extracted from blood drawn before exposure and 6 hr after exposure for miRNA profiling by the NanoString nCounter assay . MiRNAs significantly associated with DEP exposure and a predicted target [ nuclear factor ( erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 ( NRF2 ) ] as well as antioxidant enzyme genes were assessed by reverse transcription – quantitative polymerase chain reaction ( RT-qPCR ) for validation , and we also assessed the ability of N-acetylcysteine supplementation to block the effect of DE on these specific miRNAs . 8-hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine ( 8-OHdG ) was measured in plasma as a systemic oxidative stress marker . Results : Expression of miR-21 , miR-30e , miR-215 , and miR-144 was significantly associated with DEP . The change in miR-144 was vali date d by RT-qPCR . NRF2 and its downstream antioxidant genes [ glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit ( GCLC ) and NAD(P)H : quinone oxidoreductase 1 ( NQO1 ) ] were negatively associated with miR-144 levels . Increases in miR-144 and miR-21 were associated with plasma 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine 8-OHdG level and were blunted by antioxidant ( i.e , DEN ) . Conclusions : Systemic miRNAs with plausible biological function are altered by acute moderate-dose DE exposure . Oxidative stress appears to mediate DE-associated changes in miR-144 Background Prenatal antioxidant supplementation might influence fetal lung growth and development and reduce infant respiratory morbidity . The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that infants of mothers at risk of pre-eclampsia who were r and omised to receive high-dose vitamins C and E ( 1000 mg vitamin C and 400 IU RRR α-tocopherol daily ) during pregnancy would have better respiratory outcomes than infants whose mothers were r and omised to receive placebo . Methods Respiratory outcomes to 2 years of age were documented using question naires and , in a subset , by recording their healthcare utilisation and calculating the cost of care data . Results 330 women who had taken vitamin supplementation and 313 who had taken placebo completed the respiratory question naire ( 386 and 366 infants , respectively ) . There were no significant differences between the two groups in the proportions diagnosed with asthma . 54 women who had taken vitamin supplementation and 45 who had taken placebo  took part in the healthcare utilisation study ( 65 and 53 infants , respectively ) . On average , infants of mothers receiving vitamin supplementation had 2.6 ( 99 % CI 0.8 to 5.1 ) times more A&E/outpatient visits and 3.2 ( 99 % CI 0.2 to 6.9 ) times more GP visits than infants of mothers receiving placebo , and their costs of care were £ 226 ( 99 % CI £ 27 to £ 488 ) more for outpatient admissions , £ 57 ( 99 % CI £ 3 to £ 123 ) more for GP visits and £ 22 ( 99 % CI £ 3 to £ 50 ) more for medications . Conclusions High-dose antenatal vitamin C and E supplementation  does not improve infant respiratory outcome and is associated with increased healthcare utilisation and cost of care In asthmatic patients , antioxidant defence is decreased . Although inhaled corticosteroids decrease asthmatic inflammation and modulate reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) generation , little is known of their effect on cellular antioxidant levels . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate ( BDP ; 1,000 microg x day(-1 ) ) on erythrocyte antioxidant levels in stable asthmatic patients . Forty patients with stable , mild asthma were treated in a double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel-group study with BDP 250 microg , two puffs b.i.d . for 6 weeks . At entry and every 2 weeks during treatment , erythrocyte antioxidant levels , haematological parameters , pulmonary function tests and asthma symptoms were determined . The results show that during treatment with BDP , erythrocyte catalase levels increased ( at entry ( mean + /-SEM ) 41+/-4 , after 6 weeks 54+/-4 micromol H2O2 x min(-1 ) x g haemoglobin (Hb)(-1 ) , p = 0.05 in comparison with placebo ) . Erythrocyte total glutathione levels significantly decreased after 6 weeks treatment with BDP ( from 7.0+/-0.4 to 6.6+/-0.3 micromol x g Hb(-1 ) ( p = 0.04 ) ) . In the BDP-treated patients , blood eosinophil counts were higher in patients who responded with an increase in erythrocyte catalase levels during BDP treatment , as compared to those not responding ( ( mean + /-SEM ) 340+/-39 and 153+/-52x10(6 ) cells x L(-1 ) , respectively , p = 0.05 ) . The present study shows that treatment with inhaled bedomethasone dipropionate results in changes in antioxidant levels in erythrocytes of patients with stable , mild asthma Background : Epidemiological evidence from observational studies has suggested that blood levels and dietary intake of selenium of adults with asthma are lower than those of controls . The only previous trial of selenium supplementation in adults with asthma found no objective evidence of benefit but involved only 24 participants . Methods : A r and omised , double blind , placebo-controlled trial of selenium supplementation was performed in adults with asthma in London , UK , the majority of whom ( 75 % ) reported inhaled steroid use at baseline . 197 participants were r and omised to receive either a high-selenium yeast preparation ( 100 µg daily , n = 99 ) or placebo ( yeast only , n = 98 ) for 24 weeks . The primary outcome was asthma-related quality of life ( QoL ) score . Secondary outcomes included lung function , asthma symptom scores , peak flow and bronchodilator usage . Linear regression was used to analyse the change in outcome between the two treatment arms by “ intention 
    Output:
    