human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Healthful dietary patterns , including eating fruits and vegetables ( F&V ) and avoiding obesity , may decrease the risk of cancer and other chronic diseases . In addition to promoting health for the general population , a cancer diagnosis may provide a “ teachable moment , ” facilitating the adoption of more healthful eating habits and leading to lower risk of chronic disease and better overall health . Purpose This study was design ed to test the effectiveness of two health communication interventions in increasing F&V consumption and physical activity in a sample of older adults ( average age of 66 years ) , including both colorectal cancer ( CRC ) survivors and noncolorectal cancer-affected ( N-CRC ) individuals . Methods CRC survivors and N-CRC individuals were recruited from a population -based case – control study and r and omly assigned to four conditions using a 2 × 2 design . We tested two different methods of communicating and promoting health behavior change alone or in combination : tailored print communication ( TPC ) and brief telephone-based motivational interviewing ( TMI ) . Results A significant increase in F&V consumption was found for the combined intervention group in the entire sample ( p < 0.05 ) . When stratified by cancer survivor status , the effect was concentrated in the N-CRC subset ( p < 0.01 ) versus CRC survivors . The combined intervention was also found to be most cost-effective for the N-CRC group , with TPC  more cost-effective than TMI . For physical activity , none of the interventions produced statistically significant improvements . Conclusions This study indicates that combining tailoring and motivational interviewing may be an effective and cost-effective method for promoting dietary behavior change among older healthy adults . More research is needed to identify the optimal dose and timing for intervention strategies to promote dietary and physical activity change among both CRC survivors and the general population OBJECTIVE The aim of this r and omized pilot study was to examine whether the addition of motivational interviewing strategies to a behavioral obesity intervention enhances adherence and glucose control in older obese women with NIDDM . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty-two older obese women ( 41 % black ) with NIDDM were r and omly assigned to 1 ) a st and ard 16-week group behavioral weight-control program that provided instruction in diet , exercise , and behavioral modification or 2 ) the same group behavioral program with three individualized motivational interviewing sessions added . RESULTS The motivational group attended significantly more group meetings ( 13.3 vs. 8.9 ) , completed significantly more food diaries ( 15.2 vs. 10.1 ) , and recorded blood glucose significantly more often ( 46.0 vs. 32.2 days ) than the st and ard group . Further , participants in the motivational group had significantly better glucose control post-treatment ( 9.8 vs. 10.8 % ) . Although both groups demonstrated significant weight loss , no differences were apparent between groups . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that augmenting a st and ard behavioral treatment program for obese women with NIDDM with a motivational interviewing component may significantly enhance adherence to program recommendations and glycemic control . Preliminary data warrant further investigation with larger sample s and a longer follow-up Despite the benefits associated with a physically active lifestyle , many older adults are insufficiently active to achieve health gain , and also exhibit decreased activity levels with age . Insufficient physical activity in this population is associated with increased morbidity , mortality and dem and on health care services and expenditure . There is a clear need for effective intervention to encourage physical activity in older adults . The aim of this paper is to describe the development and participant evaluation of a r and omized controlled trial of TeleWalk , a telephone-based motivational counseling intervention to encourage physical activity in adults aged 65 years and older . Participants ( N = 186 , mean age 74 + /- 6 years ) were recruited through their General Practitioner ( primary care physician ) and r and omized to either receive eight telephone counseling sessions and related printed material s over 3 months ( intervention group ) or participate in outcome assessment s only ( control group ) . Intervention group participants were mailed an anonymous evaluation question naire on intervention completion . A high response rate was achieved ( 70 % ) . All respondents ( 100 % ) agreed or strongly agreed that a good overall level of service and support was provided , and that the counselor was underst and ing and supportive . Nearly all respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the service was professional , the counselor advice was helpful and motivating and the information provided was relevant ( 97 , 95 and 89 % , respectively ) . Most ( 87 % ) agreed or strongly agreed that the telephone calls encouraged them to be physically active . Among the participants who received printed material , most agreed or strongly agreed that these encouraged them to become or remain active . Findings from this evaluation can be used to inform such interventions and ensure their relevance to community-dwelling older adults OBJECTIVES To assess the long-term effectiveness of a telephone counseling intervention on physical activity and health-related quality of life in low-active older adults recruited through their primary care physician . DESIGN R and omized , controlled trial . SETTING Three primary care practice s from different socioeconomic regions of Auckl and , New Zeal and . PARTICIPANTS One hundred and eighty-six low-active adults ( aged 65 ) recruited from their primary care physicians ' patient data bases . INTERVENTION Eight telephone counseling sessions over 12 weeks based on increasing physical activity .  Control patients received usual care . MEASUREMENTS Change in physical activity ( as measured using the Auckl and Heart Study Physical Activity Question naire ) and quality of life ( as measured using the Short Form-36 Health Survey ( SF-36 ) ) over a 12-month period . RESULTS Moderate leisure physical activity increased by 86.8 min/wk more in the intervention group than in the control group ( P=.007 ) . More participants in the intervention group reached 2.5 hours of moderate or vigorous leisure physical activity per week after 12 months ( 42 % vs 23 % , odds ratio=2.9 , 95 % confidence interval=1.33 - 6.32 , P=.007 ) . No differences on SF-36 measures were observed between the groups at 12 months . CONCLUSION Telephone-based physical activity counseling is effective at increasing physical activity over 12 months in previously low-active older adults The Healthy Aging Project ( HAP ) tested nurse coaching as a method to support healthy behavior change in older adults . The sample included 111 individuals r and omized to a nurse coaching group or usual-care control group .  Participants in the intervention group chose the health behaviors they wanted to change and received coaching by nurses in a single in-person session followed by telephone calls or email contact for 6 months . Nurses were trained in motivational interviewing ( MI ) . The intervention group had significantly less illness intrusiveness and health distress than the control group at 6 months , although it is not known whether these health outcomes result ed from behavior changes . This clinical demonstration project showed that nurse-delivered MI , primarily using the telephone and email , is a feasible method to discuss behavioral change with older adults . However , future clinical trials will be needed to evaluate the efficacy of nurse-delivered MI on actual behavioral changes in older adults There is ample evidence of the benefits of exercise for older people . Less is known about the most effective strategies for promoting the participation of older people in exercise regimes . An approach whereby practice nurses  used motivational interviewing , based on Prochaska and Di Clemente 's model of behaviour change , was piloted in two general practice s. The strategy appeared feasible and will be tested further in a large controlled trial AIM This paper reports a study comparing , over a 5-month period , two different methods of increasing physical activity : a traditional exercise programme and one based on motivational interviewing . BACKGROUND Chronic heart failure is associated with poor quality of life that can be improved by increased physical activity . Patients who are directed to engage in physical activity have a record of low compliance . METHOD Sixty older aged heart failure patients were r and omly assigned to st and ard care , motivational interviewing or both treatments . The primary outcome was physical activity ( kcal/kg/day ) , with the 6-minute walk test as a secondary outcome . FINDINGS At entry , no significant differences were observed between the three groups . Following treatment , the ' motivational interviewing ' and ' both treatments ' groups reported an increase in their level and type of activities , whereas the ' st and ard care ' group did not . All groups significantly increased their 6-minute walk distance . CONCLUSIONS Motivational interviewing , which incorporates established behaviour change principles and a flexible approach to promotion of activity , increases reported physical activity in older patients with heart failure over a short period . In terms of level and type of activity , this approach gives a better outcome than st and ard care , and nurses should explore alternative strategies to promote health in this population 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Healthful dietary patterns , including eating fruits and vegetables ( F&V ) and avoiding obesity , may decrease the risk of cancer and other chronic diseases . In addition to promoting health for the general population , a cancer diagnosis may provide a “ teachable moment , ” facilitating the adoption of more healthful eating habits and leading to lower risk of chronic disease and better overall health . Purpose This study was design ed to test the effectiveness of two health communication interventions in increasing F&V consumption and physical activity in a sample of older adults ( average age of 66 years ) , including both colorectal cancer ( CRC ) survivors and noncolorectal cancer-affected ( N-CRC ) individuals . Methods CRC survivors and N-CRC individuals were recruited from a population -based case – control study and r and omly assigned to four conditions using a 2 × 2 design . We tested two different methods of communicating and promoting health behavior change alone or in combination : tailored print communication ( TPC ) and brief telephone-based motivational interviewing ( TMI ) . Results A significant increase in F&V consumption was found for the combined intervention group in the entire sample ( p < 0.05 ) . When stratified by cancer survivor status , the effect was concentrated in the N-CRC subset ( p < 0.01 ) versus CRC survivors . The combined intervention was also found to be most cost-effective for the N-CRC group , with TPC  more cost-effective than TMI . For physical activity , none of the interventions produced statistically significant improvements . Conclusions This study indicates that combining tailoring and motivational interviewing may be an effective and cost-effective method for promoting dietary behavior change among older healthy adults . More research is needed to identify the optimal dose and timing for intervention strategies to promote dietary and physical activity change among both CRC survivors and the general population OBJECTIVE The aim of this r and omized pilot study was to examine whether the addition of motivational interviewing strategies to a behavioral obesity intervention enhances adherence and glucose control in older obese women with NIDDM . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty-two older obese women ( 41 % black ) with NIDDM were r and omly assigned to 1 ) a st and ard 16-week group behavioral weight-control program that provided instruction in diet , exercise , and behavioral modification or 2 ) the same group behavioral program with three individualized motivational interviewing sessions added . RESULTS The motivational group attended significantly more group meetings ( 13.3 vs. 8.9 ) , completed significantly more food diaries ( 15.2 vs. 10.1 ) , and recorded blood glucose significantly more often ( 46.0 vs. 32.2 days ) than the st and ard group . Further , participants in the motivational group had significantly better glucose control post-treatment ( 9.8 vs. 10.8 % ) . Although both groups demonstrated significant weight loss , no differences were apparent between groups . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that augmenting a st and ard behavioral treatment program for obese women with NIDDM with a motivational interviewing component may significantly enhance adherence to program recommendations and glycemic control . Preliminary data warrant further investigation with larger sample s and a longer follow-up Despite the benefits associated with a physically active lifestyle , many older adults are insufficiently active to achieve health gain , and also exhibit decreased activity levels with age . Insufficient physical activity in this population is associated with increased morbidity , mortality and dem and on health care services and expenditure . There is a clear need for effective intervention to encourage physical activity in older adults . The aim of this paper is to describe the development and participant evaluation of a r and omized controlled trial of TeleWalk , a telephone-based motivational counseling intervention to encourage physical activity in adults aged 65 years and older . Participants ( N = 186 , mean age 74 + /- 6 years ) were recruited through their General Practitioner ( primary care physician ) and r and omized to either receive eight telephone counseling sessions and related printed material s over 3 months ( intervention group ) or participate in outcome assessment s only ( control group ) . Intervention group participants were mailed an anonymous evaluation question naire on intervention completion . A high response rate was achieved ( 70 % ) . All respondents ( 100 % ) agreed or strongly agreed that a good overall level of service and support was provided , and that the counselor was underst and ing and supportive . Nearly all respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the service was professional , the counselor advice was helpful and motivating and the information provided was relevant ( 97 , 95 and 89 % , respectively ) . Most ( 87 % ) agreed or strongly agreed that the telephone calls encouraged them to be physically active . Among the participants who received printed material , most agreed or strongly agreed that these encouraged them to become or remain active . Findings from this evaluation can be used to inform such interventions and ensure their relevance to community-dwelling older adults OBJECTIVES To assess the long-term effectiveness of a telephone counseling intervention on physical activity and health-related quality of life in low-active older adults recruited through their primary care physician . DESIGN R and omized , controlled trial . SETTING Three primary care practice s from different socioeconomic regions of Auckl and , New Zeal and . PARTICIPANTS One hundred and eighty-six low-active adults ( aged 65 ) recruited from their primary care physicians ' patient data bases . INTERVENTION Eight telephone counseling sessions over 12 weeks based on increasing physical activity .  Control patients received usual care . MEASUREMENTS Change in physical activity ( as measured using the Auckl and Heart Study Physical Activity Question naire ) and quality of life ( as measured using the Short Form-36 Health Survey ( SF-36 ) ) over a 12-month period . RESULTS Moderate leisure physical activity increased by 86.8 min/wk more in the intervention group than in the control group ( P=.007 ) . More participants in the intervention group reached 2.5 hours of moderate or vigorous leisure physical activity per week after 12 months ( 42 % vs 23 % , odds ratio=2.9 , 95 % confidence interval=1.33 - 6.32 , P=.007 ) . No differences on SF-36 measures were observed between the groups at 12 months . CONCLUSION Telephone-based physical activity counseling is effective at increasing physical activity over 12 months in previously low-active older adults The Healthy Aging Project ( HAP ) tested nurse coaching as a method to support healthy behavior change in older adults . The sample included 111 individuals r and omized to a nurse coaching group or usual-care control group .  Participants in the intervention group chose the health behaviors they wanted to change and received coaching by nurses in a single in-person session followed by telephone calls or email contact for 6 months . Nurses were trained in motivational interviewing ( MI ) . The intervention group had significantly less illness intrusiveness and health distress than the control group at 6 months , although it is not known whether these health outcomes result ed from behavior changes . This clinical demonstration project showed that nurse-delivered MI , primarily using the telephone and email , is a feasible method to discuss behavioral change with older adults . However , future clinical trials will be needed to evaluate the efficacy of nurse-delivered MI on actual behavioral changes in older adults There is ample evidence of the benefits of exercise for older people . Less is known about the most effective strategies for promoting the participation of older people in exercise regimes . An approach whereby practice nurses  used motivational interviewing , based on Prochaska and Di Clemente 's model of behaviour change , was piloted in two general practice s. The strategy appeared feasible and will be tested further in a large controlled trial AIM This paper reports a study comparing , over a 5-month period , two different methods of increasing physical activity : a traditional exercise programme and one based on motivational interviewing . BACKGROUND Chronic heart failure is associated with poor quality of life that can be improved by increased physical activity . Patients who are directed to engage in physical activity have a record of low compliance . METHOD Sixty older aged heart failure patients were r and omly assigned to st and ard care , motivational interviewing or both treatments . The primary outcome was physical activity ( kcal/kg/day ) , with the 6-minute walk test as a secondary outcome . FINDINGS At entry , no significant differences were observed between the three groups . Following treatment , the ' motivational interviewing ' and ' both treatments ' groups reported an increase in their level and type of activities , whereas the ' st and ard care ' group did not . All groups significantly increased their 6-minute walk distance . CONCLUSIONS Motivational interviewing , which incorporates established behaviour change principles and a flexible approach to promotion of activity , increases reported physical activity in older patients with heart failure over a short period . In terms of level and type of activity , this approach gives a better outcome than st and ard care , and nurses should explore alternative strategies to promote health in this population 
    Output:
    