human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: High doses of n-3 PUFA found in fish oils can reduce the circulating concentration of triacylglycerol ( TG ) , which may contribute to the positive impact of these fatty acids on the risk of CVD . The present study aim ed to establish the differential impact of EPA and docosahexaenoic ( DHA ) on plasma lipids and apo in adults . Forty-two normolipidaemic adult subjects completed a double-blind placebo controlled parallel study , receiving an EPA-rich oil ( 4.8 g EPA/d ) , DHA-rich oil ( 4.9 g DHA/d ) or olive oil as control , for a period of 4 weeks . No effects of treatment on total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol or HDL-cholesterol were evident . There was a significant 22 % reduction in TG level relative to the control value following the DHA treatment ( P=0.032 ) , with the 15 % decrease in the EPA group failing to reach significance ( P=0.258 ) . There were no significant inter-group differences in response to treatment for plasma apoA1 , -C3 or -E levels , although a significant 15 % within-group increase in apoE was evident in the EPA ( P=0.006 ) and DHA ( P=0.003 ) groups . In addition , a within-group decrease in the apoA1:HDL-cholesterol ratio was observed in the DHA group , suggesting a positive impact of DHA on HDL particle size . The DHA intervention result ed in a significant increase in the proportion of EPA P=0.000 and DHA P=0.000 in plasma phospholipids , whilst significant increases in EPA P=0.000 and docosapentaenoic acid P=0.002 , but not DHA P=0.193 , were evident following EPA supplementation ( P<0.05 ) . Our present results indicate that DHA may be more efficacious than EPA in improving the plasma lipid profile As meat is a rich source of the omega-3 fatty acid docosapentaenoic acid ( DPA ) and Australians consume six times more meat than fish , investigation of the potential health benefit of DPA is warranted . The aims were to compare the effects of seal oil supplementation with fish oil , on measures of plasma lipids and blood pressure in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects . Forty-eight volunteers were recruited from the Wollongong community and were r and omly allocated to one of three groups either receiving 1 g/day of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( LC n-3 PUFA ) using one of three oils : seal oil capsules ( 340 mg eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) , 230 mg DPA , 450 mg DHA ) , fish oil capsules ( 210 mg EPA , 30 mg DPA , 810 mg DHA ) or placebo capsules ( containing sunola oil ) for 6 weeks . Plasma triglycerides remained unchanged in the placebo group , whilst reductions of 7 and 14 % ( P < 0.05 ) were seen in the fish oil and seal oil groups respectively . Systolic blood pressure improved by 8 and 5 mmHg with seal oil and fish oil respectively ( P < 0.05 ) . The mean arterial pressure was significantly lower after seal oil supplementation ( P < 0.005 ) compared with the placebo group . These results indicate that seal oil is as effective as fish oil in lowering plasma triglycerides and blood pressure Obesity has been linked with low levels of ω-3 fatty acids . Generally , intervention studies have failed to establish benefits of supplementation with ω-3PUFA in reducing  body weight or fat mass in humans . The aim of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with LCω-3PUFA alone , then consumed concomitantly with a very low energy diet ( VLED ) , facilitated weight loss , improvements in blood lipids and positive changes to inflammatory mediators . This was a double blind r and omised controlled trial with two parallel groups . For 4 weeks of prior supplementation , one group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules per day monounsaturated oil ( placebo ) , the other group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules per day LCω-3PUFA ( fish oil ) each comprising 70 mg EPA and 270 mg DHA , while consuming their usual diet . Each group continued with their supplements for another 4 weeks while both groups followed a VLED regimen ( n = 19 placebo , n = 20 fish  oil ) . Fasting blood sample s , anthropometric measurements and 3-day food diaries were collected at baseline , at 4 weeks and at 8 weeks . At 4 weeks levels of EPA and DHA increased two-fold in the fish oil group ( P < 0.001 ) , with no significant changes to anthropometric measurements for either group . At 8 weeks a significant 3-way interaction between time , group and gender was observed for percentage reduction in weight , F(1,35 ) = 5.55 , P = 0.024 , and BMI , F(1,35 ) = 5.3 , P = 0.027 with a greater percentage decrease for females in FO compared to PB for weight ( -7.21 % vs.-5.82 % ) and BMI ( -7.43 % vs.-5.91 % ) respectively ( P < 0.05 for both ) . It would appear that supplementation with LCω-3PUFA had a time dependent effect on weight loss in females CONTEXT Uncertainty about the benefits of dietary docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) for pregnant women and their children exists , despite international recommendations that pregnant women increase their DHA intakes . OBJECTIVE To determine whether increasing DHA during the last half of pregnancy will result in fewer women with high levels of depressive symptoms and enhance the neurodevelopmental outcome of their children . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A double-blind , multicenter , r and omized controlled trial ( DHA to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome [ DOMInO ] trial ) in 5 Australian maternity hospitals of 2399 women who were less than 21 weeks ' gestation with singleton pregnancies and who were recruited between October 31 , 2005 , and January 11 , 2008 . Follow-up of children ( n = 726 ) was completed December 16 , 2009 . INTERVENTION Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil capsules ( providing 800 mg/d of DHA ) or matched vegetable oil capsules without DHA from study entry to birth . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES High levels of depressive symptoms in mothers as indicated by a score of more than 12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 6 weeks or 6 months postpartum . Cognitive and language development in children as assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development , Third Edition , at 18 months . RESULTS Of 2399 women enrolled , 96.7 % completed the trial . The percentage of women with high levels of depressive symptoms during the first 6 months postpartum did not differ between the DHA and control groups ( 9.67 % vs 11.19 % ; adjusted relative risk , 0.85 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.70 - 1.02 ; P = .09 ) . Mean cognitive composite scores ( adjusted mean difference , 0.01 ; 95 % CI , -1.36 to 1.37 ; P = .99 ) and mean language composite scores ( adjusted mean difference , -1.42 ; 95 % CI , -3.07 to 0.22 ; P = .09 ) of children in the DHA group did not differ from children in the control group . CONCLUSION The use of DHA-rich fish oil capsules compared with vegetable oil capsules during pregnancy did not result in lower levels of postpartum depression in mothers or improved cognitive and language development in their offspring during early childhood . TRIAL REGISTRATION anzctr.org.au Identifier : ACTRN12605000569606 Long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ( LCn-3PUFA ) supplementation may improve symptoms of depression in children and bipolar disorder ( BD ) in adults . No studies have examined the effectiveness of LCn-3PUFA supplementation in the treatment of mania and depression in juvenile BD ( JBD ) when given as an adjunct to st and ard pharmacological treatment . Eighteen children and adolescents with JBD received supplements containing 360 mg per day eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and 1560 mg per day docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) for 6 weeks in an open-label study . Intake and fasting red blood cell ( RBC ) LCn-3PUFA , mania , depression and global function were assessed before and after supplementation . RBC EPA and DHA were significantly higher following supplementation . Clinician ratings of mania and depression were significantly lower and global functioning significantly higher after supplementation . Parent ratings of internalizing and externalizing behaviours were also significantly lower following supplementation . A larger r and omized controlled trial appears warranted in this participant population Background A high consumption of omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids , and particularly docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , has been suggested to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . However , while DHA supplementation may have benefits for secondary prevention , few studies have investigated the role of DHA in the primary prevention of CVD . Here , we tested the hypothesis that DHA supplementation  improves endothelial function and risk factors for CVD . Methods and Results Healthy volunteers ( n=328 ) , aged 18 to 37 years , were r and omly assigned to 1.6 g DHA/day ( from a microalgae source ) together with 2.4 g/day carrier oil ( index group ) or to 4.0 g/day olive oil ( control ) ( both given in eight 500‐mg capsules/day for 16 weeks ) . Flow‐mediated endothelium‐dependent vasodilation ( FMD ) of the brachial artery ( primary outcome ) was measured before and after the intervention ( n=268 ) using high‐resolution vascular ultrasound . FMD was the same in both groups at r and omization ( mean , SD ; 0.27 , 0.1 mm ) , but postintervention was higher in the control group ( 0.29 , 0.1 mm ) compared with the DHA‐supplemented group ( 0.26 , 0.1 mm ; mean difference −0.03 mm ; 95 % CI −0.005 to −0.06 mm ; P=0.02 ) . Of other outcomes , only triglyceride ( mean difference −28 % , 95 % CI −40 % to −15 % ; P<0.0001 ) and very low‐density lipoprotein concentrations were significant lower in DHA‐supplemented individuals compared with controls . Conclusions DHA supplementation did not improve endothelial function in healthy , young adults .  Nevertheless , lower triglyceride concentrations with DHA supplementation was consistent with previous reports and could have benefits for the prevention of CVD . Clinical Trial Registration Information URL : http://www.controlled-trials.com/ Unique identifier : IS RCT N no : 19987575 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE : Evidence from r and omized controlled trials in early infancy suggest that prenatal supplementation with Ω-3 ( n-3 ) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ( LCPUFA ) reduces the incidence of allergic disease characterized by an immunoglobulin E ( IgE ) response . We aim ed to determine whether protective effects were evident in the 6-year-old offspring of women supplemented with n-3 rich fish oil during pregnancy . METHODS : Six-year follow-up of children ( n = 706 ) with a family history of allergic disease from the Docosahexaenoic Acid to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome ( DOMInO ) trial . Women were r and omly allocated to receive n-3 LCPUFA-rich fish oil capsules ( 800 mg/d docosahexaenoic acid DHA and 100mg/d eicosapentaenoic acid ) or vegetable oil capsules ( without n-3 LCPUFA ) . Allergic disease symptoms including eczema , wheeze , rhinitis , and rhino-conjunctivitis , were assessed using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood question naire and sensitization to allergens was measured by skin prick test . RESULTS : There was no difference in the percentage of children with any IgE-associated allergic disease between the n-3 LCPUFA and control groups ( 116/367 [ 31.5 % ] vs 106/336 [ 31.5 % ] ; adjusted relative risk , 1.04 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.82–1.33 ; P = .73 ) . There was a reduction in the percentage of children sensitized to house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae ( 49/367 [ 13.4 % ] vs 68/336 [ 20.3 % ] ; adjusted relative risk , 0.67 , 95 % confidence interval , 0.44–1.00 ; P = .0495 ) . CONCLUSIONS : Prenatal n-3 LCPUFA supplementation did not reduce IgE-associated allergic disease at 6 years of age . Secondary outcomes were suggestive of a protective effect of the intervention on the incidence of D. farinae sensitization BACKGROUND Epidemiological and clinical evidence suggests that an increased intake 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: High doses of n-3 PUFA found in fish oils can reduce the circulating concentration of triacylglycerol ( TG ) , which may contribute to the positive impact of these fatty acids on the risk of CVD . The present study aim ed to establish the differential impact of EPA and docosahexaenoic ( DHA ) on plasma lipids and apo in adults . Forty-two normolipidaemic adult subjects completed a double-blind placebo controlled parallel study , receiving an EPA-rich oil ( 4.8 g EPA/d ) , DHA-rich oil ( 4.9 g DHA/d ) or olive oil as control , for a period of 4 weeks . No effects of treatment on total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol or HDL-cholesterol were evident . There was a significant 22 % reduction in TG level relative to the control value following the DHA treatment ( P=0.032 ) , with the 15 % decrease in the EPA group failing to reach significance ( P=0.258 ) . There were no significant inter-group differences in response to treatment for plasma apoA1 , -C3 or -E levels , although a significant 15 % within-group increase in apoE was evident in the EPA ( P=0.006 ) and DHA ( P=0.003 ) groups . In addition , a within-group decrease in the apoA1:HDL-cholesterol ratio was observed in the DHA group , suggesting a positive impact of DHA on HDL particle size . The DHA intervention result ed in a significant increase in the proportion of EPA P=0.000 and DHA P=0.000 in plasma phospholipids , whilst significant increases in EPA P=0.000 and docosapentaenoic acid P=0.002 , but not DHA P=0.193 , were evident following EPA supplementation ( P<0.05 ) . Our present results indicate that DHA may be more efficacious than EPA in improving the plasma lipid profile As meat is a rich source of the omega-3 fatty acid docosapentaenoic acid ( DPA ) and Australians consume six times more meat than fish , investigation of the potential health benefit of DPA is warranted . The aims were to compare the effects of seal oil supplementation with fish oil , on measures of plasma lipids and blood pressure in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects . Forty-eight volunteers were recruited from the Wollongong community and were r and omly allocated to one of three groups either receiving 1 g/day of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( LC n-3 PUFA ) using one of three oils : seal oil capsules ( 340 mg eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) , 230 mg DPA , 450 mg DHA ) , fish oil capsules ( 210 mg EPA , 30 mg DPA , 810 mg DHA ) or placebo capsules ( containing sunola oil ) for 6 weeks . Plasma triglycerides remained unchanged in the placebo group , whilst reductions of 7 and 14 % ( P < 0.05 ) were seen in the fish oil and seal oil groups respectively . Systolic blood pressure improved by 8 and 5 mmHg with seal oil and fish oil respectively ( P < 0.05 ) . The mean arterial pressure was significantly lower after seal oil supplementation ( P < 0.005 ) compared with the placebo group . These results indicate that seal oil is as effective as fish oil in lowering plasma triglycerides and blood pressure Obesity has been linked with low levels of ω-3 fatty acids . Generally , intervention studies have failed to establish benefits of supplementation with ω-3PUFA in reducing  body weight or fat mass in humans . The aim of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with LCω-3PUFA alone , then consumed concomitantly with a very low energy diet ( VLED ) , facilitated weight loss , improvements in blood lipids and positive changes to inflammatory mediators . This was a double blind r and omised controlled trial with two parallel groups . For 4 weeks of prior supplementation , one group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules per day monounsaturated oil ( placebo ) , the other group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules per day LCω-3PUFA ( fish oil ) each comprising 70 mg EPA and 270 mg DHA , while consuming their usual diet . Each group continued with their supplements for another 4 weeks while both groups followed a VLED regimen ( n = 19 placebo , n = 20 fish  oil ) . Fasting blood sample s , anthropometric measurements and 3-day food diaries were collected at baseline , at 4 weeks and at 8 weeks . At 4 weeks levels of EPA and DHA increased two-fold in the fish oil group ( P < 0.001 ) , with no significant changes to anthropometric measurements for either group . At 8 weeks a significant 3-way interaction between time , group and gender was observed for percentage reduction in weight , F(1,35 ) = 5.55 , P = 0.024 , and BMI , F(1,35 ) = 5.3 , P = 0.027 with a greater percentage decrease for females in FO compared to PB for weight ( -7.21 % vs.-5.82 % ) and BMI ( -7.43 % vs.-5.91 % ) respectively ( P < 0.05 for both ) . It would appear that supplementation with LCω-3PUFA had a time dependent effect on weight loss in females CONTEXT Uncertainty about the benefits of dietary docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) for pregnant women and their children exists , despite international recommendations that pregnant women increase their DHA intakes . OBJECTIVE To determine whether increasing DHA during the last half of pregnancy will result in fewer women with high levels of depressive symptoms and enhance the neurodevelopmental outcome of their children . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS A double-blind , multicenter , r and omized controlled trial ( DHA to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome [ DOMInO ] trial ) in 5 Australian maternity hospitals of 2399 women who were less than 21 weeks ' gestation with singleton pregnancies and who were recruited between October 31 , 2005 , and January 11 , 2008 . Follow-up of children ( n = 726 ) was completed December 16 , 2009 . INTERVENTION Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil capsules ( providing 800 mg/d of DHA ) or matched vegetable oil capsules without DHA from study entry to birth . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES High levels of depressive symptoms in mothers as indicated by a score of more than 12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 6 weeks or 6 months postpartum . Cognitive and language development in children as assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development , Third Edition , at 18 months . RESULTS Of 2399 women enrolled , 96.7 % completed the trial . The percentage of women with high levels of depressive symptoms during the first 6 months postpartum did not differ between the DHA and control groups ( 9.67 % vs 11.19 % ; adjusted relative risk , 0.85 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.70 - 1.02 ; P = .09 ) . Mean cognitive composite scores ( adjusted mean difference , 0.01 ; 95 % CI , -1.36 to 1.37 ; P = .99 ) and mean language composite scores ( adjusted mean difference , -1.42 ; 95 % CI , -3.07 to 0.22 ; P = .09 ) of children in the DHA group did not differ from children in the control group . CONCLUSION The use of DHA-rich fish oil capsules compared with vegetable oil capsules during pregnancy did not result in lower levels of postpartum depression in mothers or improved cognitive and language development in their offspring during early childhood . TRIAL REGISTRATION anzctr.org.au Identifier : ACTRN12605000569606 Long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ( LCn-3PUFA ) supplementation may improve symptoms of depression in children and bipolar disorder ( BD ) in adults . No studies have examined the effectiveness of LCn-3PUFA supplementation in the treatment of mania and depression in juvenile BD ( JBD ) when given as an adjunct to st and ard pharmacological treatment . Eighteen children and adolescents with JBD received supplements containing 360 mg per day eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and 1560 mg per day docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) for 6 weeks in an open-label study . Intake and fasting red blood cell ( RBC ) LCn-3PUFA , mania , depression and global function were assessed before and after supplementation . RBC EPA and DHA were significantly higher following supplementation . Clinician ratings of mania and depression were significantly lower and global functioning significantly higher after supplementation . Parent ratings of internalizing and externalizing behaviours were also significantly lower following supplementation . A larger r and omized controlled trial appears warranted in this participant population Background A high consumption of omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids , and particularly docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , has been suggested to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . However , while DHA supplementation may have benefits for secondary prevention , few studies have investigated the role of DHA in the primary prevention of CVD . Here , we tested the hypothesis that DHA supplementation  improves endothelial function and risk factors for CVD . Methods and Results Healthy volunteers ( n=328 ) , aged 18 to 37 years , were r and omly assigned to 1.6 g DHA/day ( from a microalgae source ) together with 2.4 g/day carrier oil ( index group ) or to 4.0 g/day olive oil ( control ) ( both given in eight 500‐mg capsules/day for 16 weeks ) . Flow‐mediated endothelium‐dependent vasodilation ( FMD ) of the brachial artery ( primary outcome ) was measured before and after the intervention ( n=268 ) using high‐resolution vascular ultrasound . FMD was the same in both groups at r and omization ( mean , SD ; 0.27 , 0.1 mm ) , but postintervention was higher in the control group ( 0.29 , 0.1 mm ) compared with the DHA‐supplemented group ( 0.26 , 0.1 mm ; mean difference −0.03 mm ; 95 % CI −0.005 to −0.06 mm ; P=0.02 ) . Of other outcomes , only triglyceride ( mean difference −28 % , 95 % CI −40 % to −15 % ; P<0.0001 ) and very low‐density lipoprotein concentrations were significant lower in DHA‐supplemented individuals compared with controls . Conclusions DHA supplementation did not improve endothelial function in healthy , young adults .  Nevertheless , lower triglyceride concentrations with DHA supplementation was consistent with previous reports and could have benefits for the prevention of CVD . Clinical Trial Registration Information URL : http://www.controlled-trials.com/ Unique identifier : IS RCT N no : 19987575 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE : Evidence from r and omized controlled trials in early infancy suggest that prenatal supplementation with Ω-3 ( n-3 ) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ( LCPUFA ) reduces the incidence of allergic disease characterized by an immunoglobulin E ( IgE ) response . We aim ed to determine whether protective effects were evident in the 6-year-old offspring of women supplemented with n-3 rich fish oil during pregnancy . METHODS : Six-year follow-up of children ( n = 706 ) with a family history of allergic disease from the Docosahexaenoic Acid to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome ( DOMInO ) trial . Women were r and omly allocated to receive n-3 LCPUFA-rich fish oil capsules ( 800 mg/d docosahexaenoic acid DHA and 100mg/d eicosapentaenoic acid ) or vegetable oil capsules ( without n-3 LCPUFA ) . Allergic disease symptoms including eczema , wheeze , rhinitis , and rhino-conjunctivitis , were assessed using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood question naire and sensitization to allergens was measured by skin prick test . RESULTS : There was no difference in the percentage of children with any IgE-associated allergic disease between the n-3 LCPUFA and control groups ( 116/367 [ 31.5 % ] vs 106/336 [ 31.5 % ] ; adjusted relative risk , 1.04 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.82–1.33 ; P = .73 ) . There was a reduction in the percentage of children sensitized to house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae ( 49/367 [ 13.4 % ] vs 68/336 [ 20.3 % ] ; adjusted relative risk , 0.67 , 95 % confidence interval , 0.44–1.00 ; P = .0495 ) . CONCLUSIONS : Prenatal n-3 LCPUFA supplementation did not reduce IgE-associated allergic disease at 6 years of age . Secondary outcomes were suggestive of a protective effect of the intervention on the incidence of D. farinae sensitization BACKGROUND Epidemiological and clinical evidence suggests that an increased intake 
    Output:
    