human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE caregiver effects of geriatric care models focusing primarily at the patient have not been consistently studied . We studied caregiver effects of a nurse-led comprehensive geriatric evaluation and management ( GEM ) programme for community-dwelling frail older people that showed-in a r and omised comparison with usual care -- health-related quality of life benefits for the care receivers . METHODS this r and omised trial included 110 caregiver/patient dyads who were followed up for 6 months . Primary analyses were intention-to-treat analyses of caregiver burden assessed with Zarit Burden Interview  ( ZBI ; 0 - 88 ; higher means more burden ) . Preplanned subgroup analyses were conducted for cognition , living arrangement and patient/caregiver co-residence . RESULTS overall , perceived caregiver burden showed no significant differences between study groups in changes over time . However , perceived burden was at baseline more than eight points higher in caregivers sharing a household with patients ( n = 23 ) compared to caregivers living separately ( n = 87 ) . The intervention performed better in caregivers living together with the patient than in caregivers living separately ( P for interaction = 0.04 ) . Co-resident caregivers experienced six-Zarit point improvement compared with four-point deterioration in the non-co-resident caregivers . CONCLUSIONS GEM at home benefited patients , but maybe not caregivers . Caregiver effects are related to whether caregivers live with the patient or not The long-term effectiveness of a structured health education program ( HEP ) for spouses and frail older adults was evaluated in a staff model health maintenance organization ( HMO ) . HEP is a multicomponent group program that includes emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies , education , and support . For caregivers , HEP was more effective than usual care ( UC ) in reducing depression , increasing knowledge of community services and how to access them , and changing caregivers ' feelings of competence and the way they respond to the caregiving situation . For care recipients , HEP was more effective than UC in preventing increases in somatic symptoms and symptoms of anxiety/insomnia . ( ( c ) 2004 APA , all rights reserved PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a telephone support group program on spouses and adult child caregivers of frail older adults . DESIGN AND METHODS The Telephone Support Group ( TSG ) model is a multicomponent group program offered in 12 weekly , 90-minute group sessions . It includes emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies , education , and support . We recruited for this study 36 spouses and 61 adult children and r and omly assigned them to TSG or to usual services . We assessed the participants before and after the completion of TSG or usual services . RESULTS The results indicated that , for adult child caregivers , TSG was more effective than usual services in reducing burden , depression , social support , and pressing problems , and increasing knowledge and use of community services . We found no significant differences for spouse caregivers . IMPLICATION S This is the first study to compare the effectiveness of TSG for adult child and spouse caregivers of frail older adults .  TSG showed itself to be an effective means of delivering support to adult child caregivers of frail older adults but not to spouses . More research is needed about how to make TSG effective for spouse caregivers Informal caregivers are responsible for providing the majority of post-discharge care for many frail older adults in rural setting s. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an advanced practice nurse ( APN ) intervention would promote more positive physical and emotional outcomes in caregivers of rural older adults who are frail and were recently discharged from urban-based hospitals . Thirty-two caregivers of frail rural elderly individuals were r and omly assigned to treatment ( APN intervention ) and control groups ( no APN intervention ) . Assessment s of caregiver outcomes were collected via telephone interviews at 48-hour , 2-week , and 4-week intervals after hospital discharge of the frail rural older adults . Outcomes were operationalized as caregiver physical health and well being , and stress and burden . The former was measured using the Health and Daily Living form ( HDL ) and the latter by the Thoughts and Feeling and Time and Energy subscales of the Caregiver Burden Inventory ( CBI ) . Additional information on caregiver problems and APN visit time was collected by the APN using the Omaha Classification System . Caregivers in the treatment group experienced significantly more positive physical and emotional health outcomes . The caregivers who received the APN intervention had higher self-rated emotional health scores , fewer emotional symptoms at Week 4 , fewer depressive symptoms at Week 2 and 4 , and lower Thoughts and Feelings stress scores at 48 hours than the control group . Findings support the importance of addressing the needs of caregivers post-discharge and the ability of APNs to improve post-discharge outcomes for home health care recipients and their caregivers The short-term effectiveness of a Health Education Group ( HEP ) intervention program for spouses of frail older adults was compared to the usual care ( UC ) offered to the spouses of frail older persons in a staff model health maintenance organization . HEP is a multicomponent group program offered in eight weekly , two-hour group sessions , and ten monthly , two-hour follow-up group sessions . It includes emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies , education , and support . One-hundred and five spouses were recruited and r and omly assigned to  HEP  ( n = 58 ) or  UC  ( n = 47 ) . Spouse caregivers and care recipients were assessed within two weeks of intervention and within two weeks after the completion of the eight weekly group meetings . The results indicate that , for caregivers , HEP was more effective than UC in reducing depression , maintaining social integration , increasing effectiveness in solving pressing problems , increasing knowledge of community services and how to access them , changing caregivers ' feelings of competence , and the way they respond to the care giving situation . No significant differences , however , were found between care recipients in the two arms of the study on any of the outcome measures The PLUS Nursing Intervention , which is aim ed at caregivers of elderly persons with depression and design ed to increase caregiver personal re sources , respond to caregiver learning/skill development needs , address caregiver unanticipated needs , and assist with caregiver stress/illness management , was pilot tested for efficacy . Thirteen families were assigned to the PLUS group and 12 families to the st and ard home care control group .  There were no significant outcome differences between the two groups . However , caregivers who received the PLUS intervention made significantly more improvements over St and ard Home Care caregivers when patients made functional improvements . Findings suggest that patient functioning might be a better predictor of long-term caregiver outcomes than psychiatric symptoms 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE caregiver effects of geriatric care models focusing primarily at the patient have not been consistently studied . We studied caregiver effects of a nurse-led comprehensive geriatric evaluation and management ( GEM ) programme for community-dwelling frail older people that showed-in a r and omised comparison with usual care -- health-related quality of life benefits for the care receivers . METHODS this r and omised trial included 110 caregiver/patient dyads who were followed up for 6 months . Primary analyses were intention-to-treat analyses of caregiver burden assessed with Zarit Burden Interview  ( ZBI ; 0 - 88 ; higher means more burden ) . Preplanned subgroup analyses were conducted for cognition , living arrangement and patient/caregiver co-residence . RESULTS overall , perceived caregiver burden showed no significant differences between study groups in changes over time . However , perceived burden was at baseline more than eight points higher in caregivers sharing a household with patients ( n = 23 ) compared to caregivers living separately ( n = 87 ) . The intervention performed better in caregivers living together with the patient than in caregivers living separately ( P for interaction = 0.04 ) . Co-resident caregivers experienced six-Zarit point improvement compared with four-point deterioration in the non-co-resident caregivers . CONCLUSIONS GEM at home benefited patients , but maybe not caregivers . Caregiver effects are related to whether caregivers live with the patient or not The long-term effectiveness of a structured health education program ( HEP ) for spouses and frail older adults was evaluated in a staff model health maintenance organization ( HMO ) . HEP is a multicomponent group program that includes emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies , education , and support . For caregivers , HEP was more effective than usual care ( UC ) in reducing depression , increasing knowledge of community services and how to access them , and changing caregivers ' feelings of competence and the way they respond to the caregiving situation . For care recipients , HEP was more effective than UC in preventing increases in somatic symptoms and symptoms of anxiety/insomnia . ( ( c ) 2004 APA , all rights reserved PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a telephone support group program on spouses and adult child caregivers of frail older adults . DESIGN AND METHODS The Telephone Support Group ( TSG ) model is a multicomponent group program offered in 12 weekly , 90-minute group sessions . It includes emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies , education , and support . We recruited for this study 36 spouses and 61 adult children and r and omly assigned them to TSG or to usual services . We assessed the participants before and after the completion of TSG or usual services . RESULTS The results indicated that , for adult child caregivers , TSG was more effective than usual services in reducing burden , depression , social support , and pressing problems , and increasing knowledge and use of community services . We found no significant differences for spouse caregivers . IMPLICATION S This is the first study to compare the effectiveness of TSG for adult child and spouse caregivers of frail older adults .  TSG showed itself to be an effective means of delivering support to adult child caregivers of frail older adults but not to spouses . More research is needed about how to make TSG effective for spouse caregivers Informal caregivers are responsible for providing the majority of post-discharge care for many frail older adults in rural setting s. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an advanced practice nurse ( APN ) intervention would promote more positive physical and emotional outcomes in caregivers of rural older adults who are frail and were recently discharged from urban-based hospitals . Thirty-two caregivers of frail rural elderly individuals were r and omly assigned to treatment ( APN intervention ) and control groups ( no APN intervention ) . Assessment s of caregiver outcomes were collected via telephone interviews at 48-hour , 2-week , and 4-week intervals after hospital discharge of the frail rural older adults . Outcomes were operationalized as caregiver physical health and well being , and stress and burden . The former was measured using the Health and Daily Living form ( HDL ) and the latter by the Thoughts and Feeling and Time and Energy subscales of the Caregiver Burden Inventory ( CBI ) . Additional information on caregiver problems and APN visit time was collected by the APN using the Omaha Classification System . Caregivers in the treatment group experienced significantly more positive physical and emotional health outcomes . The caregivers who received the APN intervention had higher self-rated emotional health scores , fewer emotional symptoms at Week 4 , fewer depressive symptoms at Week 2 and 4 , and lower Thoughts and Feelings stress scores at 48 hours than the control group . Findings support the importance of addressing the needs of caregivers post-discharge and the ability of APNs to improve post-discharge outcomes for home health care recipients and their caregivers The short-term effectiveness of a Health Education Group ( HEP ) intervention program for spouses of frail older adults was compared to the usual care ( UC ) offered to the spouses of frail older persons in a staff model health maintenance organization . HEP is a multicomponent group program offered in eight weekly , two-hour group sessions , and ten monthly , two-hour follow-up group sessions . It includes emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies , education , and support . One-hundred and five spouses were recruited and r and omly assigned to  HEP  ( n = 58 ) or  UC  ( n = 47 ) . Spouse caregivers and care recipients were assessed within two weeks of intervention and within two weeks after the completion of the eight weekly group meetings . The results indicate that , for caregivers , HEP was more effective than UC in reducing depression , maintaining social integration , increasing effectiveness in solving pressing problems , increasing knowledge of community services and how to access them , changing caregivers ' feelings of competence , and the way they respond to the care giving situation . No significant differences , however , were found between care recipients in the two arms of the study on any of the outcome measures The PLUS Nursing Intervention , which is aim ed at caregivers of elderly persons with depression and design ed to increase caregiver personal re sources , respond to caregiver learning/skill development needs , address caregiver unanticipated needs , and assist with caregiver stress/illness management , was pilot tested for efficacy . Thirteen families were assigned to the PLUS group and 12 families to the st and ard home care control group .  There were no significant outcome differences between the two groups . However , caregivers who received the PLUS intervention made significantly more improvements over St and ard Home Care caregivers when patients made functional improvements . Findings suggest that patient functioning might be a better predictor of long-term caregiver outcomes than psychiatric symptoms 
    Output:
    