human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of  Mexico 's  conditional cash transfer program , Oportunidades  , on the growth of children < 24 mo of age living in urban areas . Beneficiary families received cash transfers , a fortified food ( targeted to pregnant and lactating women , children 6 - 23 mo , and children with low weight 2 - 4 y ) , and curative health services , among other benefits . Program benefits were conditional on preventative health care utilization and attendance of health and nutrition education sessions . We estimated the impact of the program after 2 y of operation in a panel of 432 children < 24 mo of age at baseline ( 2002 ) . We used difference-in-difference propensity score matching , which takes into account nonr and om program participation and the effects of unobserved fixed characteristics on outcomes . All models controlled for child age , sex , baseline anthropometry , and maternal height . Anthropometric Z-scores were calculated using the new WHO growth reference st and ards . There was no overall association between program participation and growth in children 6 to 24 mo of age . Children in intervention families younger than 6 mo of age at baseline grew 1.5 cm ( P < 0.05 ) more than children in comparison families , corresponding to 0.41 height-for-age Z-scores ( HAZ ) ( P < 0.05 ) . They also gained an additional 0.76 kg ( P < 0.01 ) or 0.47 weight-for-height Z-scores ( P < 0.05 ) . Children living in the poorest intervention households tended ( 0.05 < P < 0.10 ) to be taller than comparison children ( 0.9 cm , 0.27 HAZ ) . Oportunidades , with its strong nutrition component , is an effective tool to improve the growth of infants in poor urban households BACKGROUND Haiti has experienced rapid urbanization that has exacerbated poverty and undernutrition in large slum areas . Stunting affects 1 in 5 young children . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to test the efficacy of a daily lipid-based nutrient supplement ( LNS ) for increased linear growth in  young children . DESIGN Healthy , singleton infants aged 6 - 11 mo ( n = 589 ) were recruited from an urban slum of Cap Haitien and r and omly assigned to receive : 1 ) a control ; 2 ) a 3-mo LNS ; or 3 ) a 6-mo LNS . The LNS provided 108 kcal and other nutrients including vitamin A , vitamin B-12 , iron , and zinc at ≥80 % of the recommended amounts . Infants were followed monthly on growth , morbidity , and developmental outcomes over a 6-mo intervention period and at one additional time point 6 mo postintervention to assess sustained effects . The Bonferroni multiple comparisons test was applied , and generalized least-squares ( GLS ) regressions with mixed effects was used to examine impacts longitudinally . RESULTS Baseline characteristics did not differ by trial arm except for a higher mean age in the 6-mo LNS group . GLS modeling showed LNS supplementation for 6 mo significantly increased the length-for-age z score ( ±SE ) by 0.13 ± 0.05 and the weight-for-age z score by 0.12 ± 0.02 compared with in the control group after adjustment for child age ( P < 0.001 ) . The effects were sustained 6 mo postintervention . Morbidity and developmental outcomes did not differ by trial arm . CONCLUSION A low-energy , fortified product improved the linear growth  of young children in this urban setting . The trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01552512 OBJECTIVE To determine whether utilization of iron from infant cereal and pureed meat was sufficient to prevent iron depletion and /or anaemia in infants 6 to 12 months old fed whole cow milk ( WCM ) as their primary milk source . DESIGN Six-month-old infants were r and omized into a treatment group ( n = 43 ) receiving iron-fortified infant cereal ( 10.2 mg iron ) , pureed meat ( 0.75 - 1.7 mg iron ) and WCM for six months or a control group ( n = 54 ) receiving no dietary intervention .  Haemoglobin < 110 g/L or ferritin < 10 micrograms/L ( measured bi-monthly ) , confirmed in a second blood sample , defined end-points . RESULTS Proportion reaching end-point was similar between the treatment ( 3/43 ) and control infants ( 5/54 ) ( p = 0.66 ) . Infants not complying with the protocol were at greater risk of reaching end-point ( p = 0.0002 ) . Change in haemoglobin and ferritin across age was similar in both groups . CONCLUSIONS Iron deficiency is not a concern in WCM-fed infants after six months of age if iron-containing complementary foods are concurrently ingested The aim of this study was to test the ability of two new products , an instant infant flour and a food supplement containing amylases , to increase energy and micronutrient intakes of infants older than 6 months . Three groups of 48 infants were r and omly constituted . Infants in groups 1 and 2 consumed at least twice a day gruel made either from the instant flour or from the food supplement . Infants from the control group received complementary foods prepared in the usual way . Each infant was surveyed during a whole day in order to measure feeding frequencies and characteristics as well as amounts of the different types of complementary foods consumed . Foods consumed by infants in the two experimental groups differed considerably in energy , micronutrient density and in consistency from the home-made complementary foods . Due to the incorporation of amylases , gruels made from the food supplement had a higher energy density , a more appropriate consistency and result ed in higher intakes per meal than gruels made from instant flour . In comparison with home-made complementary foods , both experimental products result ed in significantly higher energy and nutrient intakes . The two experimental products appeared to increase sufficiently both energy and nutrient intakes of infants to complement their breastmilk intake It is unclear whether a substantial decline in malnutrition among infants in developing countries can be achieved by increasing food availability and nutrition counseling without concurrent morbidity-reducing interventions . The study was design ed to determine whether provision of generous amounts of a micronutrient-fortified food supplement supported by counseling or nutritional counseling alone would significantly improve physical growth between 4 and 12 mo of age . In a controlled trial , 418 infants 4 mo of age were individually r and omized to one of the four groups and followed until 12 mo of age . The first group received a milk-based cereal and nutritional counseling ; the second group monthly nutritional counseling alone . To control for the effect of twice-weekly home visits for morbidity ascertainment , similar visits were made in one of the control groups ( visitation group ) ; the fourth group received no intervention . The median energy intake from nonbreast milk sources was higher in the food supplementation group than in the visitation group by 1212 kJ at 26 wk ( P < 0.001 ) , 1739 kJ at 38 wk ( P < 0.001 ) and 2257 kJ at 52 wk ( P < 0.001 ) . The food supplementation infants gained 250 g ( 95 % confidence interval : 20 - -480 g ) more weight than did the visitation group . The difference in the mean increment in length during the study was 0.4 cm ( 95 % confidence interval : -0.1 - -0.9 cm ) . The nutritional counseling group had higher energy intakes ranging from 280 to 752 kJ at different ages ( P < 0.05 at all ages ) but no significant benefit on weight and length increments . Methods to enhance the impact of these interventions need to be identified The importance of reducing childhood undernutrition has been enshrined in the United Nations ' Millennium Development Goals . This study explores the relationship between alternative indicators of poverty and childhood undernutrition in developing countries within the context of a multi-national cohort study ( Young Lives ) . Approximately 2000 children in each of four countries - Ethiopia , India ( And hra Pradesh ) , Peru and Vietnam - had their heights measured and were weighed when they were aged between 6 and 17 months ( survey one ) and again between 4.5 and 5.5 years ( survey two ) . The anthropometric outcomes of stunted , underweight and wasted were calculated using World Health Organization 2006 reference st and ards . Maximum-likelihood probit estimation was employed to model the relationship within each country and survey between alternative measures of living st and ards ( principally a wealth index developed using principal components analysis ) and each anthropometric outcome . An extensive set of covariates was incorporated into the models to remove as much individual heterogeneity as possible . The fully adjusted models revealed a negative and statistically significant coefficient on wealth for all outcomes in all countries , with the exception of the outcome of wasted in India ( And hra Pradesh ) and Vietnam ( survey one ) and the outcome of underweight in Vietnam ( surveys one and two ) . In survey one , the partial effects of wealth on the probabilities of stunting , being underweight and wasting was to reduce them by between 1.4 and 5.1 percentage points , 1.0 and 6.4 percentage points , and 0.3 and 4.5 percentage points , respectively , with each unit ( 10 % ) increase in wealth . The partial effects of wealth on the probabilities of anthropometric outcomes were larger in the survey two models . In both surveys , children residing in the lowest wealth quintile households had significantly increased probabilities of being stunted in all four study countries and of being underweight in Ethiopia , India ( And hra Pradesh ) and Peru in comparison to children residing in the highest wealth quintile households . R and om effects probit models confirmed the statistical significance of increased wealth in reducing the probability of being stunted and underweight across all four study countries . We conclude that , although multi-faceted , childhood undernutrition in developing countries is strongly rooted in poverty Does short-term supplementary feeding during infancy and childhood have long-lasting effects ? In 1986 , 334 children aged 6 - 60 mo living on rural tea plantations in West Java , Indonesia , participated in a 3-mo r and omized trial to test the effects of a dietary supplement providing approximately 1672 kJ ( 400 kcal ) energy/d , with about the same nutrient density as local foods . We returned to the same communities in 1994 and enrolled 231 ( 125 supplemented , 106 control ) of the original subjects in a follow-up study of the long-term effects of supplementation . We assessed these subjects by using several measures : anthropometry , iron status , information processing , Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test , word fluency , and an arithmetic test . The supplemented group showed no differences from those in the control group . However , when the analysis was limited to subjects who had received the supplement before the age of 18 mo ( n = 73 ) , the supplemented children performed better than control children on the Sternberg test of working memory ( decision time intercept : probe absent , P = 0.002 ; probe present , P = 0.053 ) . After considering possible confounders , we concluded that the supplementation during infancy was responsible for the difference . This finding shows that supplementation can have long-lasting effects on a specific domain if the child receives it at the appropriate stage of development A study of the effects of providing high-calorie and vitamin-mineral supplements to preschool village children retarded in growth and development in Chiang Mai , Thail and was done . The preschool children of 24 villages with a population of approximately 11,000 were divided into five control and intervention groups . The interventions consisted of a village health program , high-calorie snacks , and vitamin-mineral supplements . The supplements when used were provided in day care centers for preschool children . The health and nutrition interventions used did not significantly affect growth during the study period reported from December 1981 to October 1983 . Monthly changes in length and weight observed in this and a previous study indicate that growth patterns in Thai children are different from those seen in industrialized societies . Factors other than lack of nutrients and infection may be responsible for the inadequate growth often reported in developing countries The benefits of nutritional supplementation , with or without psychosocial stimulation , on the growth of  stunted children  were evaluated . Children aged 9 - 24 mo with lengths less than -2 SD of the National Center for Health Statistics references ( n = 129 ) were r and omly assigned to four groups :  control , nutritional supplementation , stimulation , and both interventions . A fifth group with lengths greater than -1 SD was also enrolled . Length , weight , head and arm circumferences , and triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were measured on enrollment and 6 and 12 mo later . Multiple-regression analysis was used to determine the effects of the interventions in which age , sex , initial status , initial dietary intake , and several socioeconomic variables were controlled for . Stimulation had no effect on growth and there was no interaction between the interventions . After 12 mo supplemented children had significantly increased length , weight , and head circumference ( all P less than 0.01 ) . The effects of supplementation were not cumulative but occurred in the first 6 mo The effect of food supplementation on physical growth during the last trimester of pregnancy and the first 3 yr of life was studied in a sample of families at risk of malnutrition living in the urban slums of Bogota , Colombia . Families in which the mother was pregnant and at least one-half of the children under 5 yr of age were below 85 % of weight for age were selected for the study . All were provided with free obstetrical and pediatric care . The 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of  Mexico 's  conditional cash transfer program , Oportunidades  , on the growth of children < 24 mo of age living in urban areas . Beneficiary families received cash transfers , a fortified food ( targeted to pregnant and lactating women , children 6 - 23 mo , and children with low weight 2 - 4 y ) , and curative health services , among other benefits . Program benefits were conditional on preventative health care utilization and attendance of health and nutrition education sessions . We estimated the impact of the program after 2 y of operation in a panel of 432 children < 24 mo of age at baseline ( 2002 ) . We used difference-in-difference propensity score matching , which takes into account nonr and om program participation and the effects of unobserved fixed characteristics on outcomes . All models controlled for child age , sex , baseline anthropometry , and maternal height . Anthropometric Z-scores were calculated using the new WHO growth reference st and ards . There was no overall association between program participation and growth in children 6 to 24 mo of age . Children in intervention families younger than 6 mo of age at baseline grew 1.5 cm ( P < 0.05 ) more than children in comparison families , corresponding to 0.41 height-for-age Z-scores ( HAZ ) ( P < 0.05 ) . They also gained an additional 0.76 kg ( P < 0.01 ) or 0.47 weight-for-height Z-scores ( P < 0.05 ) . Children living in the poorest intervention households tended ( 0.05 < P < 0.10 ) to be taller than comparison children ( 0.9 cm , 0.27 HAZ ) . Oportunidades , with its strong nutrition component , is an effective tool to improve the growth of infants in poor urban households BACKGROUND Haiti has experienced rapid urbanization that has exacerbated poverty and undernutrition in large slum areas . Stunting affects 1 in 5 young children . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to test the efficacy of a daily lipid-based nutrient supplement ( LNS ) for increased linear growth in  young children . DESIGN Healthy , singleton infants aged 6 - 11 mo ( n = 589 ) were recruited from an urban slum of Cap Haitien and r and omly assigned to receive : 1 ) a control ; 2 ) a 3-mo LNS ; or 3 ) a 6-mo LNS . The LNS provided 108 kcal and other nutrients including vitamin A , vitamin B-12 , iron , and zinc at ≥80 % of the recommended amounts . Infants were followed monthly on growth , morbidity , and developmental outcomes over a 6-mo intervention period and at one additional time point 6 mo postintervention to assess sustained effects . The Bonferroni multiple comparisons test was applied , and generalized least-squares ( GLS ) regressions with mixed effects was used to examine impacts longitudinally . RESULTS Baseline characteristics did not differ by trial arm except for a higher mean age in the 6-mo LNS group . GLS modeling showed LNS supplementation for 6 mo significantly increased the length-for-age z score ( ±SE ) by 0.13 ± 0.05 and the weight-for-age z score by 0.12 ± 0.02 compared with in the control group after adjustment for child age ( P < 0.001 ) . The effects were sustained 6 mo postintervention . Morbidity and developmental outcomes did not differ by trial arm . CONCLUSION A low-energy , fortified product improved the linear growth  of young children in this urban setting . The trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01552512 OBJECTIVE To determine whether utilization of iron from infant cereal and pureed meat was sufficient to prevent iron depletion and /or anaemia in infants 6 to 12 months old fed whole cow milk ( WCM ) as their primary milk source . DESIGN Six-month-old infants were r and omized into a treatment group ( n = 43 ) receiving iron-fortified infant cereal ( 10.2 mg iron ) , pureed meat ( 0.75 - 1.7 mg iron ) and WCM for six months or a control group ( n = 54 ) receiving no dietary intervention .  Haemoglobin < 110 g/L or ferritin < 10 micrograms/L ( measured bi-monthly ) , confirmed in a second blood sample , defined end-points . RESULTS Proportion reaching end-point was similar between the treatment ( 3/43 ) and control infants ( 5/54 ) ( p = 0.66 ) . Infants not complying with the protocol were at greater risk of reaching end-point ( p = 0.0002 ) . Change in haemoglobin and ferritin across age was similar in both groups . CONCLUSIONS Iron deficiency is not a concern in WCM-fed infants after six months of age if iron-containing complementary foods are concurrently ingested The aim of this study was to test the ability of two new products , an instant infant flour and a food supplement containing amylases , to increase energy and micronutrient intakes of infants older than 6 months . Three groups of 48 infants were r and omly constituted . Infants in groups 1 and 2 consumed at least twice a day gruel made either from the instant flour or from the food supplement . Infants from the control group received complementary foods prepared in the usual way . Each infant was surveyed during a whole day in order to measure feeding frequencies and characteristics as well as amounts of the different types of complementary foods consumed . Foods consumed by infants in the two experimental groups differed considerably in energy , micronutrient density and in consistency from the home-made complementary foods . Due to the incorporation of amylases , gruels made from the food supplement had a higher energy density , a more appropriate consistency and result ed in higher intakes per meal than gruels made from instant flour . In comparison with home-made complementary foods , both experimental products result ed in significantly higher energy and nutrient intakes . The two experimental products appeared to increase sufficiently both energy and nutrient intakes of infants to complement their breastmilk intake It is unclear whether a substantial decline in malnutrition among infants in developing countries can be achieved by increasing food availability and nutrition counseling without concurrent morbidity-reducing interventions . The study was design ed to determine whether provision of generous amounts of a micronutrient-fortified food supplement supported by counseling or nutritional counseling alone would significantly improve physical growth between 4 and 12 mo of age . In a controlled trial , 418 infants 4 mo of age were individually r and omized to one of the four groups and followed until 12 mo of age . The first group received a milk-based cereal and nutritional counseling ; the second group monthly nutritional counseling alone . To control for the effect of twice-weekly home visits for morbidity ascertainment , similar visits were made in one of the control groups ( visitation group ) ; the fourth group received no intervention . The median energy intake from nonbreast milk sources was higher in the food supplementation group than in the visitation group by 1212 kJ at 26 wk ( P < 0.001 ) , 1739 kJ at 38 wk ( P < 0.001 ) and 2257 kJ at 52 wk ( P < 0.001 ) . The food supplementation infants gained 250 g ( 95 % confidence interval : 20 - -480 g ) more weight than did the visitation group . The difference in the mean increment in length during the study was 0.4 cm ( 95 % confidence interval : -0.1 - -0.9 cm ) . The nutritional counseling group had higher energy intakes ranging from 280 to 752 kJ at different ages ( P < 0.05 at all ages ) but no significant benefit on weight and length increments . Methods to enhance the impact of these interventions need to be identified The importance of reducing childhood undernutrition has been enshrined in the United Nations ' Millennium Development Goals . This study explores the relationship between alternative indicators of poverty and childhood undernutrition in developing countries within the context of a multi-national cohort study ( Young Lives ) . Approximately 2000 children in each of four countries - Ethiopia , India ( And hra Pradesh ) , Peru and Vietnam - had their heights measured and were weighed when they were aged between 6 and 17 months ( survey one ) and again between 4.5 and 5.5 years ( survey two ) . The anthropometric outcomes of stunted , underweight and wasted were calculated using World Health Organization 2006 reference st and ards . Maximum-likelihood probit estimation was employed to model the relationship within each country and survey between alternative measures of living st and ards ( principally a wealth index developed using principal components analysis ) and each anthropometric outcome . An extensive set of covariates was incorporated into the models to remove as much individual heterogeneity as possible . The fully adjusted models revealed a negative and statistically significant coefficient on wealth for all outcomes in all countries , with the exception of the outcome of wasted in India ( And hra Pradesh ) and Vietnam ( survey one ) and the outcome of underweight in Vietnam ( surveys one and two ) . In survey one , the partial effects of wealth on the probabilities of stunting , being underweight and wasting was to reduce them by between 1.4 and 5.1 percentage points , 1.0 and 6.4 percentage points , and 0.3 and 4.5 percentage points , respectively , with each unit ( 10 % ) increase in wealth . The partial effects of wealth on the probabilities of anthropometric outcomes were larger in the survey two models . In both surveys , children residing in the lowest wealth quintile households had significantly increased probabilities of being stunted in all four study countries and of being underweight in Ethiopia , India ( And hra Pradesh ) and Peru in comparison to children residing in the highest wealth quintile households . R and om effects probit models confirmed the statistical significance of increased wealth in reducing the probability of being stunted and underweight across all four study countries . We conclude that , although multi-faceted , childhood undernutrition in developing countries is strongly rooted in poverty Does short-term supplementary feeding during infancy and childhood have long-lasting effects ? In 1986 , 334 children aged 6 - 60 mo living on rural tea plantations in West Java , Indonesia , participated in a 3-mo r and omized trial to test the effects of a dietary supplement providing approximately 1672 kJ ( 400 kcal ) energy/d , with about the same nutrient density as local foods . We returned to the same communities in 1994 and enrolled 231 ( 125 supplemented , 106 control ) of the original subjects in a follow-up study of the long-term effects of supplementation . We assessed these subjects by using several measures : anthropometry , iron status , information processing , Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test , word fluency , and an arithmetic test . The supplemented group showed no differences from those in the control group . However , when the analysis was limited to subjects who had received the supplement before the age of 18 mo ( n = 73 ) , the supplemented children performed better than control children on the Sternberg test of working memory ( decision time intercept : probe absent , P = 0.002 ; probe present , P = 0.053 ) . After considering possible confounders , we concluded that the supplementation during infancy was responsible for the difference . This finding shows that supplementation can have long-lasting effects on a specific domain if the child receives it at the appropriate stage of development A study of the effects of providing high-calorie and vitamin-mineral supplements to preschool village children retarded in growth and development in Chiang Mai , Thail and was done . The preschool children of 24 villages with a population of approximately 11,000 were divided into five control and intervention groups . The interventions consisted of a village health program , high-calorie snacks , and vitamin-mineral supplements . The supplements when used were provided in day care centers for preschool children . The health and nutrition interventions used did not significantly affect growth during the study period reported from December 1981 to October 1983 . Monthly changes in length and weight observed in this and a previous study indicate that growth patterns in Thai children are different from those seen in industrialized societies . Factors other than lack of nutrients and infection may be responsible for the inadequate growth often reported in developing countries The benefits of nutritional supplementation , with or without psychosocial stimulation , on the growth of  stunted children  were evaluated . Children aged 9 - 24 mo with lengths less than -2 SD of the National Center for Health Statistics references ( n = 129 ) were r and omly assigned to four groups :  control , nutritional supplementation , stimulation , and both interventions . A fifth group with lengths greater than -1 SD was also enrolled . Length , weight , head and arm circumferences , and triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were measured on enrollment and 6 and 12 mo later . Multiple-regression analysis was used to determine the effects of the interventions in which age , sex , initial status , initial dietary intake , and several socioeconomic variables were controlled for . Stimulation had no effect on growth and there was no interaction between the interventions . After 12 mo supplemented children had significantly increased length , weight , and head circumference ( all P less than 0.01 ) . The effects of supplementation were not cumulative but occurred in the first 6 mo The effect of food supplementation on physical growth during the last trimester of pregnancy and the first 3 yr of life was studied in a sample of families at risk of malnutrition living in the urban slums of Bogota , Colombia . Families in which the mother was pregnant and at least one-half of the children under 5 yr of age were below 85 % of weight for age were selected for the study . All were provided with free obstetrical and pediatric care . The 
    Output:
    