human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Tissue levels of n-3 fatty acids reflect dietary intake , but quantitative data about rate of incorporation and levels as a function of intake are scarce . We fed 58 men 0 , 3 , 6 , or 9 g/d of fish oil for 12 months and monitored fatty acids in serum cholesteryl esters , erythrocytes , and subcutaneous fat during and after supplementation .  Eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) in cholesteryl esters plateaued after 4 - 8 weeks ; the incorporation half-life was 4.8 days . Steady-state levels increased by 3.9 + /- 0.3 mass % points ( + /- SE ) for each extra gram of EPA eaten per day . Incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) was erratic ; plateau values were 1.1 + /- 0.1 mass % higher for every g/d ingested . Incorporation of EPA into erythrocyte membranes showed a half-life of 28 days ; a steady state was reached after 180 days . Each g/d increased levels by 2.1 + /- 0.1 mass % . C22:5n-3 levels increased markedly . Changes in DHA were erratic and smaller . EPA levels in adipose tissue rose also ; the change after 6 months was 67 % of that after 12 months in gluteal and 75 % in abdominal fat . After 12 months each gram per day caused an 0.11 + /- 0.01 mass % rise in gluteal fat for EPA , 0.53 + /- 0.07 for C22:5n-3 , and 0.14 + /- 0.03 for DHA . Thus , different ( n-3 ) fatty acids were incorporated with different efficiencies , possibly because of interconversions or different affinities of the enzymatic pathways involved . EPA levels in cholesteryl esters reflect intake over the past week or two , erythrocytes over the past month or two , and adipose tissue over a period of years . These findings may help in assessing the intake of ( n-3 ) fatty acids in epidemiological studies Objective : The aim of this study was to assess the effects of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on  maternal erythrocyte fatty acid composition at different stages of pregnancy and in the post-partum period , and on neonatal  erythrocyte fatty acid composition . Design : A double-blind , r and omised , placebo-controlled study . Setting : Subiaco , Western Australia . Subjects : In all , 98 women booked for delivery at St John of God Hospital , Subiaco , were recruited from private rooms of obstetricians . In total , 83 women and their healthy full-term babies completed the study . Interventions : Women received either 4 g of fish oil ( n=52 ) ( 56 % docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) and 28 % eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) or placebo ( olive oil ) ( n=46 ) per day from 20 weeks gestation until delivery . Main outcome measures : Erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acids were measured in maternal peripheral blood at 20 , 30 and 37 weeks of pregnancy and at 6 weeks post partum , and from cord blood collected at birth . Results : Compared to the control group , maternal EPA and DHA were significantly higher in the fish oil group at 30 and 37 weeks gestation , and remained elevated at 6 weeks post partum ( P<0.001 ) . The proportions of n-6 polyunsaturated ( arachidonic acid , 22:3n-6 and 22:4n-6 ) were significantly lower in the fish oil supplemented group at the same time periods ( P<0.001 ) . Similarly , the proportions of EPA and DHA were significantly higher ( P<0.001 ) , and those of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids arachidonic acid , 20:3n-6 , 22:3n-6 and 22:4n-6 were significantly lower ( P<0.001 ) , in erythrocytes from neonates in the fish oil group , compared to those in the control group . Conclusions : Fish oil supplementation from 20 weeks of pregnancy until birth is an effective means of enhancing n-3 fatty acid status of both mothers and neonates . Furthermore , the changes in maternal erythrocyte fatty acid composition are retained until at least 6 weeks post partum . It is essential to assess the effects of concomitant decreases in arachidonic acid status before any dietary recommendations can be made . Sponsorship : The study was supported by grants from the NH & MRC and Raine Medical Research Foundation , Australia Dietary DHA enhances infant  attention and visual development . Because the DHA content of red blood cells and plasma lipids varies approximately threefold in pregnancy , maternal DHA status may influence subsequent infant function . It would be feasible to study the effects of higher maternal  DHA intake on infant development if dietary intake of DHA could be increased by a reliable means . This study was design ed to determine whether women provided with one dozen high-DHA hen eggs ( 135 mg DHA/egg ) would consume the eggs and have higher blood DHA levels than women consuming ordinary eggs  ( 18 mg DHA/egg ) . The study was a r and omized , double-masked comparison of the effect of eggs with different concentrations of DHA on intake and blood lipid DHA content of women and their infants . A third nonr and omized group ate few eggs . In this study , DHA intake reported from eggs was eightfold higher in the high-DHA egg group compared to the ordinary egg group . Including all groups , DHA intake ranged from 0 to 284 mg/d . In this intake range , maternal blood lipid DHA content at enrollment best predicted DHA content at delivery , accounting for 36.5 and 51.7 % of the variance in ordinary and high-DHA egg intake groups , respectively . The high-DHA vs. ordinary egg groups had similar maternal and cord blood lipid DHA , but there was a positive relationship between maternal plasma phospholipid DHA and daily DHA intake from eggs controlled for study duration ( r=0.278 , P=0.048 ) . DHA intake and birth weight were also correlated ( r=0.299 , P=0.041 ) . High-DHA eggs were well accepted and increased DHA intake . Other benefits of DHA intake during pregnancy were also suggested OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the effects of supplementation of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on vascular tone and endothelial function in healthy men and women aged 40 to 65 years . METHODS In a double-blind , r and omised , placebo controlled study , 173 healthy volunteers took one of six oil supplements  for 8 months . Supplements were placebo , oleic acid rich sunflower oil , evening primrose oil , soya bean oil , tuna fish oil , and tuna/evening primrose oil mix .  Endothelium-dependent and independent vascular responses were measured in the forearm skin using laser Doppler imaging following iontophoretic applications of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside , respectively . RESULTS Acetylcholine , but not sodium nitroprusside responses were significantly improved after tuna oil supplementation ( P=0.02 ) . Additionally , there were significant positive correlations between acetylcholine responses and n-3 fatty acid levels in the plasma and erythrocyte membrane phospholipids after tuna oil supplementation . No significant changes in vascular response were seen after supplementation with any of the other oils . CONCLUSIONS Fish oil supplementation has a beneficial effect on endothelial function , even in normal healthy subjects . Modification of the diet by an increase of 6 % in eicosapentaenoic acid and 27 % in docosahexaenoic acid ( equivalent to eating oily fish 2 - 3 times/week ) might have significant beneficial effects on cardiovascular function and health The influence of various dietary marine oils and olive oil on fatty acid composition of  serum and platelets and effects on platelets and serum lipids were investigated as part of an extensive study of the effects of these oils on parameters associated with cardiovascular/thrombotic diseases . Healthy volunteers ( 266 ) consumed 15 mL/d of cod liver oil ( CLO ) ; whale blubber oil ( refined or unrefined ) ; mixtures of seal blubber oil and CLO ; or olive oil/CLO for 12 wk . In the CLO , seal oil/CLO , and whale oil groups , serum levels of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) were increased . In platelets , EPA was increased in the CLO , seal/CLO , and olive oil/CLO groups . The localization of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the triacylglycerols did not seem to influence their absorption . Intake of oleic acid is poorly reflected in serum and platelets . No significant differences in triacylglycerols ( IG ) , total cholesterol , or high density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed , even though TG were reduced in the CLO , CLO/seal oil , and whale oil groups . Mean platelet volume increased significantly in both whale oil groups and the CLO/olive oil group . Platelet count was significantly reduced in the refined whale oil group only . Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blood tended to generate less thromboxane B2 in CLO , CLO/seal , and CLO/olive groups . The whale oils tended to reduce in vivo release of β-thromboglobulin . In conclusion , intake of various marine oils causes changes in platelet membranes that are favorably antithrombotic . The combination of CLO and olive oil may produce better effects than these oils given separately . The changes in platelet function are directly associated with alterations of fatty acid composition in platelet membranes The purpose of this study was to investigate in healthy humans the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) intake , alone or in combination with dL-α-tocopherol acetate ( vitamin E ) supplements on lipid peroxidation . Eightly men were r and omly assigned in a double-blind fashion to take daily for 6 wk either menhaden oil ( 6.26 g , n−3 fatty acids ) or olive oil supplements with either vitamin E ( 900 IU ) or its placebo . Antioxidant vitamins , phospholipid composition , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , and lipid peroxides were measured in the plasma at baseline and week 6 . At the same time , breath alkane output was measured . Plasma α-tocopherol concentration increased in those receiving vitamin E ( P<0.0001 ) . In those supplemented with n−3 fatty acids , EPA and DHA increased in plasma phospholipids ( P<0.0001 ) and plasma MDA and lipid peroxides increased ( P<0.001 and P<0.05 , respectively ) . Breath alkane output did not change significantly and vitamin E intake did not prevent the increase in lipid peroxidation during menhaden oil supplementation . The results demonstrate that supplementing the diet with n−3 fatty acids result ed in an increase in lipid peroxidation , as measured by plasma MDA release and lipid peroxide products , which was not suppressed by vitamin E supplementation Fish are a rich source of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , two long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids ( LC n-3 PUFA ) with cardiovascular benefits . A related but less-investigated LC n-3 PUFA , docosapentaenoic acid ( DPA ) , is more common in seal oil and pasture-fed red meats . This study compared indicators of platelet function and plasma lipids in healthy volunteers given supplements containing these different fatty acids ( FA ) for 14 days . Subjects , r and omised into three groups of ten , consumed capsules of tuna oil ( 210 mg EPA , 30 mg DPA , 810 mg DHA ) , seal oil ( 340 mg EPA , 230 mg DPA , 450 mg DHA ) or placebo ( sunola ) oil . Supplementary LC n-3 PUFA levels were approximately 1 g/day in both fish and seal oil groups . Baseline dietary FA and other nutrient intakes were similar in all groups . Both fish and seal oil elevated platelet DHA levels ( P < 0.01 ) . Seal oil also raised platelet DPA and EPA levels ( P < 0.01 ) , and decreased p-selectin ( P = 0.01 ) , a platelet activation marker negatively associated with DPA ( P = 0.03 ) and EPA ( P < 0.01 ) but not DHA . Plasma triacylglycerol decreased ( P = 0.03 ) and HDL-cholesterol levels increased ( P = 0.01 ) with seal oil only . Hence , seal oil may be more efficient than fish oil at promoting healthy plasma lipid profiles and lowering thrombotic risk , possibly due to its high DPA as well as EPA content The first indication of platelet activation is an increase in mean platelet volume ( MPV ) . n−3 FA are known to inhibit platelet function and to reduce the risk for coronary heart disease . The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of FPA and DHA on MPV . Healthy subjects received olive oil placebo for 4 wk and then were r and omly assigned to receive 4 g of ethyl esters of either sa 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Tissue levels of n-3 fatty acids reflect dietary intake , but quantitative data about rate of incorporation and levels as a function of intake are scarce . We fed 58 men 0 , 3 , 6 , or 9 g/d of fish oil for 12 months and monitored fatty acids in serum cholesteryl esters , erythrocytes , and subcutaneous fat during and after supplementation .  Eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) in cholesteryl esters plateaued after 4 - 8 weeks ; the incorporation half-life was 4.8 days . Steady-state levels increased by 3.9 + /- 0.3 mass % points ( + /- SE ) for each extra gram of EPA eaten per day . Incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) was erratic ; plateau values were 1.1 + /- 0.1 mass % higher for every g/d ingested . Incorporation of EPA into erythrocyte membranes showed a half-life of 28 days ; a steady state was reached after 180 days . Each g/d increased levels by 2.1 + /- 0.1 mass % . C22:5n-3 levels increased markedly . Changes in DHA were erratic and smaller . EPA levels in adipose tissue rose also ; the change after 6 months was 67 % of that after 12 months in gluteal and 75 % in abdominal fat . After 12 months each gram per day caused an 0.11 + /- 0.01 mass % rise in gluteal fat for EPA , 0.53 + /- 0.07 for C22:5n-3 , and 0.14 + /- 0.03 for DHA . Thus , different ( n-3 ) fatty acids were incorporated with different efficiencies , possibly because of interconversions or different affinities of the enzymatic pathways involved . EPA levels in cholesteryl esters reflect intake over the past week or two , erythrocytes over the past month or two , and adipose tissue over a period of years . These findings may help in assessing the intake of ( n-3 ) fatty acids in epidemiological studies Objective : The aim of this study was to assess the effects of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on  maternal erythrocyte fatty acid composition at different stages of pregnancy and in the post-partum period , and on neonatal  erythrocyte fatty acid composition . Design : A double-blind , r and omised , placebo-controlled study . Setting : Subiaco , Western Australia . Subjects : In all , 98 women booked for delivery at St John of God Hospital , Subiaco , were recruited from private rooms of obstetricians . In total , 83 women and their healthy full-term babies completed the study . Interventions : Women received either 4 g of fish oil ( n=52 ) ( 56 % docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) and 28 % eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) or placebo ( olive oil ) ( n=46 ) per day from 20 weeks gestation until delivery . Main outcome measures : Erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acids were measured in maternal peripheral blood at 20 , 30 and 37 weeks of pregnancy and at 6 weeks post partum , and from cord blood collected at birth . Results : Compared to the control group , maternal EPA and DHA were significantly higher in the fish oil group at 30 and 37 weeks gestation , and remained elevated at 6 weeks post partum ( P<0.001 ) . The proportions of n-6 polyunsaturated ( arachidonic acid , 22:3n-6 and 22:4n-6 ) were significantly lower in the fish oil supplemented group at the same time periods ( P<0.001 ) . Similarly , the proportions of EPA and DHA were significantly higher ( P<0.001 ) , and those of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids arachidonic acid , 20:3n-6 , 22:3n-6 and 22:4n-6 were significantly lower ( P<0.001 ) , in erythrocytes from neonates in the fish oil group , compared to those in the control group . Conclusions : Fish oil supplementation from 20 weeks of pregnancy until birth is an effective means of enhancing n-3 fatty acid status of both mothers and neonates . Furthermore , the changes in maternal erythrocyte fatty acid composition are retained until at least 6 weeks post partum . It is essential to assess the effects of concomitant decreases in arachidonic acid status before any dietary recommendations can be made . Sponsorship : The study was supported by grants from the NH & MRC and Raine Medical Research Foundation , Australia Dietary DHA enhances infant  attention and visual development . Because the DHA content of red blood cells and plasma lipids varies approximately threefold in pregnancy , maternal DHA status may influence subsequent infant function . It would be feasible to study the effects of higher maternal  DHA intake on infant development if dietary intake of DHA could be increased by a reliable means . This study was design ed to determine whether women provided with one dozen high-DHA hen eggs ( 135 mg DHA/egg ) would consume the eggs and have higher blood DHA levels than women consuming ordinary eggs  ( 18 mg DHA/egg ) . The study was a r and omized , double-masked comparison of the effect of eggs with different concentrations of DHA on intake and blood lipid DHA content of women and their infants . A third nonr and omized group ate few eggs . In this study , DHA intake reported from eggs was eightfold higher in the high-DHA egg group compared to the ordinary egg group . Including all groups , DHA intake ranged from 0 to 284 mg/d . In this intake range , maternal blood lipid DHA content at enrollment best predicted DHA content at delivery , accounting for 36.5 and 51.7 % of the variance in ordinary and high-DHA egg intake groups , respectively . The high-DHA vs. ordinary egg groups had similar maternal and cord blood lipid DHA , but there was a positive relationship between maternal plasma phospholipid DHA and daily DHA intake from eggs controlled for study duration ( r=0.278 , P=0.048 ) . DHA intake and birth weight were also correlated ( r=0.299 , P=0.041 ) . High-DHA eggs were well accepted and increased DHA intake . Other benefits of DHA intake during pregnancy were also suggested OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the effects of supplementation of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on vascular tone and endothelial function in healthy men and women aged 40 to 65 years . METHODS In a double-blind , r and omised , placebo controlled study , 173 healthy volunteers took one of six oil supplements  for 8 months . Supplements were placebo , oleic acid rich sunflower oil , evening primrose oil , soya bean oil , tuna fish oil , and tuna/evening primrose oil mix .  Endothelium-dependent and independent vascular responses were measured in the forearm skin using laser Doppler imaging following iontophoretic applications of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside , respectively . RESULTS Acetylcholine , but not sodium nitroprusside responses were significantly improved after tuna oil supplementation ( P=0.02 ) . Additionally , there were significant positive correlations between acetylcholine responses and n-3 fatty acid levels in the plasma and erythrocyte membrane phospholipids after tuna oil supplementation . No significant changes in vascular response were seen after supplementation with any of the other oils . CONCLUSIONS Fish oil supplementation has a beneficial effect on endothelial function , even in normal healthy subjects . Modification of the diet by an increase of 6 % in eicosapentaenoic acid and 27 % in docosahexaenoic acid ( equivalent to eating oily fish 2 - 3 times/week ) might have significant beneficial effects on cardiovascular function and health The influence of various dietary marine oils and olive oil on fatty acid composition of  serum and platelets and effects on platelets and serum lipids were investigated as part of an extensive study of the effects of these oils on parameters associated with cardiovascular/thrombotic diseases . Healthy volunteers ( 266 ) consumed 15 mL/d of cod liver oil ( CLO ) ; whale blubber oil ( refined or unrefined ) ; mixtures of seal blubber oil and CLO ; or olive oil/CLO for 12 wk . In the CLO , seal oil/CLO , and whale oil groups , serum levels of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) were increased . In platelets , EPA was increased in the CLO , seal/CLO , and olive oil/CLO groups . The localization of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the triacylglycerols did not seem to influence their absorption . Intake of oleic acid is poorly reflected in serum and platelets . No significant differences in triacylglycerols ( IG ) , total cholesterol , or high density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed , even though TG were reduced in the CLO , CLO/seal oil , and whale oil groups . Mean platelet volume increased significantly in both whale oil groups and the CLO/olive oil group . Platelet count was significantly reduced in the refined whale oil group only . Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blood tended to generate less thromboxane B2 in CLO , CLO/seal , and CLO/olive groups . The whale oils tended to reduce in vivo release of β-thromboglobulin . In conclusion , intake of various marine oils causes changes in platelet membranes that are favorably antithrombotic . The combination of CLO and olive oil may produce better effects than these oils given separately . The changes in platelet function are directly associated with alterations of fatty acid composition in platelet membranes The purpose of this study was to investigate in healthy humans the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) intake , alone or in combination with dL-α-tocopherol acetate ( vitamin E ) supplements on lipid peroxidation . Eightly men were r and omly assigned in a double-blind fashion to take daily for 6 wk either menhaden oil ( 6.26 g , n−3 fatty acids ) or olive oil supplements with either vitamin E ( 900 IU ) or its placebo . Antioxidant vitamins , phospholipid composition , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , and lipid peroxides were measured in the plasma at baseline and week 6 . At the same time , breath alkane output was measured . Plasma α-tocopherol concentration increased in those receiving vitamin E ( P<0.0001 ) . In those supplemented with n−3 fatty acids , EPA and DHA increased in plasma phospholipids ( P<0.0001 ) and plasma MDA and lipid peroxides increased ( P<0.001 and P<0.05 , respectively ) . Breath alkane output did not change significantly and vitamin E intake did not prevent the increase in lipid peroxidation during menhaden oil supplementation . The results demonstrate that supplementing the diet with n−3 fatty acids result ed in an increase in lipid peroxidation , as measured by plasma MDA release and lipid peroxide products , which was not suppressed by vitamin E supplementation Fish are a rich source of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , two long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids ( LC n-3 PUFA ) with cardiovascular benefits . A related but less-investigated LC n-3 PUFA , docosapentaenoic acid ( DPA ) , is more common in seal oil and pasture-fed red meats . This study compared indicators of platelet function and plasma lipids in healthy volunteers given supplements containing these different fatty acids ( FA ) for 14 days . Subjects , r and omised into three groups of ten , consumed capsules of tuna oil ( 210 mg EPA , 30 mg DPA , 810 mg DHA ) , seal oil ( 340 mg EPA , 230 mg DPA , 450 mg DHA ) or placebo ( sunola ) oil . Supplementary LC n-3 PUFA levels were approximately 1 g/day in both fish and seal oil groups . Baseline dietary FA and other nutrient intakes were similar in all groups . Both fish and seal oil elevated platelet DHA levels ( P < 0.01 ) . Seal oil also raised platelet DPA and EPA levels ( P < 0.01 ) , and decreased p-selectin ( P = 0.01 ) , a platelet activation marker negatively associated with DPA ( P = 0.03 ) and EPA ( P < 0.01 ) but not DHA . Plasma triacylglycerol decreased ( P = 0.03 ) and HDL-cholesterol levels increased ( P = 0.01 ) with seal oil only . Hence , seal oil may be more efficient than fish oil at promoting healthy plasma lipid profiles and lowering thrombotic risk , possibly due to its high DPA as well as EPA content The first indication of platelet activation is an increase in mean platelet volume ( MPV ) . n−3 FA are known to inhibit platelet function and to reduce the risk for coronary heart disease . The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of FPA and DHA on MPV . Healthy subjects received olive oil placebo for 4 wk and then were r and omly assigned to receive 4 g of ethyl esters of either sa 
    Output:
    