human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Certain epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that n-3 fatty acids and folate can reduce blood pressure ( BP ) . We investigated the effect of a daily supplementation with dietary doses of B-vitamins or n-3 fatty acids for 5 years on BP in patients with a history of CVD who participated in the Supplémentation en Folates et Omega-3 trial . The patients ( n 2501 ; 1987 men and 514 women ) were r and omly assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design to one of four groups : B-vitamins ( 5-methyl-THF ( 560 μg ) ; vitamin B₆ ( 3 mg ) and vitamin B₁₂ ( 20 μg ) ) and a placebo capsule for n-3 fatty acids ; n-3 fatty acids ( 600 mg of EPA and DHA at a ratio of 2:1 ) and a placebo capsule for B-vitamins ; both B-vitamins and n-3 fatty acids ; or placebo capsules for both treatments . The patients took two capsules daily in a double-blind manner for a median duration of 4·7 years . At baseline and annual examination for 5 years , the patients underwent a clinical examination where BP and clinical and biological parameters were assessed . No effect of supplementation with either n-3 PUFA or B-vitamins  on BP was observed in crude and adjusted multivariate models . Change in BP was not associated with change in homocysteine . In conclusion , the present results do not support the routine use of dietary supplements containing B-vitamins , or of n-3 fatty acids , to reduce BP in people with prior CVD BACKGROUND Fish oil intake reduces serum triglycerides ; however , little is known about the effects of dietary fish intake on lipoprotein subclasses . OBJECTIVE We aim ed at assessing the effect of fatty and lean fish intake on the lipoprotein subclasses in an intervention study . METHODS The intervention study included 33 patients with coronary heart disease , who were aged 61.0 ± 5.8 ( mean ± SD ) years . The subjects were r and omly assigned to a fatty fish ( n = 11 ) , lean fish ( n = 12 ) , or control ( n = 10 ) diet for 8 weeks . Fish diets included at least 4 fish meals per week . Subjects in the control group consumed lean beef , pork , and chicken . Lipoprotein subclasses and their lipid components were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . RESULTS Concentrations of n-3 fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid increased in the fatty fish group . The concentrations of cholesterol , cholesterol esters , and total lipids in very large high-density lipoproteins ( HDLs ) increased in the fatty fish group ( overall difference P = .005 , P = .002 , and P = .007 , respectively ; false discovery rate P = .04 , P = .04 , and P = .05 , respectively ) . The mean size of HDL particles increased in the fatty fish group ( 9.8 ± 0.3 nm at baseline and 9.9 ± 0.4 nm at end of study ; overall difference P = .004 , false discovery rate P = .04 ) . The fish diets did not affect very-low-density lipoprotein or low-density lipoprotein size . CONCLUSION Fatty fish intake at least 4 times per week increases HDL particle size which might have beneficial effect in patients with coronary heart disease Vitamin D deficiency , low levels of fetuin-A , and fibroblast growth factor 23 ( FGF-23 ) are related to vascular calcification , which is associated with cardiovascular disease . We hypothesized that omega-3 fatty acid ( FA ) , which has cardioprotective properties , modifies vitamin D status , fetuin-A , and FGF-23 levels in dialysis patients . In a r and omized , open-label , controlled study , a total of 47 patients treated with dialysis for at least 1 year were r and omized to treatment for 6 months with omega-3 FAs ( Omacor , 3 g/d ; Pronova , S and efjord , Norway ) or a control group . Levels of fetuin-A and FGF-23 were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay , 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were measured by radioimmunoassay . The mean age of the enrolled patients was 57.4 ± 10.4 years , and mean dialysis duration was 46.5 ± 28.1 months . Twenty-seven hemodialysis patients and 16 peritoneal dialysis patients finished this trial . After 6 months , the levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and fetuin-A were significantly increased in the group taking the omega-3 FA supplement compared with baseline . Levels of calcium , phosphorous , parathyroid hormone , 25-hydroxyvitamin D , FGF-23 , and lipid profiles were not significantly changed in the omega-3 FA-supplemented group after 6 months compared with baseline . The erythrocyte membrane contents of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were significantly increased , and oleic acid content was significantly decreased in the omega-3 FA-supplemented group after 6 months compared with baseline . Regarding vascular calcification and cardiovascular disease , omega-3 FA supplementation may have a clinical benefit caused by activating vitamin D , increasing fetuin-A levels , and modifying erythrocyte membrane FA contents in dialysis patients Background A high consumption of omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids , and particularly docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , has been suggested to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . However , while DHA supplementation may have benefits for secondary prevention , few studies have investigated the role of DHA in the primary prevention of CVD . Here , we tested the hypothesis that DHA supplementation  improves endothelial function and risk factors for CVD . Methods and Results Healthy volunteers ( n=328 ) , aged 18 to 37 years , were r and omly assigned to 1.6 g DHA/day ( from a microalgae source ) together with 2.4 g/day carrier oil ( index group ) or to 4.0 g/day olive oil ( control ) ( both given in eight 500‐mg capsules/day for 16 weeks ) . Flow‐mediated endothelium‐dependent vasodilation ( FMD ) of the brachial artery ( primary outcome ) was measured before and after the intervention ( n=268 ) using high‐resolution vascular ultrasound . FMD was the same in both groups at r and omization ( mean , SD ; 0.27 , 0.1 mm ) , but postintervention was higher in the control group ( 0.29 , 0.1 mm ) compared with the DHA‐supplemented group ( 0.26 , 0.1 mm ; mean difference −0.03 mm ; 95 % CI −0.005 to −0.06 mm ; P=0.02 ) . Of other outcomes , only triglyceride ( mean difference −28 % , 95 % CI −40 % to −15 % ; P<0.0001 ) and very low‐density lipoprotein concentrations were significant lower in DHA‐supplemented individuals compared with controls . Conclusions DHA supplementation did not improve endothelial function in healthy , young adults .  Nevertheless , lower triglyceride concentrations with DHA supplementation was consistent with previous reports and could have benefits for the prevention of CVD . Clinical Trial Registration Information URL : http://www.controlled-trials.com/ Unique identifier : IS RCT N no : 19987575 BACKGROUND & AIMS The study examined the value of n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched yogurt as means of improving cardiovascular health  . DESIGN Fifty three mildly hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects ( TAG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L ) participated in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel design ed study . The subjects consumed 1 ) control yoghurt ; 2 ) yoghurt enriched with 0.8 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d ; or 3 ) yoghurt enriched with 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d for a period of 10 wks . Blood sample s were taken at the beginning and the end of the study period . RESULTS Following daily intake of 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA for 10 weeks , n-3 LC-PUFA levels increased significantly in plasma and red blood cells ( RBC ) with concomitant increase in the EPA-derived mediators ( PGE₃ , 12- , 15- , 18-HEPE ) in plasma whilst cardiovascular risk factors such as HDL , TAG , AA/EPA ratio , and n-3 index were improved ( P < 0.05 ) ; the decrease of TAG and increase in HDL were associated with the CD36 genotype . CONCLUSION The observed increase of n-3 LC-PUFA in RBC and plasma lipids due to intake of n-3 LC-PUFA enriched yoghurt result ed in a reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory mediators showing that daily consumption of n-3 PUFA enriched yoghurt can be an effective way of supplementing the daily diet and improving cardiovascular health Patients treated with haemodialysis are at high risk of sudden cardiac death ( SCD ) often caused by arrhythmias . Atrial fibrillation ( AF ) is frequent among haemodialysis patients and is associated with increased mortality . Prolonged QTc is a risk marker of ventricular arrhythmia and is thereby associated with SCD . Studies have suggested that n-3 PUFA may have an antiarrhythmic effect , but the exact mechanism is not clear . The aim of this study was to examine whether AF was associated with n-3 PUFA in plasma phospholipids and whether supplementation with n-3 PUFA would shorten the QTc interval in haemodialysis patients compared to placebo . In a double-blinded r and omised , placebo-controlled intervention trial 206 haemodialysis patients with CVD were treated with 1·7 g n-3 PUFA or placebo ( olive oil ) daily for 3 months . Blood sample s and electrocardiogram evaluations were carried out at baseline and after 3 months . The QT interval , PQ interval and heart rate were measured in all patients with sinus rhythm ( SR ) . At baseline 13 % of patients had AF . The content of the n-3 PUFA , DHA , was significantly lower ( P < 0·05 ) in serum of patients with AF compared with patients with SR . Thus , the DHA content was independently negatively associated with AF . Supplementation with n-3 PUFA did not shorten the QT interval significantly compared to the placebo group ( P = 0·42 ) , although subgroup analysis within the n-3 PUFA group revealed a shortening effects on QTc ( P = 0·01 ) . In conclusion , an inverse association was found between the presence of AF and the plasma DHA in haemodialysis patients . Intervention with n-3 PUFA did not shorten the QTc interval  compared to placebo BACKGROUND Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids has been associated with reduced incidence in thrombotic events . In addition , administration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) has been shown to rectify elevated platelet microparticle ( MP ) number and procoagulant activity in post myocardial infa rct ion patients . However , it is unknown whether supplementation can alter these parameters in healthy individuals and if such effects are immediate or require long-term supplementation . We have previously demonstrated a gender-specific effect of LCn-3PUFA supplementation on platelet aggregation in healthy human subjects . Here we extend these findings to include the acute effects of supplementation with EPA- or DHA-rich oils on circulating MP levels and activity in healthy subjects . DESIGN A placebo-controlled trial was conducted in healthy males and females ( n=30 ) .  MP activity , MP levels and platelet aggregation were measured at 0 and 24 h postsupplementation with either a placebo or EPA- or DHA-rich oil . RESULTS Both EPA and DHA effectively reduced platelet aggregation at 24 h postsupplementation relative to placebo ( -13.3 % , P=.006 and -11.9 % , P=.016 , respectively ) , but only EPA reduced MP activity ( -19.4 % , P=.003 ) . When grouped by gender , males showed a similar reduction in both platelet aggregation and MP activity ( -20.5 % , P=.008 ; -22 % , P=.008 ) following EPA , while females showed significantly reduced platelet aggregation ( -13.7 % , P=.04 ) but not MP activity after DHA only . CONCLUSION EPA and DHA exert gender-dependent effects on platelet aggregation and platelet MP activity , but not on MP levels . With respect to thrombotic disease risk , males may benefit more from EPA supplementation Accelerated atherosclerosis remains a major cause of death in late systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ) .  Omega-3 has been reported to have benefit for endothelial dysfunction , one of the earliest stages of atherosclerosis , and to reduce disease activity in SLE . We performed a r and omized , double-blind placebo-controlled trial to examine the effect of Omega-3 on endothel 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Certain epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that n-3 fatty acids and folate can reduce blood pressure ( BP ) . We investigated the effect of a daily supplementation with dietary doses of B-vitamins or n-3 fatty acids for 5 years on BP in patients with a history of CVD who participated in the Supplémentation en Folates et Omega-3 trial . The patients ( n 2501 ; 1987 men and 514 women ) were r and omly assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design to one of four groups : B-vitamins ( 5-methyl-THF ( 560 μg ) ; vitamin B₆ ( 3 mg ) and vitamin B₁₂ ( 20 μg ) ) and a placebo capsule for n-3 fatty acids ; n-3 fatty acids ( 600 mg of EPA and DHA at a ratio of 2:1 ) and a placebo capsule for B-vitamins ; both B-vitamins and n-3 fatty acids ; or placebo capsules for both treatments . The patients took two capsules daily in a double-blind manner for a median duration of 4·7 years . At baseline and annual examination for 5 years , the patients underwent a clinical examination where BP and clinical and biological parameters were assessed . No effect of supplementation with either n-3 PUFA or B-vitamins  on BP was observed in crude and adjusted multivariate models . Change in BP was not associated with change in homocysteine . In conclusion , the present results do not support the routine use of dietary supplements containing B-vitamins , or of n-3 fatty acids , to reduce BP in people with prior CVD BACKGROUND Fish oil intake reduces serum triglycerides ; however , little is known about the effects of dietary fish intake on lipoprotein subclasses . OBJECTIVE We aim ed at assessing the effect of fatty and lean fish intake on the lipoprotein subclasses in an intervention study . METHODS The intervention study included 33 patients with coronary heart disease , who were aged 61.0 ± 5.8 ( mean ± SD ) years . The subjects were r and omly assigned to a fatty fish ( n = 11 ) , lean fish ( n = 12 ) , or control ( n = 10 ) diet for 8 weeks . Fish diets included at least 4 fish meals per week . Subjects in the control group consumed lean beef , pork , and chicken . Lipoprotein subclasses and their lipid components were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . RESULTS Concentrations of n-3 fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid increased in the fatty fish group . The concentrations of cholesterol , cholesterol esters , and total lipids in very large high-density lipoproteins ( HDLs ) increased in the fatty fish group ( overall difference P = .005 , P = .002 , and P = .007 , respectively ; false discovery rate P = .04 , P = .04 , and P = .05 , respectively ) . The mean size of HDL particles increased in the fatty fish group ( 9.8 ± 0.3 nm at baseline and 9.9 ± 0.4 nm at end of study ; overall difference P = .004 , false discovery rate P = .04 ) . The fish diets did not affect very-low-density lipoprotein or low-density lipoprotein size . CONCLUSION Fatty fish intake at least 4 times per week increases HDL particle size which might have beneficial effect in patients with coronary heart disease Vitamin D deficiency , low levels of fetuin-A , and fibroblast growth factor 23 ( FGF-23 ) are related to vascular calcification , which is associated with cardiovascular disease . We hypothesized that omega-3 fatty acid ( FA ) , which has cardioprotective properties , modifies vitamin D status , fetuin-A , and FGF-23 levels in dialysis patients . In a r and omized , open-label , controlled study , a total of 47 patients treated with dialysis for at least 1 year were r and omized to treatment for 6 months with omega-3 FAs ( Omacor , 3 g/d ; Pronova , S and efjord , Norway ) or a control group . Levels of fetuin-A and FGF-23 were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay , 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were measured by radioimmunoassay . The mean age of the enrolled patients was 57.4 ± 10.4 years , and mean dialysis duration was 46.5 ± 28.1 months . Twenty-seven hemodialysis patients and 16 peritoneal dialysis patients finished this trial . After 6 months , the levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and fetuin-A were significantly increased in the group taking the omega-3 FA supplement compared with baseline . Levels of calcium , phosphorous , parathyroid hormone , 25-hydroxyvitamin D , FGF-23 , and lipid profiles were not significantly changed in the omega-3 FA-supplemented group after 6 months compared with baseline . The erythrocyte membrane contents of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were significantly increased , and oleic acid content was significantly decreased in the omega-3 FA-supplemented group after 6 months compared with baseline . Regarding vascular calcification and cardiovascular disease , omega-3 FA supplementation may have a clinical benefit caused by activating vitamin D , increasing fetuin-A levels , and modifying erythrocyte membrane FA contents in dialysis patients Background A high consumption of omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids , and particularly docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , has been suggested to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . However , while DHA supplementation may have benefits for secondary prevention , few studies have investigated the role of DHA in the primary prevention of CVD . Here , we tested the hypothesis that DHA supplementation  improves endothelial function and risk factors for CVD . Methods and Results Healthy volunteers ( n=328 ) , aged 18 to 37 years , were r and omly assigned to 1.6 g DHA/day ( from a microalgae source ) together with 2.4 g/day carrier oil ( index group ) or to 4.0 g/day olive oil ( control ) ( both given in eight 500‐mg capsules/day for 16 weeks ) . Flow‐mediated endothelium‐dependent vasodilation ( FMD ) of the brachial artery ( primary outcome ) was measured before and after the intervention ( n=268 ) using high‐resolution vascular ultrasound . FMD was the same in both groups at r and omization ( mean , SD ; 0.27 , 0.1 mm ) , but postintervention was higher in the control group ( 0.29 , 0.1 mm ) compared with the DHA‐supplemented group ( 0.26 , 0.1 mm ; mean difference −0.03 mm ; 95 % CI −0.005 to −0.06 mm ; P=0.02 ) . Of other outcomes , only triglyceride ( mean difference −28 % , 95 % CI −40 % to −15 % ; P<0.0001 ) and very low‐density lipoprotein concentrations were significant lower in DHA‐supplemented individuals compared with controls . Conclusions DHA supplementation did not improve endothelial function in healthy , young adults .  Nevertheless , lower triglyceride concentrations with DHA supplementation was consistent with previous reports and could have benefits for the prevention of CVD . Clinical Trial Registration Information URL : http://www.controlled-trials.com/ Unique identifier : IS RCT N no : 19987575 BACKGROUND & AIMS The study examined the value of n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched yogurt as means of improving cardiovascular health  . DESIGN Fifty three mildly hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects ( TAG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L ) participated in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel design ed study . The subjects consumed 1 ) control yoghurt ; 2 ) yoghurt enriched with 0.8 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d ; or 3 ) yoghurt enriched with 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d for a period of 10 wks . Blood sample s were taken at the beginning and the end of the study period . RESULTS Following daily intake of 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA for 10 weeks , n-3 LC-PUFA levels increased significantly in plasma and red blood cells ( RBC ) with concomitant increase in the EPA-derived mediators ( PGE₃ , 12- , 15- , 18-HEPE ) in plasma whilst cardiovascular risk factors such as HDL , TAG , AA/EPA ratio , and n-3 index were improved ( P < 0.05 ) ; the decrease of TAG and increase in HDL were associated with the CD36 genotype . CONCLUSION The observed increase of n-3 LC-PUFA in RBC and plasma lipids due to intake of n-3 LC-PUFA enriched yoghurt result ed in a reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory mediators showing that daily consumption of n-3 PUFA enriched yoghurt can be an effective way of supplementing the daily diet and improving cardiovascular health Patients treated with haemodialysis are at high risk of sudden cardiac death ( SCD ) often caused by arrhythmias . Atrial fibrillation ( AF ) is frequent among haemodialysis patients and is associated with increased mortality . Prolonged QTc is a risk marker of ventricular arrhythmia and is thereby associated with SCD . Studies have suggested that n-3 PUFA may have an antiarrhythmic effect , but the exact mechanism is not clear . The aim of this study was to examine whether AF was associated with n-3 PUFA in plasma phospholipids and whether supplementation with n-3 PUFA would shorten the QTc interval in haemodialysis patients compared to placebo . In a double-blinded r and omised , placebo-controlled intervention trial 206 haemodialysis patients with CVD were treated with 1·7 g n-3 PUFA or placebo ( olive oil ) daily for 3 months . Blood sample s and electrocardiogram evaluations were carried out at baseline and after 3 months . The QT interval , PQ interval and heart rate were measured in all patients with sinus rhythm ( SR ) . At baseline 13 % of patients had AF . The content of the n-3 PUFA , DHA , was significantly lower ( P < 0·05 ) in serum of patients with AF compared with patients with SR . Thus , the DHA content was independently negatively associated with AF . Supplementation with n-3 PUFA did not shorten the QT interval significantly compared to the placebo group ( P = 0·42 ) , although subgroup analysis within the n-3 PUFA group revealed a shortening effects on QTc ( P = 0·01 ) . In conclusion , an inverse association was found between the presence of AF and the plasma DHA in haemodialysis patients . Intervention with n-3 PUFA did not shorten the QTc interval  compared to placebo BACKGROUND Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids has been associated with reduced incidence in thrombotic events . In addition , administration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) has been shown to rectify elevated platelet microparticle ( MP ) number and procoagulant activity in post myocardial infa rct ion patients . However , it is unknown whether supplementation can alter these parameters in healthy individuals and if such effects are immediate or require long-term supplementation . We have previously demonstrated a gender-specific effect of LCn-3PUFA supplementation on platelet aggregation in healthy human subjects . Here we extend these findings to include the acute effects of supplementation with EPA- or DHA-rich oils on circulating MP levels and activity in healthy subjects . DESIGN A placebo-controlled trial was conducted in healthy males and females ( n=30 ) .  MP activity , MP levels and platelet aggregation were measured at 0 and 24 h postsupplementation with either a placebo or EPA- or DHA-rich oil . RESULTS Both EPA and DHA effectively reduced platelet aggregation at 24 h postsupplementation relative to placebo ( -13.3 % , P=.006 and -11.9 % , P=.016 , respectively ) , but only EPA reduced MP activity ( -19.4 % , P=.003 ) . When grouped by gender , males showed a similar reduction in both platelet aggregation and MP activity ( -20.5 % , P=.008 ; -22 % , P=.008 ) following EPA , while females showed significantly reduced platelet aggregation ( -13.7 % , P=.04 ) but not MP activity after DHA only . CONCLUSION EPA and DHA exert gender-dependent effects on platelet aggregation and platelet MP activity , but not on MP levels . With respect to thrombotic disease risk , males may benefit more from EPA supplementation Accelerated atherosclerosis remains a major cause of death in late systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ) .  Omega-3 has been reported to have benefit for endothelial dysfunction , one of the earliest stages of atherosclerosis , and to reduce disease activity in SLE . We performed a r and omized , double-blind placebo-controlled trial to examine the effect of Omega-3 on endothel 
    Output:
    