human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Minute sphere acupressure has been used for more than 2000 yr and remains popular in Japan . The points most relevant to abdominal surgery are those associated with meridian flows crossing or originating in the abdomen . We tested the hypothesis that minute sphere therapy reduces pain and analgesic requirements after open abdominal surgery . Participating patients were given st and ardized desflurane and fentanyl anesthetic .  On completion of surgery , they were r and omly assigned to untreated control or minute sphere acupressure at the Neiguan , Zusanli , Sanyinjiao , and Gongsun points . Each site was covered with bulky gauze dressings so that patients could not determine their assignments . Postoperative pain was treated with IV morphine via a patient-controlled analgesia pump . Our primary a priori end-points were pain and opioid consumption on the first postoperative morning . Data are reported as median ( 25th percentile , 75th percentile ) . Fifty-three patients ( 30 controls and 23 minute spheres ) completed the study .  Morphine requirements ( 47 mg [ 27 , 58 ] vs 41 mg [ 25 , 69 ] ) and pain scores ( 29.5 mm [ 16 , 59 ] vs 40 mm [ 22 , 58 ] ) were similar in the control and acupressure groups . These data provide an 80 % power for detecting a 50 % difference in morphine consumption at an alpha of 0.05 . Minute sphere treatment at the Neiguan , Zusanli , Sanyinjiao , and Gongsun points thus failed to provide analgesia after abdominal surgery . Minute sphere therapy is a form of acupuncture . We tested whether minute spheres placed on three acupressure points relevant to abdominal surgery reduced pain and morphine requirements after abdominal surgery . Treatment and control patients received a similar covering . Neither pain nor morphine requirements were different between the groups Objective To compare the effectiveness of acupressure and vitamin B6 in the outpatient treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy . Study design Pregnant volunteers with symptoms of mild to moderate nausea and vomiting between 6 and 12 weeks ’ gestation participated in a 7-day clinical trial . Participants were r and omly assigned to receive a device for acupressure therapy and placebo drug or an otherwise identical but non-stimulating placebo device and vitamin B6 . The primary outcome measure was self-recorded symptoms according to Rhodes index . Secondary outcome measures were weight gain and medication use . Results The mean change in Rhodes index was not significantly different between the two groups . There were no statistically significant differences in weight gain and medication use between the two groups . Conclusion Acupressure therapy is not more effective than vitamin B6 in reducing nausea and vomiting in symptomatic women in the first trimester of pregnancy OBJECTIVES The onset of depression is often triggered by breathlessness in persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . It is hypothesized that these are the psychologic consequences of chronic dyspnea . Lessening dyspnea might alleviate depressive symptoms . Acupressure has been shown in other studies to produce relaxation . The aim of this study was to determine if it would lessen dyspnea and reduce depression in patients with COPD . SUBJECTS AND DESIGN Subjects diagnosed with COPD were chosen from one medical center and three regional hospitals in Taipei , Taiwan . A r and omized , block experimental design was used , with subjects and the data collector blinded . Using age , gender , pulmonary function , smoking , and steroid use as matching factors , 44 subjects were r and omly assigned to either the true acupressure or the sham acupressure groups . The true acupressure group received a program of acupressure using appropriate acupoints that promote relaxation and relieve dyspnea . The sham acupressure group received acupressure using sham acupoints different from the meridians and ganglionic sections of the true acupressure group . Both acupressure programs lasted 4 weeks , with five sessions per week that lasted 16 minutes per session . OUTCOME MEASURES The Geriatric Depression Scale ( GDS ) and Dyspnea Visual Analogue Scale ( DVAS ) were administered prior to the program as a baseline , and again following the completion of the 4-week program . Oxygen saturation and other physiological indicators were measured before and after each session . RESULTS The results of this study showed that the GDS scores , DVAS scores , oxygen saturation , and physiological indicators of the true acupressure group were significantly improved , compared to those of the sham acupressure group . CONCLUSIONS These findings provide health professionals with an evidence -based intervention to use with persons with COPD . Applying this acupressure program in clinical practice , communities , and long-term care units may lessen chronic dyspnea and depression in persons with COPD The present study aims at comparing the effects of acupressure using new combination of acupoints , and Ibuprofen on the severity of  primary dysmenorrhea ( PD ) . 216 female high school students , aged between 14 to 18 years , were r and omly selected and divided into three groups . Each group underwent different treatment techniques : acupressure , Ibuprofen and sham acupressure as a placebo . The results indicated that the three therapeutic techniques were significantly effective in reducing the pain . However the therapeutic efficacies of acupressure and Ibuprofen were similar with no significant difference , and were significantly better than the placebo . Thus acupressure , with no complications , is recommended as an alternative and also a better choice in the decrease of the severity of PD OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine if aromatherapy acupressure , compared to acupressure alone , was effective in reducing hemiplegic shoulder pain and improving motor power in stroke patients . DESIGN This work was a r and omized , controlled trial . SUBJECTS Thirty ( 30 ) stroke patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain participated in this study . INTERVENTION Subjects were r and omly assigned to either an aromatherapy acupressure group ( N = 15 ) or an acupressure group ( N = 15 ) , with aromatherapy acupressure using lavender , rosemary , and peppermint given only to the former group . Each acupressure session lasted 20 minutes and was performed twice-daily for 2 weeks . OUTCOMES MEASURES Shoulder pain and motor power were the outcome measures used in this study . RESULTS The pain scores were markedly reduced in both groups at post-treatment , compared to pretreatment ( both aroma acupressure and acupressure group , p < 0.001 ) . A nonparametric statistical analysis revealed that the pain score differed significantly between the 2 groups at post-treatment ( p < 0.01 ) . The motor power significantly improved at post-treatment , compared to pretreatment , in both groups ( p < 0.005 ) . However , there was no intergroup difference between two groups . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that aromatherapy acupressure exerts positive effects on hemiplegic shoulder pain , compared to acupressure alone , in stroke patients OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of acupressure applied at meridian P6 point for prevention of nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy . METHODOLOGY A r and omized double blind study was performed in 50 ASA I and II patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy . Patients were divided into two groups ; control and placebo . In the control group acupressure was applied at P6 point half an hour before surgery while in the placebo group the acupressure b and was tied on meridian P6 point but the plastic bead was placed on the dosum of right forearm away from meridian P6 point . Patients were assessed for nausea and vomiting for six hours after surgery . Anaesthetic technique and postoperative analgesia were st and ardized for all patients . RESULTS Results showed that the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was 36 % in the treatment group and 40 % in placebo group , which is statistically insignificant . CONCLUSION Application of acupressure at P6 point half an hour before induction of anaesthesia does not significantly alter the incidence of postoperative nausea and /or vomiting within 6 hours after surgery Purpose To compare the efficacy of acupressure wrist b and s and ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) . Methods One hundred and fifty ASA I – II , patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included in a r and omized , prospect i ve , double-blind and placebo-controlled study . Patients were divided into three groups of SO . Group I was the control ; Group II received ondansetron 4 mgiv just prior to induction of anesthesia ; in Group III acupressure wristb and s were applied at the P6 points . Acupressure wrist b and s were placed inappropriately in Groups I and II . The acupressure wrist b and s were applied 30 min prior to induction of anesthesia and removed six hours following surgery . Anesthesia was st and ardized . PONV were evaluated separately as none , mild , moderate or severe within six hours of patients ’ arrival in the postanesthesia care unit and then at 24 hr after surgery by a blinded observer . If patients vomited more than once , they were given 4 mg ondansetroniv as the rescue antiemetic . Results were analyzed by Ztest . AP value of < 0.05 was taken as significant . Results The incidence of PONV and the requirement of rescue medication were significantly lower in both the acupressure and ondansetron groups during the first six hours . Conclusion Acupressure at P6 causes a significant reduction in the incidence of PONV and the requirement for rescue medication in the first six hours following laparoscopic cholecystectomy , similar to that of ondansetron 4 mgiv . RésuméObjectifComparer l’efficacité des b and es d’acupression et de l’ondansétron comme prévention des nausées et vomissements postopératoires (NVPO).MéthodeCent  cinquante patients d’état physique ASA I– II devant subir une cholécystectomie laparoscopique ont été recrutés pour une étude prospect i ve , r and omisée et à double insu contre placebo . Ils ont été répartis en trois groupes de 50 . Le groupe I a été le groupe témoin ; les patients du groupe II ont reçu 4 mg iv d’ondansétron juste avant l’induction de l’anesthésie ; chez les patients du groupe III , on a appliqué des b and es d’acupression aux point P6 . Des b and es d’acupression ont été placées de façon inappropriée chez les patients des groupes I et II . Les b and es ont été appliquées 30 min avant l’induction et enlevées six heures après l’opération . Lanesthésie a été normalisée . Les NVPO ont été évalués séparément comme inexistants , légers , modérés ou sévères pendant les six premières heures en salle de réveil , puis 24 h après l’opération par un observateur impartial . Si les patients vomissaient plus d’une fois , ils recevaient 4 mg d’ondansétron iv comme antiémétique de secours . Les résultats ont été analysés avec le test Z. Une valeur de P < 0,05 était considérée significative . RésultatsL’incidence de NVPO et les besoins de médication de secours ont été significativement plus faibles autant avec l’acupression qu’avec l’ondansétron pendant les six premières heures . Conclusion Lacupression en Pô réduit de façon significative l’incidence de NVPO et la nécessité d’antiémétique de secours pendant les six premières heures suivant la cholécystectomie laparoscopique . Son effet est donc similaire à celui de 4 mg iv d’ondansétron OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of acupressure at the P6 point for the in-patient treatment of severe nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy . STUDY DESIGN This was a prospect i ve single-blind r and omized control trial that involved 80 patients with nausea and vomiting plus ketonuria before 14 weeks of gestation . RESULTS There was no difference between length of stay , amount of medication , or fluid required between the acupressure and placebo groups , although acupressure reduced the number of patients who stayed > or = 4 nights in the hospital . Acupressure was well tolerated and not associated with an increase in perinatal morbidity or death . CONCLUSION The use of acupressure at the P6 point does not reduce the amount of antiemetic medication that is required , the requirement for intravenous fluid , and median duration of in-patient stay more than the use of placebo . A small reduction was seen in the number of women who required > or = 4 days in the hospital AIMS This paper reports an investigation of the effects of acupressure therapy on dyspnoea , anxiety and physiological indicators of heart rate and respiratory rate in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease having mechanical ventilation support . BACKGROUND Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are using mechanical ventilation often experience dyspnoea and anxiety , which affects successful ventilator use . METHODS The study had an experimental blocking design , using sex , age and length of ventilator use as a blocking factor . Qualified patients in two intermediate respiratory intensive care units were r and omly assigned to an acupressure group and a comparison group . A total of 52 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Minute sphere acupressure has been used for more than 2000 yr and remains popular in Japan . The points most relevant to abdominal surgery are those associated with meridian flows crossing or originating in the abdomen . We tested the hypothesis that minute sphere therapy reduces pain and analgesic requirements after open abdominal surgery . Participating patients were given st and ardized desflurane and fentanyl anesthetic .  On completion of surgery , they were r and omly assigned to untreated control or minute sphere acupressure at the Neiguan , Zusanli , Sanyinjiao , and Gongsun points . Each site was covered with bulky gauze dressings so that patients could not determine their assignments . Postoperative pain was treated with IV morphine via a patient-controlled analgesia pump . Our primary a priori end-points were pain and opioid consumption on the first postoperative morning . Data are reported as median ( 25th percentile , 75th percentile ) . Fifty-three patients ( 30 controls and 23 minute spheres ) completed the study .  Morphine requirements ( 47 mg [ 27 , 58 ] vs 41 mg [ 25 , 69 ] ) and pain scores ( 29.5 mm [ 16 , 59 ] vs 40 mm [ 22 , 58 ] ) were similar in the control and acupressure groups . These data provide an 80 % power for detecting a 50 % difference in morphine consumption at an alpha of 0.05 . Minute sphere treatment at the Neiguan , Zusanli , Sanyinjiao , and Gongsun points thus failed to provide analgesia after abdominal surgery . Minute sphere therapy is a form of acupuncture . We tested whether minute spheres placed on three acupressure points relevant to abdominal surgery reduced pain and morphine requirements after abdominal surgery . Treatment and control patients received a similar covering . Neither pain nor morphine requirements were different between the groups Objective To compare the effectiveness of acupressure and vitamin B6 in the outpatient treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy . Study design Pregnant volunteers with symptoms of mild to moderate nausea and vomiting between 6 and 12 weeks ’ gestation participated in a 7-day clinical trial . Participants were r and omly assigned to receive a device for acupressure therapy and placebo drug or an otherwise identical but non-stimulating placebo device and vitamin B6 . The primary outcome measure was self-recorded symptoms according to Rhodes index . Secondary outcome measures were weight gain and medication use . Results The mean change in Rhodes index was not significantly different between the two groups . There were no statistically significant differences in weight gain and medication use between the two groups . Conclusion Acupressure therapy is not more effective than vitamin B6 in reducing nausea and vomiting in symptomatic women in the first trimester of pregnancy OBJECTIVES The onset of depression is often triggered by breathlessness in persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . It is hypothesized that these are the psychologic consequences of chronic dyspnea . Lessening dyspnea might alleviate depressive symptoms . Acupressure has been shown in other studies to produce relaxation . The aim of this study was to determine if it would lessen dyspnea and reduce depression in patients with COPD . SUBJECTS AND DESIGN Subjects diagnosed with COPD were chosen from one medical center and three regional hospitals in Taipei , Taiwan . A r and omized , block experimental design was used , with subjects and the data collector blinded . Using age , gender , pulmonary function , smoking , and steroid use as matching factors , 44 subjects were r and omly assigned to either the true acupressure or the sham acupressure groups . The true acupressure group received a program of acupressure using appropriate acupoints that promote relaxation and relieve dyspnea . The sham acupressure group received acupressure using sham acupoints different from the meridians and ganglionic sections of the true acupressure group . Both acupressure programs lasted 4 weeks , with five sessions per week that lasted 16 minutes per session . OUTCOME MEASURES The Geriatric Depression Scale ( GDS ) and Dyspnea Visual Analogue Scale ( DVAS ) were administered prior to the program as a baseline , and again following the completion of the 4-week program . Oxygen saturation and other physiological indicators were measured before and after each session . RESULTS The results of this study showed that the GDS scores , DVAS scores , oxygen saturation , and physiological indicators of the true acupressure group were significantly improved , compared to those of the sham acupressure group . CONCLUSIONS These findings provide health professionals with an evidence -based intervention to use with persons with COPD . Applying this acupressure program in clinical practice , communities , and long-term care units may lessen chronic dyspnea and depression in persons with COPD The present study aims at comparing the effects of acupressure using new combination of acupoints , and Ibuprofen on the severity of  primary dysmenorrhea ( PD ) . 216 female high school students , aged between 14 to 18 years , were r and omly selected and divided into three groups . Each group underwent different treatment techniques : acupressure , Ibuprofen and sham acupressure as a placebo . The results indicated that the three therapeutic techniques were significantly effective in reducing the pain . However the therapeutic efficacies of acupressure and Ibuprofen were similar with no significant difference , and were significantly better than the placebo . Thus acupressure , with no complications , is recommended as an alternative and also a better choice in the decrease of the severity of PD OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine if aromatherapy acupressure , compared to acupressure alone , was effective in reducing hemiplegic shoulder pain and improving motor power in stroke patients . DESIGN This work was a r and omized , controlled trial . SUBJECTS Thirty ( 30 ) stroke patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain participated in this study . INTERVENTION Subjects were r and omly assigned to either an aromatherapy acupressure group ( N = 15 ) or an acupressure group ( N = 15 ) , with aromatherapy acupressure using lavender , rosemary , and peppermint given only to the former group . Each acupressure session lasted 20 minutes and was performed twice-daily for 2 weeks . OUTCOMES MEASURES Shoulder pain and motor power were the outcome measures used in this study . RESULTS The pain scores were markedly reduced in both groups at post-treatment , compared to pretreatment ( both aroma acupressure and acupressure group , p < 0.001 ) . A nonparametric statistical analysis revealed that the pain score differed significantly between the 2 groups at post-treatment ( p < 0.01 ) . The motor power significantly improved at post-treatment , compared to pretreatment , in both groups ( p < 0.005 ) . However , there was no intergroup difference between two groups . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that aromatherapy acupressure exerts positive effects on hemiplegic shoulder pain , compared to acupressure alone , in stroke patients OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of acupressure applied at meridian P6 point for prevention of nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy . METHODOLOGY A r and omized double blind study was performed in 50 ASA I and II patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy . Patients were divided into two groups ; control and placebo . In the control group acupressure was applied at P6 point half an hour before surgery while in the placebo group the acupressure b and was tied on meridian P6 point but the plastic bead was placed on the dosum of right forearm away from meridian P6 point . Patients were assessed for nausea and vomiting for six hours after surgery . Anaesthetic technique and postoperative analgesia were st and ardized for all patients . RESULTS Results showed that the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was 36 % in the treatment group and 40 % in placebo group , which is statistically insignificant . CONCLUSION Application of acupressure at P6 point half an hour before induction of anaesthesia does not significantly alter the incidence of postoperative nausea and /or vomiting within 6 hours after surgery Purpose To compare the efficacy of acupressure wrist b and s and ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) . Methods One hundred and fifty ASA I – II , patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included in a r and omized , prospect i ve , double-blind and placebo-controlled study . Patients were divided into three groups of SO . Group I was the control ; Group II received ondansetron 4 mgiv just prior to induction of anesthesia ; in Group III acupressure wristb and s were applied at the P6 points . Acupressure wrist b and s were placed inappropriately in Groups I and II . The acupressure wrist b and s were applied 30 min prior to induction of anesthesia and removed six hours following surgery . Anesthesia was st and ardized . PONV were evaluated separately as none , mild , moderate or severe within six hours of patients ’ arrival in the postanesthesia care unit and then at 24 hr after surgery by a blinded observer . If patients vomited more than once , they were given 4 mg ondansetroniv as the rescue antiemetic . Results were analyzed by Ztest . AP value of < 0.05 was taken as significant . Results The incidence of PONV and the requirement of rescue medication were significantly lower in both the acupressure and ondansetron groups during the first six hours . Conclusion Acupressure at P6 causes a significant reduction in the incidence of PONV and the requirement for rescue medication in the first six hours following laparoscopic cholecystectomy , similar to that of ondansetron 4 mgiv . RésuméObjectifComparer l’efficacité des b and es d’acupression et de l’ondansétron comme prévention des nausées et vomissements postopératoires (NVPO).MéthodeCent  cinquante patients d’état physique ASA I– II devant subir une cholécystectomie laparoscopique ont été recrutés pour une étude prospect i ve , r and omisée et à double insu contre placebo . Ils ont été répartis en trois groupes de 50 . Le groupe I a été le groupe témoin ; les patients du groupe II ont reçu 4 mg iv d’ondansétron juste avant l’induction de l’anesthésie ; chez les patients du groupe III , on a appliqué des b and es d’acupression aux point P6 . Des b and es d’acupression ont été placées de façon inappropriée chez les patients des groupes I et II . Les b and es ont été appliquées 30 min avant l’induction et enlevées six heures après l’opération . Lanesthésie a été normalisée . Les NVPO ont été évalués séparément comme inexistants , légers , modérés ou sévères pendant les six premières heures en salle de réveil , puis 24 h après l’opération par un observateur impartial . Si les patients vomissaient plus d’une fois , ils recevaient 4 mg d’ondansétron iv comme antiémétique de secours . Les résultats ont été analysés avec le test Z. Une valeur de P < 0,05 était considérée significative . RésultatsL’incidence de NVPO et les besoins de médication de secours ont été significativement plus faibles autant avec l’acupression qu’avec l’ondansétron pendant les six premières heures . Conclusion Lacupression en Pô réduit de façon significative l’incidence de NVPO et la nécessité d’antiémétique de secours pendant les six premières heures suivant la cholécystectomie laparoscopique . Son effet est donc similaire à celui de 4 mg iv d’ondansétron OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of acupressure at the P6 point for the in-patient treatment of severe nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy . STUDY DESIGN This was a prospect i ve single-blind r and omized control trial that involved 80 patients with nausea and vomiting plus ketonuria before 14 weeks of gestation . RESULTS There was no difference between length of stay , amount of medication , or fluid required between the acupressure and placebo groups , although acupressure reduced the number of patients who stayed > or = 4 nights in the hospital . Acupressure was well tolerated and not associated with an increase in perinatal morbidity or death . CONCLUSION The use of acupressure at the P6 point does not reduce the amount of antiemetic medication that is required , the requirement for intravenous fluid , and median duration of in-patient stay more than the use of placebo . A small reduction was seen in the number of women who required > or = 4 days in the hospital AIMS This paper reports an investigation of the effects of acupressure therapy on dyspnoea , anxiety and physiological indicators of heart rate and respiratory rate in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease having mechanical ventilation support . BACKGROUND Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are using mechanical ventilation often experience dyspnoea and anxiety , which affects successful ventilator use . METHODS The study had an experimental blocking design , using sex , age and length of ventilator use as a blocking factor . Qualified patients in two intermediate respiratory intensive care units were r and omly assigned to an acupressure group and a comparison group . A total of 52 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 
    Output:
    