human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Bisphosphonates represent a class of pharmacologic agents that have a potentially important role in the treatment of periodontitis and bone disorders . The present study aims to explore the clinical efficacy of 1 % alendronate ( ALN ) gel as a local drug delivery system in adjunct to scaling and root planing for the treatment of patients with aggressive periodontitis ( AgP ) compared to placebo gel . METHODS Fifty-two intrabony defects from 17 patients with AgP were treated either with 1 % ALN gel or placebo gel . ALN gel was prepared by adding ALN to a polyacrylic acid-distilled water mixture . Clinical parameters ( modified sulcus bleeding index , plaque index , probing depth [ PD ] , and clinical attachment level [ CAL ] ) were recorded at baseline , 2 months , and 6 months , and radiographic parameters were recorded at baseline and 6 months . Defect fill at baseline and at 6 months was calculated on st and ardized radiographs by using image analysis software . RESULTS Mean PD reduction was greater in the ALN group ( 3.88 ± 1.39 mm ) compared to placebo ( 1.65 ± 1.35 mm ) at 6 months . Similarly , mean CAL gain was greater in the ALN group ( 3.27 ± 1.11 mm ) than the placebo group ( 1.42 ± 1.70 mm ) at 6 months . Furthermore , significantly greater mean percentage of bone fill was found in the ALN group ( 46.1 % ± 9.48 % ) compared to the placebo group ( 2 % ± 1.02 % ) . CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study show local delivery of 1 % ALN stimulates a significant increase in PD reduction , CAL gain , and improved bone fill compared to placebo gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in patients with AgP. However , long-term , multicentered , r and omized , controlled clinical trials are required to know the clinical , histologic , and radiographic effect on bone regeneration in patients with Background and Objectives : Alendronate , an aminobisphosphonate , is capable of inhibiting periodontitis associated osteoclastic activity and hence is effective in protecting the alveolar bone in periodontitis . In the present study , we explored the efficacy of local delivery of alendronate on the alveolar bone following mucoperiosteal flap surgery . This is the first study to use polymer impregnated gel based delivery of alendronate . Material s and Methods : A total of 15 patients with chronic periodontitis in the age group of 35 - 55 years , of both sexes , with pocket depth of ≥ 5 mm and radiographic evidence of identical osseous defects in the m and ibular molar region bilaterally were included in this prospect i ve study . A gel based drug delivery system of Alendronate was formulated . Following surgical flap debridement , 0.1 ml alendronate gel and 0.1 ml placebo gel was placed at the experimental and control sites respectively . Clinical and radiographic parameters were recorded at baseline , three months and six months post surgery . Results : Alendronate was more effective in improving clinical and radiographic parameters  compared to placebo . Interpretation and Conclusion : Alendronate is effective in the management of periodontitis associated bone loss . Gel based local delivery of the drug addresses the critical concern of exposing the patient to adverse effects of systemic administration AIM Alendronate ( ALN ) and atorvastatin ( ATV ) are known to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption and were proposed to have osteostimulative properties . The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of 1 % ALN and 1.2 % ATV gel as a local drug-delivery system in adjunct to scaling and root planning ( SRP ) for the treatment of intrabony defects in chronic periodontitis patients . METHODS A total of 90 intrabony defects were treated with either 1 % ALN , 1.2 % ATV , or placebo gel . Clinical parameters ( plaque index , modified sulcus bleeding index , probing depth ( PD ) , and clinical attachment level ( CAL ) ) were recorded at baseline , 3 , 6 , and 9 months . Intrabony defect depth ( IBD ) and defect depth reduction ( DDR% ) was calculated on st and ardized radiographs at 6 and 9 months . RESULTS The mean PD reduction , CAL gain , and DDR% were greater in the ALN and ATV group than in the placebo group at 3 , 6 , and 9 months . Furthermore , a significantly greater DDR% was found in the ALN group at 6 and 9 months than in the ATV and placebo groups . CONCLUSION Local delivery of 1 % ALN results in significantly greater improvement in PD , CAL , IBD depth , and DDR% as compared to 1.2 % ATV gel BACKGROUND The topical use of platelet concentrates is recent , and its efficiency remains controversial . The present study aims to explore the clinical and radiographic effectiveness of autologous platelet-rich fibrin ( PRF ) and platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) in the treatment of intrabony defects in patients with chronic periodontitis . METHODS Ninety intrabony defects were treated with either autologous PRF with open-flap debridement or autologous PRP with open-flap debridement or open-flap debridement alone .  Clinical and radiologic parameters , such as probing depth ( PD ) , clinical attachment level ( CAL ) , intrabony defect depth , and percentage defect fill , were recorded at baseline and 9 months postoperatively . RESULTS Mean PD reduction and CAL gain were greater in PRF ( 3.77 ± 1.19 and 3.17 ± 1.29 mm ) and PRP ( 3.77 ± 1.07 and 2.93 ± 1.08 mm ) groups than the control group ( 2.97 ± 0.93 and 2.83 ± 0.91 mm ) . Furthermore , significantly greater percentage of mean bone fill was found in the PRF ( 55.41 % ± 11.39 % ) and PRP ( 56.85 % ± 14.01 % ) groups compared with the control ( 1.56 % ± 15.12 % ) group . CONCLUSIONS Within the limit of the present study , there was similar PD reduction , CAL gain , and bone fill at sites treated with PRF or PRP with conventional open-flap debridement . Because PRF is less time consuming and less technique sensitive , it may seem a better treatment option than PRP . However , long-term , multicenter r and omized , controlled clinical trials will be required to know their clinical and radiographic effects on bone regeneration AIM Alendronate ( ALN ) has antiresorptive and osteostimulative properties . The major component of aloe vera ( AV ) gel is acemannan , which has been found to have osteogenic properties . The aim of the present study is to explore the effectiveness of 1 % ALN and AV gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing ( SRP ) in chronic periodontitis patients with class II furcation defects . METHODS Ninety volunteers were r and omly assigned to three treatment groups : ( a ) SRP plus placebo gel ; ( b ) SRP plus 1 % ALN gel ; and ( c ) SRP plus AV gel . Clinical and radiographic parameters were recorded at baseline and at 6 and 12 months . RESULTS The mean probing depth reduction and relative horizontal clinical attachment level ( CAL ) and relative vertical CAL gains were greater in the ALN group than in the AV and placebo groups at 6 and 12 months . Furthermore , a significantly greater mean percentage of defect depth reduction ( DDR ) was found in the ALN group ( 38.09 ± 9.53 , 44.86 ± 6.29 ) than the AV groups ( 11.94 ± 15.10 , 14.59 ± 25.49 ) at 6 and 12 months , respectively . CONCLUSION ALN showed significant improvement in all clinical parameters , along with greater DDR , compared to AV in the treatment of class II furcation defects as an adjunct to SRP INTRODUCTION Alendronate ( ALN ) , an aminobisphosphonate , inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption and also stimulates osteogenesis . Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate ( β-TCP ) is an osteoconductive graft material which provides a scaffold for bone formation and also a widely used drug delivery vehicle for growth factors and antibiotics . Drug delivery vehicles , like β-TCP , improve the potency of the drugs by specific local site delivery of the drug , optimal release characteristics and easy h and ling . AIM The aim of the this study was to evaluate the bone formation potential of 400μg ALN delivered in β-TCP in the treatment of periodontal intra-osseous defects . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty patients with periodontal defects were r and omly assigned to 400μg ALN + β-TCP + Saline ( test ) group and β-TCP + Saline ( active-control ) group . Clinical parameters like Clinical Attachment Level ( CAL ) gain , Probing Depth ( PD ) reduction , post-operative Gingival Recession ( GR ) were assessed from the baseline , 3 months and 6 months recordings . Radiographic parameters like Linear Bone Growth ( LBG ) , Percentage Bone Fill ( % BF ) , and change in alveolar crest height ( ACH ) were assessed from baseline and 6 months radiographs . RESULTS Mean measurements in the ALN test group for CAL gain ( 3.4 ± 0.74 mm ) , PD reduction ( 4.33 ± 0.82 mm ) , LBG ( 2.88 ± 0.88 mm ) , and % BF ( 51.98 ± 15.84 % ) were significantly greater with a p-value < 0.05 compared to the mean measurements of CAL gain ( 2.20 ± 0.86 mm ) , PD reduction ( 3.20 ± 1.15 mm ) , LBG ( 1.70 ± 0.39 mm ) , and % BF ( 30.35 ± 6.88 % ) of the control group . There was mild alveolar crestal apposition ( 0.32 ± 0.68 mm ) in the ALN test group and mild alveolar crestal resorption ( -0.24 ± 0.40 mm ) in the control group . CONCLUSION 400μg ALN combined with β-TCP bone graft material was effective in improving soft tissue parameters , inhibiting alveolar crestal resorption and enhancing bone formation , compared to β-TCP alone The role of smoking as a risk factor for periodontitis was assessed separately in diabetic and nondiabetic study groups . Subject listings stratified for age ( 19 to 40 years ) and sex were obtained for subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( IDDM ) and nondiabetic subjects . For both the IDDM group ( n = 132 ) and the nondiabetic group ( n = 95 ) , age and sex stratified sample s were constructed by r and om selection of subjects from each subject listing . Patients were recruited by phone , examined , and their medical and dental histories obtained . Among nondiabetic subjects , the prevalence of periodontitis was markedly higher among current smokers compared with never smokers ( P < or = 0.005 ) in both the 19 to 30 year-old ( 46 % vs. 12 % ) and 31 to 40 year-old groups ( 88 % vs. 33 % ) . The subject mean percent of sites with gingival pocket depth > or = 4 mm was higher among current smokers than never smokers ( P = 0.001 ) in the 19 to 30 ( 8.2 % vs. 3.4 % ) and 31 to 40 ( 14.3 % vs. 4.3 % ) age groups . The effects of smoking among IDDM subjects were similar to that observed in the nondiabetic population . There were no differences between current and never smokers in the proportion of sites positive for plaque . Attributable risk percents from prevalence data suggest that among nondiabetic subjects , a large proportion , perhaps as much as 51 % of the periodontitis in the 19 to 30 year old group and 32 % of the periodontitis in the 31 to 40 year old group , is associated with smoking . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS BACKGROUND Different material s have been investigated for renewal of lost supporting periodontal structures and tested for furcation defect treatment . Platelet-rich fibrin ( PRF ) is a pool of growth-promoting factors and cytokines that promote bone regeneration and maturation of soft tissue . Alendronate ( ALN ) , an influential member of the bisphosphonate group , is known to enhance osteoblastogenesis and inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption , thus promoting tissue regeneration . This r and omized trial was done to assess effectiveness of PRF and 1 % ALN gel combination in m and ibular degree II furcation defect treatment in comparison with PRF and access therapy alone . METHODS Seventy-two m and ibular molar furcation defects were treated with either access therapy alone ( group 1 ) , access therapy with PRF ( group 2 ) , or access therapy with PRF and 1 % ALN ( group 3 ) . Plaque index , modified sulcus bleeding index , probing depth ( PD ) , relative vertical attachment level ( RVAL ) and relative horizontal attachment level ( R 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Bisphosphonates represent a class of pharmacologic agents that have a potentially important role in the treatment of periodontitis and bone disorders . The present study aims to explore the clinical efficacy of 1 % alendronate ( ALN ) gel as a local drug delivery system in adjunct to scaling and root planing for the treatment of patients with aggressive periodontitis ( AgP ) compared to placebo gel . METHODS Fifty-two intrabony defects from 17 patients with AgP were treated either with 1 % ALN gel or placebo gel . ALN gel was prepared by adding ALN to a polyacrylic acid-distilled water mixture . Clinical parameters ( modified sulcus bleeding index , plaque index , probing depth [ PD ] , and clinical attachment level [ CAL ] ) were recorded at baseline , 2 months , and 6 months , and radiographic parameters were recorded at baseline and 6 months . Defect fill at baseline and at 6 months was calculated on st and ardized radiographs by using image analysis software . RESULTS Mean PD reduction was greater in the ALN group ( 3.88 ± 1.39 mm ) compared to placebo ( 1.65 ± 1.35 mm ) at 6 months . Similarly , mean CAL gain was greater in the ALN group ( 3.27 ± 1.11 mm ) than the placebo group ( 1.42 ± 1.70 mm ) at 6 months . Furthermore , significantly greater mean percentage of bone fill was found in the ALN group ( 46.1 % ± 9.48 % ) compared to the placebo group ( 2 % ± 1.02 % ) . CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study show local delivery of 1 % ALN stimulates a significant increase in PD reduction , CAL gain , and improved bone fill compared to placebo gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in patients with AgP. However , long-term , multicentered , r and omized , controlled clinical trials are required to know the clinical , histologic , and radiographic effect on bone regeneration in patients with Background and Objectives : Alendronate , an aminobisphosphonate , is capable of inhibiting periodontitis associated osteoclastic activity and hence is effective in protecting the alveolar bone in periodontitis . In the present study , we explored the efficacy of local delivery of alendronate on the alveolar bone following mucoperiosteal flap surgery . This is the first study to use polymer impregnated gel based delivery of alendronate . Material s and Methods : A total of 15 patients with chronic periodontitis in the age group of 35 - 55 years , of both sexes , with pocket depth of ≥ 5 mm and radiographic evidence of identical osseous defects in the m and ibular molar region bilaterally were included in this prospect i ve study . A gel based drug delivery system of Alendronate was formulated . Following surgical flap debridement , 0.1 ml alendronate gel and 0.1 ml placebo gel was placed at the experimental and control sites respectively . Clinical and radiographic parameters were recorded at baseline , three months and six months post surgery . Results : Alendronate was more effective in improving clinical and radiographic parameters  compared to placebo . Interpretation and Conclusion : Alendronate is effective in the management of periodontitis associated bone loss . Gel based local delivery of the drug addresses the critical concern of exposing the patient to adverse effects of systemic administration AIM Alendronate ( ALN ) and atorvastatin ( ATV ) are known to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption and were proposed to have osteostimulative properties . The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of 1 % ALN and 1.2 % ATV gel as a local drug-delivery system in adjunct to scaling and root planning ( SRP ) for the treatment of intrabony defects in chronic periodontitis patients . METHODS A total of 90 intrabony defects were treated with either 1 % ALN , 1.2 % ATV , or placebo gel . Clinical parameters ( plaque index , modified sulcus bleeding index , probing depth ( PD ) , and clinical attachment level ( CAL ) ) were recorded at baseline , 3 , 6 , and 9 months . Intrabony defect depth ( IBD ) and defect depth reduction ( DDR% ) was calculated on st and ardized radiographs at 6 and 9 months . RESULTS The mean PD reduction , CAL gain , and DDR% were greater in the ALN and ATV group than in the placebo group at 3 , 6 , and 9 months . Furthermore , a significantly greater DDR% was found in the ALN group at 6 and 9 months than in the ATV and placebo groups . CONCLUSION Local delivery of 1 % ALN results in significantly greater improvement in PD , CAL , IBD depth , and DDR% as compared to 1.2 % ATV gel BACKGROUND The topical use of platelet concentrates is recent , and its efficiency remains controversial . The present study aims to explore the clinical and radiographic effectiveness of autologous platelet-rich fibrin ( PRF ) and platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) in the treatment of intrabony defects in patients with chronic periodontitis . METHODS Ninety intrabony defects were treated with either autologous PRF with open-flap debridement or autologous PRP with open-flap debridement or open-flap debridement alone .  Clinical and radiologic parameters , such as probing depth ( PD ) , clinical attachment level ( CAL ) , intrabony defect depth , and percentage defect fill , were recorded at baseline and 9 months postoperatively . RESULTS Mean PD reduction and CAL gain were greater in PRF ( 3.77 ± 1.19 and 3.17 ± 1.29 mm ) and PRP ( 3.77 ± 1.07 and 2.93 ± 1.08 mm ) groups than the control group ( 2.97 ± 0.93 and 2.83 ± 0.91 mm ) . Furthermore , significantly greater percentage of mean bone fill was found in the PRF ( 55.41 % ± 11.39 % ) and PRP ( 56.85 % ± 14.01 % ) groups compared with the control ( 1.56 % ± 15.12 % ) group . CONCLUSIONS Within the limit of the present study , there was similar PD reduction , CAL gain , and bone fill at sites treated with PRF or PRP with conventional open-flap debridement . Because PRF is less time consuming and less technique sensitive , it may seem a better treatment option than PRP . However , long-term , multicenter r and omized , controlled clinical trials will be required to know their clinical and radiographic effects on bone regeneration AIM Alendronate ( ALN ) has antiresorptive and osteostimulative properties . The major component of aloe vera ( AV ) gel is acemannan , which has been found to have osteogenic properties . The aim of the present study is to explore the effectiveness of 1 % ALN and AV gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing ( SRP ) in chronic periodontitis patients with class II furcation defects . METHODS Ninety volunteers were r and omly assigned to three treatment groups : ( a ) SRP plus placebo gel ; ( b ) SRP plus 1 % ALN gel ; and ( c ) SRP plus AV gel . Clinical and radiographic parameters were recorded at baseline and at 6 and 12 months . RESULTS The mean probing depth reduction and relative horizontal clinical attachment level ( CAL ) and relative vertical CAL gains were greater in the ALN group than in the AV and placebo groups at 6 and 12 months . Furthermore , a significantly greater mean percentage of defect depth reduction ( DDR ) was found in the ALN group ( 38.09 ± 9.53 , 44.86 ± 6.29 ) than the AV groups ( 11.94 ± 15.10 , 14.59 ± 25.49 ) at 6 and 12 months , respectively . CONCLUSION ALN showed significant improvement in all clinical parameters , along with greater DDR , compared to AV in the treatment of class II furcation defects as an adjunct to SRP INTRODUCTION Alendronate ( ALN ) , an aminobisphosphonate , inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption and also stimulates osteogenesis . Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate ( β-TCP ) is an osteoconductive graft material which provides a scaffold for bone formation and also a widely used drug delivery vehicle for growth factors and antibiotics . Drug delivery vehicles , like β-TCP , improve the potency of the drugs by specific local site delivery of the drug , optimal release characteristics and easy h and ling . AIM The aim of the this study was to evaluate the bone formation potential of 400μg ALN delivered in β-TCP in the treatment of periodontal intra-osseous defects . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty patients with periodontal defects were r and omly assigned to 400μg ALN + β-TCP + Saline ( test ) group and β-TCP + Saline ( active-control ) group . Clinical parameters like Clinical Attachment Level ( CAL ) gain , Probing Depth ( PD ) reduction , post-operative Gingival Recession ( GR ) were assessed from the baseline , 3 months and 6 months recordings . Radiographic parameters like Linear Bone Growth ( LBG ) , Percentage Bone Fill ( % BF ) , and change in alveolar crest height ( ACH ) were assessed from baseline and 6 months radiographs . RESULTS Mean measurements in the ALN test group for CAL gain ( 3.4 ± 0.74 mm ) , PD reduction ( 4.33 ± 0.82 mm ) , LBG ( 2.88 ± 0.88 mm ) , and % BF ( 51.98 ± 15.84 % ) were significantly greater with a p-value < 0.05 compared to the mean measurements of CAL gain ( 2.20 ± 0.86 mm ) , PD reduction ( 3.20 ± 1.15 mm ) , LBG ( 1.70 ± 0.39 mm ) , and % BF ( 30.35 ± 6.88 % ) of the control group . There was mild alveolar crestal apposition ( 0.32 ± 0.68 mm ) in the ALN test group and mild alveolar crestal resorption ( -0.24 ± 0.40 mm ) in the control group . CONCLUSION 400μg ALN combined with β-TCP bone graft material was effective in improving soft tissue parameters , inhibiting alveolar crestal resorption and enhancing bone formation , compared to β-TCP alone The role of smoking as a risk factor for periodontitis was assessed separately in diabetic and nondiabetic study groups . Subject listings stratified for age ( 19 to 40 years ) and sex were obtained for subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( IDDM ) and nondiabetic subjects . For both the IDDM group ( n = 132 ) and the nondiabetic group ( n = 95 ) , age and sex stratified sample s were constructed by r and om selection of subjects from each subject listing . Patients were recruited by phone , examined , and their medical and dental histories obtained . Among nondiabetic subjects , the prevalence of periodontitis was markedly higher among current smokers compared with never smokers ( P < or = 0.005 ) in both the 19 to 30 year-old ( 46 % vs. 12 % ) and 31 to 40 year-old groups ( 88 % vs. 33 % ) . The subject mean percent of sites with gingival pocket depth > or = 4 mm was higher among current smokers than never smokers ( P = 0.001 ) in the 19 to 30 ( 8.2 % vs. 3.4 % ) and 31 to 40 ( 14.3 % vs. 4.3 % ) age groups . The effects of smoking among IDDM subjects were similar to that observed in the nondiabetic population . There were no differences between current and never smokers in the proportion of sites positive for plaque . Attributable risk percents from prevalence data suggest that among nondiabetic subjects , a large proportion , perhaps as much as 51 % of the periodontitis in the 19 to 30 year old group and 32 % of the periodontitis in the 31 to 40 year old group , is associated with smoking . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS BACKGROUND Different material s have been investigated for renewal of lost supporting periodontal structures and tested for furcation defect treatment . Platelet-rich fibrin ( PRF ) is a pool of growth-promoting factors and cytokines that promote bone regeneration and maturation of soft tissue . Alendronate ( ALN ) , an influential member of the bisphosphonate group , is known to enhance osteoblastogenesis and inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption , thus promoting tissue regeneration . This r and omized trial was done to assess effectiveness of PRF and 1 % ALN gel combination in m and ibular degree II furcation defect treatment in comparison with PRF and access therapy alone . METHODS Seventy-two m and ibular molar furcation defects were treated with either access therapy alone ( group 1 ) , access therapy with PRF ( group 2 ) , or access therapy with PRF and 1 % ALN ( group 3 ) . Plaque index , modified sulcus bleeding index , probing depth ( PD ) , relative vertical attachment level ( RVAL ) and relative horizontal attachment level ( R 
    Output:
    