human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Idiopathic chronic fatigue ( ICF ) , defined as medically unexplained chronic fatigue , is common these days . To date , there is no definite cure for ICF , and alternative therapies are being investigated . Oriental medicine music therapy ( OMMT ) , a novel music therapy that occurs through an active behavioral process , has been applied to various chronic diseases , including ICF . In the present study , we aim ed to evaluate the effect of OMMT on ICF . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial of OMMT compared with the waitlist control ( 6 sessions each ) during a 2-week period . PARTICIPANTS Thirty participants who had had ICF for at least 6 months before the experiments were recruited . OUTCOME MEASURES We evaluated fatigue severity scale ( FSS ) , visual analog scale ( VAS ) for overall fatigue , revised Chalder fatigue scale ( RCFS ) , World Health Organization quality of life scale abbreviated version ( WHOQOL-BREF ) , Buzhongyiqi-Tang question naire ( BZTQ ) , and salivary cortisol level at baseline ( week 0 ) and at the end of the study ( week 2 ) in the two groups . RESULTS FSS , VAS , and RCFS scores were significantly lower , and WHOQOL-BREF scores were significantly higher in the OMMT group than in the waitlist group ( p=0.006 , p=0.004 , p=0.002 , and p=0.002 , respectively ) . In contrast , salivary cortisol level and BZTQ scores were not significantly different between the OMMT group and the waitlist group . CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that OMMT may be an alternative treatment for ICF . Based on this result , further studies including possible mechanisms are needed Colonoscopy is a procedure often experienced as uncomfortable and worrying . Music has been reported to reduce discomfort during colonoscopy ; however , no study in a Swedish setting has been found . The purpose of this r and omized controlled trial was to analyze the effects of sedative music on patients ' experience of anxiety , pain , relaxation , and well-being during colonoscopy . Prior to colonoscopy , adult patients ( n = 120 ) , aged 18–80 years , were r and omly assigned to either an intervention group ( n = 60 ) who listened to sedative instrumental music with 60–80 beats per minute during the colonoscopy or a control group . After the colonoscopy , both groups completed a question naire on anxiety , the State Trait Anxiety Inventory  , and an anxiety Visual Analogue Scale . Pain , relaxation , and well-being were also measured with Visual Analogue Scales . Women in the intervention group had a lower level of anxiety during the colonoscopy than those in the control group ( p = .007 ) and well-being was significantly higher in the intervention group , especially among men , than in the controls ( p = .006 and p = .025 , respectively ) . Men in the intervention group were more relaxed during the colonoscopy than those in the control group ( p = .065 ) . Listening to sedative music  decreased anxiety among women and increased well-being among men during colonoscopy AIM AND OBJECTIVE The study compared the effect of earplug-delivered sleep-inducing music on sleep in persons with percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography in the cardiac care unit . BACKGROUND Diverse types of music have been cl aim ed to improve sleeping elsewhere , but relatively little is known in South Korea . Most studies investigating the effect of sleep-inducing music on sleep have involved persons with insomnia , even though many persons with cardiovascular disease in the intensive care unit suffer from sleeping problems . There is a need to investigate the effect of sleep-inducing music on sleep disorders in persons with percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography in the cardiac care unit . DESIGN An experimental research design was used . METHODS Data collection was conducted in the cardiac care unit of K University Hospital in D city , from 3 September-4 October 2010 . Fifty-eight subjects participated and were r and omly assigned to the experimental group ( earplug-delivered sleep-inducing music for 52 min beginning at 10:00 pm , while wearing an eyeshield , n = 29 ) and the control group ( no music , but earplugs and eyeshield worn , n = 29 ) . The quantity and quality of sleep were measured using question naires at 7 am the next morning for each group . RESULTS Participants in the experimental group reported that the sleeping quantity and quality were significantly higher than control group ( t = 3·181 , p = 0·002 , t = 5·269 , p < 0·001 , respectively ) . CONCLUSION Sleep-inducing music significantly improved sleep in patients with percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography at a cardiac care unit . Offering earplugs and playing sleep-inducing music may be a meaningful and easily enacted nursing intervention to improve sleep for intensive care unit patients . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nurses working at cardiac care unit can use music to improve sleeping in clients with percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography BACKGROUND Music therapy has previously been found to be effective in the treatment of depression but the studies have been method ologically insufficient and lacking in clarity about the clinical model employed . Aims To determine the efficacy of music therapy added to st and ard care compared with st and ard care only in the treatment of  depression among working-age people . METHOD Participants ( n = 79 ) with an ICD-10 diagnosis of depression were r and omised to receive individual music therapy plus st and ard care ( 20 bi-weekly sessions ) or st and ard care only , and followed up at baseline , at 3 months ( after intervention ) and at 6 months . Clinical measures included depression , anxiety , general functioning , quality of life and alexithymia . TRIAL REGISTRATION IS RCT N84185937 . RESULTS Participants receiving music therapy plus st and ard care showed greater improvement than those receiving st and ard care only in depression symptoms ( mean difference 4.65 , 95 % CI 0.59 to 8.70 ) , anxiety symptoms ( 1.82 , 95 % CI 0.09 to 3.55 ) and general functioning ( -4.58 , 95 % CI -8.93 to -0.24 ) at 3-month follow-up . The response rate was significantly higher for the music therapy plus st and ard care group than for the st and ard care only group ( odds ratio 2.96 , 95 % CI 1.01 to 9.02 ) . CONCLUSIONS Individual music therapy combined with st and ard care is effective for depression among working-age people with depression . The results of this study along with the previous research indicate that music therapy with its specific qualities is a valuable enhancement to established treatment practice OBJECTIVE To determine whether emergency department ( ED ) patients ' self-rated levels of anxiety are affected by exposure to purpose - design ed music or sound compositions with and without the audio frequencies of embedded binaural beat . DESIGN , SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS R and omised controlled trial in an ED between 1 February 2010 and 14 April 2010 among a convenience sample of adult patients who were rated as category 3 on the Australasian Triage Scale . INTERVENTIONS All interventions involved listening to soundtracks of 20 minutes ' duration that were purpose - design ed by composers and sound-recording artists . Participants were allocated at r and om to one of five groups : headphones and iPod only , no soundtrack ( control group ) ; reconstructed ambient noise simulating an ED but free of clear verbalisations ; electroacoustic musical composition ; composed non-musical soundtracks derived from audio field recordings obtained from natural and constructed setting s ; sound composition of audio field recordings with embedded binaural beat . All soundtracks were presented on an iPod through headphones . Patients and research ers were blinded to allocation until interventions were administered . State-trait anxiety was self-assessed before the intervention and state anxiety was self-assessed again 20 minutes after the provision of the soundtrack . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory . RESULTS Of 291 patients assessed for eligibility , 170 patients completed the pre-intervention anxiety self- assessment and 169 completed the post-intervention assessment . Significant decreases ( all P < 0.001 ) in anxiety level were observed among patients exposed to the electroacoustic musical composition ( pre-intervention mean , 39 ; post-intervention mean , 34 ) , audio field recordings ( 42 ; 35 ) or audio field recordings with embedded bianaural beats ( 43 ; 37 ) when compared with those allocated to receive simulated ED ambient noise ( 40 ; 41 ) or headphones only ( 44 ; 44 ) . CONCLUSION In moderately anxious ED patients , state anxiety was reduced by 10%-15 % following exposure to purpose - design ed sound interventions . TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN 12608000444381 Purpose To test the effect of a music intervention on procedural anxiety , stress response and medication requirements in participants with a cerebral aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation ( AVM ) undergoing cerebral angiography . Method and material s A prospect i ve pilot study was conducted using an experimental two group pre-test , post-test design . 48 participants were r and omly assigned to a control group ( st and ard care ) or experimental group ( st and ard care plus self-selected music via overhead stereo system ) . The stress response was measured by heart rate ( HR ) and systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) at baseline , and during and following the procedure . Anxiety was measured by the State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults ( STAI ) before and after the procedure , and total medications administered periprocedurally were recorded . Results 24 participants in each group were enrolled . R-ANCOVA revealed non-significant findings for HR ( F=1.4 ; p=0.27 ; power=0.38 ) and SBP ( F=2.1 ; p=0.10 ; power=0.57 ) . The ANCOVA for anxiety revealed significantly lower STAI scores in the control group ( F=3.8 ; p=0.003 ) compared with the experimental group . Independent t test analysis for the total doses of fentanyl and midazolam were found to be F=0.08 , p=0.78 and F=0.38 , p=0.54 , respectively . Conclusion A music intervention on participants with a brain aneurysm or AVM undergoing cerebral angiography did not have a statistically significant impact on reducing the stress response , anxiety or medication requirements . Interestingly , participants in the control group had significantly less anxiety after their angiogram than did participants in the experimental group . This pilot study sets the stage for future research to further examine these findings OBJECTIVES Tinnitus is a very common symptom , yet the quest for an effective treatment is challenging . Results from several clinical trials support the notion that neuro-music therapy is an effective means to reduce tinnitus distress with short duration and long lasting effect . However , until now , the effectiveness has not been tested in a controlled trial against an active comparator . METHODS The trial was design ed as two-center , parallel intervention group controlled study with two intervention groups : Counseling ( 50minute individualized personal instruction ) or neuro-music therapy ( counseling plus eight 50-minute sessions of individualized music therapy ) .  Data of n=290 patients suffering from chronic tinnitus were analyzed . Outcome measure was the change in Tinnitus Question naire Total Scores ( TQ ) from baseline ( admission ) to end of treatment . RESULTS Both treatment groups achieved a statistically relevant reduction in TQ scores , though 66 % of patients in the music therapy group attained a clinical ly meaningful improvement compared to 33 % in the counseling group . A binary logistic regression revealed two variables significantly influencing therapy outcome : initial tinnitus score and type of therapy with an OR for the music therapy compared to the counseling of 4.34 ( CI 2.33 - 8.09 ) . CONCLUSIONS Counseling is an appropriate treatment option with well above chance of improvement . The neuro-music therapy outperformed the counseling . This treatment targets the tinnitus sound itself , is short in duration , intrinsically motivating and easy to operate and thus presents a possible complement to the therapeutic spectrum in chronic tinnitus . The trial was registered at the Clinical Trials.gov registry ( ID : NCT01845155 ) OBJECTIVES : Recorded music risks overstimulation in NICUs . The live elements of music such as rhythm , breath , and parent-preferred lullabies may affect physiologic function ( eg , heart and respiratory rates , O2 saturation levels , and activity levels ) and developmental function ( eg , sleep , feeding behavior , and weight gain ) in premature infants . METHODS : A r and omized clinical multisite trial of 272 premature infants aged ≥32 weeks with respiratory distress syndrome , clinical sepsis , and /or SGA ( small for gestational age ) served as their own controls in 11 NICUs . Infants received 3 interventions per week within a 2-week period , when data of physiologic and developmental domains were collected before , during , and after the interventions or no interventions and daily during a 2-week period . RESULTS : Three live music interventions showed changes in heart rate interactive with time . Lower heart rates occurred during the lullaby ( P < .001 ) and rhythm intervention ( P = .04 ) . Sucking 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Idiopathic chronic fatigue ( ICF ) , defined as medically unexplained chronic fatigue , is common these days . To date , there is no definite cure for ICF , and alternative therapies are being investigated . Oriental medicine music therapy ( OMMT ) , a novel music therapy that occurs through an active behavioral process , has been applied to various chronic diseases , including ICF . In the present study , we aim ed to evaluate the effect of OMMT on ICF . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial of OMMT compared with the waitlist control ( 6 sessions each ) during a 2-week period . PARTICIPANTS Thirty participants who had had ICF for at least 6 months before the experiments were recruited . OUTCOME MEASURES We evaluated fatigue severity scale ( FSS ) , visual analog scale ( VAS ) for overall fatigue , revised Chalder fatigue scale ( RCFS ) , World Health Organization quality of life scale abbreviated version ( WHOQOL-BREF ) , Buzhongyiqi-Tang question naire ( BZTQ ) , and salivary cortisol level at baseline ( week 0 ) and at the end of the study ( week 2 ) in the two groups . RESULTS FSS , VAS , and RCFS scores were significantly lower , and WHOQOL-BREF scores were significantly higher in the OMMT group than in the waitlist group ( p=0.006 , p=0.004 , p=0.002 , and p=0.002 , respectively ) . In contrast , salivary cortisol level and BZTQ scores were not significantly different between the OMMT group and the waitlist group . CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that OMMT may be an alternative treatment for ICF . Based on this result , further studies including possible mechanisms are needed Colonoscopy is a procedure often experienced as uncomfortable and worrying . Music has been reported to reduce discomfort during colonoscopy ; however , no study in a Swedish setting has been found . The purpose of this r and omized controlled trial was to analyze the effects of sedative music on patients ' experience of anxiety , pain , relaxation , and well-being during colonoscopy . Prior to colonoscopy , adult patients ( n = 120 ) , aged 18–80 years , were r and omly assigned to either an intervention group ( n = 60 ) who listened to sedative instrumental music with 60–80 beats per minute during the colonoscopy or a control group . After the colonoscopy , both groups completed a question naire on anxiety , the State Trait Anxiety Inventory  , and an anxiety Visual Analogue Scale . Pain , relaxation , and well-being were also measured with Visual Analogue Scales . Women in the intervention group had a lower level of anxiety during the colonoscopy than those in the control group ( p = .007 ) and well-being was significantly higher in the intervention group , especially among men , than in the controls ( p = .006 and p = .025 , respectively ) . Men in the intervention group were more relaxed during the colonoscopy than those in the control group ( p = .065 ) . Listening to sedative music  decreased anxiety among women and increased well-being among men during colonoscopy AIM AND OBJECTIVE The study compared the effect of earplug-delivered sleep-inducing music on sleep in persons with percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography in the cardiac care unit . BACKGROUND Diverse types of music have been cl aim ed to improve sleeping elsewhere , but relatively little is known in South Korea . Most studies investigating the effect of sleep-inducing music on sleep have involved persons with insomnia , even though many persons with cardiovascular disease in the intensive care unit suffer from sleeping problems . There is a need to investigate the effect of sleep-inducing music on sleep disorders in persons with percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography in the cardiac care unit . DESIGN An experimental research design was used . METHODS Data collection was conducted in the cardiac care unit of K University Hospital in D city , from 3 September-4 October 2010 . Fifty-eight subjects participated and were r and omly assigned to the experimental group ( earplug-delivered sleep-inducing music for 52 min beginning at 10:00 pm , while wearing an eyeshield , n = 29 ) and the control group ( no music , but earplugs and eyeshield worn , n = 29 ) . The quantity and quality of sleep were measured using question naires at 7 am the next morning for each group . RESULTS Participants in the experimental group reported that the sleeping quantity and quality were significantly higher than control group ( t = 3·181 , p = 0·002 , t = 5·269 , p < 0·001 , respectively ) . CONCLUSION Sleep-inducing music significantly improved sleep in patients with percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography at a cardiac care unit . Offering earplugs and playing sleep-inducing music may be a meaningful and easily enacted nursing intervention to improve sleep for intensive care unit patients . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nurses working at cardiac care unit can use music to improve sleeping in clients with percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography BACKGROUND Music therapy has previously been found to be effective in the treatment of depression but the studies have been method ologically insufficient and lacking in clarity about the clinical model employed . Aims To determine the efficacy of music therapy added to st and ard care compared with st and ard care only in the treatment of  depression among working-age people . METHOD Participants ( n = 79 ) with an ICD-10 diagnosis of depression were r and omised to receive individual music therapy plus st and ard care ( 20 bi-weekly sessions ) or st and ard care only , and followed up at baseline , at 3 months ( after intervention ) and at 6 months . Clinical measures included depression , anxiety , general functioning , quality of life and alexithymia . TRIAL REGISTRATION IS RCT N84185937 . RESULTS Participants receiving music therapy plus st and ard care showed greater improvement than those receiving st and ard care only in depression symptoms ( mean difference 4.65 , 95 % CI 0.59 to 8.70 ) , anxiety symptoms ( 1.82 , 95 % CI 0.09 to 3.55 ) and general functioning ( -4.58 , 95 % CI -8.93 to -0.24 ) at 3-month follow-up . The response rate was significantly higher for the music therapy plus st and ard care group than for the st and ard care only group ( odds ratio 2.96 , 95 % CI 1.01 to 9.02 ) . CONCLUSIONS Individual music therapy combined with st and ard care is effective for depression among working-age people with depression . The results of this study along with the previous research indicate that music therapy with its specific qualities is a valuable enhancement to established treatment practice OBJECTIVE To determine whether emergency department ( ED ) patients ' self-rated levels of anxiety are affected by exposure to purpose - design ed music or sound compositions with and without the audio frequencies of embedded binaural beat . DESIGN , SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS R and omised controlled trial in an ED between 1 February 2010 and 14 April 2010 among a convenience sample of adult patients who were rated as category 3 on the Australasian Triage Scale . INTERVENTIONS All interventions involved listening to soundtracks of 20 minutes ' duration that were purpose - design ed by composers and sound-recording artists . Participants were allocated at r and om to one of five groups : headphones and iPod only , no soundtrack ( control group ) ; reconstructed ambient noise simulating an ED but free of clear verbalisations ; electroacoustic musical composition ; composed non-musical soundtracks derived from audio field recordings obtained from natural and constructed setting s ; sound composition of audio field recordings with embedded binaural beat . All soundtracks were presented on an iPod through headphones . Patients and research ers were blinded to allocation until interventions were administered . State-trait anxiety was self-assessed before the intervention and state anxiety was self-assessed again 20 minutes after the provision of the soundtrack . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory . RESULTS Of 291 patients assessed for eligibility , 170 patients completed the pre-intervention anxiety self- assessment and 169 completed the post-intervention assessment . Significant decreases ( all P < 0.001 ) in anxiety level were observed among patients exposed to the electroacoustic musical composition ( pre-intervention mean , 39 ; post-intervention mean , 34 ) , audio field recordings ( 42 ; 35 ) or audio field recordings with embedded bianaural beats ( 43 ; 37 ) when compared with those allocated to receive simulated ED ambient noise ( 40 ; 41 ) or headphones only ( 44 ; 44 ) . CONCLUSION In moderately anxious ED patients , state anxiety was reduced by 10%-15 % following exposure to purpose - design ed sound interventions . TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN 12608000444381 Purpose To test the effect of a music intervention on procedural anxiety , stress response and medication requirements in participants with a cerebral aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation ( AVM ) undergoing cerebral angiography . Method and material s A prospect i ve pilot study was conducted using an experimental two group pre-test , post-test design . 48 participants were r and omly assigned to a control group ( st and ard care ) or experimental group ( st and ard care plus self-selected music via overhead stereo system ) . The stress response was measured by heart rate ( HR ) and systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) at baseline , and during and following the procedure . Anxiety was measured by the State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults ( STAI ) before and after the procedure , and total medications administered periprocedurally were recorded . Results 24 participants in each group were enrolled . R-ANCOVA revealed non-significant findings for HR ( F=1.4 ; p=0.27 ; power=0.38 ) and SBP ( F=2.1 ; p=0.10 ; power=0.57 ) . The ANCOVA for anxiety revealed significantly lower STAI scores in the control group ( F=3.8 ; p=0.003 ) compared with the experimental group . Independent t test analysis for the total doses of fentanyl and midazolam were found to be F=0.08 , p=0.78 and F=0.38 , p=0.54 , respectively . Conclusion A music intervention on participants with a brain aneurysm or AVM undergoing cerebral angiography did not have a statistically significant impact on reducing the stress response , anxiety or medication requirements . Interestingly , participants in the control group had significantly less anxiety after their angiogram than did participants in the experimental group . This pilot study sets the stage for future research to further examine these findings OBJECTIVES Tinnitus is a very common symptom , yet the quest for an effective treatment is challenging . Results from several clinical trials support the notion that neuro-music therapy is an effective means to reduce tinnitus distress with short duration and long lasting effect . However , until now , the effectiveness has not been tested in a controlled trial against an active comparator . METHODS The trial was design ed as two-center , parallel intervention group controlled study with two intervention groups : Counseling ( 50minute individualized personal instruction ) or neuro-music therapy ( counseling plus eight 50-minute sessions of individualized music therapy ) .  Data of n=290 patients suffering from chronic tinnitus were analyzed . Outcome measure was the change in Tinnitus Question naire Total Scores ( TQ ) from baseline ( admission ) to end of treatment . RESULTS Both treatment groups achieved a statistically relevant reduction in TQ scores , though 66 % of patients in the music therapy group attained a clinical ly meaningful improvement compared to 33 % in the counseling group . A binary logistic regression revealed two variables significantly influencing therapy outcome : initial tinnitus score and type of therapy with an OR for the music therapy compared to the counseling of 4.34 ( CI 2.33 - 8.09 ) . CONCLUSIONS Counseling is an appropriate treatment option with well above chance of improvement . The neuro-music therapy outperformed the counseling . This treatment targets the tinnitus sound itself , is short in duration , intrinsically motivating and easy to operate and thus presents a possible complement to the therapeutic spectrum in chronic tinnitus . The trial was registered at the Clinical Trials.gov registry ( ID : NCT01845155 ) OBJECTIVES : Recorded music risks overstimulation in NICUs . The live elements of music such as rhythm , breath , and parent-preferred lullabies may affect physiologic function ( eg , heart and respiratory rates , O2 saturation levels , and activity levels ) and developmental function ( eg , sleep , feeding behavior , and weight gain ) in premature infants . METHODS : A r and omized clinical multisite trial of 272 premature infants aged ≥32 weeks with respiratory distress syndrome , clinical sepsis , and /or SGA ( small for gestational age ) served as their own controls in 11 NICUs . Infants received 3 interventions per week within a 2-week period , when data of physiologic and developmental domains were collected before , during , and after the interventions or no interventions and daily during a 2-week period . RESULTS : Three live music interventions showed changes in heart rate interactive with time . Lower heart rates occurred during the lullaby ( P < .001 ) and rhythm intervention ( P = .04 ) . Sucking 
    Output:
    