human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To test the hypotheses that the effects of a music intervention are greater than those of simple distraction and that either intervention is better at controlling procedural pain and anxiety than treatment as usual . DESIGN R and omized , controlled experiment . SETTING A midwestern comprehensive cancer center . SAMPLE 60 people with cancer having noxious medical procedures such as tissue biopsy or port placement or removal ; 58 provided usable data . METHODS Participants completed measures of pain and anxiety before and after their medical procedures and provided a rating of perceived control over pain and anxiety after the procedure . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Procedural pain , state anxiety , and perceived control over pain and anxiety . FINDINGS Contrary to hypotheses , outcomes achieved with music did not differ from those achieved with simple distraction . Moreover , outcomes achieved under treatment as usual were not significantly different from those obtained with music or distraction interventions . Some patients found that the interventions were bothersome and reported that they wanted to attend to the activities of the surgeon and the medical procedure itself . CONCLUSIONS The effects of music , distraction , and treatment as usual are equivocal . In addition , patients have individual preferences for use of distraction during painful or anxiety-provoking procedures . IMPLICATION S FOR NURSING Patients having noxious medical procedures should be asked about their desire to be distracted before and during the procedure and offered a strategy that is consistent with their preferences Music is a method nurses can use to help relieve pain , however little is known about its effectiveness across cultures . In this study , Western music was tested for its effectiveness in reducing  postoperative pain in 38 Taiwanese patients , and its acceptability was explored . A pretest and post-test experimental design was used with visual analogue scales to measure sensation and distress of pain . Before surgery , subjects were r and omly assigned to receive tape recorded music or the usual care . Those who were assigned to the music group chose among 5 types of sedative music . On postoperative Day 1 and Day 2 , the effectiveness of the tape-recorded music was investigated during 15 minutes of rest in bed . Patients were interviewed on Day 3 to determine their liking for the music , its calming effects , and the helpfulness of the music . Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant interaction between time and group in the distress of pain on Day 1 , but not on Day 2 , and in pain sensation on Day 2 , but not Day 1 . Subjects from Taiwan were similar to subjects in a previous study in the United States in their liking for the music , and in reports of the helpfulness of the music for pain sensation and distress , but fewer Taiwanese found the music calming , and they had different choices : more chose harp music and fewer chose jazz than subjects in the U.S. study , and some would prefer Buddhist hymns or popular songs heard in Taiwan . Findings support the use of culturally acceptable music in addition to analgesic medication for the sensation and distress of postoperative pain BACKGROUND Adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with poor quality of life ( qol ) in breast cancer patients . We tested the effect of listening to music during chemotherapy on quality of life in these patients . MATERIAL / METHODS We tested in a prospect i ve cohort the changes in qol scores as assessed by European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Question naire ( EORTC QLQ-C30 ) , and the influence of listening to non-preferred music at the chemotherapy unit on these parameters in a mixed linear model by repeated measures analysis of variance ( RMANOVA ) . RESULTS For the whole cohort , musical intervention was not associated with a change in any dimension of quality of life . However ; the music effect significantly interacted with patient age ; patients > 45 years old had improved insomnia and appetite loss scores after musical intervention ( F = 6.76 , P = 0.019 and F = 11.22 , P = 0.004 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS Our results show that brief , non-preferred music exposure at the time of chemotherapy administration does not improve quality of life in patients with early breast cancer . Nonetheless , there is still a possibility that a subgroup will benefit from this approach as suggested by the interaction of the music effect with patient age OBJECTIVES To examine effects of sedative music on  cancer pain .  DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial . SETTING S Two large medical centers in Kaoshiung City , in southern Taiwan . PARTICIPANTS 126 hospitalized persons with cancer pain . METHODS Participants were r and omly assigned to an experimental ( n=62 ) or a control group ( n=64 ) , with computerized minimization , stratifying on gender , pain , and hospital unit . Music choices included folk songs , Buddhist hymns ( Taiwanese music ) , plus harp , and piano ( American ) . The experimental group listened to music for 30 min ; the control group rested in bed .  Sensation and distress of pain were rated on 100 mm VAS before and after the 30-min test . RESULTS Using MANCOVA , there was significantly less posttest pain in the music versus the control group , p<.001 . Effect sizes were large , Cohen 's d=.64 , sensation , d=.70 , distress , indicating that music was very helpful for pain . Thirty minutes of music provided 50 % relief in 42 % of the music group compared to 8 % of the controls . The number needed to treat ( NNT ) to find one with 50 % sensation relief was three patients . More patients chose Taiwanese music ( 71 % ) than American music ( 29 % ) , but both were liked and effective . CONCLUSIONS Offering a choice of familiar , culturally appropriate music was a key element of the intervention . Findings extend the Good and Moore theory ( 1996 ) to cancer pain . Soft music was safe , effective , and liked by participants . It provided greater relief of cancer pain than analgesics alone . Thus nurses should offer calming , familiar music to supplement analgesic medication for persons with cancer pain Cancer patients continue to experience elevated levels of emotional distress , even after cancer treatment . Elevated emotional distress negatively impacts immune and endocrine functions and decreases life quality . This study explored the effectiveness of GIM in alleviating mood disturbance and improving quality of life in cancer patients . Eight volunteers with a cancer history were r and omly assigned to either an experimental or a wait-list control group . Experimental subjects individually participated in 10 weekly GIM sessions . All subjects completed the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) and Quality of Life-Cancer ( QOL-CA ) question naires pretest , posttest , and at a 6-week follow-up . Individuals who participated in GIM sessions scored better on both mood scores and quality of life scores at posttest than those participating in the control group . Additionally , mood and quality of life scores continued to improve in the experimental group , even after sessions were complete . Results indicate that GIM was effective in improving mood and quality of life in these cancer patients We know from animal studies that a stimulating and enriched environment can enhance recovery after stroke , but little is known about the effects of an enriched sound environment on recovery from neural damage in humans . In humans , music listening activates a wide-spread bilateral network of brain regions related to attention , semantic processing , memory , motor functions , and emotional processing .  Music exposure also enhances emotional and cognitive functioning in healthy subjects and in various clinical patient groups . The potential role of music in neurological rehabilitation , however , has not been systematic ally investigated . This single-blind , r and omized , and controlled trial was design ed to determine whether everyday music listening can facilitate the recovery of cognitive functions and mood after stroke . In the acute recovery phase , 60 patients with a left or right hemisphere middle cerebral artery ( MCA ) stroke were r and omly assigned to a music group , a language group , or a control group . During the following two months , the music and language groups listened daily to self-selected music or audio books , respectively , while the control group received no listening material . In addition , all patients received st and ard medical care and rehabilitation . All patients underwent an extensive neuropsychological assessment , which included a wide range of cognitive tests as well as mood and quality of life question naires , one week ( baseline ) , 3 months , and 6 months after the stroke . Fifty-four patients completed the study . Results showed that recovery in the domains of verbal memory and focused attention improved significantly more in the music group than in the language and control groups . The music group also experienced less depressed and confused mood than the control group . These findings demonstrate for the first time that music listening during the early post-stroke stage can enhance cognitive recovery and prevent negative mood . The neural mechanisms potentially underlying these effects are discussed Pain and anxiety are well-documented problems during the rehabilitation of patients with burns . This study examined the effect of music on anxiety and pain during range of motion .  Eleven subjects with partial-thickness or deeper burns were r and omly assigned to a control group ( without music intervention ) or experimental group ( with music intervention ) .  Vital signs , pain , and anxiety were recorded before and after treatments . There was no difference in pretest and posttest anxiety across the groups ; however , there was a difference in anxiety between the groups . Conversely , there was a difference in pretest and posttest pain across the groups but no difference in pain between the groups . Results showed no significant reduction in anxiety and pain during therapy with music relaxation . Limitations included nonhomogenous groups , small sample size , potentially unrepresentative sample , variation in exercise protocol , and small musical selection . Further research is recommended A nonpharmacological method can be an alternative or complement to analgesics . The aim of this study was to evaluate if music medicine influences pain and anxiety in children undergoing lumbar punctures .  A r and omized clinical trial was used in 40 children ( aged 7 - 12 years ) with leukemia , followed by interviews in 20 of these participants . The participants were r and omly assigned to a music group ( n = 20 ) or control group ( n = 20 ) . The primary outcome was pain scores and the secondary was heart rate , blood pressure , respiratory rate , and oxygen saturation measured before , during , and after the procedure . Anxiety scores were measured before and after the procedure . Interviews with open-ended questions were conducted in conjunction with the completed procedures . The results showed lower pain scores and heart and respiratory rates in the music group during and after the lumbar puncture . The anxiety scores were lower in the music group both before and after the procedure . The findings from the interviews confirmed the quantity results through descriptions of a positive experience by the children , including less pain and fear The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of familiar live music on the anxiety levels of patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment . R and omly selected patients were assigned to experimental ( n = 25 ) and control ( n = 25 ) conditions . Pre and posttests consisted of question naires and the recording of the patient 's heart rate and blood pressures . Subjects in the experimental group received 20 minutes of familiar live music during their chemotherapy treatment . Subjects in the control group received st and ard chemotherapy . It was assumed that those patients receiving music intervention would : ( a ) lower their anxiety levels ; ( b ) experience a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure ; ( c ) improve their levels of negative reactions including fatigue , worry , and fear ; and ( d ) improve their levels of positive reactions including comfort and relaxation . Results of the study showed statistically significant improvement for the experimental group on the measures of anxiety , fear , fatigue , relaxation , and diastolic blood pressure . No significant differences between groups were found for heart rate and systolic blood pressure . Descriptive values indicated that , on average , the experimental group was influenced positively by the music intervention , and participants improved their quality of life while undergoing chemotherapy treatment PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To test whether use of music as a diversional intervention during high-dose chemotherapy administration would affect perception of nausea and episodes of vomiting . SAMPLE 39 patients undergoing bone marrow transplant . A total of 33 patients were included in the data analysis , with 17 in the control group and 16 in the music intervention group . METHODS Patients were assigned r and omly to a control group ( usual antiemetic protocol ) or the experimental group ( usual antiemetic group plus music intervention during the 48 hours of high-dose cyclophosphamide administered as part of the preparative regimen ) . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Use of a music intervention , perception of nausea , and instances of vomiting . FINDINGS Significant differences were found between group scores on a visual analog scale for nausea and number of episodes of vomiting , demonstrating that the experimental group experienced less nausea and fewer instances of vomiting . CONCLUSION This study found that music is an effective adjunct to a pharmacologic antiemetic regimen for lessening nausea and vomiting , and this study merits further investigation through a larger multi-institutional effort . IMPLICATION S FOR NURSING PRACTICE Using music as a diversional adjunct intervention to antiemetic therapy is helpful in decreasing nausea and vomiting . The intervention can be initiated independently by nurses and individualized for each patient , leading to greater patient comfort and compliance with high-dose chemotherapy Background : Cardiac surgery is a common interventional procedure for ischemic and valvular heart disease . Cardiac surgery is accompanied by postoperative pain and anxiety . The use of music therapy has been shown to reduce pain , anxiety , and physiological parameters in patients having surgical procedures . Objectives : To compare the effects of music therapy versus a quiet , uninterrupted rest period on pain intensity , anxiety , physiological parameters , and opioid consumption after cardiac surgery . Subjects and methods : An experimental design was used . A total sample of 86 patients ( 69.8 % males ) were r and omized to 1 of 2 groups ; 50 patients received 20 minutes of music ( intervention ) , whereas 36 patients had 20 minutes of rest in bed ( control )  . Anxiety , pain , physiologic parameters , and opioid consumption were measured before and after the 20-minute period . Results : A significant reduction in anxiety ( P ≤ .001 ) and pain ( P = .009 ) was demonstrated in the group that received music compared with the control group , but no 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To test the hypotheses that the effects of a music intervention are greater than those of simple distraction and that either intervention is better at controlling procedural pain and anxiety than treatment as usual . DESIGN R and omized , controlled experiment . SETTING A midwestern comprehensive cancer center . SAMPLE 60 people with cancer having noxious medical procedures such as tissue biopsy or port placement or removal ; 58 provided usable data . METHODS Participants completed measures of pain and anxiety before and after their medical procedures and provided a rating of perceived control over pain and anxiety after the procedure . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Procedural pain , state anxiety , and perceived control over pain and anxiety . FINDINGS Contrary to hypotheses , outcomes achieved with music did not differ from those achieved with simple distraction . Moreover , outcomes achieved under treatment as usual were not significantly different from those obtained with music or distraction interventions . Some patients found that the interventions were bothersome and reported that they wanted to attend to the activities of the surgeon and the medical procedure itself . CONCLUSIONS The effects of music , distraction , and treatment as usual are equivocal . In addition , patients have individual preferences for use of distraction during painful or anxiety-provoking procedures . IMPLICATION S FOR NURSING Patients having noxious medical procedures should be asked about their desire to be distracted before and during the procedure and offered a strategy that is consistent with their preferences Music is a method nurses can use to help relieve pain , however little is known about its effectiveness across cultures . In this study , Western music was tested for its effectiveness in reducing  postoperative pain in 38 Taiwanese patients , and its acceptability was explored . A pretest and post-test experimental design was used with visual analogue scales to measure sensation and distress of pain . Before surgery , subjects were r and omly assigned to receive tape recorded music or the usual care . Those who were assigned to the music group chose among 5 types of sedative music . On postoperative Day 1 and Day 2 , the effectiveness of the tape-recorded music was investigated during 15 minutes of rest in bed . Patients were interviewed on Day 3 to determine their liking for the music , its calming effects , and the helpfulness of the music . Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant interaction between time and group in the distress of pain on Day 1 , but not on Day 2 , and in pain sensation on Day 2 , but not Day 1 . Subjects from Taiwan were similar to subjects in a previous study in the United States in their liking for the music , and in reports of the helpfulness of the music for pain sensation and distress , but fewer Taiwanese found the music calming , and they had different choices : more chose harp music and fewer chose jazz than subjects in the U.S. study , and some would prefer Buddhist hymns or popular songs heard in Taiwan . Findings support the use of culturally acceptable music in addition to analgesic medication for the sensation and distress of postoperative pain BACKGROUND Adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with poor quality of life ( qol ) in breast cancer patients . We tested the effect of listening to music during chemotherapy on quality of life in these patients . MATERIAL / METHODS We tested in a prospect i ve cohort the changes in qol scores as assessed by European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Question naire ( EORTC QLQ-C30 ) , and the influence of listening to non-preferred music at the chemotherapy unit on these parameters in a mixed linear model by repeated measures analysis of variance ( RMANOVA ) . RESULTS For the whole cohort , musical intervention was not associated with a change in any dimension of quality of life . However ; the music effect significantly interacted with patient age ; patients > 45 years old had improved insomnia and appetite loss scores after musical intervention ( F = 6.76 , P = 0.019 and F = 11.22 , P = 0.004 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS Our results show that brief , non-preferred music exposure at the time of chemotherapy administration does not improve quality of life in patients with early breast cancer . Nonetheless , there is still a possibility that a subgroup will benefit from this approach as suggested by the interaction of the music effect with patient age OBJECTIVES To examine effects of sedative music on  cancer pain .  DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial . SETTING S Two large medical centers in Kaoshiung City , in southern Taiwan . PARTICIPANTS 126 hospitalized persons with cancer pain . METHODS Participants were r and omly assigned to an experimental ( n=62 ) or a control group ( n=64 ) , with computerized minimization , stratifying on gender , pain , and hospital unit . Music choices included folk songs , Buddhist hymns ( Taiwanese music ) , plus harp , and piano ( American ) . The experimental group listened to music for 30 min ; the control group rested in bed .  Sensation and distress of pain were rated on 100 mm VAS before and after the 30-min test . RESULTS Using MANCOVA , there was significantly less posttest pain in the music versus the control group , p<.001 . Effect sizes were large , Cohen 's d=.64 , sensation , d=.70 , distress , indicating that music was very helpful for pain . Thirty minutes of music provided 50 % relief in 42 % of the music group compared to 8 % of the controls . The number needed to treat ( NNT ) to find one with 50 % sensation relief was three patients . More patients chose Taiwanese music ( 71 % ) than American music ( 29 % ) , but both were liked and effective . CONCLUSIONS Offering a choice of familiar , culturally appropriate music was a key element of the intervention . Findings extend the Good and Moore theory ( 1996 ) to cancer pain . Soft music was safe , effective , and liked by participants . It provided greater relief of cancer pain than analgesics alone . Thus nurses should offer calming , familiar music to supplement analgesic medication for persons with cancer pain Cancer patients continue to experience elevated levels of emotional distress , even after cancer treatment . Elevated emotional distress negatively impacts immune and endocrine functions and decreases life quality . This study explored the effectiveness of GIM in alleviating mood disturbance and improving quality of life in cancer patients . Eight volunteers with a cancer history were r and omly assigned to either an experimental or a wait-list control group . Experimental subjects individually participated in 10 weekly GIM sessions . All subjects completed the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) and Quality of Life-Cancer ( QOL-CA ) question naires pretest , posttest , and at a 6-week follow-up . Individuals who participated in GIM sessions scored better on both mood scores and quality of life scores at posttest than those participating in the control group . Additionally , mood and quality of life scores continued to improve in the experimental group , even after sessions were complete . Results indicate that GIM was effective in improving mood and quality of life in these cancer patients We know from animal studies that a stimulating and enriched environment can enhance recovery after stroke , but little is known about the effects of an enriched sound environment on recovery from neural damage in humans . In humans , music listening activates a wide-spread bilateral network of brain regions related to attention , semantic processing , memory , motor functions , and emotional processing .  Music exposure also enhances emotional and cognitive functioning in healthy subjects and in various clinical patient groups . The potential role of music in neurological rehabilitation , however , has not been systematic ally investigated . This single-blind , r and omized , and controlled trial was design ed to determine whether everyday music listening can facilitate the recovery of cognitive functions and mood after stroke . In the acute recovery phase , 60 patients with a left or right hemisphere middle cerebral artery ( MCA ) stroke were r and omly assigned to a music group , a language group , or a control group . During the following two months , the music and language groups listened daily to self-selected music or audio books , respectively , while the control group received no listening material . In addition , all patients received st and ard medical care and rehabilitation . All patients underwent an extensive neuropsychological assessment , which included a wide range of cognitive tests as well as mood and quality of life question naires , one week ( baseline ) , 3 months , and 6 months after the stroke . Fifty-four patients completed the study . Results showed that recovery in the domains of verbal memory and focused attention improved significantly more in the music group than in the language and control groups . The music group also experienced less depressed and confused mood than the control group . These findings demonstrate for the first time that music listening during the early post-stroke stage can enhance cognitive recovery and prevent negative mood . The neural mechanisms potentially underlying these effects are discussed Pain and anxiety are well-documented problems during the rehabilitation of patients with burns . This study examined the effect of music on anxiety and pain during range of motion .  Eleven subjects with partial-thickness or deeper burns were r and omly assigned to a control group ( without music intervention ) or experimental group ( with music intervention ) .  Vital signs , pain , and anxiety were recorded before and after treatments . There was no difference in pretest and posttest anxiety across the groups ; however , there was a difference in anxiety between the groups . Conversely , there was a difference in pretest and posttest pain across the groups but no difference in pain between the groups . Results showed no significant reduction in anxiety and pain during therapy with music relaxation . Limitations included nonhomogenous groups , small sample size , potentially unrepresentative sample , variation in exercise protocol , and small musical selection . Further research is recommended A nonpharmacological method can be an alternative or complement to analgesics . The aim of this study was to evaluate if music medicine influences pain and anxiety in children undergoing lumbar punctures .  A r and omized clinical trial was used in 40 children ( aged 7 - 12 years ) with leukemia , followed by interviews in 20 of these participants . The participants were r and omly assigned to a music group ( n = 20 ) or control group ( n = 20 ) . The primary outcome was pain scores and the secondary was heart rate , blood pressure , respiratory rate , and oxygen saturation measured before , during , and after the procedure . Anxiety scores were measured before and after the procedure . Interviews with open-ended questions were conducted in conjunction with the completed procedures . The results showed lower pain scores and heart and respiratory rates in the music group during and after the lumbar puncture . The anxiety scores were lower in the music group both before and after the procedure . The findings from the interviews confirmed the quantity results through descriptions of a positive experience by the children , including less pain and fear The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of familiar live music on the anxiety levels of patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment . R and omly selected patients were assigned to experimental ( n = 25 ) and control ( n = 25 ) conditions . Pre and posttests consisted of question naires and the recording of the patient 's heart rate and blood pressures . Subjects in the experimental group received 20 minutes of familiar live music during their chemotherapy treatment . Subjects in the control group received st and ard chemotherapy . It was assumed that those patients receiving music intervention would : ( a ) lower their anxiety levels ; ( b ) experience a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure ; ( c ) improve their levels of negative reactions including fatigue , worry , and fear ; and ( d ) improve their levels of positive reactions including comfort and relaxation . Results of the study showed statistically significant improvement for the experimental group on the measures of anxiety , fear , fatigue , relaxation , and diastolic blood pressure . No significant differences between groups were found for heart rate and systolic blood pressure . Descriptive values indicated that , on average , the experimental group was influenced positively by the music intervention , and participants improved their quality of life while undergoing chemotherapy treatment PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To test whether use of music as a diversional intervention during high-dose chemotherapy administration would affect perception of nausea and episodes of vomiting . SAMPLE 39 patients undergoing bone marrow transplant . A total of 33 patients were included in the data analysis , with 17 in the control group and 16 in the music intervention group . METHODS Patients were assigned r and omly to a control group ( usual antiemetic protocol ) or the experimental group ( usual antiemetic group plus music intervention during the 48 hours of high-dose cyclophosphamide administered as part of the preparative regimen ) . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Use of a music intervention , perception of nausea , and instances of vomiting . FINDINGS Significant differences were found between group scores on a visual analog scale for nausea and number of episodes of vomiting , demonstrating that the experimental group experienced less nausea and fewer instances of vomiting . CONCLUSION This study found that music is an effective adjunct to a pharmacologic antiemetic regimen for lessening nausea and vomiting , and this study merits further investigation through a larger multi-institutional effort . IMPLICATION S FOR NURSING PRACTICE Using music as a diversional adjunct intervention to antiemetic therapy is helpful in decreasing nausea and vomiting . The intervention can be initiated independently by nurses and individualized for each patient , leading to greater patient comfort and compliance with high-dose chemotherapy Background : Cardiac surgery is a common interventional procedure for ischemic and valvular heart disease . Cardiac surgery is accompanied by postoperative pain and anxiety . The use of music therapy has been shown to reduce pain , anxiety , and physiological parameters in patients having surgical procedures . Objectives : To compare the effects of music therapy versus a quiet , uninterrupted rest period on pain intensity , anxiety , physiological parameters , and opioid consumption after cardiac surgery . Subjects and methods : An experimental design was used . A total sample of 86 patients ( 69.8 % males ) were r and omized to 1 of 2 groups ; 50 patients received 20 minutes of music ( intervention ) , whereas 36 patients had 20 minutes of rest in bed ( control )  . Anxiety , pain , physiologic parameters , and opioid consumption were measured before and after the 20-minute period . Results : A significant reduction in anxiety ( P ≤ .001 ) and pain ( P = .009 ) was demonstrated in the group that received music compared with the control group , but no 
    Output:
    