human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Research suggests that stress‐reduction programs tailored to the cancer setting help patients cope with the effects of treatment and improve their quality of life .  Yoga , an ancient Eastern science , incorporates stress‐reduction techniques that include regulated breathing , visual imagery , and meditation as well as various postures . The authors examined the effects of the  Tibetan yoga ( TY ) practice s of Tsa lung and Trul khor , which incorporate  controlled breathing and visualization , mindfulness techniques  , and low‐impact postures  in patients with lymphoma This study examined the effect of an integrated yoga programme on chemotherapy-related nausea and emesis in early operable breast cancer out patients . Sixty-two subjects were r and omly allocated to receive yoga ( n = 28 ) or supportive therapy intervention ( n = 34 ) during the course of their chemotherapy . Both groups had similar socio-demographic and medical characteristics . Intervention consisted of both supervised and home practice of yoga sessions lasting for 60 min daily , while the control group received supportive therapy and coping preparation during their hospital visits over a complete course of chemotherapy . The primary outcome measure was the Morrow Assessment of Nausea and Emesis ( MANE ) assessed after the fourth cycle of chemotherapy . Secondary outcomes included measures for anxiety , depression , quality of life , distressful symptoms and treatment-related toxicity assessed before and during the course of chemotherapy . Following yoga , there was a significant decrease in post-chemotherapy-induced nausea frequency ( P = 0.01 ) and nausea intensity ( P = 0.01 ) , and intensity of anticipatory nausea ( P = 0.01 ) and anticipatory vomiting ( P = 0.05 ) as compared with the control group . There was a significant positive correlation between MANE scores and anxiety , depression and distressful symptoms . In conclusion , the results suggest a possible use for stress reduction interventions such as yoga in complementing conventional antiemetics to manage chemotherapy-related nausea and emesis Background : The Colorectal Cancer and Home-Based Physical Exercise ( CAN-HOPE ) trial compared the effects of a 16-week home-based exercise program to usual care on quality of life in colorectal cancer survivors . Purpose : In this study , we report the weekly exercise barriers from the exercise group . Methods : Participants r and omized to the exercise group ( N = 69 ) were asked to report their exercise on a weekly basis by telephone . Those participants not achieving the minimum weekly exercise prescription ( 3 times per week of 30 min of moderate intensity exercise ) were asked for a primary exercise barrier . Results : We obtained 1,073 ( 97.2 % ) weeks of adherence data out of a possible 1,104 ( i.e. , 69 × 16 ) . Participants did not meet the minimum exercise prescription in 39.2 % ( 421/1,073 ) of the weeks . We obtained an exercise barrier in 83.8 % ( 353/421 ) of these cases . Overall , participants reported 37 different exercise barriers ; the three most common were lack of time/too busy , nonspecific treatment side effects , and fatigue . The top 7 to 10 barriers accounted for 70 % to 80 % of all missed exercise weeks . Conclusions : These findings may have utility for promoting exercise in this population both inside and outside of clinical trials Background Exercise adherence is a challenge for breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy but few studies have identified the key barriers . Purpose In this paper , we report the barriers to supervised exercise in breast cancer patients participating in a r and omized controlled trial . Methods Breast cancer patients initiating adjuvant chemotherapy ( N = 242 ) were r and omly assigned to usual care  ( n = 82 )  or supervised resistance  ( n = 82 ) or aerobic  ( n = 78 ) exercise . Participants r and omized to the two exercise groups ( n = 160 ) were asked to provide a reason for each missed exercise session . Results The two exercise groups attended 70.2 % ( 5,495/7,829 ) of their supervised exercise sessions and provided a reason for missing 89.5 % ( 2,090/2,334 ) of their unattended sessions . The 2,090 reasons represented 36 different barriers . Feeling sick ( 12 % ) , fatigue ( 11 % ) , loss of interest ( 9 % ) , vacation ( 7 % ) , and nausea/vomiting ( 5 % ) accounted for the most missed exercise sessions . Disease/treatment-related barriers ( 19 of the 36 barriers ) accounted for 53 % ( 1,102/2,090 ) of all missed exercise sessions . Demographic and medical variables did not predict the types of exercise barriers reported . Conclusions Barriers to supervised exercise in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy are varied but over half can be directly attributed to the disease and its treatments . Behavioral support programs need to focus on strategies to maintain exercise in the face of difficult treatment side effects OBJECTIVES This study compares the effects of an integrated yoga program with brief supportive therapy in breast cancer out patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy at a cancer centre . METHODS Eighty-eight stage II and III breast cancer out patients were r and omly assigned to receive yoga ( n = 44 ) or brief supportive therapy ( n = 44 ) prior to their radiotherapy treatment . Intervention consisted of yoga sessions lasting 60 min daily while the control group was imparted supportive therapy once in 10 days . Assessment s included European Organization for Research in the Treatment of Cancer- Quality of Life ( EORTCQoL C30 ) functional scales and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule ( PANAS ) . Assessment s were done at baseline and after 6 weeks of radiotherapy treatment . RESULTS An intention to treat GLM repeated measures ANOVA showed significant difference across groups over time for positive affect , negative affect and emotional function and social function . There was significant improvement in positive affect ( ES = 0.59 , p = 0.007 , 95%CI 1.25 to 7.8 ) , emotional function ( ES = 0.71 , p = 0.001 , 95%CI 6.45 to 25.33 ) and cognitive function ( ES = 0.48 , p = 0.03 , 95%CI 1.2 to 18.5 ) , and decrease in negative affect ( ES = 0.84 , p<0.001 , 95%CI -13.4 to -4.4 ) in the yoga group as compared to controls . There was a significant positive correlation between positive affect with role function , social function and global quality of life . There was a significant negative correlation between negative affect with physical function , role function , emotional function and social function . CONCLUSION The results suggest a possible role for yoga to improve quality of life and affect in breast cancer out patients BACKGROUND Despite recent advances in pharmacologic and device therapy , morbidity and mortality from heart failure ( HF ) remain high . Yoga combines physical and breathing exercises that may benefit patients with HF . We hypothesized that an 8-week regimen of yoga in addition to st and ard medical therapy would improve exercise capacity , inflammatory markers , and quality of life ( QoL ) in patients with HF . METHODS AND RESULTS New York Heart Association Class I-III HF patients were r and omized to yoga treatment ( YT ) or st and ard medical therapy ( MT ) .  Measurements included a grade d exercise test ( GXT ) to V O(2Peak ) and the following serum biomarkers : interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) , and extracellular superoxide dismutase ( EC-SOD ) . The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Question naire ( MLHFQ ) was administered to assess changes in QoL. A total of 19 patients were enrolled after the initial screening . Of the 19 patients , 9 were r and omized to YT and 10 to MT . Patients had a mean EF of 25 % .  GXT time and V O(2Peak ) were significantly improved in the YT versus MT groups ( + 18 % in the YT and -7.5 % in MT ; P = .03 vs. control and + 17 in YT and -7.1 in MT ; P = .02 , respectively ) . There were statistically significant reductions in serum levels of IL-6 and hsCRP and an increase in EC-SOD in the YT group ( all P < .005 vs. MT ) . MLHFQ scores improved by 25.7 % in the YT group and by 2.9 % in the MT group . CONCLUSIONS Yoga improved exercise tolerance and positively affected levels of inflammatory markers in patients with HF , and there was also a trend toward improvements in BACKGROUND Physical activity provides a number of physical and psychological benefits to cancer survivors , including lessening the impact of detrimental cancer-related symptoms and treatment side-effects ( e.g. fatigue , nausea ) , and improving overall well-being and quality of life . The purpose of the present pilot study was to examine the physical and psychological benefits afforded by a 7-week yoga program for cancer survivors . METHOD Eligible participants ( per-screened with PAR-Q/PAR-MED-X ) were r and omly assigned to either the  intervention ( n=20 ) or control group ( n=18 ) . All participants completed pre- and post-testing assessment s immediately before and after the yoga program , respectively . RESULTS The yoga program participants ( M age=51.18 ( 10.33 ) ; 92 % female ) included primarily breast cancer survivors , on average 55.95 ( 54.39 ) months post-diagnosis . Significant differences between the intervention and the control group at post-intervention were seen only in psychosocial ( i.e. global quality of life , emotional function , and diarrhea ) variables ( all p 's < 0.05 ) . There were also trends for group differences , in the hypothesized directions , for the psychosocial variables of emotional irritability , gastrointestinal symptoms , cognitive disorganization , mood disturbance , tension , depression , and confusion ( all p 's < 0.10 ) . Finally , there were also significant improvements in both the program participants and the controls from pre- to post-intervention on a number of physical fitness variables . CONCLUSIONS These initial findings suggest that yoga has significant potential and should be further explored as a beneficial physical activity option for cancer survivors . Future research might attempt to include a broader range of participants ( e.g. other types of cancer diagnoses , male subjects ) , a larger sample size , and a longer program duration in an RCT CONTEXT There are potential benefits of mind-body techniques on cognitive function because the techniques involve an active attentional or mindfulness component , but this has not been fully explored . OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of yoga on cognitive function , fatigue , mood , and quality of life in seniors . DESIGN R and omized , controlled trial comparing yoga , exercise , and wait-list control groups . PARTICIPANTS One hundred thirty-five generally healthy men and women aged 65 - 85 years . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omized to 6 months of Hatha yoga class , walking exercise class , or wait-list control . Subjects assigned to classes also were asked to practice at home . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome assessment s performed at baseline and after the 6-month period included a battery of cognitive measures focused on attention and alertness , the primary outcome measures being performance on the Stroop Test and a quantitative electroencephalogram ( EEG ) measure of alertness ; SF-36 health-related quality of life ; Profile of Mood States ; Multi-Dimensional Fatigue Inventory ; and physical measures related to the interventions . RESULTS One hundred thirty-five subjects were recruited and r and omized . Seventeen subjects did not finish the 6-month intervention . There were no effects from either of the active interventions on any of the cognitive and alertness outcome measures . The yoga intervention produced improvements in physical measures ( eg , timed 1-legged st and ing , forward flexibility ) as well as a number of quality -of-life measures related to sense of well-being and energy and fatigue compared to controls . CONCLUSIONS There were no relative improvements of cognitive function among healthy seniors in the yoga or exercise group compared to the wait-list control group . Those in the yoga group showed significant improvement in quality -of-life and physical measures compared to exercise and wait-list control groups Objectives . This study compares the effects of an integrated yoga program with brief supportive therapy in breast cancer out patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy at a cancer center . Methods . Eighty-eight stage II and III breast cancer out patients are r and omly assigned to receive yoga ( n = 44 ) or brief supportive therapy ( n = 44 ) prior to radiotherapy treatment . Assessment s include diurnal salivary cortisol levels 3 days before and after  radiotherapy  and self-ratings of anxiety , depression , and stress collected before and after 6 weeks of radiotherapy . Results . Analysis of covariance reveals significant decreases in anxiety ( P < .001 ) , depression ( P = .002 ) , perceived stress ( P < .001 ) , 6 a.m. salivary cortisol ( P = .009 ) , and pooled mean cortisol ( P = .03 ) in the yoga group compared with controls . There is a significant positive correlation between morning salivary cortisol level and anxiety and depression . Conclusion . Yoga might have a role in managing self-reported psychological distress and modulating circadian patterns of stress hormones in early breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy Approximately one-third of breast cancer survivors experiences persistent fatigue for months or years after successful treatment completion 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Research suggests that stress‐reduction programs tailored to the cancer setting help patients cope with the effects of treatment and improve their quality of life .  Yoga , an ancient Eastern science , incorporates stress‐reduction techniques that include regulated breathing , visual imagery , and meditation as well as various postures . The authors examined the effects of the  Tibetan yoga ( TY ) practice s of Tsa lung and Trul khor , which incorporate  controlled breathing and visualization , mindfulness techniques  , and low‐impact postures  in patients with lymphoma This study examined the effect of an integrated yoga programme on chemotherapy-related nausea and emesis in early operable breast cancer out patients . Sixty-two subjects were r and omly allocated to receive yoga ( n = 28 ) or supportive therapy intervention ( n = 34 ) during the course of their chemotherapy . Both groups had similar socio-demographic and medical characteristics . Intervention consisted of both supervised and home practice of yoga sessions lasting for 60 min daily , while the control group received supportive therapy and coping preparation during their hospital visits over a complete course of chemotherapy . The primary outcome measure was the Morrow Assessment of Nausea and Emesis ( MANE ) assessed after the fourth cycle of chemotherapy . Secondary outcomes included measures for anxiety , depression , quality of life , distressful symptoms and treatment-related toxicity assessed before and during the course of chemotherapy . Following yoga , there was a significant decrease in post-chemotherapy-induced nausea frequency ( P = 0.01 ) and nausea intensity ( P = 0.01 ) , and intensity of anticipatory nausea ( P = 0.01 ) and anticipatory vomiting ( P = 0.05 ) as compared with the control group . There was a significant positive correlation between MANE scores and anxiety , depression and distressful symptoms . In conclusion , the results suggest a possible use for stress reduction interventions such as yoga in complementing conventional antiemetics to manage chemotherapy-related nausea and emesis Background : The Colorectal Cancer and Home-Based Physical Exercise ( CAN-HOPE ) trial compared the effects of a 16-week home-based exercise program to usual care on quality of life in colorectal cancer survivors . Purpose : In this study , we report the weekly exercise barriers from the exercise group . Methods : Participants r and omized to the exercise group ( N = 69 ) were asked to report their exercise on a weekly basis by telephone . Those participants not achieving the minimum weekly exercise prescription ( 3 times per week of 30 min of moderate intensity exercise ) were asked for a primary exercise barrier . Results : We obtained 1,073 ( 97.2 % ) weeks of adherence data out of a possible 1,104 ( i.e. , 69 × 16 ) . Participants did not meet the minimum exercise prescription in 39.2 % ( 421/1,073 ) of the weeks . We obtained an exercise barrier in 83.8 % ( 353/421 ) of these cases . Overall , participants reported 37 different exercise barriers ; the three most common were lack of time/too busy , nonspecific treatment side effects , and fatigue . The top 7 to 10 barriers accounted for 70 % to 80 % of all missed exercise weeks . Conclusions : These findings may have utility for promoting exercise in this population both inside and outside of clinical trials Background Exercise adherence is a challenge for breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy but few studies have identified the key barriers . Purpose In this paper , we report the barriers to supervised exercise in breast cancer patients participating in a r and omized controlled trial . Methods Breast cancer patients initiating adjuvant chemotherapy ( N = 242 ) were r and omly assigned to usual care  ( n = 82 )  or supervised resistance  ( n = 82 ) or aerobic  ( n = 78 ) exercise . Participants r and omized to the two exercise groups ( n = 160 ) were asked to provide a reason for each missed exercise session . Results The two exercise groups attended 70.2 % ( 5,495/7,829 ) of their supervised exercise sessions and provided a reason for missing 89.5 % ( 2,090/2,334 ) of their unattended sessions . The 2,090 reasons represented 36 different barriers . Feeling sick ( 12 % ) , fatigue ( 11 % ) , loss of interest ( 9 % ) , vacation ( 7 % ) , and nausea/vomiting ( 5 % ) accounted for the most missed exercise sessions . Disease/treatment-related barriers ( 19 of the 36 barriers ) accounted for 53 % ( 1,102/2,090 ) of all missed exercise sessions . Demographic and medical variables did not predict the types of exercise barriers reported . Conclusions Barriers to supervised exercise in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy are varied but over half can be directly attributed to the disease and its treatments . Behavioral support programs need to focus on strategies to maintain exercise in the face of difficult treatment side effects OBJECTIVES This study compares the effects of an integrated yoga program with brief supportive therapy in breast cancer out patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy at a cancer centre . METHODS Eighty-eight stage II and III breast cancer out patients were r and omly assigned to receive yoga ( n = 44 ) or brief supportive therapy ( n = 44 ) prior to their radiotherapy treatment . Intervention consisted of yoga sessions lasting 60 min daily while the control group was imparted supportive therapy once in 10 days . Assessment s included European Organization for Research in the Treatment of Cancer- Quality of Life ( EORTCQoL C30 ) functional scales and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule ( PANAS ) . Assessment s were done at baseline and after 6 weeks of radiotherapy treatment . RESULTS An intention to treat GLM repeated measures ANOVA showed significant difference across groups over time for positive affect , negative affect and emotional function and social function . There was significant improvement in positive affect ( ES = 0.59 , p = 0.007 , 95%CI 1.25 to 7.8 ) , emotional function ( ES = 0.71 , p = 0.001 , 95%CI 6.45 to 25.33 ) and cognitive function ( ES = 0.48 , p = 0.03 , 95%CI 1.2 to 18.5 ) , and decrease in negative affect ( ES = 0.84 , p<0.001 , 95%CI -13.4 to -4.4 ) in the yoga group as compared to controls . There was a significant positive correlation between positive affect with role function , social function and global quality of life . There was a significant negative correlation between negative affect with physical function , role function , emotional function and social function . CONCLUSION The results suggest a possible role for yoga to improve quality of life and affect in breast cancer out patients BACKGROUND Despite recent advances in pharmacologic and device therapy , morbidity and mortality from heart failure ( HF ) remain high . Yoga combines physical and breathing exercises that may benefit patients with HF . We hypothesized that an 8-week regimen of yoga in addition to st and ard medical therapy would improve exercise capacity , inflammatory markers , and quality of life ( QoL ) in patients with HF . METHODS AND RESULTS New York Heart Association Class I-III HF patients were r and omized to yoga treatment ( YT ) or st and ard medical therapy ( MT ) .  Measurements included a grade d exercise test ( GXT ) to V O(2Peak ) and the following serum biomarkers : interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) , and extracellular superoxide dismutase ( EC-SOD ) . The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Question naire ( MLHFQ ) was administered to assess changes in QoL. A total of 19 patients were enrolled after the initial screening . Of the 19 patients , 9 were r and omized to YT and 10 to MT . Patients had a mean EF of 25 % .  GXT time and V O(2Peak ) were significantly improved in the YT versus MT groups ( + 18 % in the YT and -7.5 % in MT ; P = .03 vs. control and + 17 in YT and -7.1 in MT ; P = .02 , respectively ) . There were statistically significant reductions in serum levels of IL-6 and hsCRP and an increase in EC-SOD in the YT group ( all P < .005 vs. MT ) . MLHFQ scores improved by 25.7 % in the YT group and by 2.9 % in the MT group . CONCLUSIONS Yoga improved exercise tolerance and positively affected levels of inflammatory markers in patients with HF , and there was also a trend toward improvements in BACKGROUND Physical activity provides a number of physical and psychological benefits to cancer survivors , including lessening the impact of detrimental cancer-related symptoms and treatment side-effects ( e.g. fatigue , nausea ) , and improving overall well-being and quality of life . The purpose of the present pilot study was to examine the physical and psychological benefits afforded by a 7-week yoga program for cancer survivors . METHOD Eligible participants ( per-screened with PAR-Q/PAR-MED-X ) were r and omly assigned to either the  intervention ( n=20 ) or control group ( n=18 ) . All participants completed pre- and post-testing assessment s immediately before and after the yoga program , respectively . RESULTS The yoga program participants ( M age=51.18 ( 10.33 ) ; 92 % female ) included primarily breast cancer survivors , on average 55.95 ( 54.39 ) months post-diagnosis . Significant differences between the intervention and the control group at post-intervention were seen only in psychosocial ( i.e. global quality of life , emotional function , and diarrhea ) variables ( all p 's < 0.05 ) . There were also trends for group differences , in the hypothesized directions , for the psychosocial variables of emotional irritability , gastrointestinal symptoms , cognitive disorganization , mood disturbance , tension , depression , and confusion ( all p 's < 0.10 ) . Finally , there were also significant improvements in both the program participants and the controls from pre- to post-intervention on a number of physical fitness variables . CONCLUSIONS These initial findings suggest that yoga has significant potential and should be further explored as a beneficial physical activity option for cancer survivors . Future research might attempt to include a broader range of participants ( e.g. other types of cancer diagnoses , male subjects ) , a larger sample size , and a longer program duration in an RCT CONTEXT There are potential benefits of mind-body techniques on cognitive function because the techniques involve an active attentional or mindfulness component , but this has not been fully explored . OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of yoga on cognitive function , fatigue , mood , and quality of life in seniors . DESIGN R and omized , controlled trial comparing yoga , exercise , and wait-list control groups . PARTICIPANTS One hundred thirty-five generally healthy men and women aged 65 - 85 years . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omized to 6 months of Hatha yoga class , walking exercise class , or wait-list control . Subjects assigned to classes also were asked to practice at home . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome assessment s performed at baseline and after the 6-month period included a battery of cognitive measures focused on attention and alertness , the primary outcome measures being performance on the Stroop Test and a quantitative electroencephalogram ( EEG ) measure of alertness ; SF-36 health-related quality of life ; Profile of Mood States ; Multi-Dimensional Fatigue Inventory ; and physical measures related to the interventions . RESULTS One hundred thirty-five subjects were recruited and r and omized . Seventeen subjects did not finish the 6-month intervention . There were no effects from either of the active interventions on any of the cognitive and alertness outcome measures . The yoga intervention produced improvements in physical measures ( eg , timed 1-legged st and ing , forward flexibility ) as well as a number of quality -of-life measures related to sense of well-being and energy and fatigue compared to controls . CONCLUSIONS There were no relative improvements of cognitive function among healthy seniors in the yoga or exercise group compared to the wait-list control group . Those in the yoga group showed significant improvement in quality -of-life and physical measures compared to exercise and wait-list control groups Objectives . This study compares the effects of an integrated yoga program with brief supportive therapy in breast cancer out patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy at a cancer center . Methods . Eighty-eight stage II and III breast cancer out patients are r and omly assigned to receive yoga ( n = 44 ) or brief supportive therapy ( n = 44 ) prior to radiotherapy treatment . Assessment s include diurnal salivary cortisol levels 3 days before and after  radiotherapy  and self-ratings of anxiety , depression , and stress collected before and after 6 weeks of radiotherapy . Results . Analysis of covariance reveals significant decreases in anxiety ( P < .001 ) , depression ( P = .002 ) , perceived stress ( P < .001 ) , 6 a.m. salivary cortisol ( P = .009 ) , and pooled mean cortisol ( P = .03 ) in the yoga group compared with controls . There is a significant positive correlation between morning salivary cortisol level and anxiety and depression . Conclusion . Yoga might have a role in managing self-reported psychological distress and modulating circadian patterns of stress hormones in early breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy Approximately one-third of breast cancer survivors experiences persistent fatigue for months or years after successful treatment completion 
    Output:
    