human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether a polyethylene total body wrapping ( covering both the body and head ) is more effective than conventional treatment ( covering up to the shoulders ) in reducing perinatal thermal losses  in very preterm infants . STUDY DESIGN This was a multicenter , prospect i ve , r and omized , parallel 1:1 , unblinded , controlled trial of infants<29 weeks ' gestation age , comprising two study groups : experimental group ( total body group ; both the body and head covered with a polyethylene occlusive bag , with the face uncovered ) and control group ( only the body , up to the shoulders , covered with a polyethylene occlusive bag ) . The primary outcome was axillary temperature on neonatal intensive care unit admission immediately after wrap removal . RESULTS One hundred r and omly allocated infants ( 50 in the total body group and 50 controls ) completed the study .  Mean axillary temperature on neonatal intensive care unit admission was similar in the two groups ( 36.5±0.6 ° C total body vs 36.4±0.8 ° C controls ; P=.53 ) . The rate of moderate hypothermia ( temperature<36 ° C ) was 12 % in the total body group and 20 % in the control group ( P=.41 ) . Three subjects in each group ( 6.0 % ) had an axillary temperature>37.5 ° C on admission , and one subject in control group had an axillary temperature>38 ° C . CONCLUSION Total body wrapping is comparable with covering the body up to the shoulders in preventing postnatal thermal losses in very preterm infants OBJECTIVE : Preterm infants are prone to hypothermia immediately following birth . Among other factors , excessive evaporative heat loss and the relatively cool ambient temperature of the delivery room may be important contributors . Most infants < 29 weeks gestation had temperatures < 36.4 ° C on admission to our neonatal unit ( NICU ) . Therefore we conducted a r and omized , controlled trial to evaluate the effect of placing these infants in polyurethane bags in the delivery room to prevent heat loss and reduce the occurrence of hypothermia on admission to the NICU . METHODS : After parental consent was obtained , infants expected to be < 29 weeks gestation were r and omized to intervention or control groups just prior to their birth . Infants r and omized to the intervention group were placed in polyurethane bags up to their necks immediately after delivery before being dried . They were then resuscitated per NRP guidelines , covered with warm blankets , and transported to the NICU , where the bags were removed and rectal temperatures were recorded . Control infants were resuscitated , covered with warm blankets , and transported without being placed in polyurethane bags . Delivery room temperatures were recorded so this potentially confounding variable could be assessed . RESULTS : Intervention patients were less likely than control patients to have temperature < 36.4 ° C on admission , 44 vs 70 % ( p<0.01 ) and the intervention group had a higher mean admission temperature , 36.5 ° C vs 36.0 ° C ( p<0.003 ) . This effect remained significant ( p<0.0001 ) when delivery room temperature was controlled in analysis . Warmer delivery room temperatures ( ≥26 ° C ) were associated with higher admission temperatures in both intervention and control infants , but only the subgroup of intervention patients born in warmer delivery rooms had a mean admission temperature > 36.4 ° C . CONCLUSIONS : Placing infants < 29 weeks gestation in polyurethane bags in the delivery room reduced the occurrence of hypothermia and increased their NICU admission temperatures . Maintaining warmer delivery rooms helped but was insufficient in preventing hypothermia in most of these vulnerable patients without the adjunctive use of the polyurethane bags BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES : Hypothermia contributes to neonatal mortality and morbidity , especially in preterm and low birth weight infants in developing countries . Plastic bags covering the trunk and extremities of very low birth weight infants reduces hypothermia . This technique has not been studied in larger infants or in many re source -limited setting s. The objective was to determine if placing preterm and low birth weight infants inside a plastic bag at birth maintains normothermia . METHODS : Infants at 26 to 36 weeks ’ gestational age and /or with a birth weight of 1000 to 2500 g born at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka , Zambia , were r and omized by using a 1:1 allocation and parallel design to st and ard thermoregulation ( blanket or radiant warmer ) care or to st and ard thermoregulation care plus placement inside a plastic bag at birth . The primary outcome measure was axillary temperature in the World Health Organization – defined normal range ( 36.5–37.5 ° C ) at 1 hour after birth . RESULTS : A total of 104 infants were r and omized . At 1 hour after birth , infants r and omized to plastic bag ( n = 49 ) were more likely to have a temperature in the normal range as compared with infants in the st and ard thermoregulation care group ( n = 55 ; 59.2 % vs 32.7 % ; relative risk 1.81 ; 95 % confidence interval 1.16–2.81 ; P = .007 ) . The temperature at 1 hour after birth in the infants r and omized to plastic bag was 36.5 ± 0.5 ° C compared with 36.1 ± 0.6 ° C in st and ard care infants ( P < .001 ) . Hyperthermia ( > 38.0 ° C ) did not occur in any infant . CONCLUSIONS : Placement of preterm/low birth weight infants inside a plastic bag at birth compared with st and ard thermoregulation care reduced hypothermia without result ing in hyperthermia , and is a low-cost , low-technology tool for re source -limited setting BACKGROUND Occlusive plastic applied immediately after birth to reduce evaporative heat loss has been proven effective in preterm infants < 28 weeks ' gestation . However its effectiveness on preterm infants > 28 weeks ' gestation has not been shown . This study aim ed to determine the effect of occlusive wrap at birth on the temperature at neonatal intensive care unit ( NICU ) admission among infants of greater than or equal to 24 weeks ' and less than 34 weeks ' gestation . METHODS Study infants were r and omly assigned to " wrap " or " control " groups . Newborns in the wrap group were wrapped with polyethylene plastic sheets within the first min after birth . Infants r and omized to the control group were dried immediately after birth with warmed towels under a warmer , according to the guidelines of Neonatal Resuscitation . Infants ' axillary temperatures were measured on admission to the NICU , and after having been stabilized in incubators in the NICU . RESULTS A total of 110 infants were recruited into the study . The mean admission temperature was significantly higher in the wrap group ( 35.8 vs 34.8 ° C , P < 0.01 ) . Admission hypothermia ( axillary temperature < 36.5 ° C ) was present in 38 ( 78 % ) and 58 ( 98 % ) infants in the wrap and control groups , respectively . Among infants of < 28 weeks ' gestation , the post-stabilization temperature was significantly higher in the wrap group . CONCLUSIONS Wrapping premature infants with gestational age < 34 weeks in polyethylene plastics immediately after birth is associated with lower incidence of hypothermia OBJECTIVES : Term infants in re source -poor setting s frequently develop hypothermia during the first hours after birth . Plastic bags or wraps are a low-cost intervention for the prevention of hypothermia in preterm and low birth weight infants that may also be effective in term infants . Our objective was to test the hypothesis that placement of term neonates in plastic bags at birth reduces hypothermia at 1 hour after birth in a re source -poor hospital . METHODS : This parallel-group r and omized controlled trial was conducted at University Teaching Hospital , the tertiary referral center in Zambia . Inborn neonates with both a gestational age ≥37 weeks and a birth weight ≥2500 g were r and omized 1:1 to either a st and ard thermoregulation protocol or to a st and ard thermoregulation protocol with placement of the torso and lower extremities inside a plastic bag within 10 minutes after birth . The primary outcome was hypothermia ( < 36.5 ° C axillary temperature ) at 1 hour after birth . RESULTS : Neonates r and omized to plastic bag ( n = 135 ) or to st and ard thermoregulation care ( n = 136 ) had similar baseline characteristics ( birth weight , gestational age , gender , and baseline temperature ) . Neonates in the plastic bag group had a lower rate of hypothermia ( 60 % vs 73 % , risk ratio 0.76 , confidence interval 0.60–0.96 , P = .026 ) and a higher axillary temperature ( 36.4 ± 0.5 ° C vs 36.2 ± 0.7 ° C , P < .001 ) at 1 hour after birth compared with infants receiving st and ard care . CONCLUSIONS : Placement in a plastic bag at birth reduced the incidence of hypothermia at 1 hour after birth in term neonates born in a re source -poor setting , but most neonates remained hypothermic Objective To compare the effect of st and ard care vs. the use of vinyl bags ( Vi-Drape ® isolation bag ) on admission temperature in extremely premature infants ≤28 weeks gestational age at birth . Methods Twenty seven premature infants with similar baseline characteristics were assigned and placed in vinyl bags ( n=14 ) immediately following delivery without drying or received st and ard care ( controls , n=13 ) , including drying and placement under a radiant warmer .  Axillary temperature was recorded on admission to the neonatal unit . Results The average temperature in the vinyl bag group was significantly higher ( 35.9 ± 0.13 vs 34.9 ± 0.24 ° C , p = 0.002 ) . Although the cord blood pH was similar between the two groups ( 7.33 + 0.02 in the vinyl bag group and 7.33 ± 0.01 in the control group ) , the worst pH in the first 6 hours of life was significantly lower in the control group ( 7.32 ± 0.02 vs 7.22 ± 0.04 , p = 0.03 ) . There was a significant increase in maximal oxygen requirement during the first 24h in the control group ( 82.9 vs 43.3 % in the vinyl bag group , p = 0.0004 ) . Conclusion Vinyl bags  prevent heat loss and are a simple and effective intervention in preventing hypothermia in the delivery room and early acidosis in premature infants OBJECTIVES To determine if polyethylene occlusive skin wrapping of very preterm infants prevents heat loss after delivery better than conventional drying and to evaluate if any benefit is sustained after wrap removal . STUDY DESIGN This was a r and omized controlled trial of infants < 28 weeks ' gestation . The experimental group was wrapped from the neck down . Only the head was dried . Control infants were dried completely . Rectal temperatures were compared on admission to the neonatal intensive care unit immediately after wrap removal and 1 hour later . RESULTS Of 55 infants r and omly assigned ( 28 wrap , 27 control ) , 2 died in the delivery room and 53 completed the study . Wrapped infants had a higher mean rectal admission temperature , 36.5 degrees C ( SD , 0.8 degrees C ) , compared with 35.6 degrees C ( SD , 1.3 degrees C ) in control infants ( P = .002 ) . One hour later , mean rectal temperatures were similar in both groups ( 36.6 degrees C , SD , 0.7 degrees C vs 36.4 degrees C , SD , 0.9 degrees C , P = .4 ) . Size at birth was an important determinant of heat loss : Mean rectal admission temperature increased by 0.21 degrees C ( 95 % CI , 0.04 to 0.4 ) with each 100-g increase in birth weight . CONCLUSIONS Polyethylene occlusive skin wrapping prevents rather than delays heat loss at delivery in very preterm infants OBJECTIVE Significant evaporative heat loss in the very low birth weight infant can occur in the delivery room . We investigated the effect of polyethylene wrap applied immediately at birth ( without drying ) on rectal temperature measured at nursery admission . STUDY DESIGN Sixty-two consecutive infants delivered at < 32 weeks ' gestation were stratified by gestational age and r and omly allocated to resuscitation with polyethylene wrap . All infants were resuscitated under radiant warmers . Wraps were removed on nursery admission . Rectal temperature was taken by digital electronic thermometer . RESULTS Fifty-nine of 62 recruited infants completed the study .  Maternal temperature , delivery room temperature , transfer-incubator temperature , and time to admission were recorded . Use of occlusive wrapping result ed in a significantly higher admission rectal temperature in infants < 28 weeks ' gestation ( difference in means = 1.9 C , P < .001 ) . No significant difference was seen in admission rectal temperature in infants of 28 to 31 weeks ' gestation ( difference in means = 0.17 C , P = .47 ) . All 5 deaths were in the nonwrap group ( vs wrap , P = .04 ) ; their mean temperature was 35.1 C versus 36.5 C in survivors ( P = .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Occlusive wrapping of very low birth weight infants at 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether a polyethylene total body wrapping ( covering both the body and head ) is more effective than conventional treatment ( covering up to the shoulders ) in reducing perinatal thermal losses  in very preterm infants . STUDY DESIGN This was a multicenter , prospect i ve , r and omized , parallel 1:1 , unblinded , controlled trial of infants<29 weeks ' gestation age , comprising two study groups : experimental group ( total body group ; both the body and head covered with a polyethylene occlusive bag , with the face uncovered ) and control group ( only the body , up to the shoulders , covered with a polyethylene occlusive bag ) . The primary outcome was axillary temperature on neonatal intensive care unit admission immediately after wrap removal . RESULTS One hundred r and omly allocated infants ( 50 in the total body group and 50 controls ) completed the study .  Mean axillary temperature on neonatal intensive care unit admission was similar in the two groups ( 36.5±0.6 ° C total body vs 36.4±0.8 ° C controls ; P=.53 ) . The rate of moderate hypothermia ( temperature<36 ° C ) was 12 % in the total body group and 20 % in the control group ( P=.41 ) . Three subjects in each group ( 6.0 % ) had an axillary temperature>37.5 ° C on admission , and one subject in control group had an axillary temperature>38 ° C . CONCLUSION Total body wrapping is comparable with covering the body up to the shoulders in preventing postnatal thermal losses in very preterm infants OBJECTIVE : Preterm infants are prone to hypothermia immediately following birth . Among other factors , excessive evaporative heat loss and the relatively cool ambient temperature of the delivery room may be important contributors . Most infants < 29 weeks gestation had temperatures < 36.4 ° C on admission to our neonatal unit ( NICU ) . Therefore we conducted a r and omized , controlled trial to evaluate the effect of placing these infants in polyurethane bags in the delivery room to prevent heat loss and reduce the occurrence of hypothermia on admission to the NICU . METHODS : After parental consent was obtained , infants expected to be < 29 weeks gestation were r and omized to intervention or control groups just prior to their birth . Infants r and omized to the intervention group were placed in polyurethane bags up to their necks immediately after delivery before being dried . They were then resuscitated per NRP guidelines , covered with warm blankets , and transported to the NICU , where the bags were removed and rectal temperatures were recorded . Control infants were resuscitated , covered with warm blankets , and transported without being placed in polyurethane bags . Delivery room temperatures were recorded so this potentially confounding variable could be assessed . RESULTS : Intervention patients were less likely than control patients to have temperature < 36.4 ° C on admission , 44 vs 70 % ( p<0.01 ) and the intervention group had a higher mean admission temperature , 36.5 ° C vs 36.0 ° C ( p<0.003 ) . This effect remained significant ( p<0.0001 ) when delivery room temperature was controlled in analysis . Warmer delivery room temperatures ( ≥26 ° C ) were associated with higher admission temperatures in both intervention and control infants , but only the subgroup of intervention patients born in warmer delivery rooms had a mean admission temperature > 36.4 ° C . CONCLUSIONS : Placing infants < 29 weeks gestation in polyurethane bags in the delivery room reduced the occurrence of hypothermia and increased their NICU admission temperatures . Maintaining warmer delivery rooms helped but was insufficient in preventing hypothermia in most of these vulnerable patients without the adjunctive use of the polyurethane bags BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES : Hypothermia contributes to neonatal mortality and morbidity , especially in preterm and low birth weight infants in developing countries . Plastic bags covering the trunk and extremities of very low birth weight infants reduces hypothermia . This technique has not been studied in larger infants or in many re source -limited setting s. The objective was to determine if placing preterm and low birth weight infants inside a plastic bag at birth maintains normothermia . METHODS : Infants at 26 to 36 weeks ’ gestational age and /or with a birth weight of 1000 to 2500 g born at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka , Zambia , were r and omized by using a 1:1 allocation and parallel design to st and ard thermoregulation ( blanket or radiant warmer ) care or to st and ard thermoregulation care plus placement inside a plastic bag at birth . The primary outcome measure was axillary temperature in the World Health Organization – defined normal range ( 36.5–37.5 ° C ) at 1 hour after birth . RESULTS : A total of 104 infants were r and omized . At 1 hour after birth , infants r and omized to plastic bag ( n = 49 ) were more likely to have a temperature in the normal range as compared with infants in the st and ard thermoregulation care group ( n = 55 ; 59.2 % vs 32.7 % ; relative risk 1.81 ; 95 % confidence interval 1.16–2.81 ; P = .007 ) . The temperature at 1 hour after birth in the infants r and omized to plastic bag was 36.5 ± 0.5 ° C compared with 36.1 ± 0.6 ° C in st and ard care infants ( P < .001 ) . Hyperthermia ( > 38.0 ° C ) did not occur in any infant . CONCLUSIONS : Placement of preterm/low birth weight infants inside a plastic bag at birth compared with st and ard thermoregulation care reduced hypothermia without result ing in hyperthermia , and is a low-cost , low-technology tool for re source -limited setting BACKGROUND Occlusive plastic applied immediately after birth to reduce evaporative heat loss has been proven effective in preterm infants < 28 weeks ' gestation . However its effectiveness on preterm infants > 28 weeks ' gestation has not been shown . This study aim ed to determine the effect of occlusive wrap at birth on the temperature at neonatal intensive care unit ( NICU ) admission among infants of greater than or equal to 24 weeks ' and less than 34 weeks ' gestation . METHODS Study infants were r and omly assigned to " wrap " or " control " groups . Newborns in the wrap group were wrapped with polyethylene plastic sheets within the first min after birth . Infants r and omized to the control group were dried immediately after birth with warmed towels under a warmer , according to the guidelines of Neonatal Resuscitation . Infants ' axillary temperatures were measured on admission to the NICU , and after having been stabilized in incubators in the NICU . RESULTS A total of 110 infants were recruited into the study . The mean admission temperature was significantly higher in the wrap group ( 35.8 vs 34.8 ° C , P < 0.01 ) . Admission hypothermia ( axillary temperature < 36.5 ° C ) was present in 38 ( 78 % ) and 58 ( 98 % ) infants in the wrap and control groups , respectively . Among infants of < 28 weeks ' gestation , the post-stabilization temperature was significantly higher in the wrap group . CONCLUSIONS Wrapping premature infants with gestational age < 34 weeks in polyethylene plastics immediately after birth is associated with lower incidence of hypothermia OBJECTIVES : Term infants in re source -poor setting s frequently develop hypothermia during the first hours after birth . Plastic bags or wraps are a low-cost intervention for the prevention of hypothermia in preterm and low birth weight infants that may also be effective in term infants . Our objective was to test the hypothesis that placement of term neonates in plastic bags at birth reduces hypothermia at 1 hour after birth in a re source -poor hospital . METHODS : This parallel-group r and omized controlled trial was conducted at University Teaching Hospital , the tertiary referral center in Zambia . Inborn neonates with both a gestational age ≥37 weeks and a birth weight ≥2500 g were r and omized 1:1 to either a st and ard thermoregulation protocol or to a st and ard thermoregulation protocol with placement of the torso and lower extremities inside a plastic bag within 10 minutes after birth . The primary outcome was hypothermia ( < 36.5 ° C axillary temperature ) at 1 hour after birth . RESULTS : Neonates r and omized to plastic bag ( n = 135 ) or to st and ard thermoregulation care ( n = 136 ) had similar baseline characteristics ( birth weight , gestational age , gender , and baseline temperature ) . Neonates in the plastic bag group had a lower rate of hypothermia ( 60 % vs 73 % , risk ratio 0.76 , confidence interval 0.60–0.96 , P = .026 ) and a higher axillary temperature ( 36.4 ± 0.5 ° C vs 36.2 ± 0.7 ° C , P < .001 ) at 1 hour after birth compared with infants receiving st and ard care . CONCLUSIONS : Placement in a plastic bag at birth reduced the incidence of hypothermia at 1 hour after birth in term neonates born in a re source -poor setting , but most neonates remained hypothermic Objective To compare the effect of st and ard care vs. the use of vinyl bags ( Vi-Drape ® isolation bag ) on admission temperature in extremely premature infants ≤28 weeks gestational age at birth . Methods Twenty seven premature infants with similar baseline characteristics were assigned and placed in vinyl bags ( n=14 ) immediately following delivery without drying or received st and ard care ( controls , n=13 ) , including drying and placement under a radiant warmer .  Axillary temperature was recorded on admission to the neonatal unit . Results The average temperature in the vinyl bag group was significantly higher ( 35.9 ± 0.13 vs 34.9 ± 0.24 ° C , p = 0.002 ) . Although the cord blood pH was similar between the two groups ( 7.33 + 0.02 in the vinyl bag group and 7.33 ± 0.01 in the control group ) , the worst pH in the first 6 hours of life was significantly lower in the control group ( 7.32 ± 0.02 vs 7.22 ± 0.04 , p = 0.03 ) . There was a significant increase in maximal oxygen requirement during the first 24h in the control group ( 82.9 vs 43.3 % in the vinyl bag group , p = 0.0004 ) . Conclusion Vinyl bags  prevent heat loss and are a simple and effective intervention in preventing hypothermia in the delivery room and early acidosis in premature infants OBJECTIVES To determine if polyethylene occlusive skin wrapping of very preterm infants prevents heat loss after delivery better than conventional drying and to evaluate if any benefit is sustained after wrap removal . STUDY DESIGN This was a r and omized controlled trial of infants < 28 weeks ' gestation . The experimental group was wrapped from the neck down . Only the head was dried . Control infants were dried completely . Rectal temperatures were compared on admission to the neonatal intensive care unit immediately after wrap removal and 1 hour later . RESULTS Of 55 infants r and omly assigned ( 28 wrap , 27 control ) , 2 died in the delivery room and 53 completed the study . Wrapped infants had a higher mean rectal admission temperature , 36.5 degrees C ( SD , 0.8 degrees C ) , compared with 35.6 degrees C ( SD , 1.3 degrees C ) in control infants ( P = .002 ) . One hour later , mean rectal temperatures were similar in both groups ( 36.6 degrees C , SD , 0.7 degrees C vs 36.4 degrees C , SD , 0.9 degrees C , P = .4 ) . Size at birth was an important determinant of heat loss : Mean rectal admission temperature increased by 0.21 degrees C ( 95 % CI , 0.04 to 0.4 ) with each 100-g increase in birth weight . CONCLUSIONS Polyethylene occlusive skin wrapping prevents rather than delays heat loss at delivery in very preterm infants OBJECTIVE Significant evaporative heat loss in the very low birth weight infant can occur in the delivery room . We investigated the effect of polyethylene wrap applied immediately at birth ( without drying ) on rectal temperature measured at nursery admission . STUDY DESIGN Sixty-two consecutive infants delivered at < 32 weeks ' gestation were stratified by gestational age and r and omly allocated to resuscitation with polyethylene wrap . All infants were resuscitated under radiant warmers . Wraps were removed on nursery admission . Rectal temperature was taken by digital electronic thermometer . RESULTS Fifty-nine of 62 recruited infants completed the study .  Maternal temperature , delivery room temperature , transfer-incubator temperature , and time to admission were recorded . Use of occlusive wrapping result ed in a significantly higher admission rectal temperature in infants < 28 weeks ' gestation ( difference in means = 1.9 C , P < .001 ) . No significant difference was seen in admission rectal temperature in infants of 28 to 31 weeks ' gestation ( difference in means = 0.17 C , P = .47 ) . All 5 deaths were in the nonwrap group ( vs wrap , P = .04 ) ; their mean temperature was 35.1 C versus 36.5 C in survivors ( P = .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Occlusive wrapping of very low birth weight infants at 
    Output:
    