human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Recent research has made significant progress identifying measures of the perceived effectiveness ( PE ) of persuasive messages and providing evidence of a causal link from PE to actual effectiveness ( AE ) . This article provides additional evidence of the utility of PE through unique analysis and consideration of another dimension of PE important to underst and ing the PE – AE association . Current smokers ( N=1,139 ) watched four r and omly selected antismoking Public Service Announcements ( PSAs ) .  PE scores aggregated by message were used instead of individual PE scores to create a summed total , minimizing the likelihood that PE perceptions are consequences of an individual 's intention to quit , supporting instead the PE → AE order . Linear regression analyses provide evidence of PE 's positive and significant influence on smoking-cessation-related behavioral intentions OBJECTIVE To assess adults ' receptivity to the Massachusetts television anti-tobacco campaign .  Reactions were examined as a function of respondents ' demographics , baseline tobacco control attitudes , changes in smoking status during the campaign , and advertisements ' affective qualities . DESIGN A r and om digit dial telephone survey in 1993 at the start of the media campaign and re-interview in 1996 of respondents to the baseline survey . PARTICIPANTS Respondents were 1544 adults who completed the baseline and follow up interview . INTERVENTION By the time the follow up survey was completed , approximately $ 49 million had been spent on the media campaign . Approximately 66 spots had been aired . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Reported exposure to television advertisements ; perceived effectiveness of nine specific advertisements each . RESULTS 56 % of respondents reported seeing anti-tobacco advertisements at least once a week during the preceding three years . The average effectiveness rating for all advertisements recalled on a 0–10 scale was 7.29 , and did not differ by smoking status group . Advertisements eliciting strong negative emotions ( sadness and fear ) were rated most effective by quitters , non-smokers , and by smokers who at baseline were planning to quit soon . Humorous , entertaining advertisements were seen as ineffective by all groups . CONCLUSION The Massachusetts anti-tobacco campaign achieved high levels of penetration into the population and was well received by both smokers and non-smokers . The results suggest that advertisements depicting suffering as a result of tobacco use may be instrumental in promoting cessation or reinforcing the decision to quit . Further research is needed to lend additional support to the link between perceived effectiveness and smoking behaviour change In February 2014 , the Food and Drug Administration launched The Real Cost , a national youth tobacco prevention campaign . This article examines youth receptivity to potential campaign ads using data from 3 message pretesting studies featuring the same design and consistent instrumentation . A total of 3,258 adolescents ages 13–17 were r and omized to either an ad-viewing condition or a no-exposure control condition .  Perceived ad effectiveness , smoking-related beliefs , and attitudes were measured as outcome variables . The sample consisted of both experimental smokers ( 58 % ) and current nonsmokers at risk for cigarette initiation ( 42 % ) . A total of 14 ads were tested across the three studies . Participants who viewed the ads generally considered them to be effective ( with a mean perceived ad effectiveness score of 3.66 on a scale from 1 to 5 ) . Compared to those in the control condition , participants in the ad-viewing condition reported stronger beliefs about the health risks of smoking ( p < .001 ) , a greater likelihood that smoking would lead to loss of control in life ( p < .001 ) , and more negative attitudes toward smoking ( p < .001 ) . Responses to campaign ads were largely consistent between experimenters and at-risk nonsmokers . Implication s of the findings for the campaign are discussed ABSTRACT Background . Measures of perceived effectiveness ( PE ) of ads have been vali date d to predict changes in cognitive precursors of quit attempts , but a relationship between PE and actual quit attempts has not been shown in population -based studies . We analyzed smokers ’ PE ratings of ads from the national Tips From Former Smokers ( Tips ) campaign to ( 1 ) establish the validity of PE in predicting quit attempts in a large , nationally representative sample of smokers ; ( 2 ) identify behavioral and demographic correlates of PE among respondents ; and ( 3 ) examine whether PE is influenced by matching the race/ethnicity of ad participants with that of the ad viewer . Methods . We used survey data from two waves ( baseline and follow-up ) of a longitudinal online cohort of adult U.S. cigarette smokers . Respondents were shown one or more of  14 Tips campaign ads and were asked to assess each ad in terms of PE . We used multivariate models to estimate the association between baseline PE and prospect i ve quit attempts ; cross-sectional associations between PE and various respondent characteristics , including race/ethnicity , desire to quit , and health conditions ; and the association between race/ethnicity of respondents and Tips ad participants . Results . Higher PE at baseline was associated with increased odds of a quit attempt at follow-up . Higher PE scores were associated with non-Hispanic black race , Hispanic ethnicity , higher desire to quit , presence of a chronic health condition , and presence of a mental health condition . There was no relationship between PE scores and matched race/ethnicity of the respondent and Tips ad participants . Conclusions . This is the first study to demonstrate an association between PE scores for antismoking ads and prospect i ve quit attempts in a large , nationally representative sample of smokers . Our findings also provide strong evidence that racial/ethnic minority sub population s , including non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics , react more favorably to Tips campaign ads irrespective of race/ethnicity of the ad participant . This suggests that message characteristics ( e.g. , graphic visuals and emotional content ) may play a more important role in PE than race/ethnicity of ad participants The current study is an analysis of public service announcements ( PSAs ) from an effective safer sex campaign that utilized a sensation-seeking targeting ( SENTAR ) approach . Two r and om sample s of heterosexually active young adults ( sample one N = 1,463 , sample two N = 895 ) viewed different sets of safer sex PSAs on a laptop computer and answered questions about their perceived sensation value and perceived effectiveness . Multiple regression analyses examined the impact of ( a ) demographic , ( b ) individual difference , ( c ) sexual context , and ( d ) message variables including perceived message sensation value  ( PMSV ) on the perceived message effectiveness ( PME ) of the PSAs . Results indicated that females , African Americans , condom users , and those with less education viewed the PSAs as slightly more effective than males , Caucasians , non-condom users , and those with more education . PMSV and personal utility emerged as the strongest predictors of PME , even after controlling for all of the aforementioned variables . Implication s for further research on PMSV and perceived and actual effectiveness of PSAs are offered Introduction Tobacco manufacturers ’ aggressive promotion of new smokeless tobacco products such as snus warrants a timely and effective public health response . This study tested potential countermarketing messages to discourage current and former smokers from becoming dual users of smokeless tobacco and cigarettes . Methods In a pretest-post-test experiment , 1836 adult current and recently former smokers from a national sample were r and omised to view one of six antismokeless tobacco ads followed by a snus ad , to view a control ad followed by a snus ad ; or to view two control ads .  Perceived effectiveness of ads and actual changes in attitudes and openness to snus were compared across groups using analyses of variance . Results Some ads that were perceived as most effective did not change attitudes or openness to trying snus , and conversely , some ads not perceived as effective changed attitudes and openness to snus . Ads portraying the negative health effects of smokeless tobacco were perceived as most effective , but ads with antitobacco industry themes significantly decreased favourable attitudes toward snus . Responses to ads were different for smokers who had ever used smokeless tobacco : for this group health effects and humorous/testimonial ads were effective . Conclusions Measures of perceived effectiveness of antitobacco ads need to be augmented with measures of actual effectiveness to assess countermarketing messages . Some of the developed ads , such as ads with anti-industry themes , were effective for the overall population of smokers whereas humorous/testimonial and health effects ads were particularly effective in changing attitudes of past users of smokeless tobacco 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Recent research has made significant progress identifying measures of the perceived effectiveness ( PE ) of persuasive messages and providing evidence of a causal link from PE to actual effectiveness ( AE ) . This article provides additional evidence of the utility of PE through unique analysis and consideration of another dimension of PE important to underst and ing the PE – AE association . Current smokers ( N=1,139 ) watched four r and omly selected antismoking Public Service Announcements ( PSAs ) .  PE scores aggregated by message were used instead of individual PE scores to create a summed total , minimizing the likelihood that PE perceptions are consequences of an individual 's intention to quit , supporting instead the PE → AE order . Linear regression analyses provide evidence of PE 's positive and significant influence on smoking-cessation-related behavioral intentions OBJECTIVE To assess adults ' receptivity to the Massachusetts television anti-tobacco campaign .  Reactions were examined as a function of respondents ' demographics , baseline tobacco control attitudes , changes in smoking status during the campaign , and advertisements ' affective qualities . DESIGN A r and om digit dial telephone survey in 1993 at the start of the media campaign and re-interview in 1996 of respondents to the baseline survey . PARTICIPANTS Respondents were 1544 adults who completed the baseline and follow up interview . INTERVENTION By the time the follow up survey was completed , approximately $ 49 million had been spent on the media campaign . Approximately 66 spots had been aired . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Reported exposure to television advertisements ; perceived effectiveness of nine specific advertisements each . RESULTS 56 % of respondents reported seeing anti-tobacco advertisements at least once a week during the preceding three years . The average effectiveness rating for all advertisements recalled on a 0–10 scale was 7.29 , and did not differ by smoking status group . Advertisements eliciting strong negative emotions ( sadness and fear ) were rated most effective by quitters , non-smokers , and by smokers who at baseline were planning to quit soon . Humorous , entertaining advertisements were seen as ineffective by all groups . CONCLUSION The Massachusetts anti-tobacco campaign achieved high levels of penetration into the population and was well received by both smokers and non-smokers . The results suggest that advertisements depicting suffering as a result of tobacco use may be instrumental in promoting cessation or reinforcing the decision to quit . Further research is needed to lend additional support to the link between perceived effectiveness and smoking behaviour change In February 2014 , the Food and Drug Administration launched The Real Cost , a national youth tobacco prevention campaign . This article examines youth receptivity to potential campaign ads using data from 3 message pretesting studies featuring the same design and consistent instrumentation . A total of 3,258 adolescents ages 13–17 were r and omized to either an ad-viewing condition or a no-exposure control condition .  Perceived ad effectiveness , smoking-related beliefs , and attitudes were measured as outcome variables . The sample consisted of both experimental smokers ( 58 % ) and current nonsmokers at risk for cigarette initiation ( 42 % ) . A total of 14 ads were tested across the three studies . Participants who viewed the ads generally considered them to be effective ( with a mean perceived ad effectiveness score of 3.66 on a scale from 1 to 5 ) . Compared to those in the control condition , participants in the ad-viewing condition reported stronger beliefs about the health risks of smoking ( p < .001 ) , a greater likelihood that smoking would lead to loss of control in life ( p < .001 ) , and more negative attitudes toward smoking ( p < .001 ) . Responses to campaign ads were largely consistent between experimenters and at-risk nonsmokers . Implication s of the findings for the campaign are discussed ABSTRACT Background . Measures of perceived effectiveness ( PE ) of ads have been vali date d to predict changes in cognitive precursors of quit attempts , but a relationship between PE and actual quit attempts has not been shown in population -based studies . We analyzed smokers ’ PE ratings of ads from the national Tips From Former Smokers ( Tips ) campaign to ( 1 ) establish the validity of PE in predicting quit attempts in a large , nationally representative sample of smokers ; ( 2 ) identify behavioral and demographic correlates of PE among respondents ; and ( 3 ) examine whether PE is influenced by matching the race/ethnicity of ad participants with that of the ad viewer . Methods . We used survey data from two waves ( baseline and follow-up ) of a longitudinal online cohort of adult U.S. cigarette smokers . Respondents were shown one or more of  14 Tips campaign ads and were asked to assess each ad in terms of PE . We used multivariate models to estimate the association between baseline PE and prospect i ve quit attempts ; cross-sectional associations between PE and various respondent characteristics , including race/ethnicity , desire to quit , and health conditions ; and the association between race/ethnicity of respondents and Tips ad participants . Results . Higher PE at baseline was associated with increased odds of a quit attempt at follow-up . Higher PE scores were associated with non-Hispanic black race , Hispanic ethnicity , higher desire to quit , presence of a chronic health condition , and presence of a mental health condition . There was no relationship between PE scores and matched race/ethnicity of the respondent and Tips ad participants . Conclusions . This is the first study to demonstrate an association between PE scores for antismoking ads and prospect i ve quit attempts in a large , nationally representative sample of smokers . Our findings also provide strong evidence that racial/ethnic minority sub population s , including non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics , react more favorably to Tips campaign ads irrespective of race/ethnicity of the ad participant . This suggests that message characteristics ( e.g. , graphic visuals and emotional content ) may play a more important role in PE than race/ethnicity of ad participants The current study is an analysis of public service announcements ( PSAs ) from an effective safer sex campaign that utilized a sensation-seeking targeting ( SENTAR ) approach . Two r and om sample s of heterosexually active young adults ( sample one N = 1,463 , sample two N = 895 ) viewed different sets of safer sex PSAs on a laptop computer and answered questions about their perceived sensation value and perceived effectiveness . Multiple regression analyses examined the impact of ( a ) demographic , ( b ) individual difference , ( c ) sexual context , and ( d ) message variables including perceived message sensation value  ( PMSV ) on the perceived message effectiveness ( PME ) of the PSAs . Results indicated that females , African Americans , condom users , and those with less education viewed the PSAs as slightly more effective than males , Caucasians , non-condom users , and those with more education . PMSV and personal utility emerged as the strongest predictors of PME , even after controlling for all of the aforementioned variables . Implication s for further research on PMSV and perceived and actual effectiveness of PSAs are offered Introduction Tobacco manufacturers ’ aggressive promotion of new smokeless tobacco products such as snus warrants a timely and effective public health response . This study tested potential countermarketing messages to discourage current and former smokers from becoming dual users of smokeless tobacco and cigarettes . Methods In a pretest-post-test experiment , 1836 adult current and recently former smokers from a national sample were r and omised to view one of six antismokeless tobacco ads followed by a snus ad , to view a control ad followed by a snus ad ; or to view two control ads .  Perceived effectiveness of ads and actual changes in attitudes and openness to snus were compared across groups using analyses of variance . Results Some ads that were perceived as most effective did not change attitudes or openness to trying snus , and conversely , some ads not perceived as effective changed attitudes and openness to snus . Ads portraying the negative health effects of smokeless tobacco were perceived as most effective , but ads with antitobacco industry themes significantly decreased favourable attitudes toward snus . Responses to ads were different for smokers who had ever used smokeless tobacco : for this group health effects and humorous/testimonial ads were effective . Conclusions Measures of perceived effectiveness of antitobacco ads need to be augmented with measures of actual effectiveness to assess countermarketing messages . Some of the developed ads , such as ads with anti-industry themes , were effective for the overall population of smokers whereas humorous/testimonial and health effects ads were particularly effective in changing attitudes of past users of smokeless tobacco 
    Output:
    