human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND To explore the feasibility and toxicity of preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery in the treatment of stage III NSCLC and to evaluate its effects on tumor response , resection rate , tumor downstaging , and survival rate . METHODS From Jan. 1990 to Jan. 2001 , 624 patients were r and omly devided into group A ( preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy group ) and group B ( control group , without neoadjuvant chemotherapy ) . Group A had 314 patients and group B had 310 cases . The patients in group A were give 2 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy , and operations were performed in 4 weeks after finishing the last chemotherapy . Twenty-one patients were given bronchial artery intervensional chemotherapy . The other 293 cases were given intravenous chemotherapy . The regimens included MVP in 68 cases , CAP in 36 cases , EP in 67 cases , VIP in 20 cases , Gem+ DDP in 30 cases , NVB+ DDP in 32 cases , Taxol+ NVB in 30 cases , and Taxol+ DDP in 10 cases . The patients in group B were firstly operated . Thoracic radiation therapy of 50 - 55 Gy was g iven in the patients with N1 and N2 disease both in group A and group B. RESULTS The tumor response to induction chemotherapy was 73 . 57 % ( 231/ 314 ) in group A. The tumor downstaging was 43 . 63 % ( 137/ 314 ) . The histological complete response was 15 . 92 % ( 50/ 314 ) . The resection rate was 97 . 69 % in group A , and 91 . 94 % in group B. No significant differences of blood loss , operative complications and mortality were observed between the group A and group B. The 1- , 3- , 5- and 10-year survival rates were 89 . 35 % , 67 . 46 % , 34 . 39 % and 29 . 34 % in group A , and 87 . 53 % , 51 . 54 % , 24 . 19 % and 21 . 64 % in group B respectively . The long-term survival rate in group A was remarkably higher than that in group B ( P < 0 . 01 ) . CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy is safe and effective . It is helpful to decrease the tumor staging , to increase the resection rate of the tumor , and to improve the long-term survival rate and life qualities of patients with stage III NSCLC Our previously reported r and omized study of patients with untreated , potentially resectable clinical stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer found that patients treated with perioperative chemotherapy and surgery had a significant increase in median survival compared to patients treated with surgery alone . We have now re-analyzed the results of the study with a median time from r and om allocation to analysis for all patients of 82 months . The increase in survival conferred by perioperative chemotherapy was maintained during the period of extended observation OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced non small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) followed by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone . MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty nine patients were r and omized to chemotherapy ( group A ) or radiotherapy alone ( group B ) . The induction chemotherapy consists of cisplatin ( 80 mg/m2 ) day 1 and Gemcitabine ( 1250 mg/m2 ) , infusion day 1 and 8 . Cycles were repeated every 3 weeks . Radiotherapy was given 4 - 6 weeks after chemotherapy to a dose of 60 Gy/30 fractions/6 weeks . RESULTS A total of 66 patients were evaluable for response ; 34 in group A and 32 in group B. The overall response rate was 41.2 % for group A and 21.8 % for group B ( P < 0.5 ) but with no complete response observed in either group . At a median follow up of 15 months , the overall survival was 65 % and median survival was 12 months for group A. However in group B the overall survival at 15 months was 30 % and the median survival was 9 nt ( P < 0.001 ) . Treatment toxicity in group A was mainly haemotological in 79 % of patients none of them was grade II or IV . Grade Nausea and vomiting was reported in 73.5 % of patients , grade I esophagitis in 5.8 % of patients , grade I , radiation pneumonitis in 26.4 % of patients . Alopecia was observed in 29.4 % of patients , nephrotoxicity in 17.4 % . Treatment toxicity in group B were generally less than in group A but not statistically significant except fr grade III vomiting ( 15.6 % ) and alopecia ( 0 % ) . CONCLUSION Combination chemotherapy of cisplatin and gemcitabine is a tolerable and active induction chemotherapy regimen for patients with locally advanced NSCLC . Sequential radiotherapy given after induction chemotherapy is tolerable and offers a hope of improved locoregional control and survival compared with radiotherapy alone OBJECTIVE A number of studies had evaluated the benefit of neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined surgery on stage IIIa-IIIb NSCLC , survival benefit was found in several papers . We attempt to evaluate the survival and prognosis of cisplatinum-based schedule as peri-operative CT for resectable stage I-IIIa NSCLC . METHODS A prospect i ve , r and omized , multicenter study was conducted by Shanghai Lung Cancer Team ( supported by Shanghai Branch of Discipline Foundation ) since 1995 - 1997 for 211 cases of stage I-IIIa NSCLC with curative resection ( 99 stage I , 47 stage II , 65 stage III ) , age of < or= 75 , KPS > or= 80 , staged by 1997 AJC TNM Criteria . They were r and omized to be 103 cases with 1 - 2 cycles of pre-operative CT and 108 cases with no pre-operative CT , 2 - 4 cycles of post-operative CT  were used for stage II and stage IIIa NSCLC , it was totally 4 cycles of MVP or MOP CT schedule each case . Follow-up team had been trained , the follow-up rate should be > or= 95 % , last follow-up date was March of 2002 . Lobectomy was performed for most patients . Accumulated survival , log rank , MST , Cox uni-variance and multi-variance analyses were used as statistics for evaluation . RESULTS The two arms were well balanced for baseline demographic and clinical characteristics ( P > 0.05 for all ) . Stage I NSCLC had the best year-survival in whole patients . No statistical survival difference was found between the group with pre-op CT and with no pre-op CT , P = 0.074 , 0.087 and 0.097 , respectively , 5-year survival rates were of 31.98%:36.68 % . In various stage , a statistical survival difference was only shown in stage IINSCLC , P = 0.042 , 5-year survival rates and MST were worse in the group with pre-operation CT , 20%:65.2 % and 24 months:48 months , respectively , but no difference was seen in stage I and stage IIIa NSCLC . Stage and post-operation CT were the only two meaningful parameters with statistical survival difference calculated by multi-variance analyses , P = 0.000 all , but no difference was found in others 4 parameters ( age , sex , type and pre-operation CT ) . The response rate of pre-operation CT was of 50 % . Though there was no statistical difference , the responders were with slightly better year-survival rates than MR + NR patients , 38.9 % and 33.3 % , respectively . In the cases with pathological " T " down stage and " T " unchanged after pre-operation CT had a better yr-survival rates than " T " up-stage , P = 0.03 , 5-year survival rates were of 41.67 % , 40.51 % and 11.76 % , respectively , thus , effective chemotherapy might be beneficial to survival . Besides , in the cases with > or= 3 cycles of post-operation CT have better survival rates than less cycles . CONCLUSION A prospect i ve , r and omized , multicenter peri-operation CT study for stage I-IIIa NSCLC conducted in Shanghai , China . , it showed there had no benefit in survival between with pre-operation CT arm and with no pre-operation CT arm . In stage II NSCLC , pre-operation CT cases had a worse year-survival than with no pre-operation CT , P = 0.042 , but no difference was seen in stage I and stage IIIa NSCLC . The responder of CT and " T " down stage , " T " unchanged had better survival rates than those of not response and " T " up-stage . From multivariate analyses , stage and post-operation CT were the two meaningful parameters to year-survival , > or= 3 - 4 cycles of post-operation CT had a better statistical higher year-survival than less cycles . Nutrition , supportive treatment , immunity status and prevention of toxicity might be the next study worthy to conduct , for CT combined with OP Even with aggressive surgical treatment , relapse rates remain high for patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . In an effort to improve survival in these patients , numerous clinical trials have evaluated neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy . Three large , r and omized clinical trials and two meta-analyses have demonstrated a survival benefit for adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy compared to surgery alone . Adjuvant chemotherapy has become the st and ard of care for patients with resected NSCLC . A neoadjuvant approach offers several potential advantages over adjuvant therapy , including earlier treatment of micrometastatic disease , improved compliance and pathologic confirmation of efficacy . R and omized trials have shown neoadjuvant therapy to be feasible and safe and some studies have yielded promising efficacy . The applicability of these results has been limited due to patient heterogeneity , imprecise staging and lack of st and ardization with respect to inclusion of radiation therapy . With novel agents , improved staging , better supportive care and relevant molecular markers , a neoadjuvant strategy is promising for future clinical trials in NSCLC In 1985 , the authors began a phase II study to assess the PCV perioperative polychemotherapy ( cisplatin 100 mg/m2 , cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 , vindesine 3 mg/m2 ) in patients with resectable bronchogenic non‐small cell carcinoma . Patients were r and omized to receive either two preoperative courses of PCV chemotherapy , surgery , and two postoperative courses of PCV chemotherapy ( PCV group ) or immediate surgery ( surgery group ) . A staging procedure using the CT scan was performed before r and omization and , additionally , before surgery in the PCV group . There were 26 r and omized patients , 13 in each group . In the PCV group , 11 patients agreed to receive the two preoperative courses of chemotherapy .  A response was observed in five patients ( 45 % ) , and a progression was observed in four patients ( 36 % ) leading to a cancellation of surgery in two of them . Postoperative care was the same for each group . Although no death could be related to chemotherapy , it was decided to stop entering new patients into this trial because of the rate of preoperative progression in the PCV group OBJECTIVE We performed a prospect i ve r and omized trial in patients with potentially resectable stage IIIA N2 non-small cell lung cancer to confirm the efficacy of induction chemotherapy before surgical resection . METHODS Patients with stage IIIA N2 non-small cell lung cancer , all with histologically or cytologically confirmed metastases to the ipsilateral mediastinal lymph nodes , were r and omly assigned to receive either three cycles of induction chemotherapy ( cisplatin at 80 mg/m(2 ) on 1 day and vindesine at 3 mg/m(2 ) on 2 days ) followed by surgery or surgery alone . RESULTS This trial was prematurely terminated because the accrual rate was too slow , which lowered the study 's statistical power considerably . From June 1993 through April 1998 , a total of 62 patients were enrolled , and 31 patients were assigned to each treatment group . The objective clinical response rate of induction chemotherapy was 28 % . Complete resection was achieved in 20 patients in the induction chemotherapy group ( 65 % ) and 24 in the surgery alone group ( 77 % ) . Median follow-up was 6.2 years . Median overall survivals were 17 months for the induction group and 16 months for the surgery alone group . The estimated 1- , 3- , and 5-year survivals , respectively , were 68 % ( 95 % confidence interval 51%-85 % ) , 23 % ( 95 % confidence interval 8%-38 % ) , and 10 % ( 95 % confidence interval 0%-20 % ) for the induction chemotherapy group and 65 % ( 95 % confidence interval 48%-82 % ) , 26 % ( 95 % confidence interval 11%-41 % ) , and 22 % ( 95 % confidence interval 7%-37 % ) for the surgery alone group . There was no statistically significant difference in survival between the 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND To explore the feasibility and toxicity of preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery in the treatment of stage III NSCLC and to evaluate its effects on tumor response , resection rate , tumor downstaging , and survival rate . METHODS From Jan. 1990 to Jan. 2001 , 624 patients were r and omly devided into group A ( preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy group ) and group B ( control group , without neoadjuvant chemotherapy ) . Group A had 314 patients and group B had 310 cases . The patients in group A were give 2 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy , and operations were performed in 4 weeks after finishing the last chemotherapy . Twenty-one patients were given bronchial artery intervensional chemotherapy . The other 293 cases were given intravenous chemotherapy . The regimens included MVP in 68 cases , CAP in 36 cases , EP in 67 cases , VIP in 20 cases , Gem+ DDP in 30 cases , NVB+ DDP in 32 cases , Taxol+ NVB in 30 cases , and Taxol+ DDP in 10 cases . The patients in group B were firstly operated . Thoracic radiation therapy of 50 - 55 Gy was g iven in the patients with N1 and N2 disease both in group A and group B. RESULTS The tumor response to induction chemotherapy was 73 . 57 % ( 231/ 314 ) in group A. The tumor downstaging was 43 . 63 % ( 137/ 314 ) . The histological complete response was 15 . 92 % ( 50/ 314 ) . The resection rate was 97 . 69 % in group A , and 91 . 94 % in group B. No significant differences of blood loss , operative complications and mortality were observed between the group A and group B. The 1- , 3- , 5- and 10-year survival rates were 89 . 35 % , 67 . 46 % , 34 . 39 % and 29 . 34 % in group A , and 87 . 53 % , 51 . 54 % , 24 . 19 % and 21 . 64 % in group B respectively . The long-term survival rate in group A was remarkably higher than that in group B ( P < 0 . 01 ) . CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy is safe and effective . It is helpful to decrease the tumor staging , to increase the resection rate of the tumor , and to improve the long-term survival rate and life qualities of patients with stage III NSCLC Our previously reported r and omized study of patients with untreated , potentially resectable clinical stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer found that patients treated with perioperative chemotherapy and surgery had a significant increase in median survival compared to patients treated with surgery alone . We have now re-analyzed the results of the study with a median time from r and om allocation to analysis for all patients of 82 months . The increase in survival conferred by perioperative chemotherapy was maintained during the period of extended observation OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced non small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) followed by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone . MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty nine patients were r and omized to chemotherapy ( group A ) or radiotherapy alone ( group B ) . The induction chemotherapy consists of cisplatin ( 80 mg/m2 ) day 1 and Gemcitabine ( 1250 mg/m2 ) , infusion day 1 and 8 . Cycles were repeated every 3 weeks . Radiotherapy was given 4 - 6 weeks after chemotherapy to a dose of 60 Gy/30 fractions/6 weeks . RESULTS A total of 66 patients were evaluable for response ; 34 in group A and 32 in group B. The overall response rate was 41.2 % for group A and 21.8 % for group B ( P < 0.5 ) but with no complete response observed in either group . At a median follow up of 15 months , the overall survival was 65 % and median survival was 12 months for group A. However in group B the overall survival at 15 months was 30 % and the median survival was 9 nt ( P < 0.001 ) . Treatment toxicity in group A was mainly haemotological in 79 % of patients none of them was grade II or IV . Grade Nausea and vomiting was reported in 73.5 % of patients , grade I esophagitis in 5.8 % of patients , grade I , radiation pneumonitis in 26.4 % of patients . Alopecia was observed in 29.4 % of patients , nephrotoxicity in 17.4 % . Treatment toxicity in group B were generally less than in group A but not statistically significant except fr grade III vomiting ( 15.6 % ) and alopecia ( 0 % ) . CONCLUSION Combination chemotherapy of cisplatin and gemcitabine is a tolerable and active induction chemotherapy regimen for patients with locally advanced NSCLC . Sequential radiotherapy given after induction chemotherapy is tolerable and offers a hope of improved locoregional control and survival compared with radiotherapy alone OBJECTIVE A number of studies had evaluated the benefit of neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined surgery on stage IIIa-IIIb NSCLC , survival benefit was found in several papers . We attempt to evaluate the survival and prognosis of cisplatinum-based schedule as peri-operative CT for resectable stage I-IIIa NSCLC . METHODS A prospect i ve , r and omized , multicenter study was conducted by Shanghai Lung Cancer Team ( supported by Shanghai Branch of Discipline Foundation ) since 1995 - 1997 for 211 cases of stage I-IIIa NSCLC with curative resection ( 99 stage I , 47 stage II , 65 stage III ) , age of < or= 75 , KPS > or= 80 , staged by 1997 AJC TNM Criteria . They were r and omized to be 103 cases with 1 - 2 cycles of pre-operative CT and 108 cases with no pre-operative CT , 2 - 4 cycles of post-operative CT  were used for stage II and stage IIIa NSCLC , it was totally 4 cycles of MVP or MOP CT schedule each case . Follow-up team had been trained , the follow-up rate should be > or= 95 % , last follow-up date was March of 2002 . Lobectomy was performed for most patients . Accumulated survival , log rank , MST , Cox uni-variance and multi-variance analyses were used as statistics for evaluation . RESULTS The two arms were well balanced for baseline demographic and clinical characteristics ( P > 0.05 for all ) . Stage I NSCLC had the best year-survival in whole patients . No statistical survival difference was found between the group with pre-op CT and with no pre-op CT , P = 0.074 , 0.087 and 0.097 , respectively , 5-year survival rates were of 31.98%:36.68 % . In various stage , a statistical survival difference was only shown in stage IINSCLC , P = 0.042 , 5-year survival rates and MST were worse in the group with pre-operation CT , 20%:65.2 % and 24 months:48 months , respectively , but no difference was seen in stage I and stage IIIa NSCLC . Stage and post-operation CT were the only two meaningful parameters with statistical survival difference calculated by multi-variance analyses , P = 0.000 all , but no difference was found in others 4 parameters ( age , sex , type and pre-operation CT ) . The response rate of pre-operation CT was of 50 % . Though there was no statistical difference , the responders were with slightly better year-survival rates than MR + NR patients , 38.9 % and 33.3 % , respectively . In the cases with pathological " T " down stage and " T " unchanged after pre-operation CT had a better yr-survival rates than " T " up-stage , P = 0.03 , 5-year survival rates were of 41.67 % , 40.51 % and 11.76 % , respectively , thus , effective chemotherapy might be beneficial to survival . Besides , in the cases with > or= 3 cycles of post-operation CT have better survival rates than less cycles . CONCLUSION A prospect i ve , r and omized , multicenter peri-operation CT study for stage I-IIIa NSCLC conducted in Shanghai , China . , it showed there had no benefit in survival between with pre-operation CT arm and with no pre-operation CT arm . In stage II NSCLC , pre-operation CT cases had a worse year-survival than with no pre-operation CT , P = 0.042 , but no difference was seen in stage I and stage IIIa NSCLC . The responder of CT and " T " down stage , " T " unchanged had better survival rates than those of not response and " T " up-stage . From multivariate analyses , stage and post-operation CT were the two meaningful parameters to year-survival , > or= 3 - 4 cycles of post-operation CT had a better statistical higher year-survival than less cycles . Nutrition , supportive treatment , immunity status and prevention of toxicity might be the next study worthy to conduct , for CT combined with OP Even with aggressive surgical treatment , relapse rates remain high for patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) . In an effort to improve survival in these patients , numerous clinical trials have evaluated neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy . Three large , r and omized clinical trials and two meta-analyses have demonstrated a survival benefit for adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy compared to surgery alone . Adjuvant chemotherapy has become the st and ard of care for patients with resected NSCLC . A neoadjuvant approach offers several potential advantages over adjuvant therapy , including earlier treatment of micrometastatic disease , improved compliance and pathologic confirmation of efficacy . R and omized trials have shown neoadjuvant therapy to be feasible and safe and some studies have yielded promising efficacy . The applicability of these results has been limited due to patient heterogeneity , imprecise staging and lack of st and ardization with respect to inclusion of radiation therapy . With novel agents , improved staging , better supportive care and relevant molecular markers , a neoadjuvant strategy is promising for future clinical trials in NSCLC In 1985 , the authors began a phase II study to assess the PCV perioperative polychemotherapy ( cisplatin 100 mg/m2 , cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 , vindesine 3 mg/m2 ) in patients with resectable bronchogenic non‐small cell carcinoma . Patients were r and omized to receive either two preoperative courses of PCV chemotherapy , surgery , and two postoperative courses of PCV chemotherapy ( PCV group ) or immediate surgery ( surgery group ) . A staging procedure using the CT scan was performed before r and omization and , additionally , before surgery in the PCV group . There were 26 r and omized patients , 13 in each group . In the PCV group , 11 patients agreed to receive the two preoperative courses of chemotherapy .  A response was observed in five patients ( 45 % ) , and a progression was observed in four patients ( 36 % ) leading to a cancellation of surgery in two of them . Postoperative care was the same for each group . Although no death could be related to chemotherapy , it was decided to stop entering new patients into this trial because of the rate of preoperative progression in the PCV group OBJECTIVE We performed a prospect i ve r and omized trial in patients with potentially resectable stage IIIA N2 non-small cell lung cancer to confirm the efficacy of induction chemotherapy before surgical resection . METHODS Patients with stage IIIA N2 non-small cell lung cancer , all with histologically or cytologically confirmed metastases to the ipsilateral mediastinal lymph nodes , were r and omly assigned to receive either three cycles of induction chemotherapy ( cisplatin at 80 mg/m(2 ) on 1 day and vindesine at 3 mg/m(2 ) on 2 days ) followed by surgery or surgery alone . RESULTS This trial was prematurely terminated because the accrual rate was too slow , which lowered the study 's statistical power considerably . From June 1993 through April 1998 , a total of 62 patients were enrolled , and 31 patients were assigned to each treatment group . The objective clinical response rate of induction chemotherapy was 28 % . Complete resection was achieved in 20 patients in the induction chemotherapy group ( 65 % ) and 24 in the surgery alone group ( 77 % ) . Median follow-up was 6.2 years . Median overall survivals were 17 months for the induction group and 16 months for the surgery alone group . The estimated 1- , 3- , and 5-year survivals , respectively , were 68 % ( 95 % confidence interval 51%-85 % ) , 23 % ( 95 % confidence interval 8%-38 % ) , and 10 % ( 95 % confidence interval 0%-20 % ) for the induction chemotherapy group and 65 % ( 95 % confidence interval 48%-82 % ) , 26 % ( 95 % confidence interval 11%-41 % ) , and 22 % ( 95 % confidence interval 7%-37 % ) for the surgery alone group . There was no statistically significant difference in survival between the 
    Output:
    