human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of injection of plasma rich in growth factors ( PRGF ) after temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) arthroscopy in patients with Wilkes stage IV internal derangement . Ninety-two patients were r and omized to two experimental groups : group A ( 42 joints ) received injections of PRGF , group B ( 50 joints ) received saline injections .  Pain intensity on a visual analogue scale ( VAS ) and maximum mouth opening ( MMO , mm ) were measured before and after surgery and compared by analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) . The mean age of patients was 35.8 years ( range 17 - 67 years ) ; 86 were female . Significant reductions in pain were noted in both groups after surgery : VAS 7.9 preoperative and 1.4 at 24 months postoperative . Significantly better clinical results were achieved in group A than in group B only at 6 and 12 months postoperative ; no significant difference was noted at 18 or 24 months after the surgical intervention . MMO increased after surgery in both groups : 26.2 mm preoperative and 36.8 mm at 24 months postoperative . No significant differences in MMO were found when the two groups of patients were compared . In conclusion , the injection of PRGF does not add any significant improvement to clinical outcomes at 2 years after surgery in patients with advanced internal derangement of the TMJ A r and omized clinical trial was implemented in adult patients with temporom and ibular joint osteoarthritis ( TMJ OA ) . The sample comprised 49 osteoarthritic joints in 31 consecutive patients . Patients were divided r and omly into two groups according to the treatment technique applied : the platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) group patients underwent initial arthrocentesis plus PRP injection and then four consecutive PRP injections ; the hyaluronic acid ( HA ) group patients underwent one session of arthrocentesis plus HA injection . The predictor variable was the treatment technique . The outcome variables included visual analogue scale ( VAS ) evaluations and maximum inter-incisal opening ( MIO ) measurements . Outcome variables were recorded preoperatively and at 12 months postoperative . Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed and significance was set at P<0.05 . The PRP group included 32 joints in 18 subjects , and the HA group included 17 joints in 13 subjects . No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups for any of the changes in VAS parameters or MIO measurements . Both treatment techniques result ed in significant clinical improvements in all VAS parameters and painless MIO . These findings suggest that arthrocentesis plus PRP injections is not superior to arthrocentesis plus a single HA injection ; thus PRP injection should not be considered as the first line treatment . Arthrocentesis plus HA injection would appear to be more acceptable for patients PURPOSE The main objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the injection of plasma rich in platelet-derived growth factors ( PRGF ) versus hyaluronic acid ( HA ) following arthroscopic surgery in patients diagnosed with internal derangement of the temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) with osteoarthritis ( OA ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 100 patients were r and omised into two study groups . Group A ( n = 50 ) received an injection of PRGF , and Group B ( n = 50 ) received an injection of HA . The mean age was 35.5 years ( range 18 - 77 years ) , and 88 % of the patients were women . The pain intensity ( visual analogue scale ) and the extent of maximum mouth opening before and after the procedure were statistically analysed . RESULTS Better results were observed in the group treated with PRGF , with a significant reduction in pain at 18 months , compared with HA treatment . Regarding mouth opening , an increase was observed in both groups , with no significant difference . CONCLUSIONS The injection of PRGF following arthroscopy is more effective than the injection of HA with respect to pain in patients with advanced internal derangement of the TMJ PURPOSE Emerging evidence has suggested that platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) might be of assistance in the treatment of degenerative conditions of the joints . The aim of the present study was to compare the use of PRP and hyaluronic acid ( HA ) in the treatment of temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) osteoarthritis ( OA ) with long-term follow-up data . PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients meeting the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMJ-OA were r and omly assigned to 1 of 2 study groups that received either PRP or HA . The outcome variables were maximum nonassisted ( voluntary ) mouth opening ( MVMO ) , joint sounds , and pain index scores . Other variables , including patient age and gender , were evaluated in relation to the outcomes . Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed , and the P value was set at .05 . RESULTS A total of 50 patients with TMJ-OA were enrolled in the study ( 29 women and 21 men , age range 31 to 49 years , mean age 38.6 ) . In group I , 25 patients received 3 injections of 1 mL of PRP . In group II , 25 patients received 3 injections of 1 mL of low-molecular-weight HA . Between-group comparisons of the outcome variables over time revealed significant improvements in group II at 1 and 3 months . At 6 and 12 months , the PRP group exhibited better performance compared with the HA group in terms of the recurrence of pain and joint sounds . The improvements obtained with the PRP injections in group I were maintained during the follow-up period . At the end of the follow-up period , the median MVMO in group I was 41.0 mm . In group II , the median MVMO was 39.0 mm . CONCLUSION PRP performed better than HA acid in the treatment of TMJ-OA during long-term follow-up in terms of pain reduction and increased interincisal distance . Future studies will focus on the synergistic actions of HA and PRP in the treatment of TMJ-OA Platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) is a natural concentrate of autologous blood growth factors experimented in different fields of medicine in order to test its potential to enhance tissue regeneration . The aim of our study is to explore this novel approach to treat degenerative lesions of articular cartilage of the knee . One hundred consecutive patients , affected by chronic degenerative condition of the knee , were treated with PRP intra-articular injections ( 115 knees treated ) . The procedure consisted of 150-ml of venous blood collected and twice centrifugated : 3 PRP units of 5 ml each were used for the injections . Patients were clinical ly prospect ively evaluated before and at the end of the treatment , and at 6 and 12 months follow-up . IKDC , objective and subjective , and EQ VAS were used for clinical evaluation . Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the significance of sex , age , grade of OA and BMI . A statistically significant improvement of all clinical scores was obtained from the basal evaluation to the end of the therapy and at 6–12 months follow-up ( P < 0.0005 ) . The results remained stable from the end of the therapy to 6 months follow up , whereas they became significantly worse at 12 months follow up ( P = 0.02 ) , even if still significantly higher respect to the basal level ( P < 0.0005 ) . The preliminary results indicate that the treatment with PRP injections is safe and has the potential to reduce pain and improve knee function and quality of live in younger patients with low degree of articular degeneration Objective . The objective of this study was to evaluate the regression of temporom and ibular pain as a result of intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) to patients with temporom and ibular joint dysfunction previously subjected to prosthetic treatment . Material s and Methods . The baseline study material consisted of 10 patients , both males and females , aged 28 to 53 years , previously treated due to painful temporom and ibular joint dysfunction using occlusal splints . All patients were carried out to a specialist functional assessment of the dysfunction using the Polish version of the RDC/TMD question naire axis I and II . Intra-articular injections were preceded by a preparation of PRP . The injection sites were determined by the method used during arthroscopic surgical procedures . Following aspiration , 0.5 mL of plasma was injected into each temporom and ibular joint . Results . The comparison of the intensity of pain during all examinations suggests a beneficial effect of the procedure being performed as the mean VAS score was 6.5 at examination I , 2.8 at examination II , and 0.6 at examination III . Conclusion . Application of the intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma into the temporom and ibular joints has a positive impact on the reduction of the intensity of pain experienced by patients treated for temporom and ibular joint dysfunction A prospect i ve r and omized study was carried out to compare the therapeutic success of two different types of splint in patients with painful anterior disc displacement of the temporom and ibular joint . The patients in Group I ( n = 20 ) received stabilization splint therapy and the patients in Group II ( n = 20 )  pivot splint therapy . Clinical investigation of the craniom and ibular system was performed before and 1 , 2 and 3 months after therapy and this was accompanied by subjective evaluation by the patients of their symptoms , using a vali date d question naire with visual analogue scales ( VAS ) . There was a significant increase in maximum jaw opening and a significant reduction in subjective pain in both groups during the course of therapy ( Wilcoxon test , P < 0.05 ) . Active jaw opening increased by a mean of 8.05 mm in the group of patients treated with a stabilization splint ( Group I ) . The comparable figure with pivot splint therapy ( Group II ) was 8.26 mm . The VAS scale value in Group I was reduced by 30.54 units and in Group II by 39.36 scale units . However , neither of these differences between the groups was statistically significant ( Mann-WhitneyU-test , P > 0.05 ) . It can be concluded that both types of splint provided effective therapy in patients with anterior disc displacement PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety in a r and omized , clinical trial of 3 injections of PRGF-Endoret ( BTI Biotechnology Institute , Vitoria , Spain ) versus one single intra-articular injection of Durolane hyaluronic acid ( HA ) ( Q-MED AB , Uppsala , Sweden ) as a treatment for reducing symptoms in patients with knee osteoarthritis ( OA ) . METHODS Ninety-six patients with symptomatic knee OA were r and omly assigned to receive PRGF-Endoret ( 3 injections on a weekly basis ) or one infiltration with Durolane HA . The primary outcome measures were a 30 % decrease and a 50 % decrease in the summed score for the pain , physical function , and stiffness subscales of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index ( WOMAC ) and Lequesne scores from baseline to weeks 24 and 48 . The percentage of OMERACT-OARSI ( Outcome Measures for Rheumatology Committee and Osteoarthritis Research Society International St and ing Committee for Clinical Trials Response Criteria Initiative ) responders was also documented . As secondary outcomes , pain , stiffness , and physical function by use of the WOMAC and the Lequesne score were considered and overall safety of the injection themselves . RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 63.6 years . Treatment with PRGF-Endoret was significantly more efficient than treatment with Durolane HA in reducing knee pain and stiffness and improving physical function in patients with knee OA . The rate of response to PRGF-Endoret was significantly higher than the rate of response to HA for all the scores including pain , stiffness , and physical function on the WOMAC , Lequesne index , and OMERACT-OARSI responders at 24 and 48 weeks . Adverse events were mild and evenly distributed between the groups . CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that PRGF-Endoret is safe and significantly superior to Durolane HA in primary and secondary efficacy analysis both at 24 and 48 weeks ; provides a significant clinical improvement , reducing patients ' pain and improving joint stiffness and physical function with respect to basal levels in patients with knee OA ; and should be considered in the treatment of patients with knee OA PURPOSE To compare the long-term clinical and radiologic outcomes of temporom and ibular joint osteoarthritis ( TMJ-OA ) treated with arthrocentesis plus platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) versus arthrocentesis alone . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A r and omized clinical trial in adult patients with TMJ-OA referred to the authors ' clinic from May 2012 through July 2013 was implemented . The sample was composed of 30 consecutive patients with TMJ-OA treated r and omly with arthrocentesis alone ( control group ) or initial arthrocentesis plus PRP injection and then 4 consecutive PRP injections  ( study group ) . The predictor variable was treatment technique . The outcome variables were visual analog scale evaluations ( masticatory efficiency , joint sounds , and pain complaints ) , maximal interincisal opening , and cone-beam computed tomographic ( CBCT ) findings . Outcome variables were recorded preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively . Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed , and significance was set at a P value less than .05 . The paired t and Student t tests were used for intragroup and intergroup comparisons , respectively . RESULTS The sample was composed of 47 joints of 30 patients with OA ( control group : 15 joints of 12 patients ; mean age , 35.08 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of injection of plasma rich in growth factors ( PRGF ) after temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) arthroscopy in patients with Wilkes stage IV internal derangement . Ninety-two patients were r and omized to two experimental groups : group A ( 42 joints ) received injections of PRGF , group B ( 50 joints ) received saline injections .  Pain intensity on a visual analogue scale ( VAS ) and maximum mouth opening ( MMO , mm ) were measured before and after surgery and compared by analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) . The mean age of patients was 35.8 years ( range 17 - 67 years ) ; 86 were female . Significant reductions in pain were noted in both groups after surgery : VAS 7.9 preoperative and 1.4 at 24 months postoperative . Significantly better clinical results were achieved in group A than in group B only at 6 and 12 months postoperative ; no significant difference was noted at 18 or 24 months after the surgical intervention . MMO increased after surgery in both groups : 26.2 mm preoperative and 36.8 mm at 24 months postoperative . No significant differences in MMO were found when the two groups of patients were compared . In conclusion , the injection of PRGF does not add any significant improvement to clinical outcomes at 2 years after surgery in patients with advanced internal derangement of the TMJ A r and omized clinical trial was implemented in adult patients with temporom and ibular joint osteoarthritis ( TMJ OA ) . The sample comprised 49 osteoarthritic joints in 31 consecutive patients . Patients were divided r and omly into two groups according to the treatment technique applied : the platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) group patients underwent initial arthrocentesis plus PRP injection and then four consecutive PRP injections ; the hyaluronic acid ( HA ) group patients underwent one session of arthrocentesis plus HA injection . The predictor variable was the treatment technique . The outcome variables included visual analogue scale ( VAS ) evaluations and maximum inter-incisal opening ( MIO ) measurements . Outcome variables were recorded preoperatively and at 12 months postoperative . Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed and significance was set at P<0.05 . The PRP group included 32 joints in 18 subjects , and the HA group included 17 joints in 13 subjects . No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups for any of the changes in VAS parameters or MIO measurements . Both treatment techniques result ed in significant clinical improvements in all VAS parameters and painless MIO . These findings suggest that arthrocentesis plus PRP injections is not superior to arthrocentesis plus a single HA injection ; thus PRP injection should not be considered as the first line treatment . Arthrocentesis plus HA injection would appear to be more acceptable for patients PURPOSE The main objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the injection of plasma rich in platelet-derived growth factors ( PRGF ) versus hyaluronic acid ( HA ) following arthroscopic surgery in patients diagnosed with internal derangement of the temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) with osteoarthritis ( OA ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 100 patients were r and omised into two study groups . Group A ( n = 50 ) received an injection of PRGF , and Group B ( n = 50 ) received an injection of HA . The mean age was 35.5 years ( range 18 - 77 years ) , and 88 % of the patients were women . The pain intensity ( visual analogue scale ) and the extent of maximum mouth opening before and after the procedure were statistically analysed . RESULTS Better results were observed in the group treated with PRGF , with a significant reduction in pain at 18 months , compared with HA treatment . Regarding mouth opening , an increase was observed in both groups , with no significant difference . CONCLUSIONS The injection of PRGF following arthroscopy is more effective than the injection of HA with respect to pain in patients with advanced internal derangement of the TMJ PURPOSE Emerging evidence has suggested that platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) might be of assistance in the treatment of degenerative conditions of the joints . The aim of the present study was to compare the use of PRP and hyaluronic acid ( HA ) in the treatment of temporom and ibular joint ( TMJ ) osteoarthritis ( OA ) with long-term follow-up data . PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients meeting the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMJ-OA were r and omly assigned to 1 of 2 study groups that received either PRP or HA . The outcome variables were maximum nonassisted ( voluntary ) mouth opening ( MVMO ) , joint sounds , and pain index scores . Other variables , including patient age and gender , were evaluated in relation to the outcomes . Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed , and the P value was set at .05 . RESULTS A total of 50 patients with TMJ-OA were enrolled in the study ( 29 women and 21 men , age range 31 to 49 years , mean age 38.6 ) . In group I , 25 patients received 3 injections of 1 mL of PRP . In group II , 25 patients received 3 injections of 1 mL of low-molecular-weight HA . Between-group comparisons of the outcome variables over time revealed significant improvements in group II at 1 and 3 months . At 6 and 12 months , the PRP group exhibited better performance compared with the HA group in terms of the recurrence of pain and joint sounds . The improvements obtained with the PRP injections in group I were maintained during the follow-up period . At the end of the follow-up period , the median MVMO in group I was 41.0 mm . In group II , the median MVMO was 39.0 mm . CONCLUSION PRP performed better than HA acid in the treatment of TMJ-OA during long-term follow-up in terms of pain reduction and increased interincisal distance . Future studies will focus on the synergistic actions of HA and PRP in the treatment of TMJ-OA Platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) is a natural concentrate of autologous blood growth factors experimented in different fields of medicine in order to test its potential to enhance tissue regeneration . The aim of our study is to explore this novel approach to treat degenerative lesions of articular cartilage of the knee . One hundred consecutive patients , affected by chronic degenerative condition of the knee , were treated with PRP intra-articular injections ( 115 knees treated ) . The procedure consisted of 150-ml of venous blood collected and twice centrifugated : 3 PRP units of 5 ml each were used for the injections . Patients were clinical ly prospect ively evaluated before and at the end of the treatment , and at 6 and 12 months follow-up . IKDC , objective and subjective , and EQ VAS were used for clinical evaluation . Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the significance of sex , age , grade of OA and BMI . A statistically significant improvement of all clinical scores was obtained from the basal evaluation to the end of the therapy and at 6–12 months follow-up ( P < 0.0005 ) . The results remained stable from the end of the therapy to 6 months follow up , whereas they became significantly worse at 12 months follow up ( P = 0.02 ) , even if still significantly higher respect to the basal level ( P < 0.0005 ) . The preliminary results indicate that the treatment with PRP injections is safe and has the potential to reduce pain and improve knee function and quality of live in younger patients with low degree of articular degeneration Objective . The objective of this study was to evaluate the regression of temporom and ibular pain as a result of intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) to patients with temporom and ibular joint dysfunction previously subjected to prosthetic treatment . Material s and Methods . The baseline study material consisted of 10 patients , both males and females , aged 28 to 53 years , previously treated due to painful temporom and ibular joint dysfunction using occlusal splints . All patients were carried out to a specialist functional assessment of the dysfunction using the Polish version of the RDC/TMD question naire axis I and II . Intra-articular injections were preceded by a preparation of PRP . The injection sites were determined by the method used during arthroscopic surgical procedures . Following aspiration , 0.5 mL of plasma was injected into each temporom and ibular joint . Results . The comparison of the intensity of pain during all examinations suggests a beneficial effect of the procedure being performed as the mean VAS score was 6.5 at examination I , 2.8 at examination II , and 0.6 at examination III . Conclusion . Application of the intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma into the temporom and ibular joints has a positive impact on the reduction of the intensity of pain experienced by patients treated for temporom and ibular joint dysfunction A prospect i ve r and omized study was carried out to compare the therapeutic success of two different types of splint in patients with painful anterior disc displacement of the temporom and ibular joint . The patients in Group I ( n = 20 ) received stabilization splint therapy and the patients in Group II ( n = 20 )  pivot splint therapy . Clinical investigation of the craniom and ibular system was performed before and 1 , 2 and 3 months after therapy and this was accompanied by subjective evaluation by the patients of their symptoms , using a vali date d question naire with visual analogue scales ( VAS ) . There was a significant increase in maximum jaw opening and a significant reduction in subjective pain in both groups during the course of therapy ( Wilcoxon test , P < 0.05 ) . Active jaw opening increased by a mean of 8.05 mm in the group of patients treated with a stabilization splint ( Group I ) . The comparable figure with pivot splint therapy ( Group II ) was 8.26 mm . The VAS scale value in Group I was reduced by 30.54 units and in Group II by 39.36 scale units . However , neither of these differences between the groups was statistically significant ( Mann-WhitneyU-test , P > 0.05 ) . It can be concluded that both types of splint provided effective therapy in patients with anterior disc displacement PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety in a r and omized , clinical trial of 3 injections of PRGF-Endoret ( BTI Biotechnology Institute , Vitoria , Spain ) versus one single intra-articular injection of Durolane hyaluronic acid ( HA ) ( Q-MED AB , Uppsala , Sweden ) as a treatment for reducing symptoms in patients with knee osteoarthritis ( OA ) . METHODS Ninety-six patients with symptomatic knee OA were r and omly assigned to receive PRGF-Endoret ( 3 injections on a weekly basis ) or one infiltration with Durolane HA . The primary outcome measures were a 30 % decrease and a 50 % decrease in the summed score for the pain , physical function , and stiffness subscales of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index ( WOMAC ) and Lequesne scores from baseline to weeks 24 and 48 . The percentage of OMERACT-OARSI ( Outcome Measures for Rheumatology Committee and Osteoarthritis Research Society International St and ing Committee for Clinical Trials Response Criteria Initiative ) responders was also documented . As secondary outcomes , pain , stiffness , and physical function by use of the WOMAC and the Lequesne score were considered and overall safety of the injection themselves . RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 63.6 years . Treatment with PRGF-Endoret was significantly more efficient than treatment with Durolane HA in reducing knee pain and stiffness and improving physical function in patients with knee OA . The rate of response to PRGF-Endoret was significantly higher than the rate of response to HA for all the scores including pain , stiffness , and physical function on the WOMAC , Lequesne index , and OMERACT-OARSI responders at 24 and 48 weeks . Adverse events were mild and evenly distributed between the groups . CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that PRGF-Endoret is safe and significantly superior to Durolane HA in primary and secondary efficacy analysis both at 24 and 48 weeks ; provides a significant clinical improvement , reducing patients ' pain and improving joint stiffness and physical function with respect to basal levels in patients with knee OA ; and should be considered in the treatment of patients with knee OA PURPOSE To compare the long-term clinical and radiologic outcomes of temporom and ibular joint osteoarthritis ( TMJ-OA ) treated with arthrocentesis plus platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) versus arthrocentesis alone . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A r and omized clinical trial in adult patients with TMJ-OA referred to the authors ' clinic from May 2012 through July 2013 was implemented . The sample was composed of 30 consecutive patients with TMJ-OA treated r and omly with arthrocentesis alone ( control group ) or initial arthrocentesis plus PRP injection and then 4 consecutive PRP injections  ( study group ) . The predictor variable was treatment technique . The outcome variables were visual analog scale evaluations ( masticatory efficiency , joint sounds , and pain complaints ) , maximal interincisal opening , and cone-beam computed tomographic ( CBCT ) findings . Outcome variables were recorded preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively . Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed , and significance was set at a P value less than .05 . The paired t and Student t tests were used for intragroup and intergroup comparisons , respectively . RESULTS The sample was composed of 47 joints of 30 patients with OA ( control group : 15 joints of 12 patients ; mean age , 35.08 
    Output:
    