human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A family history of type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) confers a high risk of developing the disease , independent of that due to other common risk factors . Postpr and ial state is a pro-inflammatory condition associated with a transiently impaired endothelial function ; an increased oxidative stress is considered as a mediator of such effects in T2D . We evaluated the short-term effect of a lipid meal on markers of early vascular damage in subjects at risk of developing T2D . A total of thirty-two healthy volunteers , divided according to the presence ( FHD+ ) or absence ( FHD - ) of a family history of T2D , underwent a fatty meal test . We measured the monocyte mRNA expressions of IL-6 , IL-8 and IL-1β , and IL-6 , soluble CD40 lig and ( sCD40L ) , vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 ( VCAM-1 ) , intracellular adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM-1 ) and nitrotyrosine plasma concentrations at baseline and in the post-meal phase , relating them to the lipid profile and other biochemical parameters . The basal expression of the cytokines did not differ in FHD - and FHD+ subjects ; neither was it modified by the meal ingestion . IL-6 and sCD40L plasma levels , similar in the two groups in the fasting state , did not vary after the meal . VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 increased in FHD+ subjects but not in FHD - subjects . Nitrotyrosine , similar between the FHD - and FHD+ subjects at baseline , increased more in FHD+ subjects than in FHD - subjects after the meal . In conclusion , the presence of a familial history of T2D confers an abnormal endothelial activation after an oral lipid meal , coupled with an increased oxidative stress , supporting the hypothesis of an early endothelial dysfunction already present in healthy individuals prone to develop T2D The influence of the source of dietary fat on postpr and ial thermogenesis and substrate oxidation rates , was examined in twelve postmenopausal women aged 57 - 73 years , with BMI 21.9 - 38.3 kg/m(2 ) . A single blind , r and omised , paired comparison of two high-fat , isoenergetic , mixed test meals was conducted . The major source of fat was either cream ( CREAM ) or extra virgin olive oil ( EVOO ) .  RMR , diet-induced thermogenesis ( DIT ) and substrate oxidation rates over 5 h were measured by indirect calorimetry . There were no differences in body weight , RMR , fasting carbohydrate or fat oxidation rates between the two occasions . DIT ( EVOO 97 ( SD 46 ) v. CREAM 76 ( SD 69 ) kJ/5 h and EVOO 5.2 ( SD 2.5 ) v. CREAM 4.1 ( SD 3.7)% energy ) did not differ between the two test meals . The postpr and ial increase in carbohydrate oxidation rates , relative to their respective fasting values ( DeltaCOX ) , was significantly lower following the EVOO meal ( EVOO 10.6 ( SD 8.3 ) v. CREAM 17.5 ( SD 10 ) g/5 h ; paired t test , P=0.023 ) , while postpr and ial fat oxidation rates ( DeltaFOX ) were significantly higher ( EVOO 0.0 ( SD 4.4 ) v. CREAM -3.6 ( sd 4.0 ) g/5 h ; P=0.028 ) . In the eight obese subjects , however , DIT was significantly higher following the EVOO meal ( EVOO 5.1 ( SD 2.0 ) v. CREAM 2.5 ( sd 2.9 ) % ; P=0.01 ) . This was accompanied by a significantly lower DeltaCOX ( EVOO 10.9 ( SD 9.9 ) v. CREAM 17.3 ( SD 10.5 ) g/5 h ; P=0.03 ) and significantly higher DeltaFOX ( EVOO 0.11 ( SD 4.4 ) v. CREAM -4.1 ( SD 4.5 ) g/5 h , P=0.034 ) . The present study showed that olive oil significantly promoted postpr and ial fat oxidation and stimulated DIT in abdominally obese postmenopausal women Soy isoflavones may impede atherogenic processes associated with cardiovascular disease . Research suggests that the postpr and ial generation of TG-rich remnants contributes to the development of atherosclerosis . The purpose of the current study was to determine if 39 g soy ( 85 mg aglycone isoflavones , treatment ) compared with 40 g milk protein ( 0 mg aglycone isoflavones , control ) in combination with a high-fat meal can modify postpr and ial , atherogenic-associated events and biomarkers for oxidative stress , inflammation , and thrombosis .  Fifteen healthy men ( 20–47 yr ) participated in a double-blind cross-over meal-challenge study occurring on two nonconsecutive days . The study meals consisted of two high-fat apple muffins consumed with either a soy or milk shake ( 229 mL , 41 % fat , 41 % carbohydrate , and 18 % protein ) . Blood sample s were obtained at base-line ( fasted ) and hours two , four , and six postpr and ial . Plasma TG significantly increased in both treatment and control meal challenges compared with baseline . There were no significant differences ( P>0.05 ) between treatment ( soy ) and control ( milk ) for ex vivo copper-induced LDL oxidation , serum C-reactive protein , serum interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , serum fibrinogen , or plasma lipids ( total cholesterol , HDL , LDL , TG ) . IL-6-concentrations significantly decreased as a function of time during either meal challenge ( P=0.005 ) . These data suggest that consumption of soy or milk protein in conjunction with a high-fat meal does not acutely modify postpr and ial oxidative stress , inflammation , or plasma lipid concentrations in young , healthy men BACKGROUND A single high-fat meal induces endothelial activation , which is associated with increased serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines . OBJECTIVE We compared the effect of 3 different meals on circulating concentrations of interleukin 8 ( IL-8 ) , interleukin 18 ( IL-18 ) , and adiponectin in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . DESIGN Thirty patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 30 matched , nondiabetic subjects received the following 3 isoenergetic ( 780 kcal ) meals separated by 1-wk intervals : a high-fat meal ; a high-carbohydrate , low-fiber ( 4.5 g ) meal ; and a high-carbohydrate , high-fiber meal in which refined-wheat flour was replaced with whole-wheat flour ( 16.8 g ) . We analyzed serum glucose and lipid variables and serum IL-8 , IL-18 , and adiponectin concentrations at baseline and at 2 and 4 h after ingestion of the meals . RESULTS Compared with nondiabetic subjects , diabetic patients had higher fasting IL-8 ( P < 0.05 ) and IL-18 ( P < 0.01 ) concentrations and lower adiponectin concentrations ( P < 0.01 ) at baseline . In both nondiabetic and diabetic subjects , IL-18 concentrations increased and adiponectin concentrations decreased ( P < 0.05 ) from baseline concentrations after consumption of the high-fat meal . After consumption of the high-carbohydrate , high-fiber meal , serum IL-18 concentrations decreased from baseline concentrations ( P < 0.05 ) in both nondiabetic and diabetic subjects ; adiponectin concentrations decreased after the high-carbohydrate , low-fiber meal in diabetic patients . IL-8 concentrations did not change significantly after consumption of any of the 3 meals . CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that circulating IL-18 and adiponectin concentrations are modulated by familiar foodstuffs in humans . Meal modulation of cytokines involved in atherogenesis may represent a safe strategy for ameliorating atherogenetic inflammatory activity in diabetic patients BACKGROUND Factor VII coagulant activity ( FVII : c ) is associated with an increased risk of fatal ischemic heart disease , is correlated with plasma triacylglycerol concentration , and increases after a meal rich in long-chain fatty acids . OBJECTIVE We planned to compare effects of meals rich in oleate and butter fat with those of a low-fat meal on FVII : c and fibrinolytic activity . DESIGN A crossover design was used to compare the postpr and ial effects on coagulant and fibrinolytic activities in 12 men of 3 high-fat ( 95 g ) meals -- high oleate , butter , and oleate + medium-chain triacylglycerols (oleate+MCT)--with an isoenergetic low-fat meal ( 18 g MCT ) . The oleate+MCT blend was used to mimic the ratio of long-chain to shorter-chain fatty acids in butter . RESULTS Neither the amount nor type of fat consumed influenced plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 or t-plasminogen activator activities or D-dimer concentration . FVII : c increased by 12.5 % ( 95 % CI : 4.6 % , 20.5 % ) after the high-fat meals at 3 h and by 6.7 % ( 95 % CI : 1.6 % , 11.7 % ) at 7 h and changed 7 h after the low-fat meal by -14.3 % ( 95 % CI : -3.3 % , -25.4 % ) . The responses to the high-fat meals did not differ . Measurements of activated FVII ( FVIIa ) , FVII zymogen , and activated FXII ( FXIIa ) concentrations made after the low-fat and high-oleate meals showed a significant increase in FVIIa only after the high-oleate meal . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study confirm that FVII : c falls after a low-fat meal and suggests that postpr and ial activation of FVII occurs rapidly after a fat-rich meal without involving an increase in FXIIa Accumulation of postpr and ial triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins is generated by assimilation of ingested dietary fat and has been increasingly related to atherogenic risk . Nevertheless , the influence of different kinds of dietary fatty acids on postpr and ial lipid metabolism is not well established , except for ( n-3 ) polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids . Our goal was to evaluate the effects of test meals containing a common edible fat source of saturated ( butter ) , monounsaturated ( olive oil ) or ( n-6 ) polyunsaturated ( sunflower oil ) fatty acids on postpr and ial lipid and triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein responses . After a 12-h fast , 10 healthy young men ingested mixed meals containing 0 g ( control ) or 40 g fat , provided as butter , olive oil or sunflower oil in a r and om order .  Fasting and postmeal blood sample s were collected for 7 h. The no-fat test meal did not elicit any change over baseline except for plasma phospholipids , insulin and nonesterified fatty acids . Conversely , the three fat-containing meals elicited bell-shaped postpr and ial changes ( P < 0.05 ) in serum triacylglycerols , free and esterified cholesterol , and nonesterified fatty acids . The butter meal induced a lower postpr and ial rise of triacylglycerols in serum and chylomicrons ( incremental AUC , mmol.h/L : 0.72 ) than the two unsaturated oils ( olive oil : 1.6 , sunflower oil : 1.8 ) , which did not differ . Circulating chylomicrons were smaller after the butter meal than after the two vegetable oil meals . The in vitro susceptibility of circulating chylomicrons to hydrolysis by postheparin plasma was higher after sunflower oil than after butter or olive oil . We conclude that butter results in lower postpr and ial lipemia and chylomicron accumulation in the circulation of young men than olive or sunflower oils after consumption of a single mixed meal Flavanol-enriched  chocolate consumption increases endothelium-dependent vasodilation .  Most research so far has focused on flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) only ; the effects on other factors relevant to endothelial health , such as inflammation and leukocyte adhesion , have hardly been addressed . We investigated whether consumption of regular dark chocolate also affects other markers of endothelial health , and whether chocolate enrichment with flavanols has additional benefits . In a r and omized double-blind crossover study , the effects of acute and of 4 wk daily consumption of high flavanol chocolate ( HFC ) and normal flavanol chocolate ( NFC ) on FMD , augmentation index ( AIX ) , leukocyte count , plasma cytokines , and leukocyte cell surface molecules in overweight men ( age 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A family history of type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) confers a high risk of developing the disease , independent of that due to other common risk factors . Postpr and ial state is a pro-inflammatory condition associated with a transiently impaired endothelial function ; an increased oxidative stress is considered as a mediator of such effects in T2D . We evaluated the short-term effect of a lipid meal on markers of early vascular damage in subjects at risk of developing T2D . A total of thirty-two healthy volunteers , divided according to the presence ( FHD+ ) or absence ( FHD - ) of a family history of T2D , underwent a fatty meal test . We measured the monocyte mRNA expressions of IL-6 , IL-8 and IL-1β , and IL-6 , soluble CD40 lig and ( sCD40L ) , vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 ( VCAM-1 ) , intracellular adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM-1 ) and nitrotyrosine plasma concentrations at baseline and in the post-meal phase , relating them to the lipid profile and other biochemical parameters . The basal expression of the cytokines did not differ in FHD - and FHD+ subjects ; neither was it modified by the meal ingestion . IL-6 and sCD40L plasma levels , similar in the two groups in the fasting state , did not vary after the meal . VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 increased in FHD+ subjects but not in FHD - subjects . Nitrotyrosine , similar between the FHD - and FHD+ subjects at baseline , increased more in FHD+ subjects than in FHD - subjects after the meal . In conclusion , the presence of a familial history of T2D confers an abnormal endothelial activation after an oral lipid meal , coupled with an increased oxidative stress , supporting the hypothesis of an early endothelial dysfunction already present in healthy individuals prone to develop T2D The influence of the source of dietary fat on postpr and ial thermogenesis and substrate oxidation rates , was examined in twelve postmenopausal women aged 57 - 73 years , with BMI 21.9 - 38.3 kg/m(2 ) . A single blind , r and omised , paired comparison of two high-fat , isoenergetic , mixed test meals was conducted . The major source of fat was either cream ( CREAM ) or extra virgin olive oil ( EVOO ) .  RMR , diet-induced thermogenesis ( DIT ) and substrate oxidation rates over 5 h were measured by indirect calorimetry . There were no differences in body weight , RMR , fasting carbohydrate or fat oxidation rates between the two occasions . DIT ( EVOO 97 ( SD 46 ) v. CREAM 76 ( SD 69 ) kJ/5 h and EVOO 5.2 ( SD 2.5 ) v. CREAM 4.1 ( SD 3.7)% energy ) did not differ between the two test meals . The postpr and ial increase in carbohydrate oxidation rates , relative to their respective fasting values ( DeltaCOX ) , was significantly lower following the EVOO meal ( EVOO 10.6 ( SD 8.3 ) v. CREAM 17.5 ( SD 10 ) g/5 h ; paired t test , P=0.023 ) , while postpr and ial fat oxidation rates ( DeltaFOX ) were significantly higher ( EVOO 0.0 ( SD 4.4 ) v. CREAM -3.6 ( sd 4.0 ) g/5 h ; P=0.028 ) . In the eight obese subjects , however , DIT was significantly higher following the EVOO meal ( EVOO 5.1 ( SD 2.0 ) v. CREAM 2.5 ( sd 2.9 ) % ; P=0.01 ) . This was accompanied by a significantly lower DeltaCOX ( EVOO 10.9 ( SD 9.9 ) v. CREAM 17.3 ( SD 10.5 ) g/5 h ; P=0.03 ) and significantly higher DeltaFOX ( EVOO 0.11 ( SD 4.4 ) v. CREAM -4.1 ( SD 4.5 ) g/5 h , P=0.034 ) . The present study showed that olive oil significantly promoted postpr and ial fat oxidation and stimulated DIT in abdominally obese postmenopausal women Soy isoflavones may impede atherogenic processes associated with cardiovascular disease . Research suggests that the postpr and ial generation of TG-rich remnants contributes to the development of atherosclerosis . The purpose of the current study was to determine if 39 g soy ( 85 mg aglycone isoflavones , treatment ) compared with 40 g milk protein ( 0 mg aglycone isoflavones , control ) in combination with a high-fat meal can modify postpr and ial , atherogenic-associated events and biomarkers for oxidative stress , inflammation , and thrombosis .  Fifteen healthy men ( 20–47 yr ) participated in a double-blind cross-over meal-challenge study occurring on two nonconsecutive days . The study meals consisted of two high-fat apple muffins consumed with either a soy or milk shake ( 229 mL , 41 % fat , 41 % carbohydrate , and 18 % protein ) . Blood sample s were obtained at base-line ( fasted ) and hours two , four , and six postpr and ial . Plasma TG significantly increased in both treatment and control meal challenges compared with baseline . There were no significant differences ( P>0.05 ) between treatment ( soy ) and control ( milk ) for ex vivo copper-induced LDL oxidation , serum C-reactive protein , serum interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , serum fibrinogen , or plasma lipids ( total cholesterol , HDL , LDL , TG ) . IL-6-concentrations significantly decreased as a function of time during either meal challenge ( P=0.005 ) . These data suggest that consumption of soy or milk protein in conjunction with a high-fat meal does not acutely modify postpr and ial oxidative stress , inflammation , or plasma lipid concentrations in young , healthy men BACKGROUND A single high-fat meal induces endothelial activation , which is associated with increased serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines . OBJECTIVE We compared the effect of 3 different meals on circulating concentrations of interleukin 8 ( IL-8 ) , interleukin 18 ( IL-18 ) , and adiponectin in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . DESIGN Thirty patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 30 matched , nondiabetic subjects received the following 3 isoenergetic ( 780 kcal ) meals separated by 1-wk intervals : a high-fat meal ; a high-carbohydrate , low-fiber ( 4.5 g ) meal ; and a high-carbohydrate , high-fiber meal in which refined-wheat flour was replaced with whole-wheat flour ( 16.8 g ) . We analyzed serum glucose and lipid variables and serum IL-8 , IL-18 , and adiponectin concentrations at baseline and at 2 and 4 h after ingestion of the meals . RESULTS Compared with nondiabetic subjects , diabetic patients had higher fasting IL-8 ( P < 0.05 ) and IL-18 ( P < 0.01 ) concentrations and lower adiponectin concentrations ( P < 0.01 ) at baseline . In both nondiabetic and diabetic subjects , IL-18 concentrations increased and adiponectin concentrations decreased ( P < 0.05 ) from baseline concentrations after consumption of the high-fat meal . After consumption of the high-carbohydrate , high-fiber meal , serum IL-18 concentrations decreased from baseline concentrations ( P < 0.05 ) in both nondiabetic and diabetic subjects ; adiponectin concentrations decreased after the high-carbohydrate , low-fiber meal in diabetic patients . IL-8 concentrations did not change significantly after consumption of any of the 3 meals . CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that circulating IL-18 and adiponectin concentrations are modulated by familiar foodstuffs in humans . Meal modulation of cytokines involved in atherogenesis may represent a safe strategy for ameliorating atherogenetic inflammatory activity in diabetic patients BACKGROUND Factor VII coagulant activity ( FVII : c ) is associated with an increased risk of fatal ischemic heart disease , is correlated with plasma triacylglycerol concentration , and increases after a meal rich in long-chain fatty acids . OBJECTIVE We planned to compare effects of meals rich in oleate and butter fat with those of a low-fat meal on FVII : c and fibrinolytic activity . DESIGN A crossover design was used to compare the postpr and ial effects on coagulant and fibrinolytic activities in 12 men of 3 high-fat ( 95 g ) meals -- high oleate , butter , and oleate + medium-chain triacylglycerols (oleate+MCT)--with an isoenergetic low-fat meal ( 18 g MCT ) . The oleate+MCT blend was used to mimic the ratio of long-chain to shorter-chain fatty acids in butter . RESULTS Neither the amount nor type of fat consumed influenced plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 or t-plasminogen activator activities or D-dimer concentration . FVII : c increased by 12.5 % ( 95 % CI : 4.6 % , 20.5 % ) after the high-fat meals at 3 h and by 6.7 % ( 95 % CI : 1.6 % , 11.7 % ) at 7 h and changed 7 h after the low-fat meal by -14.3 % ( 95 % CI : -3.3 % , -25.4 % ) . The responses to the high-fat meals did not differ . Measurements of activated FVII ( FVIIa ) , FVII zymogen , and activated FXII ( FXIIa ) concentrations made after the low-fat and high-oleate meals showed a significant increase in FVIIa only after the high-oleate meal . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study confirm that FVII : c falls after a low-fat meal and suggests that postpr and ial activation of FVII occurs rapidly after a fat-rich meal without involving an increase in FXIIa Accumulation of postpr and ial triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins is generated by assimilation of ingested dietary fat and has been increasingly related to atherogenic risk . Nevertheless , the influence of different kinds of dietary fatty acids on postpr and ial lipid metabolism is not well established , except for ( n-3 ) polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids . Our goal was to evaluate the effects of test meals containing a common edible fat source of saturated ( butter ) , monounsaturated ( olive oil ) or ( n-6 ) polyunsaturated ( sunflower oil ) fatty acids on postpr and ial lipid and triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein responses . After a 12-h fast , 10 healthy young men ingested mixed meals containing 0 g ( control ) or 40 g fat , provided as butter , olive oil or sunflower oil in a r and om order .  Fasting and postmeal blood sample s were collected for 7 h. The no-fat test meal did not elicit any change over baseline except for plasma phospholipids , insulin and nonesterified fatty acids . Conversely , the three fat-containing meals elicited bell-shaped postpr and ial changes ( P < 0.05 ) in serum triacylglycerols , free and esterified cholesterol , and nonesterified fatty acids . The butter meal induced a lower postpr and ial rise of triacylglycerols in serum and chylomicrons ( incremental AUC , mmol.h/L : 0.72 ) than the two unsaturated oils ( olive oil : 1.6 , sunflower oil : 1.8 ) , which did not differ . Circulating chylomicrons were smaller after the butter meal than after the two vegetable oil meals . The in vitro susceptibility of circulating chylomicrons to hydrolysis by postheparin plasma was higher after sunflower oil than after butter or olive oil . We conclude that butter results in lower postpr and ial lipemia and chylomicron accumulation in the circulation of young men than olive or sunflower oils after consumption of a single mixed meal Flavanol-enriched  chocolate consumption increases endothelium-dependent vasodilation .  Most research so far has focused on flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) only ; the effects on other factors relevant to endothelial health , such as inflammation and leukocyte adhesion , have hardly been addressed . We investigated whether consumption of regular dark chocolate also affects other markers of endothelial health , and whether chocolate enrichment with flavanols has additional benefits . In a r and omized double-blind crossover study , the effects of acute and of 4 wk daily consumption of high flavanol chocolate ( HFC ) and normal flavanol chocolate ( NFC ) on FMD , augmentation index ( AIX ) , leukocyte count , plasma cytokines , and leukocyte cell surface molecules in overweight men ( age 
    Output:
    