human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) is a common complication of pregnancy , and it is mostly associated with postpartum diabetes , insulin resistance , and dyslipidemia . Fish oil ( omega-3 ) supplementation has been shown to reduce the risk of different chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease , type 2 diabetes , and cancers , though the evidence of its impact on gestational diabetes is scarce . Our goal in this study was to determine the effect of fish oil administration on gene expression related to insulin action , blood lipids , and inflammation in women with GDM . Participants with GDM ( n = 40 ) , aged 18–40 years , were r and omized to take either 1000 mg fish oil capsules , containing 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg docosahexaenoic acid ( n = 20 ) , or placebo ( n = 20 ) twice a day for 6 weeks . Gene expression related to insulin , lipids , and inflammation was quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) of GDM women using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction ( RT-PCR ) method . Results of RT-PCR indicated that omega-3 supplementation  upregulated gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ( PPAR-γ ) ( P = 0.04 ) in P BMC s of patients with GDM , compared with the placebo . In addition , gene expression of the low-density lipoprotein receptor ( LDLR ) ( P < 0.001 ) , interleukin-1 ( IL-1 ) ( P = 0.007 ) , and tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) ( P = 0.01 ) was downregulated in P BMC s of women with GDM , following omega-3 supplementation . No significant effect of omega-3 supplementation was indicated on gene expression of IL-8 in P BMC s of patients with GDM . Overall , fish oil supplementation for 6 weeks in women with GDM  significantly improved gene expression of PPAR-γ , IL-1 , and TNF-α , but not gene expression of IL-8 Background This study was carried out to determine the effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co- supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation , oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes  in gestational diabetes ( GDM ) patients . Methods This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 120 GDM women . Participants were r and omly divided into four groups to receive : 1 ) 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids containing 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and 120 mg docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) twice a day + vitamin D placebo ( n = 30 ) ; 2 ) 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks + omega-3 fatty acids placebo ( n = 30 ) ; 3 ) 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks + 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids twice a day ( n = 30 ) and 4 ) vitamin D placebo + omega-3 fatty acids placebo ( n = 30 ) for 6 weeks . Results Subjects who received vitamin D plus omega-3 fatty acids supplements compared with vitamin D , omega-3 fatty acids and placebo had significantly decreased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( −2.0 ± 3.3 vs. -0.8 ± 4.4 , −1.3 ± 2.4 and + 0.9 ± 2.7 mg/L , respectively , P = 0.008 ) , malondialdehyde ( −0.5 ± 0.5 vs. −0.2 ± 0.5 , −0.3 ± 0.9 and + 0.5 ± 1.4 μmol/L , respectively , P < 0.001 ) , and increased total antioxidant capacity ( + 92.1 ± 70.1 vs. + 55.1 ± 123.6 , + 88.4 ± 95.2 and + 1.0 ± 90.8 mmol/L , respectively , P = 0.001 ) and glutathione ( + 95.7 ± 86.7 vs. + 23.0 ± 62.3 , + 30.0 ± 66.5 and −7.8 ± 126.5 μmol/L , respectively , P = 0.001 ) . In addition , vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation , compared with vitamin D , omega-3 fatty acids and placebo , result ed in lower incidences of newborns ’ hyperbilirubinemiain ( P = 0.037 ) and newborns ’ hospitalization ( P = 0.037 ) . Conclusion Overall , vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation for 6 weeks among GDM women had beneficial effects on some biomarkers of inflammation , oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes Objective Long-chain omega 3 fatty acids , eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA , 20:5n-3 ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA , 22:6n-3 ) exert potent anti-inflammatory properties in humans . This study characterized the effects of omega-3 ω-3 fatty acids supplements ( ω-3 FA ) on the inflammatory status in the placenta and adipose tissue of overweight/obese pregnant women . Study Design A r and omized , double-masked controlled trial was conducted in overweight/obese pregnant women that were r and omly assigned to receive DHA plus EPA ( 2g/day ) or the equivalent of a placebo twice a day from week 10–16 to term . Inflammatory pathways were characterized in : 1 ) adipose tissue and placenta of treated vs. untreated women ; and 2 ) adipose and trophoblast cells cultured with long chain FAs . Results The sum of plasma DHA and EPA increased by 5.8 fold and ω-3 FA/ ω-6 FA ratio was 1.5 in treated vs. untreated women ( p < 0.005 ) . Plasma CRP concentrations were reduced ( p<0.001 ) . The adipose tissue and placenta of treated women exhibited a significant decrease in TLR4 adipose and placental expression as well as IL6 , IL8 , and TNFα In vitro , EPA and DHA suppressed the activation of TLR4 , IL6 , IL8 induced by palmitate in culture of adipose and trophoblast cells . Conclusion Supplementation of overweight/obese pregnant women with dietary ω-3 FAs for > 25 weeks reduced inflammation in maternal adipose and the placental tissue . TLR4 appears as a central target of the anti-inflammatory effects at the cellular level . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov Background : End stage renal disease ( ESRD ) is a state of micro inflammation that attenuates patient′s life span and quality of life . Inflammatory markers like interlukin 6 ( IL-6 ) and C- reactive protein ( CRP ) can predict inflammatory state in ESRD patients . Dietary limitations are risk factors for omega-3 deficiency in these patients . Omega-3 supplementation is an attractive material that proposed in inflammation modulation . The aim of this study is evaluation of effect of omega-3 supplementation on IL-6 and CRP level in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis ( CAPD ) patients . Material s and Methods : This r and omized controlled double-blind clinical trial is performed in 40 CAPD patients in two academic hospitals in Isfahan , Iran . One group received 1000 mg omega-3 capsule ( each capsule contains 180 mg Eicosapentanoic and 120 mg Dosahexanoic acid ) three times a day orally for 8 weeks ( n = 20 ) and the other matched group by placebo ( n = 20 ) . Serum level of IL-6 and quantitative CRP ( Q-CRP ) were measured in beginning and the end of the study . Finally all data were analyzed by SPSS version 18 . Results : Mean age of patients was 53 years old in omega-3 group patients and 54 years old in placebo group . There were not any differences in CRP and IL-6 level in the beginning and the end of study between two groups ( P : 0.81 and 0.10 for CRP and 0.26 and 0.23 for IL-6 , respectively ) . Conclusion : Omega-3 supplementation did not effect on inflammatory markers ( Q-CRP and IL-6 ) in CAPD patients after 8 weeks OBJECTIVES Limited data are available for assessing the effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on metabolic profiles and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes ( GDM ) . This study was design ed to determine the effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress , inflammation and pregnancy outcomes in women with GDM . METHODS This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in 60 patients with GDM who were not taking oral hypoglycemic agents . Patients were r and omly allocated to intake either 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil plus 400 IU vitamin E supplements ( n=30 ) or placebo ( n=30 ) for 6 weeks . Fasting blood sample s were obtained from the women at the beginning of the study and after the 6-week intervention to quantify related markers . RESULTS After 6 weeks of intervention , omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation , compared with the placebo , result ed in a significant rise in total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) ( + 187.5±224.9 vs. -32.5±136.1 mmol/L ; p<0.001 ) ; nitric oxide ( NO ) ( + 5.0±7.7 vs. -12.0±28.0 µmol/L ; p=0.002 ) and a significant decrease in plasma malondialdehyde ( MDA ) concentrations ( -0.1±0.9 vs. + 0.6±1.4 µmol/L ; p=0.03 ) . Co-supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E showed no detectable changes in plasma glutathione and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels . Joint omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E supplementation result ed in lower incidences of hyperbilirubinemia in newborns ( 10.3 % vs. 33.3 % ; p=0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Overall , omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation for 6 weeks in women with GDM had beneficial effects on plasma TAC , MDA and NO and on the incidence of the newborns ' hyperbilirubinemia Abstract Objective : This study was design ed to assess the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory factors , biomarkers of oxidative stress , and pregnancy outcomes among pregnant women with gestational diabetes ( GDM ) . Methods : This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed among 56 women with GDM . Subjects were r and omly selected to receive either 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acid supplements ( containing 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg docosahexanoic acid ) ( n = 27 ) or a placebo ( n = 27 ) for 6 weeks . Fasting blood sample s were taken at study baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention to quantify biochemical variables . Newborn ’s weight , height , head circumference , Apgar score , and hyperbilirubinemia were determined . Results : At the end of the 6 weeks , taking omega-3 fatty acid significantly decreased serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) ( change from baseline : −245.1 ± 1570.5 versus + 913.9 ± 2329.4 ng/mL , p = 0.03 ) and plasma malondialdehyde ( MDA ) concentrations ( −0.4 ± 1.3 versus + 0.6±2.3 , p = 0.04 ) compared with the placebo . Supplementation with omega-3 had a low incidence of hyperbilirubinemiain newborns ( 7.7 % versus 33.3 % , p = 0.02 ) and decreased newborns ’ hospitalization rate ( 7.7 % versus 33.3 % , p = 0.02 ) . Conclusions : Taken together , omega-3 fatty acid supplementation  in GDM women had beneficial effects on maternal serum hs-CRP , plasma MDA levels , incidence of newborn ’s hyperbilirubinemia , and hospitalization OBJECTIVE This study was performed to evaluate the effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipid concentrations in gestational diabetes ( GDM ) patients . METHODS This r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was done among 140 GDM patients . Participants were r and omly divided into 4 groups to receive : 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) is a common complication of pregnancy , and it is mostly associated with postpartum diabetes , insulin resistance , and dyslipidemia . Fish oil ( omega-3 ) supplementation has been shown to reduce the risk of different chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease , type 2 diabetes , and cancers , though the evidence of its impact on gestational diabetes is scarce . Our goal in this study was to determine the effect of fish oil administration on gene expression related to insulin action , blood lipids , and inflammation in women with GDM . Participants with GDM ( n = 40 ) , aged 18–40 years , were r and omized to take either 1000 mg fish oil capsules , containing 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg docosahexaenoic acid ( n = 20 ) , or placebo ( n = 20 ) twice a day for 6 weeks . Gene expression related to insulin , lipids , and inflammation was quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) of GDM women using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction ( RT-PCR ) method . Results of RT-PCR indicated that omega-3 supplementation  upregulated gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ( PPAR-γ ) ( P = 0.04 ) in P BMC s of patients with GDM , compared with the placebo . In addition , gene expression of the low-density lipoprotein receptor ( LDLR ) ( P < 0.001 ) , interleukin-1 ( IL-1 ) ( P = 0.007 ) , and tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) ( P = 0.01 ) was downregulated in P BMC s of women with GDM , following omega-3 supplementation . No significant effect of omega-3 supplementation was indicated on gene expression of IL-8 in P BMC s of patients with GDM . Overall , fish oil supplementation for 6 weeks in women with GDM  significantly improved gene expression of PPAR-γ , IL-1 , and TNF-α , but not gene expression of IL-8 Background This study was carried out to determine the effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co- supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation , oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes  in gestational diabetes ( GDM ) patients . Methods This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 120 GDM women . Participants were r and omly divided into four groups to receive : 1 ) 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids containing 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and 120 mg docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) twice a day + vitamin D placebo ( n = 30 ) ; 2 ) 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks + omega-3 fatty acids placebo ( n = 30 ) ; 3 ) 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks + 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids twice a day ( n = 30 ) and 4 ) vitamin D placebo + omega-3 fatty acids placebo ( n = 30 ) for 6 weeks . Results Subjects who received vitamin D plus omega-3 fatty acids supplements compared with vitamin D , omega-3 fatty acids and placebo had significantly decreased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( −2.0 ± 3.3 vs. -0.8 ± 4.4 , −1.3 ± 2.4 and + 0.9 ± 2.7 mg/L , respectively , P = 0.008 ) , malondialdehyde ( −0.5 ± 0.5 vs. −0.2 ± 0.5 , −0.3 ± 0.9 and + 0.5 ± 1.4 μmol/L , respectively , P < 0.001 ) , and increased total antioxidant capacity ( + 92.1 ± 70.1 vs. + 55.1 ± 123.6 , + 88.4 ± 95.2 and + 1.0 ± 90.8 mmol/L , respectively , P = 0.001 ) and glutathione ( + 95.7 ± 86.7 vs. + 23.0 ± 62.3 , + 30.0 ± 66.5 and −7.8 ± 126.5 μmol/L , respectively , P = 0.001 ) . In addition , vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation , compared with vitamin D , omega-3 fatty acids and placebo , result ed in lower incidences of newborns ’ hyperbilirubinemiain ( P = 0.037 ) and newborns ’ hospitalization ( P = 0.037 ) . Conclusion Overall , vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation for 6 weeks among GDM women had beneficial effects on some biomarkers of inflammation , oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes Objective Long-chain omega 3 fatty acids , eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA , 20:5n-3 ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA , 22:6n-3 ) exert potent anti-inflammatory properties in humans . This study characterized the effects of omega-3 ω-3 fatty acids supplements ( ω-3 FA ) on the inflammatory status in the placenta and adipose tissue of overweight/obese pregnant women . Study Design A r and omized , double-masked controlled trial was conducted in overweight/obese pregnant women that were r and omly assigned to receive DHA plus EPA ( 2g/day ) or the equivalent of a placebo twice a day from week 10–16 to term . Inflammatory pathways were characterized in : 1 ) adipose tissue and placenta of treated vs. untreated women ; and 2 ) adipose and trophoblast cells cultured with long chain FAs . Results The sum of plasma DHA and EPA increased by 5.8 fold and ω-3 FA/ ω-6 FA ratio was 1.5 in treated vs. untreated women ( p < 0.005 ) . Plasma CRP concentrations were reduced ( p<0.001 ) . The adipose tissue and placenta of treated women exhibited a significant decrease in TLR4 adipose and placental expression as well as IL6 , IL8 , and TNFα In vitro , EPA and DHA suppressed the activation of TLR4 , IL6 , IL8 induced by palmitate in culture of adipose and trophoblast cells . Conclusion Supplementation of overweight/obese pregnant women with dietary ω-3 FAs for > 25 weeks reduced inflammation in maternal adipose and the placental tissue . TLR4 appears as a central target of the anti-inflammatory effects at the cellular level . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov Background : End stage renal disease ( ESRD ) is a state of micro inflammation that attenuates patient′s life span and quality of life . Inflammatory markers like interlukin 6 ( IL-6 ) and C- reactive protein ( CRP ) can predict inflammatory state in ESRD patients . Dietary limitations are risk factors for omega-3 deficiency in these patients . Omega-3 supplementation is an attractive material that proposed in inflammation modulation . The aim of this study is evaluation of effect of omega-3 supplementation on IL-6 and CRP level in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis ( CAPD ) patients . Material s and Methods : This r and omized controlled double-blind clinical trial is performed in 40 CAPD patients in two academic hospitals in Isfahan , Iran . One group received 1000 mg omega-3 capsule ( each capsule contains 180 mg Eicosapentanoic and 120 mg Dosahexanoic acid ) three times a day orally for 8 weeks ( n = 20 ) and the other matched group by placebo ( n = 20 ) . Serum level of IL-6 and quantitative CRP ( Q-CRP ) were measured in beginning and the end of the study . Finally all data were analyzed by SPSS version 18 . Results : Mean age of patients was 53 years old in omega-3 group patients and 54 years old in placebo group . There were not any differences in CRP and IL-6 level in the beginning and the end of study between two groups ( P : 0.81 and 0.10 for CRP and 0.26 and 0.23 for IL-6 , respectively ) . Conclusion : Omega-3 supplementation did not effect on inflammatory markers ( Q-CRP and IL-6 ) in CAPD patients after 8 weeks OBJECTIVES Limited data are available for assessing the effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on metabolic profiles and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes ( GDM ) . This study was design ed to determine the effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress , inflammation and pregnancy outcomes in women with GDM . METHODS This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in 60 patients with GDM who were not taking oral hypoglycemic agents . Patients were r and omly allocated to intake either 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil plus 400 IU vitamin E supplements ( n=30 ) or placebo ( n=30 ) for 6 weeks . Fasting blood sample s were obtained from the women at the beginning of the study and after the 6-week intervention to quantify related markers . RESULTS After 6 weeks of intervention , omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation , compared with the placebo , result ed in a significant rise in total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) ( + 187.5±224.9 vs. -32.5±136.1 mmol/L ; p<0.001 ) ; nitric oxide ( NO ) ( + 5.0±7.7 vs. -12.0±28.0 µmol/L ; p=0.002 ) and a significant decrease in plasma malondialdehyde ( MDA ) concentrations ( -0.1±0.9 vs. + 0.6±1.4 µmol/L ; p=0.03 ) . Co-supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E showed no detectable changes in plasma glutathione and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels . Joint omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E supplementation result ed in lower incidences of hyperbilirubinemia in newborns ( 10.3 % vs. 33.3 % ; p=0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Overall , omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation for 6 weeks in women with GDM had beneficial effects on plasma TAC , MDA and NO and on the incidence of the newborns ' hyperbilirubinemia Abstract Objective : This study was design ed to assess the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory factors , biomarkers of oxidative stress , and pregnancy outcomes among pregnant women with gestational diabetes ( GDM ) . Methods : This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed among 56 women with GDM . Subjects were r and omly selected to receive either 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acid supplements ( containing 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg docosahexanoic acid ) ( n = 27 ) or a placebo ( n = 27 ) for 6 weeks . Fasting blood sample s were taken at study baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention to quantify biochemical variables . Newborn ’s weight , height , head circumference , Apgar score , and hyperbilirubinemia were determined . Results : At the end of the 6 weeks , taking omega-3 fatty acid significantly decreased serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) ( change from baseline : −245.1 ± 1570.5 versus + 913.9 ± 2329.4 ng/mL , p = 0.03 ) and plasma malondialdehyde ( MDA ) concentrations ( −0.4 ± 1.3 versus + 0.6±2.3 , p = 0.04 ) compared with the placebo . Supplementation with omega-3 had a low incidence of hyperbilirubinemiain newborns ( 7.7 % versus 33.3 % , p = 0.02 ) and decreased newborns ’ hospitalization rate ( 7.7 % versus 33.3 % , p = 0.02 ) . Conclusions : Taken together , omega-3 fatty acid supplementation  in GDM women had beneficial effects on maternal serum hs-CRP , plasma MDA levels , incidence of newborn ’s hyperbilirubinemia , and hospitalization OBJECTIVE This study was performed to evaluate the effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipid concentrations in gestational diabetes ( GDM ) patients . METHODS This r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was done among 140 GDM patients . Participants were r and omly divided into 4 groups to receive : 
    Output:
    