human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract A plastic remodeling of regions in somatosensory cortex has previously been observed to occur in separate experimental paradigms in response to loss of somatosensory input and to increase in input . In this study , both types of cortical reorganization have been observed to occur concurrently in the same adult human nervous system as a result of a single intervention . Following upper extremity amputation , magnetic source imaging revealed that tactile stimulation of the lip evoked responses not only in the area of the somatosensory cortex corresponding to the face , but also within the cortical region that would normally correspond to the now absent h and . This “ invasion ” of the cortical amputation zone was accompanied by a significant increase in the size of the representation of the digits of the intact h and , presumably as a result of an increased importance of sensory stimulation consequent to increased dependence on that h and imposed by the loss of the contralateral extremity Objective : To investigate whether cutaneous electrical stimulation has a role in the enhancement of sensorimotor function in chronic stroke . Subjects and setting : Fifty-nine patients with chronic stroke received cutaneous stimulation during their three-week-long inpatient rehabilitation . Thirty-two received active treatment in the paretic h and and eight received no-current placebo treatment in the paretic h and . Nineteen patients received active stimulation of the paretic foot . None received stimulation in both upper and lower limbs . Intervention : Cutaneous stimulation was delivered twice daily via a special glove/sock electrode . Main outcome measures : Modified Motor Assessment Scale , 10-metre walking test , paretic limb function , limb skin sensation and somatosensory evoked potentials ( SEP ) were performed before and after the treatment . Results : Modified Motor Assessment Scale ( p < 0.001 ) , 10-metre walking test ( p < 0.05 ) , paretic h and function ( p < 0.01 ) , upper limb skin sensation ( p < 0.01 ) and SEP normality classification of paretic upper limb ( p < 0.01 ) and paretic lower limb ( p < 0.5 ) improved significantly in the treatment group ( n = 51 ) after three weeks of stimulation . When active h and treatment and placebo h and treatment were compared , a significant improvement in the sensory and motor function was observed only in the actively treated group . Conclusions : Cutaneous stimulation had positive effects in the motor performance , limb sensation and the configuration of SEP of the paretic limb in chronic stroke patients Normalization of upper limb movement remains a difficult problem for a significant sub population of hemiplegic stroke patients . Clinical observations prompted investigation of a novel approach using simultaneous identical bilateral movements performed independently . We briefly report 12 controlled single-case experiments using multiple-baseline design s across three separate grasp/reach activities . Unilateral performance tests with the hemiplegic arm using the bilaterally trained actions demonstrated clinical ly and statistically significant improvements in movement patterns . These improvements were specific to the trained movement and well maintained . Using recent literature we develop a theoretical model proposing that bilateral simultaneous movement promotes interhemispheric disinhibition likely to allow reorganization by sharing of normal movement comm and s from the undamaged hemisphere . Disinhibition may also encourage recruitment of undamaged neurones to construct new task-relevant neural networks . The potential contribution of spared ipsilateral pathways in the damaged hemisphere , indirect corticospinal pathways and ipsilateral pathways from the undamaged hemisphere is discussed OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that somatosensory stimulation would enhance the effects of training functional h and tasks immediately after practice and 1 day later in chronic subcortical stroke patients . DESIGN Single-blinded and r and omized , crossover study . SETTING Human research laboratory . PARTICIPANTS Nine chronic subcortical stroke patients . INTERVENTIONS Three separate sessions of motor training preceded by ( 1 ) synchronous peripheral nerve stimulation ( PNS ) , ( 2 ) no stimulation , or ( 3 ) asynchronous PNS . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Time to complete the Jebsen-Taylor H and Function Test ( JTHFT time ) and corticomotor excitability tested with transcranial magnetic stimulation . RESULTS After familiarization practice , during which all patients reached a performance plateau , training under the effects of PNS reduced JTHFT time by 10 % beyond the post-familiarization plateau . This behavioral gain was accompanied by a specific reduction in GABAergically mediated intracortical inhibition in the motor cortex . These findings were not observed after similar practice under the influence of no stimulation or asynchronous PNS sessions . CONCLUSIONS Somatosensory stimulation may enhance the training of functional h and tasks in patients with chronic stroke , possibly through modulation of intracortical GABAergic pathways Somatosensory stimulation enhances aspects of motor function in patients with chronic , predominantly subcortical infa rcts . We investigated the effects of somatosensory stimulation on motor function in stroke patients with predominantly cortical involvement in the middle cerebral artery territory in a double-blind , pseudor and omized crossover trial . Motor performance was evaluated with the Jebsen-Taylor test before , after 2-hour somatosensory stimulation , and after subsequent motor training ( n = 11 ) . In one experimental session , patients were su bmi tted to median nerve stimulation ( MNS ) and in the other session , to control stimulation ( CS ) . The order of the sessions was counterbalanced across patients . Improvement in performance in the Jebsen-Taylor test after somatosensory stimulation and after motor training was significantly greater in the MNS session than in the CS session . Additionally , patients who received MNS in the second session maintained the beneficial effects of training 30 days later . A single MNS session improves h and motor function in patients with chronic cortico-subcortical strokes and appears to favor consolidation of training effects .  Somatosensory stimulation may be an adjuvant tool for stroke rehabilitation in patients with cortical lesions OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of sensory-amplitude electric stimulation ( SES ) of the paretic leg on motor recovery and gait kinematics of patients with stroke . DESIGN R and omized , controlled , double-blind study . SETTING Rehabilitation ward and gait laboratory of a university hospital . PARTICIPANTS A total of 30 consecutive in patients with stroke ( mean age , 63.2 y ) , all within 6 months poststroke and without volitional ankle dorsiflexion were studied . INTERVENTION Both the SES group ( n=15 ) and the placebo group ( n=15 ) participated in a conventional stroke rehabilitation program 5 days a week for 4 weeks . The SES group also received 30 minutes of SES to the paretic leg without muscle contraction 5 days a week for 4 weeks . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Brunnstrom stages of motor recovery and time-distance and kinematic characteristics of gait . RESULTS Brunnstrom stages improved significantly in both groups ( P<.05 ) . In total , 58 % of the SES group and 56 % of the placebo group gained voluntary ankle dorsiflexion . The between-group difference of percentage change was not significant ( P>.05 ) . Gait kinematics was improved in both groups , but the between-group difference was not significant . CONCLUSIONS In our patients with stroke , SES of the paretic leg was not superior to placebo in terms of lower-extremity motor recovery and gait kinematics Objective : To examine the effects of a home-based arm exercise programme of sensory and motor amplitude electrical stimulation . Design : Non-concurrent , multiple-baseline , single-subject design . Subjects : Ten adults with chronic arm hemiparesis following stroke . Subjects ranged in age from 38 to 74 years and were 2 - 16 years post stroke . Three subjects had right-sided involvement ; seven had left . Intervention : Subjects completed an eight-week , individualized , home programme of neuromuscular and sensory amplitude electrical stimulation . All subjects engaged in stimulation-assisted task-specific exercises for 15 minutes 2 -3 times daily . Participants with sensory deficits received an additional 15 minutes of sensory amplitude stimulation twice daily . The Action Research Arm Test was used to examine arm function ; the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement was used to examine movement quality ; and the Modified Ashworth Assessment of Spasticity was used to examine muscle tone . Results : A statistically significant improvement was demonstrated by six of the 10 subjects on the Action Research Arm Test , and five subjects on the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement . Four subjects had ≥ 10 % improvement on the Modified Ashworth Assessment of Spasticity . Two subjects demonstrated significant improvement on all three outcome measures ; six subjects improved on two or more measures ; and seven subjects improved on one or more measure . Subjects who improved on two or more measures tended to have had more recent onset of stroke , were older and had higher baseline motor and functional capacity . Conclusion : Subjects with chronic stroke can experience impairment and functional improvements following a home-based programme of motor and sensory amplitude electrical stimulation OBJECTIVE To test the influence of electric somatosensory stimulation on performance of the Jebsen-Taylor H and Function Test ( JTHFT ) , a widely used assessment of functional h and motor skills , by the paretic arm in patients with chronic stroke . DESIGN Initially , patients trained for several sessions until reaching plateau performance on the JTHFT . Subsequently , they entered a crossover r and omized study , design ed to evaluate the influence of somatosensory stimulation on JTHFT performance . SETTING A research laboratory . PARTICIPANTS Nine patients with chronic stroke ( > /=1.5 y ) who acutely had marked weakness ( paralysis of the upper extremity is evaluated as equal or below Medical Research Council [ MRC ] grade 2 ) followed by improvement to an MRC grade of 4.24+/-0.43 ( range , 3.5 - 4.9 ) and Fugl-Meyer Assessment ( FMA ) score of 86.43%+/-2.02 % at the time of testing . INTERVENTIONS Two hours of electric somatosensory stimulation was applied to the ( 1 ) paretic h and , ( 2 ) paretic leg , or ( 3 ) no stimulation in different sessions , in a r and omized order . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The time required to complete the JTHFT was analyzed by using repeated- measures analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) with factors time ( pre- , postintervention ) and intervention ( paretic h and , paretic leg , no stimulation ) followed by post hoc testing . RESULTS Significant effects of intervention and intervention by time interaction ( P<.01 ) on JTHFT time was revealed by repeated- measures ANOVA . Post hoc testing documented improvements in JTHFT time with paretic h and stimulation alone ( P<.005 ) , an effect that appeared more prominent in subjects with lower FMA scores . CONCLUSIONS Somatosensory stimulation applied to a paretic limb can benefit performance of a functional test in patients with chronic stroke . This result supports the proposal that electric sensory stimulation in combination with training protocol s may enhance the benefit of customary neurorehabilitative treatments and possibly motor learning Objective : To investigate the effect of perceptual learning exercises for hardness discrimination by the soles on st and ing balance in stroke patients with hemiplegia . Subjects : Twenty-eight subjects were r and omly assigned to an experimental or a control group and participated in a rehabilitation programme . Intervention : The experimental group received perceptual learning exercises on hardness discrimination using three different levels of hardness of a rubber sponge for 10 days . Main measures : Length , enveloped area and rectangular area of the parameter of postural sway were measured by a stabilometer on entry into the study and after 10 days . Results : Twenty-six subjects completed the study . Data indicate that more parameters indicating postural sway were significantly decreased in the experimental group than in the control group . Also , there was a significant difference between the groups in change scores ( pre-exercise minus postexercise ) of length and enveloped area . Conclusion : The plantar perception exercise used as a method in this study is considered to be effective as a supplemental exercise for st and ing balance . The possibility of clinical application using the hardness discrimination task with rubber as a balance exercise is therefore suggested It has been proposed that somatosensory input in the form of peripheral nerve stimulation can influence functional measures of motor performance . We studied the effects of median nerve stimulation on pinch muscle strength ( a function mediated predominantly by median nerve innervated muscles ) in the affected h and of chronic stroke patients . A 2‐hour period of median nerve stimulation elicited an increase in pinch strength that outlasted the stimulation period . The improvement in muscle strength correlated with stimulus intensity and was identified in the absence of motor training . These results suggest that somatosensory stimulation may be a promising adjuvant to rehabilitation of the motor deficits in stroke patients OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of a sensory retraining protocol on sensation , postural control , and gait in acute stroke subjects . DESIGN R and omized controlled pilot trial . SETTING Inpatient rehabilitation hospital . PARTICIPANTS Twenty-one subjects with sensory deficits in the feet , undergoing rehabilitation for stroke . INTERVENTION Sensory retraining of the more affected lower limb versus relaxation ( sham intervention ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Light touch at the sole of the foot ( Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments ) , proprioception ( Distal Proprioception Test ) , postural control ( Berg Balance Scale ) , and gait ( timed , Iowa Level of Assistance Scale ) . RESULTS Significant improvements ( P<.05 ) over time were found in light touch at 3 points of the feet and in postural control , timed gait , and walking aid . No significant time effects were observed in proprioception or amount of assistance required to walk . No significant differences were detected between groups in any of the outcome variables , apart from light touch at the first metatarsal . The study had poor power ( 13 % ) to detect group effects due to 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract A plastic remodeling of regions in somatosensory cortex has previously been observed to occur in separate experimental paradigms in response to loss of somatosensory input and to increase in input . In this study , both types of cortical reorganization have been observed to occur concurrently in the same adult human nervous system as a result of a single intervention . Following upper extremity amputation , magnetic source imaging revealed that tactile stimulation of the lip evoked responses not only in the area of the somatosensory cortex corresponding to the face , but also within the cortical region that would normally correspond to the now absent h and . This “ invasion ” of the cortical amputation zone was accompanied by a significant increase in the size of the representation of the digits of the intact h and , presumably as a result of an increased importance of sensory stimulation consequent to increased dependence on that h and imposed by the loss of the contralateral extremity Objective : To investigate whether cutaneous electrical stimulation has a role in the enhancement of sensorimotor function in chronic stroke . Subjects and setting : Fifty-nine patients with chronic stroke received cutaneous stimulation during their three-week-long inpatient rehabilitation . Thirty-two received active treatment in the paretic h and and eight received no-current placebo treatment in the paretic h and . Nineteen patients received active stimulation of the paretic foot . None received stimulation in both upper and lower limbs . Intervention : Cutaneous stimulation was delivered twice daily via a special glove/sock electrode . Main outcome measures : Modified Motor Assessment Scale , 10-metre walking test , paretic limb function , limb skin sensation and somatosensory evoked potentials ( SEP ) were performed before and after the treatment . Results : Modified Motor Assessment Scale ( p < 0.001 ) , 10-metre walking test ( p < 0.05 ) , paretic h and function ( p < 0.01 ) , upper limb skin sensation ( p < 0.01 ) and SEP normality classification of paretic upper limb ( p < 0.01 ) and paretic lower limb ( p < 0.5 ) improved significantly in the treatment group ( n = 51 ) after three weeks of stimulation . When active h and treatment and placebo h and treatment were compared , a significant improvement in the sensory and motor function was observed only in the actively treated group . Conclusions : Cutaneous stimulation had positive effects in the motor performance , limb sensation and the configuration of SEP of the paretic limb in chronic stroke patients Normalization of upper limb movement remains a difficult problem for a significant sub population of hemiplegic stroke patients . Clinical observations prompted investigation of a novel approach using simultaneous identical bilateral movements performed independently . We briefly report 12 controlled single-case experiments using multiple-baseline design s across three separate grasp/reach activities . Unilateral performance tests with the hemiplegic arm using the bilaterally trained actions demonstrated clinical ly and statistically significant improvements in movement patterns . These improvements were specific to the trained movement and well maintained . Using recent literature we develop a theoretical model proposing that bilateral simultaneous movement promotes interhemispheric disinhibition likely to allow reorganization by sharing of normal movement comm and s from the undamaged hemisphere . Disinhibition may also encourage recruitment of undamaged neurones to construct new task-relevant neural networks . The potential contribution of spared ipsilateral pathways in the damaged hemisphere , indirect corticospinal pathways and ipsilateral pathways from the undamaged hemisphere is discussed OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that somatosensory stimulation would enhance the effects of training functional h and tasks immediately after practice and 1 day later in chronic subcortical stroke patients . DESIGN Single-blinded and r and omized , crossover study . SETTING Human research laboratory . PARTICIPANTS Nine chronic subcortical stroke patients . INTERVENTIONS Three separate sessions of motor training preceded by ( 1 ) synchronous peripheral nerve stimulation ( PNS ) , ( 2 ) no stimulation , or ( 3 ) asynchronous PNS . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Time to complete the Jebsen-Taylor H and Function Test ( JTHFT time ) and corticomotor excitability tested with transcranial magnetic stimulation . RESULTS After familiarization practice , during which all patients reached a performance plateau , training under the effects of PNS reduced JTHFT time by 10 % beyond the post-familiarization plateau . This behavioral gain was accompanied by a specific reduction in GABAergically mediated intracortical inhibition in the motor cortex . These findings were not observed after similar practice under the influence of no stimulation or asynchronous PNS sessions . CONCLUSIONS Somatosensory stimulation may enhance the training of functional h and tasks in patients with chronic stroke , possibly through modulation of intracortical GABAergic pathways Somatosensory stimulation enhances aspects of motor function in patients with chronic , predominantly subcortical infa rcts . We investigated the effects of somatosensory stimulation on motor function in stroke patients with predominantly cortical involvement in the middle cerebral artery territory in a double-blind , pseudor and omized crossover trial . Motor performance was evaluated with the Jebsen-Taylor test before , after 2-hour somatosensory stimulation , and after subsequent motor training ( n = 11 ) . In one experimental session , patients were su bmi tted to median nerve stimulation ( MNS ) and in the other session , to control stimulation ( CS ) . The order of the sessions was counterbalanced across patients . Improvement in performance in the Jebsen-Taylor test after somatosensory stimulation and after motor training was significantly greater in the MNS session than in the CS session . Additionally , patients who received MNS in the second session maintained the beneficial effects of training 30 days later . A single MNS session improves h and motor function in patients with chronic cortico-subcortical strokes and appears to favor consolidation of training effects .  Somatosensory stimulation may be an adjuvant tool for stroke rehabilitation in patients with cortical lesions OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of sensory-amplitude electric stimulation ( SES ) of the paretic leg on motor recovery and gait kinematics of patients with stroke . DESIGN R and omized , controlled , double-blind study . SETTING Rehabilitation ward and gait laboratory of a university hospital . PARTICIPANTS A total of 30 consecutive in patients with stroke ( mean age , 63.2 y ) , all within 6 months poststroke and without volitional ankle dorsiflexion were studied . INTERVENTION Both the SES group ( n=15 ) and the placebo group ( n=15 ) participated in a conventional stroke rehabilitation program 5 days a week for 4 weeks . The SES group also received 30 minutes of SES to the paretic leg without muscle contraction 5 days a week for 4 weeks . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Brunnstrom stages of motor recovery and time-distance and kinematic characteristics of gait . RESULTS Brunnstrom stages improved significantly in both groups ( P<.05 ) . In total , 58 % of the SES group and 56 % of the placebo group gained voluntary ankle dorsiflexion . The between-group difference of percentage change was not significant ( P>.05 ) . Gait kinematics was improved in both groups , but the between-group difference was not significant . CONCLUSIONS In our patients with stroke , SES of the paretic leg was not superior to placebo in terms of lower-extremity motor recovery and gait kinematics Objective : To examine the effects of a home-based arm exercise programme of sensory and motor amplitude electrical stimulation . Design : Non-concurrent , multiple-baseline , single-subject design . Subjects : Ten adults with chronic arm hemiparesis following stroke . Subjects ranged in age from 38 to 74 years and were 2 - 16 years post stroke . Three subjects had right-sided involvement ; seven had left . Intervention : Subjects completed an eight-week , individualized , home programme of neuromuscular and sensory amplitude electrical stimulation . All subjects engaged in stimulation-assisted task-specific exercises for 15 minutes 2 -3 times daily . Participants with sensory deficits received an additional 15 minutes of sensory amplitude stimulation twice daily . The Action Research Arm Test was used to examine arm function ; the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement was used to examine movement quality ; and the Modified Ashworth Assessment of Spasticity was used to examine muscle tone . Results : A statistically significant improvement was demonstrated by six of the 10 subjects on the Action Research Arm Test , and five subjects on the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement . Four subjects had ≥ 10 % improvement on the Modified Ashworth Assessment of Spasticity . Two subjects demonstrated significant improvement on all three outcome measures ; six subjects improved on two or more measures ; and seven subjects improved on one or more measure . Subjects who improved on two or more measures tended to have had more recent onset of stroke , were older and had higher baseline motor and functional capacity . Conclusion : Subjects with chronic stroke can experience impairment and functional improvements following a home-based programme of motor and sensory amplitude electrical stimulation OBJECTIVE To test the influence of electric somatosensory stimulation on performance of the Jebsen-Taylor H and Function Test ( JTHFT ) , a widely used assessment of functional h and motor skills , by the paretic arm in patients with chronic stroke . DESIGN Initially , patients trained for several sessions until reaching plateau performance on the JTHFT . Subsequently , they entered a crossover r and omized study , design ed to evaluate the influence of somatosensory stimulation on JTHFT performance . SETTING A research laboratory . PARTICIPANTS Nine patients with chronic stroke ( > /=1.5 y ) who acutely had marked weakness ( paralysis of the upper extremity is evaluated as equal or below Medical Research Council [ MRC ] grade 2 ) followed by improvement to an MRC grade of 4.24+/-0.43 ( range , 3.5 - 4.9 ) and Fugl-Meyer Assessment ( FMA ) score of 86.43%+/-2.02 % at the time of testing . INTERVENTIONS Two hours of electric somatosensory stimulation was applied to the ( 1 ) paretic h and , ( 2 ) paretic leg , or ( 3 ) no stimulation in different sessions , in a r and omized order . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The time required to complete the JTHFT was analyzed by using repeated- measures analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) with factors time ( pre- , postintervention ) and intervention ( paretic h and , paretic leg , no stimulation ) followed by post hoc testing . RESULTS Significant effects of intervention and intervention by time interaction ( P<.01 ) on JTHFT time was revealed by repeated- measures ANOVA . Post hoc testing documented improvements in JTHFT time with paretic h and stimulation alone ( P<.005 ) , an effect that appeared more prominent in subjects with lower FMA scores . CONCLUSIONS Somatosensory stimulation applied to a paretic limb can benefit performance of a functional test in patients with chronic stroke . This result supports the proposal that electric sensory stimulation in combination with training protocol s may enhance the benefit of customary neurorehabilitative treatments and possibly motor learning Objective : To investigate the effect of perceptual learning exercises for hardness discrimination by the soles on st and ing balance in stroke patients with hemiplegia . Subjects : Twenty-eight subjects were r and omly assigned to an experimental or a control group and participated in a rehabilitation programme . Intervention : The experimental group received perceptual learning exercises on hardness discrimination using three different levels of hardness of a rubber sponge for 10 days . Main measures : Length , enveloped area and rectangular area of the parameter of postural sway were measured by a stabilometer on entry into the study and after 10 days . Results : Twenty-six subjects completed the study . Data indicate that more parameters indicating postural sway were significantly decreased in the experimental group than in the control group . Also , there was a significant difference between the groups in change scores ( pre-exercise minus postexercise ) of length and enveloped area . Conclusion : The plantar perception exercise used as a method in this study is considered to be effective as a supplemental exercise for st and ing balance . The possibility of clinical application using the hardness discrimination task with rubber as a balance exercise is therefore suggested It has been proposed that somatosensory input in the form of peripheral nerve stimulation can influence functional measures of motor performance . We studied the effects of median nerve stimulation on pinch muscle strength ( a function mediated predominantly by median nerve innervated muscles ) in the affected h and of chronic stroke patients . A 2‐hour period of median nerve stimulation elicited an increase in pinch strength that outlasted the stimulation period . The improvement in muscle strength correlated with stimulus intensity and was identified in the absence of motor training . These results suggest that somatosensory stimulation may be a promising adjuvant to rehabilitation of the motor deficits in stroke patients OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of a sensory retraining protocol on sensation , postural control , and gait in acute stroke subjects . DESIGN R and omized controlled pilot trial . SETTING Inpatient rehabilitation hospital . PARTICIPANTS Twenty-one subjects with sensory deficits in the feet , undergoing rehabilitation for stroke . INTERVENTION Sensory retraining of the more affected lower limb versus relaxation ( sham intervention ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Light touch at the sole of the foot ( Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments ) , proprioception ( Distal Proprioception Test ) , postural control ( Berg Balance Scale ) , and gait ( timed , Iowa Level of Assistance Scale ) . RESULTS Significant improvements ( P<.05 ) over time were found in light touch at 3 points of the feet and in postural control , timed gait , and walking aid . No significant time effects were observed in proprioception or amount of assistance required to walk . No significant differences were detected between groups in any of the outcome variables , apart from light touch at the first metatarsal . The study had poor power ( 13 % ) to detect group effects due to 
    Output:
    