human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : The aim of this study was to assess the effects of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on  maternal erythrocyte fatty acid composition at different stages of pregnancy and in the post-partum period , and on neonatal  erythrocyte fatty acid composition . Design : A double-blind , r and omised , placebo-controlled study . Setting : Subiaco , Western Australia . Subjects : In all , 98 women booked for delivery at St John of God Hospital , Subiaco , were recruited from private rooms of obstetricians . In total , 83 women and their healthy full-term babies completed the study . Interventions : Women received either 4 g of fish oil ( n=52 ) ( 56 % docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) and 28 % eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) or placebo ( olive oil ) ( n=46 ) per day from 20 weeks gestation until delivery . Main outcome measures : Erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acids were measured in maternal peripheral blood at 20 , 30 and 37 weeks of pregnancy and at 6 weeks post partum , and from cord blood collected at birth . Results : Compared to the control group , maternal EPA and DHA were significantly higher in the fish oil group at 30 and 37 weeks gestation , and remained elevated at 6 weeks post partum ( P<0.001 ) . The proportions of n-6 polyunsaturated ( arachidonic acid , 22:3n-6 and 22:4n-6 ) were significantly lower in the fish oil supplemented group at the same time periods ( P<0.001 ) . Similarly , the proportions of EPA and DHA were significantly higher ( P<0.001 ) , and those of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids arachidonic acid , 20:3n-6 , 22:3n-6 and 22:4n-6 were significantly lower ( P<0.001 ) , in erythrocytes from neonates in the fish oil group , compared to those in the control group . Conclusions : Fish oil supplementation from 20 weeks of pregnancy until birth is an effective means of enhancing n-3 fatty acid status of both mothers and neonates . Furthermore , the changes in maternal erythrocyte fatty acid composition are retained until at least 6 weeks post partum . It is essential to assess the effects of concomitant decreases in arachidonic acid status before any dietary recommendations can be made . Sponsorship : The study was supported by grants from the NH & MRC and Raine Medical Research Foundation , Australia OBJECTIVES Docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ; 22:6 n-3 ) and arachidonic acid ( AA ; 20:4 n-6 ) are important for development of the central nervous system in mammals . There is a growth spurt in the human brain during the last trimester of pregnancy and the first postnatal months , with a large increase in the cerebral content of AA and DHA .  The fetus and the newborn infant depend on maternal supply of DHA and AA . Our hypothesis was that maternal intake of DHA during pregnancy and lactation is marginal and that high intake of this fatty acid would benefit the child . We examined the effect of supplementing pregnant and lactating women with very-long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ; cod liver oil ) on mental development of the children , compared with maternal supplementation with long-chain n-6 PUFAs ( corn oil ) . METHODS The study was r and omized and double-blinded . Pregnant women were recruited in week 18 of pregnancy to take 10 mL of cod liver oil or corn oil until 3 months after delivery . The cod liver oil contained 1183 mg/10 mL DHA , 803 mg/10 mL eicosapentaenoic acid ( 20:5 n-3 ) , and a total of 2494 mg/10 mL summation operator n-3 PUFAs . The corn oil contained 4747 mg/10 mL linoleic acid ( 18:2 n-6 ) and 92 mg/10 mL alpha-linolenic acid ( 18:3 n-3 ) . The amount of fat-soluble vitamins was identical in the 2 oils ( 117 micro g/mL vitamin A , 1 micro g/mL vitamin D , and 1.4 mg/mL dl-alpha-tocopherol ) . A total of 590 pregnant women were recruited to the study , and 341 mothers took part in the study until giving birth . All infants of these women were scheduled for assessment of cognitive function at 6 and 9 months of age , and 262 complied with the request . As part of the protocol , 135 subjects from this population were invited for intelligence testing  with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children ( K-ABC ) at 4 years of age . Of the 135 invited children , 90 came for assessment . Six children did not complete the examination . The K-ABC is a measure of intelligence and achievement design ed for children aged 2.5 years through 12.5 years . This multisubtest battery comprises 4 scales : Sequential Processing , Simultaneous Processing , Achievement ( not used in the present study ) , and Nonverbal Abilities . The Sequential Processing and Simultaneous Processing scales are hypothesized to reflect the child 's style of problem solving and information processing . Scores from these 2 scales are combined to form a Mental Processing Composite , which serves as the measure of intelligence in the K-ABC . RESULTS We received dietary information from 76 infants ( 41 in the cod liver oil group and 35 in the corn oil group ) , documenting that all of them were breastfed at 3 months of age . Children who were born to mothers who had taken cod liver oil ( n = 48 ) during pregnancy and lactation scored higher on the Mental Processing Composite of the K-ABC at 4 years of age as compared with children whose mothers had taken  corn oil  ( n = 36 ; 106.4 [ 7.4 ] vs 102.3 [ 11.3 ] ) . The Mental Processing Composite score correlated significantly with head circumference at birth ( r = 0.23 ) , but no relation was found with birth weight or gestational length . The children 's mental processing scores at 4 years of age correlated significantly with maternal intake of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid during pregnancy . In a multiple regression model , maternal intake of DHA during pregnancy was the only variable of statistical significance for the children 's mental processing scores at 4 years of age . CONCLUSION Maternal intake of very-long-chain n-3 PUFAs during pregnancy and lactation may be favorable for later mental development of children A preventive effect of dietary marine n-3 fatty acids on  early delivery  and toxaemia has recently been hypothesized . In only one published controlled trial fish oil has been given to pregnant women , namely in that conducted during 1938 - 9 in London by the People 's League of Health with a dietary supplement containing vitamins , minerals , and halibut liver oil . Although it was of high quality and its findings are hitherto unexplained , neglect and misinterpretation of the trial seem to occur commonly in review s. Of the 5644 women who were enrolled the 622 withdrawals were independent of treatment . Alternate allocation to treatment was used , producing two groups that were well balanced as to age and parity . The supplement was given from about week 20 . The control group did not receive any supplement . Reductions of 20.4 % ( 95 % confidence interval 9 - 30 % , P = 0.00083 ) and 31.5 % ( 95 % confidence interval 11 - 47 % , P = 0.0047 ) were seen in odds of delivering before 40 weeks of gestation and pre-eclampsia respectively . No significant effects were seen on perinatal mortality , average birth weight , deliveries after 40 weeks , hypertension in the absence of oedema and proteinuria , duration of labour , sepsis or breast-feeding occurrence . Later controlled trials with vitamins or minerals given in the same amounts as in this trial have largely failed to show convincing effects as seen here . A controlled trial assessing the isolated effects of fish oil in pregnancy is warranted OBJECTIVE There have been indications that high intake of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) during pregnancy may increase birth weight and gestational length . In addition , n-3 long-chain PUFAs may be important for the neurobiological development of the infants . High levels of docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA , 22:6 n-3 ) are found in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex and in the retina , and it seems as if the availability of long-chain PUFAs may be limiting cerebral development . The fetus and the newborn are dependent on a high supply from their mothers , either via the placenta or via breast milk . We supplemented pregnant and lactating women with n-3 or n-6 long-chain PUFAs to evaluate the effect on birth weight , gestational length , and infant development . DESIGN We performed a double-blind , r and omized study recruiting 590 pregnant , healthy , nulli- or primiparous women ( 19 - 35 years old ) in weeks 17 to 19 of pregnancy . The women were provided 10 mL of either cod liver oil or corn oil daily until 3 months after delivery . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes were gestational length and birth weight . Electroencephalography ( EEG ) was done on the second day of life and at 3 months of age . Novelty preference ( Fagan test ) was used as an indicator of cognitive function at 6 and 9 months of age . The fatty acid pattern in umbilical plasma phospholipids and in breast milk was measured , and dietary assessment s were performed , both on the mothers during pregnancy and on the infants at 3 months of age . The growth of the infants was followed up to 1 year of age . RESULTS Three hundred forty-one mothers took part in the study until delivery . There were no significant differences in maternal body mass index before pregnancy and at birth , or parity between the 2 groups . Smoking habits and parental education were also similar in the 2 groups . The mean age of the mothers receiving cod liver oil was , by chance , 1 year higher than the age of the mothers receiving corn oil ( 28.6 [ 3.4 ] vs 27.6 [ 3.2 ] years ) . The maternal dietary intake in the 2 groups receiving cod liver oil or corn oil was similar , except for the supplementation . There were no differences in gestational length or birth weight between the cod liver oil group and the corn oil group ( 279.6 [ 9.2 ] vs 279.2 [ 9.3 ] days ; 3609 [ 493 ] vs 3618 [ 527 ] g , respectively ) . Birth length , head circumference , and placental weight were also similar in the 2 groups . The concentrations of the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid ( 20:5 n-3 ) , docosapentaenoic acid ( 22:5 n-3 ) , and DHA in umbilical plasma phospholipids were higher in the cod liver oil group compared with the corn oil group ( 10.8 [ 7.6 ] vs 2.5 [ 1.8 ] microg/mL , 5.0 [ 2.6 ] vs 2.9 [ 1.3 ] microg/mL , 55.8 [ 20.6 ] vs 45.3 [ 12.8 ] microg/mL , respectively ) . Neonates with high concentration of DHA in umbilical plasma phospholipids ( upper quartile ) had longer gestational length than neonates with low concentration ( lower quartile ; 282.5 [ 8.5 ] vs 275.4 [ 9.3 ] days ) . No differences in EEG scores or Fagan scores were found , but neonates with mature EEG ( N = 70 ) had a higher concentration of DHA in umbilical plasma phospholipids than neonates with immature EEG ( N = 51 ) on the second day of life . Dietary information from 251 infants at 3 months of age was collected and 85 % of these infants were exclusively breastfed , in addition to 12 % who were partly breastfed . The breast milk of mothers supplemented with cod liver oil contained more n-3 long-chain PUFAs and less n-6 long-chain PUFAs than breast milk of mothers supplemented with corn oil . There were no significant differences in infant growth during the first year of life between the 2 groups . CONCLUSIONS This study shows neither harmful nor beneficial effects of maternal supplementation of long-chain n-3 PUFAs regarding pregnancy outcome , cognitive development , or growth , as compared with supplementation with n-6 fatty acids . However , it confirms that DHA concentration may be related to gestational length and cerebral maturation of the newborn OBJECTIVE To hypothesize that higher intake of docosahexaenoic acid , an n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid , would increase duration of gestation and birth weight in US women . METHODS This was a r and omized , double-blind , controlled , clinical trial . Subjects were enrolled in an ambulatory clinic where they received prenatal care . This was a population -based sample . Most subjects received government assistance for  medical care and most were black ( 73 % ) . Subjects were enrolled between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy and consumed docosahexaenoic acid ( 33 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : The aim of this study was to assess the effects of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on  maternal erythrocyte fatty acid composition at different stages of pregnancy and in the post-partum period , and on neonatal  erythrocyte fatty acid composition . Design : A double-blind , r and omised , placebo-controlled study . Setting : Subiaco , Western Australia . Subjects : In all , 98 women booked for delivery at St John of God Hospital , Subiaco , were recruited from private rooms of obstetricians . In total , 83 women and their healthy full-term babies completed the study . Interventions : Women received either 4 g of fish oil ( n=52 ) ( 56 % docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) and 28 % eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) or placebo ( olive oil ) ( n=46 ) per day from 20 weeks gestation until delivery . Main outcome measures : Erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acids were measured in maternal peripheral blood at 20 , 30 and 37 weeks of pregnancy and at 6 weeks post partum , and from cord blood collected at birth . Results : Compared to the control group , maternal EPA and DHA were significantly higher in the fish oil group at 30 and 37 weeks gestation , and remained elevated at 6 weeks post partum ( P<0.001 ) . The proportions of n-6 polyunsaturated ( arachidonic acid , 22:3n-6 and 22:4n-6 ) were significantly lower in the fish oil supplemented group at the same time periods ( P<0.001 ) . Similarly , the proportions of EPA and DHA were significantly higher ( P<0.001 ) , and those of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids arachidonic acid , 20:3n-6 , 22:3n-6 and 22:4n-6 were significantly lower ( P<0.001 ) , in erythrocytes from neonates in the fish oil group , compared to those in the control group . Conclusions : Fish oil supplementation from 20 weeks of pregnancy until birth is an effective means of enhancing n-3 fatty acid status of both mothers and neonates . Furthermore , the changes in maternal erythrocyte fatty acid composition are retained until at least 6 weeks post partum . It is essential to assess the effects of concomitant decreases in arachidonic acid status before any dietary recommendations can be made . Sponsorship : The study was supported by grants from the NH & MRC and Raine Medical Research Foundation , Australia OBJECTIVES Docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ; 22:6 n-3 ) and arachidonic acid ( AA ; 20:4 n-6 ) are important for development of the central nervous system in mammals . There is a growth spurt in the human brain during the last trimester of pregnancy and the first postnatal months , with a large increase in the cerebral content of AA and DHA .  The fetus and the newborn infant depend on maternal supply of DHA and AA . Our hypothesis was that maternal intake of DHA during pregnancy and lactation is marginal and that high intake of this fatty acid would benefit the child . We examined the effect of supplementing pregnant and lactating women with very-long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ; cod liver oil ) on mental development of the children , compared with maternal supplementation with long-chain n-6 PUFAs ( corn oil ) . METHODS The study was r and omized and double-blinded . Pregnant women were recruited in week 18 of pregnancy to take 10 mL of cod liver oil or corn oil until 3 months after delivery . The cod liver oil contained 1183 mg/10 mL DHA , 803 mg/10 mL eicosapentaenoic acid ( 20:5 n-3 ) , and a total of 2494 mg/10 mL summation operator n-3 PUFAs . The corn oil contained 4747 mg/10 mL linoleic acid ( 18:2 n-6 ) and 92 mg/10 mL alpha-linolenic acid ( 18:3 n-3 ) . The amount of fat-soluble vitamins was identical in the 2 oils ( 117 micro g/mL vitamin A , 1 micro g/mL vitamin D , and 1.4 mg/mL dl-alpha-tocopherol ) . A total of 590 pregnant women were recruited to the study , and 341 mothers took part in the study until giving birth . All infants of these women were scheduled for assessment of cognitive function at 6 and 9 months of age , and 262 complied with the request . As part of the protocol , 135 subjects from this population were invited for intelligence testing  with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children ( K-ABC ) at 4 years of age . Of the 135 invited children , 90 came for assessment . Six children did not complete the examination . The K-ABC is a measure of intelligence and achievement design ed for children aged 2.5 years through 12.5 years . This multisubtest battery comprises 4 scales : Sequential Processing , Simultaneous Processing , Achievement ( not used in the present study ) , and Nonverbal Abilities . The Sequential Processing and Simultaneous Processing scales are hypothesized to reflect the child 's style of problem solving and information processing . Scores from these 2 scales are combined to form a Mental Processing Composite , which serves as the measure of intelligence in the K-ABC . RESULTS We received dietary information from 76 infants ( 41 in the cod liver oil group and 35 in the corn oil group ) , documenting that all of them were breastfed at 3 months of age . Children who were born to mothers who had taken cod liver oil ( n = 48 ) during pregnancy and lactation scored higher on the Mental Processing Composite of the K-ABC at 4 years of age as compared with children whose mothers had taken  corn oil  ( n = 36 ; 106.4 [ 7.4 ] vs 102.3 [ 11.3 ] ) . The Mental Processing Composite score correlated significantly with head circumference at birth ( r = 0.23 ) , but no relation was found with birth weight or gestational length . The children 's mental processing scores at 4 years of age correlated significantly with maternal intake of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid during pregnancy . In a multiple regression model , maternal intake of DHA during pregnancy was the only variable of statistical significance for the children 's mental processing scores at 4 years of age . CONCLUSION Maternal intake of very-long-chain n-3 PUFAs during pregnancy and lactation may be favorable for later mental development of children A preventive effect of dietary marine n-3 fatty acids on  early delivery  and toxaemia has recently been hypothesized . In only one published controlled trial fish oil has been given to pregnant women , namely in that conducted during 1938 - 9 in London by the People 's League of Health with a dietary supplement containing vitamins , minerals , and halibut liver oil . Although it was of high quality and its findings are hitherto unexplained , neglect and misinterpretation of the trial seem to occur commonly in review s. Of the 5644 women who were enrolled the 622 withdrawals were independent of treatment . Alternate allocation to treatment was used , producing two groups that were well balanced as to age and parity . The supplement was given from about week 20 . The control group did not receive any supplement . Reductions of 20.4 % ( 95 % confidence interval 9 - 30 % , P = 0.00083 ) and 31.5 % ( 95 % confidence interval 11 - 47 % , P = 0.0047 ) were seen in odds of delivering before 40 weeks of gestation and pre-eclampsia respectively . No significant effects were seen on perinatal mortality , average birth weight , deliveries after 40 weeks , hypertension in the absence of oedema and proteinuria , duration of labour , sepsis or breast-feeding occurrence . Later controlled trials with vitamins or minerals given in the same amounts as in this trial have largely failed to show convincing effects as seen here . A controlled trial assessing the isolated effects of fish oil in pregnancy is warranted OBJECTIVE There have been indications that high intake of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) during pregnancy may increase birth weight and gestational length . In addition , n-3 long-chain PUFAs may be important for the neurobiological development of the infants . High levels of docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA , 22:6 n-3 ) are found in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex and in the retina , and it seems as if the availability of long-chain PUFAs may be limiting cerebral development . The fetus and the newborn are dependent on a high supply from their mothers , either via the placenta or via breast milk . We supplemented pregnant and lactating women with n-3 or n-6 long-chain PUFAs to evaluate the effect on birth weight , gestational length , and infant development . DESIGN We performed a double-blind , r and omized study recruiting 590 pregnant , healthy , nulli- or primiparous women ( 19 - 35 years old ) in weeks 17 to 19 of pregnancy . The women were provided 10 mL of either cod liver oil or corn oil daily until 3 months after delivery . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes were gestational length and birth weight . Electroencephalography ( EEG ) was done on the second day of life and at 3 months of age . Novelty preference ( Fagan test ) was used as an indicator of cognitive function at 6 and 9 months of age . The fatty acid pattern in umbilical plasma phospholipids and in breast milk was measured , and dietary assessment s were performed , both on the mothers during pregnancy and on the infants at 3 months of age . The growth of the infants was followed up to 1 year of age . RESULTS Three hundred forty-one mothers took part in the study until delivery . There were no significant differences in maternal body mass index before pregnancy and at birth , or parity between the 2 groups . Smoking habits and parental education were also similar in the 2 groups . The mean age of the mothers receiving cod liver oil was , by chance , 1 year higher than the age of the mothers receiving corn oil ( 28.6 [ 3.4 ] vs 27.6 [ 3.2 ] years ) . The maternal dietary intake in the 2 groups receiving cod liver oil or corn oil was similar , except for the supplementation . There were no differences in gestational length or birth weight between the cod liver oil group and the corn oil group ( 279.6 [ 9.2 ] vs 279.2 [ 9.3 ] days ; 3609 [ 493 ] vs 3618 [ 527 ] g , respectively ) . Birth length , head circumference , and placental weight were also similar in the 2 groups . The concentrations of the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid ( 20:5 n-3 ) , docosapentaenoic acid ( 22:5 n-3 ) , and DHA in umbilical plasma phospholipids were higher in the cod liver oil group compared with the corn oil group ( 10.8 [ 7.6 ] vs 2.5 [ 1.8 ] microg/mL , 5.0 [ 2.6 ] vs 2.9 [ 1.3 ] microg/mL , 55.8 [ 20.6 ] vs 45.3 [ 12.8 ] microg/mL , respectively ) . Neonates with high concentration of DHA in umbilical plasma phospholipids ( upper quartile ) had longer gestational length than neonates with low concentration ( lower quartile ; 282.5 [ 8.5 ] vs 275.4 [ 9.3 ] days ) . No differences in EEG scores or Fagan scores were found , but neonates with mature EEG ( N = 70 ) had a higher concentration of DHA in umbilical plasma phospholipids than neonates with immature EEG ( N = 51 ) on the second day of life . Dietary information from 251 infants at 3 months of age was collected and 85 % of these infants were exclusively breastfed , in addition to 12 % who were partly breastfed . The breast milk of mothers supplemented with cod liver oil contained more n-3 long-chain PUFAs and less n-6 long-chain PUFAs than breast milk of mothers supplemented with corn oil . There were no significant differences in infant growth during the first year of life between the 2 groups . CONCLUSIONS This study shows neither harmful nor beneficial effects of maternal supplementation of long-chain n-3 PUFAs regarding pregnancy outcome , cognitive development , or growth , as compared with supplementation with n-6 fatty acids . However , it confirms that DHA concentration may be related to gestational length and cerebral maturation of the newborn OBJECTIVE To hypothesize that higher intake of docosahexaenoic acid , an n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid , would increase duration of gestation and birth weight in US women . METHODS This was a r and omized , double-blind , controlled , clinical trial . Subjects were enrolled in an ambulatory clinic where they received prenatal care . This was a population -based sample . Most subjects received government assistance for  medical care and most were black ( 73 % ) . Subjects were enrolled between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy and consumed docosahexaenoic acid ( 33 
    Output:
    