human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Studies have identified numerous factors affecting breastfeeding initiation and duration , including maternal education , mode of delivery , birth weight , socioeconomic status , and support of the infant ’s father . Objective : The objective was to investigate the effects of an antenatal education session and postnatal support targeted to fathers . Methods : The Fathers Infant Feeding Initiative ( FIFI Study ) is a r and omized controlled trial to increase the initiation and duration of breastfeeding that was conducted in 8 public maternity hospitals in Perth , Western Australia . A total of 699 couples were r and omized within hospitals to either intervention or control groups . The intervention consisted of a 2-hour antenatal education session and postnatal support provided to fathers . Results : The any breastfeeding rate for the intervention group was significantly greater at 6 weeks : 81.6 % in the intervention group compared to 75.2 % in the control group , odds ratio 1.46 ( 95 % CI , 1.01 - 2.13 ) . After adjustment for age and hospital , the odds ratio for any breastfeeding in the intervention group was 1.58 ( 1.06 - 2.35 ) and for socioeconomic status ( SES ) , 1.56 ( 1.06 - 2.30 ) . The infants of older fathers were more likely to be breastfed at 6 weeks compared to infants of younger fathers ( P < .01 ) , and infants of fathers with high SES more likely than infants of fathers with low SES ( P = .013 ) . Conclusion : Even a small increase in breastfeeding rates brings public health benefits . In this study , a minimal intervention was found to significantly increase any breastfeeding at 6 weeks : 81.6 % in the intervention group compared to 75.2 % in the control group In northern Nigeria , interventions are urgently needed to narrow the large gap between international breastfeeding recommendations and actual breastfeeding practice s. Studies of integrated microcredit and community health interventions documented success in modifying health behaviors but typically had uncontrolled design s. We conducted a cluster-r and omized controlled trial in Bauchi State , Nigeria , with the aim of increasing early breastfeeding initiation and exclusive breastfeeding among female microcredit clients . The intervention had 3 components . Trained credit officers led monthly breastfeeding learning sessions during regularly scheduled microcredit meetings for 10 mo . Text and voice messages were sent out weekly to a cell phone provided to small groups of microcredit clients ( 5 - 7 women ) . The small groups prepared songs or dramas about the messages and presented them at the monthly microcredit meetings . The control arm continued with the regular microcredit program . R and omization occurred at the level of the monthly meeting groups . Pregnant clients were recruited at baseline and interviewed again when their infants were aged ≥6 mo . Logistic regression models accounting for clustering were used to estimate the odds of performing recommended behaviors . Among the clients who completed the final survey ( n = 390 ) , the odds of exclusive breastfeeding to 6 mo ( OR : 2.4 ; 95 % CI : 1.4 , 4.0 ) and timely breastfeeding initiation ( OR : 2.6 ; 95 % CI : 1.6 , 4.1 ) were increased in the intervention vs. control arm . Delayed introduction of water explained most of the increase in exclusive breastfeeding among clients receiving the intervention . In conclusion , a breastfeeding promotion intervention integrated into microcredit increased the likelihood that women adopted recommended breastfeeding practice s. This intervention could be scaled up in Nigeria , where local organizations provide microcredit to > 500,000 clients . Furthermore , the intervention could be adopted more widely given that > 150 million women , many of childbearing age , are involved in microfinance globally OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the effectiveness of a coparenting intervention on exclusive breastfeeding  among primiparous mothers and fathers . METHODS : A r and omized controlled trial was conducted in a large teaching hospital in Toronto , Canada . Couples were r and omized to receive either  usual care ( n = 107 ) or a coparenting breastfeeding support intervention ( n = 107 ) . Follow-up of exclusive breastfeeding and diverse secondary outcomes was conducted at 6 and 12 weeks postpartum . RESULTS : Significantly more mothers in the intervention group than in the control group continued to breastfeed at 12 weeks postpartum ( 96.2 % vs 87.6 % , P = .02 ) . Although proportionately more mothers in the intervention group were exclusively breastfeeding at 6 and 12 weeks , these differences were not significant . Fathers in the intervention group had a significantly greater increase in breastfeeding self-efficacy scores from baseline to 6 weeks postpartum compared with fathers in the control group ( P = .03 ) . In addition , significantly more mothers in the intervention group than in the control group reported that their partners provided them with breastfeeding help in the first 6 weeks ( 71 % vs 52 % , P = .02 ) and that they were satisfied with their partners ’ involvement with breastfeeding ( 89 % vs 78.1 % , P = .04 ) . Mothers in the intervention group were also more satisfied with the breastfeeding information they received ( 81 % vs 62.5 % , P < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS : The significant improvements in breastfeeding duration , paternal breastfeeding self-efficacy , and maternal perceptions of paternal involvement and assistance with breastfeeding suggest that a coparenting intervention involving fathers warrants additional investigation Objective . To investigate whether supporting fathers to recognize the relevance of their role in the success of breastfeeding and teaching them how to prevent and to manage the most common lactation problems would result in more women breastfeeding . Methods . A controlled trial , in which the participating fathers were allocated in 2-month blocks to a child care training session , was conducted of 280 mothers considering breastfeeding and their 280 partners at a university obstetric department in Naples , Italy .  Support and advice about breastfeeding was provided to all of the mothers . Among the fathers of the intervention group , the training session included the management of breastfeeding ; among those of the control group , it did not . Primary outcome was the prevalence of full breastfeeding at 6 months . Secondary outcomes were the proportion of women who perceived their milk to be insufficient , who stopped breastfeeding because of problems , and who reported to have received help in breastfeeding management by their partners . Results The prevalence of full breastfeeding at 6 months was 25 % ( 35 of 140 ) in the intervention group and 15 % ( 21 of 140 ) in the control group and that of any breastfeeding at 12 months was 19 % ( 27 ) and 11 % ( 16 ) , respectively . Perceived milk insufficiency was significantly more frequent among the mothers of the control group ( 38 [ 27 % ] of 140 vs 12 [ 8.6 % ] of 140 ) , as well as breastfeeding interruption because of problems with lactation ( 25 [ 18 % ] of 140 vs 6 [ 4 % ] of 140 ) . Moreover , significantly more women in the intervention group reported receiving support and relevant help with infant feeding management from their partners ( 128 [ 91 % ] of 140 vs 48 [ 34 % ] of 140 ) . Among the women who had reported difficulties with lactation in the intervention and control groups ( 96 [ 69 % ] and 89 [ 64 % ] , respectively ) , the prevalence of full breastfeeding at 6 months was 24 % and 4.5 % , respectively . Conclusions Teaching fathers how to prevent and to manage the most common lactation difficulties is associated with higher rates of full breastfeeding at 6 months To determine the extent of exclusive breastfeeding practice s among mothers of 4 and 6 month old infants whose fathers received breastfeeding education material s and counseling services .  A quasi-experimental design was used . At the baseline , 251 and 241 couples were recruited into the intervention and control sites respectively . Fathers in the intervention area received breastfeeding education material s , counseling services at commune health centers and household visits . In the control site , where mothers routinely receive services on antenatal and postpartum care , fathers did not receive any intervention services on promoting breastfeeding . Primary indicators were exclusive breastfeeding at 4 and 6 months . At 6 months of age , based on 24-hour recall , 16.0 % ( 38/238 ) of mothers in the intervention group were exclusively breastfeeding their children , compared to 3.9 % ( 10/230 ) of those mothers in the control group ( p < 0.001 ) . Significant differences were found based on last-week recall ( 8.8 % in the intervention group vs. 1.3 % in the control group , p < 0.001 ) and since-birth recall ( 6.7 % in the intervention group vs. 0.9 % in the control group , p < 0.01 ) . At 4 months of age , based on since birth recall , the breastfeeding proportion was significantly higher in the intervention group than in control group ( 20.6 % in the intervention group vs. 11.3 % in the control group , p < 0.01 ) . An intervention targeting fathers might be effective in increasing exclusive breastfeeding practice s at 4 and 6 months . To improve exclusive breastfeeding , health care staff working in maternal and child health units , should consider integrating fathers with services delivered to mothers and children OBJECTIVE To identify determinants of the initiation and duration of  breastfeeding amongst Australian women . METHODS A prospect i ve cohort study of 556 women in Perth , Western Australia and 503 women from the Darling Downs area , Queensl and , Australia . RESULTS Breastfeeding at discharge was most strongly associated with perceived paternal support of breastfeeding  with an adjusted odds ratio of 9.13 ( 95 % CI 4.83 - 17.26 ) , using multivariate logistic regression analysis . Duration of breastfeeding was most strongly associated with the length of time a mother intended to breastfeed with an adjusted relative risk of 4.18 ( 95 % CI 2.81 - 6.22 ) for > or = 4 months relative to < 4 months . CONCLUSIONS Interventions which aim to increase the length of time a woman intends to breastfeed , and which highlight the role of the father in successful breastfeeding , are recommended to help achieve recommended targets for breastfeeding initiation and duration OBJECTIVE Although improving mothers ' knowledge about breastfeeding can increase rates and duration of breastfeeding , little is known about the influence of fathers ' knowledge . The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of mothers and fathers about breastfeeding before and after receiving  postpartum advice  and its relationship to the frequency of breastfeeding . METHODS A clinical trial was performed with mothers and fathers of normal children born at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre , Brazil , between July 1994 and March 1995 . The study intervention consisted of postpartum advice supplied by means of a video film discussing basic topics of breastfeeding , an explanatory leaflet , and open discussion after viewing the video .  The first 208 couples comprised the control group , the next 197 comprised experimental group 1 , and the remaining 196 comprised experimental group 2 . Immediately after delivery , mothers and fathers in the three groups answered a test on breastfeeding knowledge ; they completed the same test at the end of the first month . All families received home visits at the end of the first , second , fourth , and sixth months , or until breastfeeding ceased . Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between the mothers ' and fathers ' knowledge and frequency of breastfeeding . RESULTS Postpartum advice increased the breastfeeding knowledge of mothers and fathers . The mothers with the highest level of knowledge had a 6.5 times higher chance of exclusively breastfeeding at the end of the third month , and 1.97 times higher chance of continuing breastfeeding to the end of the sixth month compared with other mothers . The fathers ' knowledge also significantly influenced breastfeeding rates . The children whose fathers knew more had a 1.76 higher chance of being exclusively breastfed at the end of the first month , and 1.91 higher chance of receiving maternal milk at the end of the third month . CONCLUSION A simple , inexpensive strategy can increase the level of breastfeeding knowledge of mothers and fathers and , consequently , have a positive impact on the frequency of breastfeeding 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Studies have identified numerous factors affecting breastfeeding initiation and duration , including maternal education , mode of delivery , birth weight , socioeconomic status , and support of the infant ’s father . Objective : The objective was to investigate the effects of an antenatal education session and postnatal support targeted to fathers . Methods : The Fathers Infant Feeding Initiative ( FIFI Study ) is a r and omized controlled trial to increase the initiation and duration of breastfeeding that was conducted in 8 public maternity hospitals in Perth , Western Australia . A total of 699 couples were r and omized within hospitals to either intervention or control groups . The intervention consisted of a 2-hour antenatal education session and postnatal support provided to fathers . Results : The any breastfeeding rate for the intervention group was significantly greater at 6 weeks : 81.6 % in the intervention group compared to 75.2 % in the control group , odds ratio 1.46 ( 95 % CI , 1.01 - 2.13 ) . After adjustment for age and hospital , the odds ratio for any breastfeeding in the intervention group was 1.58 ( 1.06 - 2.35 ) and for socioeconomic status ( SES ) , 1.56 ( 1.06 - 2.30 ) . The infants of older fathers were more likely to be breastfed at 6 weeks compared to infants of younger fathers ( P < .01 ) , and infants of fathers with high SES more likely than infants of fathers with low SES ( P = .013 ) . Conclusion : Even a small increase in breastfeeding rates brings public health benefits . In this study , a minimal intervention was found to significantly increase any breastfeeding at 6 weeks : 81.6 % in the intervention group compared to 75.2 % in the control group In northern Nigeria , interventions are urgently needed to narrow the large gap between international breastfeeding recommendations and actual breastfeeding practice s. Studies of integrated microcredit and community health interventions documented success in modifying health behaviors but typically had uncontrolled design s. We conducted a cluster-r and omized controlled trial in Bauchi State , Nigeria , with the aim of increasing early breastfeeding initiation and exclusive breastfeeding among female microcredit clients . The intervention had 3 components . Trained credit officers led monthly breastfeeding learning sessions during regularly scheduled microcredit meetings for 10 mo . Text and voice messages were sent out weekly to a cell phone provided to small groups of microcredit clients ( 5 - 7 women ) . The small groups prepared songs or dramas about the messages and presented them at the monthly microcredit meetings . The control arm continued with the regular microcredit program . R and omization occurred at the level of the monthly meeting groups . Pregnant clients were recruited at baseline and interviewed again when their infants were aged ≥6 mo . Logistic regression models accounting for clustering were used to estimate the odds of performing recommended behaviors . Among the clients who completed the final survey ( n = 390 ) , the odds of exclusive breastfeeding to 6 mo ( OR : 2.4 ; 95 % CI : 1.4 , 4.0 ) and timely breastfeeding initiation ( OR : 2.6 ; 95 % CI : 1.6 , 4.1 ) were increased in the intervention vs. control arm . Delayed introduction of water explained most of the increase in exclusive breastfeeding among clients receiving the intervention . In conclusion , a breastfeeding promotion intervention integrated into microcredit increased the likelihood that women adopted recommended breastfeeding practice s. This intervention could be scaled up in Nigeria , where local organizations provide microcredit to > 500,000 clients . Furthermore , the intervention could be adopted more widely given that > 150 million women , many of childbearing age , are involved in microfinance globally OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the effectiveness of a coparenting intervention on exclusive breastfeeding  among primiparous mothers and fathers . METHODS : A r and omized controlled trial was conducted in a large teaching hospital in Toronto , Canada . Couples were r and omized to receive either  usual care ( n = 107 ) or a coparenting breastfeeding support intervention ( n = 107 ) . Follow-up of exclusive breastfeeding and diverse secondary outcomes was conducted at 6 and 12 weeks postpartum . RESULTS : Significantly more mothers in the intervention group than in the control group continued to breastfeed at 12 weeks postpartum ( 96.2 % vs 87.6 % , P = .02 ) . Although proportionately more mothers in the intervention group were exclusively breastfeeding at 6 and 12 weeks , these differences were not significant . Fathers in the intervention group had a significantly greater increase in breastfeeding self-efficacy scores from baseline to 6 weeks postpartum compared with fathers in the control group ( P = .03 ) . In addition , significantly more mothers in the intervention group than in the control group reported that their partners provided them with breastfeeding help in the first 6 weeks ( 71 % vs 52 % , P = .02 ) and that they were satisfied with their partners ’ involvement with breastfeeding ( 89 % vs 78.1 % , P = .04 ) . Mothers in the intervention group were also more satisfied with the breastfeeding information they received ( 81 % vs 62.5 % , P < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS : The significant improvements in breastfeeding duration , paternal breastfeeding self-efficacy , and maternal perceptions of paternal involvement and assistance with breastfeeding suggest that a coparenting intervention involving fathers warrants additional investigation Objective . To investigate whether supporting fathers to recognize the relevance of their role in the success of breastfeeding and teaching them how to prevent and to manage the most common lactation problems would result in more women breastfeeding . Methods . A controlled trial , in which the participating fathers were allocated in 2-month blocks to a child care training session , was conducted of 280 mothers considering breastfeeding and their 280 partners at a university obstetric department in Naples , Italy .  Support and advice about breastfeeding was provided to all of the mothers . Among the fathers of the intervention group , the training session included the management of breastfeeding ; among those of the control group , it did not . Primary outcome was the prevalence of full breastfeeding at 6 months . Secondary outcomes were the proportion of women who perceived their milk to be insufficient , who stopped breastfeeding because of problems , and who reported to have received help in breastfeeding management by their partners . Results The prevalence of full breastfeeding at 6 months was 25 % ( 35 of 140 ) in the intervention group and 15 % ( 21 of 140 ) in the control group and that of any breastfeeding at 12 months was 19 % ( 27 ) and 11 % ( 16 ) , respectively . Perceived milk insufficiency was significantly more frequent among the mothers of the control group ( 38 [ 27 % ] of 140 vs 12 [ 8.6 % ] of 140 ) , as well as breastfeeding interruption because of problems with lactation ( 25 [ 18 % ] of 140 vs 6 [ 4 % ] of 140 ) . Moreover , significantly more women in the intervention group reported receiving support and relevant help with infant feeding management from their partners ( 128 [ 91 % ] of 140 vs 48 [ 34 % ] of 140 ) . Among the women who had reported difficulties with lactation in the intervention and control groups ( 96 [ 69 % ] and 89 [ 64 % ] , respectively ) , the prevalence of full breastfeeding at 6 months was 24 % and 4.5 % , respectively . Conclusions Teaching fathers how to prevent and to manage the most common lactation difficulties is associated with higher rates of full breastfeeding at 6 months To determine the extent of exclusive breastfeeding practice s among mothers of 4 and 6 month old infants whose fathers received breastfeeding education material s and counseling services .  A quasi-experimental design was used . At the baseline , 251 and 241 couples were recruited into the intervention and control sites respectively . Fathers in the intervention area received breastfeeding education material s , counseling services at commune health centers and household visits . In the control site , where mothers routinely receive services on antenatal and postpartum care , fathers did not receive any intervention services on promoting breastfeeding . Primary indicators were exclusive breastfeeding at 4 and 6 months . At 6 months of age , based on 24-hour recall , 16.0 % ( 38/238 ) of mothers in the intervention group were exclusively breastfeeding their children , compared to 3.9 % ( 10/230 ) of those mothers in the control group ( p < 0.001 ) . Significant differences were found based on last-week recall ( 8.8 % in the intervention group vs. 1.3 % in the control group , p < 0.001 ) and since-birth recall ( 6.7 % in the intervention group vs. 0.9 % in the control group , p < 0.01 ) . At 4 months of age , based on since birth recall , the breastfeeding proportion was significantly higher in the intervention group than in control group ( 20.6 % in the intervention group vs. 11.3 % in the control group , p < 0.01 ) . An intervention targeting fathers might be effective in increasing exclusive breastfeeding practice s at 4 and 6 months . To improve exclusive breastfeeding , health care staff working in maternal and child health units , should consider integrating fathers with services delivered to mothers and children OBJECTIVE To identify determinants of the initiation and duration of  breastfeeding amongst Australian women . METHODS A prospect i ve cohort study of 556 women in Perth , Western Australia and 503 women from the Darling Downs area , Queensl and , Australia . RESULTS Breastfeeding at discharge was most strongly associated with perceived paternal support of breastfeeding  with an adjusted odds ratio of 9.13 ( 95 % CI 4.83 - 17.26 ) , using multivariate logistic regression analysis . Duration of breastfeeding was most strongly associated with the length of time a mother intended to breastfeed with an adjusted relative risk of 4.18 ( 95 % CI 2.81 - 6.22 ) for > or = 4 months relative to < 4 months . CONCLUSIONS Interventions which aim to increase the length of time a woman intends to breastfeed , and which highlight the role of the father in successful breastfeeding , are recommended to help achieve recommended targets for breastfeeding initiation and duration OBJECTIVE Although improving mothers ' knowledge about breastfeeding can increase rates and duration of breastfeeding , little is known about the influence of fathers ' knowledge . The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of mothers and fathers about breastfeeding before and after receiving  postpartum advice  and its relationship to the frequency of breastfeeding . METHODS A clinical trial was performed with mothers and fathers of normal children born at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre , Brazil , between July 1994 and March 1995 . The study intervention consisted of postpartum advice supplied by means of a video film discussing basic topics of breastfeeding , an explanatory leaflet , and open discussion after viewing the video .  The first 208 couples comprised the control group , the next 197 comprised experimental group 1 , and the remaining 196 comprised experimental group 2 . Immediately after delivery , mothers and fathers in the three groups answered a test on breastfeeding knowledge ; they completed the same test at the end of the first month . All families received home visits at the end of the first , second , fourth , and sixth months , or until breastfeeding ceased . Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between the mothers ' and fathers ' knowledge and frequency of breastfeeding . RESULTS Postpartum advice increased the breastfeeding knowledge of mothers and fathers . The mothers with the highest level of knowledge had a 6.5 times higher chance of exclusively breastfeeding at the end of the third month , and 1.97 times higher chance of continuing breastfeeding to the end of the sixth month compared with other mothers . The fathers ' knowledge also significantly influenced breastfeeding rates . The children whose fathers knew more had a 1.76 higher chance of being exclusively breastfed at the end of the first month , and 1.91 higher chance of receiving maternal milk at the end of the third month . CONCLUSION A simple , inexpensive strategy can increase the level of breastfeeding knowledge of mothers and fathers and , consequently , have a positive impact on the frequency of breastfeeding 
    Output:
    