human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract The current study examined the effects of providing treatment progress information and problem-solving tools to both patients and therapists during the course of psychotherapy . Three hundred and seventy patients were r and omly assigned to one of two treatment groups : treatment-as-usual , or an experimental condition based on the use of patient/therapist feedback and clinical decision-support tools . Patients in the feedback condition were significantly more improved at termination than the patients in the treatment-as-usual condition . Treatment effects were not a consequence of different amounts of psychotherapy received by experimental and control clients . These findings are consistent with past research on these approaches although the effect size was smaller in this study . Not all therapists were aided by the feedback intervention Abstract Providing outcome monitoring feedback to therapists seems to be a promising approach to improve outcomes in clinical practice . This study aims to examine the effect of feedback and investigate whether it is moderated by therapist characteristics . Patients ( n=413 ) were r and omly assigned to either a feedback or a no-feedback control condition . There was no significant effect of feedback  in the full sample , but feedback was effective for not-on-track cases for therapists who used the feedback . Internal feedback propensity , self-efficacy , and commitment to use the feedback moderated the effects of feedback . The results demonstrate that  feedback  is not effective under all circumstances and therapist factors are important when implementing feedback in clinical practice OBJECTIVE : To test the feasibility of creating a valid and reliable checklist with the following features : appropriate for assessing both r and omised and non-r and omised studies ; provision of both an overall score for study quality and a profile of scores not only for the quality of reporting , internal validity ( bias and confounding ) and power , but also for external validity . DESIGN : A pilot version was first developed , based on epidemiological principles , review s , and existing checklists for r and omised studies . Face and content validity were assessed by three experienced review ers and reliability was determined using two raters assessing 10 r and omised and 10 non-r and omised studies . Using different raters , the checklist was revised and tested for internal consistency ( Kuder-Richardson 20 ) , test-retest and inter-rater reliability ( Spearman correlation coefficient and sign rank test ; kappa statistics ) , criterion validity , and respondent burden . MAIN RESULTS : The performance of the checklist improved considerably after revision of a pilot version . The Quality Index had high internal consistency ( KR-20 : 0.89 ) as did the subscales apart from external validity ( KR-20 : 0.54 ) . Test-retest ( r 0.88 ) and inter-rater ( r 0.75 ) reliability of the Quality Index were good . Reliability of the subscales varied from good ( bias ) to poor ( external validity ) . The Quality Index correlated highly with an existing , established instrument for assessing r and omised studies ( r 0.90 ) . There was little difference between its performance with non-r and omised and with r and omised studies . Raters took about 20 minutes to assess each paper ( range 10 to 45 minutes ) . CONCLUSIONS : This study has shown that it is feasible to develop a checklist that can be used to assess the method ological quality not only of r and omised controlled trials but also non-r and omised studies . It has also shown that it is possible to produce a checklist that provides a profile of the paper , alerting review ers to its particular method ological strengths and weaknesses . Further work is required to improve the checklist and the training of raters in the assessment of external validity The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of feedback provided to counselors on the outcomes of patients treated at community-based substance abuse treatment programs . A version of the Outcome Question naire ( OQ-45 ) , adapted to include drug and alcohol use , was administered to patients ( N = 304 ) in 3 substance abuse treatment clinics . Phase I of the study consisted only of administration of the assessment instruments . Phase II consisted of providing feedback reports to counselors based on the adapted OQ-45 at every treatment session up to Session 12 . Patients who were found to not be progressing at an expectable rate ( i.e. , " offtrack " ) were administered a question naire that was used as a second feedback report for counselors . For offtrack patients , feedback compared with no feedback led to significant linear reductions in alcohol use throughout treatment and also in OQ-45 total scores and drug use from the point of the second feedback instrument to Session 12 . The effect for improving mental health functioning was evident at only 1 of the 3 clinics . These results suggest that a feedback system adapted to the treatment of substance use problems is a promising approach that should be tested in a larger r and omized trial Abstract Research on the effects of progress feedback and clinician problem-solving tools on patient outcome has been limited to a few clinical problems and setting s ( Shimokawa , Lambert , & Smart , 2010 ) . Although these interventions work well in outpatient setting s their effects so far have not been investigated with eating-disordered patients or in inpatient care . In this study , the effect of providing feedback interventions was investigated in a r and omized clinical trial involving 133 females diagnosed with anorexia nervosa , bulimia nervosa , or eating disorders not otherwise specified . Comparisons were made between the outcomes of patients r and omly assigned to either treatment-as-usual ( TAU ) or an experimental condition ( Fb ) within therapists ( the same therapists provided both treatments ) . Patients in the Fb condition more frequently experienced clinical ly significant change than those who had TAU ( 52.95 % vs. 28.6 % ) . Similar trends were noted within diagnostic groups . In terms of pre to post change in mental health functioning , large effect sizes favored Fb over TAU . Patients '  BMI improved substantially in both TAU and the feedback condition . The effects of feedback were consistent with past research on these approaches although the effect size was smaller in this study . Suggestions for further research are delineated 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract The current study examined the effects of providing treatment progress information and problem-solving tools to both patients and therapists during the course of psychotherapy . Three hundred and seventy patients were r and omly assigned to one of two treatment groups : treatment-as-usual , or an experimental condition based on the use of patient/therapist feedback and clinical decision-support tools . Patients in the feedback condition were significantly more improved at termination than the patients in the treatment-as-usual condition . Treatment effects were not a consequence of different amounts of psychotherapy received by experimental and control clients . These findings are consistent with past research on these approaches although the effect size was smaller in this study . Not all therapists were aided by the feedback intervention Abstract Providing outcome monitoring feedback to therapists seems to be a promising approach to improve outcomes in clinical practice . This study aims to examine the effect of feedback and investigate whether it is moderated by therapist characteristics . Patients ( n=413 ) were r and omly assigned to either a feedback or a no-feedback control condition . There was no significant effect of feedback  in the full sample , but feedback was effective for not-on-track cases for therapists who used the feedback . Internal feedback propensity , self-efficacy , and commitment to use the feedback moderated the effects of feedback . The results demonstrate that  feedback  is not effective under all circumstances and therapist factors are important when implementing feedback in clinical practice OBJECTIVE : To test the feasibility of creating a valid and reliable checklist with the following features : appropriate for assessing both r and omised and non-r and omised studies ; provision of both an overall score for study quality and a profile of scores not only for the quality of reporting , internal validity ( bias and confounding ) and power , but also for external validity . DESIGN : A pilot version was first developed , based on epidemiological principles , review s , and existing checklists for r and omised studies . Face and content validity were assessed by three experienced review ers and reliability was determined using two raters assessing 10 r and omised and 10 non-r and omised studies . Using different raters , the checklist was revised and tested for internal consistency ( Kuder-Richardson 20 ) , test-retest and inter-rater reliability ( Spearman correlation coefficient and sign rank test ; kappa statistics ) , criterion validity , and respondent burden . MAIN RESULTS : The performance of the checklist improved considerably after revision of a pilot version . The Quality Index had high internal consistency ( KR-20 : 0.89 ) as did the subscales apart from external validity ( KR-20 : 0.54 ) . Test-retest ( r 0.88 ) and inter-rater ( r 0.75 ) reliability of the Quality Index were good . Reliability of the subscales varied from good ( bias ) to poor ( external validity ) . The Quality Index correlated highly with an existing , established instrument for assessing r and omised studies ( r 0.90 ) . There was little difference between its performance with non-r and omised and with r and omised studies . Raters took about 20 minutes to assess each paper ( range 10 to 45 minutes ) . CONCLUSIONS : This study has shown that it is feasible to develop a checklist that can be used to assess the method ological quality not only of r and omised controlled trials but also non-r and omised studies . It has also shown that it is possible to produce a checklist that provides a profile of the paper , alerting review ers to its particular method ological strengths and weaknesses . Further work is required to improve the checklist and the training of raters in the assessment of external validity The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of feedback provided to counselors on the outcomes of patients treated at community-based substance abuse treatment programs . A version of the Outcome Question naire ( OQ-45 ) , adapted to include drug and alcohol use , was administered to patients ( N = 304 ) in 3 substance abuse treatment clinics . Phase I of the study consisted only of administration of the assessment instruments . Phase II consisted of providing feedback reports to counselors based on the adapted OQ-45 at every treatment session up to Session 12 . Patients who were found to not be progressing at an expectable rate ( i.e. , " offtrack " ) were administered a question naire that was used as a second feedback report for counselors . For offtrack patients , feedback compared with no feedback led to significant linear reductions in alcohol use throughout treatment and also in OQ-45 total scores and drug use from the point of the second feedback instrument to Session 12 . The effect for improving mental health functioning was evident at only 1 of the 3 clinics . These results suggest that a feedback system adapted to the treatment of substance use problems is a promising approach that should be tested in a larger r and omized trial Abstract Research on the effects of progress feedback and clinician problem-solving tools on patient outcome has been limited to a few clinical problems and setting s ( Shimokawa , Lambert , & Smart , 2010 ) . Although these interventions work well in outpatient setting s their effects so far have not been investigated with eating-disordered patients or in inpatient care . In this study , the effect of providing feedback interventions was investigated in a r and omized clinical trial involving 133 females diagnosed with anorexia nervosa , bulimia nervosa , or eating disorders not otherwise specified . Comparisons were made between the outcomes of patients r and omly assigned to either treatment-as-usual ( TAU ) or an experimental condition ( Fb ) within therapists ( the same therapists provided both treatments ) . Patients in the Fb condition more frequently experienced clinical ly significant change than those who had TAU ( 52.95 % vs. 28.6 % ) . Similar trends were noted within diagnostic groups . In terms of pre to post change in mental health functioning , large effect sizes favored Fb over TAU . Patients '  BMI improved substantially in both TAU and the feedback condition . The effects of feedback were consistent with past research on these approaches although the effect size was smaller in this study . Suggestions for further research are delineated 
    Output:
    