human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: There have been few prospect i ve studies relating diet to pancreatic cancer , with most having fewer than 100 cases and only one examining dietary nutrients . The authors prospect ively examined dietary factors hypothesized to be associated with exocrine pancreatic cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol , Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort in Finl and . Of the 27,111 male smokers aged 50 - 69 years with complete dietary information , as ascertained from a self-administered dietary history question naire given at baseline ( 1985 - 1988 ) , 163 developed pancreatic cancer from 1985 through November 1997 . Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate smoking- and age-adjusted hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals .  Energy-adjusted butter consumption and saturated fat intake  were positively associated with pancreatic cancer ( highest quintile vs. lowest : hazard ratio ( HR ) = 1.40 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 0.87 , 2.25 ( p trend = 0.04 ) , and HR = 1.60 , 95 % CI : 0.96 , 2.64 ( p trend = 0.02 ) , respectively ) . Energy intake and energy-adjusted carbohydrate intake  were inversely associated with the disease ( highest quintile vs. lowest : HR = 0.62 , 95 % CI : 0.36 , 1.07 ( p trend = 0.05 ) , and HR = 0.62 , 95 % CI : 0.37 , 1.03 ( p trend = 0.02 ) , respectively ) . These results support the hypothesis that a high intake of saturated fat may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer in smokers , while greater intakes of energy and carbohydrate may reduce the risk Meat contains numerous carcinogens , such as heterocyclic amines , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , and N‐nitroso compounds , which can be derived either from natural food or during the process of food preparation . These carcinogens may increase pancreatic cancer risk . Furthermore , studies in animals showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids , especially linoleic acid , increase pancreatic cancer risk . We examined prospect ively the relation between pancreatic cancer risk and intake of fresh meat , processed meat , fish , eggs , total fat , and different types of fat . The Netherl and s Cohort Study consisted of 120,852 men and women who completed a baseline question naire in 1986 . After 13.3 years of follow‐up , 350 pancreatic cancer cases ( 66 % microscopically confirmed ) were available for analysis . A vali date d 150‐item food‐frequency question naire was used to calculate intake of fresh meat , processed meat , fish , eggs , fat and different types of fat .  No association was found when examining the association between intake of fresh meat , other types of meat , fish , eggs , dietary intake of total fat and different types of fat  and risk of pancreatic cancer . It is important for future studies to investigate the relation between different meat‐cooking methods  and pancreatic cancer . © 2009 High meat consumption has been associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer in several , although not all , case-control studies . However , prospect i ve data on this relationship are sparse , and the results have been inconsistent . We prospect ively evaluated meat , fish , poultry , and egg consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer incidence in a population -based cohort of 61,433 Swedish women .  Diet was assessed with a food-frequency question naire at baseline ( 1987 - 1990 ) and again in 1997 . Pancreatic cancers were ascertained through linkage to the Swedish Cancer Register . Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariate hazard ratios with 95 % confidence intervals ( CI ) . During the 941,218 person-years of follow-up , from 1987 through 2004 , 172 incident cases of pancreatic cancer were diagnosed . Long-term red meat consumption ( using data from both dietary question naires ) was positively associated with risk of pancreatic cancer ( p-trend = 0.01 ) , whereas long-term poultry consumption was inversely ( p-trend = 0.04 ) associated with risk . The multivariate hazard ratios for the highest versus the lowest category of consumption were 1.73 ( 95 % CI = 0.99 - 2.98 ) for red meat and 0.44 ( 95 % CI = 0.20 - 0.97 ) for poultry . There were no significant associations with processed meat , fish or egg consumption . Findings from this prospect i ve study suggest that substituting poultry for red meat might reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer The authors assessed the association between serum phospholipid fatty acids as biomarkers of fatty acid intake and breast cancer risk among women in the E3N Study ( 1989 - 2002 ) , the French component of the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition . During an average of 7 years of follow-up , 363 cases of incident invasive breast cancer were documented among 19,934 women who , at baseline ( 1995 - 1998 ) , had completed a diet history question naire and provided serum sample s. Controls were r and omly matched to cases by age , menopausal status at blood collection , fasting status at blood collection , date , and collection center . Serum phospholipid fatty acid composition was assessed by gas chromatography . Adjusted odds ratios for risk of breast cancer with increasing levels of fatty acids were calculated using conditional logistic regression . An increased risk of breast cancer was associated with increasing levels of the trans-monounsaturated fatty acids palmitoleic acid and elaidic acid ( highest quintile vs. lowest : odds ratio = 1.75 , 95 % confidence interval : 1.08 , 2.83 ; p-trend = 0.018 ) . cis-Monounsaturated fatty acids were unrelated to breast cancer risk . A high serum level of trans-monounsaturated fatty acids , presumably reflecting a high intake of industrially processed foods , is probably one factor contributing to increased risk of invasive breast cancer  in women Case-control studies suggest that meat and cholesterol intakes may be related to elevated risks of pancreatic cancer . Few prospect i ve studies have examined associations between diet and pancreatic cancer , although in one recent study saturated fat consumption was related to higher risk . In a cohort of US women , the authors confirmed 178 pancreatic cancer cases over 18 years of follow-up . A mailed 61-item food frequency question naire was self-administered at baseline , and health and lifestyle variables were up date d biennially . Analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards models to adjust for potential confounders . Intakes of total fat , different types of fats , and cholesterol were not associated with pancreatic cancer risk . Similarly , total meat , red meat , and dairy products were not related to risk . Individual food items contributing to intakes of total meat and dairy products , as well as fish and eggs , did not reveal any specific association . Updating dietary exposures by using question naires from 1980 , 1984 , 1986 , and 1990 produced similar findings . The authors ' data do not support previous findings that meat or saturated fat intakes are related to pancreatic cancer risk . Future prospect i ve studies should examine the influence of cooking practice s as well as other dietary habits on the risk of pancreatic cancer BACKGROUND Previous research relating dietary fat , a modifiable risk factor , to pancreatic cancer has been inconclusive . METHODS We prospect ively analyzed the association between intakes of fat , fat subtypes , and fat food sources and exocrine pancreatic cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study , a US cohort of 308 736 men and 216 737 women who completed a 124-item food frequency question naire in 1995 - 1996 .  Hazard ratios ( HRs ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models , with adjustment for energy intake , smoking history , body mass index , and diabetes . Statistical tests were two-sided . RESULTS Over an average follow-up of 6.3 years , 865 men and 472 women were diagnosed with exocrine pancreatic cancer ( 45.0 and 34.5 cases per 100 000 person-years , respectively ) . After multivariable adjustment and combination of data for men and women , pancreatic cancer risk was directly related to the intakes of total fat ( highest vs lowest quintile , 46.8 vs 33.2 cases per 100 000 person-years , HR = 1.23 , 95 % CI = 1.03 to 1.46 ; P(trend ) = .03 ) , saturated fat ( 51.5 vs 33.1 cases per 100 000 person-years , HR = 1.36 , 95 % CI = 1.14 to 1.62 ; P(trend ) < .001 ) , and monounsaturated fat ( 46.2 vs 32.9 cases per 100 000 person-years , HR = 1.22 , 95 % CI = 1.02 to 1.46 ; P(trend ) = .05 ) but not polyunsaturated fat . The associations were strongest for saturated fat from animal food sources ( 52.0 vs 32.2 cases per 100 000 person-years , HR = 1.43 , 95 % CI = 1.20 to 1.70 ; P(trend ) < .001 ) ; specifically , intakes from red meat and dairy products were both statistically significantly associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk ( HR = 1.27 and 1.19 , respectively ) . CONCLUSION In this large prospect i ve cohort with a wide range of intakes , dietary fat of animal origin was associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk Background : Previous studies suggest a positive association between markers of trans-fatty acid intake and prostate cancer . We therefore prospect ively evaluated the association between blood trans-fatty acid levels and risk of prostate cancer . Methods : We conducted a nested case-control study among 14,916 apparently healthy men who provided blood sample s in 1982 .  Blood fatty acid levels were determined for 476 men diagnosed with prostate cancer during a 13-year follow-up and their matched controls . Controls were individually matched to cases according to age and smoking status at baseline . Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the relative risk and 95 % confidence interval of total , nonaggressive ( stage A/B and low grade ) , and aggressive ( stage C/D , high grade , subsequent distant metastasis or death ) prostate cancer associated with blood levels of specific trans-fatty acids . Results : Blood levels of all the trans-fatty acids examined were unrelated to total prostate cancer risk . When results were divided according to tumor aggressiveness , blood levels of 18:1n-9 t , all the 18:2 t examined , and total trans-fatty acids were positively associated to nonaggressive tumors . The relative risks ( 95 % confidence intervals ; P trend ) comparing top with bottom quintile trans-fatty acid levels were 2.16 ( 1.12 - 4.17 ; 0.11 ) for 18:1n-9 t , 1.97 ( 1.03 - 3.75 ; 0.01 ) for total 18:2 t , and 2.21 ( 1.14 - 4.29 ; 0.06 ) for total trans-fatty acids . None of the trans fats examined was associated with aggressive prostate tumors . Conclusion : Blood levels of trans isomers of oleic and linoleic acids are associated with an increased risk of nonaggressive prostate tumors . As this type of tumors represents a large proportion of prostate cancer detected using prostate-specific antigen screening , these findings may have implication s for the prevention of prostate cancer . ( Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(1):95–101 The associations of types of fish and fish preparation methods with pancreatic cancer risk remain unknown . The authors conducted a prospect i ve cohort study in western Washington State among 66,616 adults , aged 50 - 76 years , who participated in the VITamins And Lifestyle cohort study . Diet was assessed by a food frequency question naire . Pancreatic cancer cases were identified by linkage to the Surveillance , Epidemiology , and End Results cancer registry . During an average follow-up of 6.8 years , 151 participants developed pancreatic cancer ( adenocarcinoma ) .  Long-chain ( n-3 ) polyunsaturated fatty acids ( LC-PUFAs ) and nonfried fish intake were inversely associated with pancreatic cancer incidence . When the highest and lowest tertiles of exposure were compared , the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio of pancreatic cancer was 0.62 ( 95 % confidence interval : 0.40 , 0.98 ) ( P(trend ) = 0.08 ) for LC-PUFAs and 0.55 ( 95 % confidence interval : 0.34 , 0.88 ) ( P(trend ) = 0.045 ) for nonfried fish .  Docosa 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: There have been few prospect i ve studies relating diet to pancreatic cancer , with most having fewer than 100 cases and only one examining dietary nutrients . The authors prospect ively examined dietary factors hypothesized to be associated with exocrine pancreatic cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol , Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort in Finl and . Of the 27,111 male smokers aged 50 - 69 years with complete dietary information , as ascertained from a self-administered dietary history question naire given at baseline ( 1985 - 1988 ) , 163 developed pancreatic cancer from 1985 through November 1997 . Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate smoking- and age-adjusted hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals .  Energy-adjusted butter consumption and saturated fat intake  were positively associated with pancreatic cancer ( highest quintile vs. lowest : hazard ratio ( HR ) = 1.40 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 0.87 , 2.25 ( p trend = 0.04 ) , and HR = 1.60 , 95 % CI : 0.96 , 2.64 ( p trend = 0.02 ) , respectively ) . Energy intake and energy-adjusted carbohydrate intake  were inversely associated with the disease ( highest quintile vs. lowest : HR = 0.62 , 95 % CI : 0.36 , 1.07 ( p trend = 0.05 ) , and HR = 0.62 , 95 % CI : 0.37 , 1.03 ( p trend = 0.02 ) , respectively ) . These results support the hypothesis that a high intake of saturated fat may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer in smokers , while greater intakes of energy and carbohydrate may reduce the risk Meat contains numerous carcinogens , such as heterocyclic amines , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , and N‐nitroso compounds , which can be derived either from natural food or during the process of food preparation . These carcinogens may increase pancreatic cancer risk . Furthermore , studies in animals showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids , especially linoleic acid , increase pancreatic cancer risk . We examined prospect ively the relation between pancreatic cancer risk and intake of fresh meat , processed meat , fish , eggs , total fat , and different types of fat . The Netherl and s Cohort Study consisted of 120,852 men and women who completed a baseline question naire in 1986 . After 13.3 years of follow‐up , 350 pancreatic cancer cases ( 66 % microscopically confirmed ) were available for analysis . A vali date d 150‐item food‐frequency question naire was used to calculate intake of fresh meat , processed meat , fish , eggs , fat and different types of fat .  No association was found when examining the association between intake of fresh meat , other types of meat , fish , eggs , dietary intake of total fat and different types of fat  and risk of pancreatic cancer . It is important for future studies to investigate the relation between different meat‐cooking methods  and pancreatic cancer . © 2009 High meat consumption has been associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer in several , although not all , case-control studies . However , prospect i ve data on this relationship are sparse , and the results have been inconsistent . We prospect ively evaluated meat , fish , poultry , and egg consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer incidence in a population -based cohort of 61,433 Swedish women .  Diet was assessed with a food-frequency question naire at baseline ( 1987 - 1990 ) and again in 1997 . Pancreatic cancers were ascertained through linkage to the Swedish Cancer Register . Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariate hazard ratios with 95 % confidence intervals ( CI ) . During the 941,218 person-years of follow-up , from 1987 through 2004 , 172 incident cases of pancreatic cancer were diagnosed . Long-term red meat consumption ( using data from both dietary question naires ) was positively associated with risk of pancreatic cancer ( p-trend = 0.01 ) , whereas long-term poultry consumption was inversely ( p-trend = 0.04 ) associated with risk . The multivariate hazard ratios for the highest versus the lowest category of consumption were 1.73 ( 95 % CI = 0.99 - 2.98 ) for red meat and 0.44 ( 95 % CI = 0.20 - 0.97 ) for poultry . There were no significant associations with processed meat , fish or egg consumption . Findings from this prospect i ve study suggest that substituting poultry for red meat might reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer The authors assessed the association between serum phospholipid fatty acids as biomarkers of fatty acid intake and breast cancer risk among women in the E3N Study ( 1989 - 2002 ) , the French component of the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition . During an average of 7 years of follow-up , 363 cases of incident invasive breast cancer were documented among 19,934 women who , at baseline ( 1995 - 1998 ) , had completed a diet history question naire and provided serum sample s. Controls were r and omly matched to cases by age , menopausal status at blood collection , fasting status at blood collection , date , and collection center . Serum phospholipid fatty acid composition was assessed by gas chromatography . Adjusted odds ratios for risk of breast cancer with increasing levels of fatty acids were calculated using conditional logistic regression . An increased risk of breast cancer was associated with increasing levels of the trans-monounsaturated fatty acids palmitoleic acid and elaidic acid ( highest quintile vs. lowest : odds ratio = 1.75 , 95 % confidence interval : 1.08 , 2.83 ; p-trend = 0.018 ) . cis-Monounsaturated fatty acids were unrelated to breast cancer risk . A high serum level of trans-monounsaturated fatty acids , presumably reflecting a high intake of industrially processed foods , is probably one factor contributing to increased risk of invasive breast cancer  in women Case-control studies suggest that meat and cholesterol intakes may be related to elevated risks of pancreatic cancer . Few prospect i ve studies have examined associations between diet and pancreatic cancer , although in one recent study saturated fat consumption was related to higher risk . In a cohort of US women , the authors confirmed 178 pancreatic cancer cases over 18 years of follow-up . A mailed 61-item food frequency question naire was self-administered at baseline , and health and lifestyle variables were up date d biennially . Analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards models to adjust for potential confounders . Intakes of total fat , different types of fats , and cholesterol were not associated with pancreatic cancer risk . Similarly , total meat , red meat , and dairy products were not related to risk . Individual food items contributing to intakes of total meat and dairy products , as well as fish and eggs , did not reveal any specific association . Updating dietary exposures by using question naires from 1980 , 1984 , 1986 , and 1990 produced similar findings . The authors ' data do not support previous findings that meat or saturated fat intakes are related to pancreatic cancer risk . Future prospect i ve studies should examine the influence of cooking practice s as well as other dietary habits on the risk of pancreatic cancer BACKGROUND Previous research relating dietary fat , a modifiable risk factor , to pancreatic cancer has been inconclusive . METHODS We prospect ively analyzed the association between intakes of fat , fat subtypes , and fat food sources and exocrine pancreatic cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study , a US cohort of 308 736 men and 216 737 women who completed a 124-item food frequency question naire in 1995 - 1996 .  Hazard ratios ( HRs ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models , with adjustment for energy intake , smoking history , body mass index , and diabetes . Statistical tests were two-sided . RESULTS Over an average follow-up of 6.3 years , 865 men and 472 women were diagnosed with exocrine pancreatic cancer ( 45.0 and 34.5 cases per 100 000 person-years , respectively ) . After multivariable adjustment and combination of data for men and women , pancreatic cancer risk was directly related to the intakes of total fat ( highest vs lowest quintile , 46.8 vs 33.2 cases per 100 000 person-years , HR = 1.23 , 95 % CI = 1.03 to 1.46 ; P(trend ) = .03 ) , saturated fat ( 51.5 vs 33.1 cases per 100 000 person-years , HR = 1.36 , 95 % CI = 1.14 to 1.62 ; P(trend ) < .001 ) , and monounsaturated fat ( 46.2 vs 32.9 cases per 100 000 person-years , HR = 1.22 , 95 % CI = 1.02 to 1.46 ; P(trend ) = .05 ) but not polyunsaturated fat . The associations were strongest for saturated fat from animal food sources ( 52.0 vs 32.2 cases per 100 000 person-years , HR = 1.43 , 95 % CI = 1.20 to 1.70 ; P(trend ) < .001 ) ; specifically , intakes from red meat and dairy products were both statistically significantly associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk ( HR = 1.27 and 1.19 , respectively ) . CONCLUSION In this large prospect i ve cohort with a wide range of intakes , dietary fat of animal origin was associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk Background : Previous studies suggest a positive association between markers of trans-fatty acid intake and prostate cancer . We therefore prospect ively evaluated the association between blood trans-fatty acid levels and risk of prostate cancer . Methods : We conducted a nested case-control study among 14,916 apparently healthy men who provided blood sample s in 1982 .  Blood fatty acid levels were determined for 476 men diagnosed with prostate cancer during a 13-year follow-up and their matched controls . Controls were individually matched to cases according to age and smoking status at baseline . Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the relative risk and 95 % confidence interval of total , nonaggressive ( stage A/B and low grade ) , and aggressive ( stage C/D , high grade , subsequent distant metastasis or death ) prostate cancer associated with blood levels of specific trans-fatty acids . Results : Blood levels of all the trans-fatty acids examined were unrelated to total prostate cancer risk . When results were divided according to tumor aggressiveness , blood levels of 18:1n-9 t , all the 18:2 t examined , and total trans-fatty acids were positively associated to nonaggressive tumors . The relative risks ( 95 % confidence intervals ; P trend ) comparing top with bottom quintile trans-fatty acid levels were 2.16 ( 1.12 - 4.17 ; 0.11 ) for 18:1n-9 t , 1.97 ( 1.03 - 3.75 ; 0.01 ) for total 18:2 t , and 2.21 ( 1.14 - 4.29 ; 0.06 ) for total trans-fatty acids . None of the trans fats examined was associated with aggressive prostate tumors . Conclusion : Blood levels of trans isomers of oleic and linoleic acids are associated with an increased risk of nonaggressive prostate tumors . As this type of tumors represents a large proportion of prostate cancer detected using prostate-specific antigen screening , these findings may have implication s for the prevention of prostate cancer . ( Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(1):95–101 The associations of types of fish and fish preparation methods with pancreatic cancer risk remain unknown . The authors conducted a prospect i ve cohort study in western Washington State among 66,616 adults , aged 50 - 76 years , who participated in the VITamins And Lifestyle cohort study . Diet was assessed by a food frequency question naire . Pancreatic cancer cases were identified by linkage to the Surveillance , Epidemiology , and End Results cancer registry . During an average follow-up of 6.8 years , 151 participants developed pancreatic cancer ( adenocarcinoma ) .  Long-chain ( n-3 ) polyunsaturated fatty acids ( LC-PUFAs ) and nonfried fish intake were inversely associated with pancreatic cancer incidence . When the highest and lowest tertiles of exposure were compared , the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio of pancreatic cancer was 0.62 ( 95 % confidence interval : 0.40 , 0.98 ) ( P(trend ) = 0.08 ) for LC-PUFAs and 0.55 ( 95 % confidence interval : 0.34 , 0.88 ) ( P(trend ) = 0.045 ) for nonfried fish .  Docosa 
    Output:
    