human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES This study compares the effects of an integrated yoga program with brief supportive therapy in breast cancer out patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy at a cancer centre . METHODS Eighty-eight stage II and III breast cancer out patients were r and omly assigned to receive yoga ( n = 44 ) or brief supportive therapy ( n = 44 ) prior to their radiotherapy treatment . Intervention consisted of yoga sessions lasting 60 min daily while the control group was imparted supportive therapy once in 10 days . Assessment s included European Organization for Research in the Treatment of Cancer- Quality of Life ( EORTCQoL C30 ) functional scales and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule ( PANAS ) . Assessment s were done at baseline and after 6 weeks of radiotherapy treatment . RESULTS An intention to treat GLM repeated measures ANOVA showed significant difference across groups over time for positive affect , negative affect and emotional function and social function . There was significant improvement in positive affect ( ES = 0.59 , p = 0.007 , 95%CI 1.25 to 7.8 ) , emotional function ( ES = 0.71 , p = 0.001 , 95%CI 6.45 to 25.33 ) and cognitive function ( ES = 0.48 , p = 0.03 , 95%CI 1.2 to 18.5 ) , and decrease in negative affect ( ES = 0.84 , p<0.001 , 95%CI -13.4 to -4.4 ) in the yoga group as compared to controls . There was a significant positive correlation between positive affect with role function , social function and global quality of life . There was a significant negative correlation between negative affect with physical function , role function , emotional function and social function . CONCLUSION The results suggest a possible role for yoga to improve quality of life and affect in breast cancer out patients BACKGROUND Physical activity provides a number of physical and psychological benefits to cancer survivors , including lessening the impact of detrimental cancer-related symptoms and treatment side-effects ( e.g. fatigue , nausea ) , and improving overall well-being and quality of life . The purpose of the present pilot study was to examine the physical and psychological benefits afforded by a 7-week yoga program for cancer survivors . METHOD Eligible participants ( per-screened with PAR-Q/PAR-MED-X ) were r and omly assigned to either the  intervention ( n=20 ) or control group ( n=18 ) . All participants completed pre- and post-testing assessment s immediately before and after the yoga program , respectively . RESULTS The yoga program participants ( M age=51.18 ( 10.33 ) ; 92 % female ) included primarily breast cancer survivors , on average 55.95 ( 54.39 ) months post-diagnosis . Significant differences between the intervention and the control group at post-intervention were seen only in psychosocial ( i.e. global quality of life , emotional function , and diarrhea ) variables ( all p 's < 0.05 ) . There were also trends for group differences , in the hypothesized directions , for the psychosocial variables of emotional irritability , gastrointestinal symptoms , cognitive disorganization , mood disturbance , tension , depression , and confusion ( all p 's < 0.10 ) . Finally , there were also significant improvements in both the program participants and the controls from pre- to post-intervention on a number of physical fitness variables . CONCLUSIONS These initial findings suggest that yoga has significant potential and should be further explored as a beneficial physical activity option for cancer survivors . Future research might attempt to include a broader range of participants ( e.g. other types of cancer diagnoses , male subjects ) , a larger sample size , and a longer program duration in an RCT Objectives . This study compares the effects of an integrated yoga program with brief supportive therapy in breast cancer out patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy at a cancer center . Methods . Eighty-eight stage II and III breast cancer out patients are r and omly assigned to receive yoga ( n = 44 ) or brief supportive therapy ( n = 44 ) prior to radiotherapy treatment . Assessment s include diurnal salivary cortisol levels 3 days before and after  radiotherapy  and self-ratings of anxiety , depression , and stress collected before and after 6 weeks of radiotherapy . Results . Analysis of covariance reveals significant decreases in anxiety ( P < .001 ) , depression ( P = .002 ) , perceived stress ( P < .001 ) , 6 a.m. salivary cortisol ( P = .009 ) , and pooled mean cortisol ( P = .03 ) in the yoga group compared with controls . There is a significant positive correlation between morning salivary cortisol level and anxiety and depression . Conclusion . Yoga might have a role in managing self-reported psychological distress and modulating circadian patterns of stress hormones in early breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy Background Measuring quality of life in breast cancer patients is of importance in assessing treatment outcomes . This study examined the impact of breast cancer diagnosis and its treatment on quality of life of women with breast cancer . Methods This was a prospect i ve study of quality of life in breast cancer patients .  Quality of life was measured using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer  Quality of Life Question naire ( EORTC QLQ-C30 ) and its breast cancer supplementary measure ( QLQ-BR23 ) at three points in time : baseline ( pre diagnosis ) , three months after initial treatment and one year after completion of treatment ( in all 18 months follow-up ) . At baseline the question naires were administered to all suspected identified patients while both patients and the interviewer were blind to the final diagnosis . Socio-demographic and clinical data included : age , education , marital status , disease stage and initial treatment . Repeated measure analysis was performed to compare quality of life differences over the time . Results In all , 167 patients diagnosed with breast cancer . The mean age of breast cancer patients was 47.2 ( SD = 13.5 ) years and the vast majority ( 82.6 % ) underwent mastectomy . At eighteen months follow-up data for 99 patients were available for analysis . The results showed there were significant differences in patients ' functioning and global quality of life at three points in time ( P < 0.001 ) . Although there were deteriorations in patients ' scores for body image and sexual functioning , there were significant improvements for breast symptoms , systematic therapy side effects and patients ' future perspective ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion The findings suggest that overall breast cancer patients perceived benefit from their cancer treatment in long-term . However , patients reported problems with global quality of life , pain , arm symptoms and body image even after 18 months following their treatments . In addition , most of the functional scores did not improve Purpose To obtain estimates of time to recruit the study sample , retention , facility-based class attendance and home practice for a study of yoga in breast cancer survivors , and its efficacy on fatigue , quality of life ( QOL ) , and weight change . Methods Sixty-three post-treatment stages 0–III borderline overweight and obese ( body mass index ≥24 kg/m2 ) breast cancer survivors were r and omly assigned to a 6-month , facility- and home-based viniyoga intervention ( n = 32 ) or a waitlist control group ( n = 31 ) . The yoga goal was five practice s per week . Primary outcome measures were changes in QOL , fatigue , and weight from baseline to 6 months . Secondary outcomes included changes in waist and hip circumference . Results It took 12 months to complete recruitment . Participants attended a mean of 19.6 classes and practice d at home a mean of 55.8 times during the 6-month period . At follow-up , 90 % of participants completed question naires and 87 % completed anthropometric measurements . QOL and fatigue improved to a greater extent among women in the yoga group relative to women in the control group , although no differences were statistically significant . Waist circumference decreased 3.1 cm ( 95 % CI , −5.7 and −0.4 ) more among women in the yoga compared with the control group , with no difference in weight change . Conclusions This study provides important information regarding recruitment , retention , and practice levels achieved during a 6-month , intensive yoga intervention in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors .  Yoga may help decrease waist circumference and improve quality of life ; future studies are needed to confirm these results The purpose of this pilot study was to gather information on the immediate and short-term effects of relaxation training according to Yoga In Daily Life ® ( YIDL ) system on the psychological distress of breast cancer patients . 32 patients at the Institute for Oncology of Ljubljana were r and omized to the experimental ( N = 16 ) and to the control group ( N = 16 ) . Both groups received the same st and ard physiotherapy for 1 week , while the experimental group additionally received a group relaxation training sessions according to YIDL ® system . At discharge the experimental group was issued with audiocassette recordings containing the similar instructions for relaxation training to be practice d individually at home ( for further 3 weeks ) . An experimental repeated measures design was used to investigate the differences over 1 month period in stress levels , changes in mental health and psychological parameters . Measures were obtained at three time points during the study period : baseline , at 1 week , and at 4 weeks , by blinded investigators using st and ardized question naires General Health Question naire-12 ( GHQ-12 ) , Rotterdam Symptom Checklist ( RSCL ) psychological subscale , Perceived Stress Scale ( PSS ) . Patients who received relaxation training reported feeling significantly less distressed during hospitalization and after discharge-period than did the controls that did not receive relaxation training . The results indicate that relaxation training according to Yoga in Daily Life ® system could be useful clinical physiotherapy intervention for breast cancer patients experiencing psychological distress . Although this kind of relaxation training can be applied to clinical oncology in Slovenia , more studies need to be done OBJECTIVES Restorative yoga ( RY ) is a gentle type of yoga that may be beneficial for cancer patients and post-treatment survivors . Study goals were : to determine the feasibility of implementing a RY intervention for women with breast cancer ; and to examine group differences in self-reported emotional , health-related quality of life , and symptom outcomes . METHODS Women with breast cancer ( n=44 ; mean age 55.8 years ) enrolled in this study ; 34 % were actively undergoing cancer treatment . Study participants were r and omized to the intervention ( 10 weekly 75-minute RY classes ) or a waitlist control group . Participants completed question naires at Week 0 ( baseline ) and Week 10 ( immediately post-intervention for the yoga group ) . RESULTS Group differences favoring the yoga group were seen for mental health , depression , positive affect , and spirituality ( peace/meaning ) . Significant baseline*group interactions were observed for negative affect and emotional well-being . Women with higher negative affect and lower emotional well-being at baseline derived greater benefit from the yoga intervention compared to those with similar values at baseline in the control group . The yoga group demonstrated a significant within-group improvement in fatigue ; no significant difference was noted for the control group . CONCLUSIONS Although limited by sample size , these pilot data suggest potential benefit of RY on emotional outcomes and fatigue in cancer patients . This study demonstrates that a RY intervention is feasible for women with breast cancer ; implication s for study design and implementation are noted with an emphasis on program adoption and participant adherence Purpose : To examine the effect of regular Iyengar yoga practice on measures of self‐perceived psychosocial function and diurnal salivary cortisol secretion in stage II – IV breast cancer survivors ( n = 18 ) . Data sources : Women were r and omly assigned to attend yoga practice for 90 min twice weekly for 8 weeks ( n = 9 ) or to a wait‐listed , noninterventional control group ( n = 9 ) . Traditional Iyengar yoga routines that progressively increased in difficulty as participants gained strength and flexibility were used . At baseline and after the 8‐week study period , women completed self‐report instruments to document various aspects of psychosocial and physical functioning , and collected salivary sample s for cortisol analysis four times during the day for two consecutive days . Conclusions : The yoga group had lower morning and 5 p.m. salivary cortisol and improved emotional well‐being and fatigue scores . Implication s for practice : Breast cancer survivors are at risk for chronic psychosocial distress that may alter activity of the hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal axis , result ing in aberrant regulation of cortisol secretion and increased risk of immune dysfunction and cancer progression . Regular yoga practice may be a low‐risk , cost‐effective way to improve psychosocial functioning , fatigue , and regulation of cortisol secretion in breast cancer survivors . These findings require validation with a larger r and omized study Goal of workBreast cancer survivors have limited options for the treatment of hot flashes and related symptoms . Further , therapies widely used to prevent recurrence in survivors , such as tamoxifen , tend to induce or exacerbate menopausal symptoms . The aim of this preliminary , r and omized controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of a yoga intervention on menopausal symptoms in a sample of survivors of early-stage breast cancer ( stages IA – IIB ) . Material s and methods Thirty-seven disease-free women experiencing hot flashes were r and omized to the 8-week Yoga of Awareness program ( gentle yoga poses , meditation , and breathing exercises ) or to wait-list control . The primary outcome was daily reports of hot flashes collected at baseline , posttreatment , and 3 months after treatment via an interactive telephone system . Data were analyzed by intention to treat . Main results At posttreatment , women who received the yoga program showed significantly 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES This study compares the effects of an integrated yoga program with brief supportive therapy in breast cancer out patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy at a cancer centre . METHODS Eighty-eight stage II and III breast cancer out patients were r and omly assigned to receive yoga ( n = 44 ) or brief supportive therapy ( n = 44 ) prior to their radiotherapy treatment . Intervention consisted of yoga sessions lasting 60 min daily while the control group was imparted supportive therapy once in 10 days . Assessment s included European Organization for Research in the Treatment of Cancer- Quality of Life ( EORTCQoL C30 ) functional scales and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule ( PANAS ) . Assessment s were done at baseline and after 6 weeks of radiotherapy treatment . RESULTS An intention to treat GLM repeated measures ANOVA showed significant difference across groups over time for positive affect , negative affect and emotional function and social function . There was significant improvement in positive affect ( ES = 0.59 , p = 0.007 , 95%CI 1.25 to 7.8 ) , emotional function ( ES = 0.71 , p = 0.001 , 95%CI 6.45 to 25.33 ) and cognitive function ( ES = 0.48 , p = 0.03 , 95%CI 1.2 to 18.5 ) , and decrease in negative affect ( ES = 0.84 , p<0.001 , 95%CI -13.4 to -4.4 ) in the yoga group as compared to controls . There was a significant positive correlation between positive affect with role function , social function and global quality of life . There was a significant negative correlation between negative affect with physical function , role function , emotional function and social function . CONCLUSION The results suggest a possible role for yoga to improve quality of life and affect in breast cancer out patients BACKGROUND Physical activity provides a number of physical and psychological benefits to cancer survivors , including lessening the impact of detrimental cancer-related symptoms and treatment side-effects ( e.g. fatigue , nausea ) , and improving overall well-being and quality of life . The purpose of the present pilot study was to examine the physical and psychological benefits afforded by a 7-week yoga program for cancer survivors . METHOD Eligible participants ( per-screened with PAR-Q/PAR-MED-X ) were r and omly assigned to either the  intervention ( n=20 ) or control group ( n=18 ) . All participants completed pre- and post-testing assessment s immediately before and after the yoga program , respectively . RESULTS The yoga program participants ( M age=51.18 ( 10.33 ) ; 92 % female ) included primarily breast cancer survivors , on average 55.95 ( 54.39 ) months post-diagnosis . Significant differences between the intervention and the control group at post-intervention were seen only in psychosocial ( i.e. global quality of life , emotional function , and diarrhea ) variables ( all p 's < 0.05 ) . There were also trends for group differences , in the hypothesized directions , for the psychosocial variables of emotional irritability , gastrointestinal symptoms , cognitive disorganization , mood disturbance , tension , depression , and confusion ( all p 's < 0.10 ) . Finally , there were also significant improvements in both the program participants and the controls from pre- to post-intervention on a number of physical fitness variables . CONCLUSIONS These initial findings suggest that yoga has significant potential and should be further explored as a beneficial physical activity option for cancer survivors . Future research might attempt to include a broader range of participants ( e.g. other types of cancer diagnoses , male subjects ) , a larger sample size , and a longer program duration in an RCT Objectives . This study compares the effects of an integrated yoga program with brief supportive therapy in breast cancer out patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy at a cancer center . Methods . Eighty-eight stage II and III breast cancer out patients are r and omly assigned to receive yoga ( n = 44 ) or brief supportive therapy ( n = 44 ) prior to radiotherapy treatment . Assessment s include diurnal salivary cortisol levels 3 days before and after  radiotherapy  and self-ratings of anxiety , depression , and stress collected before and after 6 weeks of radiotherapy . Results . Analysis of covariance reveals significant decreases in anxiety ( P < .001 ) , depression ( P = .002 ) , perceived stress ( P < .001 ) , 6 a.m. salivary cortisol ( P = .009 ) , and pooled mean cortisol ( P = .03 ) in the yoga group compared with controls . There is a significant positive correlation between morning salivary cortisol level and anxiety and depression . Conclusion . Yoga might have a role in managing self-reported psychological distress and modulating circadian patterns of stress hormones in early breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy Background Measuring quality of life in breast cancer patients is of importance in assessing treatment outcomes . This study examined the impact of breast cancer diagnosis and its treatment on quality of life of women with breast cancer . Methods This was a prospect i ve study of quality of life in breast cancer patients .  Quality of life was measured using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer  Quality of Life Question naire ( EORTC QLQ-C30 ) and its breast cancer supplementary measure ( QLQ-BR23 ) at three points in time : baseline ( pre diagnosis ) , three months after initial treatment and one year after completion of treatment ( in all 18 months follow-up ) . At baseline the question naires were administered to all suspected identified patients while both patients and the interviewer were blind to the final diagnosis . Socio-demographic and clinical data included : age , education , marital status , disease stage and initial treatment . Repeated measure analysis was performed to compare quality of life differences over the time . Results In all , 167 patients diagnosed with breast cancer . The mean age of breast cancer patients was 47.2 ( SD = 13.5 ) years and the vast majority ( 82.6 % ) underwent mastectomy . At eighteen months follow-up data for 99 patients were available for analysis . The results showed there were significant differences in patients ' functioning and global quality of life at three points in time ( P < 0.001 ) . Although there were deteriorations in patients ' scores for body image and sexual functioning , there were significant improvements for breast symptoms , systematic therapy side effects and patients ' future perspective ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion The findings suggest that overall breast cancer patients perceived benefit from their cancer treatment in long-term . However , patients reported problems with global quality of life , pain , arm symptoms and body image even after 18 months following their treatments . In addition , most of the functional scores did not improve Purpose To obtain estimates of time to recruit the study sample , retention , facility-based class attendance and home practice for a study of yoga in breast cancer survivors , and its efficacy on fatigue , quality of life ( QOL ) , and weight change . Methods Sixty-three post-treatment stages 0–III borderline overweight and obese ( body mass index ≥24 kg/m2 ) breast cancer survivors were r and omly assigned to a 6-month , facility- and home-based viniyoga intervention ( n = 32 ) or a waitlist control group ( n = 31 ) . The yoga goal was five practice s per week . Primary outcome measures were changes in QOL , fatigue , and weight from baseline to 6 months . Secondary outcomes included changes in waist and hip circumference . Results It took 12 months to complete recruitment . Participants attended a mean of 19.6 classes and practice d at home a mean of 55.8 times during the 6-month period . At follow-up , 90 % of participants completed question naires and 87 % completed anthropometric measurements . QOL and fatigue improved to a greater extent among women in the yoga group relative to women in the control group , although no differences were statistically significant . Waist circumference decreased 3.1 cm ( 95 % CI , −5.7 and −0.4 ) more among women in the yoga compared with the control group , with no difference in weight change . Conclusions This study provides important information regarding recruitment , retention , and practice levels achieved during a 6-month , intensive yoga intervention in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors .  Yoga may help decrease waist circumference and improve quality of life ; future studies are needed to confirm these results The purpose of this pilot study was to gather information on the immediate and short-term effects of relaxation training according to Yoga In Daily Life ® ( YIDL ) system on the psychological distress of breast cancer patients . 32 patients at the Institute for Oncology of Ljubljana were r and omized to the experimental ( N = 16 ) and to the control group ( N = 16 ) . Both groups received the same st and ard physiotherapy for 1 week , while the experimental group additionally received a group relaxation training sessions according to YIDL ® system . At discharge the experimental group was issued with audiocassette recordings containing the similar instructions for relaxation training to be practice d individually at home ( for further 3 weeks ) . An experimental repeated measures design was used to investigate the differences over 1 month period in stress levels , changes in mental health and psychological parameters . Measures were obtained at three time points during the study period : baseline , at 1 week , and at 4 weeks , by blinded investigators using st and ardized question naires General Health Question naire-12 ( GHQ-12 ) , Rotterdam Symptom Checklist ( RSCL ) psychological subscale , Perceived Stress Scale ( PSS ) . Patients who received relaxation training reported feeling significantly less distressed during hospitalization and after discharge-period than did the controls that did not receive relaxation training . The results indicate that relaxation training according to Yoga in Daily Life ® system could be useful clinical physiotherapy intervention for breast cancer patients experiencing psychological distress . Although this kind of relaxation training can be applied to clinical oncology in Slovenia , more studies need to be done OBJECTIVES Restorative yoga ( RY ) is a gentle type of yoga that may be beneficial for cancer patients and post-treatment survivors . Study goals were : to determine the feasibility of implementing a RY intervention for women with breast cancer ; and to examine group differences in self-reported emotional , health-related quality of life , and symptom outcomes . METHODS Women with breast cancer ( n=44 ; mean age 55.8 years ) enrolled in this study ; 34 % were actively undergoing cancer treatment . Study participants were r and omized to the intervention ( 10 weekly 75-minute RY classes ) or a waitlist control group . Participants completed question naires at Week 0 ( baseline ) and Week 10 ( immediately post-intervention for the yoga group ) . RESULTS Group differences favoring the yoga group were seen for mental health , depression , positive affect , and spirituality ( peace/meaning ) . Significant baseline*group interactions were observed for negative affect and emotional well-being . Women with higher negative affect and lower emotional well-being at baseline derived greater benefit from the yoga intervention compared to those with similar values at baseline in the control group . The yoga group demonstrated a significant within-group improvement in fatigue ; no significant difference was noted for the control group . CONCLUSIONS Although limited by sample size , these pilot data suggest potential benefit of RY on emotional outcomes and fatigue in cancer patients . This study demonstrates that a RY intervention is feasible for women with breast cancer ; implication s for study design and implementation are noted with an emphasis on program adoption and participant adherence Purpose : To examine the effect of regular Iyengar yoga practice on measures of self‐perceived psychosocial function and diurnal salivary cortisol secretion in stage II – IV breast cancer survivors ( n = 18 ) . Data sources : Women were r and omly assigned to attend yoga practice for 90 min twice weekly for 8 weeks ( n = 9 ) or to a wait‐listed , noninterventional control group ( n = 9 ) . Traditional Iyengar yoga routines that progressively increased in difficulty as participants gained strength and flexibility were used . At baseline and after the 8‐week study period , women completed self‐report instruments to document various aspects of psychosocial and physical functioning , and collected salivary sample s for cortisol analysis four times during the day for two consecutive days . Conclusions : The yoga group had lower morning and 5 p.m. salivary cortisol and improved emotional well‐being and fatigue scores . Implication s for practice : Breast cancer survivors are at risk for chronic psychosocial distress that may alter activity of the hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal axis , result ing in aberrant regulation of cortisol secretion and increased risk of immune dysfunction and cancer progression . Regular yoga practice may be a low‐risk , cost‐effective way to improve psychosocial functioning , fatigue , and regulation of cortisol secretion in breast cancer survivors . These findings require validation with a larger r and omized study Goal of workBreast cancer survivors have limited options for the treatment of hot flashes and related symptoms . Further , therapies widely used to prevent recurrence in survivors , such as tamoxifen , tend to induce or exacerbate menopausal symptoms . The aim of this preliminary , r and omized controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of a yoga intervention on menopausal symptoms in a sample of survivors of early-stage breast cancer ( stages IA – IIB ) . Material s and methods Thirty-seven disease-free women experiencing hot flashes were r and omized to the 8-week Yoga of Awareness program ( gentle yoga poses , meditation , and breathing exercises ) or to wait-list control . The primary outcome was daily reports of hot flashes collected at baseline , posttreatment , and 3 months after treatment via an interactive telephone system . Data were analyzed by intention to treat . Main results At posttreatment , women who received the yoga program showed significantly 
    Output:
    