human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of constraint-induced movement therapy ( CIMT ) in dexterity with Action Research Arm Test ( ARA test ) , h and grip strength , pinch strength of affected upper extremity in chronic stroke patients . MATERIAL AND METHOD An observer-blinded r and omized control trial , 69 chronic stroke patients were allocated either to constraint-induced movement technique ( n = 33 ) or conservative treatment ( n = 36 ) . The CIMT group received 6 hours of daily affected-upper-extremity training and restrained unaffected upper extremities for 5 days per week , totally 2 weeks . The control group received bimanual-upper-extremity training by conservative neurodevelopmental technique without restrained unaffected upper extremities for 2 weeks . RESULTS The CIMT group had ARA scores , pinch strength of affected upper extremities statistically significant higher than the control group at p < 0.05 , but the h and grip strength had no statistically significant difference , p > 0.05 . CONCLUSIONS CIMT of unaffected upper extremities has an advantage for chronic stroke patients which may be an efficacious technique of improving motor activity and exhibiting learned nonuse Background and Purpose — The Motor Activity Log ( MAL ) is a semistructured interview for hemiparetic stroke patients to assess the use of their paretic arm and h and ( amount of use [ AOU ] ) and quality of movement [ QOM ] ) during activities of daily living . Scores range from 0 to 5 . The following clinimetric properties of the MAL were quantified : internal consistency ( Cronbach α ) , test – retest agreement ( Bl and and Altman method ) , cross-sectional construct validity ( correlation between AOU and QOM and with the Action Research Arm [ ARA ] test ) , longitudinal construct validity ( correlation of change on the MAL during the intervention with a global change rating [ GCR ] and with change on the ARA ) , and responsiveness ( effect size ) . Methods — Two baseline measurements 2 weeks apart and 1 follow-up measurement immediately after 2 weeks of intensive exercise therapy either with or without immobilization of the unimpaired arm ( forced use ) were performed in 56 chronic stroke patients . Results — Internal consistency was high ( AOU : α=0.88 ; QOM : α=0.91 ) . The limits of agreement were −0.70 to 0.85 and −0.61 to 0.71 for AOU and QOM , respectively . The correlation with the ARA score ( Spearman ρ ) was 0.63 ( AOU and QOM ) . However , the improvement on the MAL during the intervention was only weakly related to the GCR and to the improvement on the ARA , Spearman ρ was between 0.16 and 0.22 . The responsiveness ratio was 1.9 ( AOU ) and 2.0 ( QOM ) . Conclusion — The MAL is internally consistent and relatively stable in chronic stroke patients not undergoing an intervention . The cross-sectional construct validity of the MAL is reasonable , but the results raise doubt about its longitudinal construct validity Background and Purpose — The Wolf Motor Function Test ( WMFT ) is a new time-based method to evaluate upper extremity performance while providing insight into joint-specific and total limb movements . This study addresses selected psychometric attributes of the WMFT applied to a chronic stroke population . Methods — Nineteen individuals after stroke and with intact cognition and sitting balance were age- and sex-matched with 19 individuals without impairment . Subjects performed the WMFT and the upper extremity portion of the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment ( FMA ) on 2 occasions ( 12 to 16 days apart ) , with scoring performed independently by 2 r and om raters . Results — The  WMFT and FMA demonstrated agreement ( P < 0.0001 ) between raters at each session .  WMFT  scores for the dominant and nondominant extremities of individuals without impairment were different ( P ≤0.05 ) from the more and less affected extremities of subjects after stroke . The FMA score for the more affected extremity of subjects after stroke was different ( P ≤0.05 ) from the dominant and nondominant extremities . However , the FMA score for the less affected upper extremity of individuals after stroke was not different ( P > 0.05 ) from the dominant and nondominant extremities of individuals without impairment . The WMFT and FMA scores were related ( P < 0.02 ) for the more affected extremity in individuals after stroke . Conclusions — The interrater reliability , construct validity , and criterion validity of the WMFT , as used in these subject sample s , are supported Evidence -based practice involves the use of evidence from systematic review s and r and omised controlled trials , but the extent of this evidence in physiotherapy has not previously been surveyed . The aim of this survey is to describe the quantity and quality of r and omised controlled trials and the quantity of systematic review s relevant to physiotherapy . The Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) was search ed . The quality of trials was assessed with the PEDro scale . The search identified a total of 2,376 r and omised controlled trials and 332 systematic review s. The first trial was published in 1955 and the first review was published in 1982 . Since that time , the number of trials and review s has grown exponentially . The mean PEDro quality score has increased from 2.8 in trials published between 1955 and 1959 to 5.0 for trials published between 1995 and 1999 . There is a substantial body of evidence about the effects of physiotherapy . However , there remains scope for improvements in the quality of the conduct and reporting of clinical trials Background and Purpose Motor dysfunction after unilateral deafferentation in primates can be overcome by restraining the unaffected limb . We asked whether a constraint-induced movement ( CIM ) program could be implemented within 2 weeks after stroke and whether CIM is more effective than traditional upper-extremity ( UE ) therapies during this period . Methods Twenty-three persons were enrolled in a pilot r and omized , controlled trial that compared CIM with traditional therapies . A blinded observer rated the primary end point , the Action Research Arm Test ( ARA ) .  Inclusion criteria were the following : ischemic stroke within 14 days , persistent hemiparesis , evidence of preserved cognitive function , and presence of a protective motor response . Differences between the groups were compared by using Student ’s t tests , ANCOVA , and Mann-Whitney U tests . Results Twenty subjects completed the 14-day treatment . Two adverse outcomes , a recurrent stroke and a death , occurred in the traditional group ; 1 CIM subject met rehabilitation goals and was discharged before completing 14 inpatient days . The CIM treatment group had significantly higher scores on total ARA and pinch subscale scores ( P < 0.05 ) . Differences in the mean ARA grip , grasp , and gross movement subscale scores did not reach statistical significance . UE activities of daily living performance was not significantly different between groups , and no subject withdrew because of pain or frustration . Conclusions A clinical trial of CIM therapy during acute rehabilitation is feasible . CIM was associated with less arm impairment at the end of treatment . Long-term studies are needed to determine whether CIM early after stroke is superior to traditional therapies This case series examined the feasibility and efficacy of a modified constraint induced therapy ( CIT ) protocol administered on an outpatient basis . The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery After Stroke ( Fugl ) , Action Research Arm Test ( ARA ) , Wolf Motor Function Test ( WMFT ) , and  Motor Activity Log  ( MAL ) were administered to six patients between 2 and 6 months poststroke ( CVA ) exhibiting stable motor deficits and learned nonuse of the affected limb . Two patients then participated in half-hour physical and occupational therapy sessions three times/week for 10 weeks . During the same period , their unaffected arms and h and s were restrained 5 days/week during 5 hours identified as times of frequent use . Two other patients received regular therapy and two control patients received no therapy . The ARA , Fugl , WMFT , and MAL were again administered after 10 weeks . Patients receiving modified CIT exhibited substantial improvements on the Fugl , ARA , and WMFT , as well as increases in amount and quality of use of the limb using the MAL . Patients receiving traditional or no therapy exhibited no improvements . Results suggest that modified CIT may be an efficacious method of improving function and use of the affected arms of patients exhibiting learned nonuse BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Of all stroke survivors , 30 % to 66 % are unable to use their affected arm in performing activities of daily living . Although forced use therapy appears to improve arm function in chronic stroke patients , there is no conclusive evidence . This study evaluates the effectiveness of forced use therapy . METHODS In an observer-blinded r and omized clinical trial , 66 chronic stroke patients were allocated to either forced use therapy ( immobilization of the unaffected arm combined with intensive training ) or a reference therapy of equally intensive bimanual training , based on Neuro-Developmental Treatment , for a period of 2 weeks . Outcomes were evaluated on the basis of the Rehabilitation Activities Profile ( activities ) , the Action Research Arm ( ARA ) test ( dexterity ) , the upper extremity section of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale , the Motor Activity Log ( MAL ) , and a Problem Score . The minimal clinical ly important difference ( MCID ) was determined at the onset of the study . RESULTS One week after the last treatment session , a significant difference in effectiveness in favor of the forced use group compared with the bimanual group ( corrected for baseline differences ) was found for the ARA score ( 3.0 points ; 95 % CI , 1.3 to 4.8 ; MCID , 5.7 points ) and the MAL amount of use score ( 0.52 points ; 95 % CI , 0.11 to 0.93 ; MCID , 0.50 ) . The other parameters revealed no significant differential effects . One-year follow-up effects were observed only for the ARA . The differences in treatment effect for the ARA and the MAL amount of use scores were clinical ly relevant for patients with sensory disorders and hemineglect , respectively . CONCLUSIONS The present study showed a small but lasting effect of forced use therapy on the dexterity of the affected arm ( ARA ) and a temporary clinical ly relevant effect on the amount of use of the affected arm during activities of daily living ( MAL amount of use ) . The effect of forced use therapy was clinical ly relevant in the subgroups of patients with sensory disorders and hemineglect , respectively OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the effects of 3-hour versus 6-hour daily training sessions in constraint-induced movement therapy ( CIMT ) . DESIGN Intervention study , 2-group r and omized trial ; baseline , pretreatment , and posttreatment measures ; 1-month follow-up ( weekly measures ) . SETTING University department of psychology in Germany . PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of 15 adults with chronic hemiparesis ( 13 stroke , 2 traumatic brain injury ) . INTERVENTION CIMT ( 14 consecutive days ; constraint of unaffected h and for a target of 90 % of waking hours ) with either 6 hours ( 6h/d group , n=7 ) or 3 hours ( 3h/d group , n=8 ) of shaping training with the affected h and per day . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The Motor Activity Log and Wolf Motor Function Test . RESULTS Significant improvements in motor function in the laboratory and increased use of the affected h and in the real-world environment were found in both groups . The beneficial effects were significantly greater in the 6h/d group than in the 3h/d group . CONCLUSION The 3-hour CIMT training schedule significantly improved motor function in chronic hemiparesis , but it was less effective than the 6-hour training schedule OBJECTIVE To examine the feasibility and efficacy of a modified constraint induced therapy protocol on stroke patients . METHODS This study was carried out during the period from August 2001 to January 2002 at the Riyadh Medical Complex , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Six stroke patients with subacute cerebrovascular accident ( < 6 months ) were included in the study . Three male and 3 female patients with a mean age of 54.3+/-6.9 years ( range 45 - 67 years ) , and mean duration of hemiparesis of 4.7 months ( range 2.3 - 5.8 months ) . They were divided r and omly into 3 groups of 2 patients . The first 2 patients ( constraint induced therapy group ) participated in half an hour of physical and occupational therapy sessions 3 times per week for 10 weeks . During the same period , their unaffected arms and h and s were restrained 5 days per week for 5 hours identified as times of frequent use . The second 2 patients ( traditional therapy group ) received regular therapy administered after 10 weeks . The last 2 patients ( control group ) received no therapy . The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery After Stroke ( Fugl ) , Action Research Arm Test ( ARA ) , Wolf Motor Function Test ( WMFT ) , and Motor Activity Log ( MAL ) were administered to the patients . RESULTS Patients receiving modified constraint induced therapy exhibited substantial improvement on the Fugl , ARA , and WMFT , as well as increases in amount and quality of use of the limb using the MAL . While patients receiving traditional physical and occupational therapy , and no therapy patients exhibited few improvements . CONCLUSION Modified constraint induced therapy may be an efficacious method of improving function and use of the affected arms in stroke patients exhibiting learned nonuse To determine modified constraint-induced therapy ( mCIT ) feasibility and compare its efficacy to traditional rehabilitation ( TR ) in acute stroke patients exhibiting upper limb hemiparesis . Method . Before-after , multiple baseline , r and omized controlled pilot study . Setting . Rehabilitation hospital . Patients . Ten stroke patients < 14 d poststroke and exhibiting upper limb hemiparesis and affected 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of constraint-induced movement therapy ( CIMT ) in dexterity with Action Research Arm Test ( ARA test ) , h and grip strength , pinch strength of affected upper extremity in chronic stroke patients . MATERIAL AND METHOD An observer-blinded r and omized control trial , 69 chronic stroke patients were allocated either to constraint-induced movement technique ( n = 33 ) or conservative treatment ( n = 36 ) . The CIMT group received 6 hours of daily affected-upper-extremity training and restrained unaffected upper extremities for 5 days per week , totally 2 weeks . The control group received bimanual-upper-extremity training by conservative neurodevelopmental technique without restrained unaffected upper extremities for 2 weeks . RESULTS The CIMT group had ARA scores , pinch strength of affected upper extremities statistically significant higher than the control group at p < 0.05 , but the h and grip strength had no statistically significant difference , p > 0.05 . CONCLUSIONS CIMT of unaffected upper extremities has an advantage for chronic stroke patients which may be an efficacious technique of improving motor activity and exhibiting learned nonuse Background and Purpose — The Motor Activity Log ( MAL ) is a semistructured interview for hemiparetic stroke patients to assess the use of their paretic arm and h and ( amount of use [ AOU ] ) and quality of movement [ QOM ] ) during activities of daily living . Scores range from 0 to 5 . The following clinimetric properties of the MAL were quantified : internal consistency ( Cronbach α ) , test – retest agreement ( Bl and and Altman method ) , cross-sectional construct validity ( correlation between AOU and QOM and with the Action Research Arm [ ARA ] test ) , longitudinal construct validity ( correlation of change on the MAL during the intervention with a global change rating [ GCR ] and with change on the ARA ) , and responsiveness ( effect size ) . Methods — Two baseline measurements 2 weeks apart and 1 follow-up measurement immediately after 2 weeks of intensive exercise therapy either with or without immobilization of the unimpaired arm ( forced use ) were performed in 56 chronic stroke patients . Results — Internal consistency was high ( AOU : α=0.88 ; QOM : α=0.91 ) . The limits of agreement were −0.70 to 0.85 and −0.61 to 0.71 for AOU and QOM , respectively . The correlation with the ARA score ( Spearman ρ ) was 0.63 ( AOU and QOM ) . However , the improvement on the MAL during the intervention was only weakly related to the GCR and to the improvement on the ARA , Spearman ρ was between 0.16 and 0.22 . The responsiveness ratio was 1.9 ( AOU ) and 2.0 ( QOM ) . Conclusion — The MAL is internally consistent and relatively stable in chronic stroke patients not undergoing an intervention . The cross-sectional construct validity of the MAL is reasonable , but the results raise doubt about its longitudinal construct validity Background and Purpose — The Wolf Motor Function Test ( WMFT ) is a new time-based method to evaluate upper extremity performance while providing insight into joint-specific and total limb movements . This study addresses selected psychometric attributes of the WMFT applied to a chronic stroke population . Methods — Nineteen individuals after stroke and with intact cognition and sitting balance were age- and sex-matched with 19 individuals without impairment . Subjects performed the WMFT and the upper extremity portion of the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment ( FMA ) on 2 occasions ( 12 to 16 days apart ) , with scoring performed independently by 2 r and om raters . Results — The  WMFT and FMA demonstrated agreement ( P < 0.0001 ) between raters at each session .  WMFT  scores for the dominant and nondominant extremities of individuals without impairment were different ( P ≤0.05 ) from the more and less affected extremities of subjects after stroke . The FMA score for the more affected extremity of subjects after stroke was different ( P ≤0.05 ) from the dominant and nondominant extremities . However , the FMA score for the less affected upper extremity of individuals after stroke was not different ( P > 0.05 ) from the dominant and nondominant extremities of individuals without impairment . The WMFT and FMA scores were related ( P < 0.02 ) for the more affected extremity in individuals after stroke . Conclusions — The interrater reliability , construct validity , and criterion validity of the WMFT , as used in these subject sample s , are supported Evidence -based practice involves the use of evidence from systematic review s and r and omised controlled trials , but the extent of this evidence in physiotherapy has not previously been surveyed . The aim of this survey is to describe the quantity and quality of r and omised controlled trials and the quantity of systematic review s relevant to physiotherapy . The Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) was search ed . The quality of trials was assessed with the PEDro scale . The search identified a total of 2,376 r and omised controlled trials and 332 systematic review s. The first trial was published in 1955 and the first review was published in 1982 . Since that time , the number of trials and review s has grown exponentially . The mean PEDro quality score has increased from 2.8 in trials published between 1955 and 1959 to 5.0 for trials published between 1995 and 1999 . There is a substantial body of evidence about the effects of physiotherapy . However , there remains scope for improvements in the quality of the conduct and reporting of clinical trials Background and Purpose Motor dysfunction after unilateral deafferentation in primates can be overcome by restraining the unaffected limb . We asked whether a constraint-induced movement ( CIM ) program could be implemented within 2 weeks after stroke and whether CIM is more effective than traditional upper-extremity ( UE ) therapies during this period . Methods Twenty-three persons were enrolled in a pilot r and omized , controlled trial that compared CIM with traditional therapies . A blinded observer rated the primary end point , the Action Research Arm Test ( ARA ) .  Inclusion criteria were the following : ischemic stroke within 14 days , persistent hemiparesis , evidence of preserved cognitive function , and presence of a protective motor response . Differences between the groups were compared by using Student ’s t tests , ANCOVA , and Mann-Whitney U tests . Results Twenty subjects completed the 14-day treatment . Two adverse outcomes , a recurrent stroke and a death , occurred in the traditional group ; 1 CIM subject met rehabilitation goals and was discharged before completing 14 inpatient days . The CIM treatment group had significantly higher scores on total ARA and pinch subscale scores ( P < 0.05 ) . Differences in the mean ARA grip , grasp , and gross movement subscale scores did not reach statistical significance . UE activities of daily living performance was not significantly different between groups , and no subject withdrew because of pain or frustration . Conclusions A clinical trial of CIM therapy during acute rehabilitation is feasible . CIM was associated with less arm impairment at the end of treatment . Long-term studies are needed to determine whether CIM early after stroke is superior to traditional therapies This case series examined the feasibility and efficacy of a modified constraint induced therapy ( CIT ) protocol administered on an outpatient basis . The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery After Stroke ( Fugl ) , Action Research Arm Test ( ARA ) , Wolf Motor Function Test ( WMFT ) , and  Motor Activity Log  ( MAL ) were administered to six patients between 2 and 6 months poststroke ( CVA ) exhibiting stable motor deficits and learned nonuse of the affected limb . Two patients then participated in half-hour physical and occupational therapy sessions three times/week for 10 weeks . During the same period , their unaffected arms and h and s were restrained 5 days/week during 5 hours identified as times of frequent use . Two other patients received regular therapy and two control patients received no therapy . The ARA , Fugl , WMFT , and MAL were again administered after 10 weeks . Patients receiving modified CIT exhibited substantial improvements on the Fugl , ARA , and WMFT , as well as increases in amount and quality of use of the limb using the MAL . Patients receiving traditional or no therapy exhibited no improvements . Results suggest that modified CIT may be an efficacious method of improving function and use of the affected arms of patients exhibiting learned nonuse BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Of all stroke survivors , 30 % to 66 % are unable to use their affected arm in performing activities of daily living . Although forced use therapy appears to improve arm function in chronic stroke patients , there is no conclusive evidence . This study evaluates the effectiveness of forced use therapy . METHODS In an observer-blinded r and omized clinical trial , 66 chronic stroke patients were allocated to either forced use therapy ( immobilization of the unaffected arm combined with intensive training ) or a reference therapy of equally intensive bimanual training , based on Neuro-Developmental Treatment , for a period of 2 weeks . Outcomes were evaluated on the basis of the Rehabilitation Activities Profile ( activities ) , the Action Research Arm ( ARA ) test ( dexterity ) , the upper extremity section of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale , the Motor Activity Log ( MAL ) , and a Problem Score . The minimal clinical ly important difference ( MCID ) was determined at the onset of the study . RESULTS One week after the last treatment session , a significant difference in effectiveness in favor of the forced use group compared with the bimanual group ( corrected for baseline differences ) was found for the ARA score ( 3.0 points ; 95 % CI , 1.3 to 4.8 ; MCID , 5.7 points ) and the MAL amount of use score ( 0.52 points ; 95 % CI , 0.11 to 0.93 ; MCID , 0.50 ) . The other parameters revealed no significant differential effects . One-year follow-up effects were observed only for the ARA . The differences in treatment effect for the ARA and the MAL amount of use scores were clinical ly relevant for patients with sensory disorders and hemineglect , respectively . CONCLUSIONS The present study showed a small but lasting effect of forced use therapy on the dexterity of the affected arm ( ARA ) and a temporary clinical ly relevant effect on the amount of use of the affected arm during activities of daily living ( MAL amount of use ) . The effect of forced use therapy was clinical ly relevant in the subgroups of patients with sensory disorders and hemineglect , respectively OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the effects of 3-hour versus 6-hour daily training sessions in constraint-induced movement therapy ( CIMT ) . DESIGN Intervention study , 2-group r and omized trial ; baseline , pretreatment , and posttreatment measures ; 1-month follow-up ( weekly measures ) . SETTING University department of psychology in Germany . PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of 15 adults with chronic hemiparesis ( 13 stroke , 2 traumatic brain injury ) . INTERVENTION CIMT ( 14 consecutive days ; constraint of unaffected h and for a target of 90 % of waking hours ) with either 6 hours ( 6h/d group , n=7 ) or 3 hours ( 3h/d group , n=8 ) of shaping training with the affected h and per day . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The Motor Activity Log and Wolf Motor Function Test . RESULTS Significant improvements in motor function in the laboratory and increased use of the affected h and in the real-world environment were found in both groups . The beneficial effects were significantly greater in the 6h/d group than in the 3h/d group . CONCLUSION The 3-hour CIMT training schedule significantly improved motor function in chronic hemiparesis , but it was less effective than the 6-hour training schedule OBJECTIVE To examine the feasibility and efficacy of a modified constraint induced therapy protocol on stroke patients . METHODS This study was carried out during the period from August 2001 to January 2002 at the Riyadh Medical Complex , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Six stroke patients with subacute cerebrovascular accident ( < 6 months ) were included in the study . Three male and 3 female patients with a mean age of 54.3+/-6.9 years ( range 45 - 67 years ) , and mean duration of hemiparesis of 4.7 months ( range 2.3 - 5.8 months ) . They were divided r and omly into 3 groups of 2 patients . The first 2 patients ( constraint induced therapy group ) participated in half an hour of physical and occupational therapy sessions 3 times per week for 10 weeks . During the same period , their unaffected arms and h and s were restrained 5 days per week for 5 hours identified as times of frequent use . The second 2 patients ( traditional therapy group ) received regular therapy administered after 10 weeks . The last 2 patients ( control group ) received no therapy . The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery After Stroke ( Fugl ) , Action Research Arm Test ( ARA ) , Wolf Motor Function Test ( WMFT ) , and Motor Activity Log ( MAL ) were administered to the patients . RESULTS Patients receiving modified constraint induced therapy exhibited substantial improvement on the Fugl , ARA , and WMFT , as well as increases in amount and quality of use of the limb using the MAL . While patients receiving traditional physical and occupational therapy , and no therapy patients exhibited few improvements . CONCLUSION Modified constraint induced therapy may be an efficacious method of improving function and use of the affected arms in stroke patients exhibiting learned nonuse To determine modified constraint-induced therapy ( mCIT ) feasibility and compare its efficacy to traditional rehabilitation ( TR ) in acute stroke patients exhibiting upper limb hemiparesis . Method . Before-after , multiple baseline , r and omized controlled pilot study . Setting . Rehabilitation hospital . Patients . Ten stroke patients < 14 d poststroke and exhibiting upper limb hemiparesis and affected 
    Output:
    