human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Uncertainty is a central feature of long-term childhood cancer survivorship during which time it principally has to do with late effects . Therefore , the purpose s of this article are ( a ) to assess feasibility of a r and omized clinical trial of a telephone-delivered coping skills training ( CST ) intervention in terms of recruitment , retention , and timeline , as well as the performance of the study measures ; and ( b ) to demonstrate trends in change on outcomes within the context of a small pilot study . The results of this pilot study suggest that HEROS PLUS CST has clinical relevance and that in-person long-term follow-up plus telephone-delivered psychosocial care is a practical way to deliver integrated care to adolescent — young adult childhood cancer survivors and their parents Purpose The purpose of this study is to test the efficacy of the Survivor Health and Resilience Education Program intervention — a manualized , behavioral intervention focusing on bone health behaviors among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer . Methods Participants were 75 teens aged 11–21 years , one or more years post-treatment , and currently cancer-free . Teens were r and omized to a group-based intervention focusing on bone health or a wait-list control .  Bone health behaviors were assessed at baseline and 1-month post-intervention . Results Controlling for baseline outcome measures and theoretical predictors , milk consumption frequency ( p = 0.03 ) , past month calcium supplementation ( p < 0.001 ) , days in the past month with calcium supplementation ( p < 0.001 ) , and dietary calcium intake ( p = 0.04 ) were significantly greater at 1-month follow-up among intervention participants compared with control participants . Conclusions The intervention had a significant short-term impact on self-reported bone health behaviors among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer . Research examining long-term intervention effectiveness is warranted Background A cancer diagnosis is 2.9 times more likely to occur during the adolescent and young adult years than in younger children . This spike in incidence coincides with a life stage characterised by psychological vulnerability as young people strive to attain numerous , critical developmental milestones . The distress young people experience after cancer treatment seriously jeopardises their ability to move into well-functioning adulthood . Methods / Design This article presents the protocol of the Recapture Life study , a phase II three-arm r and omised controlled trial design ed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a new intervention in reducing distress and improving quality of life for adolescent and young adult cancer survivors . The novel intervention , “ ReCaPTure LiFe ” will be compared to a both a wait-list , and a peer-support group control .  Ninety young people aged 15–25 years who have completed cancer treatment in the past 1–6 months will be recruited from hospitals around Australia . Those r and omised to receive Recapture Life will participate in six , weekly , 90-minute online group sessions led by a psychologist , involving peer- discussion around cognitive-behavioural coping skills ( including : behavioural activation , thought challenging , communication and assertiveness skills training , problem-solving and goal - setting ) . Participants r and omised to the peer-support group control will receive non-directive peer support delivered in an identical manner . Participants will complete psychosocial measures at baseline , post-intervention , and 12-months post-intervention . The primary outcome will be quality of life . Secondary outcomes will include depression , anxiety , stress , family functioning , coping , and cancer-related identity . Discussion This article review s the empirical rationale for using group-based , online cognitive-behavioural therapy in young people after cancer treatment . The potential challenges of delivering skills-based programs in an online modality are highlighted , and the role of both peer and caregiver support in enhancing the effectiveness of this skills-based intervention is also discussed . The innovative videoconferencing delivery method Recapture Life uses has the potential to address the geographic and psychological isolation of adolescents and young adults as they move toward cancer survivorship . It is expected that teaching AYAs coping skills as they resume their normal lives after cancer may have long-term implication s for their quality of life . Trial Registration Objectives : To determine the effectiveness of a mobile phone text messaging smoking cessation programme . Design : R and omised controlled trial Setting : New Zeal and Participants : 1705 smokers from throughout New Zeal and who wanted to quit , were aged over 15 years , and owned a mobile phone were r and omised to an intervention group that received regular , personalised text messages providing smoking cessation advice , support , and distraction , or to a control group . All participants received a free month of text messaging ; starting for the intervention group on their quit day to assist with quitting , and starting for the control group at six months to encourage follow up . Follow up data were available for 1624 ( 95 % ) at six weeks and 1265 ( 74 % ) at six months . Main outcome measures : The main trial outcome was current non-smoking ( that is , not smoking in the past week ) six weeks after r and omisation . Secondary outcomes included current non-smoking at 12 and 26 weeks . Results : More participants had quit at six weeks in the intervention compared to the control group : 239 ( 28 % ) v 109 ( 13 % ) , relative risk 2.20 ( 95 % confidence interval 1.79 to 2.70 ) , p < 0.0001 . This treatment effect was consistent across subgroups defined by age , sex , income level , or geographic location ( p homogeneity > 0.2 ) . The relative risk estimates were similar in sensitivity analyses adjusting for missing data and salivary cotinine verification tests . Reported quit rates remained high at six months , but there was some uncertainty about between group differences because of incomplete follow up . Conclusions : This programme offers potential for a new way to help young smokers to quit , being affordable , personalised , age appropriate , and not location dependent . Future research should test these findings in different setting s , and provide further assessment of long term quit rates Purpose . Cognitive and behavioural therapy ( CBT ) is often used to treat behavioural and emotional disorders in children , and its efficacy has been described in several studies . As behavioural and emotional disorders are frequent sequelae in brain tumor survivors , the goal of this work is to describe the efficacy of a CBT intervention in the treatment of young brain tumor survivors . Methods . Forty young patients , aged 4–18 years , were included in the study . The treatment group , composed of 17 patients , received sessions of CBT . The Child Behaviour Checklist 4–18 ( CBCL/4–18 ) and the Vinel and Adaptive Behavioural Scales ( VABS ) were administered to parents at the beginning and at the end of the hospitalisation . The statistical significance of changes for clinical subjects during the CBT administration was estimated . Results . With regard to the CBCL/4–18 , the clinical group showed a significant advantage on the withdrawn , somatic complaints , social problems , attention problems , internalising and total problem scales . On the VABS , the treatment group improved to a significantly greater extent in the social skills domain . Conclusions . These results substantiate our assumption that CBT is an effective intervention for young patients surviving brain tumors and may be particularly helpful to younger individuals in managing cancer-related limitations OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a manual-based , social-skills training , group intervention to improve social skills and social functioning of children treated for brain tumors , and to assess the impact of cognitive functioning on the effectiveness of the intervention . METHODS  Three social-skills training group interventions  , each comprised of 5 to 7 children ages 8 to 14 years , were conducted . A parent component was included . In total , 13 children and their parents and teachers completed st and ard measures prior to and 9 months after the intervention . Children participated in a neuropsychological test battery at baseline . RESULTS Social skills and social functioning variables changed in the direction of improved functioning , with several scores showing significant improvement from baseline to the follow-up assessment . Small to medium effect sizes were documented . Higher verbal and nonverbal functioning were associated with greater improvement . CONCLUSIONS Findings are suggestive of the potential effectiveness of social-skills training in groups for children with brain tumors . Multisite , r and omized , controlled studies are recommended as the next step PURPOSE Cancer survivors smoke at rates that are only slightly lower than the general population . This article reports on the final outcomes of Partnership for Health , a smoking cessation intervention for smokers in the Childhood Cancer Survivors Study ( CCSS ) . METHODS This study is a r and omized control trial with follow-up at 8 and 12 months that involved smokers ( n = 796 ) enrolled onto the CCSS cohort . Participants were r and omly assigned to either a self-help or a peer-counseling program that included up to six telephone calls from a trained childhood cancer survivor , tailored and targeted material s , and free nicotine replacement therapy . The intervention was delivered by telephone and postal service mail . RESULTS The quit rate was significantly higher in the counseling group compared with the self-help group at both the 8-month ( 16.8 % v 8.5 % ; P < .01 ) and 12-month follow-ups ( 15 % v 9 % ; P < or = .01 ) . Controlling for baseline self-efficacy and readiness to change , the intervention group was twice as likely to quit smoking , compared with the self-help group . Smoking cessation rate increased with an increase in the number of counseling calls . The cost of delivering the intervention was approximately 300 dollars per participant . The incremental cost-effectiveness of the intervention compared with controls was 5,371 dollars per additional quit . CONCLUSION Interventions to prevent future illnesses are of critical importance to childhood cancer survivors . The Partnership for Health intervention result ed in a doubling of smoking cessation quit rates . Because of the seriousness of smoking among childhood cancer survivors , this intervention model may be appropriate as a multicomponent treatment program for survivors who smoke OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a social skills group intervention program for child brain tumor survivors . METHODS Participants were 32 survivors ( 14 females ) aged 8 - 18 years . Medulloblastoma ( 28 % ) was the main diagnosis . The intervention consisted of eight 2-hr weekly sessions focused on social skills including friendship making and assertion . Survivors and parents completed measures of social skills , quality of life , behavior and depression , at baseline , pre- and post-intervention , and 6 months later . RESULTS Feasibility analyses revealed promising acceptability , retention , recruitment , and treatment fidelity . Significant improvement was found after intervention based on parents ' reports of self-control [ F(1,27 ) = 5.97 , p < .05 ] , social skills [ F(1,28 ) = 5.70 , p < .05 ] , and quality of life [ F(1,15 ) = 17.98 , p < .01 ] . CONCLUSIONS The intervention is feasible and outcomes based on parental reports provide preliminary support for the efficacy of the program Posttraumatic stress symptoms ( PTSS ) , particularly intrusive thoughts , avoidance , and arousal , are among the most common psychological aftereffects of childhood cancer for survivors and their mothers and fathers . We conducted a r and omized wait-list control trial of a newly developed 4-session , 1-day intervention aim ed at reducing PTSS that integrates cognitive-behavioral and family therapy approaches -- the Surviving Cancer Competently Intervention Program ( SCCIP ) . Participants were 150 adolescent survivors and their mothers , fathers , and adolescent siblings . Significant reductions in intrusive thoughts among fathers and in arousal among survivors were found in the treatment group . A multiple imputations approach was used to address nonr and om missing data and indicated that treatment effects would likely have been stronger had more distressed families been retained . The data are supportive of brief interventions to reduce PTSS in this population and provide additional support for the importance of intervention for multiple members of the family PURPOSE In this r and omized controlled trial , we sought to determine whether a risk counseling intervention would increase knowledge and perceived vulnerability to tobacco-related health risks and decrease future intentions to use tobacco among preadolescents and adolescents previously treated for cancer . PATIENT AND METHODS Participants included 103 cancer survivors between the ages of 10 and 18 years who were r and omly assigned to either a  st and ard care control ( SCC ) group or a tobacco intervention ( TI ) group .  Patients in the SCC group received st and ard advice about the risks of tobacco use . Patients in the TI group received more intensive late effects risk counseling in addition to an educational video , goal setting , written physician feedback , smoking literature , and follow-up telephone counseling . The effect of our intervention was assessed by self-reported knowledge , perceived vulnerability , and intentions at baseline , 6 , and 12 months . RESULTS Compared with the SCC group , patients who received our intervention had significantly higher knowledge scores , higher perceived vulnerability scores , and lower intention scores at 12 months . No significant differences between the SCC and TI groups at 6 months , across all measures , were found . CONCLUSION Pediatric survivors '  knowledge , perceived vulnerability to health risks , and intentions to use tobacco can be modified by a risk counseling intervention . The delayed effect of our intervention indicates that these changes may evolve over time . Implication s for health care providers who engage in tobacco counseling with young cancer survivors are discussed . Additional longitudinal studies are needed to determine definitive long-term intervention effects on actual tobacco use in this high- 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Uncertainty is a central feature of long-term childhood cancer survivorship during which time it principally has to do with late effects . Therefore , the purpose s of this article are ( a ) to assess feasibility of a r and omized clinical trial of a telephone-delivered coping skills training ( CST ) intervention in terms of recruitment , retention , and timeline , as well as the performance of the study measures ; and ( b ) to demonstrate trends in change on outcomes within the context of a small pilot study . The results of this pilot study suggest that HEROS PLUS CST has clinical relevance and that in-person long-term follow-up plus telephone-delivered psychosocial care is a practical way to deliver integrated care to adolescent — young adult childhood cancer survivors and their parents Purpose The purpose of this study is to test the efficacy of the Survivor Health and Resilience Education Program intervention — a manualized , behavioral intervention focusing on bone health behaviors among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer . Methods Participants were 75 teens aged 11–21 years , one or more years post-treatment , and currently cancer-free . Teens were r and omized to a group-based intervention focusing on bone health or a wait-list control .  Bone health behaviors were assessed at baseline and 1-month post-intervention . Results Controlling for baseline outcome measures and theoretical predictors , milk consumption frequency ( p = 0.03 ) , past month calcium supplementation ( p < 0.001 ) , days in the past month with calcium supplementation ( p < 0.001 ) , and dietary calcium intake ( p = 0.04 ) were significantly greater at 1-month follow-up among intervention participants compared with control participants . Conclusions The intervention had a significant short-term impact on self-reported bone health behaviors among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer . Research examining long-term intervention effectiveness is warranted Background A cancer diagnosis is 2.9 times more likely to occur during the adolescent and young adult years than in younger children . This spike in incidence coincides with a life stage characterised by psychological vulnerability as young people strive to attain numerous , critical developmental milestones . The distress young people experience after cancer treatment seriously jeopardises their ability to move into well-functioning adulthood . Methods / Design This article presents the protocol of the Recapture Life study , a phase II three-arm r and omised controlled trial design ed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a new intervention in reducing distress and improving quality of life for adolescent and young adult cancer survivors . The novel intervention , “ ReCaPTure LiFe ” will be compared to a both a wait-list , and a peer-support group control .  Ninety young people aged 15–25 years who have completed cancer treatment in the past 1–6 months will be recruited from hospitals around Australia . Those r and omised to receive Recapture Life will participate in six , weekly , 90-minute online group sessions led by a psychologist , involving peer- discussion around cognitive-behavioural coping skills ( including : behavioural activation , thought challenging , communication and assertiveness skills training , problem-solving and goal - setting ) . Participants r and omised to the peer-support group control will receive non-directive peer support delivered in an identical manner . Participants will complete psychosocial measures at baseline , post-intervention , and 12-months post-intervention . The primary outcome will be quality of life . Secondary outcomes will include depression , anxiety , stress , family functioning , coping , and cancer-related identity . Discussion This article review s the empirical rationale for using group-based , online cognitive-behavioural therapy in young people after cancer treatment . The potential challenges of delivering skills-based programs in an online modality are highlighted , and the role of both peer and caregiver support in enhancing the effectiveness of this skills-based intervention is also discussed . The innovative videoconferencing delivery method Recapture Life uses has the potential to address the geographic and psychological isolation of adolescents and young adults as they move toward cancer survivorship . It is expected that teaching AYAs coping skills as they resume their normal lives after cancer may have long-term implication s for their quality of life . Trial Registration Objectives : To determine the effectiveness of a mobile phone text messaging smoking cessation programme . Design : R and omised controlled trial Setting : New Zeal and Participants : 1705 smokers from throughout New Zeal and who wanted to quit , were aged over 15 years , and owned a mobile phone were r and omised to an intervention group that received regular , personalised text messages providing smoking cessation advice , support , and distraction , or to a control group . All participants received a free month of text messaging ; starting for the intervention group on their quit day to assist with quitting , and starting for the control group at six months to encourage follow up . Follow up data were available for 1624 ( 95 % ) at six weeks and 1265 ( 74 % ) at six months . Main outcome measures : The main trial outcome was current non-smoking ( that is , not smoking in the past week ) six weeks after r and omisation . Secondary outcomes included current non-smoking at 12 and 26 weeks . Results : More participants had quit at six weeks in the intervention compared to the control group : 239 ( 28 % ) v 109 ( 13 % ) , relative risk 2.20 ( 95 % confidence interval 1.79 to 2.70 ) , p < 0.0001 . This treatment effect was consistent across subgroups defined by age , sex , income level , or geographic location ( p homogeneity > 0.2 ) . The relative risk estimates were similar in sensitivity analyses adjusting for missing data and salivary cotinine verification tests . Reported quit rates remained high at six months , but there was some uncertainty about between group differences because of incomplete follow up . Conclusions : This programme offers potential for a new way to help young smokers to quit , being affordable , personalised , age appropriate , and not location dependent . Future research should test these findings in different setting s , and provide further assessment of long term quit rates Purpose . Cognitive and behavioural therapy ( CBT ) is often used to treat behavioural and emotional disorders in children , and its efficacy has been described in several studies . As behavioural and emotional disorders are frequent sequelae in brain tumor survivors , the goal of this work is to describe the efficacy of a CBT intervention in the treatment of young brain tumor survivors . Methods . Forty young patients , aged 4–18 years , were included in the study . The treatment group , composed of 17 patients , received sessions of CBT . The Child Behaviour Checklist 4–18 ( CBCL/4–18 ) and the Vinel and Adaptive Behavioural Scales ( VABS ) were administered to parents at the beginning and at the end of the hospitalisation . The statistical significance of changes for clinical subjects during the CBT administration was estimated . Results . With regard to the CBCL/4–18 , the clinical group showed a significant advantage on the withdrawn , somatic complaints , social problems , attention problems , internalising and total problem scales . On the VABS , the treatment group improved to a significantly greater extent in the social skills domain . Conclusions . These results substantiate our assumption that CBT is an effective intervention for young patients surviving brain tumors and may be particularly helpful to younger individuals in managing cancer-related limitations OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a manual-based , social-skills training , group intervention to improve social skills and social functioning of children treated for brain tumors , and to assess the impact of cognitive functioning on the effectiveness of the intervention . METHODS  Three social-skills training group interventions  , each comprised of 5 to 7 children ages 8 to 14 years , were conducted . A parent component was included . In total , 13 children and their parents and teachers completed st and ard measures prior to and 9 months after the intervention . Children participated in a neuropsychological test battery at baseline . RESULTS Social skills and social functioning variables changed in the direction of improved functioning , with several scores showing significant improvement from baseline to the follow-up assessment . Small to medium effect sizes were documented . Higher verbal and nonverbal functioning were associated with greater improvement . CONCLUSIONS Findings are suggestive of the potential effectiveness of social-skills training in groups for children with brain tumors . Multisite , r and omized , controlled studies are recommended as the next step PURPOSE Cancer survivors smoke at rates that are only slightly lower than the general population . This article reports on the final outcomes of Partnership for Health , a smoking cessation intervention for smokers in the Childhood Cancer Survivors Study ( CCSS ) . METHODS This study is a r and omized control trial with follow-up at 8 and 12 months that involved smokers ( n = 796 ) enrolled onto the CCSS cohort . Participants were r and omly assigned to either a self-help or a peer-counseling program that included up to six telephone calls from a trained childhood cancer survivor , tailored and targeted material s , and free nicotine replacement therapy . The intervention was delivered by telephone and postal service mail . RESULTS The quit rate was significantly higher in the counseling group compared with the self-help group at both the 8-month ( 16.8 % v 8.5 % ; P < .01 ) and 12-month follow-ups ( 15 % v 9 % ; P < or = .01 ) . Controlling for baseline self-efficacy and readiness to change , the intervention group was twice as likely to quit smoking , compared with the self-help group . Smoking cessation rate increased with an increase in the number of counseling calls . The cost of delivering the intervention was approximately 300 dollars per participant . The incremental cost-effectiveness of the intervention compared with controls was 5,371 dollars per additional quit . CONCLUSION Interventions to prevent future illnesses are of critical importance to childhood cancer survivors . The Partnership for Health intervention result ed in a doubling of smoking cessation quit rates . Because of the seriousness of smoking among childhood cancer survivors , this intervention model may be appropriate as a multicomponent treatment program for survivors who smoke OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a social skills group intervention program for child brain tumor survivors . METHODS Participants were 32 survivors ( 14 females ) aged 8 - 18 years . Medulloblastoma ( 28 % ) was the main diagnosis . The intervention consisted of eight 2-hr weekly sessions focused on social skills including friendship making and assertion . Survivors and parents completed measures of social skills , quality of life , behavior and depression , at baseline , pre- and post-intervention , and 6 months later . RESULTS Feasibility analyses revealed promising acceptability , retention , recruitment , and treatment fidelity . Significant improvement was found after intervention based on parents ' reports of self-control [ F(1,27 ) = 5.97 , p < .05 ] , social skills [ F(1,28 ) = 5.70 , p < .05 ] , and quality of life [ F(1,15 ) = 17.98 , p < .01 ] . CONCLUSIONS The intervention is feasible and outcomes based on parental reports provide preliminary support for the efficacy of the program Posttraumatic stress symptoms ( PTSS ) , particularly intrusive thoughts , avoidance , and arousal , are among the most common psychological aftereffects of childhood cancer for survivors and their mothers and fathers . We conducted a r and omized wait-list control trial of a newly developed 4-session , 1-day intervention aim ed at reducing PTSS that integrates cognitive-behavioral and family therapy approaches -- the Surviving Cancer Competently Intervention Program ( SCCIP ) . Participants were 150 adolescent survivors and their mothers , fathers , and adolescent siblings . Significant reductions in intrusive thoughts among fathers and in arousal among survivors were found in the treatment group . A multiple imputations approach was used to address nonr and om missing data and indicated that treatment effects would likely have been stronger had more distressed families been retained . The data are supportive of brief interventions to reduce PTSS in this population and provide additional support for the importance of intervention for multiple members of the family PURPOSE In this r and omized controlled trial , we sought to determine whether a risk counseling intervention would increase knowledge and perceived vulnerability to tobacco-related health risks and decrease future intentions to use tobacco among preadolescents and adolescents previously treated for cancer . PATIENT AND METHODS Participants included 103 cancer survivors between the ages of 10 and 18 years who were r and omly assigned to either a  st and ard care control ( SCC ) group or a tobacco intervention ( TI ) group .  Patients in the SCC group received st and ard advice about the risks of tobacco use . Patients in the TI group received more intensive late effects risk counseling in addition to an educational video , goal setting , written physician feedback , smoking literature , and follow-up telephone counseling . The effect of our intervention was assessed by self-reported knowledge , perceived vulnerability , and intentions at baseline , 6 , and 12 months . RESULTS Compared with the SCC group , patients who received our intervention had significantly higher knowledge scores , higher perceived vulnerability scores , and lower intention scores at 12 months . No significant differences between the SCC and TI groups at 6 months , across all measures , were found . CONCLUSION Pediatric survivors '  knowledge , perceived vulnerability to health risks , and intentions to use tobacco can be modified by a risk counseling intervention . The delayed effect of our intervention indicates that these changes may evolve over time . Implication s for health care providers who engage in tobacco counseling with young cancer survivors are discussed . Additional longitudinal studies are needed to determine definitive long-term intervention effects on actual tobacco use in this high- 
    Output:
    