human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To investigate the sedative effect of acupuncture on patients during mechanical ventilation after valve replacement . METHODS Sixty patients during mechanical ventilation after valve replacement were r and omly assigned to three groups . Intravenous injection of propofol ( Pro I ) was given to patients in group I ; to patients in group II , Pro I was given also and acupuncture at Shenting ( DU24 ) and Yintang ( EX-HN3 ) with needle retention was applied simultaneously , and to those in group III , the same treatment as that for group II was applied but with electroacupuncture instead of simple acupuncture . The speed of Pro I was controlled through micro-pump to maintain the bispectral index ( BIS ) within 70 - 80 . The dose of propofol used , the Ramsay score and adverse reaction , and so on in the three groups were observed and compared . RESULTS Pro I dose used was insignificantly different between group I and group II ( P > 0.05 ) , but in group III it was more reduced than that in the other two groups ( P < 0.05 ) . No significant difference in BIS , Ramsay score , adverse reaction , etc . was found among the three groups . BIS measurements showed negative correlation with Ramsay scores ( r = -0.85 , P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION Electro acupuncture at Shenting and Yintang has a certain sedative effect on patients during mechanical ventilation after valve replacement BACKGROUND Acupuncture anesthesia was created in the 1950 's in China and continues to be used there today during most major surgeries . It is widely used in China for such complex operations as brain , heart , and abdominal surgery . It is popular in China because it is economical , practical , and beneficial to the patients . With acupuncture anesthesia there is less bleeding during surgery and there is also quicker post-operative recovery . OBJECTIVE This r and omized prospect i ve study aims at comparing the effect of two acupoints ( Yongquan , KI1 and Renzhong , DU26 ) with sham acupuncture and no acupuncture on the time to recovery of consciousness after general anesthesia by means of the Bispectral Index monitor ( BIS ) . DESIGN , SETTING , PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS This is a prospect i ve r and omized controlled study . We r and omly assigned 50 patients to 5 groups during recovery from surgical anesthesia . Four groups had acupuncture on KI1 ( group A ) , DU26 ( groups B ) , both KI1 and DU26 ( group C ) , and sham points ( group D ) , and one had no acupuncture ( group E ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Bispectral Index ( BIS ) , time to spontaneous eye opening , time to tracheal extubation , and time to following comm and s were measured as the main outcome measures . RESULTS Time to spontaneous eye opening differed among groups ( P=0.002 ) , as well as time to tracheal extubation ( P<0.000 1 ) and time to following comm and s ( P=0.000 6 ) . BIS values differed significantly among groups both 5 and 10 min after the end of anesthesia ( P<0.000 1 and P=0.000 4 , respectively ) . BIS values of groups D and E were lower than those of the other groups and those of group C were higher . The same pattern was observed also 15 and 30 min after the end of anesthesia , although the difference among groups was not significant at these time points ( P=0.164 and P=0.104 , respectively ) . CONCLUSION Acupuncture on DU26 and KI1 accelerates recovery of consciousness after general anesthesia . Moreover , a possible synergistic effect of DU26 and KI1 is suggested . This issue may play a role in the optimization of operating room management and raise interest about the usefulness of acupuncture on unconsciousness states of different nature Background German anesthesiologists have long used transcutaneous electrical stimulation of an acupuncture point near the tragus to reduce anesthetic requirement in unblinded and uncontrolled trials . This is known as auricular electrically stimulated analgesia . The authors therefore tested the hypothesis that auricular electrically stimulated analgesia reduces anesthetic requirement . Methods In a r and omized , double-blind , crossover trial , volunteers were anesthetized twice with desflurane . Electrical stimulation of an auricular acupuncture point in the vicinity of the tragus was used on 1 r and omly assigned day , and no electrical stimulation of the same point was used on the other study day . Treatment consisted of bilateral electrical stimulation of the lateralization control point , 3 cm anterior to the tragus . The 10-mA current was set to 299 Hz on the dominant side of the face and to 149 Hz on the contralateral side . Anesthetic requirement was determined by the Dixon up- and -down method and was defined by the average desflurane concentration required to prevent purpose ful movement of the extremities in response to noxious electrical stimulation . Results Ten men and 10 women completed the protocol . Electrical stimulation of the lateralization control point reduced anesthetic requirement by 11 ± 7 % ( P < 0.001 ) , with the reduction being similar in women and men . Women required more desflurane to prevent movement on the control day than the men ( 5.5 ± 1.0 vs. 4.6 ± 0.6 vol%;P = 0.028 ) . Conclusion This double-blinded trial with an objective outcome demonstrates that electrical stimulation of the lateralization control point significantly reduces anesthetic requirement OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of electro-acupuncture ( EA ) on alteration of immune function of patients undergoing open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass ( CPB ) , and to appraise the value of acupuncture-drug compound anesthesia in the operation . METHODS Thirty patients undergoing atrial septal defect repairing operation were selected and divided into three groups , Group A was the general anesthesia group ; Group B , the acupuncture anesthesia group and Group C , the general anesthesia plus EA group . Peripheral venous blood of patients was collected at different time points , i.e. before anesthesia , before CPB , 30 min and 24 hrs after CPB , to determine natural killer cells activity ( NKCA ) , and the levels of interferon-gamma ( IFN-gamma ) and interleukin-2 ( IL-2 ) in supernatant of cell culture were also tested . RESULTS NKCA was significantly lowered in Group A before CPB but increased in Group B , while no evident change was found in Group C , so the level of NKCA in Group B was significantly higher than in the other two groups . It lowered in all the three groups after CPB , especially evidently in Group B , so as to cause the NKCA level in Group B lower than that in Group A. The lowering further progressed , 24 hrs after CPB , NKCA in Group B was more reduced than that in Group C. Levels of IFN-gamma and IL-2 lowered in all the three groups after CPB , and further lowered at time point of 24 hrs after CPB , but the parameters in Group C were significantly higher than those in Group B. CONCLUSION EA could enhance NKCA , but acupuncture anesthesia could n't inhibit the suppressive effect of CPB on NKCA , IL-2 and IFN-gamma , suggesting that the immunosuppression induced by stress has a prior effect . General anesthesia plus EA yielded better effect than general anesthesia and acupuncture anesthesia , but it could't improve the immunosuppression completely , indicating that the compound anesthesia could partially improve the immunosuppression induced by CPB Objective To investigate the treatment time dependence of electroacupuncture ( EA ) on Neiguan ( PC6 ) for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) . Methods One hundred and seventy-eight patients , who had received intravenous patient-controlled analgesia ( PCA ) with Fentanyl  , were assigned r and omly to three groups using r and om numbers : a pre-operative EA group ( PrEA ) , a post-operative EA group ( PoEA ) , and a non-acupuncture control group ( NC ) . An anesthetist evaluated the incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting for 48 h after surgery blindly . The main outcomes were severity and freguency of PONV , which were measured with a self-reported question naire and a confirmation from the anesthetist . The data were analyzed with ANOVA and Z-test . Results The incidence of nausea and vomiting was significantly lower in the PrEA group than the NC group during 48 h after surgery ( P<0.01 , P<0.05 ) . The incidence of vomiting was also significantly lower in the PrEA group than the PoEA group ( P<0.05 ) . The PoEA subjects evidence d no significant differences compared with the NC subjects in terms of the incidence of nausea and vomiting ( P<0.05 ) . The severity of nausea was significantly lower in the PrEA group than in the NC and PoEA groups ( P<0.05 ) . Conclusions EA on PC6 is effective in the prevention of PONV , and pre-operative acupuncture is more effective than post-operative acupuncture Pain is a syndrome characterized by several neurophysiological changes including that of the autonomic nervous system . Chronic low back pain ( LBP ) is a major health problem and is a frequent reason for using unconventional therapies especially acupuncture . This study was conducted to evaluate the autonomic status and pain profile in chronic LBP patients and to observe the effect of electro acupuncture therapy . Chronic LBP patients ( n=60 ) were recruited from the Department of Orthopaedics , GTB Hospital , Delhi . Age and sex matched healthy volunteers were selected as controls ( n=30 ) . Following a written consent , LBP patients were r and omly allocated into two study groups - Group A received 10 sittings of electro acupuncture , on alternate days , at GB and UB points selected for back pain , while the Group B received a conventional drug therapy in the form of oral Valdecoxib together with supervised physiotherapy . Controls were assessed once while the patients were assessed twice , before and after completion of the treatment program ( 3 weeks ) . The autonomic status was studied with non-invasive cardiovascular autonomic function tests which included E : I ratio , 30:15 ratio , postural challenge test and sustained h and grip test . Pain intensity was measured with the visual analogue scale ( VAS ) and the global perceived effect ( GPE ) . Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measure 's ANOVA with Tukey 's test . Pain patients showed a significantly reduced vagal tone and increased sympathetic activity as compared to the controls ( P<0.05 to P<0.001 in different variables ) . Following treatment , both the study groups showed a reduction in vagal tone together with a decrease in the sympathetic activity . There was also a considerable relief of pain in both groups , however , the acupuncture group showed a better response ( P<0.01 ) . We conclude that there is autonomic dysfunction in chronic LBP patients . Acupuncture effectively relieves the pain and improves the autonomic status and hence can be used as an alternative/additive treatment modality in these cases OBJECTIVE To observe the supplementary analgesic effect of electroacupuncture and its influence on the maintenance of anesthesia and the speed of recovery of patients undergoing craniotomy . METHODS Eighty cases of supratentorial tumor resection were r and omly divided into group A and group S , 40 cases in each group . All the patients were anesthetized with  2 % Sevoflurane . The patients in group A received electroacupuncture at Hegu ( LI 4 ) and Waiguan ( TE 5 ) , Jinmen ( BL 63 ) and Taichong ( LR 3 ) , Zusanli ( ST 36 ) and Qiuxu ( GB 40 ) from anesthesia beginning to the end of operation , and in group S without electroacupuncture . The end-tidal Sevoflurane concentration , minimum alveolar concentration ( MAC ) , bispectral index ( BIS ) and the information during anesthesia recovery stage were recorded , respectively . RESULTS The end-tidal concentration and MAC of Sevoflurane in group A at all times were significant lower than those in group S ( P<0.05 , P<0.01 ) with a Sevoflurane saving of 9.62 % on average . The BIS in group A during a few phases were higher than that in group S ( all P<0.05 ) . During anesthesia recovery stage , the time of each phase in group A was significantly shorter than that in group S ( all P<0.01 ) . No dysphoria and one case with nausea and vomiting were shown in group A , but in group S , 2 patients had dysphoria and 3 patients had nausea and vomiting . CONCLUSION Electroacupuncture combined with Sevoflurane anesthesia can decrease the dosage of Sevoflurane , shorten the recovery time of anesthesia and improve the quality of anesthesia recovery of the patients undergoing resection of supratentorial tumor Previous studies have shown that electroacupuncture ( EA ) can induce cardioprotection against ischemia – reperfusion ( IR ) injury , but its mechanisms are incompletely understood . We have previously shown that several other forms of remote preconditioning of the heart work , at least in part , via the release of circulating cardioprotective factors into the bloodstream , that can be dialyzed and subsequently shown to reduce IR injury in isolated hearts . We used the same methods to assess whether EA leads to similar humoral cardioprotection .  EA rabbits were subjected to 60 min of bilateral stim 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To investigate the sedative effect of acupuncture on patients during mechanical ventilation after valve replacement . METHODS Sixty patients during mechanical ventilation after valve replacement were r and omly assigned to three groups . Intravenous injection of propofol ( Pro I ) was given to patients in group I ; to patients in group II , Pro I was given also and acupuncture at Shenting ( DU24 ) and Yintang ( EX-HN3 ) with needle retention was applied simultaneously , and to those in group III , the same treatment as that for group II was applied but with electroacupuncture instead of simple acupuncture . The speed of Pro I was controlled through micro-pump to maintain the bispectral index ( BIS ) within 70 - 80 . The dose of propofol used , the Ramsay score and adverse reaction , and so on in the three groups were observed and compared . RESULTS Pro I dose used was insignificantly different between group I and group II ( P > 0.05 ) , but in group III it was more reduced than that in the other two groups ( P < 0.05 ) . No significant difference in BIS , Ramsay score , adverse reaction , etc . was found among the three groups . BIS measurements showed negative correlation with Ramsay scores ( r = -0.85 , P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION Electro acupuncture at Shenting and Yintang has a certain sedative effect on patients during mechanical ventilation after valve replacement BACKGROUND Acupuncture anesthesia was created in the 1950 's in China and continues to be used there today during most major surgeries . It is widely used in China for such complex operations as brain , heart , and abdominal surgery . It is popular in China because it is economical , practical , and beneficial to the patients . With acupuncture anesthesia there is less bleeding during surgery and there is also quicker post-operative recovery . OBJECTIVE This r and omized prospect i ve study aims at comparing the effect of two acupoints ( Yongquan , KI1 and Renzhong , DU26 ) with sham acupuncture and no acupuncture on the time to recovery of consciousness after general anesthesia by means of the Bispectral Index monitor ( BIS ) . DESIGN , SETTING , PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS This is a prospect i ve r and omized controlled study . We r and omly assigned 50 patients to 5 groups during recovery from surgical anesthesia . Four groups had acupuncture on KI1 ( group A ) , DU26 ( groups B ) , both KI1 and DU26 ( group C ) , and sham points ( group D ) , and one had no acupuncture ( group E ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Bispectral Index ( BIS ) , time to spontaneous eye opening , time to tracheal extubation , and time to following comm and s were measured as the main outcome measures . RESULTS Time to spontaneous eye opening differed among groups ( P=0.002 ) , as well as time to tracheal extubation ( P<0.000 1 ) and time to following comm and s ( P=0.000 6 ) . BIS values differed significantly among groups both 5 and 10 min after the end of anesthesia ( P<0.000 1 and P=0.000 4 , respectively ) . BIS values of groups D and E were lower than those of the other groups and those of group C were higher . The same pattern was observed also 15 and 30 min after the end of anesthesia , although the difference among groups was not significant at these time points ( P=0.164 and P=0.104 , respectively ) . CONCLUSION Acupuncture on DU26 and KI1 accelerates recovery of consciousness after general anesthesia . Moreover , a possible synergistic effect of DU26 and KI1 is suggested . This issue may play a role in the optimization of operating room management and raise interest about the usefulness of acupuncture on unconsciousness states of different nature Background German anesthesiologists have long used transcutaneous electrical stimulation of an acupuncture point near the tragus to reduce anesthetic requirement in unblinded and uncontrolled trials . This is known as auricular electrically stimulated analgesia . The authors therefore tested the hypothesis that auricular electrically stimulated analgesia reduces anesthetic requirement . Methods In a r and omized , double-blind , crossover trial , volunteers were anesthetized twice with desflurane . Electrical stimulation of an auricular acupuncture point in the vicinity of the tragus was used on 1 r and omly assigned day , and no electrical stimulation of the same point was used on the other study day . Treatment consisted of bilateral electrical stimulation of the lateralization control point , 3 cm anterior to the tragus . The 10-mA current was set to 299 Hz on the dominant side of the face and to 149 Hz on the contralateral side . Anesthetic requirement was determined by the Dixon up- and -down method and was defined by the average desflurane concentration required to prevent purpose ful movement of the extremities in response to noxious electrical stimulation . Results Ten men and 10 women completed the protocol . Electrical stimulation of the lateralization control point reduced anesthetic requirement by 11 ± 7 % ( P < 0.001 ) , with the reduction being similar in women and men . Women required more desflurane to prevent movement on the control day than the men ( 5.5 ± 1.0 vs. 4.6 ± 0.6 vol%;P = 0.028 ) . Conclusion This double-blinded trial with an objective outcome demonstrates that electrical stimulation of the lateralization control point significantly reduces anesthetic requirement OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of electro-acupuncture ( EA ) on alteration of immune function of patients undergoing open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass ( CPB ) , and to appraise the value of acupuncture-drug compound anesthesia in the operation . METHODS Thirty patients undergoing atrial septal defect repairing operation were selected and divided into three groups , Group A was the general anesthesia group ; Group B , the acupuncture anesthesia group and Group C , the general anesthesia plus EA group . Peripheral venous blood of patients was collected at different time points , i.e. before anesthesia , before CPB , 30 min and 24 hrs after CPB , to determine natural killer cells activity ( NKCA ) , and the levels of interferon-gamma ( IFN-gamma ) and interleukin-2 ( IL-2 ) in supernatant of cell culture were also tested . RESULTS NKCA was significantly lowered in Group A before CPB but increased in Group B , while no evident change was found in Group C , so the level of NKCA in Group B was significantly higher than in the other two groups . It lowered in all the three groups after CPB , especially evidently in Group B , so as to cause the NKCA level in Group B lower than that in Group A. The lowering further progressed , 24 hrs after CPB , NKCA in Group B was more reduced than that in Group C. Levels of IFN-gamma and IL-2 lowered in all the three groups after CPB , and further lowered at time point of 24 hrs after CPB , but the parameters in Group C were significantly higher than those in Group B. CONCLUSION EA could enhance NKCA , but acupuncture anesthesia could n't inhibit the suppressive effect of CPB on NKCA , IL-2 and IFN-gamma , suggesting that the immunosuppression induced by stress has a prior effect . General anesthesia plus EA yielded better effect than general anesthesia and acupuncture anesthesia , but it could't improve the immunosuppression completely , indicating that the compound anesthesia could partially improve the immunosuppression induced by CPB Objective To investigate the treatment time dependence of electroacupuncture ( EA ) on Neiguan ( PC6 ) for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) . Methods One hundred and seventy-eight patients , who had received intravenous patient-controlled analgesia ( PCA ) with Fentanyl  , were assigned r and omly to three groups using r and om numbers : a pre-operative EA group ( PrEA ) , a post-operative EA group ( PoEA ) , and a non-acupuncture control group ( NC ) . An anesthetist evaluated the incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting for 48 h after surgery blindly . The main outcomes were severity and freguency of PONV , which were measured with a self-reported question naire and a confirmation from the anesthetist . The data were analyzed with ANOVA and Z-test . Results The incidence of nausea and vomiting was significantly lower in the PrEA group than the NC group during 48 h after surgery ( P<0.01 , P<0.05 ) . The incidence of vomiting was also significantly lower in the PrEA group than the PoEA group ( P<0.05 ) . The PoEA subjects evidence d no significant differences compared with the NC subjects in terms of the incidence of nausea and vomiting ( P<0.05 ) . The severity of nausea was significantly lower in the PrEA group than in the NC and PoEA groups ( P<0.05 ) . Conclusions EA on PC6 is effective in the prevention of PONV , and pre-operative acupuncture is more effective than post-operative acupuncture Pain is a syndrome characterized by several neurophysiological changes including that of the autonomic nervous system . Chronic low back pain ( LBP ) is a major health problem and is a frequent reason for using unconventional therapies especially acupuncture . This study was conducted to evaluate the autonomic status and pain profile in chronic LBP patients and to observe the effect of electro acupuncture therapy . Chronic LBP patients ( n=60 ) were recruited from the Department of Orthopaedics , GTB Hospital , Delhi . Age and sex matched healthy volunteers were selected as controls ( n=30 ) . Following a written consent , LBP patients were r and omly allocated into two study groups - Group A received 10 sittings of electro acupuncture , on alternate days , at GB and UB points selected for back pain , while the Group B received a conventional drug therapy in the form of oral Valdecoxib together with supervised physiotherapy . Controls were assessed once while the patients were assessed twice , before and after completion of the treatment program ( 3 weeks ) . The autonomic status was studied with non-invasive cardiovascular autonomic function tests which included E : I ratio , 30:15 ratio , postural challenge test and sustained h and grip test . Pain intensity was measured with the visual analogue scale ( VAS ) and the global perceived effect ( GPE ) . Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measure 's ANOVA with Tukey 's test . Pain patients showed a significantly reduced vagal tone and increased sympathetic activity as compared to the controls ( P<0.05 to P<0.001 in different variables ) . Following treatment , both the study groups showed a reduction in vagal tone together with a decrease in the sympathetic activity . There was also a considerable relief of pain in both groups , however , the acupuncture group showed a better response ( P<0.01 ) . We conclude that there is autonomic dysfunction in chronic LBP patients . Acupuncture effectively relieves the pain and improves the autonomic status and hence can be used as an alternative/additive treatment modality in these cases OBJECTIVE To observe the supplementary analgesic effect of electroacupuncture and its influence on the maintenance of anesthesia and the speed of recovery of patients undergoing craniotomy . METHODS Eighty cases of supratentorial tumor resection were r and omly divided into group A and group S , 40 cases in each group . All the patients were anesthetized with  2 % Sevoflurane . The patients in group A received electroacupuncture at Hegu ( LI 4 ) and Waiguan ( TE 5 ) , Jinmen ( BL 63 ) and Taichong ( LR 3 ) , Zusanli ( ST 36 ) and Qiuxu ( GB 40 ) from anesthesia beginning to the end of operation , and in group S without electroacupuncture . The end-tidal Sevoflurane concentration , minimum alveolar concentration ( MAC ) , bispectral index ( BIS ) and the information during anesthesia recovery stage were recorded , respectively . RESULTS The end-tidal concentration and MAC of Sevoflurane in group A at all times were significant lower than those in group S ( P<0.05 , P<0.01 ) with a Sevoflurane saving of 9.62 % on average . The BIS in group A during a few phases were higher than that in group S ( all P<0.05 ) . During anesthesia recovery stage , the time of each phase in group A was significantly shorter than that in group S ( all P<0.01 ) . No dysphoria and one case with nausea and vomiting were shown in group A , but in group S , 2 patients had dysphoria and 3 patients had nausea and vomiting . CONCLUSION Electroacupuncture combined with Sevoflurane anesthesia can decrease the dosage of Sevoflurane , shorten the recovery time of anesthesia and improve the quality of anesthesia recovery of the patients undergoing resection of supratentorial tumor Previous studies have shown that electroacupuncture ( EA ) can induce cardioprotection against ischemia – reperfusion ( IR ) injury , but its mechanisms are incompletely understood . We have previously shown that several other forms of remote preconditioning of the heart work , at least in part , via the release of circulating cardioprotective factors into the bloodstream , that can be dialyzed and subsequently shown to reduce IR injury in isolated hearts . We used the same methods to assess whether EA leads to similar humoral cardioprotection .  EA rabbits were subjected to 60 min of bilateral stim 
    Output:
    