human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of a heavy dynamic preload , consisting of 1 set of 5 repetition maximum ( 5RM ) back squats , on countermovement vertical jump ( VJ ) and horizontal jump ( HJ ) performance . The study also investigated the ability of subjects to learn to apply the effects of the preload over subsequent training sessions . Nineteen ( N = 19 ) resistance-trained men ( age = 25.0 ± 4.8 years ; weight = 79.3 ± 6.6 kg ) participated in the study . Each subject took part in 4 practice and 4 testing sessions . The 4 practice sessions were included to allow for any learning effects of VJ and HJ to stabilize and to establish a true 5RM back squat . The 4 testing sessions were included to see if subjects were able to capitalize on the repeat exposure to the protocol . One practice session consisted of a 10-minute warm-up ( 5 minutes of cycling and 5 minutes of stretching ) , 2 sets of VJ and HJ ( each set of VJ and HJ consisted of 4 jump repetitions ) with a 5-minute rest between sets , progressive 5RM back squat evaluation , and 2 final sets of VJ and HJ . Both VJ and HJ increased approximately 2 % over the 4 practice sessions , and 5RM back squat strength improved from 164.2 ± 25.1 kg to 196.9 ± 23.0 kg ( p ≤ 0.05 ) . The 4 testing sessions each consisted of the st and ardized warm-up , 1 set of 4 VJs and HJs , a 5-minute rest , 5RM back squat , a 5-minute rest , and the final set of VJs and HJs . Pre- and post-5RM VJ and HJ order was r and omly assigned . The results indicated no significant differences occurred between the mean or maximal values for either VJ or HJ as a consequence of the dynamic preload exercise . In addition , the results reflected an inability of subjects to benefit from the repeated exposure to the heavy dynamic preload exercise protocol PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of three different warm-up regimes on cycling work output during a 7-min performance trial . METHODS After habituation to the experimental methods , 12 well-trained cyclists completed a series of 7-min performance trials , involving 2 min of constant-work rate exercise at approximately 90 % VO2max and a further 5 min during which subjects attempted to maximize power output . This trial was performed without prior intervention and 10 min after bouts of moderate , heavy , or sprint exercise in a r and om order . Pulmonary gas exchange was measured breath by breath during all performance trials . RESULTS At the onset of the performance trial , baseline blood [ lactate ] was significantly elevated after heavy and sprint but not moderate exercise ( mean + /- SD : control , 1.0 + /- 0.3 mM ; moderate , 1.0 + /- 0.2 mM ; heavy , 3.0 + /- 1.1 mM ; sprint , 5.9 + /- 1.5 mM ) . All three interventions significantly increased the amplitude of the primary VO2 response ( control , 2.59 + /- 0.28 L x min(-1 ) ; moderate , 2.69 + /- 0.27 L x min(-1 ) ; heavy , 2.78 + /- 0.26 L x min(-1 ) ; sprint , 2.78 + /- 0.30 L x min(-1 ) ) . Mean power output was significantly increased by prior moderate and heavy exercise but not significantly reduced after sprint exercise ( control , 330 + /- 42 W ; moderate , 338 + /- 39 W ; heavy , 339 + /- 42 W ; sprint , 324 + /- 45 W ) . CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that priming exercise performed in the moderate- and heavy-intensity domains can improve severe-intensity cycling performance by ~2 - 3 % , the latter condition doing so despite a mild lactacidosis being present at exercise onset The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of different modes of stretching on vertical jump performance .  Eighteen male university students ( age , 24.3 ± 3.2 years ; height , 181.5 ± 11.4 cm ; body mass , 78.1 ± 6.4 kg ; mean ± SD ) completed 4 different conditions in a r and omized order , on different days , interspersed by a minimum of 72 hours of rest . Each session consisted of a st and ard 5-minute cycle warm-up , accompanied by one of the subsequent conditions : ( a ) control , ( b ) 10-minute static stretching , ( c ) 10-minute ballistic stretching , or ( d ) 10-minute proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation ( PNF ) stretching . The subjects performed 3 trials of static and countermovement jumps prior to stretching and poststretching at 5 , 15 , 30 , 45 , and 60 minutes . Vertical jump height decreased after static and PNF stretching ( 4.0 % and 5.1 % , p < 0.05 ) and there was a smaller decrease after ballistic stretching ( 2.7 % , p > 0.05 ) . However , jumping performance had fully recovered 15 minutes after all stretching conditions . In conclusion , vertical jump performance is diminished for 15 minutes if performed after static or PNF stretching , whereas ballistic stretching has little effect on jumping performance . Consequently , PNF or static stretching should not be performed immediately prior to an explosive athletic movement Most systematic review s rely substantially on the assessment of the method ological quality of the individual trials . The aim of this study was to obtain consensus among experts about a set of generic core items for quality assessment of r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) . The invited participants were experts in the field of quality assessment of RCTs . The initial item pool contained all items from existing criteria lists . Subsequently , we reduced the number of items by using the Delphi consensus technique . Each Delphi round comprised a question naire , an analysis , and a feedback report . The feedback report included staff team decisions made on the basis of the analysis and their justification . A total of 33 international experts agreed to participate , of whom 21 completed all question naires . The initial item pool of 206 items was reduced to 9 items in three Delphi rounds . The final criteria list ( the Delphi list ) was satisfactory to all participants . It is a starting point on the way to a minimum reference st and ard for RCTs on many different research topics . This list is not intended to replace , but rather to be used alongside , existing criteria lists The effect of 3 warm-up routines on  st and ing broad jump ( SBJ ) performance was investigated . Thirty-two men and women participated as subjects . Following the determination of 1-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) squat , subjects completed warm-up routines and broad jumps on 4 occasions in a r and omized order . Subjects performed SBJ immediately ( POST ) and 15 min following ( POST15 ) the given warm-up routine . The routines were high force , consisting of high % 1RM , low repetition squats ; high power , consisting of low % 1RM , low repetition speed squats ; stretching , consisting of static stretches ; and no activity , a control condition . Repeated measures analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) revealed no differences among broad jump performance following any of the warm-up routines ( p = 0.157 ) . A strong correlation ( R = 0.805 ) was found between 1RM squat and SBJ . These data indicate that warm-up of any type has little effect on jump performance and that maximum strength is strongly related to jumping ability The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of 3 different warm-up protocol s with and without a weighted vest on vertical jump ( VJ ) and long jump ( LJ ) performance in athletic women . Sixteen subjects ( 19.7 ± 1.4 years , 67.0 ± 10.7 kg , 165.7 ± 11.4 cm ) participated in 3 testing sessions in r and om order on 3 nonconsecutive days . Prior to the testing of the VJ and LJ , the subjects performed 1 of the following 10-minute warm-up protocol s : ( a ) low- to moderate-intensity stationary cycling followed by 4 lower-body static stretches ( SS ) ( 3 × 20 seconds ) ; ( b ) 12 moderate- to high-intensity dynamic exercises ( DY ) ; and ( c ) the same 12 dynamic exercises with a weighted vest ( 10 % of body mass ) worn for the last 4 exercises ( DYV ) . Analysis of the data revealed that VJ performance was significantly greater ( p < 0.05 ) following DYV ( 43.9 ± 6.7 cm ) and DY ( 43.6 ± 6.5 cm ) as compared to SS ( 41.7 ± 6.0 cm ) . Long jump performance was significantly greater ( p < 0.05 ) following DYV ( 186.8 ± 19.5 cm ) as compared to DY ( 182.2 ± 19.1 cm ) , which in turn was significantly greater ( p < 0.05 ) than performance following SS ( 177.2 ± 18.8 cm ) . Warm-up protocol s that include dynamic exercise may be a viable method of enhancing jumping performance  in athletic women as compared to stationary cycling and static stretching . In addition , these data suggest that it may be desirable for athletic women to perform dynamic exercises with a weighted vest on some movements prior to the performance of the long jump CONTEXT Recent authors have not found substantial evidence to support the use of static stretching for improving performance , so interest in dynamic warm-up procedures has risen . Our findings may improve the underst and ing of the acute effects of different types of pre-exercise protocol s on performance and may help clinicians develop effective warm-up protocol s for sports practice and competition . OBJECTIVE To examine the acute effects of 4 warm-up protocol s with and without a weighted vest on anaerobic performance in female high school athletes . DESIGN R and omized , counterbalanced , repeated- measures design . SETTING High school fitness center . PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Eighteen healthy high school female athletes ( age = 15.3 + /- 1.2 years , height = 166.3 + /- 9.1 cm , mass = 61.6 + /- 10.4 kg ) . INTERVENTION(S ) After 5 minutes of jogging , subjects performed 4 r and omly ordered warm-up protocol s : ( 1 ) Five static stretches ( 2 x 30 seconds ) ( SS ) , ( 2 ) nine moderate-intensity to high-intensity dynamic exercises ( DY ) , ( 3 ) the same 9 dynamic exercises performed with a vest weighted with 2 % of body mass ( DY2 ) , and ( 4 ) the same 9 dynamic exercises performed with a vest weighted with 6 % of body mass ( DY6 ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Vertical jump , long jump , seated medicine ball toss , and 10-yard sprint . RESULTS Vertical jump performance was significantly greater after DY ( 41.3 + /- 5.4 cm ) and DY2 ( 42.1 + /- 5.2 cm ) compared with SS ( 37.1 + /- 5.1 cm ) , and long jump performance was significantly greater after DY2 ( 180.5 + /- 20.3 cm ) compared with SS ( 160.4 + /- 20.8 cm ) ( P < /= .05 ) . No significant differences between trials were observed for the seated medicine ball toss or 10-yard sprint . CONCLUSIONS A dynamic warm-up performed with a vest weighted with 2 % of body mass may be the most effective warm-up protocol for enhancing jumping performance in high school female athletes Golfing injuries have been shown to occur frequently , and injury counter measures have been suggested to help reduce injury risk . Performing an appropriate warm-up is thought to reduce injury risk , however there is a lack of evidence to support this notion . Therefore this study aim ed to investigate the relationships between warm-up participation and injury in a cohort of female golfers . A total of 522 golfers participating in the Victorian Women 's Pennant Competition completed the study . Over one-third ( 35.2 % ) of the golfers reported having sustained a golfing injury within the previous 12 months , with the lower back the most commonly injured region . Most golfers reported not warming-up prior to play or practice . Golfers who reported not warming-up on a regular basis were more likely to have reported a golfing injury in the previous 12 months than those reporting frequent warm-up participation ( OR=45.2 ; 95 % CI : 13.5 , 151.7 ) . Less skilled golfers were also less likely to report sustaining a golfing injury than more skilled golfers ( OR=0.2 ; 95 % CI : 0.1 , 0.5 ) . This study is one of the few to establish an association between warm-up participation and injury . Further prospect i ve studies are warranted to determine whether warm-up reduces injury risk for golf participation The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects on youth fitness of 3 different warm-up protocol s utilizing static stretching or dynamic exercise performance . Sixty children ( mean age 11.3 ± 0.7 years ) performed 3 different warm-up routines in r and om order on nonconsecutive days . The warm-up protocol s consisted of 5 minutes of walking and 5 minutes of static stretching ( SS ) , 10 minutes of dynamic exercise ( DY ) , or 10 minutes of dynamic exercise plus 3 drop jumps from 15-cm boxes ( DYJ ) . Following each warm-up session , subjects were tested on the vertical jump , long jump , shuttle run 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of a heavy dynamic preload , consisting of 1 set of 5 repetition maximum ( 5RM ) back squats , on countermovement vertical jump ( VJ ) and horizontal jump ( HJ ) performance . The study also investigated the ability of subjects to learn to apply the effects of the preload over subsequent training sessions . Nineteen ( N = 19 ) resistance-trained men ( age = 25.0 ± 4.8 years ; weight = 79.3 ± 6.6 kg ) participated in the study . Each subject took part in 4 practice and 4 testing sessions . The 4 practice sessions were included to allow for any learning effects of VJ and HJ to stabilize and to establish a true 5RM back squat . The 4 testing sessions were included to see if subjects were able to capitalize on the repeat exposure to the protocol . One practice session consisted of a 10-minute warm-up ( 5 minutes of cycling and 5 minutes of stretching ) , 2 sets of VJ and HJ ( each set of VJ and HJ consisted of 4 jump repetitions ) with a 5-minute rest between sets , progressive 5RM back squat evaluation , and 2 final sets of VJ and HJ . Both VJ and HJ increased approximately 2 % over the 4 practice sessions , and 5RM back squat strength improved from 164.2 ± 25.1 kg to 196.9 ± 23.0 kg ( p ≤ 0.05 ) . The 4 testing sessions each consisted of the st and ardized warm-up , 1 set of 4 VJs and HJs , a 5-minute rest , 5RM back squat , a 5-minute rest , and the final set of VJs and HJs . Pre- and post-5RM VJ and HJ order was r and omly assigned . The results indicated no significant differences occurred between the mean or maximal values for either VJ or HJ as a consequence of the dynamic preload exercise . In addition , the results reflected an inability of subjects to benefit from the repeated exposure to the heavy dynamic preload exercise protocol PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of three different warm-up regimes on cycling work output during a 7-min performance trial . METHODS After habituation to the experimental methods , 12 well-trained cyclists completed a series of 7-min performance trials , involving 2 min of constant-work rate exercise at approximately 90 % VO2max and a further 5 min during which subjects attempted to maximize power output . This trial was performed without prior intervention and 10 min after bouts of moderate , heavy , or sprint exercise in a r and om order . Pulmonary gas exchange was measured breath by breath during all performance trials . RESULTS At the onset of the performance trial , baseline blood [ lactate ] was significantly elevated after heavy and sprint but not moderate exercise ( mean + /- SD : control , 1.0 + /- 0.3 mM ; moderate , 1.0 + /- 0.2 mM ; heavy , 3.0 + /- 1.1 mM ; sprint , 5.9 + /- 1.5 mM ) . All three interventions significantly increased the amplitude of the primary VO2 response ( control , 2.59 + /- 0.28 L x min(-1 ) ; moderate , 2.69 + /- 0.27 L x min(-1 ) ; heavy , 2.78 + /- 0.26 L x min(-1 ) ; sprint , 2.78 + /- 0.30 L x min(-1 ) ) . Mean power output was significantly increased by prior moderate and heavy exercise but not significantly reduced after sprint exercise ( control , 330 + /- 42 W ; moderate , 338 + /- 39 W ; heavy , 339 + /- 42 W ; sprint , 324 + /- 45 W ) . CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that priming exercise performed in the moderate- and heavy-intensity domains can improve severe-intensity cycling performance by ~2 - 3 % , the latter condition doing so despite a mild lactacidosis being present at exercise onset The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of different modes of stretching on vertical jump performance .  Eighteen male university students ( age , 24.3 ± 3.2 years ; height , 181.5 ± 11.4 cm ; body mass , 78.1 ± 6.4 kg ; mean ± SD ) completed 4 different conditions in a r and omized order , on different days , interspersed by a minimum of 72 hours of rest . Each session consisted of a st and ard 5-minute cycle warm-up , accompanied by one of the subsequent conditions : ( a ) control , ( b ) 10-minute static stretching , ( c ) 10-minute ballistic stretching , or ( d ) 10-minute proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation ( PNF ) stretching . The subjects performed 3 trials of static and countermovement jumps prior to stretching and poststretching at 5 , 15 , 30 , 45 , and 60 minutes . Vertical jump height decreased after static and PNF stretching ( 4.0 % and 5.1 % , p < 0.05 ) and there was a smaller decrease after ballistic stretching ( 2.7 % , p > 0.05 ) . However , jumping performance had fully recovered 15 minutes after all stretching conditions . In conclusion , vertical jump performance is diminished for 15 minutes if performed after static or PNF stretching , whereas ballistic stretching has little effect on jumping performance . Consequently , PNF or static stretching should not be performed immediately prior to an explosive athletic movement Most systematic review s rely substantially on the assessment of the method ological quality of the individual trials . The aim of this study was to obtain consensus among experts about a set of generic core items for quality assessment of r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) . The invited participants were experts in the field of quality assessment of RCTs . The initial item pool contained all items from existing criteria lists . Subsequently , we reduced the number of items by using the Delphi consensus technique . Each Delphi round comprised a question naire , an analysis , and a feedback report . The feedback report included staff team decisions made on the basis of the analysis and their justification . A total of 33 international experts agreed to participate , of whom 21 completed all question naires . The initial item pool of 206 items was reduced to 9 items in three Delphi rounds . The final criteria list ( the Delphi list ) was satisfactory to all participants . It is a starting point on the way to a minimum reference st and ard for RCTs on many different research topics . This list is not intended to replace , but rather to be used alongside , existing criteria lists The effect of 3 warm-up routines on  st and ing broad jump ( SBJ ) performance was investigated . Thirty-two men and women participated as subjects . Following the determination of 1-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) squat , subjects completed warm-up routines and broad jumps on 4 occasions in a r and omized order . Subjects performed SBJ immediately ( POST ) and 15 min following ( POST15 ) the given warm-up routine . The routines were high force , consisting of high % 1RM , low repetition squats ; high power , consisting of low % 1RM , low repetition speed squats ; stretching , consisting of static stretches ; and no activity , a control condition . Repeated measures analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) revealed no differences among broad jump performance following any of the warm-up routines ( p = 0.157 ) . A strong correlation ( R = 0.805 ) was found between 1RM squat and SBJ . These data indicate that warm-up of any type has little effect on jump performance and that maximum strength is strongly related to jumping ability The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of 3 different warm-up protocol s with and without a weighted vest on vertical jump ( VJ ) and long jump ( LJ ) performance in athletic women . Sixteen subjects ( 19.7 ± 1.4 years , 67.0 ± 10.7 kg , 165.7 ± 11.4 cm ) participated in 3 testing sessions in r and om order on 3 nonconsecutive days . Prior to the testing of the VJ and LJ , the subjects performed 1 of the following 10-minute warm-up protocol s : ( a ) low- to moderate-intensity stationary cycling followed by 4 lower-body static stretches ( SS ) ( 3 × 20 seconds ) ; ( b ) 12 moderate- to high-intensity dynamic exercises ( DY ) ; and ( c ) the same 12 dynamic exercises with a weighted vest ( 10 % of body mass ) worn for the last 4 exercises ( DYV ) . Analysis of the data revealed that VJ performance was significantly greater ( p < 0.05 ) following DYV ( 43.9 ± 6.7 cm ) and DY ( 43.6 ± 6.5 cm ) as compared to SS ( 41.7 ± 6.0 cm ) . Long jump performance was significantly greater ( p < 0.05 ) following DYV ( 186.8 ± 19.5 cm ) as compared to DY ( 182.2 ± 19.1 cm ) , which in turn was significantly greater ( p < 0.05 ) than performance following SS ( 177.2 ± 18.8 cm ) . Warm-up protocol s that include dynamic exercise may be a viable method of enhancing jumping performance  in athletic women as compared to stationary cycling and static stretching . In addition , these data suggest that it may be desirable for athletic women to perform dynamic exercises with a weighted vest on some movements prior to the performance of the long jump CONTEXT Recent authors have not found substantial evidence to support the use of static stretching for improving performance , so interest in dynamic warm-up procedures has risen . Our findings may improve the underst and ing of the acute effects of different types of pre-exercise protocol s on performance and may help clinicians develop effective warm-up protocol s for sports practice and competition . OBJECTIVE To examine the acute effects of 4 warm-up protocol s with and without a weighted vest on anaerobic performance in female high school athletes . DESIGN R and omized , counterbalanced , repeated- measures design . SETTING High school fitness center . PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Eighteen healthy high school female athletes ( age = 15.3 + /- 1.2 years , height = 166.3 + /- 9.1 cm , mass = 61.6 + /- 10.4 kg ) . INTERVENTION(S ) After 5 minutes of jogging , subjects performed 4 r and omly ordered warm-up protocol s : ( 1 ) Five static stretches ( 2 x 30 seconds ) ( SS ) , ( 2 ) nine moderate-intensity to high-intensity dynamic exercises ( DY ) , ( 3 ) the same 9 dynamic exercises performed with a vest weighted with 2 % of body mass ( DY2 ) , and ( 4 ) the same 9 dynamic exercises performed with a vest weighted with 6 % of body mass ( DY6 ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Vertical jump , long jump , seated medicine ball toss , and 10-yard sprint . RESULTS Vertical jump performance was significantly greater after DY ( 41.3 + /- 5.4 cm ) and DY2 ( 42.1 + /- 5.2 cm ) compared with SS ( 37.1 + /- 5.1 cm ) , and long jump performance was significantly greater after DY2 ( 180.5 + /- 20.3 cm ) compared with SS ( 160.4 + /- 20.8 cm ) ( P < /= .05 ) . No significant differences between trials were observed for the seated medicine ball toss or 10-yard sprint . CONCLUSIONS A dynamic warm-up performed with a vest weighted with 2 % of body mass may be the most effective warm-up protocol for enhancing jumping performance in high school female athletes Golfing injuries have been shown to occur frequently , and injury counter measures have been suggested to help reduce injury risk . Performing an appropriate warm-up is thought to reduce injury risk , however there is a lack of evidence to support this notion . Therefore this study aim ed to investigate the relationships between warm-up participation and injury in a cohort of female golfers . A total of 522 golfers participating in the Victorian Women 's Pennant Competition completed the study . Over one-third ( 35.2 % ) of the golfers reported having sustained a golfing injury within the previous 12 months , with the lower back the most commonly injured region . Most golfers reported not warming-up prior to play or practice . Golfers who reported not warming-up on a regular basis were more likely to have reported a golfing injury in the previous 12 months than those reporting frequent warm-up participation ( OR=45.2 ; 95 % CI : 13.5 , 151.7 ) . Less skilled golfers were also less likely to report sustaining a golfing injury than more skilled golfers ( OR=0.2 ; 95 % CI : 0.1 , 0.5 ) . This study is one of the few to establish an association between warm-up participation and injury . Further prospect i ve studies are warranted to determine whether warm-up reduces injury risk for golf participation The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects on youth fitness of 3 different warm-up protocol s utilizing static stretching or dynamic exercise performance . Sixty children ( mean age 11.3 ± 0.7 years ) performed 3 different warm-up routines in r and om order on nonconsecutive days . The warm-up protocol s consisted of 5 minutes of walking and 5 minutes of static stretching ( SS ) , 10 minutes of dynamic exercise ( DY ) , or 10 minutes of dynamic exercise plus 3 drop jumps from 15-cm boxes ( DYJ ) . Following each warm-up session , subjects were tested on the vertical jump , long jump , shuttle run 
    Output:
    