human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background and Purpose — Health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) is an important index of outcome after stroke and may facilitate a broader description of stroke recovery . This study examined the relationship of individual and clinical characteristics to HRQOL in stroke survivors with mild to moderate stroke during subacute recovery . Methods — Two hundred twenty-nine participants 3 to 9 months poststroke were enrolled in a national multisite clinical trial ( Extremity Constraint-Induced Therapy Evaluation ) . HRQOL was assessed using the  Stroke Impact Scale ( SIS ) , Version 3.0 . The Wolf Motor Function Test documented functional recovery of the hemiplegic upper extremity . Multiple analysis of variance and regression models examined the influence of demographic and clinical variables across SIS domains . Results — Age , gender , education level , stroke type , concordance ( paretic arm = dominant h and ) , upper extremity motor function ( Wolf Motor Function Test ) , and comorbidities were associated across SIS domains . Poorer HRQOL in the physical domain was associated with age , nonwhite race , more comorbidities , and reduced upper-extremity function . Stroke survivors with more comorbidities reported poorer HRQOL in the area of memory and thinking , and those with an ischemic stroke and concordance reported poorer communication . Conclusions — Although results may not generalize to lower functioning stroke survivors , individual characteristics of persons with mild to moderate stroke may be important to consider in developing comprehensive , targeted interventions design ed to maximize recovery and improve HRQOL Perspective taking is an essential component in the mechanisms that account for intersubjectivity and agency . Mental simulation of action can be used as a natural protocol to explore the cognitive and neural processing involved in agency . Here we took PET measurements while  subjects simulated actions with either a first-person or a third-person perspective .  Both conditions were associated with common activation in the SMA , the pre central gyrus , the precuneus and the MT/V5 complex . When compared to the first-person perspective , the third-person perspective recruited right inferior parietal , precuneus , posterior cingulate and frontopolar cortex . The opposite contrast revealed activation in left inferior parietal and somatosensory cortex . We suggest that the right inferior parietal , precuneus and somatosensory cortex are specifically involved in distinguishing self-produced actions from those generated by others [ Purpose ] The purpose of this study was to investigate whether motor imagery training has a positive influence on upper extremity performance in stroke patients . [ Subjects and Methods ] Twenty-four patients were r and omly assigned to one of the following two groups : motor imagery ( n = 12 ) or control ( n = 12 ) . Over the course of 4 weeks , the motor imagery group participated in 30 minutes of motor imagery training on each of the 18 tasks ( 9 hours total ) related to their daily living activities . After the 4-week intervention period , the Fugl-Meyer Assessment -Upper Extremity outcomes and Wolf Motor Function Test outcomes were compared . [ Results ] The post-test score of the motor imagery group on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment -Upper Extremity outcomes was significantly higher than that of the control group . In particular , the shoulder and wrist sub-items demonstrated improvement in the motor imagery group . [ Conclusion ] Motor imagery training has a positive influence on upper extremity performance by improving functional mobility during stroke rehabilitation . These results suggest that motor imagery training is feasible and beneficial for improving upper extremity function in stroke patients This r and omized controlled trial evaluated the therapeutic benefit of mental practice with motor imagery in stroke patients with persistent upper limb motor weakness . There is evidence to suggest that mental rehearsal of movement can produce effects normally attributed to practising the actual movements . Imagining h and movements could stimulate restitution and redistribution of brain activity , which accompanies recovery of h and function , thus result ing in a reduced motor deficit . Current efficacy evidence for mental practice with motor imagery in stroke is insufficient due to method ological limitations . This r and omized controlled sequential cohort study included 121 stroke patients with a residual upper limb weakness within 6 months following stroke ( on average <3 months post-stroke ) . R and omization was performed using an automated statistical minimizing procedure . The primary outcome measure was a blinded rating on the Action Research Arm test . The study analysed the outcome of 39 patients involved in 4 weeks of mental rehearsal of upper limb movements during 45-min supervised sessions three times a week and structured independent sessions twice a week , compared to 31 patients who performed equally intensive non-motor mental rehearsal , and 32 patients receiving normal care without additional training . No differences between the treatment groups were found at baseline or outcome on the Action Research Arm Test ( ANCOVA statistical P = 0.77 , and effect size partial η2 = 0.005 ) or any of the secondary outcome measures . Results suggest that mental practice with motor imagery does not enhance motor recovery in patients early post-stroke . In light of the evidence , it remains to be seen whether mental practice with motor imagery is a valid rehabilitation technique in its own right OBJECTIVE To determine retention of motor changes 3 months after participation in a regimen consisting of mental practice ( MP ) combined with repetitive task-specific ( RTP ) practice . DESIGN Prospect i ve , blinded , cohort , pre-post study . SETTING Outpatient rehabilitation hospital . PARTICIPANTS Individuals ( N=21 ) in the chronic stage of stroke ( mean age ± SD , 66.1 ± 8.1y ; age range , 56 - 76y ; mean time since stroke at study enrollment , 58.7mo ; range , 13 - 129mo ) exhibiting mild to moderate impairments of h and function . INTERVENTIONS All individuals had been r and omly assigned to receive a 10-week regimen consisting of MP emphasizing paretic upper extremity ( UE ) use during valued activities . Directly after each of these sessions , subjects were administered audiotaped MP . We assessed this group 's paretic UE motor levels before , after , and 3 months after intervention . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The UE section of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Sensorimotor Impairment ( FM ) , the Action Research Arm Test ( ARAT ) , the Arm Motor Ability Test ( AMAT ) , and the Box and Block Test ( BB ) . RESULTS None of the scores significantly changed from the period directly after intervention to the 3-month posttesting period ( FM : t=.817 ; ARAT : t=.923 ; AMAT : t=.898 , t=.818 , and t=.967 for the Functional Ability , Quality of Movement , and Time scales , respectively ; BB : t=.892 ) . CONCLUSIONS Changes in paretic UE movement realized through MP combined with RTP ( MP + RTP ) participation are retained 3 months after the intervention has concluded . This is the first study examining retention of motor changes after MP + RTP participation , and one of only a few studies examining long retention of motor changes after any intervention targeting stroke-induced hemiparesis Positron emission tomography was used to compare the functional anatomy of  visual imagination  and generation of movement .  Subjects were asked to generate visual images of their finger movement in response to a preparatory signal . Four conditions were tested : in two , no actual movement was required ; in the other two , a second signal prompted the subjects to execute the imagined movement . Which movement to imagine was either specified by the preparatory stimulus or freely selected by the subjects . Compared with a rest condition , tasks involving only imagination activated several cortical regions ( inferoparietal cortex , presupplementary motor area , anterior cingulate cortex , premotor cortex , dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ) contralateral to the imagined movement . Tasks involving both imagination and movement additionally increased activity in the ipsilateral cerebellum , thalamus , contralateral anteroparietal , and motor cortex and decreased activity in the inferior frontal cortex . These results support the hypothesis that distinct functional systems are involved in visuomotor imagination and generation of simple finger movements : associative parietofrontal areas are primarily related to visuomotor imagination , with inferior frontal cortex likely engaged in active motor suppression , and primary motor structures contribute mainly to movement execution Objective To investigate the effects of adjuvant mental practice ( MP ) on affected upper limb function following a stroke using three-dimensional ( 3D ) motion analysis . Methods In this AB/BA crossover study , we studied 10 hemiplegic patients who had a stroke within the past 6 months . The patients were r and omly allocated to two groups : one group received MP combined with conventional rehabilitation therapy for the first 3 weeks followed by conventional rehabilitation therapy alone for the final 3 weeks ; the other group received the same therapy but in reverse order . The MP tasks included drinking from a cup and opening a door . MP was individually administered for 20 minutes , 3 days a week for 3 weeks . To assess the tasks , we used 3D motion analysis and three additional tests : the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the upper extremity ( FMA-UE ) and the motor activity logs for amount of use ( MAL-AOU ) and quality of movement ( MAL-QOM ) . Assessment s were performed immediately before treatment ( T0 ) , 3 weeks into treatment ( T1 ) , and 6 weeks into treatment ( T2 ) . Results Based on the results of the 3D motion analysis and the FMA-UE index ( p=0.106 ) , the MAL-AOU scale ( p=0.092 ) , and MAL-QOM scale ( p=0.273 ) , adjuvant MP did not result in significant improvements . Conclusion Adjuvant MP had no significant effect on upper limb function following a stroke , according to 3D motion analysis and three clinical assessment tools ( the FMA-UE index and the two MAL scales ) . The importance of this study is its use of objective 3D motion analysis to evaluate the effects of MP . Further studies will be needed to vali date these findings OBJECTIVE To quantify the preventive effect of a neutral functional realignment orthosis on pain , mobility , and edema of the h and in subacute hemiparetic poststroke patients with severe motor deficits . DESIGN R and omized trial . SETTING Rehabilitation center . PARTICIPANTS Poststroke patients ( N=30 ) with subacute hemiparesis and severe deficits of the upper limb were enrolled . Fifteen patients were r and omized to a st and ard rehabilitation program without orthosis and 15 patients received an experimental orthosis in addition to their st and ard rehabilitation program . INTERVENTION The orthosis group wore the neutral functional realignment orthosis for at least 6 hours daily . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES H and pain at rest ( visual analog scale ) , wrist range of motion ( Fugl-Meyer Assessment subscale ) , and edema of h and and wrist ( circumferences ) . Outcome measures were assessed at time of r and omization and after 13 weeks between groups . RESULTS At baseline , 2 patients in each group complained about a painful h and . After 13 weeks , 8 subjects in the control group and 1 subject in the orthosis group complained of h and pain ( P=.004 ) . Mobility and edema evolved similarly in both groups . CONCLUSIONS Neutral functional realignment orthoses have a preventive effect on poststroke h and pain , but not on mobility and edema in the subacute phase of recovery Objective : To evaluate and compare efficacy of 20- , 40- , and 60-minute mental practice sessions on affected upper extremity impairment and functional limitation . Design : R and omized controlled study with multiple baseline design . Subjects : Twenty-nine subjects with chronic stroke and exhibiting stable , mild hemiparesis . Interventions : Subjects were given 30-minute rehabilitative sessions 3 days/week for 10 weeks , emphasizing affected upper extremity use during valued activities . Directly after these sessions , r and omly selected subjects were given audiotaped mental practice for 20 , 40 , or 60 minutes . Subjects assigned to a control group received the same therapy as the mental practice groups , and an audiotaped sham intervention directly after therapy sessions . Main outcome measures : Fugl-Meyer ( FM ) motor assessment and Action Research Arm Test ( ARAT ) . Results : No pre-existing differences were found between groups on any demographic variable or movement scale . On the FM , mental practice duration significantly predicted pretesting to post change ( P = 0.05 ) , with increasing duration related to larger FM score increases ( 5.4 point score increase for the 60-minute duration group ) . On the ARAT , a non-significant trend was seen ( P = 0.78 ) , favoring the 20-minute dosing condition ( 4.5 point increase ) . Importantly , regardless of dosing condition , subjects administered mental practice exhibited markedly larger score changes on both the FM and ARAT than subjects not receiving mental practice . Conclusions : Sixty minutes of mental practice appears to most significantly reduce affected arm impairment . However , no clear change pattern was seen in affected arm functional limitation according to mental practice duration . Results suggest that a stroke rehabilitative regimen augmented by mental practice renders a greater functional impact than therapy only Introduction Despite its clinical efficacy , few studies have examined the neural mechanisms of motor imagery training ( MIT ) in stroke . Our objective was to find the cortical reorganization patterns after MIT in chronic stroke patients . Methods Twenty stroke patients with severe motor deficits were r and omly assigned to the MIT or conventional rehabilitation therapy ( CRT ) group , but two lost in the follow-up . All 18 patients received CRT 5 days/week for 4 weeks . Nine subjects in the MIT group received 30-min MIT 5 days/week for 4 weeks . Before and after the interventions , the upper limb section of the Fugl – Meyer Scale ( FM-UL ) was blindly evaluated , and functional magnetic resonance imaging was administered while the patients executed a passive fist clutch task . Results Two cortical reorganization patterns were found . One pattern consisted of the growth in activation in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex ( cSMC ) for most patients ( six in the MIT group , five in 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background and Purpose — Health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) is an important index of outcome after stroke and may facilitate a broader description of stroke recovery . This study examined the relationship of individual and clinical characteristics to HRQOL in stroke survivors with mild to moderate stroke during subacute recovery . Methods — Two hundred twenty-nine participants 3 to 9 months poststroke were enrolled in a national multisite clinical trial ( Extremity Constraint-Induced Therapy Evaluation ) . HRQOL was assessed using the  Stroke Impact Scale ( SIS ) , Version 3.0 . The Wolf Motor Function Test documented functional recovery of the hemiplegic upper extremity . Multiple analysis of variance and regression models examined the influence of demographic and clinical variables across SIS domains . Results — Age , gender , education level , stroke type , concordance ( paretic arm = dominant h and ) , upper extremity motor function ( Wolf Motor Function Test ) , and comorbidities were associated across SIS domains . Poorer HRQOL in the physical domain was associated with age , nonwhite race , more comorbidities , and reduced upper-extremity function . Stroke survivors with more comorbidities reported poorer HRQOL in the area of memory and thinking , and those with an ischemic stroke and concordance reported poorer communication . Conclusions — Although results may not generalize to lower functioning stroke survivors , individual characteristics of persons with mild to moderate stroke may be important to consider in developing comprehensive , targeted interventions design ed to maximize recovery and improve HRQOL Perspective taking is an essential component in the mechanisms that account for intersubjectivity and agency . Mental simulation of action can be used as a natural protocol to explore the cognitive and neural processing involved in agency . Here we took PET measurements while  subjects simulated actions with either a first-person or a third-person perspective .  Both conditions were associated with common activation in the SMA , the pre central gyrus , the precuneus and the MT/V5 complex . When compared to the first-person perspective , the third-person perspective recruited right inferior parietal , precuneus , posterior cingulate and frontopolar cortex . The opposite contrast revealed activation in left inferior parietal and somatosensory cortex . We suggest that the right inferior parietal , precuneus and somatosensory cortex are specifically involved in distinguishing self-produced actions from those generated by others [ Purpose ] The purpose of this study was to investigate whether motor imagery training has a positive influence on upper extremity performance in stroke patients . [ Subjects and Methods ] Twenty-four patients were r and omly assigned to one of the following two groups : motor imagery ( n = 12 ) or control ( n = 12 ) . Over the course of 4 weeks , the motor imagery group participated in 30 minutes of motor imagery training on each of the 18 tasks ( 9 hours total ) related to their daily living activities . After the 4-week intervention period , the Fugl-Meyer Assessment -Upper Extremity outcomes and Wolf Motor Function Test outcomes were compared . [ Results ] The post-test score of the motor imagery group on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment -Upper Extremity outcomes was significantly higher than that of the control group . In particular , the shoulder and wrist sub-items demonstrated improvement in the motor imagery group . [ Conclusion ] Motor imagery training has a positive influence on upper extremity performance by improving functional mobility during stroke rehabilitation . These results suggest that motor imagery training is feasible and beneficial for improving upper extremity function in stroke patients This r and omized controlled trial evaluated the therapeutic benefit of mental practice with motor imagery in stroke patients with persistent upper limb motor weakness . There is evidence to suggest that mental rehearsal of movement can produce effects normally attributed to practising the actual movements . Imagining h and movements could stimulate restitution and redistribution of brain activity , which accompanies recovery of h and function , thus result ing in a reduced motor deficit . Current efficacy evidence for mental practice with motor imagery in stroke is insufficient due to method ological limitations . This r and omized controlled sequential cohort study included 121 stroke patients with a residual upper limb weakness within 6 months following stroke ( on average <3 months post-stroke ) . R and omization was performed using an automated statistical minimizing procedure . The primary outcome measure was a blinded rating on the Action Research Arm test . The study analysed the outcome of 39 patients involved in 4 weeks of mental rehearsal of upper limb movements during 45-min supervised sessions three times a week and structured independent sessions twice a week , compared to 31 patients who performed equally intensive non-motor mental rehearsal , and 32 patients receiving normal care without additional training . No differences between the treatment groups were found at baseline or outcome on the Action Research Arm Test ( ANCOVA statistical P = 0.77 , and effect size partial η2 = 0.005 ) or any of the secondary outcome measures . Results suggest that mental practice with motor imagery does not enhance motor recovery in patients early post-stroke . In light of the evidence , it remains to be seen whether mental practice with motor imagery is a valid rehabilitation technique in its own right OBJECTIVE To determine retention of motor changes 3 months after participation in a regimen consisting of mental practice ( MP ) combined with repetitive task-specific ( RTP ) practice . DESIGN Prospect i ve , blinded , cohort , pre-post study . SETTING Outpatient rehabilitation hospital . PARTICIPANTS Individuals ( N=21 ) in the chronic stage of stroke ( mean age ± SD , 66.1 ± 8.1y ; age range , 56 - 76y ; mean time since stroke at study enrollment , 58.7mo ; range , 13 - 129mo ) exhibiting mild to moderate impairments of h and function . INTERVENTIONS All individuals had been r and omly assigned to receive a 10-week regimen consisting of MP emphasizing paretic upper extremity ( UE ) use during valued activities . Directly after each of these sessions , subjects were administered audiotaped MP . We assessed this group 's paretic UE motor levels before , after , and 3 months after intervention . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The UE section of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Sensorimotor Impairment ( FM ) , the Action Research Arm Test ( ARAT ) , the Arm Motor Ability Test ( AMAT ) , and the Box and Block Test ( BB ) . RESULTS None of the scores significantly changed from the period directly after intervention to the 3-month posttesting period ( FM : t=.817 ; ARAT : t=.923 ; AMAT : t=.898 , t=.818 , and t=.967 for the Functional Ability , Quality of Movement , and Time scales , respectively ; BB : t=.892 ) . CONCLUSIONS Changes in paretic UE movement realized through MP combined with RTP ( MP + RTP ) participation are retained 3 months after the intervention has concluded . This is the first study examining retention of motor changes after MP + RTP participation , and one of only a few studies examining long retention of motor changes after any intervention targeting stroke-induced hemiparesis Positron emission tomography was used to compare the functional anatomy of  visual imagination  and generation of movement .  Subjects were asked to generate visual images of their finger movement in response to a preparatory signal . Four conditions were tested : in two , no actual movement was required ; in the other two , a second signal prompted the subjects to execute the imagined movement . Which movement to imagine was either specified by the preparatory stimulus or freely selected by the subjects . Compared with a rest condition , tasks involving only imagination activated several cortical regions ( inferoparietal cortex , presupplementary motor area , anterior cingulate cortex , premotor cortex , dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ) contralateral to the imagined movement . Tasks involving both imagination and movement additionally increased activity in the ipsilateral cerebellum , thalamus , contralateral anteroparietal , and motor cortex and decreased activity in the inferior frontal cortex . These results support the hypothesis that distinct functional systems are involved in visuomotor imagination and generation of simple finger movements : associative parietofrontal areas are primarily related to visuomotor imagination , with inferior frontal cortex likely engaged in active motor suppression , and primary motor structures contribute mainly to movement execution Objective To investigate the effects of adjuvant mental practice ( MP ) on affected upper limb function following a stroke using three-dimensional ( 3D ) motion analysis . Methods In this AB/BA crossover study , we studied 10 hemiplegic patients who had a stroke within the past 6 months . The patients were r and omly allocated to two groups : one group received MP combined with conventional rehabilitation therapy for the first 3 weeks followed by conventional rehabilitation therapy alone for the final 3 weeks ; the other group received the same therapy but in reverse order . The MP tasks included drinking from a cup and opening a door . MP was individually administered for 20 minutes , 3 days a week for 3 weeks . To assess the tasks , we used 3D motion analysis and three additional tests : the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the upper extremity ( FMA-UE ) and the motor activity logs for amount of use ( MAL-AOU ) and quality of movement ( MAL-QOM ) . Assessment s were performed immediately before treatment ( T0 ) , 3 weeks into treatment ( T1 ) , and 6 weeks into treatment ( T2 ) . Results Based on the results of the 3D motion analysis and the FMA-UE index ( p=0.106 ) , the MAL-AOU scale ( p=0.092 ) , and MAL-QOM scale ( p=0.273 ) , adjuvant MP did not result in significant improvements . Conclusion Adjuvant MP had no significant effect on upper limb function following a stroke , according to 3D motion analysis and three clinical assessment tools ( the FMA-UE index and the two MAL scales ) . The importance of this study is its use of objective 3D motion analysis to evaluate the effects of MP . Further studies will be needed to vali date these findings OBJECTIVE To quantify the preventive effect of a neutral functional realignment orthosis on pain , mobility , and edema of the h and in subacute hemiparetic poststroke patients with severe motor deficits . DESIGN R and omized trial . SETTING Rehabilitation center . PARTICIPANTS Poststroke patients ( N=30 ) with subacute hemiparesis and severe deficits of the upper limb were enrolled . Fifteen patients were r and omized to a st and ard rehabilitation program without orthosis and 15 patients received an experimental orthosis in addition to their st and ard rehabilitation program . INTERVENTION The orthosis group wore the neutral functional realignment orthosis for at least 6 hours daily . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES H and pain at rest ( visual analog scale ) , wrist range of motion ( Fugl-Meyer Assessment subscale ) , and edema of h and and wrist ( circumferences ) . Outcome measures were assessed at time of r and omization and after 13 weeks between groups . RESULTS At baseline , 2 patients in each group complained about a painful h and . After 13 weeks , 8 subjects in the control group and 1 subject in the orthosis group complained of h and pain ( P=.004 ) . Mobility and edema evolved similarly in both groups . CONCLUSIONS Neutral functional realignment orthoses have a preventive effect on poststroke h and pain , but not on mobility and edema in the subacute phase of recovery Objective : To evaluate and compare efficacy of 20- , 40- , and 60-minute mental practice sessions on affected upper extremity impairment and functional limitation . Design : R and omized controlled study with multiple baseline design . Subjects : Twenty-nine subjects with chronic stroke and exhibiting stable , mild hemiparesis . Interventions : Subjects were given 30-minute rehabilitative sessions 3 days/week for 10 weeks , emphasizing affected upper extremity use during valued activities . Directly after these sessions , r and omly selected subjects were given audiotaped mental practice for 20 , 40 , or 60 minutes . Subjects assigned to a control group received the same therapy as the mental practice groups , and an audiotaped sham intervention directly after therapy sessions . Main outcome measures : Fugl-Meyer ( FM ) motor assessment and Action Research Arm Test ( ARAT ) . Results : No pre-existing differences were found between groups on any demographic variable or movement scale . On the FM , mental practice duration significantly predicted pretesting to post change ( P = 0.05 ) , with increasing duration related to larger FM score increases ( 5.4 point score increase for the 60-minute duration group ) . On the ARAT , a non-significant trend was seen ( P = 0.78 ) , favoring the 20-minute dosing condition ( 4.5 point increase ) . Importantly , regardless of dosing condition , subjects administered mental practice exhibited markedly larger score changes on both the FM and ARAT than subjects not receiving mental practice . Conclusions : Sixty minutes of mental practice appears to most significantly reduce affected arm impairment . However , no clear change pattern was seen in affected arm functional limitation according to mental practice duration . Results suggest that a stroke rehabilitative regimen augmented by mental practice renders a greater functional impact than therapy only Introduction Despite its clinical efficacy , few studies have examined the neural mechanisms of motor imagery training ( MIT ) in stroke . Our objective was to find the cortical reorganization patterns after MIT in chronic stroke patients . Methods Twenty stroke patients with severe motor deficits were r and omly assigned to the MIT or conventional rehabilitation therapy ( CRT ) group , but two lost in the follow-up . All 18 patients received CRT 5 days/week for 4 weeks . Nine subjects in the MIT group received 30-min MIT 5 days/week for 4 weeks . Before and after the interventions , the upper limb section of the Fugl – Meyer Scale ( FM-UL ) was blindly evaluated , and functional magnetic resonance imaging was administered while the patients executed a passive fist clutch task . Results Two cortical reorganization patterns were found . One pattern consisted of the growth in activation in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex ( cSMC ) for most patients ( six in the MIT group , five in 
    Output:
    