human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND AIM Some studies recently reported a favourable effect for cis-9 , trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) on plasma lipoprotein profile of healthy subjects . Aim of this crossover intervention study was to evaluate the influence of a short-term dietary intake of a cheese derived from sheep 's milk naturally rich in CLA on several atherosclerotic biomarkers , in comparison with a commercially available cheese . METHODS AND RESULTS Ten subjects ( 6 F ; 4 M ) with a median age of 51.5 followed for 10 weeks a diet containing 200 g/week of cheese naturally rich in CLA ( intervention period ) and for the same period a diet containing a commercially available cheese of the same quantity ( placebo period ) . Consumption of the dairy product naturally rich in cis-9 , trans-11 CLA determined a significant ( p<0.05 ) reduction in inflammatory parameters such as interleukin-6 ( pre : 8.08+/-1.57 vs. post : 4.58+/-0.94 pg/mL ) , interleukin-8 ( pre : 45.02+/-5.82 vs. post : 28.59+/-2.64 pg/mL ) , and tumour necrosis factor-alpha ( pre : 53.58+/-25.67 vs. post : 32.09+/-17.42 pg/mL ) whereas no significant differences in the placebo period were observed . With regard to haemorheological parameters , the test period significantly ameliorated erythrocytes ' filtration rate ( pre : 7.61+/-0.71 % vs. post : 9.12+/-0.97 % ; p=0.03 ) with respect to the placebo period . Moreover , a reduction in the extent of platelet aggregation , induced by arachidonic acid [ pre : 87.8+/-1.76 % vs. post : 77.7+/-3.56 % ; p=0.04 ] was observed during the test period in comparison with the placebo period . CONCLUSIONS Dietary short-term intake of the tested dairy product naturally rich in cis-9 , trans-11 CLA appeared to cause favourable biochemical changes of atherosclerotic markers The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of consuming gilthead sea bream fillets , with different n-6/ n-3 ratios , on atherosclerotic biomarkers . Twenty healthy subjects were included in a r and omised single-blinded cross-over trial . Participants were r and omized into 2 groups , both of which received approximately 630 g per week of gilthead sea bream fed with either 100 % fishmeal ( FM ) or partial replacement with plant proteins ( PP ) over two consecutive 10 week periods , respectively . Group A consumed firstly the FM fillets followed by the PP fillets , whereas the reverse order was adopted for group B. Group A reported a significant decrease of 29.3 % ( Δ = -26 mg/dL ) in total cholesterol after the first phase of the intervention , before returning to baseline levels after the dietary intervention with fish fed with PP . Similarly , in group A , both LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly by 21.6 % ( Δ = -19 mg/dL ) and 11.7 % ( Δ = -10.7 mg/dL ) , respectively , before increasing again after the intervention . Improvements in the inflammatory cytokines , interleukin-6 and -8 were also noted . Moreover , whole blood viscosity appeared significantly improved in group A , as seen by a significant increase of 7.59 % ( Δ = + 4.59 mPA ) for erythrocyte filtration rate . In conclusion , similar EPA+DHA content with different n- 6/n-3 ratio fish flesh intake was shown to have varied affects on lipid , inflammatory and haemorheological parameters in a group of healthy subjects Modification of dietary fat composition may influence hemostatic variables , which are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) . To address this question , we performed a controlled feeding study on 26 healthy male nonsmoking subjects with diets of differing fat composition . For the first 3 weeks , the subjects were given a diet calculated to supply 30 % energy as total fat : 8 % as monounsaturated , 4 % as polyunsaturated , and 16 % energy as saturated fatty acids , respectively ( saturated diet ) . This was followed immediately by two diets taken in r and om order , each of 3-week duration and separated by an 8-week washout period on the subject 's usual diet . Both diets were calculated to supply 30 % of energy as fat : 14 % monounsaturated , 6 % as polyunsaturated , and 8 % energy as saturated fatty acids . They both provided 5 g ( approximately 1.7 % energy ) more of polyunsaturated fatty acids than the saturated fat diet ; in one diet as long-chain n-3 fatty acids ( n-3 diet ) and in the other as linoleic acid ( n-6 diet ) .  Fasting plasma lipids , lipoproteins , and hemostatic factors were measured on the final 3 days of each dietary period . In a subset of 9 subjects the postpr and ial responses to a test meal were studied on the penultimate day of each period , each meal having the fat composition of its parent diet . On the n-3 diet compared with the n-6 diet , plasma triglyceride , HDL3 cholesterol , apoprotein AII , and fibrinogen concentrations were lower and HDL2 cholesterol concentration was higher ( P = .0001 , P = .003 , P = .0001 , P = .004 , and P = .001 , respectively ) . On both the n-3 and n-6 diets compared with the saturated diet , fasting plasma total and LDL cholesterol , apoprotein B , beta-thromboglobulin concentrations , and platelet counts were lower ( P < .0001 , P < .0001 , P < .001 , P < .01 , and P < .05 respectively ) and plasma Lp(a ) and von Willebr and factor concentrations were higher ( P = .02 and P < .01 , respectively ) . Fasting factor VII coagulant activity ( VIIc ) was increased and apoprotein AI concentration reduced following the n-3 diet ( P = .004 and P = .01 , respectively ) compared with the saturated diet . Plasma fibrinogen concentration was significantly greater following the n-6 diet than on the saturated diet ( P = .02 ) . Postpr and ially , plasma triglyceridemia was greater on the n-6 diet and lowest on the n-3 diet ( P < .001 ) with the saturated diet being intermediate . Plasma VIIc was increased at 4 hours following the st and ardized test meals on the n-3 and n-6 diets ( both P < .05 ) but not on the saturated diet . An increased intake of long chain n-3 fatty acids decreases fasting plasma triglyceride and apoprotein AII concentrations and increases HDL2 cholesterol concentrations and results in less postpr and ial lipemia but leads to an increase in VIIc . An increased intake of linoleic acid may raise plasma fibrinogen concentration . Decreasing the intake of saturated fatty acids reduces plasma LDL cholesterol and apoprotein B without affecting HDL cholesterol concentration independent of the type of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet . When advice is given to reduce saturated fat intake , it is important to ensure an appropriate ratio of n-3/n-6 fatty acids in the diet Objectives : This study investigated the effect of dietary CLA supplementation ( 3g/day ; 50:50 mix of the two major isomers ) on the immune system and plasma lipids and glucose of healthy human ( male and female ) volunteers . Design : Double-blind , r and omized , reference-controlled study .Subject and intervention : A total of 28 healthy male and female participants aged 25–50 y received either high oleic sunflower oil ( reference ) or 50 % CLA 9–11 and 50 % CLA 10–12 CLA isomers ( 50:50 CLA-triglyceride form ) . The treatments were given as supplements in soft-gel capsules providing a total 3 g ( 6 × 500 mg capsules ) per day in treatment groups for 12 weeks . A 12-week washout period followed the intervention period . Results : Levels of plasma IgA and IgM were increased ( P<0.05 and 0.01 respectively ) , while plasma IgE levels were decreased ( P<0.05 ) . CLA supplementation also decreased the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines , TNF-α and IL-1β ( P<0.05 ) , but increased the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine , IL-10 ( P<0.05 ) . Another aspect of immune function , delayed type hypersensitivity ( DTH ) response , was decreased during and after CLA supplementation ( P<0.05 ) . However , plasma glucose , lipids , lymphocyte phenotypic results were not affected significantly by CLA . Conclusion : This is the first study to show that CLA , a fatty acid naturally found in dairy and meat products , can beneficially affect immune function in healthy human volunteers . Sponsorship : This study was supported by Loders-Croklaan , The Netherl and s and SEERAD ( Scottish Executive Environmental Rural and Agriculture Department ) The aim of this r and omised , double-blind , crossover study in normolipidaemic volunteers was to investigate the effect of consumption of an experimental cheese ( from cows fed a grass and maize silage-based diet with 5 % of linseed oil added ) or a control cheese ( without linseed oil ) on both plasma lipids and fatty acid content of serum lipid fractions . A lower content of medium-chain saturated fatty acids as well as a higher content of stearic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in the experimental cheese ; its consumption was successful in limiting the enhanced blood concentration of atherogenic fatty acids , without affecting fatty acid content of serum lipid fractions . These results indicate that dairy products could be considered as key foods for fat modifications with the objective of optimizing their nutritional quality Plasma cholesterol concentrations increase with consumption of high saturated fatty acid ( SFA ) and decrease with high polyunsaturated fatty acid ( PUFA ) diets , leading to shifts in lipid levels consistent with reduction in heart disease risk . Direct measurements of cholesterol absorption , one of the key regulators of plasma cholesterol levels , have not been performed in humans after consumption of high PUFA diets . Thus , cholesterol absorption and fractional synthesis rates ( FSRs ) were measured in 16 healthy adults ( 8 males and 9 females ) using a r and omized cross-over study with a diet containing high ( PUFA/SFA ) P/S ratio ( 2:1 ) and a low P/S ratio ( 0.5:1 ) . Cholesterol absorption and fractional cholesterol synthetic rates were measured using stable isotopes after 20 days of dietary intervention . Diet did not affect cholesterol absorption or synthesis . There was a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol concentrations ( P < 0.02 ) , specifically LDL-cholesterol ( P < 0.02 ) , without a change in HDL-cholesterol or triacylglycerol concentrations . Intraluminal cholesterol solubilization and plasma sterol ( cholesterol biosynthetic intermediates and plant sterols ) levels were not affected by diet . Thus , consumption of diets with a high P/S ratio reduces plasma total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations independent of shifts in cholesterol absorption or synthesis BACKGROUND Substitution of dietary polyunsaturated for saturated fat has long been recommended for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , but only a few prospect i ve cohort studies have provided support for this advice . METHODS We assessed the association of dietary linoleic and total polyunsaturated fatty acid ( PUFA ) intake with cardiovascular and overall mortality in a population -based cohort of 1551 middle-aged men . Dietary fat composition was estimated with a 4-day food record and serum fatty acid composition . RESULTS During the 15-year follow-up , 78 men died of CVD and 225 of any cause . Total fat intake was not related to CVD or overall mortality . Men with an energy-adjusted dietary intake of linoleic acid ( relative risk [ RR ] 0.39 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.21 - 0.71 ) and PUFA ( RR , 0.38 ; 95 % CI , 0.20 - 0.70 ) in the upper third were less likely to die of CVD than men with intake in the lower third after adjustment for age . Multivariate adjustment weakened the association somewhat . Mortality from CVD was also lower for men with proportions of serum esterified linoleic acid ( RR , 0.42 ; 95 % CI , 0.21 - 0.80 ) and PUFA ( RR , 0.25 ; 95 % CI , 0.12 - 0.50 ) in the upper vs lower third , with some attenuation in multivariate analyses . Serum and to a lesser extent dietary linoleic acid and PUFA were 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND AIM Some studies recently reported a favourable effect for cis-9 , trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) on plasma lipoprotein profile of healthy subjects . Aim of this crossover intervention study was to evaluate the influence of a short-term dietary intake of a cheese derived from sheep 's milk naturally rich in CLA on several atherosclerotic biomarkers , in comparison with a commercially available cheese . METHODS AND RESULTS Ten subjects ( 6 F ; 4 M ) with a median age of 51.5 followed for 10 weeks a diet containing 200 g/week of cheese naturally rich in CLA ( intervention period ) and for the same period a diet containing a commercially available cheese of the same quantity ( placebo period ) . Consumption of the dairy product naturally rich in cis-9 , trans-11 CLA determined a significant ( p<0.05 ) reduction in inflammatory parameters such as interleukin-6 ( pre : 8.08+/-1.57 vs. post : 4.58+/-0.94 pg/mL ) , interleukin-8 ( pre : 45.02+/-5.82 vs. post : 28.59+/-2.64 pg/mL ) , and tumour necrosis factor-alpha ( pre : 53.58+/-25.67 vs. post : 32.09+/-17.42 pg/mL ) whereas no significant differences in the placebo period were observed . With regard to haemorheological parameters , the test period significantly ameliorated erythrocytes ' filtration rate ( pre : 7.61+/-0.71 % vs. post : 9.12+/-0.97 % ; p=0.03 ) with respect to the placebo period . Moreover , a reduction in the extent of platelet aggregation , induced by arachidonic acid [ pre : 87.8+/-1.76 % vs. post : 77.7+/-3.56 % ; p=0.04 ] was observed during the test period in comparison with the placebo period . CONCLUSIONS Dietary short-term intake of the tested dairy product naturally rich in cis-9 , trans-11 CLA appeared to cause favourable biochemical changes of atherosclerotic markers The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of consuming gilthead sea bream fillets , with different n-6/ n-3 ratios , on atherosclerotic biomarkers . Twenty healthy subjects were included in a r and omised single-blinded cross-over trial . Participants were r and omized into 2 groups , both of which received approximately 630 g per week of gilthead sea bream fed with either 100 % fishmeal ( FM ) or partial replacement with plant proteins ( PP ) over two consecutive 10 week periods , respectively . Group A consumed firstly the FM fillets followed by the PP fillets , whereas the reverse order was adopted for group B. Group A reported a significant decrease of 29.3 % ( Δ = -26 mg/dL ) in total cholesterol after the first phase of the intervention , before returning to baseline levels after the dietary intervention with fish fed with PP . Similarly , in group A , both LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly by 21.6 % ( Δ = -19 mg/dL ) and 11.7 % ( Δ = -10.7 mg/dL ) , respectively , before increasing again after the intervention . Improvements in the inflammatory cytokines , interleukin-6 and -8 were also noted . Moreover , whole blood viscosity appeared significantly improved in group A , as seen by a significant increase of 7.59 % ( Δ = + 4.59 mPA ) for erythrocyte filtration rate . In conclusion , similar EPA+DHA content with different n- 6/n-3 ratio fish flesh intake was shown to have varied affects on lipid , inflammatory and haemorheological parameters in a group of healthy subjects Modification of dietary fat composition may influence hemostatic variables , which are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) . To address this question , we performed a controlled feeding study on 26 healthy male nonsmoking subjects with diets of differing fat composition . For the first 3 weeks , the subjects were given a diet calculated to supply 30 % energy as total fat : 8 % as monounsaturated , 4 % as polyunsaturated , and 16 % energy as saturated fatty acids , respectively ( saturated diet ) . This was followed immediately by two diets taken in r and om order , each of 3-week duration and separated by an 8-week washout period on the subject 's usual diet . Both diets were calculated to supply 30 % of energy as fat : 14 % monounsaturated , 6 % as polyunsaturated , and 8 % energy as saturated fatty acids . They both provided 5 g ( approximately 1.7 % energy ) more of polyunsaturated fatty acids than the saturated fat diet ; in one diet as long-chain n-3 fatty acids ( n-3 diet ) and in the other as linoleic acid ( n-6 diet ) .  Fasting plasma lipids , lipoproteins , and hemostatic factors were measured on the final 3 days of each dietary period . In a subset of 9 subjects the postpr and ial responses to a test meal were studied on the penultimate day of each period , each meal having the fat composition of its parent diet . On the n-3 diet compared with the n-6 diet , plasma triglyceride , HDL3 cholesterol , apoprotein AII , and fibrinogen concentrations were lower and HDL2 cholesterol concentration was higher ( P = .0001 , P = .003 , P = .0001 , P = .004 , and P = .001 , respectively ) . On both the n-3 and n-6 diets compared with the saturated diet , fasting plasma total and LDL cholesterol , apoprotein B , beta-thromboglobulin concentrations , and platelet counts were lower ( P < .0001 , P < .0001 , P < .001 , P < .01 , and P < .05 respectively ) and plasma Lp(a ) and von Willebr and factor concentrations were higher ( P = .02 and P < .01 , respectively ) . Fasting factor VII coagulant activity ( VIIc ) was increased and apoprotein AI concentration reduced following the n-3 diet ( P = .004 and P = .01 , respectively ) compared with the saturated diet . Plasma fibrinogen concentration was significantly greater following the n-6 diet than on the saturated diet ( P = .02 ) . Postpr and ially , plasma triglyceridemia was greater on the n-6 diet and lowest on the n-3 diet ( P < .001 ) with the saturated diet being intermediate . Plasma VIIc was increased at 4 hours following the st and ardized test meals on the n-3 and n-6 diets ( both P < .05 ) but not on the saturated diet . An increased intake of long chain n-3 fatty acids decreases fasting plasma triglyceride and apoprotein AII concentrations and increases HDL2 cholesterol concentrations and results in less postpr and ial lipemia but leads to an increase in VIIc . An increased intake of linoleic acid may raise plasma fibrinogen concentration . Decreasing the intake of saturated fatty acids reduces plasma LDL cholesterol and apoprotein B without affecting HDL cholesterol concentration independent of the type of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet . When advice is given to reduce saturated fat intake , it is important to ensure an appropriate ratio of n-3/n-6 fatty acids in the diet Objectives : This study investigated the effect of dietary CLA supplementation ( 3g/day ; 50:50 mix of the two major isomers ) on the immune system and plasma lipids and glucose of healthy human ( male and female ) volunteers . Design : Double-blind , r and omized , reference-controlled study .Subject and intervention : A total of 28 healthy male and female participants aged 25–50 y received either high oleic sunflower oil ( reference ) or 50 % CLA 9–11 and 50 % CLA 10–12 CLA isomers ( 50:50 CLA-triglyceride form ) . The treatments were given as supplements in soft-gel capsules providing a total 3 g ( 6 × 500 mg capsules ) per day in treatment groups for 12 weeks . A 12-week washout period followed the intervention period . Results : Levels of plasma IgA and IgM were increased ( P<0.05 and 0.01 respectively ) , while plasma IgE levels were decreased ( P<0.05 ) . CLA supplementation also decreased the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines , TNF-α and IL-1β ( P<0.05 ) , but increased the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine , IL-10 ( P<0.05 ) . Another aspect of immune function , delayed type hypersensitivity ( DTH ) response , was decreased during and after CLA supplementation ( P<0.05 ) . However , plasma glucose , lipids , lymphocyte phenotypic results were not affected significantly by CLA . Conclusion : This is the first study to show that CLA , a fatty acid naturally found in dairy and meat products , can beneficially affect immune function in healthy human volunteers . Sponsorship : This study was supported by Loders-Croklaan , The Netherl and s and SEERAD ( Scottish Executive Environmental Rural and Agriculture Department ) The aim of this r and omised , double-blind , crossover study in normolipidaemic volunteers was to investigate the effect of consumption of an experimental cheese ( from cows fed a grass and maize silage-based diet with 5 % of linseed oil added ) or a control cheese ( without linseed oil ) on both plasma lipids and fatty acid content of serum lipid fractions . A lower content of medium-chain saturated fatty acids as well as a higher content of stearic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in the experimental cheese ; its consumption was successful in limiting the enhanced blood concentration of atherogenic fatty acids , without affecting fatty acid content of serum lipid fractions . These results indicate that dairy products could be considered as key foods for fat modifications with the objective of optimizing their nutritional quality Plasma cholesterol concentrations increase with consumption of high saturated fatty acid ( SFA ) and decrease with high polyunsaturated fatty acid ( PUFA ) diets , leading to shifts in lipid levels consistent with reduction in heart disease risk . Direct measurements of cholesterol absorption , one of the key regulators of plasma cholesterol levels , have not been performed in humans after consumption of high PUFA diets . Thus , cholesterol absorption and fractional synthesis rates ( FSRs ) were measured in 16 healthy adults ( 8 males and 9 females ) using a r and omized cross-over study with a diet containing high ( PUFA/SFA ) P/S ratio ( 2:1 ) and a low P/S ratio ( 0.5:1 ) . Cholesterol absorption and fractional cholesterol synthetic rates were measured using stable isotopes after 20 days of dietary intervention . Diet did not affect cholesterol absorption or synthesis . There was a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol concentrations ( P < 0.02 ) , specifically LDL-cholesterol ( P < 0.02 ) , without a change in HDL-cholesterol or triacylglycerol concentrations . Intraluminal cholesterol solubilization and plasma sterol ( cholesterol biosynthetic intermediates and plant sterols ) levels were not affected by diet . Thus , consumption of diets with a high P/S ratio reduces plasma total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations independent of shifts in cholesterol absorption or synthesis BACKGROUND Substitution of dietary polyunsaturated for saturated fat has long been recommended for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , but only a few prospect i ve cohort studies have provided support for this advice . METHODS We assessed the association of dietary linoleic and total polyunsaturated fatty acid ( PUFA ) intake with cardiovascular and overall mortality in a population -based cohort of 1551 middle-aged men . Dietary fat composition was estimated with a 4-day food record and serum fatty acid composition . RESULTS During the 15-year follow-up , 78 men died of CVD and 225 of any cause . Total fat intake was not related to CVD or overall mortality . Men with an energy-adjusted dietary intake of linoleic acid ( relative risk [ RR ] 0.39 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.21 - 0.71 ) and PUFA ( RR , 0.38 ; 95 % CI , 0.20 - 0.70 ) in the upper third were less likely to die of CVD than men with intake in the lower third after adjustment for age . Multivariate adjustment weakened the association somewhat . Mortality from CVD was also lower for men with proportions of serum esterified linoleic acid ( RR , 0.42 ; 95 % CI , 0.21 - 0.80 ) and PUFA ( RR , 0.25 ; 95 % CI , 0.12 - 0.50 ) in the upper vs lower third , with some attenuation in multivariate analyses . Serum and to a lesser extent dietary linoleic acid and PUFA were 
    Output:
    