human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) on remodeling of autologous bone grafts used for augmentation of the floor of the maxillary sinus . In five edentulous patients suffering from insufficient retention of their upper denture related to a severely resorbed maxilla , the floor of both maxillary sinus was augmented with an autologous bone graft from the iliac crest . R and omly , PRP was added to the bone graft used to augment the floor of the left or right sinus ( split-mouth design ) . Three months after the reconstruction , bone biopsies were taken with a trephine from the planned implant sites ( N=30 ) . Subsequently , three implants were placed in the left and right posterior maxilla . Microradiograms were made of all biopsies ( N=30 ) , whereafter the biopsies were processed for light microscopic examination . In addition , clinical parameters were scored . Wound healing was uneventful , clinical ly no difference was observed between the side treated with PRP or not . Also microradiographical and histomorphological examination of the biopsies revealed no statistical difference between the PRP- and non-PRP side . One implant placed in the PRP side of the graft was lost during the healing phase . Implant-retained overdentures were fabricated 6 months after implantation . All patients functioned well ( follow-up 20.2+/-4.3 months ) . In this study , no beneficial effect of PRP on wound healing and bone remodeling was observed . It is posed that PRP has no additional value in promoting healing of grafted non-critical size defects OBJECTIVES Graft insertion can effectively enhance the regeneration of debilitated bone .  The effects of an alloplastic bone-replacing material , beta-tricalcium phosphate ( Cerasorb ) , and of autogenous bone graft were compared . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In 17 edentulous patients , the maxillary sinus floor was extremely atrophied to such an extent that implant placement was impossible . The Schneiderian membrane was surgically elevated bilaterally by insertion of Cerasorb ( experimental side ) and autogenous bone graft ( control side ) . After surgery , the recovery was followed clinical ly and radiologically . After 6 months , 68 bone cylinders were excised from the grafted areas and implants were inserted into their places . The bone sample s were embedded into resin , and the osteointegration of the grafts was studied histologically . Trabecular bone volume ( TBV ) and trabecular bone pattern factor ( TBPf ) were quantified by histomorphometry . RESULTS Cerasorb proved to be an effective bone-replacing material with osteoconductivity ; it was capable of gradual disintegration , thereby providing space for the regenerating bone . The new bone density was not significantly different on the experimental and control sides ( 32.4+/-10.9 % and 34.7+/-11.9 % , respectively ) . However , the graft biodegradation was significantly slower on the experimental side than the control side . The TBPf value was lower on the control side than on the experimental side ( -0.53+/-1.7 and -0.11+/-1.4 mm(-1 ) , respectively ) , but this difference was not significant . CONCLUSIONS Six months after insertion of the grafts , the bone of the augmented sinus floor was strong and suitable for anchorage of dental implants , irrespective of whether autogenous bone or Cerasorb particles had been applied PURPOSE A prospect i ve human clinical study was conducted to determine the clinical and histologic bone formation ability of 2 graft material s , a beta-tricalcium phosphate ( Cerasorb ; Curasan , Kleinostheim , Germany ) and autogenous chin bone , in maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Ten healthy patients underwent a bilateral ( n = 6 ) or unilateral ( n = 4 ) maxillary sinus floor elevation procedure under local anesthesia .  In each case , residual posterior maxillary bone height was between 4 and 8 mm . In cases of bilateral sinus floor elevation , the original bone was augmented with a split-mouth design with 100 % beta-tricalcium phosphate on the test side and 100 % chin bone on the contralateral control side . The unilateral cases were augmented with 100 % beta-tricalcium phosphate . After a healing period of 6 months , ITI full body screw-type implants ( Straumann , Waldenburg , Switzerl and ) were placed . At the time of implant surgery , biopsy sample s were removed with a 3.5-mm trephine drill . RESULTS Sixteen sinus floor elevations were performed . Forty-one implants were placed , 26 on the test side and 15 on the control side . The clinical characteristics at the time of implantation differed , especially regarding clinical appearance and drilling resistance . The increase in height was examined radiographically prior to implantation and was found to be sufficient in all cases . After a mean of nearly 1 year of follow-up , no implant losses or failures had occurred . DISCUSSION The promising clinical results of the present study and the lack of implant failures are probably mainly the result of requiring an original bone height of at least 4 mm at the implant location . CONCLUSION Although autogenous bone grafting is still the gold st and ard , according to the clinical results , the preimplantation sinus floor elevation procedure used , which involved a limited volume of beta-tricalcium phosphate , appeared to be a clinical ly reliable procedure in this patient population Platelet-rich plasma is an autologous source of platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor beta that is obtained by sequestering and concentrating platelets by gradient density centrifugation . This technique produced a concentration of human platelets of 338 % and identified platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor beta within them . Monoclonal antibody assessment of cancellous cellular marrow grafts demonstrated cells that were capable of responding to the growth factors by bearing cell membrane receptors . The additional amounts of these growth factors obtained by adding platelet-rich plasma to grafts evidence d a radiographic maturation rate 1.62 to 2.16 times that of grafts without platelet-rich plasma . As assessed by histomorphometry , there was also a greater bone density in grafts in which platelet-rich plasma was added ( 74.0 % + /- 11 % ) than in grafts in which platelet-rich plasma was not added ( 55.1 % + /- 8 % ; p = 0.005 ) OBJECTIVES This work aims to evaluate the regenerative potential of platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) on an implant site of peculiar clinical impact , such as sinus augmentation . MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixteen consenting patients ( 11 females and five males ) , with symmetrical maxillary sinus atrophy , underwent bilateral sinus floor augmentation  , using autologous ( iliac crest ) bone on one side and PRP plus autologous bone contralaterally . Implants were inserted 4 , 5 , 6 and 7 months after surgery in the patients r and omly split into four groups .  Orthopantomographies , computed tomography with transverse image digital reconstructions and densitometries  were used to monitor the treatment progress . A core biopsy was performed at the site of implant . RESULTS Clinical performance across both sites showed no statistical significance ( P=0.414 ) . Densitometric values were higher at PRP sites ( mean Hounsfield units approximately + 57 % ) , even if densitometry converged in the two sites 8 months after surgery . Histology documents enhanced bone activities in sites treated with PRP , 4 months after surgery . Reduced bone activity was observed in both sites 5 , 6 and 7 months after surgery . Bone amount , higher in sites treated with PRP ( mean trabecular bone volume approximately + 37 % ) , decreased in both sites over time . CONCLUSIONS Our results seem to indicate a certain regenerative potential of PRP when used with autologous bone . The effect of this enhancement of bone regeneration appeared to be restricted to shorter treatment times . A progressive extinguishment of the PRP effect is recorded after an interval longer than 6 - 7 months OBJECTIVES Bilateral sinus floor augmentation procedure was performed in 17 patients to study the effect of bioactive glass ( BG ) granules mixed with autologous bone ( AB ) chips on bone regeneration . The posterior part of 17 maxillary sinus was augmented with a 1:1 mixture of BG granules ( phi 800 - 1000 microm ) and AB chips harvested from the iliac crest ( BG-AB group ) . The anterior parts of the same sinus and the contralateral sinus , serving as a control ( AB group ) , were filled with AB chips alone . Trephine biopsies for histological , scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) , and energy dispersive X-ray ( EDX ) analyses were taken from the posterior part of the sinus after 21 - 34 weeks at the time of insertion of dental implants . Additionally , six biopsies were taken from the BG-AB group and four biopsies were taken from the AB group in connection with abutment operation at 49 - 62 weeks . RESULTS Histological evaluation revealed lamellar bone growth in all the specimens . Although most of the BG granules were without bone contact in the majority of the patients in the BG-AB group , the bone lamellae were thicker than observed in the AB group . In the contact areas , bone was growing along the glass surface connecting the particles together . Histomorphometrical analysis carried out from the SEM images at 21 - 34 weeks revealed 26 % and 25 % bone in the BG-AB and the AB group , respectively . Corresponding figures for 49 - 62 weeks were 29 % for the BG-AB group and 25 % for the AB group . Bone-BG complex , i.e. the granules with intimate contact with bone , occupied 34 % of the area measured at 21 - 34 weeks and 31 % at 49 - 62 weeks . EDX analysis showed a tight contact and chemical bonding between the glass and bone . As a sign of dissolution , a few small Si-depleted areas were present in some BG granules at 21 - 34 weeks , while more and larger Si-free areas were observed in the granules at 49 - 62 weeks . CONCLUSION The results indicate that BG granules ( S53P4 ) can be used together with AB chips for sinus floor augmentation procedure , thus decreasing the amount of bone needed . Further studies concerning especially the biomechanical properties of the BG-AB complex with dental implants are needed We evaluated the bone augmenting capacity of bioactive glass particles , size range 300 - 355 microns ( BG-particles ) , in human sinus floor elevations using histomorphometrical methods . A total of 10 patients underwent bilateral grafting  , using a 1:1 mixture of autogenous bone particles ( from iliac crest ) and BG-particles at one side ( experimental side ) , and bone particles only at the other side ( control side , split mouth design ) . A total of 72 bone biopsies were taken at the time of fixture installation ; that is , 3 patients at 4 months , 3 at 5 months and 3 at 6 months after  grafting  and 1 patient at 16 months ( when she presented again ) . In each case 6 biopsies were taken , 3 left and 3 right . Histomorphometry showed that in grafts at control sides , trabecular bone was present after 4 months , comprising almost 41 % of the tissue volume . This bone contained viable osteocytes and was of mature lamellar type and showed a mature histological appearance . Bone volume continued to increase slightly , to 42 % at 5 months , 44 % at 6 months and 45 % at 16 months . The graft volume at experimental sides consisted at 4 months for 28 % of woven and some lamellar bone , and increased to 35 % at 5 months and 38 % at 6 months , when mainly lamellar bone was found . At 16 months a lamellar bone volume of 45 % was found . The BG-particles transformed and became excavated with time , starting at 4 months , and their centers gradually filled with bone tissue . All BG-particles had disappeared by resorption at 16 months after grafting and had been replaced by bone tissue . Parameters of bone turnover ( % osteoid surface , % resorption surface , mineral apposition rate as measured by tetracycline labeling ) indicated that bone remodeling was very active at both sides , during more than 6 months , despite the mature histological appearance of the bone tissue . From these histological observations , we conclude that a 1:1 mixture of autogenous bone/BG-particles seems a promising alternative to autogenous bone only , when low amounts of bone tissue are available for sinus augmentation PURPOSE Implant placement in the posterior maxilla may often be contraindicated because of insufficient bone volume and the presence of the maxillary sinus . In these situations , sinus floor lifting and grafting frequently have been proposed as the best treatment . The aim of this study was to compare histologically the use of 100 % autogenous bone versus a combination of autogenous bone and corticocancellous pig bone for maxillary sinus augmentation . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Eighteen patients requiring bilateral maxillary sinus augmentation were selected for this study . Bone for grafting was harvested from the iliac crest . Each patient received 100 % autogenous bone in 1 r and omly 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) on remodeling of autologous bone grafts used for augmentation of the floor of the maxillary sinus . In five edentulous patients suffering from insufficient retention of their upper denture related to a severely resorbed maxilla , the floor of both maxillary sinus was augmented with an autologous bone graft from the iliac crest . R and omly , PRP was added to the bone graft used to augment the floor of the left or right sinus ( split-mouth design ) . Three months after the reconstruction , bone biopsies were taken with a trephine from the planned implant sites ( N=30 ) . Subsequently , three implants were placed in the left and right posterior maxilla . Microradiograms were made of all biopsies ( N=30 ) , whereafter the biopsies were processed for light microscopic examination . In addition , clinical parameters were scored . Wound healing was uneventful , clinical ly no difference was observed between the side treated with PRP or not . Also microradiographical and histomorphological examination of the biopsies revealed no statistical difference between the PRP- and non-PRP side . One implant placed in the PRP side of the graft was lost during the healing phase . Implant-retained overdentures were fabricated 6 months after implantation . All patients functioned well ( follow-up 20.2+/-4.3 months ) . In this study , no beneficial effect of PRP on wound healing and bone remodeling was observed . It is posed that PRP has no additional value in promoting healing of grafted non-critical size defects OBJECTIVES Graft insertion can effectively enhance the regeneration of debilitated bone .  The effects of an alloplastic bone-replacing material , beta-tricalcium phosphate ( Cerasorb ) , and of autogenous bone graft were compared . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In 17 edentulous patients , the maxillary sinus floor was extremely atrophied to such an extent that implant placement was impossible . The Schneiderian membrane was surgically elevated bilaterally by insertion of Cerasorb ( experimental side ) and autogenous bone graft ( control side ) . After surgery , the recovery was followed clinical ly and radiologically . After 6 months , 68 bone cylinders were excised from the grafted areas and implants were inserted into their places . The bone sample s were embedded into resin , and the osteointegration of the grafts was studied histologically . Trabecular bone volume ( TBV ) and trabecular bone pattern factor ( TBPf ) were quantified by histomorphometry . RESULTS Cerasorb proved to be an effective bone-replacing material with osteoconductivity ; it was capable of gradual disintegration , thereby providing space for the regenerating bone . The new bone density was not significantly different on the experimental and control sides ( 32.4+/-10.9 % and 34.7+/-11.9 % , respectively ) . However , the graft biodegradation was significantly slower on the experimental side than the control side . The TBPf value was lower on the control side than on the experimental side ( -0.53+/-1.7 and -0.11+/-1.4 mm(-1 ) , respectively ) , but this difference was not significant . CONCLUSIONS Six months after insertion of the grafts , the bone of the augmented sinus floor was strong and suitable for anchorage of dental implants , irrespective of whether autogenous bone or Cerasorb particles had been applied PURPOSE A prospect i ve human clinical study was conducted to determine the clinical and histologic bone formation ability of 2 graft material s , a beta-tricalcium phosphate ( Cerasorb ; Curasan , Kleinostheim , Germany ) and autogenous chin bone , in maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Ten healthy patients underwent a bilateral ( n = 6 ) or unilateral ( n = 4 ) maxillary sinus floor elevation procedure under local anesthesia .  In each case , residual posterior maxillary bone height was between 4 and 8 mm . In cases of bilateral sinus floor elevation , the original bone was augmented with a split-mouth design with 100 % beta-tricalcium phosphate on the test side and 100 % chin bone on the contralateral control side . The unilateral cases were augmented with 100 % beta-tricalcium phosphate . After a healing period of 6 months , ITI full body screw-type implants ( Straumann , Waldenburg , Switzerl and ) were placed . At the time of implant surgery , biopsy sample s were removed with a 3.5-mm trephine drill . RESULTS Sixteen sinus floor elevations were performed . Forty-one implants were placed , 26 on the test side and 15 on the control side . The clinical characteristics at the time of implantation differed , especially regarding clinical appearance and drilling resistance . The increase in height was examined radiographically prior to implantation and was found to be sufficient in all cases . After a mean of nearly 1 year of follow-up , no implant losses or failures had occurred . DISCUSSION The promising clinical results of the present study and the lack of implant failures are probably mainly the result of requiring an original bone height of at least 4 mm at the implant location . CONCLUSION Although autogenous bone grafting is still the gold st and ard , according to the clinical results , the preimplantation sinus floor elevation procedure used , which involved a limited volume of beta-tricalcium phosphate , appeared to be a clinical ly reliable procedure in this patient population Platelet-rich plasma is an autologous source of platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor beta that is obtained by sequestering and concentrating platelets by gradient density centrifugation . This technique produced a concentration of human platelets of 338 % and identified platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor beta within them . Monoclonal antibody assessment of cancellous cellular marrow grafts demonstrated cells that were capable of responding to the growth factors by bearing cell membrane receptors . The additional amounts of these growth factors obtained by adding platelet-rich plasma to grafts evidence d a radiographic maturation rate 1.62 to 2.16 times that of grafts without platelet-rich plasma . As assessed by histomorphometry , there was also a greater bone density in grafts in which platelet-rich plasma was added ( 74.0 % + /- 11 % ) than in grafts in which platelet-rich plasma was not added ( 55.1 % + /- 8 % ; p = 0.005 ) OBJECTIVES This work aims to evaluate the regenerative potential of platelet-rich plasma ( PRP ) on an implant site of peculiar clinical impact , such as sinus augmentation . MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixteen consenting patients ( 11 females and five males ) , with symmetrical maxillary sinus atrophy , underwent bilateral sinus floor augmentation  , using autologous ( iliac crest ) bone on one side and PRP plus autologous bone contralaterally . Implants were inserted 4 , 5 , 6 and 7 months after surgery in the patients r and omly split into four groups .  Orthopantomographies , computed tomography with transverse image digital reconstructions and densitometries  were used to monitor the treatment progress . A core biopsy was performed at the site of implant . RESULTS Clinical performance across both sites showed no statistical significance ( P=0.414 ) . Densitometric values were higher at PRP sites ( mean Hounsfield units approximately + 57 % ) , even if densitometry converged in the two sites 8 months after surgery . Histology documents enhanced bone activities in sites treated with PRP , 4 months after surgery . Reduced bone activity was observed in both sites 5 , 6 and 7 months after surgery . Bone amount , higher in sites treated with PRP ( mean trabecular bone volume approximately + 37 % ) , decreased in both sites over time . CONCLUSIONS Our results seem to indicate a certain regenerative potential of PRP when used with autologous bone . The effect of this enhancement of bone regeneration appeared to be restricted to shorter treatment times . A progressive extinguishment of the PRP effect is recorded after an interval longer than 6 - 7 months OBJECTIVES Bilateral sinus floor augmentation procedure was performed in 17 patients to study the effect of bioactive glass ( BG ) granules mixed with autologous bone ( AB ) chips on bone regeneration . The posterior part of 17 maxillary sinus was augmented with a 1:1 mixture of BG granules ( phi 800 - 1000 microm ) and AB chips harvested from the iliac crest ( BG-AB group ) . The anterior parts of the same sinus and the contralateral sinus , serving as a control ( AB group ) , were filled with AB chips alone . Trephine biopsies for histological , scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) , and energy dispersive X-ray ( EDX ) analyses were taken from the posterior part of the sinus after 21 - 34 weeks at the time of insertion of dental implants . Additionally , six biopsies were taken from the BG-AB group and four biopsies were taken from the AB group in connection with abutment operation at 49 - 62 weeks . RESULTS Histological evaluation revealed lamellar bone growth in all the specimens . Although most of the BG granules were without bone contact in the majority of the patients in the BG-AB group , the bone lamellae were thicker than observed in the AB group . In the contact areas , bone was growing along the glass surface connecting the particles together . Histomorphometrical analysis carried out from the SEM images at 21 - 34 weeks revealed 26 % and 25 % bone in the BG-AB and the AB group , respectively . Corresponding figures for 49 - 62 weeks were 29 % for the BG-AB group and 25 % for the AB group . Bone-BG complex , i.e. the granules with intimate contact with bone , occupied 34 % of the area measured at 21 - 34 weeks and 31 % at 49 - 62 weeks . EDX analysis showed a tight contact and chemical bonding between the glass and bone . As a sign of dissolution , a few small Si-depleted areas were present in some BG granules at 21 - 34 weeks , while more and larger Si-free areas were observed in the granules at 49 - 62 weeks . CONCLUSION The results indicate that BG granules ( S53P4 ) can be used together with AB chips for sinus floor augmentation procedure , thus decreasing the amount of bone needed . Further studies concerning especially the biomechanical properties of the BG-AB complex with dental implants are needed We evaluated the bone augmenting capacity of bioactive glass particles , size range 300 - 355 microns ( BG-particles ) , in human sinus floor elevations using histomorphometrical methods . A total of 10 patients underwent bilateral grafting  , using a 1:1 mixture of autogenous bone particles ( from iliac crest ) and BG-particles at one side ( experimental side ) , and bone particles only at the other side ( control side , split mouth design ) . A total of 72 bone biopsies were taken at the time of fixture installation ; that is , 3 patients at 4 months , 3 at 5 months and 3 at 6 months after  grafting  and 1 patient at 16 months ( when she presented again ) . In each case 6 biopsies were taken , 3 left and 3 right . Histomorphometry showed that in grafts at control sides , trabecular bone was present after 4 months , comprising almost 41 % of the tissue volume . This bone contained viable osteocytes and was of mature lamellar type and showed a mature histological appearance . Bone volume continued to increase slightly , to 42 % at 5 months , 44 % at 6 months and 45 % at 16 months . The graft volume at experimental sides consisted at 4 months for 28 % of woven and some lamellar bone , and increased to 35 % at 5 months and 38 % at 6 months , when mainly lamellar bone was found . At 16 months a lamellar bone volume of 45 % was found . The BG-particles transformed and became excavated with time , starting at 4 months , and their centers gradually filled with bone tissue . All BG-particles had disappeared by resorption at 16 months after grafting and had been replaced by bone tissue . Parameters of bone turnover ( % osteoid surface , % resorption surface , mineral apposition rate as measured by tetracycline labeling ) indicated that bone remodeling was very active at both sides , during more than 6 months , despite the mature histological appearance of the bone tissue . From these histological observations , we conclude that a 1:1 mixture of autogenous bone/BG-particles seems a promising alternative to autogenous bone only , when low amounts of bone tissue are available for sinus augmentation PURPOSE Implant placement in the posterior maxilla may often be contraindicated because of insufficient bone volume and the presence of the maxillary sinus . In these situations , sinus floor lifting and grafting frequently have been proposed as the best treatment . The aim of this study was to compare histologically the use of 100 % autogenous bone versus a combination of autogenous bone and corticocancellous pig bone for maxillary sinus augmentation . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Eighteen patients requiring bilateral maxillary sinus augmentation were selected for this study . Bone for grafting was harvested from the iliac crest . Each patient received 100 % autogenous bone in 1 r and omly 
    Output:
    