human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) is a multifactorial problem after general anesthesia . Despite antiemetic prophylaxis and improved anesthetic techniques , PONV still occurs frequently after craniotomies . P6 stimulation is described as an alternative method for preventing PONV . The primary aim of this study was to determine whether P6 acupressure with Sea-B and could reduce postoperative nausea after elective craniotomy . Secondary aims were to investigate whether the frequency of vomiting and the need for antiemetics could be reduced . Methods : In this r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled study , patients were r and omized into either a  P6 acupressure group ( n=43 ) or a sham group ( n=52 ) . B and s were applied unilaterally at the end of surgery , and all patients were administered prophylactic ondansetron .  Postoperative nausea was evaluated with a Numerical Rating Scale , 0 to10 , and the frequency of vomiting was recorded for 48 hours . Results : We found no significant effect from P6 acupressure with  Sea-B  and on postoperative nausea or vomiting in patients undergoing craniotomy . Nor was there any difference in the need for rescue antiemetics . Altogether , 67 % experienced PONV , and this was especially an issue at > 24 hours in patients recovering from infratentorial surgery compared with supratentorial surgery ( 55 % vs. 26 % ; P=0.014 ) . Conclusions : Unilateral P6 acupressure with Sea-B and applied at the end of surgery together with prophylactic ondansetron did not significantly reduce PONV or the need for rescue antiemetics in patients undergoing craniotomy . Our study confirmed that PONV is a common issue after craniotomy , especially after infratentorial surgery OBJECTIVES Acupressure , a complementary and alternative medicine ( CAM ) treatment , uses fingertips , rather than needles , to stimulate acupoints on the skin and has been implicated as a successful treatment for a variety of medical disorders . However , acupressure 's underlying mechanisms remain unclear . One theory is that acupoint stimulation modulates autonomic nervous system activity . Previous studies have suggested that acupressure may positively affect heart rate and blood pressure . The current study investigated the effects of a type of acupressure , Jin Shin , on cardiovascular function in stroke survivors , a population that could especially benefit from a treatment promoting cardiovascular health . The study tested the hypothesis that active acupressure treatments would reduce heart rate and blood pressure ( i.e. , induce a greater relaxation response ) above and beyond that seen during placebo acupressure treatments . METHODS A r and omised , placebo-controlled , single-blind crossover design was utilised , in which 16 participants received 8 weeks of either active or placebo acupressure  followed by washout and crossover into the opposite treatment condition . Heart rate and blood pressure measurements were taken throughout treatments . RESULTS Active acupressure treatments were associated with a significantly greater ( p=.043 , eta(2)=.30 ) and faster ( p=.002 , eta(2)=.76 ) reduction in heart rate compared to that seen during placebo treatments . No treatment effect on blood pressure was found . CONCLUSIONS Active acupressure reduced heart rate significantly more than did placebo acupressure during treatments . Although no treatment effect on blood pressure was found , this could be due to 67 % of participants taking antihypertensive medications during the study BACKGROUND : There is still controversy regarding the optimal strategy for managing postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) in high-risk surgical population s. Although acustimulation at the P6 acupoint has been demonstrated to be effective in preventing PONV , the effect of this nonpharmacologic therapy on the patient 's recovery with respect to resumption of normal activities of daily living has not been previously assessed when it is used as part of a multimodal antiemetic regimen . Therefore , we design ed this r and omized , sham-controlled , and double-blind study to assess the efficacy of a disposable acupressure device ( Pressure Right ® ; Pressure Point Inc. , Gr and Rapids , MI ) on the incidence of emetic episodes and quality of recovery when used in combination with ondansetron and dexamethasone for antiemetic prophylaxis . METHODS : One hundred ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing major laparoscopic procedures were r and omly assigned to either a control group ( n = 50 ) receiving a “ sham ” acustimulation device or an acupressure group ( n = 50 ) receiving a disposable Pressure Right device placed bilaterally at the P6 point 30 to 60 minutes before induction of anesthesia . All patients received a st and ardized general anesthetic . A combination of ondansetron , 4 mg IV , and dexamethasone , 4 mg IV , was administered during surgery for antiemetic prophylaxis in both study groups . The incidence of nausea and vomiting and the need for “ rescue ” antiemetic therapy were assessed at specific time intervals for up to 72 hours after surgery . The recovery profiles and quality of recovery question naires were evaluated at 48 hours and 72 hours after surgery . Patient satisfaction with the management of their PONV was assessed at the end of the 72-hour study period . RESULTS : The 2 study groups did not differ in their demographic characteristics or risk factors for PONV . The incidence of vomiting at 24 hours was significantly decreased in the acupressure group ( 10 % vs 26 % , P = 0.04 , 95 % confidence interval for absolute risk reduction 1%–31 % ) . The overall incidence of vomiting from 0 to 72 hours after surgery was also significantly decreased from 30 % to 12 % in the acupressure group ( P = 0.03 , 95 % confidence interval 2%–33 % ) . Furthermore , adjunctive use of the acupressure device seemed to enhance patient satisfaction with their PONV management and quality of recovery at 48 hours after surgery . However , the recovery times to hospital discharge , resumption of normal physical activities , and return to work did not differ significantly between the 2 study groups . CONCLUSION : Use of the Pressure Right acupressure device in combination with antiemetic drugs provided a reduction in the incidence of vomiting from 0 to 72 hours after surgery with an associated improvement in patient satisfaction with their PONV management . However , recovery and outcome variables failed to demonstrate any improvement with the addition of the acupressure device Acupressure is a complementary and alternative medicine ( CAM ) treatment using fingertips to stimulate acupoints on the skin . Although suggested to improve cognitive function , acupressure has not been previously investigated with a controlled design in traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) survivors , who could particularly benefit from a non-pharmacological intervention for cognitive impairment . A r and omized , placebo-controlled , single-blind design assessed the effects of acupressure ( eight treatments over 4 weeks ) on cognitive impairment and state of being following TBI , including assessment of event-related potentials ( ERPs ) during Stroop and auditory oddball tasks . It was hypothesized that active acupressure treatments would confer greater cognitive improvement than placebo treatments , perhaps because of enhanced relaxation response induction and result ing stress reduction . Significant treatment effects were found comparing pre- to post-treatment change between groups . During the Stroop task , the active-treatment group showed greater reduction in both P300 latency ( p = 0.010 , partial η² = 0.26 ) and amplitude ( p = 0.011 , partial η² = 0.26 ) , as well as a reduced Stroop effect on accuracy ( p = 0.008 , partial η² = 0.21 ) than did the placebo group . Additionally , the active-treatment group improved more than did the placebo group on the digit span test ( p = 0.043 , Cohen 's d = 0.68 ) . Together , these results suggest an enhancement in working memory function associated with active treatments . Because acupressure emphasizes self-care and can be taught to novice individuals , it warrants further study as an adjunct treatment for TBI Introduction . The reduction of the duration and pain of the active phase of labor is a very important issue and therefore always under serious investigation . Objective . The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effect of acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point ( SP6 ) on the duration and pain of the active phase of labor in nulliparas women . Method . A single blind r and omized clinical trial was performed on 120 eligible nulliparas women who were at the beginning of active phase of labor ( 3 - 4 cm dilatation of cervix plus proper uterine contractions ) . The women were r and omly assigned into two groups . The case group ( n = 60 ) , received acupressure at Sanyinjiao point ( above the ankle ) , for 30 min during contractions . In the control group ( n = 60 ) , simply a touch at this point without massage was performed . Two hours later a second pelvic examination was performed and in the absence of good forceful contractions oxytocin in the classical form was infused . Finally , duration of active phase , severity of pain ( using the Visual Analogue Scale ) , the amount of necessary oxytocin and necessity to administer oxytocin and the route of delivery were compared between the two groups and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 15 . Results . The mean duration of active phase was shorter in the case group ( 252.37 + /- 108.50 min vs. 441.38 + /- 155.88 , p = 0.0001 ) . Six patients ( 10 % ) in the case group and 25 patients ( 41.7 % ) in the control group delivered via cesarean section ( p = 0.0001 ) . The severity of pain in the case group was less than the control group ( 5.87 + /- 1.77 vs. 6.79 + /- 1.52 , p = 0.003 ) . Twenty-five women ( 41.7 % ) in the case group and 38 women ( 63.3 % ) in the control group needed  oxytocin  ( p = 0.017 ) The amount of necessary oxytocin  in the case group was less than the control group ( 73.33 + /- 97.19 ml vs. 126.6 + /- 97.19 ml , p = 0.003 ) . Conclusion . Acupressure at Sanyinjiao point ( SP6 ) reduced the duration and severity of pain of the active phase of labor , cesarean section rates , and necessity and amount of oxytocin OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to investigate the efficacy of P6 acupressure in reducing or relieving symptoms of nausea with or without vomiting and retching  during pregnancy . STUDY DESIGN Symptomatic pregnant volunteers ( n=161 ) participated in a 7-day community-based clinical trial . All participants were assigned to one of three groups ( i.e. , P6 acupressure , placebo [ acupressure b and s inappropriately placed ] , or control ) on the basis of a process of blocked r and omization . Data were analyzed by error bar charts and analysis of variance of difference scores . RESULTS Of 161 women , 149 ( 92.5 % ) completed the protocol . Irrespective of group assignment , participants reported significant decreases in nausea ( p<0.0009 ) and vomiting or retching ( p<0.0009 ) . However , there was no differential treatment effect as a result of acupressure . CONCLUSION There was no apparent medical benefit from the use of P6 acupressure . Our findings differ from other recently published studies that did not include a control group OBJECTIVES The onset of depression is often triggered by breathlessness in persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . It is hypothesized that these are the psychologic consequences of chronic dyspnea . Lessening dyspnea might alleviate depressive symptoms . Acupressure has been shown in other studies to produce relaxation . The aim of this study was to determine if it would lessen dyspnea and reduce depression in patients with COPD . SUBJECTS AND DESIGN Subjects diagnosed with COPD were chosen from one medical center and three regional hospitals in Taipei , Taiwan . A r and omized , block experimental design was used , with subjects and the data collector blinded . Using age , gender , pulmonary function , smoking , and steroid use as matching factors , 44 subjects were r and omly assigned to either the true acupressure or the sham acupressure groups . The true acupressure group received a program of acupressure using appropriate acupoints that promote relaxation and relieve dyspnea . The sham acupressure group received acupressure using sham acupoints different from the meridians and ganglionic sections of the true acupressure group . Both acupressure programs lasted 4 weeks , with five sessions per week that lasted 16 minutes per session . OUTCOME MEASURES The Geriatric Depression Scale ( GDS ) and Dyspnea Visual Analogue Scale ( DVAS ) were administered prior to the program as a baseline , and again following the completion of the 4-week program . Oxygen saturation and other physiological indicators were measured before and after each session . RESULTS The results of this study showed that the GDS scores , DVAS scores , oxygen saturation , and physiological indicators of the true acupressure group were significantly improved , compared to those of the sham acupressure group . CONCLUSIONS These findings provide health professionals with an evidence -based intervention to use with persons with C 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) is a multifactorial problem after general anesthesia . Despite antiemetic prophylaxis and improved anesthetic techniques , PONV still occurs frequently after craniotomies . P6 stimulation is described as an alternative method for preventing PONV . The primary aim of this study was to determine whether P6 acupressure with Sea-B and could reduce postoperative nausea after elective craniotomy . Secondary aims were to investigate whether the frequency of vomiting and the need for antiemetics could be reduced . Methods : In this r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled study , patients were r and omized into either a  P6 acupressure group ( n=43 ) or a sham group ( n=52 ) . B and s were applied unilaterally at the end of surgery , and all patients were administered prophylactic ondansetron .  Postoperative nausea was evaluated with a Numerical Rating Scale , 0 to10 , and the frequency of vomiting was recorded for 48 hours . Results : We found no significant effect from P6 acupressure with  Sea-B  and on postoperative nausea or vomiting in patients undergoing craniotomy . Nor was there any difference in the need for rescue antiemetics . Altogether , 67 % experienced PONV , and this was especially an issue at > 24 hours in patients recovering from infratentorial surgery compared with supratentorial surgery ( 55 % vs. 26 % ; P=0.014 ) . Conclusions : Unilateral P6 acupressure with Sea-B and applied at the end of surgery together with prophylactic ondansetron did not significantly reduce PONV or the need for rescue antiemetics in patients undergoing craniotomy . Our study confirmed that PONV is a common issue after craniotomy , especially after infratentorial surgery OBJECTIVES Acupressure , a complementary and alternative medicine ( CAM ) treatment , uses fingertips , rather than needles , to stimulate acupoints on the skin and has been implicated as a successful treatment for a variety of medical disorders . However , acupressure 's underlying mechanisms remain unclear . One theory is that acupoint stimulation modulates autonomic nervous system activity . Previous studies have suggested that acupressure may positively affect heart rate and blood pressure . The current study investigated the effects of a type of acupressure , Jin Shin , on cardiovascular function in stroke survivors , a population that could especially benefit from a treatment promoting cardiovascular health . The study tested the hypothesis that active acupressure treatments would reduce heart rate and blood pressure ( i.e. , induce a greater relaxation response ) above and beyond that seen during placebo acupressure treatments . METHODS A r and omised , placebo-controlled , single-blind crossover design was utilised , in which 16 participants received 8 weeks of either active or placebo acupressure  followed by washout and crossover into the opposite treatment condition . Heart rate and blood pressure measurements were taken throughout treatments . RESULTS Active acupressure treatments were associated with a significantly greater ( p=.043 , eta(2)=.30 ) and faster ( p=.002 , eta(2)=.76 ) reduction in heart rate compared to that seen during placebo treatments . No treatment effect on blood pressure was found . CONCLUSIONS Active acupressure reduced heart rate significantly more than did placebo acupressure during treatments . Although no treatment effect on blood pressure was found , this could be due to 67 % of participants taking antihypertensive medications during the study BACKGROUND : There is still controversy regarding the optimal strategy for managing postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) in high-risk surgical population s. Although acustimulation at the P6 acupoint has been demonstrated to be effective in preventing PONV , the effect of this nonpharmacologic therapy on the patient 's recovery with respect to resumption of normal activities of daily living has not been previously assessed when it is used as part of a multimodal antiemetic regimen . Therefore , we design ed this r and omized , sham-controlled , and double-blind study to assess the efficacy of a disposable acupressure device ( Pressure Right ® ; Pressure Point Inc. , Gr and Rapids , MI ) on the incidence of emetic episodes and quality of recovery when used in combination with ondansetron and dexamethasone for antiemetic prophylaxis . METHODS : One hundred ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing major laparoscopic procedures were r and omly assigned to either a control group ( n = 50 ) receiving a “ sham ” acustimulation device or an acupressure group ( n = 50 ) receiving a disposable Pressure Right device placed bilaterally at the P6 point 30 to 60 minutes before induction of anesthesia . All patients received a st and ardized general anesthetic . A combination of ondansetron , 4 mg IV , and dexamethasone , 4 mg IV , was administered during surgery for antiemetic prophylaxis in both study groups . The incidence of nausea and vomiting and the need for “ rescue ” antiemetic therapy were assessed at specific time intervals for up to 72 hours after surgery . The recovery profiles and quality of recovery question naires were evaluated at 48 hours and 72 hours after surgery . Patient satisfaction with the management of their PONV was assessed at the end of the 72-hour study period . RESULTS : The 2 study groups did not differ in their demographic characteristics or risk factors for PONV . The incidence of vomiting at 24 hours was significantly decreased in the acupressure group ( 10 % vs 26 % , P = 0.04 , 95 % confidence interval for absolute risk reduction 1%–31 % ) . The overall incidence of vomiting from 0 to 72 hours after surgery was also significantly decreased from 30 % to 12 % in the acupressure group ( P = 0.03 , 95 % confidence interval 2%–33 % ) . Furthermore , adjunctive use of the acupressure device seemed to enhance patient satisfaction with their PONV management and quality of recovery at 48 hours after surgery . However , the recovery times to hospital discharge , resumption of normal physical activities , and return to work did not differ significantly between the 2 study groups . CONCLUSION : Use of the Pressure Right acupressure device in combination with antiemetic drugs provided a reduction in the incidence of vomiting from 0 to 72 hours after surgery with an associated improvement in patient satisfaction with their PONV management . However , recovery and outcome variables failed to demonstrate any improvement with the addition of the acupressure device Acupressure is a complementary and alternative medicine ( CAM ) treatment using fingertips to stimulate acupoints on the skin . Although suggested to improve cognitive function , acupressure has not been previously investigated with a controlled design in traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) survivors , who could particularly benefit from a non-pharmacological intervention for cognitive impairment . A r and omized , placebo-controlled , single-blind design assessed the effects of acupressure ( eight treatments over 4 weeks ) on cognitive impairment and state of being following TBI , including assessment of event-related potentials ( ERPs ) during Stroop and auditory oddball tasks . It was hypothesized that active acupressure treatments would confer greater cognitive improvement than placebo treatments , perhaps because of enhanced relaxation response induction and result ing stress reduction . Significant treatment effects were found comparing pre- to post-treatment change between groups . During the Stroop task , the active-treatment group showed greater reduction in both P300 latency ( p = 0.010 , partial η² = 0.26 ) and amplitude ( p = 0.011 , partial η² = 0.26 ) , as well as a reduced Stroop effect on accuracy ( p = 0.008 , partial η² = 0.21 ) than did the placebo group . Additionally , the active-treatment group improved more than did the placebo group on the digit span test ( p = 0.043 , Cohen 's d = 0.68 ) . Together , these results suggest an enhancement in working memory function associated with active treatments . Because acupressure emphasizes self-care and can be taught to novice individuals , it warrants further study as an adjunct treatment for TBI Introduction . The reduction of the duration and pain of the active phase of labor is a very important issue and therefore always under serious investigation . Objective . The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effect of acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point ( SP6 ) on the duration and pain of the active phase of labor in nulliparas women . Method . A single blind r and omized clinical trial was performed on 120 eligible nulliparas women who were at the beginning of active phase of labor ( 3 - 4 cm dilatation of cervix plus proper uterine contractions ) . The women were r and omly assigned into two groups . The case group ( n = 60 ) , received acupressure at Sanyinjiao point ( above the ankle ) , for 30 min during contractions . In the control group ( n = 60 ) , simply a touch at this point without massage was performed . Two hours later a second pelvic examination was performed and in the absence of good forceful contractions oxytocin in the classical form was infused . Finally , duration of active phase , severity of pain ( using the Visual Analogue Scale ) , the amount of necessary oxytocin and necessity to administer oxytocin and the route of delivery were compared between the two groups and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 15 . Results . The mean duration of active phase was shorter in the case group ( 252.37 + /- 108.50 min vs. 441.38 + /- 155.88 , p = 0.0001 ) . Six patients ( 10 % ) in the case group and 25 patients ( 41.7 % ) in the control group delivered via cesarean section ( p = 0.0001 ) . The severity of pain in the case group was less than the control group ( 5.87 + /- 1.77 vs. 6.79 + /- 1.52 , p = 0.003 ) . Twenty-five women ( 41.7 % ) in the case group and 38 women ( 63.3 % ) in the control group needed  oxytocin  ( p = 0.017 ) The amount of necessary oxytocin  in the case group was less than the control group ( 73.33 + /- 97.19 ml vs. 126.6 + /- 97.19 ml , p = 0.003 ) . Conclusion . Acupressure at Sanyinjiao point ( SP6 ) reduced the duration and severity of pain of the active phase of labor , cesarean section rates , and necessity and amount of oxytocin OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to investigate the efficacy of P6 acupressure in reducing or relieving symptoms of nausea with or without vomiting and retching  during pregnancy . STUDY DESIGN Symptomatic pregnant volunteers ( n=161 ) participated in a 7-day community-based clinical trial . All participants were assigned to one of three groups ( i.e. , P6 acupressure , placebo [ acupressure b and s inappropriately placed ] , or control ) on the basis of a process of blocked r and omization . Data were analyzed by error bar charts and analysis of variance of difference scores . RESULTS Of 161 women , 149 ( 92.5 % ) completed the protocol . Irrespective of group assignment , participants reported significant decreases in nausea ( p<0.0009 ) and vomiting or retching ( p<0.0009 ) . However , there was no differential treatment effect as a result of acupressure . CONCLUSION There was no apparent medical benefit from the use of P6 acupressure . Our findings differ from other recently published studies that did not include a control group OBJECTIVES The onset of depression is often triggered by breathlessness in persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . It is hypothesized that these are the psychologic consequences of chronic dyspnea . Lessening dyspnea might alleviate depressive symptoms . Acupressure has been shown in other studies to produce relaxation . The aim of this study was to determine if it would lessen dyspnea and reduce depression in patients with COPD . SUBJECTS AND DESIGN Subjects diagnosed with COPD were chosen from one medical center and three regional hospitals in Taipei , Taiwan . A r and omized , block experimental design was used , with subjects and the data collector blinded . Using age , gender , pulmonary function , smoking , and steroid use as matching factors , 44 subjects were r and omly assigned to either the true acupressure or the sham acupressure groups . The true acupressure group received a program of acupressure using appropriate acupoints that promote relaxation and relieve dyspnea . The sham acupressure group received acupressure using sham acupoints different from the meridians and ganglionic sections of the true acupressure group . Both acupressure programs lasted 4 weeks , with five sessions per week that lasted 16 minutes per session . OUTCOME MEASURES The Geriatric Depression Scale ( GDS ) and Dyspnea Visual Analogue Scale ( DVAS ) were administered prior to the program as a baseline , and again following the completion of the 4-week program . Oxygen saturation and other physiological indicators were measured before and after each session . RESULTS The results of this study showed that the GDS scores , DVAS scores , oxygen saturation , and physiological indicators of the true acupressure group were significantly improved , compared to those of the sham acupressure group . CONCLUSIONS These findings provide health professionals with an evidence -based intervention to use with persons with C 
    Output:
    