human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background and Purpose — This study compared the psychometric properties of 3 clinical balance measures , the  Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) , the Balance subscale of the Fugl-Meyer test ( FM-B ) , and the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients ( PASS ) , in stroke patients with a broad range of neurological and functional impairment from the acute stage up to 180 days after onset . Methods — One hundred twenty-three stroke patients were followed up prospect ively with the 3 balance measures 14 , 30 , 90 , and 180 days after stroke onset ( DAS ) . Reliability ( interrater reliability and internal consistency ) and validity ( concurrent validity , convergent validity , and predictive validity ) of each measure were examined . A comparison of the responsiveness of each of the 3 measures was made on the basis of the entire group of patients and 3 separate groups classified by degree of neurological severity . Results — The FM-B and BBS showed a significant floor or ceiling effect at some DAS points , whereas the PASS did not show these effects . The BBS , FM-B , and PASS all had good reliability and validity for patients at different recovery stages after stroke . The results of effect size demonstrated fair to good responsiveness of all 3 measures within the first 90 DAS but , as expected , only a low level of responsiveness at 90 to 180 DAS . The PASS was more responsive to changes in severe stroke patients at the earliest period after stroke onset , 14 to 30 DAS . Conclusions — All 3 measures tested showed very acceptable levels of reliability , validity , and responsiveness for both clinicians and research ers . The PASS showed slightly better psychometric characteristics than the other 2 measures A new conceptual and theoretical framework for study ing the human postural control system is introduced . Mathematical techniques from statistical mechanics are developed and applied to the analysis and interpretation of stabilograms . This work was based on the assumption that the act of maintaining an erect posture could be viewed , in part , as a stochastic process . Twenty-five healthy young subjects were studied under quiet-st and ing conditions .  Center-of-pressure ( COP ) trajectories  were analyzed as one-dimensional and two dimensional r and om walks . This novel approach led to the extraction of repeatable , physiologically meaningful parameters from stabilograms . It is shown that although individual stabilograms for a single subject were highly variable and r and om in appearance , a consistent , subject-specific pattern emerged with the generation of averaged stabilogram-diffusion plots ( mean square COP displacement vs time interval ) . In addition , significant inter-subject differences were found in the calculated results . This suggests that the steady-state behavior of the control mechanisms involved in maintaining erect posture can be quite variable even amongst a population of age-matched , anthropometrically similar , healthy individuals . These posturographic analyses also demonstrated that COP trajectories could be modelled as fractional Brownian motion and that at least two control systems — a shortterm mechanism and a long-term mechanism — were operating during quiet st and ing . More specifically , the present results suggest that over short-term intervals open-loop control schemes are utilized by the postural control system , whereas over long-term intervals closed-loop control mechanisms are called into play . This work strongly supports the position that much can be learned about the functional organization of the postural control system by study ing the steady-state behavior of the human body during periods of undisturbed stance Background and Purpose — Perception of the subjective visual vertical ( SVV ) is affected by cerebral hemispheric lesions . Knowledge of this disturbance is of interest for the study of its possible relation to balance disturbances . There is still uncertainty about the possible effects of a visual field defect and of the side and site of the lesion . This study was conducted to assess SVV with the head upright or tilted and to explore its relation to a visual field defect , visuospatial neglect , and the site of lesion . Methods — Forty patients with hemiplegia after a recent hemispheric stroke ( 20 with left and 20 with right stroke ) were studied . The site of the lesion was determined on CT scan , with special attention focused on the vestibular cortex . A neurological examination with determination of the visual field and visual neglect was conducted before SVV was tested . Subjects sat in a dark room and adjusted a luminous rod to the vertical position . Measures were repeated with binocular and monocular vision and with the head upright or tilted to the right or left . Results — SVV was abnormally deviated in 23 of 40 patients ( 57 % ) . The deviation was significantly greater among patients with a right or left hemispheric lesion than among healthy controls ( −2.2 ° and 1.5 ° versus 0.2 ° ) ; the same applied to the range of uncertainty ( 7.6 ° and 4.7 ° versus 1.9 ° ) . SVV deviation was not significantly related to the location of the lesion but was closely related to visuospatial neglect . The “ E ” effect observed in controls with the head tilted , ie , an SVV shift in the direction opposite to the head tilt , was not observed in hemiplegic patients with the head tilted toward the nonparetic side . Conclusions — Recent hemispheric stroke affects SVV perception , which is closely correlated to visuospatial neglect . It is suggested that the E effect might be mediated by the stretching of the somatosensory structure of the neck Objective : To assess the balance function of hemiplegic stroke patients and to investigate whether visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training following acute stroke can decrease falls among patients with hemiplegic stroke . Design : A prospect i ve study , using a Balance Master . Setting : Hospital-based rehabilitation units . Subjects : Fifty-two hemiplegic stroke patients ( 28 in the training group and 24 in the control group ) . Interventions : Conventional stroke rehabilitation programme plus visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training . Training effect was evaluated by assessing the static and dynamic balance performance as well as comparing the occurrence of falls in the training and control groups at six-month follow-up . Main measures : Occurrence of falls ; static balance in different sensory conditions ; and dynamic balance performance , including on-axis velocity and directional control during rhythmic weight-shift . Results : Significant improvement in dynamic balance performance was found in hemiplegic patients in the training group . The improvement was sustained for six months . With regarding to static balance function , no significant improvement was found . At six-month follow-up , 5 of 28 patients ( 17.8 % ) in the training group had fallen , compared with 10 of 24 patients ( 41.7 % ) in the control group . The occurrence of falls decreased , although not statistically significantly ( p = 0.059 ) . Conclusions : Visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training may improve dynamic balance function for hemiplegic stroke patients . The effects of training may be sustained for six months . The occurrence of falls decreased in the training group , but not statistically significantly BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Visual feedback related to weight distribution and center-of-pressure positioning has been shown to be effective in increasing stance symmetry following stroke , although it is not clear whether functional balance ability also improves . This study compared the relative effectiveness of visual feedback training of center-of-gravity ( CoG ) positioning with conventional physical therapy following acute stroke . SUBJECTS Forty-six people who had strokes within 80 days before the study , result ing in unilateral hemiparesis , and who were in need of balance retraining participated . METHODS AND MATERIAL S Initially , subjects were r and omly assigned to visual feedback or conventional physical therapy groups for balance retraining until 16 subjects per group were recruited . The next 14 subjects were assigned to a control group . All subjects received physical therapy and occupational therapy ( regular therapy ) 2 hours a day , and subjects in the 2 experimental groups received additional balance training 30 minutes a day until discharge . The visual feedback group received information about their CoG position as they shifted their weight during various activities . The conventional therapy group received verbal and tactile cues to encourage symmetrical stance and weight shifting . Static ( postural sway ) and activity-based measures of balance ( Berg Balance Scale , gait speed , and the Timed " Up & Go " Test ) were contrasted across the 3 groups at baseline , at discharge , and at 1 month following discharge using an analysis of variance for repeated measures . RESULTS All groups demonstrated marked improvement over time for all measures of balance ability , with the greatest improvements occurring in the period from baseline to discharge . No between-group differences were detected in any of the outcome measures . CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION Visual feedback or conventional balance training in addition to regular therapy affords no added benefit when offered in the early stages of rehabilitation following stroke OBJECTIVES To study electromyographic characteristics of anticipatory postural adjustment in axial and lateral , posterior and anterior trunk muscles during the performance of upper- and lower-limb flexion tasks , in subjects with hemiparesis after stroke and to determine the relationship between anticipatory activity and subjects ' motor and functional status . DESIGN A nonr and omized control study . SETTING Geriatric rehabilitation center in Israel . PARTICIPANTS Fifty poststroke hemiparetic patients and 30 healthy control subjects . INTERVENTION  Electromyographic activity of the lumbar erector spinae and of the latissimus dorsi muscles was recorded bilaterally during flexion of either arm and from the 2 rectus abdominis and obliquus externus muscles during flexion of either hip . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Muscles ' onset latency , cross-correlation values between the temporal activation profile of corresponding pairs and between ipsilateral muscular pairs , symmetry in activation magnitude of corresponding muscles , and relation between electromyographic activity and motor and functional performance RESULTS Onset latencies of trunk muscles were partially delayed in the patients with longest hindrance displayed by the erector spinae ipsilateral to the flexing arm ( P<.04 ) . Temporal synchronization between pertinent muscular pairs was lower in the patients than in the healthy subjects , with significant group differences ( P<.05 or lower ) in the correlations between ipsilateral pairs of trunk muscles . Activation of the corresponding lateral trunk muscles in the patients was significantly less symmetrical than in the controls ( P<.03 or lower ) because of reduced activity on the paretic body side , especially on flexing of the paretic limbs . Conversely , in the controls as well as on the nonparetic side of the patients , limb flexion was associated with increased activity in the ipsilateral lateral trunk muscle . The erector spinae muscle in both groups and on both sides was more active on the contralateral side than on the ipsilateral side to the flexing arm . The reduced activity level in trunk muscles on the paretic body side was associated with deficiencies in motor and functional abilities . CONCLUSIONS Major impairments in the activity of trunk muscles in hemiparetic subjects were manifested in the reduced activity level of the lateral trunk muscles , in delayed onset , and in reduced synchronization between activation of pertinent muscular pairs . These problems were associated with motor and functional deficits and warrant specific consideration during physical rehabilitation of post stroke hemiparetic patients BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the delayed effects of balance training program on hemiplegic stroke patients . METHODS A total of 41 ambulatory hemiplegic stroke patients were recruited into this study and r and omly assigned into two groups , the control group and trained group . Visual feedback balance training with the SMART Balance Master was used in the trained group . Bruunstrom staging of affected limb scores and Functional Independent Measure ( FIM ) scores of each patient were recorded . Quantitative balance function was evaluated using the SMART Balance Master . Data were collected before training and 6 months after completing the training program . RESULTS Significant improvements in dynamic balance function measurements were found for patients in the trained group at 6 months after completing the training program . The ability of self-care and sphincter control also improved for patients in the trained group . On the other h and , no significant differences were found in static balance functions between the trained group and control group at 6 months of follow up . The locomotion and mobility scoring of FIM also revealed no differences between the groups . CONCLUSION Dynamic balance function of patients in the visual feedback training group had significant improvements when compared with the control group . Activities of daily living ( ADL ) function in self-care also had significant improvements at 6 months of follow up in the trained group . The results showed that balance training was beneficial for patients after hemiplegic stroke OBJECTIVE To examine the extent to which recovery of functional balance and mobility is accompanied by change in a few specific physiologic measures of postural control . DESIGN Longitudinal prospect i ve study . SETTING Laboratory setting in Ontario . PARTICIPANTS Twenty-seven volunteers ( age , 64.2+/-13.7y ) undergoing 4 weeks of rehabilitation after stroke participated . At initial testing , patients were 32.7+/-18.4 days poststroke and exhibited a moderate level of motor recovery ( lower-extremity and postural control , stages 3 - 4 on the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment Impairment Inventory ) . INTERVENTIONS Not applicable . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Three functional measures ( Berg Balance Scale , Clinical Outcome Variables Scale , gait speed ) were assessed . Three physiologic measures ( electromyographic data of hamstrings and soleus muscles bilaterally , postural sway , arm acceleration )  were taken while subjects stood quietly on a force platform and while they performed a rapid shoulder flexion movement of the nonparetic upper extremity . RESULTS After 1 month of rehabilitation , there was an overall significant improvement in all outcome measures ( functional , physiologic ) . However , 10 patients failed to show any improvement in the electromyographic activation of hamstrings muscle on the paretic side in response to the rapid arm movement . These patients compensated by increasing the anticipatory activation of the nonparetic hamstrings . CONCLUSION After stroke , patients showed improvement in both physiologic and functional measures of balance and mobility over a 1-month period . We have identified some patients who may be using compensatory strategies to increase function . The factors that may predict those patients who are likely to use compensatory strategies awaits further study A force platform with an auditory output consisting of two electronic 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background and Purpose — This study compared the psychometric properties of 3 clinical balance measures , the  Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) , the Balance subscale of the Fugl-Meyer test ( FM-B ) , and the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients ( PASS ) , in stroke patients with a broad range of neurological and functional impairment from the acute stage up to 180 days after onset . Methods — One hundred twenty-three stroke patients were followed up prospect ively with the 3 balance measures 14 , 30 , 90 , and 180 days after stroke onset ( DAS ) . Reliability ( interrater reliability and internal consistency ) and validity ( concurrent validity , convergent validity , and predictive validity ) of each measure were examined . A comparison of the responsiveness of each of the 3 measures was made on the basis of the entire group of patients and 3 separate groups classified by degree of neurological severity . Results — The FM-B and BBS showed a significant floor or ceiling effect at some DAS points , whereas the PASS did not show these effects . The BBS , FM-B , and PASS all had good reliability and validity for patients at different recovery stages after stroke . The results of effect size demonstrated fair to good responsiveness of all 3 measures within the first 90 DAS but , as expected , only a low level of responsiveness at 90 to 180 DAS . The PASS was more responsive to changes in severe stroke patients at the earliest period after stroke onset , 14 to 30 DAS . Conclusions — All 3 measures tested showed very acceptable levels of reliability , validity , and responsiveness for both clinicians and research ers . The PASS showed slightly better psychometric characteristics than the other 2 measures A new conceptual and theoretical framework for study ing the human postural control system is introduced . Mathematical techniques from statistical mechanics are developed and applied to the analysis and interpretation of stabilograms . This work was based on the assumption that the act of maintaining an erect posture could be viewed , in part , as a stochastic process . Twenty-five healthy young subjects were studied under quiet-st and ing conditions .  Center-of-pressure ( COP ) trajectories  were analyzed as one-dimensional and two dimensional r and om walks . This novel approach led to the extraction of repeatable , physiologically meaningful parameters from stabilograms . It is shown that although individual stabilograms for a single subject were highly variable and r and om in appearance , a consistent , subject-specific pattern emerged with the generation of averaged stabilogram-diffusion plots ( mean square COP displacement vs time interval ) . In addition , significant inter-subject differences were found in the calculated results . This suggests that the steady-state behavior of the control mechanisms involved in maintaining erect posture can be quite variable even amongst a population of age-matched , anthropometrically similar , healthy individuals . These posturographic analyses also demonstrated that COP trajectories could be modelled as fractional Brownian motion and that at least two control systems — a shortterm mechanism and a long-term mechanism — were operating during quiet st and ing . More specifically , the present results suggest that over short-term intervals open-loop control schemes are utilized by the postural control system , whereas over long-term intervals closed-loop control mechanisms are called into play . This work strongly supports the position that much can be learned about the functional organization of the postural control system by study ing the steady-state behavior of the human body during periods of undisturbed stance Background and Purpose — Perception of the subjective visual vertical ( SVV ) is affected by cerebral hemispheric lesions . Knowledge of this disturbance is of interest for the study of its possible relation to balance disturbances . There is still uncertainty about the possible effects of a visual field defect and of the side and site of the lesion . This study was conducted to assess SVV with the head upright or tilted and to explore its relation to a visual field defect , visuospatial neglect , and the site of lesion . Methods — Forty patients with hemiplegia after a recent hemispheric stroke ( 20 with left and 20 with right stroke ) were studied . The site of the lesion was determined on CT scan , with special attention focused on the vestibular cortex . A neurological examination with determination of the visual field and visual neglect was conducted before SVV was tested . Subjects sat in a dark room and adjusted a luminous rod to the vertical position . Measures were repeated with binocular and monocular vision and with the head upright or tilted to the right or left . Results — SVV was abnormally deviated in 23 of 40 patients ( 57 % ) . The deviation was significantly greater among patients with a right or left hemispheric lesion than among healthy controls ( −2.2 ° and 1.5 ° versus 0.2 ° ) ; the same applied to the range of uncertainty ( 7.6 ° and 4.7 ° versus 1.9 ° ) . SVV deviation was not significantly related to the location of the lesion but was closely related to visuospatial neglect . The “ E ” effect observed in controls with the head tilted , ie , an SVV shift in the direction opposite to the head tilt , was not observed in hemiplegic patients with the head tilted toward the nonparetic side . Conclusions — Recent hemispheric stroke affects SVV perception , which is closely correlated to visuospatial neglect . It is suggested that the E effect might be mediated by the stretching of the somatosensory structure of the neck Objective : To assess the balance function of hemiplegic stroke patients and to investigate whether visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training following acute stroke can decrease falls among patients with hemiplegic stroke . Design : A prospect i ve study , using a Balance Master . Setting : Hospital-based rehabilitation units . Subjects : Fifty-two hemiplegic stroke patients ( 28 in the training group and 24 in the control group ) . Interventions : Conventional stroke rehabilitation programme plus visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training . Training effect was evaluated by assessing the static and dynamic balance performance as well as comparing the occurrence of falls in the training and control groups at six-month follow-up . Main measures : Occurrence of falls ; static balance in different sensory conditions ; and dynamic balance performance , including on-axis velocity and directional control during rhythmic weight-shift . Results : Significant improvement in dynamic balance performance was found in hemiplegic patients in the training group . The improvement was sustained for six months . With regarding to static balance function , no significant improvement was found . At six-month follow-up , 5 of 28 patients ( 17.8 % ) in the training group had fallen , compared with 10 of 24 patients ( 41.7 % ) in the control group . The occurrence of falls decreased , although not statistically significantly ( p = 0.059 ) . Conclusions : Visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training may improve dynamic balance function for hemiplegic stroke patients . The effects of training may be sustained for six months . The occurrence of falls decreased in the training group , but not statistically significantly BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Visual feedback related to weight distribution and center-of-pressure positioning has been shown to be effective in increasing stance symmetry following stroke , although it is not clear whether functional balance ability also improves . This study compared the relative effectiveness of visual feedback training of center-of-gravity ( CoG ) positioning with conventional physical therapy following acute stroke . SUBJECTS Forty-six people who had strokes within 80 days before the study , result ing in unilateral hemiparesis , and who were in need of balance retraining participated . METHODS AND MATERIAL S Initially , subjects were r and omly assigned to visual feedback or conventional physical therapy groups for balance retraining until 16 subjects per group were recruited . The next 14 subjects were assigned to a control group . All subjects received physical therapy and occupational therapy ( regular therapy ) 2 hours a day , and subjects in the 2 experimental groups received additional balance training 30 minutes a day until discharge . The visual feedback group received information about their CoG position as they shifted their weight during various activities . The conventional therapy group received verbal and tactile cues to encourage symmetrical stance and weight shifting . Static ( postural sway ) and activity-based measures of balance ( Berg Balance Scale , gait speed , and the Timed " Up & Go " Test ) were contrasted across the 3 groups at baseline , at discharge , and at 1 month following discharge using an analysis of variance for repeated measures . RESULTS All groups demonstrated marked improvement over time for all measures of balance ability , with the greatest improvements occurring in the period from baseline to discharge . No between-group differences were detected in any of the outcome measures . CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION Visual feedback or conventional balance training in addition to regular therapy affords no added benefit when offered in the early stages of rehabilitation following stroke OBJECTIVES To study electromyographic characteristics of anticipatory postural adjustment in axial and lateral , posterior and anterior trunk muscles during the performance of upper- and lower-limb flexion tasks , in subjects with hemiparesis after stroke and to determine the relationship between anticipatory activity and subjects ' motor and functional status . DESIGN A nonr and omized control study . SETTING Geriatric rehabilitation center in Israel . PARTICIPANTS Fifty poststroke hemiparetic patients and 30 healthy control subjects . INTERVENTION  Electromyographic activity of the lumbar erector spinae and of the latissimus dorsi muscles was recorded bilaterally during flexion of either arm and from the 2 rectus abdominis and obliquus externus muscles during flexion of either hip . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Muscles ' onset latency , cross-correlation values between the temporal activation profile of corresponding pairs and between ipsilateral muscular pairs , symmetry in activation magnitude of corresponding muscles , and relation between electromyographic activity and motor and functional performance RESULTS Onset latencies of trunk muscles were partially delayed in the patients with longest hindrance displayed by the erector spinae ipsilateral to the flexing arm ( P<.04 ) . Temporal synchronization between pertinent muscular pairs was lower in the patients than in the healthy subjects , with significant group differences ( P<.05 or lower ) in the correlations between ipsilateral pairs of trunk muscles . Activation of the corresponding lateral trunk muscles in the patients was significantly less symmetrical than in the controls ( P<.03 or lower ) because of reduced activity on the paretic body side , especially on flexing of the paretic limbs . Conversely , in the controls as well as on the nonparetic side of the patients , limb flexion was associated with increased activity in the ipsilateral lateral trunk muscle . The erector spinae muscle in both groups and on both sides was more active on the contralateral side than on the ipsilateral side to the flexing arm . The reduced activity level in trunk muscles on the paretic body side was associated with deficiencies in motor and functional abilities . CONCLUSIONS Major impairments in the activity of trunk muscles in hemiparetic subjects were manifested in the reduced activity level of the lateral trunk muscles , in delayed onset , and in reduced synchronization between activation of pertinent muscular pairs . These problems were associated with motor and functional deficits and warrant specific consideration during physical rehabilitation of post stroke hemiparetic patients BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the delayed effects of balance training program on hemiplegic stroke patients . METHODS A total of 41 ambulatory hemiplegic stroke patients were recruited into this study and r and omly assigned into two groups , the control group and trained group . Visual feedback balance training with the SMART Balance Master was used in the trained group . Bruunstrom staging of affected limb scores and Functional Independent Measure ( FIM ) scores of each patient were recorded . Quantitative balance function was evaluated using the SMART Balance Master . Data were collected before training and 6 months after completing the training program . RESULTS Significant improvements in dynamic balance function measurements were found for patients in the trained group at 6 months after completing the training program . The ability of self-care and sphincter control also improved for patients in the trained group . On the other h and , no significant differences were found in static balance functions between the trained group and control group at 6 months of follow up . The locomotion and mobility scoring of FIM also revealed no differences between the groups . CONCLUSION Dynamic balance function of patients in the visual feedback training group had significant improvements when compared with the control group . Activities of daily living ( ADL ) function in self-care also had significant improvements at 6 months of follow up in the trained group . The results showed that balance training was beneficial for patients after hemiplegic stroke OBJECTIVE To examine the extent to which recovery of functional balance and mobility is accompanied by change in a few specific physiologic measures of postural control . DESIGN Longitudinal prospect i ve study . SETTING Laboratory setting in Ontario . PARTICIPANTS Twenty-seven volunteers ( age , 64.2+/-13.7y ) undergoing 4 weeks of rehabilitation after stroke participated . At initial testing , patients were 32.7+/-18.4 days poststroke and exhibited a moderate level of motor recovery ( lower-extremity and postural control , stages 3 - 4 on the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment Impairment Inventory ) . INTERVENTIONS Not applicable . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Three functional measures ( Berg Balance Scale , Clinical Outcome Variables Scale , gait speed ) were assessed . Three physiologic measures ( electromyographic data of hamstrings and soleus muscles bilaterally , postural sway , arm acceleration )  were taken while subjects stood quietly on a force platform and while they performed a rapid shoulder flexion movement of the nonparetic upper extremity . RESULTS After 1 month of rehabilitation , there was an overall significant improvement in all outcome measures ( functional , physiologic ) . However , 10 patients failed to show any improvement in the electromyographic activation of hamstrings muscle on the paretic side in response to the rapid arm movement . These patients compensated by increasing the anticipatory activation of the nonparetic hamstrings . CONCLUSION After stroke , patients showed improvement in both physiologic and functional measures of balance and mobility over a 1-month period . We have identified some patients who may be using compensatory strategies to increase function . The factors that may predict those patients who are likely to use compensatory strategies awaits further study A force platform with an auditory output consisting of two electronic 
    Output:
    