human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Haiti has experienced rapid urbanization that has exacerbated poverty and undernutrition in large slum areas . Stunting affects 1 in 5 young children . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to test the efficacy of a daily lipid-based nutrient supplement ( LNS ) for increased linear growth in  young children . DESIGN Healthy , singleton infants aged 6 - 11 mo ( n = 589 ) were recruited from an urban slum of Cap Haitien and r and omly assigned to receive : 1 ) a control ; 2 ) a 3-mo LNS ; or 3 ) a 6-mo LNS . The LNS provided 108 kcal and other nutrients including vitamin A , vitamin B-12 , iron , and zinc at ≥80 % of the recommended amounts . Infants were followed monthly on growth , morbidity , and developmental outcomes over a 6-mo intervention period and at one additional time point 6 mo postintervention to assess sustained effects . The Bonferroni multiple comparisons test was applied , and generalized least-squares ( GLS ) regressions with mixed effects was used to examine impacts longitudinally . RESULTS Baseline characteristics did not differ by trial arm except for a higher mean age in the 6-mo LNS group . GLS modeling showed LNS supplementation for 6 mo significantly increased the length-for-age z score ( ±SE ) by 0.13 ± 0.05 and the weight-for-age z score by 0.12 ± 0.02 compared with in the control group after adjustment for child age ( P < 0.001 ) . The effects were sustained 6 mo postintervention . Morbidity and developmental outcomes did not differ by trial arm . CONCLUSION A low-energy , fortified product improved the linear growth  of young children in this urban setting . The trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01552512 The study was aim ed to test whether zinc supplementation , if initiated early , can prevent stunting and promote optimum body composition in full term infants . For this , full term pregnant women from low income urban community were enrolled and were followed-up for 24 months postpartum . Body mass index ( BMI ) was calculated from maternal weight and height that were collected one month after delivery . Infants ' weight , and length , head , chest and mid upper arm circumferences and skin fold thicknesses at triceps , biceps and subscapular area were collected at baseline ( before r and omization ) and once in three months up till 24 months . Three hundred and twenty four infants were r and omized and allocated to zinc ( 163 ) or placebo ( 161 ) groups respectively . Supplementation of zinc was initiated from 4 months of age and continued till children attained 18 months . The control ( placebo ) group of children received riboflavin 0.5 mg/day , whereas the intervention ( zinc ) group received 5 mg zinc plus riboflavin 0.5 mg/day . When infants were 18 months old , dietary intakes ( in 78 children ) were calculated by 24 hour diet recall method and hemoglobin , zinc , copper and vitamin A were quantified in blood sample s collected from 70 children . The results showed prevalence of undernutrition ( body mass index < 18.5 ) in 37 % of the mothers . Mean±SD calorie consumption and zinc intakes from diets in infants were 590±282.8 Kcal/day and 0.97±0.608 mg/day respectively . Multiple linear regression models demonstrated maternal weight as a strong predictor of infants ' weight and length at 18 months of age . As expected , diarrhea duration impacted infants ' linear growth and weight gain adversely . Zinc supplementation for a mean period of 190 days , starting from 4 months up to 18 months of age , in full term normal infants , consuming an average energy of 590 Kcal/day , had significant effect on the skin fold thicknesses , but not on their linear growth . Trial Registration Clinical Trail Registration India ( CTRI ) BACKGROUND Despite ample food supplies , the incidence of childhood underweight and stunting remains high in Ug and a. Many factors contribute to this situation , but the role of low zinc intakes has not been adequately explored . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to study the effect of zinc supplementation on growth and body composition of preschool children by using the outcome measures of weight , height , and midupper arm circumference ( MUAC ) . DESIGN The study was r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel , and 8 mo long , and incorporated 6 mo of zinc supplementation .  Children ( n = 153 ) aged 55.8 + /- 11.2 mo from 3 r and omly selected nursery schools of medium , low , and very low socioeconomic status in a suburb of Kampala took part . The intervention comprised 10 mg Zn ( as ZnSO4 ) or placebo daily in freshly prepared fruit juice , Monday to Friday inclusive . RESULTS Zinc supplementation increased MUAC by the end of the study ( P = 0.029 ) and led to greater weight gain in children from the school of medium socioeconomic status at 3 and 8 mo ( P = 0.019 and P = 0.038 , respectively ) . There was no effect on weight gain of the children from the other schools . Zinc supplementation had no influence on height . Infection rates ( of which 82 % were recorded as malaria ) were lower in the zinc-supplemented group than in control subjects ( P = 0.063 ) . CONCLUSIONS Zinc supplementation may counter the age-related decrease in MUAC often observed in preschool children in developing countries . The study provides evidence that zinc may not be the most limiting nutrient for weight gain in children of poor nutritional status , but may become so as nutritional status improves BACKGROUND Several vitamin A supplementation trials have failed to improve the  growth rate  in children . Addition of zinc to vitamin A might result in enhanced growth . OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect on growth in children of simultaneous supplementation with zinc and vitamin A.  DESIGN This was a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled intervention trial . Six hundred fifty-three children aged 12 - 35 mo were r and omly assigned to 1 of 4 intervention groups : 20 mg Zn/d for 14 d ( Z group ) , 60000 retinol equivalents ( 200000 IU ) vitamin A on day 14 ( A group ) , zinc plus vitamin A ( ZA group ) , or placebo syrup and placebo capsule ( placebo group ) . Weight and length were measured at enrollment and again after 3 and 6 mo . RESULTS Gains in weight and length during the 6-mo follow-up period were not significantly different among the 4 groups by analysis of variance . Catch-up growth also did not differ significantly among the groups . The proportions of children whose weight-for-age z scores did not change or decreased were 57 % in the Z group , 46 % in the A group , 50 % in the ZA group , and 54 % in the placebo group ( NS ) . The proportions of children whose length-for-age z scores did not change or decreased were 42 % in the Z group , 48 % in the A group , 53 % in the ZA group , and 46 % in the placebo group ( NS ) . CONCLUSION Combined short-term zinc supplementation and a single dose of vitamin A has no significant effects on weight and length increments in children over a 6-mo period To estimate the effect of maternal zinc deficiency on pregnancy outcomes , we conducted a zinc supplementation trial in an urban shantytown in Lima , Peru , a population with habitual low zinc intakes . Beginning at 10 - 24 wk gestation , 1295 mothers were r and omly assigned to receive prenatal supplements containing 60 mg iron and 250 ( g folate , with or without 15 mg zinc . Women were followed up monthly during pregnancy . At birth , newborn weight was recorded , and crownheel length , head circumference and other circumferences and skinfold thicknesses were assessed on d 1 . At delivery , 1016 remained in the study ;  duration of pregnancy  was known for all women , and birth weight information was available for 957 newborns . No differences were noted in duration of pregnancy ( 39.4 + /- 2.2 vs. 39 . 5 + /- 2.0 wk ) or birth weight ( 3267 + /- 461 vs. 3300 + /- 498 g ) by prenatal supplement type ( iron + folate + zinc vs. iron + folate ; P > 0.05 ) , and there were no differences in the rates of preterm ( < 37 wk ) or post-term ( > 42 wk ) delivery , low birth weight ( < 2500 g ) or high birth weight ( > 4000 g ) . Finally , there were no differences by prenatal supplement type in newborn head circumference , crownheel length , chest circumference , mid-upper arm circumference , calf circumference or skinfold thickness at any of three sites . Adjustment for covariates and confounding factors did not alter these results . Adding zinc to prenatal iron and folate tablets did not affect duration of pregnancy or size at birth in this population BACKGROUND Maternal zinc deficiency during pregnancy may be widespread among women in developing countries , but few data are available on whether prenatal zinc supplementation improves maternal and neonatal zinc status . OBJECTIVE We studied whether maternal zinc supplementation improved the zinc status of mothers and neonates participating in a supplementation trial in a shantytown in Lima , Peru . DESIGN Beginning at gestation week 10 - 24 , 1295 mothers were r and omly assigned to receive prenatal supplements containing 60 mg Fe and 250 microg folate , with or without 15 mg Zn .  Venous blood and urine sample s were collected at enrollment , at gestation week 28 - 30 , and at gestation week 37 - 38 . At birth , a sample of cord vein blood was collected . We measured serum zinc concentrations in 538 women , urinary zinc concentrations in 521 women , and cord zinc concentrations in 252 neonates . RESULTS At 28 - 30 and 37 - 38 wk , mothers receiving zinc supplements had higher serum zinc concentrations than mothers who did not receive zinc ( 8.8 + /- 1.9 compared with 8.4 + /- 1.5 micromol/L and 8.6 + /- 1.5 compared with 8.3 + /- 1.4 micromol/L , respectively ) . Urinary zinc concentrations were also higher in mothers who received supplemental zinc ( P < 0.05 ) . After adjustment for covariates and confounding factors , neonates of mothers receiving zinc supplements had higher cord zinc concentrations than neonates of mothers who did not receive zinc ( 12.7 + /- 2.3 compared with 12.1 + /- 2.1 micromol/L ) . Despite supplementation , maternal and neonatal zinc concentrations remained lower than values reported for well-nourished population s. CONCLUSION Adding zinc to prenatal iron and folate tablets improved maternal and neonatal zinc status , but higher doses of zinc are likely needed to further improve maternal and neonatal zinc status in this population BACKGROUND Maternal zinc supplementation has been suggested as a potential intervention to reduce the incidence of low birth weight in developing countries . To date , placebo-controlled trials have all been performed in industrialized countries and the results are inconsistent . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate whether zinc supplementation in Bangladeshi urban poor during the last 2 trimesters of pregnancy was associated with pregnancy outcome . DESIGN We conducted a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial in which 559 women from Dhaka slums , stratified by parity between 12 and 16 wk of gestation , were r and omly assigned to receive 30 mg elemental Zn/d ( n = 269 ) or placebo ( n = 290 ) . Supplementation continued until delivery .  Serum zinc was estimated at baseline and at 7 mo of gestation . Dietary intake was assessed at baseline and anthropometric measurements were made monthly . Weight , length , and gestational ages of 410 singleton newborns were measured within 72 h of birth . RESULTS At 7 mo of gestation , serum zinc concentrations tended to be higher in the zinc-supplemented group than in the placebo group ( 15.9 + /- 4.4 compared with 15.2 + /- 4.3 micromol/L ) . No significant effect of treatment was observed on infant birth weight ( 2513 + /- 390 compared with 2554 + /- 393 g ; NS ) or on gestational age , infant length , or head , chest , or midupper arm circumference . The incidence and distribution of low birth weight , prematurity , and smallness for gestational age also did not differ significantly after zinc supplementation . CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with 30 mg elemental Zn during the last 2 trimesters of pregnancy did not improve birth outcome in Bangladeshi urban poor . These results indicate that interventions with zinc supplementation alone are unlikely to reduce the incidence of low birth weight in Bangladesh BACKGROUND Little is known about how maternal zinc intake influences growth in utero and in postnatal life in humans . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to assess the effect of mat 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Haiti has experienced rapid urbanization that has exacerbated poverty and undernutrition in large slum areas . Stunting affects 1 in 5 young children . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to test the efficacy of a daily lipid-based nutrient supplement ( LNS ) for increased linear growth in  young children . DESIGN Healthy , singleton infants aged 6 - 11 mo ( n = 589 ) were recruited from an urban slum of Cap Haitien and r and omly assigned to receive : 1 ) a control ; 2 ) a 3-mo LNS ; or 3 ) a 6-mo LNS . The LNS provided 108 kcal and other nutrients including vitamin A , vitamin B-12 , iron , and zinc at ≥80 % of the recommended amounts . Infants were followed monthly on growth , morbidity , and developmental outcomes over a 6-mo intervention period and at one additional time point 6 mo postintervention to assess sustained effects . The Bonferroni multiple comparisons test was applied , and generalized least-squares ( GLS ) regressions with mixed effects was used to examine impacts longitudinally . RESULTS Baseline characteristics did not differ by trial arm except for a higher mean age in the 6-mo LNS group . GLS modeling showed LNS supplementation for 6 mo significantly increased the length-for-age z score ( ±SE ) by 0.13 ± 0.05 and the weight-for-age z score by 0.12 ± 0.02 compared with in the control group after adjustment for child age ( P < 0.001 ) . The effects were sustained 6 mo postintervention . Morbidity and developmental outcomes did not differ by trial arm . CONCLUSION A low-energy , fortified product improved the linear growth  of young children in this urban setting . The trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01552512 The study was aim ed to test whether zinc supplementation , if initiated early , can prevent stunting and promote optimum body composition in full term infants . For this , full term pregnant women from low income urban community were enrolled and were followed-up for 24 months postpartum . Body mass index ( BMI ) was calculated from maternal weight and height that were collected one month after delivery . Infants ' weight , and length , head , chest and mid upper arm circumferences and skin fold thicknesses at triceps , biceps and subscapular area were collected at baseline ( before r and omization ) and once in three months up till 24 months . Three hundred and twenty four infants were r and omized and allocated to zinc ( 163 ) or placebo ( 161 ) groups respectively . Supplementation of zinc was initiated from 4 months of age and continued till children attained 18 months . The control ( placebo ) group of children received riboflavin 0.5 mg/day , whereas the intervention ( zinc ) group received 5 mg zinc plus riboflavin 0.5 mg/day . When infants were 18 months old , dietary intakes ( in 78 children ) were calculated by 24 hour diet recall method and hemoglobin , zinc , copper and vitamin A were quantified in blood sample s collected from 70 children . The results showed prevalence of undernutrition ( body mass index < 18.5 ) in 37 % of the mothers . Mean±SD calorie consumption and zinc intakes from diets in infants were 590±282.8 Kcal/day and 0.97±0.608 mg/day respectively . Multiple linear regression models demonstrated maternal weight as a strong predictor of infants ' weight and length at 18 months of age . As expected , diarrhea duration impacted infants ' linear growth and weight gain adversely . Zinc supplementation for a mean period of 190 days , starting from 4 months up to 18 months of age , in full term normal infants , consuming an average energy of 590 Kcal/day , had significant effect on the skin fold thicknesses , but not on their linear growth . Trial Registration Clinical Trail Registration India ( CTRI ) BACKGROUND Despite ample food supplies , the incidence of childhood underweight and stunting remains high in Ug and a. Many factors contribute to this situation , but the role of low zinc intakes has not been adequately explored . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to study the effect of zinc supplementation on growth and body composition of preschool children by using the outcome measures of weight , height , and midupper arm circumference ( MUAC ) . DESIGN The study was r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel , and 8 mo long , and incorporated 6 mo of zinc supplementation .  Children ( n = 153 ) aged 55.8 + /- 11.2 mo from 3 r and omly selected nursery schools of medium , low , and very low socioeconomic status in a suburb of Kampala took part . The intervention comprised 10 mg Zn ( as ZnSO4 ) or placebo daily in freshly prepared fruit juice , Monday to Friday inclusive . RESULTS Zinc supplementation increased MUAC by the end of the study ( P = 0.029 ) and led to greater weight gain in children from the school of medium socioeconomic status at 3 and 8 mo ( P = 0.019 and P = 0.038 , respectively ) . There was no effect on weight gain of the children from the other schools . Zinc supplementation had no influence on height . Infection rates ( of which 82 % were recorded as malaria ) were lower in the zinc-supplemented group than in control subjects ( P = 0.063 ) . CONCLUSIONS Zinc supplementation may counter the age-related decrease in MUAC often observed in preschool children in developing countries . The study provides evidence that zinc may not be the most limiting nutrient for weight gain in children of poor nutritional status , but may become so as nutritional status improves BACKGROUND Several vitamin A supplementation trials have failed to improve the  growth rate  in children . Addition of zinc to vitamin A might result in enhanced growth . OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect on growth in children of simultaneous supplementation with zinc and vitamin A.  DESIGN This was a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled intervention trial . Six hundred fifty-three children aged 12 - 35 mo were r and omly assigned to 1 of 4 intervention groups : 20 mg Zn/d for 14 d ( Z group ) , 60000 retinol equivalents ( 200000 IU ) vitamin A on day 14 ( A group ) , zinc plus vitamin A ( ZA group ) , or placebo syrup and placebo capsule ( placebo group ) . Weight and length were measured at enrollment and again after 3 and 6 mo . RESULTS Gains in weight and length during the 6-mo follow-up period were not significantly different among the 4 groups by analysis of variance . Catch-up growth also did not differ significantly among the groups . The proportions of children whose weight-for-age z scores did not change or decreased were 57 % in the Z group , 46 % in the A group , 50 % in the ZA group , and 54 % in the placebo group ( NS ) . The proportions of children whose length-for-age z scores did not change or decreased were 42 % in the Z group , 48 % in the A group , 53 % in the ZA group , and 46 % in the placebo group ( NS ) . CONCLUSION Combined short-term zinc supplementation and a single dose of vitamin A has no significant effects on weight and length increments in children over a 6-mo period To estimate the effect of maternal zinc deficiency on pregnancy outcomes , we conducted a zinc supplementation trial in an urban shantytown in Lima , Peru , a population with habitual low zinc intakes . Beginning at 10 - 24 wk gestation , 1295 mothers were r and omly assigned to receive prenatal supplements containing 60 mg iron and 250 ( g folate , with or without 15 mg zinc . Women were followed up monthly during pregnancy . At birth , newborn weight was recorded , and crownheel length , head circumference and other circumferences and skinfold thicknesses were assessed on d 1 . At delivery , 1016 remained in the study ;  duration of pregnancy  was known for all women , and birth weight information was available for 957 newborns . No differences were noted in duration of pregnancy ( 39.4 + /- 2.2 vs. 39 . 5 + /- 2.0 wk ) or birth weight ( 3267 + /- 461 vs. 3300 + /- 498 g ) by prenatal supplement type ( iron + folate + zinc vs. iron + folate ; P > 0.05 ) , and there were no differences in the rates of preterm ( < 37 wk ) or post-term ( > 42 wk ) delivery , low birth weight ( < 2500 g ) or high birth weight ( > 4000 g ) . Finally , there were no differences by prenatal supplement type in newborn head circumference , crownheel length , chest circumference , mid-upper arm circumference , calf circumference or skinfold thickness at any of three sites . Adjustment for covariates and confounding factors did not alter these results . Adding zinc to prenatal iron and folate tablets did not affect duration of pregnancy or size at birth in this population BACKGROUND Maternal zinc deficiency during pregnancy may be widespread among women in developing countries , but few data are available on whether prenatal zinc supplementation improves maternal and neonatal zinc status . OBJECTIVE We studied whether maternal zinc supplementation improved the zinc status of mothers and neonates participating in a supplementation trial in a shantytown in Lima , Peru . DESIGN Beginning at gestation week 10 - 24 , 1295 mothers were r and omly assigned to receive prenatal supplements containing 60 mg Fe and 250 microg folate , with or without 15 mg Zn .  Venous blood and urine sample s were collected at enrollment , at gestation week 28 - 30 , and at gestation week 37 - 38 . At birth , a sample of cord vein blood was collected . We measured serum zinc concentrations in 538 women , urinary zinc concentrations in 521 women , and cord zinc concentrations in 252 neonates . RESULTS At 28 - 30 and 37 - 38 wk , mothers receiving zinc supplements had higher serum zinc concentrations than mothers who did not receive zinc ( 8.8 + /- 1.9 compared with 8.4 + /- 1.5 micromol/L and 8.6 + /- 1.5 compared with 8.3 + /- 1.4 micromol/L , respectively ) . Urinary zinc concentrations were also higher in mothers who received supplemental zinc ( P < 0.05 ) . After adjustment for covariates and confounding factors , neonates of mothers receiving zinc supplements had higher cord zinc concentrations than neonates of mothers who did not receive zinc ( 12.7 + /- 2.3 compared with 12.1 + /- 2.1 micromol/L ) . Despite supplementation , maternal and neonatal zinc concentrations remained lower than values reported for well-nourished population s. CONCLUSION Adding zinc to prenatal iron and folate tablets improved maternal and neonatal zinc status , but higher doses of zinc are likely needed to further improve maternal and neonatal zinc status in this population BACKGROUND Maternal zinc supplementation has been suggested as a potential intervention to reduce the incidence of low birth weight in developing countries . To date , placebo-controlled trials have all been performed in industrialized countries and the results are inconsistent . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate whether zinc supplementation in Bangladeshi urban poor during the last 2 trimesters of pregnancy was associated with pregnancy outcome . DESIGN We conducted a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial in which 559 women from Dhaka slums , stratified by parity between 12 and 16 wk of gestation , were r and omly assigned to receive 30 mg elemental Zn/d ( n = 269 ) or placebo ( n = 290 ) . Supplementation continued until delivery .  Serum zinc was estimated at baseline and at 7 mo of gestation . Dietary intake was assessed at baseline and anthropometric measurements were made monthly . Weight , length , and gestational ages of 410 singleton newborns were measured within 72 h of birth . RESULTS At 7 mo of gestation , serum zinc concentrations tended to be higher in the zinc-supplemented group than in the placebo group ( 15.9 + /- 4.4 compared with 15.2 + /- 4.3 micromol/L ) . No significant effect of treatment was observed on infant birth weight ( 2513 + /- 390 compared with 2554 + /- 393 g ; NS ) or on gestational age , infant length , or head , chest , or midupper arm circumference . The incidence and distribution of low birth weight , prematurity , and smallness for gestational age also did not differ significantly after zinc supplementation . CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with 30 mg elemental Zn during the last 2 trimesters of pregnancy did not improve birth outcome in Bangladeshi urban poor . These results indicate that interventions with zinc supplementation alone are unlikely to reduce the incidence of low birth weight in Bangladesh BACKGROUND Little is known about how maternal zinc intake influences growth in utero and in postnatal life in humans . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to assess the effect of mat 
    Output:
    