human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Previous studies have found that there is a correlation between mothers ' haemoglobin concentration or packed cell volume and infants ' birth weight , and that iron supplementation increases mothers ' haemoglobin concentration . The purpose of this study , using the data of a large r and omised trial on iron prophylaxis during pregnancy , was to find out whether iron supplementation causes fetal growth to deteriorate . At their first antenatal visit , 2912 pregnant women were r and omised into non-routine iron and routine iron supplementation . The mean length of gestation was shorter in the non-routine group . Birth weight did not differ between the groups , but due to longer gestations boys in the group receiving routine iron were taller than in the non-routine group . In both groups , whether studied by various values of packed cell volume or correlation coefficients , the lower the packed cell volume , the heavier and taller the infant and heavier the placenta . These negative correlations could be seen even with a packed cell volume measured early in pregnancy . St and ardising for blood pressure did not influence the correlation coefficients . The correlation between a high ratio for packed cell volume and poor fetal growth thus may not be caused by iron supplementation , nor mediated by blood pressure , but by some other mechanism Two hundred Hausa primigravidae at Zaria were divided into five groups in a r and omized double-blind trial of antenatal oral antimalarial prophylaxis , and haematinic supplements . Group 1 received no active treatment . Groups 2 to 5 were given chloroquine 600 mg base once , followed by proguanil 100 mg per day . In addition , group 3 received iron 60 mg daily , group 4 folic acid 1 mg daily , and group 5 iron plus folic acid .  Forty-five percent were anaemic ( haemoglobin ( Hb ) less than 11.0 g dl-1 ) at first attendance before 24 weeks of gestation , and malaria parasitaemia ( predominantly Plasmodium falciparum ) was seen in 27 % , of whom 60 % were anaemic . The mean Hb fell during pregnancy in group 1 , and seven patients in this group had to be removed from the trial and treated for severe anaemia ( packed cell volume ( PCV ) less than 0.26 ) . Only five patients in the other groups developed severe anaemia ( P = 0.006 ) , two of whom had malaria following failure to take treatment . Patients in group 1 had the lowest mean Hb at 28 and 36 weeks of gestation , and patients receiving antimalarials and iron ( groups 3 and 5 ) had the highest Hb at 28 weeks , but differences were not significant , possibly due to removal from the trial of patients with severe anaemia . Anaemia ( Hb less than 12.0 g dl-1 ) at six weeks after delivery was observed in 61 % of those not receiving active treatment ( group 1 ) , in 39 % of those protected against malaria but not receiving iron supplements ( groups 2 and 4 ) and in only 18 % of patients receiving both antimalarials and iron ( groups 3 and 5 ) . Folic acid had no significant effect on mean Hb .  Proguanil was confirmed to be a highly effective causal prophylaxis . Prevention of malaria , without folic acid supplements , reduced the frequency of megaloblastic erythropoiesis from 56 % to 25 % . Folic acid supplements abolished megaloblastosis , except in three patients who were apparently not taking the treatment prescribed . Red cell folate ( RCF ) concentrations were higher in subjects with malaria , probably due to intracellular synthesis by plasmodia . Infants of mothers not receiving antimalarials appeared to have an erythroid hyperplasia . Maternal folate supplements raised infants ' serum folate and RCF .  Fourteen per cent had low birth weight ( less than 2500 g ) , and the perinatal death rate was 11 % ; the greatest number were in group 1 , but not significantly . A regime is proposed for the prevention of malaria , iron deficiency , folate deficiency and anaemia in pregnancy in the guinea savanna of Nigeria Iron absorption from four prenatal multivitamin/multimineral preparations was compared in 36 healthy pregnant women in their second or third trimester of pregnancy . The products studied were the currently marketed formulations of Stuartnatal 1 + 1 , Stuart Prenatal , Materna , and Natalins Rx . Each fasted subject received each of the four preparations , according to a r and omized sequence , at intervals of three to seven days between drug administrations . Stuartnatal 1 + 1 demonstrated the best iron absorption . Total iron absorbed from Stuartnatal 1 + 1 and Stuart Prenatal was well above the additional daily 3.5 mg recommended during pregnancy . Following administration of Materna the amount of iron was only slightly above that recommended , and following Natalins Rx it was well below . All formulations were generally well tolerated by the subjects OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether levels of iron status markers ( haemoglobin , serum transferrin saturation , serum ferritin ) in pregnant women , measured in the beginning of the second trimester , could be used to predict levels later in pregnancy , pre partum and post partum . DESIGN R and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled parallel study . SETTING The Birth Clinic at the Department of Obstetrics , Herning Hospital , Herning , Denmark . SUBJECTS One hundred and twenty healthy pregnant women between 14 and 18 weeks of gestation . INTERVENTIONS Sixty-three women were allocated to treatment with tablets containing 66 mg ferrous iron ( as fumarate ) daily , and 57 women to treatment with placebo . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Haemoglobin , serum transferrin saturation , and serum ferritin were measured every 4th week during gestation , prior to delivery , and 1 and 8 weeks post partum . RESULTS Correlation matrices during pregnancy and post partum were calculated for each iron status marker separately in iron-treated and placebo-treated women . Haemoglobin , transferrin saturation and serum ferritin values at inclusion displayed steadily declining correlation coefficients with values obtained later in pregnancy . There were no clinical ly relevant correlations to values obtained 8 weeks or less prior to delivery , and no correlations to values post partum . Serum ferritin values at inclusion could not be used to predict values later in pregnancy or post partum . CONCLUSION Haemoglobin , transferrin saturation and serum ferritin values measured in the beginning of the second trimester appear to be unsuitable as guidelines for an individual iron prophylaxis in pregnant women Bertino , J. R. , Ward , J. , Sartorelli , A. C. , and Silber , R. ( 1965 ) . 7 . clin . Invest . , 44 , 1028 . Bothwell , T. H. , Hurtardo , A. V. , Donohue , D. M. , and Finch , C. A. ( 1957 ) . Blood , 12 , 409 . Callender , S. T. , and Malpas , J. S. ( 1963 ) . Brit . med . 7 . , 2 , 1516 . Cockburn , F. , Sherman , J. D. , Ingall , D. , and Klein , R. ( 1965 ) . Proc . Soc . exp . Biol . ( N.Y. ) , 118 , 238 . Conrad , M. E. , Berman , A. , and Crosby , W. H. ( 1962 ) . Gastroenterology , 43 , 385 . Dacie , J. V. , and Lewis , S. M. ( 1963 ) . Practical Haematology , 3rd ed . London . Davis , A. E. , and Badenoch , J. ( 1962 ) . Lancet , 2 , 6 . Finch , C. A. , Coleman , D. H. , Motulsky , A. G. , Donohue , D. M. , and Reiff , R. H. ( 1956 ) . Blood , 11 , 807 . Herbert , V. ( 1963 ) . Amer . 7 . clan . Nutr . , 12 , 17 . Gottlieb , C. W. , and Altschule , M. D. ( 1965 ) . Lancet , 2 , 1052 Iron and folate status of 203 pregnant women have been evaluated at 6 months gestation and on the same women and their newborn infants at delivery . The women who had , at 6 months gestation , a Hb level below 11 g/dl were systematic ally given iron supplements . Iron or placebo were r and omly allocated to the other women . At 6 months of pregnancy , one quarter of the women had a Hb level under 11 g/dl but one third had a serum ferritin level below 12 micrograms/l and more than half had low levels of serum and red cell folate . Iron supplements induced an increase both in Hb levels and in serum ferritin values ; however , no significant differences were observed in serum ferritin of the newborn infants , whether their mothers had received iron supplements or not . These results have led us to reconsider the value of ferritin levels at birth as an index of iron stores in the infant . Iron supplements had no effect on the folate status in mothers or infants or on the frequency of obstetrical complications . A significant relationship was found between maternal folate levels and length of gestation . Folate supplementation may reduce the incidence of premature delivery RATIONALE It has been suggested that in pregnant women weekly iron supplements are as effective as daily supplements in preventing iron deficiency anaemia ( IDA ) . OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of prophylactic antenatal oral iron supplements given weekly , thrice weekly and daily in preventing IDA in pregnancy . DESIGN A r and omised control trial . SETTING University antenatal clinic , ( UANC ) Galle . SUBJECTS AND METHOD An oral iron supplement containing 100 mg of elemental iron was r and omly given weekly ( n = 26 ) thrice weekly ( n = 35 ) and daily ( n = 31 ) to 92 women who were 14 to 24 weeks pregnant .  Haemoglobin ( Hb ) , serum ferritin ( SF ) and haematocrit ( Hct ) were assessed before and after 12 to 20 weeks of supplementation and a logistic regression analysis carried out . RESULTS The risk of developing anaemia was significantly higher in the weekly ( odds ratio 15 , 95 % CI 1.4 - 165.6 , p < 0.03 ) and possibly higher in the thrice weekly ( odds ratio 3 , 95 % CI 0.3 - 30.3 , p = 0.3 ) groups . The risk of developing iron deficiency ( SF < 12 micrograms/l ) was also significantly higher in the weekly ( odds ratio 18 , 95 % CI 2.8 - 115.5 , p < 0.003 ) and thrice weekly ( odds ratio 10 , 95 % CI 1.6 - 64.8 , p < 0.02 ) groups . CONCLUSION Prophylactic oral iron supplements when given intermittently were not effective in preventing iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy The effect of daily rather than weekly iron supplementation was compared in women who were 8 - 24 wk pregnant . One group ( n = 68 ) received 60 mg Fe/d , the second group ( n = 71 ) received 120 mg Fe/wk , given at once . Supplementation lasted 11.3 wk on average , depending on gestational date at entry , and was not supervised . Hemoglobin increased in both groups ( P < 0.001 ) ; serum ferritin did not change significantly . There was no significant difference between groups for changes in hemoglobin and serum ferritin . In a subgroup of women with a hemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L at baseline ( n = 45 daily ; n = 54 weekly ) no significant within-group changes occurred in serum ferritin , but the change in the daily group was 4.1 micrograms/L higher than in the weekly group ( P = 0.049 ) . Compliance , as indicated by two positive stool tests , was approximately equal to 54.3 % in the daily group and 62.2 % in the weekly group . We conclude that for the complete sample of subjects , the treatment effect of daily compared with weekly supplementation was similar under conditions resembling a normal antenatal care program The present investigation was undertaken to assess the efficacy of oral iron supplementation during pregnancy by using a gastric delivery system ( GDS ) . Three hundred seventy-six pregnant women between 16 and 35 y of age and 14 and 22 wk gestation were selected if mild anemia was present ( hemoglobin concentration 80 - 110 g/L ) . The participants were r and omly assigned to one of three study groups given no iron , two FeSO4 tablets ( 100 mg Fe ) daily , or one GDS capsule ( 50 mg Fe ) daily . Blood was obtained initially and after 6 and 12 wk for measurement of red blood cell and iron indexes , including serum transferrin receptor . There was a significant and comparable improvement in hematologic and iron-status measurements in the two groups of women given iron whereas iron deficiency evolved in women given no iron supplement . We conclude that by eliminating gastrointestinal side effects and reducing the administration frequency of an iron supplement to once daily , a GDS offers significant advantages for iron supplementation of pregnant women Studies on the treatment and prevention of iron deficiency anemia , in pregnant and nonpregnant women and in men , were conducted in Thail and and Burma . The effects of the dose of Fe 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Previous studies have found that there is a correlation between mothers ' haemoglobin concentration or packed cell volume and infants ' birth weight , and that iron supplementation increases mothers ' haemoglobin concentration . The purpose of this study , using the data of a large r and omised trial on iron prophylaxis during pregnancy , was to find out whether iron supplementation causes fetal growth to deteriorate . At their first antenatal visit , 2912 pregnant women were r and omised into non-routine iron and routine iron supplementation . The mean length of gestation was shorter in the non-routine group . Birth weight did not differ between the groups , but due to longer gestations boys in the group receiving routine iron were taller than in the non-routine group . In both groups , whether studied by various values of packed cell volume or correlation coefficients , the lower the packed cell volume , the heavier and taller the infant and heavier the placenta . These negative correlations could be seen even with a packed cell volume measured early in pregnancy . St and ardising for blood pressure did not influence the correlation coefficients . The correlation between a high ratio for packed cell volume and poor fetal growth thus may not be caused by iron supplementation , nor mediated by blood pressure , but by some other mechanism Two hundred Hausa primigravidae at Zaria were divided into five groups in a r and omized double-blind trial of antenatal oral antimalarial prophylaxis , and haematinic supplements . Group 1 received no active treatment . Groups 2 to 5 were given chloroquine 600 mg base once , followed by proguanil 100 mg per day . In addition , group 3 received iron 60 mg daily , group 4 folic acid 1 mg daily , and group 5 iron plus folic acid .  Forty-five percent were anaemic ( haemoglobin ( Hb ) less than 11.0 g dl-1 ) at first attendance before 24 weeks of gestation , and malaria parasitaemia ( predominantly Plasmodium falciparum ) was seen in 27 % , of whom 60 % were anaemic . The mean Hb fell during pregnancy in group 1 , and seven patients in this group had to be removed from the trial and treated for severe anaemia ( packed cell volume ( PCV ) less than 0.26 ) . Only five patients in the other groups developed severe anaemia ( P = 0.006 ) , two of whom had malaria following failure to take treatment . Patients in group 1 had the lowest mean Hb at 28 and 36 weeks of gestation , and patients receiving antimalarials and iron ( groups 3 and 5 ) had the highest Hb at 28 weeks , but differences were not significant , possibly due to removal from the trial of patients with severe anaemia . Anaemia ( Hb less than 12.0 g dl-1 ) at six weeks after delivery was observed in 61 % of those not receiving active treatment ( group 1 ) , in 39 % of those protected against malaria but not receiving iron supplements ( groups 2 and 4 ) and in only 18 % of patients receiving both antimalarials and iron ( groups 3 and 5 ) . Folic acid had no significant effect on mean Hb .  Proguanil was confirmed to be a highly effective causal prophylaxis . Prevention of malaria , without folic acid supplements , reduced the frequency of megaloblastic erythropoiesis from 56 % to 25 % . Folic acid supplements abolished megaloblastosis , except in three patients who were apparently not taking the treatment prescribed . Red cell folate ( RCF ) concentrations were higher in subjects with malaria , probably due to intracellular synthesis by plasmodia . Infants of mothers not receiving antimalarials appeared to have an erythroid hyperplasia . Maternal folate supplements raised infants ' serum folate and RCF .  Fourteen per cent had low birth weight ( less than 2500 g ) , and the perinatal death rate was 11 % ; the greatest number were in group 1 , but not significantly . A regime is proposed for the prevention of malaria , iron deficiency , folate deficiency and anaemia in pregnancy in the guinea savanna of Nigeria Iron absorption from four prenatal multivitamin/multimineral preparations was compared in 36 healthy pregnant women in their second or third trimester of pregnancy . The products studied were the currently marketed formulations of Stuartnatal 1 + 1 , Stuart Prenatal , Materna , and Natalins Rx . Each fasted subject received each of the four preparations , according to a r and omized sequence , at intervals of three to seven days between drug administrations . Stuartnatal 1 + 1 demonstrated the best iron absorption . Total iron absorbed from Stuartnatal 1 + 1 and Stuart Prenatal was well above the additional daily 3.5 mg recommended during pregnancy . Following administration of Materna the amount of iron was only slightly above that recommended , and following Natalins Rx it was well below . All formulations were generally well tolerated by the subjects OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether levels of iron status markers ( haemoglobin , serum transferrin saturation , serum ferritin ) in pregnant women , measured in the beginning of the second trimester , could be used to predict levels later in pregnancy , pre partum and post partum . DESIGN R and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled parallel study . SETTING The Birth Clinic at the Department of Obstetrics , Herning Hospital , Herning , Denmark . SUBJECTS One hundred and twenty healthy pregnant women between 14 and 18 weeks of gestation . INTERVENTIONS Sixty-three women were allocated to treatment with tablets containing 66 mg ferrous iron ( as fumarate ) daily , and 57 women to treatment with placebo . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Haemoglobin , serum transferrin saturation , and serum ferritin were measured every 4th week during gestation , prior to delivery , and 1 and 8 weeks post partum . RESULTS Correlation matrices during pregnancy and post partum were calculated for each iron status marker separately in iron-treated and placebo-treated women . Haemoglobin , transferrin saturation and serum ferritin values at inclusion displayed steadily declining correlation coefficients with values obtained later in pregnancy . There were no clinical ly relevant correlations to values obtained 8 weeks or less prior to delivery , and no correlations to values post partum . Serum ferritin values at inclusion could not be used to predict values later in pregnancy or post partum . CONCLUSION Haemoglobin , transferrin saturation and serum ferritin values measured in the beginning of the second trimester appear to be unsuitable as guidelines for an individual iron prophylaxis in pregnant women Bertino , J. R. , Ward , J. , Sartorelli , A. C. , and Silber , R. ( 1965 ) . 7 . clin . Invest . , 44 , 1028 . Bothwell , T. H. , Hurtardo , A. V. , Donohue , D. M. , and Finch , C. A. ( 1957 ) . Blood , 12 , 409 . Callender , S. T. , and Malpas , J. S. ( 1963 ) . Brit . med . 7 . , 2 , 1516 . Cockburn , F. , Sherman , J. D. , Ingall , D. , and Klein , R. ( 1965 ) . Proc . Soc . exp . Biol . ( N.Y. ) , 118 , 238 . Conrad , M. E. , Berman , A. , and Crosby , W. H. ( 1962 ) . Gastroenterology , 43 , 385 . Dacie , J. V. , and Lewis , S. M. ( 1963 ) . Practical Haematology , 3rd ed . London . Davis , A. E. , and Badenoch , J. ( 1962 ) . Lancet , 2 , 6 . Finch , C. A. , Coleman , D. H. , Motulsky , A. G. , Donohue , D. M. , and Reiff , R. H. ( 1956 ) . Blood , 11 , 807 . Herbert , V. ( 1963 ) . Amer . 7 . clan . Nutr . , 12 , 17 . Gottlieb , C. W. , and Altschule , M. D. ( 1965 ) . Lancet , 2 , 1052 Iron and folate status of 203 pregnant women have been evaluated at 6 months gestation and on the same women and their newborn infants at delivery . The women who had , at 6 months gestation , a Hb level below 11 g/dl were systematic ally given iron supplements . Iron or placebo were r and omly allocated to the other women . At 6 months of pregnancy , one quarter of the women had a Hb level under 11 g/dl but one third had a serum ferritin level below 12 micrograms/l and more than half had low levels of serum and red cell folate . Iron supplements induced an increase both in Hb levels and in serum ferritin values ; however , no significant differences were observed in serum ferritin of the newborn infants , whether their mothers had received iron supplements or not . These results have led us to reconsider the value of ferritin levels at birth as an index of iron stores in the infant . Iron supplements had no effect on the folate status in mothers or infants or on the frequency of obstetrical complications . A significant relationship was found between maternal folate levels and length of gestation . Folate supplementation may reduce the incidence of premature delivery RATIONALE It has been suggested that in pregnant women weekly iron supplements are as effective as daily supplements in preventing iron deficiency anaemia ( IDA ) . OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of prophylactic antenatal oral iron supplements given weekly , thrice weekly and daily in preventing IDA in pregnancy . DESIGN A r and omised control trial . SETTING University antenatal clinic , ( UANC ) Galle . SUBJECTS AND METHOD An oral iron supplement containing 100 mg of elemental iron was r and omly given weekly ( n = 26 ) thrice weekly ( n = 35 ) and daily ( n = 31 ) to 92 women who were 14 to 24 weeks pregnant .  Haemoglobin ( Hb ) , serum ferritin ( SF ) and haematocrit ( Hct ) were assessed before and after 12 to 20 weeks of supplementation and a logistic regression analysis carried out . RESULTS The risk of developing anaemia was significantly higher in the weekly ( odds ratio 15 , 95 % CI 1.4 - 165.6 , p < 0.03 ) and possibly higher in the thrice weekly ( odds ratio 3 , 95 % CI 0.3 - 30.3 , p = 0.3 ) groups . The risk of developing iron deficiency ( SF < 12 micrograms/l ) was also significantly higher in the weekly ( odds ratio 18 , 95 % CI 2.8 - 115.5 , p < 0.003 ) and thrice weekly ( odds ratio 10 , 95 % CI 1.6 - 64.8 , p < 0.02 ) groups . CONCLUSION Prophylactic oral iron supplements when given intermittently were not effective in preventing iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy The effect of daily rather than weekly iron supplementation was compared in women who were 8 - 24 wk pregnant . One group ( n = 68 ) received 60 mg Fe/d , the second group ( n = 71 ) received 120 mg Fe/wk , given at once . Supplementation lasted 11.3 wk on average , depending on gestational date at entry , and was not supervised . Hemoglobin increased in both groups ( P < 0.001 ) ; serum ferritin did not change significantly . There was no significant difference between groups for changes in hemoglobin and serum ferritin . In a subgroup of women with a hemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L at baseline ( n = 45 daily ; n = 54 weekly ) no significant within-group changes occurred in serum ferritin , but the change in the daily group was 4.1 micrograms/L higher than in the weekly group ( P = 0.049 ) . Compliance , as indicated by two positive stool tests , was approximately equal to 54.3 % in the daily group and 62.2 % in the weekly group . We conclude that for the complete sample of subjects , the treatment effect of daily compared with weekly supplementation was similar under conditions resembling a normal antenatal care program The present investigation was undertaken to assess the efficacy of oral iron supplementation during pregnancy by using a gastric delivery system ( GDS ) . Three hundred seventy-six pregnant women between 16 and 35 y of age and 14 and 22 wk gestation were selected if mild anemia was present ( hemoglobin concentration 80 - 110 g/L ) . The participants were r and omly assigned to one of three study groups given no iron , two FeSO4 tablets ( 100 mg Fe ) daily , or one GDS capsule ( 50 mg Fe ) daily . Blood was obtained initially and after 6 and 12 wk for measurement of red blood cell and iron indexes , including serum transferrin receptor . There was a significant and comparable improvement in hematologic and iron-status measurements in the two groups of women given iron whereas iron deficiency evolved in women given no iron supplement . We conclude that by eliminating gastrointestinal side effects and reducing the administration frequency of an iron supplement to once daily , a GDS offers significant advantages for iron supplementation of pregnant women Studies on the treatment and prevention of iron deficiency anemia , in pregnant and nonpregnant women and in men , were conducted in Thail and and Burma . The effects of the dose of Fe 
    Output:
    