human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Although manual and electrical stimulation are frequently used in acupuncture analgesia , studies comparing both stimulation modalities are contradictory . This blinded , placebo-controlled cross-over study investigates effects of brief manual and electrical acupuncture stimulation on pressure pain detection thresholds ( PPDT ) compared with nonpenetrating sham acupuncture ( NPSA ) . INTERVENTIONS Forty-five healthy volunteers received electrically and manually stimulated acupuncture and NPSA at large intestine 4 and 11 in r and omized order .  PPDT was assessed using pressure algometry at the second toe before ; during ; and 0 , 2 , and 5 minutes after each intervention . Stimulus intensity during stimulation was rated on a 0 - 10 numeric rating scale ( NRS ) . RESULTS PPDT rose from 316 kPa ( st and ard deviation [ SD ] 149 ) to 398 kPa ( SD 157 ) and 405 kPa ( SD 184 ) immediately after acupuncture with manual and electrical stimulation , respectively , and to 380 kPa ( SD 175 ) and 367 kPa ( SD 168 ) after NPSA with simulated manual and electrical stimulation , respectively . During the intervention , electroacupuncture produced a higher PPDT increase than any other procedure ( P<0.001 ) . Immediately after , both acupuncture procedures were significantly more effective than NPSA ( P<0.001 ) but did not mutually differ ( P=0.082 ) . NRS ratings differed significantly : manual acupuncture 4.1 , electroacupuncture 2.7 , manual NPSA 2.5 , electro-NPSA 1.2 ( P<0.001 except for electroacupuncture vs manual NPSA , P=0.271 ) . CONCLUSION Electroacupuncture produced higher PPDT elevation than manual acupuncture , and acupuncture in general showed significantly greater analgesic effect than NPSA . These effects seem to be short lasting ( < 5 minutes ) in the context of only brief acupuncture . The superiority of acupuncture to NPSA provides further evidence for acupuncture-specific analgesic effects Background Most patients with obstructive sleep apnoea ( OSA ) do not tolerate treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure , the ‘ gold st and ard ’ treatment for this condition . It was shown in a pilot study that acupuncture was more effective than placebo treatment ( sham acupuncture ) in producing significant changes in the respiratory events assessed by polysomnography ( PSG ) . Objectives To investigate the immediate effect of manual acupuncture ( MA ) and electroacupuncture ( EA ) on the sleep pattern of patients presenting with moderate OSA . Methods 40 patients with an Apnoea – Hypopnoea Index ( AHI ) of 15–30/h were r and omly allocated to MA treatment ( n=10 ) , EA 10 Hz treatment ( n=10 ) , EA 2 Hz treatment ( n=10 ) and a no-treatment control group ( n=10 ) . The patients received MA or EA ( 2 or 10 Hz ) just before the PSG study at 20:00 . Results The AHI ( p=0.005 ; p=0.005 ) , the Apnoea Index ( p=0.038 ; p=0.009 ) and the respiratory events ( p=0.039 ; p=0.014 ) decreased significantly in the MA and EA 10 Hz groups , respectively ( AHI ( 21.9 , 11.2 ) , Apnoea Index ( 5.15 , 0.7 ) , respiratory events ( 120.5 , 61.0 ) in the MA group before and after . AHI ( 20.6 , 9.9 ) , Apnoea Index ( 8.2 , 0.3 ) , respiratory events ( 117.0 , 56.0 ) in the EA 10 Hz group before and after ) . The micro-arousals decreased only in the MA group ( 146.0 vs 88.5 , p=0.0002 ) . There were no significant changes in the EA 2 Hz group or in the control group . Conclusion A single session of either MA or EA 10 Hz had an acute effect in reducing the AHI as well as the number of nocturnal respiratory events of patients presenting with moderate OSA A prospect i ve , controlled clinical trial was undertaken to assess the relative efficacies of physiotherapy and electroacupuncture in the treatment of cervical spondylosis . The results suggested that , while both methods were effective , electroacupuncture produced an earlier symptomatic improvement with increased neck movement , especially in patients with mild degenerative changes of the cervical spine Spasticity is a frequently observed motor impairment that develops after stroke . The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of electroacupuncture ( EA ) and moxibustion ( Mox ) on  spasticity due to stroke . The subjects consisted of 35 stroke patients with elbow spasticity whose mean duration of stroke was 2.97 months . Fifteen patients were r and omized to the EA group , ten to Mox , and ten to control . Every other day , 30 minutes of electrical stimulation with a frequency of 50 Hz was given through four needles on the Ch'ü-Ch'ih-San-Li ( LI-11-LI-10 ) and Wai-Kuan-Ho-Ku ( TB-5-LI-4 ) points of the paretic side . Direct Mox was applied to Ch'ü-Ch'ih ( LI-11 ) , San-Li ( LI-10 ) , Wai-Kuan ( TB-5 ) and Ho-Ku ( LI-4 ) points three times a day every other day . The control group was given only the routine acupuncture therapy for stroke and range of motion ( ROM ) exercise , which were also applied to the EA and Mox groups . The efficacy of treatment was measured before , immediately , 1 hour , 3 hours , 1 day , 5 days , 10 days and 15 days after the start of treatment using a modified Ashworth scale ( MAS ) . In the EA group , spasticity was significantly reduced immediately , 1 hour and 3 hours after treatment ( p < 0.05 ) . Reductions were significant on the 5th day and thereafter ( p < 0.05 ) . In the Mox group , there was no significant change in the MAS scores after the first treatment . In the Mox and control group , there was no significant change in MAS scores . This study suggests that EA can temporarily reduce spasticity due to stroke , and if applied repeatedly it can maintain reduced spasticity BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the pain-relieving effect and the subjective well-being between auricular electro-acupuncture ( EA ) analgesia , auricular acupuncture ( A ) and conventional analgesia with remifentanil ( CO ) . METHODS A total of 94 women undergoing IVF were r and omized to auricular acupuncture with ( EA , n = 32 ) or without ( A , n = 32 ) continuous 1 Hz auricular stimulation ( using a battery-powered miniaturized stimulator , P-Stim ) or with adhesive tapes instead of needles and no electrical stimulation ( control group , CO , n = 30 ) at the auricular acupuncture points 29 , 55 and 57 . All patients received patient-controlled analgesia ( PCA ) with remifentanil .  Pain intensity and psychological well-being were assessed by means of visual analogue scales ( VAS ) ; tiredness , nausea and vomiting and analgesic drug consumption were documented . RESULTS Pain relief and subjective well-being were significantly greater in group EA during and after the procedure as compared with groups A and CO ( P < 0.001 ) . The patients were significantly more tired in group CO than in groups A and EA ( P < 0.001 ) . Consumption of the opioid remifentanil was significantly lower in group EA , comparable nausea ( P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Auricular EA significantly reduces pain intensity and analgesic consumption of the opioid remifentanil during oocyte aspiration in IVF treatment OBJECTIVE To observe the clinical therapeutic effects of electro-acupuncture in the treatment of cervical spondylopathy of the vertebroarterial type . METHODS According to the consulting order , the patients were r and omly divided into a treatment group ( 29 cases treated with electro-acupuncture ) , and a control group ( 28 cases treated with simple acupuncture ) . 20 treatments were given to patients in both groups . RESULTS The markedly effective rate of the treatment group was 75 % and that of the control group was 61.54 % ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Electro-acupuncture has a better therapeutic effect than the simple acupuncture in the treatment of cervical spondylopathy of the vertebroarterial type Objective Electroacupuncture , a modern variation on a traditional Chinese treatment , might be useful for sedation and analgesia . This study aims to investigate whether electroacupuncture can modify the dose of midazolam monitored by the bispectral index ( BIS ) in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation . Methods Orotracheally intubated patients undergoing mechanical ventilation were r and omly assigned into three groups ( groups A , B and C ) . All patients were given an intravenous infusion of midazolam . Patients in group A received no additional treatment . Patients in group B were given acupuncture without electrical stimulation at acupuncture points GV24 and EX – HN3 ( Yintang ) for 6 h simultaneously , and patients in group C were given electroacupuncture to the same points as in group B. Results Maintaining the BIS between 60 and 80 , the hourly mean one dose of midazolam within the first 6 h after sedation in group C was 0.05 ( ±0.02 mg/kg per hour ) , which was significantly lower than both group A ( 0.08±0.03 mg/kg per hour , p<0.001 ) and group B ( 0.07±0.01 mg/kg per hour , p<0.021 ) . The doses in groups A and B showed no significant difference . Between-group comparison analysis of hepatic and renal function and severe adverse reactions all showed no significant difference between the three groups . Conclusions Electroacupuncture appears to reduce markedly the dose of sedative drug required in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation monitored by BIS , without any obvious severe adverse action , and larger studies to confirm the effect are justified BACKGROUND Temporal summation of pain , a phenomenon of the central nervous system ( CNS ) , represents enhanced painful sensation or reduced pain threshold upon repeated stimulation . This pain model has been used to evaluate the analgesic effect of various medications on the CNS . AIMS The present study aim ed to evaluate the effects and characteristics of analgesia induced by electroacupuncture ( EA ) , manual acupuncture ( MA ) and non-invasive sham-acupuncture ( SA ) in healthy humans on temporal summation of pain . METHODS Thirsty-six pain-free volunteers were r and omised into one of the three groups EA ( 2/100 Hz ) , MA or SA . Acupuncture intervention was on ST36 and ST40 on the dominant leg delivered by an acupuncturist blinded to the outcome assessment . Both subjects and the evaluator were blinded to the treatment allocation . Pain thresholds to a single pulse ( single pain threshold , SPT ) and repeated pulses electrical stimulation ( temporal summation thresholds , TST ) were measured before , 30 min after and 24h after each treatment . RESULTS The baseline values of three groups were comparable . Compared to SA , EA significantly increased both SPT and TST immediately after the treatment on the treatment leg as well as 24h after on both the treatment and non-treatment legs ( ANOVA , p<0.05 ) . MA also increased SPT and TST , but the changes were not significantly different from those induced by SA . CONCLUSION EA induces bilateral , segmentally distributed and prolong analgesia on both SPT and TST , indicating a non- central ly specific effect . This effect needs to be verified with heat or mechanical model and in pain patients We have recently shown that polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) is associated with high muscle sympathetic nerve activity ( MSNA ) . Animal studies support the concept that low-frequency electroacupuncture ( EA ) and physical exercise , via stimulation of ergoreceptors and somatic afferents in the muscles , may modulate the activity of the sympathetic nervous system . The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of these interventions on sympathetic nerve activity in women with PCOS . In a r and omized controlled trial , 20 women with PCOS were r and omly allocated to one of three groups : low-frequency EA ( n = 9 ) , physical exercise ( n = 5 ) , or untreated control ( n = 6 ) during 16 wk . Direct recordings of multiunit efferent postganglionic MSNA in a muscle fascicle of the peroneal nerve before and following 16 wk of treatment . Biometric , hemodynamic , endocrine , and metabolic parameters were measured . Low-frequency EA ( P = 0.036 ) and physical exercise ( P = 0.030 ) decreased MSNA burst frequency compared with the untreated control group . The low-frequency EA group reduced sagittal diameter ( P = 0.001 ) , while the physical exercise group reduced body weight ( P = 0.004 ) and body mass index ( P = 0.004 ) compared with the untreated control group . Sagittal diameter was related to MSNA burst frequency ( Rs = 0. 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Although manual and electrical stimulation are frequently used in acupuncture analgesia , studies comparing both stimulation modalities are contradictory . This blinded , placebo-controlled cross-over study investigates effects of brief manual and electrical acupuncture stimulation on pressure pain detection thresholds ( PPDT ) compared with nonpenetrating sham acupuncture ( NPSA ) . INTERVENTIONS Forty-five healthy volunteers received electrically and manually stimulated acupuncture and NPSA at large intestine 4 and 11 in r and omized order .  PPDT was assessed using pressure algometry at the second toe before ; during ; and 0 , 2 , and 5 minutes after each intervention . Stimulus intensity during stimulation was rated on a 0 - 10 numeric rating scale ( NRS ) . RESULTS PPDT rose from 316 kPa ( st and ard deviation [ SD ] 149 ) to 398 kPa ( SD 157 ) and 405 kPa ( SD 184 ) immediately after acupuncture with manual and electrical stimulation , respectively , and to 380 kPa ( SD 175 ) and 367 kPa ( SD 168 ) after NPSA with simulated manual and electrical stimulation , respectively . During the intervention , electroacupuncture produced a higher PPDT increase than any other procedure ( P<0.001 ) . Immediately after , both acupuncture procedures were significantly more effective than NPSA ( P<0.001 ) but did not mutually differ ( P=0.082 ) . NRS ratings differed significantly : manual acupuncture 4.1 , electroacupuncture 2.7 , manual NPSA 2.5 , electro-NPSA 1.2 ( P<0.001 except for electroacupuncture vs manual NPSA , P=0.271 ) . CONCLUSION Electroacupuncture produced higher PPDT elevation than manual acupuncture , and acupuncture in general showed significantly greater analgesic effect than NPSA . These effects seem to be short lasting ( < 5 minutes ) in the context of only brief acupuncture . The superiority of acupuncture to NPSA provides further evidence for acupuncture-specific analgesic effects Background Most patients with obstructive sleep apnoea ( OSA ) do not tolerate treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure , the ‘ gold st and ard ’ treatment for this condition . It was shown in a pilot study that acupuncture was more effective than placebo treatment ( sham acupuncture ) in producing significant changes in the respiratory events assessed by polysomnography ( PSG ) . Objectives To investigate the immediate effect of manual acupuncture ( MA ) and electroacupuncture ( EA ) on the sleep pattern of patients presenting with moderate OSA . Methods 40 patients with an Apnoea – Hypopnoea Index ( AHI ) of 15–30/h were r and omly allocated to MA treatment ( n=10 ) , EA 10 Hz treatment ( n=10 ) , EA 2 Hz treatment ( n=10 ) and a no-treatment control group ( n=10 ) . The patients received MA or EA ( 2 or 10 Hz ) just before the PSG study at 20:00 . Results The AHI ( p=0.005 ; p=0.005 ) , the Apnoea Index ( p=0.038 ; p=0.009 ) and the respiratory events ( p=0.039 ; p=0.014 ) decreased significantly in the MA and EA 10 Hz groups , respectively ( AHI ( 21.9 , 11.2 ) , Apnoea Index ( 5.15 , 0.7 ) , respiratory events ( 120.5 , 61.0 ) in the MA group before and after . AHI ( 20.6 , 9.9 ) , Apnoea Index ( 8.2 , 0.3 ) , respiratory events ( 117.0 , 56.0 ) in the EA 10 Hz group before and after ) . The micro-arousals decreased only in the MA group ( 146.0 vs 88.5 , p=0.0002 ) . There were no significant changes in the EA 2 Hz group or in the control group . Conclusion A single session of either MA or EA 10 Hz had an acute effect in reducing the AHI as well as the number of nocturnal respiratory events of patients presenting with moderate OSA A prospect i ve , controlled clinical trial was undertaken to assess the relative efficacies of physiotherapy and electroacupuncture in the treatment of cervical spondylosis . The results suggested that , while both methods were effective , electroacupuncture produced an earlier symptomatic improvement with increased neck movement , especially in patients with mild degenerative changes of the cervical spine Spasticity is a frequently observed motor impairment that develops after stroke . The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of electroacupuncture ( EA ) and moxibustion ( Mox ) on  spasticity due to stroke . The subjects consisted of 35 stroke patients with elbow spasticity whose mean duration of stroke was 2.97 months . Fifteen patients were r and omized to the EA group , ten to Mox , and ten to control . Every other day , 30 minutes of electrical stimulation with a frequency of 50 Hz was given through four needles on the Ch'ü-Ch'ih-San-Li ( LI-11-LI-10 ) and Wai-Kuan-Ho-Ku ( TB-5-LI-4 ) points of the paretic side . Direct Mox was applied to Ch'ü-Ch'ih ( LI-11 ) , San-Li ( LI-10 ) , Wai-Kuan ( TB-5 ) and Ho-Ku ( LI-4 ) points three times a day every other day . The control group was given only the routine acupuncture therapy for stroke and range of motion ( ROM ) exercise , which were also applied to the EA and Mox groups . The efficacy of treatment was measured before , immediately , 1 hour , 3 hours , 1 day , 5 days , 10 days and 15 days after the start of treatment using a modified Ashworth scale ( MAS ) . In the EA group , spasticity was significantly reduced immediately , 1 hour and 3 hours after treatment ( p < 0.05 ) . Reductions were significant on the 5th day and thereafter ( p < 0.05 ) . In the Mox group , there was no significant change in the MAS scores after the first treatment . In the Mox and control group , there was no significant change in MAS scores . This study suggests that EA can temporarily reduce spasticity due to stroke , and if applied repeatedly it can maintain reduced spasticity BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the pain-relieving effect and the subjective well-being between auricular electro-acupuncture ( EA ) analgesia , auricular acupuncture ( A ) and conventional analgesia with remifentanil ( CO ) . METHODS A total of 94 women undergoing IVF were r and omized to auricular acupuncture with ( EA , n = 32 ) or without ( A , n = 32 ) continuous 1 Hz auricular stimulation ( using a battery-powered miniaturized stimulator , P-Stim ) or with adhesive tapes instead of needles and no electrical stimulation ( control group , CO , n = 30 ) at the auricular acupuncture points 29 , 55 and 57 . All patients received patient-controlled analgesia ( PCA ) with remifentanil .  Pain intensity and psychological well-being were assessed by means of visual analogue scales ( VAS ) ; tiredness , nausea and vomiting and analgesic drug consumption were documented . RESULTS Pain relief and subjective well-being were significantly greater in group EA during and after the procedure as compared with groups A and CO ( P < 0.001 ) . The patients were significantly more tired in group CO than in groups A and EA ( P < 0.001 ) . Consumption of the opioid remifentanil was significantly lower in group EA , comparable nausea ( P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Auricular EA significantly reduces pain intensity and analgesic consumption of the opioid remifentanil during oocyte aspiration in IVF treatment OBJECTIVE To observe the clinical therapeutic effects of electro-acupuncture in the treatment of cervical spondylopathy of the vertebroarterial type . METHODS According to the consulting order , the patients were r and omly divided into a treatment group ( 29 cases treated with electro-acupuncture ) , and a control group ( 28 cases treated with simple acupuncture ) . 20 treatments were given to patients in both groups . RESULTS The markedly effective rate of the treatment group was 75 % and that of the control group was 61.54 % ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Electro-acupuncture has a better therapeutic effect than the simple acupuncture in the treatment of cervical spondylopathy of the vertebroarterial type Objective Electroacupuncture , a modern variation on a traditional Chinese treatment , might be useful for sedation and analgesia . This study aims to investigate whether electroacupuncture can modify the dose of midazolam monitored by the bispectral index ( BIS ) in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation . Methods Orotracheally intubated patients undergoing mechanical ventilation were r and omly assigned into three groups ( groups A , B and C ) . All patients were given an intravenous infusion of midazolam . Patients in group A received no additional treatment . Patients in group B were given acupuncture without electrical stimulation at acupuncture points GV24 and EX – HN3 ( Yintang ) for 6 h simultaneously , and patients in group C were given electroacupuncture to the same points as in group B. Results Maintaining the BIS between 60 and 80 , the hourly mean one dose of midazolam within the first 6 h after sedation in group C was 0.05 ( ±0.02 mg/kg per hour ) , which was significantly lower than both group A ( 0.08±0.03 mg/kg per hour , p<0.001 ) and group B ( 0.07±0.01 mg/kg per hour , p<0.021 ) . The doses in groups A and B showed no significant difference . Between-group comparison analysis of hepatic and renal function and severe adverse reactions all showed no significant difference between the three groups . Conclusions Electroacupuncture appears to reduce markedly the dose of sedative drug required in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation monitored by BIS , without any obvious severe adverse action , and larger studies to confirm the effect are justified BACKGROUND Temporal summation of pain , a phenomenon of the central nervous system ( CNS ) , represents enhanced painful sensation or reduced pain threshold upon repeated stimulation . This pain model has been used to evaluate the analgesic effect of various medications on the CNS . AIMS The present study aim ed to evaluate the effects and characteristics of analgesia induced by electroacupuncture ( EA ) , manual acupuncture ( MA ) and non-invasive sham-acupuncture ( SA ) in healthy humans on temporal summation of pain . METHODS Thirsty-six pain-free volunteers were r and omised into one of the three groups EA ( 2/100 Hz ) , MA or SA . Acupuncture intervention was on ST36 and ST40 on the dominant leg delivered by an acupuncturist blinded to the outcome assessment . Both subjects and the evaluator were blinded to the treatment allocation . Pain thresholds to a single pulse ( single pain threshold , SPT ) and repeated pulses electrical stimulation ( temporal summation thresholds , TST ) were measured before , 30 min after and 24h after each treatment . RESULTS The baseline values of three groups were comparable . Compared to SA , EA significantly increased both SPT and TST immediately after the treatment on the treatment leg as well as 24h after on both the treatment and non-treatment legs ( ANOVA , p<0.05 ) . MA also increased SPT and TST , but the changes were not significantly different from those induced by SA . CONCLUSION EA induces bilateral , segmentally distributed and prolong analgesia on both SPT and TST , indicating a non- central ly specific effect . This effect needs to be verified with heat or mechanical model and in pain patients We have recently shown that polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) is associated with high muscle sympathetic nerve activity ( MSNA ) . Animal studies support the concept that low-frequency electroacupuncture ( EA ) and physical exercise , via stimulation of ergoreceptors and somatic afferents in the muscles , may modulate the activity of the sympathetic nervous system . The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of these interventions on sympathetic nerve activity in women with PCOS . In a r and omized controlled trial , 20 women with PCOS were r and omly allocated to one of three groups : low-frequency EA ( n = 9 ) , physical exercise ( n = 5 ) , or untreated control ( n = 6 ) during 16 wk . Direct recordings of multiunit efferent postganglionic MSNA in a muscle fascicle of the peroneal nerve before and following 16 wk of treatment . Biometric , hemodynamic , endocrine , and metabolic parameters were measured . Low-frequency EA ( P = 0.036 ) and physical exercise ( P = 0.030 ) decreased MSNA burst frequency compared with the untreated control group . The low-frequency EA group reduced sagittal diameter ( P = 0.001 ) , while the physical exercise group reduced body weight ( P = 0.004 ) and body mass index ( P = 0.004 ) compared with the untreated control group . Sagittal diameter was related to MSNA burst frequency ( Rs = 0. 
    Output:
    