human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Elevated circulating levels of soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 ( sLOX-1 ) have been observed in obese persons and are reduced by weight loss . However , it is not known whether combining caloric restriction ( CR ) with exercise training is better in reducing sLOX-1 levels than CR alone . Objective : We examined whether the addition of aerobic exercise to a weight loss intervention differentially affects sLOX-1 levels in 61 abdominally obese post-menopausal women r and omly assigned to a CR only ( n=22 ) , CR+moderate-intensity exercise ( n=22 ) or CR+vigorous-intensity exercise ( n=17 ) intervention for 20 weeks . The caloric deficit was ∼2800 kcal per week for all groups . Results : The intervention groups were similar at baseline with respect to body weight , body composition , lipids and blood pressure . However , plasma sLOX-1 levels were higher in the CR-only group ( 99.90±8.23 pg ml−1 ) compared with both the CR+moderate-intensity exercise ( 69.39±8.23 pg ml−1 , P=0.01 ) and the CR+vigorous-intensity exercise ( 72.83±9.36 pg ml−1 , P=0.03 ) groups . All three interventions significantly reduced body weight ( ∼14 % ) , body fat and waist and hip circumferences to a similar degree . These changes were accompanied by a 23 % reduction in sLOX-1 levels overall ( −19.00±30.08 pg ml−1 , P<0.0001 ) , which did not differ among intervention groups ( P=0.13 ) . Changes in body weight , body fat and maximal oxygen consumption ( VO2 max ) were not correlated with changes in sLOX-1 levels . In multiple regression analyses in all women combined , baseline sLOX-1 levels ( β=−0.70±0.06 , P<0.0001 ) , age ( β=0.92±0.43 , P=0.03 ) and baseline body mass index ( BMI ) ( β=1.88±0.66 , P=0.006 ) were independent predictors of the change in sLOX-1 with weight loss . Conclusions : Weight loss interventions of equal energy deficit have similar effects on sLOX-1 levels in overweight and obese post-menopausal women , with the addition of aerobic exercise having no added benefit when performed in conjunction with CR Background : Many women experience detriments in mental health during the menopausal transition . Physical activity may attenuate these adverse outcomes but few studies investigating such effects exist . Purpose : This study examined the effects of a 4-month r and omized controlled exercise trial on mental health outcomes in 164 previously low-active middle-aged women ( M age=49.9 ; SD=3.6 ) . Methods and Results : Participants completed body composition and fitness assessment and a battery of psychological measures at the beginning and end of a 4-month r and omized controlled exercise trial with three arms : walking , yoga , control . The results indicated that walking and yoga were effective in enhancing positive affect and menopause-related QOL and reducing negative affect . Women who experienced decreases in menopausal symptoms across the trial also experienced improvements in all positive mental health and QOL outcomes and reductions in negative mental health outcomes . Whether menopausal symptoms increased or decreased across the trial appeared to be determined in part by whether there were increases or decreases in cardiorespiratory fitness . Conclusions : Physical activity appears to enhance mood and menopause-related QOL during menopause , however , other aspects of mental health may be affected only as a result of reduction in menopausal symptoms . Increasing cardiorespiratory fitness could be one way to reduce menopausal symptoms Context : Menopausal-related weight gain and increased waist circumference have major cardiovascular health implication s for older women . The efficacy of a dietary and physical activity lifestyle intervention to prevent weight gain and elevations in cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors from the peri- to postmenopause is unknown . Objective : To report the 54-month results of a lifestyle dietary and physical activity program on weight , body composition , physical activity , diet , and other CVD risk factors . Design : Data are from a 5-year r and omized clinical trial known as the Women ’s Healthy Lifestyle Project , conducted from 1992 to 1999 . Participants : 535 healthy , premenopausal women ages 44 to 50 at study entry enrolled into the trial . Intervention : Participants were r and omly assigned to either a lifestyle intervention group receiving a 5-year behavioral dietary and physical activity program or to an assessment -only control group . The lifestyle intervention group was given modest weight loss goals ( 5–15 lb , or approximately 2.3–6.8 kg ) to prevent subsequent gain above baseline weight by the end of the trial . To achieve weight loss and lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels , intervention participants followed an eating pattern consisting of 1,300 kcal/day ( 25 % total fat , 7 % saturated fat , 100 mg of dietary cholesterol ) and increased their physical activity expenditure ( 1,000–1,500 kcal/week).Main Outcome Measures : Regarding weight gain prevention , 55 % ( 136/246 ) of intervention participants were at or below baseline weight compared with 26 % ( 68/261 ) of controls after 4.5 years , χ(2 , N = 507 ) = 45.0 , p < .001 . The mean weight change in the intervention group was 0.1 kg below baseline ( SD = 5.2 kg ) compared with an average gain of 2.4 kg ( SD = 4.9 kg ) observed in the control group . Waist circumference also significantly decreased more in the intervention group compared with controls ( M = −2.9 cm , SD = 5.3 vs. M = −0.5 cm , SD = 5.6 , p < .001 ) . Moreover , participants in the lifestyle intervention group were consistently more physically active and reported eating fewer calories and less fat than controls . Long-term adherence to physical activity and a low-fat eating pattern was associated with better weight maintenance . Conclusions : In healthy women , weight gain and increased waist circumference during the peri- to postmenopause can be prevented with a long-term lifestyle dietary and physical activity intervention The specific aims of this study were to quantify the effects of 12 weeks of resistance training , as well as a single session of resistance exercise on lipids and lipoproteins in obese , postmenopausal women . 21 obese , postmenopausal women , not on hormone replacement therapy ( age=65.9 ± 0.5 yr ; BMI = 32.7 ± 0.8 kg/m(2 ) ) , were r and omly assigned to control ( n=12 ) and exercise ( n=9 ) groups matched for age and BMI . For 12 weeks , 3 days/week , the exercise group performed 10 whole body resistance exercises ( 3 sets at 8-RM ) . Fasting ( 10 h ) blood sample s were collected immediately prior to and 24 h after the first and last exercise and control session . Serum was assayed for concentrations of total cholesterol , triglycerides , LDL-C , HDL-C , HDL 2-C , HDL 3-C , non-HDL-C and TC : HDL and LDL : HDL ratios . The exercise group exhibited a significant ( P<0.01 ) improvement in muscular strength , but no change in BMI , body mass or body composition post-training . Total cholesterol , LDL-C and non-HDL-C were significantly ( P<0.05 ) lower in the exercise compared to the control group following the 12 weeks of resistance training . Whole body resistance training provides obese , postmenopausal women a non-pharmacological approach for the reduction of lipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations BACKGROUND American women aged 25 - 44 y gain 0.5 - 1 kg yearly , most of which is fat . Because few midlife women participate in strength training , this mode of activity may be a novel intervention for preventing age-associated fat increases in this population . OBJECTIVES The primary aim was to assess the efficacy of twice-weekly strength training to avoid increases in percentage body fat and intraabdominal fat . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial was conducted in an ethnically diverse sample of 164 overweight and obese [ body mass index ( in kg/m2 ) : 25 - 35 ] women aged 25 - 44 y. The treatment group did twice-weekly strength training for 2 y. The st and ard care comparison group was given brochures recommending aerobic exercise . Assessment s at baseline , 1 , and 2 y included intraabdominal fat by computed tomography scan and body fat and fat-free mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . RESULTS During 2 y , percentage body fat changes were -3.68 + /- 0.99 % for the treatment group and -0.14 + /- 1.04 % for the control group , P = 0.01 . Two-year intraabdominal fat changes were 7.05 + /- 5.07 % for the treatment group and 21.36 + /- 5.34 % for the control group , P = 0.05 . CONCLUSION This study suggests that strength training is an efficacious intervention for preventing percentage body fat increases and attenuating intraabdominal fat increases in overweight and obese premenopausal women . This is relevant to public health efforts for obesity prevention because most weight gain can be assumed to be fat , including abdominal fat BACKGROUND Exercise training reduces adiposity and risk of cardiovascular disease . However , the combined effects of habitual free-living physical activity and aerobic training on waist circumference , weight , fitness , and blood pressure in postmenopausal women are unknown . PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of habitual physical activity levels during aerobic training on weight , waist circumference , fitness , and blood pressure . DESIGN Secondary analysis of an RCT . Original data collected April 2001 to June 2005 and analyzed in 2012 . SETTING / PARTICIPANTS Postmenopausal women in a supervised exercise trial . INTERVENTION Women ( n=325 ) were r and omized to 4 , 8 , or 12 kcal/kg per week of aerobic training or a control group for 6 months . All outcome measures were collected at baseline and follow-up . Changes in dependent variables within each training group were evaluated across tertiles of pedometer-determined habitual physical activity outside exercise training sessions . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in waist circumference and weight . RESULTS Reductions in waist circumference were significantly greater with higher steps/day accumulated outside exercise training compared to lower levels in the 4 ( high : -4.8 cm vs low : -1.4 cm , p=0.03 ) ; 8 ( high : -4.2 cm vs low : -0.4 cm , p=0.03 ) , and 12 kcal/kg per week groups ( high : -4.1 cm vs low : -0.7 cm , p=0.05 ) . For all groups , p-trend≤0.03 . A trend was observed for greater weight reduction with higher steps/day in the 4 kcal/kg per week group ( p-trend=0.04 ) but not for the other exercise doses . No effects were observed for blood pressure or fitness measures ( all p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS In postmenopausal women , higher habitual physical activity while participating in aerobic training was associated with greater reductions in central adiposity , and was supportive of weight loss compared to lower levels BACKGROUND The impact of a 6-month lifestyle change intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in obese , sedentary , postmenopausal women was examined . A secondary aim of this investigation was to determine whether the addition of self-control skills training to an empirically supported lifestyle change intervention would result in greater cardiovascular risk reduction . METHODS Forty-four women were r and omly assigned to receive either a lifestyle change or a lifestyle change with self-control skills intervention . Pretreatment and posttreatment weight loss , body composition , physical activity , cardiorespiratory fitness , diet , blood pressure ( BP ) , blood lipids , and psychosocial functioning were assessed . Also , at 1-year posttreatment , weight loss , body composition , self-reported physical activity , and psychosocial functioning were assessed . RESULTS The women significantly increased their physical activity ( + 39.6 % ) and cardiorespiratory fitness ( + 13.5 % ) and reduced their body weight ( -6.5 % ) , fat mass ( -7.4 % ) , body fat ( -2.4 % ) , BP ( SBP -6.2 % , DBP -9.2 % ) , total cholesterol ( -7.4 % ) , triglycerides ( -16.5 % ) , and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol ( 9.1 % ) and improved their diet ( p < 0.05 ) . At the 1-year follow-up , women had regained approximately 63 % of their posttreatment weight loss ( p < 0.05 ) , but had maintained their previous increases in physical activity . Additionally , there were no significant changes in fat free mass , body fat , anxiety , or depression between the end of treatment and 1-year posttreatment . The addition of self-control skills training did not significantly improve cardiovascular risk reduction . CONCLUSIONS 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Elevated circulating levels of soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 ( sLOX-1 ) have been observed in obese persons and are reduced by weight loss . However , it is not known whether combining caloric restriction ( CR ) with exercise training is better in reducing sLOX-1 levels than CR alone . Objective : We examined whether the addition of aerobic exercise to a weight loss intervention differentially affects sLOX-1 levels in 61 abdominally obese post-menopausal women r and omly assigned to a CR only ( n=22 ) , CR+moderate-intensity exercise ( n=22 ) or CR+vigorous-intensity exercise ( n=17 ) intervention for 20 weeks . The caloric deficit was ∼2800 kcal per week for all groups . Results : The intervention groups were similar at baseline with respect to body weight , body composition , lipids and blood pressure . However , plasma sLOX-1 levels were higher in the CR-only group ( 99.90±8.23 pg ml−1 ) compared with both the CR+moderate-intensity exercise ( 69.39±8.23 pg ml−1 , P=0.01 ) and the CR+vigorous-intensity exercise ( 72.83±9.36 pg ml−1 , P=0.03 ) groups . All three interventions significantly reduced body weight ( ∼14 % ) , body fat and waist and hip circumferences to a similar degree . These changes were accompanied by a 23 % reduction in sLOX-1 levels overall ( −19.00±30.08 pg ml−1 , P<0.0001 ) , which did not differ among intervention groups ( P=0.13 ) . Changes in body weight , body fat and maximal oxygen consumption ( VO2 max ) were not correlated with changes in sLOX-1 levels . In multiple regression analyses in all women combined , baseline sLOX-1 levels ( β=−0.70±0.06 , P<0.0001 ) , age ( β=0.92±0.43 , P=0.03 ) and baseline body mass index ( BMI ) ( β=1.88±0.66 , P=0.006 ) were independent predictors of the change in sLOX-1 with weight loss . Conclusions : Weight loss interventions of equal energy deficit have similar effects on sLOX-1 levels in overweight and obese post-menopausal women , with the addition of aerobic exercise having no added benefit when performed in conjunction with CR Background : Many women experience detriments in mental health during the menopausal transition . Physical activity may attenuate these adverse outcomes but few studies investigating such effects exist . Purpose : This study examined the effects of a 4-month r and omized controlled exercise trial on mental health outcomes in 164 previously low-active middle-aged women ( M age=49.9 ; SD=3.6 ) . Methods and Results : Participants completed body composition and fitness assessment and a battery of psychological measures at the beginning and end of a 4-month r and omized controlled exercise trial with three arms : walking , yoga , control . The results indicated that walking and yoga were effective in enhancing positive affect and menopause-related QOL and reducing negative affect . Women who experienced decreases in menopausal symptoms across the trial also experienced improvements in all positive mental health and QOL outcomes and reductions in negative mental health outcomes . Whether menopausal symptoms increased or decreased across the trial appeared to be determined in part by whether there were increases or decreases in cardiorespiratory fitness . Conclusions : Physical activity appears to enhance mood and menopause-related QOL during menopause , however , other aspects of mental health may be affected only as a result of reduction in menopausal symptoms . Increasing cardiorespiratory fitness could be one way to reduce menopausal symptoms Context : Menopausal-related weight gain and increased waist circumference have major cardiovascular health implication s for older women . The efficacy of a dietary and physical activity lifestyle intervention to prevent weight gain and elevations in cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors from the peri- to postmenopause is unknown . Objective : To report the 54-month results of a lifestyle dietary and physical activity program on weight , body composition , physical activity , diet , and other CVD risk factors . Design : Data are from a 5-year r and omized clinical trial known as the Women ’s Healthy Lifestyle Project , conducted from 1992 to 1999 . Participants : 535 healthy , premenopausal women ages 44 to 50 at study entry enrolled into the trial . Intervention : Participants were r and omly assigned to either a lifestyle intervention group receiving a 5-year behavioral dietary and physical activity program or to an assessment -only control group . The lifestyle intervention group was given modest weight loss goals ( 5–15 lb , or approximately 2.3–6.8 kg ) to prevent subsequent gain above baseline weight by the end of the trial . To achieve weight loss and lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels , intervention participants followed an eating pattern consisting of 1,300 kcal/day ( 25 % total fat , 7 % saturated fat , 100 mg of dietary cholesterol ) and increased their physical activity expenditure ( 1,000–1,500 kcal/week).Main Outcome Measures : Regarding weight gain prevention , 55 % ( 136/246 ) of intervention participants were at or below baseline weight compared with 26 % ( 68/261 ) of controls after 4.5 years , χ(2 , N = 507 ) = 45.0 , p < .001 . The mean weight change in the intervention group was 0.1 kg below baseline ( SD = 5.2 kg ) compared with an average gain of 2.4 kg ( SD = 4.9 kg ) observed in the control group . Waist circumference also significantly decreased more in the intervention group compared with controls ( M = −2.9 cm , SD = 5.3 vs. M = −0.5 cm , SD = 5.6 , p < .001 ) . Moreover , participants in the lifestyle intervention group were consistently more physically active and reported eating fewer calories and less fat than controls . Long-term adherence to physical activity and a low-fat eating pattern was associated with better weight maintenance . Conclusions : In healthy women , weight gain and increased waist circumference during the peri- to postmenopause can be prevented with a long-term lifestyle dietary and physical activity intervention The specific aims of this study were to quantify the effects of 12 weeks of resistance training , as well as a single session of resistance exercise on lipids and lipoproteins in obese , postmenopausal women . 21 obese , postmenopausal women , not on hormone replacement therapy ( age=65.9 ± 0.5 yr ; BMI = 32.7 ± 0.8 kg/m(2 ) ) , were r and omly assigned to control ( n=12 ) and exercise ( n=9 ) groups matched for age and BMI . For 12 weeks , 3 days/week , the exercise group performed 10 whole body resistance exercises ( 3 sets at 8-RM ) . Fasting ( 10 h ) blood sample s were collected immediately prior to and 24 h after the first and last exercise and control session . Serum was assayed for concentrations of total cholesterol , triglycerides , LDL-C , HDL-C , HDL 2-C , HDL 3-C , non-HDL-C and TC : HDL and LDL : HDL ratios . The exercise group exhibited a significant ( P<0.01 ) improvement in muscular strength , but no change in BMI , body mass or body composition post-training . Total cholesterol , LDL-C and non-HDL-C were significantly ( P<0.05 ) lower in the exercise compared to the control group following the 12 weeks of resistance training . Whole body resistance training provides obese , postmenopausal women a non-pharmacological approach for the reduction of lipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations BACKGROUND American women aged 25 - 44 y gain 0.5 - 1 kg yearly , most of which is fat . Because few midlife women participate in strength training , this mode of activity may be a novel intervention for preventing age-associated fat increases in this population . OBJECTIVES The primary aim was to assess the efficacy of twice-weekly strength training to avoid increases in percentage body fat and intraabdominal fat . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial was conducted in an ethnically diverse sample of 164 overweight and obese [ body mass index ( in kg/m2 ) : 25 - 35 ] women aged 25 - 44 y. The treatment group did twice-weekly strength training for 2 y. The st and ard care comparison group was given brochures recommending aerobic exercise . Assessment s at baseline , 1 , and 2 y included intraabdominal fat by computed tomography scan and body fat and fat-free mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . RESULTS During 2 y , percentage body fat changes were -3.68 + /- 0.99 % for the treatment group and -0.14 + /- 1.04 % for the control group , P = 0.01 . Two-year intraabdominal fat changes were 7.05 + /- 5.07 % for the treatment group and 21.36 + /- 5.34 % for the control group , P = 0.05 . CONCLUSION This study suggests that strength training is an efficacious intervention for preventing percentage body fat increases and attenuating intraabdominal fat increases in overweight and obese premenopausal women . This is relevant to public health efforts for obesity prevention because most weight gain can be assumed to be fat , including abdominal fat BACKGROUND Exercise training reduces adiposity and risk of cardiovascular disease . However , the combined effects of habitual free-living physical activity and aerobic training on waist circumference , weight , fitness , and blood pressure in postmenopausal women are unknown . PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of habitual physical activity levels during aerobic training on weight , waist circumference , fitness , and blood pressure . DESIGN Secondary analysis of an RCT . Original data collected April 2001 to June 2005 and analyzed in 2012 . SETTING / PARTICIPANTS Postmenopausal women in a supervised exercise trial . INTERVENTION Women ( n=325 ) were r and omized to 4 , 8 , or 12 kcal/kg per week of aerobic training or a control group for 6 months . All outcome measures were collected at baseline and follow-up . Changes in dependent variables within each training group were evaluated across tertiles of pedometer-determined habitual physical activity outside exercise training sessions . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in waist circumference and weight . RESULTS Reductions in waist circumference were significantly greater with higher steps/day accumulated outside exercise training compared to lower levels in the 4 ( high : -4.8 cm vs low : -1.4 cm , p=0.03 ) ; 8 ( high : -4.2 cm vs low : -0.4 cm , p=0.03 ) , and 12 kcal/kg per week groups ( high : -4.1 cm vs low : -0.7 cm , p=0.05 ) . For all groups , p-trend≤0.03 . A trend was observed for greater weight reduction with higher steps/day in the 4 kcal/kg per week group ( p-trend=0.04 ) but not for the other exercise doses . No effects were observed for blood pressure or fitness measures ( all p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS In postmenopausal women , higher habitual physical activity while participating in aerobic training was associated with greater reductions in central adiposity , and was supportive of weight loss compared to lower levels BACKGROUND The impact of a 6-month lifestyle change intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in obese , sedentary , postmenopausal women was examined . A secondary aim of this investigation was to determine whether the addition of self-control skills training to an empirically supported lifestyle change intervention would result in greater cardiovascular risk reduction . METHODS Forty-four women were r and omly assigned to receive either a lifestyle change or a lifestyle change with self-control skills intervention . Pretreatment and posttreatment weight loss , body composition , physical activity , cardiorespiratory fitness , diet , blood pressure ( BP ) , blood lipids , and psychosocial functioning were assessed . Also , at 1-year posttreatment , weight loss , body composition , self-reported physical activity , and psychosocial functioning were assessed . RESULTS The women significantly increased their physical activity ( + 39.6 % ) and cardiorespiratory fitness ( + 13.5 % ) and reduced their body weight ( -6.5 % ) , fat mass ( -7.4 % ) , body fat ( -2.4 % ) , BP ( SBP -6.2 % , DBP -9.2 % ) , total cholesterol ( -7.4 % ) , triglycerides ( -16.5 % ) , and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol ( 9.1 % ) and improved their diet ( p < 0.05 ) . At the 1-year follow-up , women had regained approximately 63 % of their posttreatment weight loss ( p < 0.05 ) , but had maintained their previous increases in physical activity . Additionally , there were no significant changes in fat free mass , body fat , anxiety , or depression between the end of treatment and 1-year posttreatment . The addition of self-control skills training did not significantly improve cardiovascular risk reduction . CONCLUSIONS 
    Output:
    