human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective To establish whether an interactive booklet on  respiratory tract infections in children reduces reconsultation for the same illness episode , reduces antibiotic use , and affects future consulting intentions , while maintaining parental satisfaction with care . Design Pragmatic cluster r and omised controlled trial . Setting 61 general practice s in Wales and Engl and . Participants 558 children ( 6 months to 14 years ) presenting to primary care with an acute respiratory tract infection ( 7 days or less ) . Children with suspected pneumonia , asthma or a serious concomitant illness , or needing immediate hospital admission were excluded . Three withdrew and 27 were lost to follow-up , leaving 528 ( 94.6 % ) with main outcome data . Interventions Clinicians in the intervention group were trained in the use of an interactive booklet on respiratory tract infections and asked to use the booklet during consultations with recruited patients ( and provide it as a take home re source ) . Clinicians in the control group conducted their consultations as usual . Main outcome measures The proportion of children who attended a face-to-face consultation about the same illness during the two week follow-up period . Secondary outcomes included antibiotic prescribing , antibiotic consumption , future consulting intentions , and parental satisfaction , reassurance , and enablement . Results Reconsultation occurred in 12.9 % of children in the intervention group and 16.2 % in the control group ( absolute risk reduction 3.3 % , 95 % confidence interval −2.7 % to 9.3 % , P=0.29 ) . Using multilevel modelling ( at the practice and individual level ) to account for clustering , no significant difference in reconsulting was noted ( odds ratio 0.75 ; 0.41 to 1.38 ) . Antibiotics were prescribed at the index consultation to 19.5 % of children in the intervention group and 40.8 % of children in the control group ( absolute risk reduction 21.3 % , 95 % confidence interval 13.7 to 28.9 ) , P<0.001 ) . A significant difference was still present after adjusting for clustering ( odds ratio 0.29 ; 0.14 to 0.60 ) . There was also a significant difference in the proportion of parents who said they would consult in the future if their child developed a similar illness ( odds ratio 0.34 ; 0.20 to 0.57 ) . Satisfaction , reassurance , and parental enablement scores were not significantly different between the two groups . Conclusions Use of a booklet on respiratory tract infections in children within primary care consultations led to important reductions in antibiotic prescribing and reduced intention to consult without reducing satisfaction with care . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT Objective . To study the effect of an educationally oriented intervention programme , with the recommendations from the National Board of Health and Welfare as a base . Design . A prospect i ve intervention study . Setting . Six day-care centres in Växjö , Sweden . Three centres comprised the  intervention group and three constituted the control group .  Subjects and main outcome measures . The parents and personnel completed a question naire on their views concerning information about infectious diseases . During a nine-month period , parents of all children reported every episode of absence , the number of days absent , the cause of absence , and any contact with doctors or prescription of antibiotics . Results . The guidelines were implementable in routine child day-care . Parents found regular information valuable and felt better informed about infectious diseases . Multilevel analyses showed no statistically significant results of the intervention . “ Infection-prone ” children had more sickness absence , doctor 's consultations , and antibiotic prescriptions than those not “ infection-prone ” . Conclusion . It is possible to implement an educationally oriented intervention programme directed against infectious diseases in child day-care . No significant effect of the intervention was found , which is why a larger intervention study is needed We evaluated the ability of an office health education program to ( 1 ) increase  parental knowledge about fever in children , ( 2 ) improve parental satisfaction with services , and ( 3 ) affect the number of fever-associated clinic visits .  R and omly selected experimental and control groups differed only in that the former group viewed a slide-tape presentation . Testing of population sample s before and after the presentation disclosed a highly significant improvement in knowledge about fever in the experimental population that persisted for almost 6 months . Monitoring of subsequent clinic visits revealed a 30 % to 35 % decrease in visits for fever and a 20 % to 25 % decrease in all visits for acute problems . These findings suggest that an audiovisual health education intervention can significantly improve patient confidence in managing fever as reflected by decreased clinic visits . This program is potentially useful in both the office and clinic in a health maintenance organization setting Department of Health and Social Security . Report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in Engl and and Wales 1973 - 5 . London : HMSO , 1979 . ( Reports on health and social subjects No 14 . ) 2 Ministry of Health . Report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in Engl and and Wales 1961 - 3 . London : HMSO , 1966 . ( Reports on public health and medical subjects No 115 . ) 3 And erson JR . Too few necropsies . Br MedJ3 1979 ; ii : 932 . 4 Cameron HM , McGoogan E , Clark J , Wilson BA . Trends in hospital necropsy rates in Scotl and 1961 - 74 . Br MedJ 1977;i:1577 - 80 . 5 Editorial . Reviving the hospital necropsy . Br MedJ3 1977;i:1560 . 6 Sheehan HL . Post-partum necrosis of the anterior pituitary . 3rournal of Pathology and Bacteriology 1937;45:189 - 214 . 7 Robertson WB , Brosens I , Dixon HG . The pathological response of the vessels of the placental bed to hypertensive pregnancy . Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 1967;93 : 581 - 92 . 8 Whittington RM , Robinson JS , Thompson JM . Fatal aspiration ( Mendelson 's ) syndrome despite antacids and cricoid pressure . Lancet 1979 ; ii : 228 - 30 . 9 Claireaux A. Stillbirths and first week deaths . In : British births 1970 . Vol I. The first week of life . London : Heinemann , 1975 . 10 McWeeny PM , Emery JL . Unexpected postnatal deaths ( cot deaths ) due to recognizable disease . Arch Dis Child 1975;50:191 - 6 Background : Febrile convulsion is one of the most common problems in children aged 5 months to 6 years . The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of an educational program on mothers  for prevention of febrile seizure in children . Material s and Methods : In this clinical trial study , 88 mothers were chosen who were divided into intervention and control groups , r and omly . Data of the control and intervention groups were collected in two stages , before intervention and 1 month after intervention , by a vali date d and reliable question naire . The intervention consisted of three educational sessions , each one lasting for 60 min . Data were analyzed using chi-square , t-test and paired t-test . Findings : Age average of subjects in the intervention group and in the control group was 26.75 and 26.84 years , respectively . The results showed a significant increase in the knowledge ( P < 0.001 ) , attitude ( P = 0.04 ) and practice ( P = 0.01 ) in the intervention group 1 month after intervention compared with that before intervention , while such an increase was not seen in the control group . Conclusion : This study confirmed the efficiency of educational interventions in improving mother 's knowledge , attitude and practice regarding prevention of febrile seizure in children BACKGROUND Respiratory tract infections ( RTI ) in children is the most common cause of prescription of antibiotics . It is important to describe and analyse non-medical factors in order to develop more rational use of antibiotics . OBJECTIVES To compare families with high and low concern about infectious illness with regard to social variables , perception of infection proneness and beliefs in antibiotics  and to relate the concern for infectious illness to reported morbidity , physician consultations and antibiotic prescriptions for the 18-month-old child in the family . METHODS A prospect i ve , population -based survey was performed . During 1 month , all infectious symptoms , physician consultations and antibiotic treatments for 18-month-old children were noted . The 818 families also answered questions about their socio-economic situation , illness perception and concern about infectious illness . RESULTS High concern about infectious illness was associated with more frequent physicians consultations and more prescriptions of antibiotics . There was no significant difference in reported days with symptoms of RTI , but the parents more often experienced their children with RTI without fever as being ill . The variables of infection proneness in the child , inadequate beliefs in antibiotics and the factor of being the only child were important explanatory factors for concern about infectious illness . CONCLUSIONS High concern about infectious illness is an important determining factor for physician consultations and antibiotic prescription for small children . An adequate consultation , where the doctor deals with the parents ' worries and gives appropriate information about symptoms and disease , might contribute to less antibiotic prescribing with preserved parental satisfaction OBJECTIVES : To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention to decrease pediatric emergency department ( PED ) visits and adverse care practice s for upper respiratory infections ( URI ) among predominantly Latino Early Head Start ( EHS ) families . METHODS : Four EHS sites in New York City were r and omized . Families at intervention sites received 3 1.5-hour education modules in their EHS parent-child group focusing on URIs , over-the-counter medications , and medication management . St and ard curriculum families received the st and ard EHS curriculum , which did not include URI education . During weekly telephone calls for 5 months , families reported URI in family members , care sought , and medications given . Pre- and post-intervention knowledge-attitude surveys were also conducted . Outcomes were compared between groups . RESULTS : There were 154 families who participated ( 76 intervention , 78 st and ard curriculum ) including 197 children < 4 years old . Families were primarily Latino and Spanish-speaking . Intervention families were significantly less likely to visit the PED when their young child ( age 6 to < 48 months ) was ill ( 8.2 % vs 15.7 % ; P = .025 ) . The difference remained significant on the family level ( P = .03 ) . These families were also less likely to use an inappropriate over-the-counter medication for their < 2-year-old child ( odds ratio , 0.29 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.09–0.95 ; 12.2 % vs 32.4 % , P = .034 ) and /or incorrect dosing tool for their < 4-year-old child ( odds ratio , 0.24 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.08–0.74 ; 9.8 % vs 31.1 % ; P < .01 ) . The mean difference in Knowledge-Attitude scores for intervention families was higher . CONCLUSIONS : A URI health literacy-related educational intervention embedded into EHS decreased PED visits and adverse care practice Mothers ' benefit of a mass-distributed self-care booklet and a self-care educational session about young children 's minor illnesses were investigated . The following questions were studied : ( 1 ) Do mothers of infants read and benefit from a self-care booklet ? ( 2 ) Is the mothers ' knowledge about self-care improved more if the booklet is supplemented by a self-care educational session ? 265 ( 92 % ) of 288 r and omly sample d Swedish mothers whose first child was 6 - 12 months of age were interviewed regarding their knowledge about self-care . Shortly thereafter a self-care booklet was mailed to all households in Uppsala county and 6.5 months later a new group of 572 mothers was r and omly sample d. Among the 572 mothers , 332 ( 58 % ) were r and omized to a self-care session organized at child health centres and 240 ( 42 % ) were not invited to a session . Of the 572 mothers , 530 ( 93 % ) were later interviewed about the booklet , the session and their knowledge about self-care . 69 % participated among the mothers r and omized to the session . Among these mothers , 99 % recalled the booklet and 96 % had read the child care section . Among the mothers not invited to the session , 68 % recalled the booklet and 60 % had read the child care section . The mothers who had read the child care section would follow the recommendations about when to seek ( and not to seek ) medical care significantly better than those who had not read it ( P less than 0.003 ) . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS BACKGROUND A number of previous studies on minor illness have concentrated on nurse-led clinics and the role of nurse practitioners . This study examines the effect of a minor illness education programme which aim ed to increase  parents ' confidence and knowledge in managing childhood illnesses . AIM The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a home visit and booklet in providing education to parents about minor infant illnesses . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial was conducted . The intervention involved a home visit to 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective To establish whether an interactive booklet on  respiratory tract infections in children reduces reconsultation for the same illness episode , reduces antibiotic use , and affects future consulting intentions , while maintaining parental satisfaction with care . Design Pragmatic cluster r and omised controlled trial . Setting 61 general practice s in Wales and Engl and . Participants 558 children ( 6 months to 14 years ) presenting to primary care with an acute respiratory tract infection ( 7 days or less ) . Children with suspected pneumonia , asthma or a serious concomitant illness , or needing immediate hospital admission were excluded . Three withdrew and 27 were lost to follow-up , leaving 528 ( 94.6 % ) with main outcome data . Interventions Clinicians in the intervention group were trained in the use of an interactive booklet on respiratory tract infections and asked to use the booklet during consultations with recruited patients ( and provide it as a take home re source ) . Clinicians in the control group conducted their consultations as usual . Main outcome measures The proportion of children who attended a face-to-face consultation about the same illness during the two week follow-up period . Secondary outcomes included antibiotic prescribing , antibiotic consumption , future consulting intentions , and parental satisfaction , reassurance , and enablement . Results Reconsultation occurred in 12.9 % of children in the intervention group and 16.2 % in the control group ( absolute risk reduction 3.3 % , 95 % confidence interval −2.7 % to 9.3 % , P=0.29 ) . Using multilevel modelling ( at the practice and individual level ) to account for clustering , no significant difference in reconsulting was noted ( odds ratio 0.75 ; 0.41 to 1.38 ) . Antibiotics were prescribed at the index consultation to 19.5 % of children in the intervention group and 40.8 % of children in the control group ( absolute risk reduction 21.3 % , 95 % confidence interval 13.7 to 28.9 ) , P<0.001 ) . A significant difference was still present after adjusting for clustering ( odds ratio 0.29 ; 0.14 to 0.60 ) . There was also a significant difference in the proportion of parents who said they would consult in the future if their child developed a similar illness ( odds ratio 0.34 ; 0.20 to 0.57 ) . Satisfaction , reassurance , and parental enablement scores were not significantly different between the two groups . Conclusions Use of a booklet on respiratory tract infections in children within primary care consultations led to important reductions in antibiotic prescribing and reduced intention to consult without reducing satisfaction with care . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT Objective . To study the effect of an educationally oriented intervention programme , with the recommendations from the National Board of Health and Welfare as a base . Design . A prospect i ve intervention study . Setting . Six day-care centres in Växjö , Sweden . Three centres comprised the  intervention group and three constituted the control group .  Subjects and main outcome measures . The parents and personnel completed a question naire on their views concerning information about infectious diseases . During a nine-month period , parents of all children reported every episode of absence , the number of days absent , the cause of absence , and any contact with doctors or prescription of antibiotics . Results . The guidelines were implementable in routine child day-care . Parents found regular information valuable and felt better informed about infectious diseases . Multilevel analyses showed no statistically significant results of the intervention . “ Infection-prone ” children had more sickness absence , doctor 's consultations , and antibiotic prescriptions than those not “ infection-prone ” . Conclusion . It is possible to implement an educationally oriented intervention programme directed against infectious diseases in child day-care . No significant effect of the intervention was found , which is why a larger intervention study is needed We evaluated the ability of an office health education program to ( 1 ) increase  parental knowledge about fever in children , ( 2 ) improve parental satisfaction with services , and ( 3 ) affect the number of fever-associated clinic visits .  R and omly selected experimental and control groups differed only in that the former group viewed a slide-tape presentation . Testing of population sample s before and after the presentation disclosed a highly significant improvement in knowledge about fever in the experimental population that persisted for almost 6 months . Monitoring of subsequent clinic visits revealed a 30 % to 35 % decrease in visits for fever and a 20 % to 25 % decrease in all visits for acute problems . These findings suggest that an audiovisual health education intervention can significantly improve patient confidence in managing fever as reflected by decreased clinic visits . This program is potentially useful in both the office and clinic in a health maintenance organization setting Department of Health and Social Security . Report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in Engl and and Wales 1973 - 5 . London : HMSO , 1979 . ( Reports on health and social subjects No 14 . ) 2 Ministry of Health . Report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in Engl and and Wales 1961 - 3 . London : HMSO , 1966 . ( Reports on public health and medical subjects No 115 . ) 3 And erson JR . Too few necropsies . Br MedJ3 1979 ; ii : 932 . 4 Cameron HM , McGoogan E , Clark J , Wilson BA . Trends in hospital necropsy rates in Scotl and 1961 - 74 . Br MedJ 1977;i:1577 - 80 . 5 Editorial . Reviving the hospital necropsy . Br MedJ3 1977;i:1560 . 6 Sheehan HL . Post-partum necrosis of the anterior pituitary . 3rournal of Pathology and Bacteriology 1937;45:189 - 214 . 7 Robertson WB , Brosens I , Dixon HG . The pathological response of the vessels of the placental bed to hypertensive pregnancy . Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 1967;93 : 581 - 92 . 8 Whittington RM , Robinson JS , Thompson JM . Fatal aspiration ( Mendelson 's ) syndrome despite antacids and cricoid pressure . Lancet 1979 ; ii : 228 - 30 . 9 Claireaux A. Stillbirths and first week deaths . In : British births 1970 . Vol I. The first week of life . London : Heinemann , 1975 . 10 McWeeny PM , Emery JL . Unexpected postnatal deaths ( cot deaths ) due to recognizable disease . Arch Dis Child 1975;50:191 - 6 Background : Febrile convulsion is one of the most common problems in children aged 5 months to 6 years . The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of an educational program on mothers  for prevention of febrile seizure in children . Material s and Methods : In this clinical trial study , 88 mothers were chosen who were divided into intervention and control groups , r and omly . Data of the control and intervention groups were collected in two stages , before intervention and 1 month after intervention , by a vali date d and reliable question naire . The intervention consisted of three educational sessions , each one lasting for 60 min . Data were analyzed using chi-square , t-test and paired t-test . Findings : Age average of subjects in the intervention group and in the control group was 26.75 and 26.84 years , respectively . The results showed a significant increase in the knowledge ( P < 0.001 ) , attitude ( P = 0.04 ) and practice ( P = 0.01 ) in the intervention group 1 month after intervention compared with that before intervention , while such an increase was not seen in the control group . Conclusion : This study confirmed the efficiency of educational interventions in improving mother 's knowledge , attitude and practice regarding prevention of febrile seizure in children BACKGROUND Respiratory tract infections ( RTI ) in children is the most common cause of prescription of antibiotics . It is important to describe and analyse non-medical factors in order to develop more rational use of antibiotics . OBJECTIVES To compare families with high and low concern about infectious illness with regard to social variables , perception of infection proneness and beliefs in antibiotics  and to relate the concern for infectious illness to reported morbidity , physician consultations and antibiotic prescriptions for the 18-month-old child in the family . METHODS A prospect i ve , population -based survey was performed . During 1 month , all infectious symptoms , physician consultations and antibiotic treatments for 18-month-old children were noted . The 818 families also answered questions about their socio-economic situation , illness perception and concern about infectious illness . RESULTS High concern about infectious illness was associated with more frequent physicians consultations and more prescriptions of antibiotics . There was no significant difference in reported days with symptoms of RTI , but the parents more often experienced their children with RTI without fever as being ill . The variables of infection proneness in the child , inadequate beliefs in antibiotics and the factor of being the only child were important explanatory factors for concern about infectious illness . CONCLUSIONS High concern about infectious illness is an important determining factor for physician consultations and antibiotic prescription for small children . An adequate consultation , where the doctor deals with the parents ' worries and gives appropriate information about symptoms and disease , might contribute to less antibiotic prescribing with preserved parental satisfaction OBJECTIVES : To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention to decrease pediatric emergency department ( PED ) visits and adverse care practice s for upper respiratory infections ( URI ) among predominantly Latino Early Head Start ( EHS ) families . METHODS : Four EHS sites in New York City were r and omized . Families at intervention sites received 3 1.5-hour education modules in their EHS parent-child group focusing on URIs , over-the-counter medications , and medication management . St and ard curriculum families received the st and ard EHS curriculum , which did not include URI education . During weekly telephone calls for 5 months , families reported URI in family members , care sought , and medications given . Pre- and post-intervention knowledge-attitude surveys were also conducted . Outcomes were compared between groups . RESULTS : There were 154 families who participated ( 76 intervention , 78 st and ard curriculum ) including 197 children < 4 years old . Families were primarily Latino and Spanish-speaking . Intervention families were significantly less likely to visit the PED when their young child ( age 6 to < 48 months ) was ill ( 8.2 % vs 15.7 % ; P = .025 ) . The difference remained significant on the family level ( P = .03 ) . These families were also less likely to use an inappropriate over-the-counter medication for their < 2-year-old child ( odds ratio , 0.29 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.09–0.95 ; 12.2 % vs 32.4 % , P = .034 ) and /or incorrect dosing tool for their < 4-year-old child ( odds ratio , 0.24 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.08–0.74 ; 9.8 % vs 31.1 % ; P < .01 ) . The mean difference in Knowledge-Attitude scores for intervention families was higher . CONCLUSIONS : A URI health literacy-related educational intervention embedded into EHS decreased PED visits and adverse care practice Mothers ' benefit of a mass-distributed self-care booklet and a self-care educational session about young children 's minor illnesses were investigated . The following questions were studied : ( 1 ) Do mothers of infants read and benefit from a self-care booklet ? ( 2 ) Is the mothers ' knowledge about self-care improved more if the booklet is supplemented by a self-care educational session ? 265 ( 92 % ) of 288 r and omly sample d Swedish mothers whose first child was 6 - 12 months of age were interviewed regarding their knowledge about self-care . Shortly thereafter a self-care booklet was mailed to all households in Uppsala county and 6.5 months later a new group of 572 mothers was r and omly sample d. Among the 572 mothers , 332 ( 58 % ) were r and omized to a self-care session organized at child health centres and 240 ( 42 % ) were not invited to a session . Of the 572 mothers , 530 ( 93 % ) were later interviewed about the booklet , the session and their knowledge about self-care . 69 % participated among the mothers r and omized to the session . Among these mothers , 99 % recalled the booklet and 96 % had read the child care section . Among the mothers not invited to the session , 68 % recalled the booklet and 60 % had read the child care section . The mothers who had read the child care section would follow the recommendations about when to seek ( and not to seek ) medical care significantly better than those who had not read it ( P less than 0.003 ) . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS BACKGROUND A number of previous studies on minor illness have concentrated on nurse-led clinics and the role of nurse practitioners . This study examines the effect of a minor illness education programme which aim ed to increase  parents ' confidence and knowledge in managing childhood illnesses . AIM The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a home visit and booklet in providing education to parents about minor infant illnesses . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial was conducted . The intervention involved a home visit to 
    Output:
    