human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to determine if providing men with information about screening for prostate cancer would enable them to assume a more active role in decision making with their family physician , and lower levels of anxiety and decisional conflict .  Men were recruited from one family medical clinic in Winnipeg , Manitoba . One hundred men scheduled for a periodic health examination ( PHE ) were r and omly assigned to receive verbal and written information either prior to the PHE , or following the second interview . Men completed measures of preferred decisional role and anxiety prior to the PHE ; and assumed decisional role , decisional conflict , and anxiety post PHE . Results demonstrated that men who received the information prior to the PHE assumed a significantly more active role in making a screening decision , and had lower levels of decisional conflict post PHE . The two groups did not differ with regard to levels of state anxiety . Providing men with information enables them to make informed screening decisions with their family physicians OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a simple psychological intervention known as ' implementation intentions ' to promote performance of testicular self-examination ( TSE ) in a sample of young males . METHOD A prospect i ve , r and omized controlled design measured knowledge of testicular cancer , prior experience with TSE and intention to perform TSE within a 3-week period . Participants in the intervention group were instructed to formulate specific plans for when and where they would perform TSE . Three weeks later , a second question naire assessed self-reported performance of TSE during the study period and future intention to perform TSE .  One hundred and fifty-nine male undergraduates aged between 18 and 35 were assigned , at r and om , to an intervention or non-intervention group .  Men over 35 were excluded so that the sample reflected the highest risk age group for testicular cancer . Just under half the original participants ( 76/159 ) completed the study . We measured performance of TSE and future intention to perform TSE . RESULTS Responders and non-responders did not differ on any of the measures assessed at Time 1 . At Time 2 , 30 ( 65 % ) participants in the intervention reported performing TSE compared with 12 ( 40 % ) in the control condition , and chi-squared analyses revealed that the difference was significant . CONCLUSIONS The implementation intentions intervention procedure , which encourages the use of environmental and context ual ' cues ' to prompt a desired behaviour , appears to offer a promising strategy for encouraging the performance of TSE This study evaluates the impact of a self-help pamphlet design ed to support self-control of drinking . It was conducted in Helsinki , Finl and , in 2001 and 2002 and focused on men between 30 and 49 years of age . The respondents were r and omly selected in an intervention and a control area and compared with each other before and after the intervention using independent sample s ( N = 4418 ) The results support previous findings showing that interventions like this serve as a supplement to other prevention and early treatment measures . Although the results were encouraging , there is a need for more in-depth studies in the field Abstract BACKGROUND : Little is known about the relative advantages of video versus internet-based decision aids to facilitate shared medical decision making . This study compared internet and video patient education modalities for men considering the prostate specific antigen ( PSA ) test . METHODS : Two hundred and twenty-six men , aged 50 years or older , and scheduled to complete a physical examination at an HMO Health Appraisal Clinic were r and omly assigned to access a website ( N=114 ) or view a 23-minute videotape in the clinic ( N=112 ) prior to deciding whether they wanted to be screened for prostate cancer . RESULTS : There were no between-groups differences in participants ’ ratings of convenience , effort , or satisfaction following exposure to the decision aid . Participants assigned to the video group were more likely to review the material s than individuals assigned to the internet group ( 98.2 % vs 53.5 % ) . Participants in the video group showed significantly greater increases in PSA knowledge and were more likely to decline the PSA test than individuals assigned to the internet group . However , participants in the internet group who review ed the entire online presentation showed similar increases in PSA knowledge as video participants . Only 5 % of all participants visited other websites to inform themselves about the PSA test . CONCLUSIONS : Overall , the video was significantly more effective than the Internet in educating participants about benefits and risks of PSA screening Abstract OBJECTIVE : To assess the effect of video and pamphlet interventions on patient prostate cancer ( CaP )  screening knowledge , decision-making participation , preferences , and behaviors . DESIGN : R and omized , controlled trial . SETTING : Four midwestern Veterans Affairs medical facilities . PATIENTS / PARTICIPANTS : One thous and , one hundred fifty-two male veterans age 50 and older with primary care appointments at participating facilities were r and omized and 893 completed follow-up . INTERVENTIONS : Patients were r and omized to mailed pamphlet , mailed video , or usual care/control . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS : Outcomes assessed by phone survey 2 weeks postintervention included a 10-item knowledge index ; correct responses to questions on CaP natural history , treatment efficacy , the prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) ’s predictive value , and expert disagreement about the PSA ; whether screening was discussed with provider ; screening preferences ; and PSA testing rates . Mean knowledge index scores were higher for video ( 7.44 ; P=.001 ) and pamphlet ( 7.26 ; P=.03 ) subjects versus controls ( 6.90 ) . Video and pamphlet subjects reported significantly higher percentages of correct responses relative to controls to questions on CaP natural history ( 63 % , 63 % , and 54 % , respectively ) ; treatment efficacy ( 19 % , 20 % , and 5 % ) , and expert disagreement ( 28 % , 19 % , and 8 % ) , but not PSA accuracy ( 28 % , 22 % , and 22 % ) . Pamphlet subjects were more likely than controls to discuss screening with their provider ( 41 % vs 32 % ; P=.03 ) but video subjects were not ( 35 % ; P=.33 ) . Video and pamphlet subjects were less likely to intend to have a PSA , relative to controls ( 63 % , 65 % , and 74 % , respectively ) . PSA testing rates did not differ significantly across groups . CONCLUSIONS : Mailed interventions enhance patient knowledge and self-reported participation in decision making , and alter screening preferences . The pamphlet and video interventions evaluated are comparable in effectiveness . The lower-cost pamphlet approach is an attractive option for clinics with limited re sources BACKGROUND Although smoking cessation programs significantly reduce smoking rates in the general population , some sectors are poorly motivated by them , especially healthy men from lower socioeconomic classes . METHODS By using a significant life event ( approaching birth of a child ) we exploited a time of increased receptiveness to smoking cessation influences . A multicomponent intervention was conducted and evaluated using a stratified , r and omised control trial , with an intention to treat analysis . RESULTS Five hundred and sixty-one men were enrolled and 505 ( 90 % ) followed to the end of their partners ' pregnancy . At 6-month follow-up 16.5 % of 291 smokers of the intervention group and 9.3 % of 270 in the control group reported they had stopped smoking ( P=0.011 , OR=0.52 , 95 % CI 0.31 - 0.86 ) . The strongest predictors of smoking cessation were being in a skilled occupation , having a higher number of quit attempts in the previous year and having the first cigarette of the day relatively later . CONCLUSIONS The number of smoking men who had to be treated to achieve one stopping smoking ( NNT ) during their partner 's pregnancy was 13 to 14 . Innovative antismoking population health measures for the partners of antenatal patients are effective and perhaps should be more widely adopted BACKGROUND This study was a r and omized trial to test the impact of an informed decision-making intervention on prostate cancer screening use . METHODS The study population included 242 African-American men from three primary care practice s who were 40 - 69 years of age and had no history of prostate cancer . Participants completed a baseline survey question naire and were r and omly assigned either to a St and ard Intervention ( SI ) group ( N=121 ) or an Enhanced Intervention ( EI ) group ( N=121 ) . An informational booklet was mailed to both groups . EI group men were also offered a screening decision education session . Two outcomes were considered : ( 1 ) complete screening ( i.e. , having a digital rectal exam ( DRE ) and prostate specific antigen ( PSA ) testing ) , and ( 2 ) complete or partial screening ( i.e. , having a PSA test with or without DRE ) . An endpoint chart audit was performed six months after initial intervention contact . The data were analyzed via exact logistic regression . RESULTS Overall , screening use was low among study participants . EI group men had a screening frequency two times greater than that of SI group men , but the difference was not statistically significant : 8 % vs. 4 % ( OR = 1.94 ) fo rcomplete screening , and 19 % vs. 10 % ( OR = 2.08 ) for complete or partial screening . Multivariable analyses showed that being in the EI group and primary care practice were significant predictors of complete or partial screening ( OR = 3.9 and OR = 5.64 , respectively ) . CONCLUSION Prostate cancer screening use may be influenced by exposure to decision education and the influence of screening-related primary care practice factors ISSUE ADDRESSED The incidence of skin cancer is rising in many population s around the world . In Australia , men have both the highest incidence of thick melanoma and an increased risk of dying from this disease . Skin screening may provide a method for detecting lesions at an earlier stage . This study sought to assess the impact of two methods of encouraging men to attend free open-access skin screening clinics . METHODS A r and omised controlled trial of two recruitment methods . Subjects comprised all men aged 30 to 79 years ( n=1,322 ) from a rural community . We r and omly allocated 50 % ( 661 ) to receive a personalised letter with the remaining 50 % receiving the letter plus an additional brochure . RESULTS Both groups were similar in age distribution . A total of 250 men ( 18.9 % ) attended the skin screening clinic . Overall , there was no difference in rates of attendance between the two groups . Younger men ( 30 to 49 years ) in the letter and brochure group were more likely to attend a clinic , while men > or = 50 years in the letter only group were more likely to attend ( p=0.01 ) CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that a personalised letter or targeted approach of invitation is effective in encouraging men to attend a skin screening clinic . The addition of health information through the use of a glossy brochure did not increase screening participation among men over 50 This study was design ed to identify factors that predict adherence by African American men to prostate cancer education and early detection PURPOSE The efficacy of prostate cancer screening is uncertain , and professional organizations recommend educating patients about potential harms and benefits . We evaluated the effect of a videotape decision aid on promoting informed decision making about prostate cancer screening  among primary care patients . METHODS A group of 160 men , 45 to 70 years of age , with no history of prostate cancer , were r and omized to view or not to view a 20-minute educational videotape before a routine office visit at a university-based family medicine clinic . The subjects were contacted again 1 year after their visit to assess their receipt of prostate cancer screening ( digital rectal examination [ DRE ] or prostate-specific antigen [ PSA ] testing ) , their satisfaction with their screening decision , and knowledge retention since the baseline assessment . RESULTS Follow-up assessment s were completed for 87.5 % of the intervention subjects and 83.8 % of the control subjects . The rate of DRE did not differ between the 2 groups . Prostate-specific antigen testing was reported by 24 of 70 ( 34.3 % ) intervention subjects and 37 of 67 ( 55.2 % ) control subjects ( P = .01 ) . African American men were more likely to have had PSA testing ( 9 of 16 , 56.3 % ) than were white men ( 13 of 46 , 28.3 % ) ( P = .044 ) . Satisfaction with the screening decision did not differ between the study groups . Intervention subjects were more knowledgeable of prostate cancer screening than were control subjects , although these differences declined within 1 year ( P < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Decision aids for prostate cancer screening can have a long-term effect on screening behavior and appear to promote informed decision making CONTEXT Although evidence -based guidelines recommend that physicians inform men about prostate cancer screening , the most efficient way to do this is not known . OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether a mailed educational pamphlet affected men 's knowledge about early detection of prostate cancer . DESIGN R and omized , controlled trial . SETTING Primary care clinic of the Minneapolis VA Medical Center . PATIENTS 342 men at least 50 years of age who responded to a mailed survey ( overall response rate , 68 % ) and did not report a history of prostate cancer . INTERVENTION " Early Prostate Cancer " pamphlet mailed to patients in the intervention group 1 week before their scheduled clinic appointments . OUTCOME MEASURES Patients ' responses to a survey mailed 1 week after their clinic appointments ; prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) testing determined from electronic medical records . RESULTS Respondents were predominantly elderly white men ( mean age , 71 years ; 90 % white ) with chronic illnesses ( 48 % described their health as " fair " or 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The purpose of this study was to determine if providing men with information about screening for prostate cancer would enable them to assume a more active role in decision making with their family physician , and lower levels of anxiety and decisional conflict .  Men were recruited from one family medical clinic in Winnipeg , Manitoba . One hundred men scheduled for a periodic health examination ( PHE ) were r and omly assigned to receive verbal and written information either prior to the PHE , or following the second interview . Men completed measures of preferred decisional role and anxiety prior to the PHE ; and assumed decisional role , decisional conflict , and anxiety post PHE . Results demonstrated that men who received the information prior to the PHE assumed a significantly more active role in making a screening decision , and had lower levels of decisional conflict post PHE . The two groups did not differ with regard to levels of state anxiety . Providing men with information enables them to make informed screening decisions with their family physicians OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a simple psychological intervention known as ' implementation intentions ' to promote performance of testicular self-examination ( TSE ) in a sample of young males . METHOD A prospect i ve , r and omized controlled design measured knowledge of testicular cancer , prior experience with TSE and intention to perform TSE within a 3-week period . Participants in the intervention group were instructed to formulate specific plans for when and where they would perform TSE . Three weeks later , a second question naire assessed self-reported performance of TSE during the study period and future intention to perform TSE .  One hundred and fifty-nine male undergraduates aged between 18 and 35 were assigned , at r and om , to an intervention or non-intervention group .  Men over 35 were excluded so that the sample reflected the highest risk age group for testicular cancer . Just under half the original participants ( 76/159 ) completed the study . We measured performance of TSE and future intention to perform TSE . RESULTS Responders and non-responders did not differ on any of the measures assessed at Time 1 . At Time 2 , 30 ( 65 % ) participants in the intervention reported performing TSE compared with 12 ( 40 % ) in the control condition , and chi-squared analyses revealed that the difference was significant . CONCLUSIONS The implementation intentions intervention procedure , which encourages the use of environmental and context ual ' cues ' to prompt a desired behaviour , appears to offer a promising strategy for encouraging the performance of TSE This study evaluates the impact of a self-help pamphlet design ed to support self-control of drinking . It was conducted in Helsinki , Finl and , in 2001 and 2002 and focused on men between 30 and 49 years of age . The respondents were r and omly selected in an intervention and a control area and compared with each other before and after the intervention using independent sample s ( N = 4418 ) The results support previous findings showing that interventions like this serve as a supplement to other prevention and early treatment measures . Although the results were encouraging , there is a need for more in-depth studies in the field Abstract BACKGROUND : Little is known about the relative advantages of video versus internet-based decision aids to facilitate shared medical decision making . This study compared internet and video patient education modalities for men considering the prostate specific antigen ( PSA ) test . METHODS : Two hundred and twenty-six men , aged 50 years or older , and scheduled to complete a physical examination at an HMO Health Appraisal Clinic were r and omly assigned to access a website ( N=114 ) or view a 23-minute videotape in the clinic ( N=112 ) prior to deciding whether they wanted to be screened for prostate cancer . RESULTS : There were no between-groups differences in participants ’ ratings of convenience , effort , or satisfaction following exposure to the decision aid . Participants assigned to the video group were more likely to review the material s than individuals assigned to the internet group ( 98.2 % vs 53.5 % ) . Participants in the video group showed significantly greater increases in PSA knowledge and were more likely to decline the PSA test than individuals assigned to the internet group . However , participants in the internet group who review ed the entire online presentation showed similar increases in PSA knowledge as video participants . Only 5 % of all participants visited other websites to inform themselves about the PSA test . CONCLUSIONS : Overall , the video was significantly more effective than the Internet in educating participants about benefits and risks of PSA screening Abstract OBJECTIVE : To assess the effect of video and pamphlet interventions on patient prostate cancer ( CaP )  screening knowledge , decision-making participation , preferences , and behaviors . DESIGN : R and omized , controlled trial . SETTING : Four midwestern Veterans Affairs medical facilities . PATIENTS / PARTICIPANTS : One thous and , one hundred fifty-two male veterans age 50 and older with primary care appointments at participating facilities were r and omized and 893 completed follow-up . INTERVENTIONS : Patients were r and omized to mailed pamphlet , mailed video , or usual care/control . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS : Outcomes assessed by phone survey 2 weeks postintervention included a 10-item knowledge index ; correct responses to questions on CaP natural history , treatment efficacy , the prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) ’s predictive value , and expert disagreement about the PSA ; whether screening was discussed with provider ; screening preferences ; and PSA testing rates . Mean knowledge index scores were higher for video ( 7.44 ; P=.001 ) and pamphlet ( 7.26 ; P=.03 ) subjects versus controls ( 6.90 ) . Video and pamphlet subjects reported significantly higher percentages of correct responses relative to controls to questions on CaP natural history ( 63 % , 63 % , and 54 % , respectively ) ; treatment efficacy ( 19 % , 20 % , and 5 % ) , and expert disagreement ( 28 % , 19 % , and 8 % ) , but not PSA accuracy ( 28 % , 22 % , and 22 % ) . Pamphlet subjects were more likely than controls to discuss screening with their provider ( 41 % vs 32 % ; P=.03 ) but video subjects were not ( 35 % ; P=.33 ) . Video and pamphlet subjects were less likely to intend to have a PSA , relative to controls ( 63 % , 65 % , and 74 % , respectively ) . PSA testing rates did not differ significantly across groups . CONCLUSIONS : Mailed interventions enhance patient knowledge and self-reported participation in decision making , and alter screening preferences . The pamphlet and video interventions evaluated are comparable in effectiveness . The lower-cost pamphlet approach is an attractive option for clinics with limited re sources BACKGROUND Although smoking cessation programs significantly reduce smoking rates in the general population , some sectors are poorly motivated by them , especially healthy men from lower socioeconomic classes . METHODS By using a significant life event ( approaching birth of a child ) we exploited a time of increased receptiveness to smoking cessation influences . A multicomponent intervention was conducted and evaluated using a stratified , r and omised control trial , with an intention to treat analysis . RESULTS Five hundred and sixty-one men were enrolled and 505 ( 90 % ) followed to the end of their partners ' pregnancy . At 6-month follow-up 16.5 % of 291 smokers of the intervention group and 9.3 % of 270 in the control group reported they had stopped smoking ( P=0.011 , OR=0.52 , 95 % CI 0.31 - 0.86 ) . The strongest predictors of smoking cessation were being in a skilled occupation , having a higher number of quit attempts in the previous year and having the first cigarette of the day relatively later . CONCLUSIONS The number of smoking men who had to be treated to achieve one stopping smoking ( NNT ) during their partner 's pregnancy was 13 to 14 . Innovative antismoking population health measures for the partners of antenatal patients are effective and perhaps should be more widely adopted BACKGROUND This study was a r and omized trial to test the impact of an informed decision-making intervention on prostate cancer screening use . METHODS The study population included 242 African-American men from three primary care practice s who were 40 - 69 years of age and had no history of prostate cancer . Participants completed a baseline survey question naire and were r and omly assigned either to a St and ard Intervention ( SI ) group ( N=121 ) or an Enhanced Intervention ( EI ) group ( N=121 ) . An informational booklet was mailed to both groups . EI group men were also offered a screening decision education session . Two outcomes were considered : ( 1 ) complete screening ( i.e. , having a digital rectal exam ( DRE ) and prostate specific antigen ( PSA ) testing ) , and ( 2 ) complete or partial screening ( i.e. , having a PSA test with or without DRE ) . An endpoint chart audit was performed six months after initial intervention contact . The data were analyzed via exact logistic regression . RESULTS Overall , screening use was low among study participants . EI group men had a screening frequency two times greater than that of SI group men , but the difference was not statistically significant : 8 % vs. 4 % ( OR = 1.94 ) fo rcomplete screening , and 19 % vs. 10 % ( OR = 2.08 ) for complete or partial screening . Multivariable analyses showed that being in the EI group and primary care practice were significant predictors of complete or partial screening ( OR = 3.9 and OR = 5.64 , respectively ) . CONCLUSION Prostate cancer screening use may be influenced by exposure to decision education and the influence of screening-related primary care practice factors ISSUE ADDRESSED The incidence of skin cancer is rising in many population s around the world . In Australia , men have both the highest incidence of thick melanoma and an increased risk of dying from this disease . Skin screening may provide a method for detecting lesions at an earlier stage . This study sought to assess the impact of two methods of encouraging men to attend free open-access skin screening clinics . METHODS A r and omised controlled trial of two recruitment methods . Subjects comprised all men aged 30 to 79 years ( n=1,322 ) from a rural community . We r and omly allocated 50 % ( 661 ) to receive a personalised letter with the remaining 50 % receiving the letter plus an additional brochure . RESULTS Both groups were similar in age distribution . A total of 250 men ( 18.9 % ) attended the skin screening clinic . Overall , there was no difference in rates of attendance between the two groups . Younger men ( 30 to 49 years ) in the letter and brochure group were more likely to attend a clinic , while men > or = 50 years in the letter only group were more likely to attend ( p=0.01 ) CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that a personalised letter or targeted approach of invitation is effective in encouraging men to attend a skin screening clinic . The addition of health information through the use of a glossy brochure did not increase screening participation among men over 50 This study was design ed to identify factors that predict adherence by African American men to prostate cancer education and early detection PURPOSE The efficacy of prostate cancer screening is uncertain , and professional organizations recommend educating patients about potential harms and benefits . We evaluated the effect of a videotape decision aid on promoting informed decision making about prostate cancer screening  among primary care patients . METHODS A group of 160 men , 45 to 70 years of age , with no history of prostate cancer , were r and omized to view or not to view a 20-minute educational videotape before a routine office visit at a university-based family medicine clinic . The subjects were contacted again 1 year after their visit to assess their receipt of prostate cancer screening ( digital rectal examination [ DRE ] or prostate-specific antigen [ PSA ] testing ) , their satisfaction with their screening decision , and knowledge retention since the baseline assessment . RESULTS Follow-up assessment s were completed for 87.5 % of the intervention subjects and 83.8 % of the control subjects . The rate of DRE did not differ between the 2 groups . Prostate-specific antigen testing was reported by 24 of 70 ( 34.3 % ) intervention subjects and 37 of 67 ( 55.2 % ) control subjects ( P = .01 ) . African American men were more likely to have had PSA testing ( 9 of 16 , 56.3 % ) than were white men ( 13 of 46 , 28.3 % ) ( P = .044 ) . Satisfaction with the screening decision did not differ between the study groups . Intervention subjects were more knowledgeable of prostate cancer screening than were control subjects , although these differences declined within 1 year ( P < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Decision aids for prostate cancer screening can have a long-term effect on screening behavior and appear to promote informed decision making CONTEXT Although evidence -based guidelines recommend that physicians inform men about prostate cancer screening , the most efficient way to do this is not known . OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether a mailed educational pamphlet affected men 's knowledge about early detection of prostate cancer . DESIGN R and omized , controlled trial . SETTING Primary care clinic of the Minneapolis VA Medical Center . PATIENTS 342 men at least 50 years of age who responded to a mailed survey ( overall response rate , 68 % ) and did not report a history of prostate cancer . INTERVENTION " Early Prostate Cancer " pamphlet mailed to patients in the intervention group 1 week before their scheduled clinic appointments . OUTCOME MEASURES Patients ' responses to a survey mailed 1 week after their clinic appointments ; prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) testing determined from electronic medical records . RESULTS Respondents were predominantly elderly white men ( mean age , 71 years ; 90 % white ) with chronic illnesses ( 48 % described their health as " fair " or 
    Output:
    