human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Summary . The effect of magnesium supplementation in pregnancy was studied in 568 women who were treated with 15 mmol magnesiumaspartate‐hydrochloride per day or aspartic acid as placebo given orally during pregnancy from 16 weeks . Allocation to the two groups was performed according to the women 's birth date s. Magnesium supplementation during pregnancy was associated with significantly fewer maternal hospitalizations , a reduction in preterm delivery , and less frequent referral of the newborn to the neonatal intensive care unit . The results suggest that magnesium supplementation during pregnancy has a significant influence on fetal and maternal morbidity both before and after delivery OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the effect of 360 mg magnesium oral substitution daily among pregnant women suffering from leg cramps in pregnancy , defined as painful cramps different from restless legs symptoms . STUDY DESIGN In a double blind r and omised controlled trial healthy pregnant women between 18 and 36 weeks of pregnancy suffering from painful leg cramps , at least twice a week , were invited to participate . Forty-five women were enrolled initially , 38 completed the treatment and were treated during 2 weeks with either magnesium ( 360mg=15mmol magnesium lactate and magnesium citrate , Nycoplus Magnesium ) , or placebo tablets . Serum magnesium and calcium were investigated together with urine magnesium and magnesium-creatinin ratio on day 1 and day 15 . Frequency and intensity of leg cramps were recorded . The study was powered to detect a 50 % reduction in leg cramps . RESULTS Registration of pain frequency and intensity during the two study weeks demonstrated no significant differences between the two groups . Mean number and intensity of cramps were 9.5 ( S.D. 5.1 ) and 13.2 ( S.D. 6.5 ) in the magnesium group , compared to 7.7 ( S.D. 4.7 ) and 11.4 ( S.D. 8.5 ) in the placebo group . Baseline magnesium levels were 0.77 and 0.74mmol/L in the magnesium group and the placebo group , respectively No significant differences between the two groups , or within the groups , were found when comparing serum values of serum magnesium and total calcium at inclusion time and at the end of the treatment . There was a statistically significant increase in magnesium excretion in the magnesium treatment group ( p<0.01 ) . The number of dropouts was two in the treatment group and five in the control group . CONCLUSIONS No significant effect on frequency or intensity of leg cramps in pregnant women of magnesium treatment with 360 mg daily could be detected in this trial In a placebo controlled , partially double-blinded , clinical trial , a combination of evening primrose oil and fish oil was compared to Magnesium Oxide , and to a Placebo in preventing  Pre-Eclampsia of Pregnancy .  All were given as nutritional supplements for six months to a group of primiparous and multiparous pregnant women . Some of these women had personal or family histories of hypertension ( 21 % ) . Only those patients who received prenatal care at the Central Maternity Hospital for Lu and a were included in the study . Compared to the Placebo group ( 29 % ) , the group receiving the mixture of evening primrose oil and fish oil containing Gamma-linolenic acid ( GLA ) , Eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) , and Docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) had a significantly lower incidence of edema ( 13 % , p = 0.004 ) . The group receiving Magnesium Oxide had statistically significant fewer subjects who developed  hypertension of pregnancy . There were 3 cases of eclampsia , all in the Placebo group The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of low dose magnesium supplement upon maternal and fetal serum levels of mineral status in pregnancies complicated with hypertension ( PIH ) . Twenty-five patients with PIH agreed to participate and were r and omly allocated , in a double-blind manner , either to intravenous magnesium for 2 days followed by oral magnesium ( n = 12 ) until delivery or placebo ( n = 13 ) . In women supplemented with magnesium the level of magnesium increased from 0.74 to 1.02 mmol/l during the first 24 h of inclusion and simultaneously we observed an increased urinary loss of magnesium . Serum level and the urinary excretion of magnesium returned to pretreatment level at delivery . Maternal magnesium supplement increased the concentrations of magnesium in umbilical cord and neonatal blood 1 day after delivery . Serum ionized calcium did not change during the study period despite a significant increased loss of calcium during the first 24 h of inclusion . Low dose maternal magnesium treatment did not cause neonatal hypocalcemia OBJECTIVE The null hypothesis of this study is that treatment with oral magnesium gluconate 1 gm four times daily will not decrease the rate of preterm labor and delivery in a high-risk group of pregnant women . STUDY DESIGN Fifty-four women at risk for preterm delivery were selected r and omly to receive magnesium gluconate 1 gm orally four times daily or placebo . These women were monitored prospect ively for signs and symptoms of preterm labor . A subgroup of 31 women also received a home uterine activity monitor . The serum magnesium level was measured initially and again 2 weeks after study enrollment . The data were analyzed with Fisher 's exact test and analysis of variance . RESULTS Preterm labor developed in 15 women in the placebo group and in 16 women in the magnesium group . There were no differences in birth weight or gestational age at delivery . The mean increase in serum magnesium level while the patients were taking magnesium gluconate was 0.10 mg/dl ( p = not significant ) . Five women did not have an increase in serum magnesium level and preterm labor developed in all of them . CONCLUSION Magnesium gluconate in a dose of 1 gm four times daily is not effective for preventing preterm delivery in a high-risk group of patients OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the effect of magnesium sulfate on fetal heart rate baseline value , variability , and acceleration-deceleration pattern . STUDY DESIGN Normal , nonlaboring pregnant patients at > 30 weeks ' gestation were recruited . Baseline fetal heart rate monitoring for 1 hour was performed . After an 800-kcal meal , patients were r and omized to receive either an intravenous loading dose of 6 g of magnesium sulfate in 100 mL of isotonic sodium chloride solution or 100 mL of isotonic sodium chloride solution alone . Subsequently , patients in the magnesium sulfate group received a 2-g/h intravenous infusion for 3 hours at a rate of 125 mL/h . Patients r and omized to the  sodium chloride solution group received a sodium chloride solution infusion at a similar rate ( unlabeled intravenous bags ) . Maternal blood was drawn at 0 , 1 , and 3 hours for determination of total and ionized magnesium and calcium , electrolyte , and glucose levels . One hour of fetal heart rate monitoring was repeated at 1 and 3 hours of infusion . Tracings were interpreted without identifiers ( of time or group ) by using the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development fetal heart rate monitoring guidelines . RESULTS Magnesium sulfate administration result ed in decreased fetal heart rate baseline values and variability in the third hour . The fetal heart rate baseline value was 134.4 + /- 6.3 versus 136.6 + /- 6.4 beats/min before infusion ( P > .05 ) , 134.4 + /- 7.1 versus 135.1 + /- 6 . 6 beats/min in the first hour ( P > .05 ) , and 134.6 + /- 7.1 versus 132 . 3 + /- 7.6 beats/min in the third hour ( P < .05 ) in the sodium chloride solution group versus the magnesium sulfate group , respectively . Fetal heart rate variability ( grade s 1 - 5 ) was 2.75 + /- 0.33 versus 2.82 + /- 0.29 before infusion ( P > .05 ) , 2.81 + /- 0.30 versus 2.84 + /- 0.28 in the first hour ( P > .05 ) , and 2.71 + /- 0.52 versus 2.67 + /- 0.36 in the third hour in the sodium chloride solution group versus the magnesium sulfate group , respectively ( P < . 05 ) . Magnesium sulfate blocked the positive correlation between gestational age and number of accelerations found in control subjects . No significant decelerations were identified . CONCLUSIONS Prolonged administration of magnesium sulfate was associated with decreased fetal heart rate baseline values and variability . Given the small magnitude of these changes , the clinical significance of these findings is question able . Magnesium sulfate inhibition of the increasing number of accelerations with gestational age needs to be considered when fetal well-being is assessed The placenta and the umbilical cord obtained from 18 women with pregnancy‐induced hypertension were investigated by light microscopy . The umbilical artery was studied by electron microscopy . 10 placentae and umbilical cords from normal pregnancies served as controls . The study was performed as a double‐blind r and omized controlled study in which 11 women were allocated to magnesium and 7 to placebo treatment . The treatment comprised a 48‐hour intravenous magnesium/placebo infusion followed by daily oral magnesium/placebo intake until one day after delivery . Magnesium supplement  increased birth weight and placental weight significantly . Light microscopic study of the placentae and the umbilical cord arteries showed no difference between the three groups concerning the occurrence of infa rct ions , cytotrophoblastic hyperplasia , vasculo‐syncytial membranes , basement membrane thickening , stromal fibrosis or intervillous fibrin . Ultrastructurally , the endothelial cells of the umbilical arteries from women with pregnancy‐induced hypertension showed a significant increase in the amount of dilated endoplasmatic reticulum and basal laminae thickness when all 18 cases were compared with the controls . There was no significant difference when the magnesium group , the placebo group and the control group were compared separately . The present study suggests that magnesium supplement has a benefical effect on fetal growth in pregnancy‐induced hypertension . With regard to the light and electron microscopic changes we were unable to demonstrate any significant difference between the magnesium , placebo and control groups Objectives : To describe the course of total and ionized magnesium and total calcium levels in maternal serum during low-risk pregnancies and to compare women who developed preterm labor and delivery with those who delivered at term . Methods : 209 women with low-risk pregnancies were enrolled in a prospect i ve trial before the 18th week of gestation . No woman received oral magnesium supplementation . The ionized and total magnesium and total calcium levels in maternal serum were measured every 4–6 weeks . The data were grouped into 3 gestational periods ( ≤18 , 19–27 and ≥28 weeks of gestation ) for overall comparison and analyzed with the general linear model for repeated measurements and ANOVA . p values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant . Results : 145 gestations were available for analysis . 27 women were hospitalized for preterm labor and in 16 of these preterm delivery occurred . Ionized and total magnesium and calcium levels were significantly lower after the 18th week of gestation than before . The cation levels in women with preterm labor and delivery did not differ from those with term delivery . Conclusion : Ionized and total magnesium and calcium levels decrease with increasing gestational age . Preterm labor and delivery do not seem to be related to changes in serum cation levels AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate whether prophylactic magnesium sulfate given in women with mild preeclampsia or gestational hypertension brings any significant change in umbilical artery and fetal middle cerebral artery pulsatility index . MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-eight women with gestational age greater than 34 weeks with mild preeclampsia or gestational hypertension were r and omly assigned to receive either magnesium sulfate or placebo . Pre- and post-magnesium sulfate pulsatility index of umbilical and fetal middle cerebral artery were compared by Mann-Whitney U-test between the groups . Within-group comparison was conducted using Wilcoxon 's signed rank test . RESULTS There was a significant reduction in the post-magnesium sulfate umbilical artery pulsatility index in the intervention group ( median 0.88 [ 0.82 - 1.03 ] ) when compared to the placebo group ( median 1.00 [ 0.89 - 1.10 ] ) . Post-magnesium sulfate fetal middle cerebral artery pulsatility index in the intervention group ( median 1.78 [ 1.63 - 1.98 ] ) did not show a significant change compared to the placebo group ( median 1.65 [ 1.42 - 1.91 ] ) . Within-group comparison showed change in both variables after treatment in the intervention group . CONCLUSION Magnesium sulfate produces a significant decrease in fetal umbilical artery and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index In a r and omised double-blind study 568 women were given orally either 15 mmol magnesium-aspartate 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Summary . The effect of magnesium supplementation in pregnancy was studied in 568 women who were treated with 15 mmol magnesiumaspartate‐hydrochloride per day or aspartic acid as placebo given orally during pregnancy from 16 weeks . Allocation to the two groups was performed according to the women 's birth date s. Magnesium supplementation during pregnancy was associated with significantly fewer maternal hospitalizations , a reduction in preterm delivery , and less frequent referral of the newborn to the neonatal intensive care unit . The results suggest that magnesium supplementation during pregnancy has a significant influence on fetal and maternal morbidity both before and after delivery OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the effect of 360 mg magnesium oral substitution daily among pregnant women suffering from leg cramps in pregnancy , defined as painful cramps different from restless legs symptoms . STUDY DESIGN In a double blind r and omised controlled trial healthy pregnant women between 18 and 36 weeks of pregnancy suffering from painful leg cramps , at least twice a week , were invited to participate . Forty-five women were enrolled initially , 38 completed the treatment and were treated during 2 weeks with either magnesium ( 360mg=15mmol magnesium lactate and magnesium citrate , Nycoplus Magnesium ) , or placebo tablets . Serum magnesium and calcium were investigated together with urine magnesium and magnesium-creatinin ratio on day 1 and day 15 . Frequency and intensity of leg cramps were recorded . The study was powered to detect a 50 % reduction in leg cramps . RESULTS Registration of pain frequency and intensity during the two study weeks demonstrated no significant differences between the two groups . Mean number and intensity of cramps were 9.5 ( S.D. 5.1 ) and 13.2 ( S.D. 6.5 ) in the magnesium group , compared to 7.7 ( S.D. 4.7 ) and 11.4 ( S.D. 8.5 ) in the placebo group . Baseline magnesium levels were 0.77 and 0.74mmol/L in the magnesium group and the placebo group , respectively No significant differences between the two groups , or within the groups , were found when comparing serum values of serum magnesium and total calcium at inclusion time and at the end of the treatment . There was a statistically significant increase in magnesium excretion in the magnesium treatment group ( p<0.01 ) . The number of dropouts was two in the treatment group and five in the control group . CONCLUSIONS No significant effect on frequency or intensity of leg cramps in pregnant women of magnesium treatment with 360 mg daily could be detected in this trial In a placebo controlled , partially double-blinded , clinical trial , a combination of evening primrose oil and fish oil was compared to Magnesium Oxide , and to a Placebo in preventing  Pre-Eclampsia of Pregnancy .  All were given as nutritional supplements for six months to a group of primiparous and multiparous pregnant women . Some of these women had personal or family histories of hypertension ( 21 % ) . Only those patients who received prenatal care at the Central Maternity Hospital for Lu and a were included in the study . Compared to the Placebo group ( 29 % ) , the group receiving the mixture of evening primrose oil and fish oil containing Gamma-linolenic acid ( GLA ) , Eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) , and Docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) had a significantly lower incidence of edema ( 13 % , p = 0.004 ) . The group receiving Magnesium Oxide had statistically significant fewer subjects who developed  hypertension of pregnancy . There were 3 cases of eclampsia , all in the Placebo group The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of low dose magnesium supplement upon maternal and fetal serum levels of mineral status in pregnancies complicated with hypertension ( PIH ) . Twenty-five patients with PIH agreed to participate and were r and omly allocated , in a double-blind manner , either to intravenous magnesium for 2 days followed by oral magnesium ( n = 12 ) until delivery or placebo ( n = 13 ) . In women supplemented with magnesium the level of magnesium increased from 0.74 to 1.02 mmol/l during the first 24 h of inclusion and simultaneously we observed an increased urinary loss of magnesium . Serum level and the urinary excretion of magnesium returned to pretreatment level at delivery . Maternal magnesium supplement increased the concentrations of magnesium in umbilical cord and neonatal blood 1 day after delivery . Serum ionized calcium did not change during the study period despite a significant increased loss of calcium during the first 24 h of inclusion . Low dose maternal magnesium treatment did not cause neonatal hypocalcemia OBJECTIVE The null hypothesis of this study is that treatment with oral magnesium gluconate 1 gm four times daily will not decrease the rate of preterm labor and delivery in a high-risk group of pregnant women . STUDY DESIGN Fifty-four women at risk for preterm delivery were selected r and omly to receive magnesium gluconate 1 gm orally four times daily or placebo . These women were monitored prospect ively for signs and symptoms of preterm labor . A subgroup of 31 women also received a home uterine activity monitor . The serum magnesium level was measured initially and again 2 weeks after study enrollment . The data were analyzed with Fisher 's exact test and analysis of variance . RESULTS Preterm labor developed in 15 women in the placebo group and in 16 women in the magnesium group . There were no differences in birth weight or gestational age at delivery . The mean increase in serum magnesium level while the patients were taking magnesium gluconate was 0.10 mg/dl ( p = not significant ) . Five women did not have an increase in serum magnesium level and preterm labor developed in all of them . CONCLUSION Magnesium gluconate in a dose of 1 gm four times daily is not effective for preventing preterm delivery in a high-risk group of patients OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the effect of magnesium sulfate on fetal heart rate baseline value , variability , and acceleration-deceleration pattern . STUDY DESIGN Normal , nonlaboring pregnant patients at > 30 weeks ' gestation were recruited . Baseline fetal heart rate monitoring for 1 hour was performed . After an 800-kcal meal , patients were r and omized to receive either an intravenous loading dose of 6 g of magnesium sulfate in 100 mL of isotonic sodium chloride solution or 100 mL of isotonic sodium chloride solution alone . Subsequently , patients in the magnesium sulfate group received a 2-g/h intravenous infusion for 3 hours at a rate of 125 mL/h . Patients r and omized to the  sodium chloride solution group received a sodium chloride solution infusion at a similar rate ( unlabeled intravenous bags ) . Maternal blood was drawn at 0 , 1 , and 3 hours for determination of total and ionized magnesium and calcium , electrolyte , and glucose levels . One hour of fetal heart rate monitoring was repeated at 1 and 3 hours of infusion . Tracings were interpreted without identifiers ( of time or group ) by using the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development fetal heart rate monitoring guidelines . RESULTS Magnesium sulfate administration result ed in decreased fetal heart rate baseline values and variability in the third hour . The fetal heart rate baseline value was 134.4 + /- 6.3 versus 136.6 + /- 6.4 beats/min before infusion ( P > .05 ) , 134.4 + /- 7.1 versus 135.1 + /- 6 . 6 beats/min in the first hour ( P > .05 ) , and 134.6 + /- 7.1 versus 132 . 3 + /- 7.6 beats/min in the third hour ( P < .05 ) in the sodium chloride solution group versus the magnesium sulfate group , respectively . Fetal heart rate variability ( grade s 1 - 5 ) was 2.75 + /- 0.33 versus 2.82 + /- 0.29 before infusion ( P > .05 ) , 2.81 + /- 0.30 versus 2.84 + /- 0.28 in the first hour ( P > .05 ) , and 2.71 + /- 0.52 versus 2.67 + /- 0.36 in the third hour in the sodium chloride solution group versus the magnesium sulfate group , respectively ( P < . 05 ) . Magnesium sulfate blocked the positive correlation between gestational age and number of accelerations found in control subjects . No significant decelerations were identified . CONCLUSIONS Prolonged administration of magnesium sulfate was associated with decreased fetal heart rate baseline values and variability . Given the small magnitude of these changes , the clinical significance of these findings is question able . Magnesium sulfate inhibition of the increasing number of accelerations with gestational age needs to be considered when fetal well-being is assessed The placenta and the umbilical cord obtained from 18 women with pregnancy‐induced hypertension were investigated by light microscopy . The umbilical artery was studied by electron microscopy . 10 placentae and umbilical cords from normal pregnancies served as controls . The study was performed as a double‐blind r and omized controlled study in which 11 women were allocated to magnesium and 7 to placebo treatment . The treatment comprised a 48‐hour intravenous magnesium/placebo infusion followed by daily oral magnesium/placebo intake until one day after delivery . Magnesium supplement  increased birth weight and placental weight significantly . Light microscopic study of the placentae and the umbilical cord arteries showed no difference between the three groups concerning the occurrence of infa rct ions , cytotrophoblastic hyperplasia , vasculo‐syncytial membranes , basement membrane thickening , stromal fibrosis or intervillous fibrin . Ultrastructurally , the endothelial cells of the umbilical arteries from women with pregnancy‐induced hypertension showed a significant increase in the amount of dilated endoplasmatic reticulum and basal laminae thickness when all 18 cases were compared with the controls . There was no significant difference when the magnesium group , the placebo group and the control group were compared separately . The present study suggests that magnesium supplement has a benefical effect on fetal growth in pregnancy‐induced hypertension . With regard to the light and electron microscopic changes we were unable to demonstrate any significant difference between the magnesium , placebo and control groups Objectives : To describe the course of total and ionized magnesium and total calcium levels in maternal serum during low-risk pregnancies and to compare women who developed preterm labor and delivery with those who delivered at term . Methods : 209 women with low-risk pregnancies were enrolled in a prospect i ve trial before the 18th week of gestation . No woman received oral magnesium supplementation . The ionized and total magnesium and total calcium levels in maternal serum were measured every 4–6 weeks . The data were grouped into 3 gestational periods ( ≤18 , 19–27 and ≥28 weeks of gestation ) for overall comparison and analyzed with the general linear model for repeated measurements and ANOVA . p values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant . Results : 145 gestations were available for analysis . 27 women were hospitalized for preterm labor and in 16 of these preterm delivery occurred . Ionized and total magnesium and calcium levels were significantly lower after the 18th week of gestation than before . The cation levels in women with preterm labor and delivery did not differ from those with term delivery . Conclusion : Ionized and total magnesium and calcium levels decrease with increasing gestational age . Preterm labor and delivery do not seem to be related to changes in serum cation levels AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate whether prophylactic magnesium sulfate given in women with mild preeclampsia or gestational hypertension brings any significant change in umbilical artery and fetal middle cerebral artery pulsatility index . MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-eight women with gestational age greater than 34 weeks with mild preeclampsia or gestational hypertension were r and omly assigned to receive either magnesium sulfate or placebo . Pre- and post-magnesium sulfate pulsatility index of umbilical and fetal middle cerebral artery were compared by Mann-Whitney U-test between the groups . Within-group comparison was conducted using Wilcoxon 's signed rank test . RESULTS There was a significant reduction in the post-magnesium sulfate umbilical artery pulsatility index in the intervention group ( median 0.88 [ 0.82 - 1.03 ] ) when compared to the placebo group ( median 1.00 [ 0.89 - 1.10 ] ) . Post-magnesium sulfate fetal middle cerebral artery pulsatility index in the intervention group ( median 1.78 [ 1.63 - 1.98 ] ) did not show a significant change compared to the placebo group ( median 1.65 [ 1.42 - 1.91 ] ) . Within-group comparison showed change in both variables after treatment in the intervention group . CONCLUSION Magnesium sulfate produces a significant decrease in fetal umbilical artery and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index In a r and omised double-blind study 568 women were given orally either 15 mmol magnesium-aspartate 
    Output:
    