human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract A r and omized clinical trial with 152 patients was conducted to examine the effects of an informational intervention on the severity of side effects result ing from  radiation therapy for prostate cancer . We also examined negative affect both as a predictor and as an outcome variable . The informational intervention , given to patients at the first and fifth treatments , was based upon self-regulation theory and provided patients with specific , objective information about what to expect during their radiation treatments . Patients in the comparison group received general information at the same point in time .  Negative affect was measured using the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) prior to the intervention and at the last treatment . The severity of side effects for each individual was assessed at their last treatment . The results showed that patients in the informational intervention group reported significantly fewer problems with sleep and less fatigue ( marginally significant ) than those in the comparison group . Negative affect was not influenced by group assignment . Baseline negative affect was not related to symptom development , although the development of side effects was associated with an increase in negative mood . The results suggest that patients could benefit from increased knowledge about what to expect during their radiation treatments BACKGROUND : Treatment side effects after radical prostatectomy include urinary , sexual , and bowel dysfunction . These functional declines , coupled with the bother associated with these dysfunctions , lead to a complicated pattern of change in quality -of-life and decreased self-efficacy . METHODS : In this study , 72 men who underwent radical prostatectomy 6-weeks prior were r and omly assigned to usual health care control group or peer-to-peer support ( dyadic support ) group . The dyadic meetings were held once a week for 8 weeks . Measured pre- and post-test was general health-related quality -of-life ( SF-36 ) , prostate cancer-specific quality -of-life ( UCLA Prostate Cancer Index ) , and self-efficacy ( Stanford Inventory of Cancer Patient Adjustment ) . RESULTS : By 8 weeks , self-efficacy significantly improved for men in the experimental group , but not for men in the control group . A series of logistic regression analyses showed that the dyadic intervention significantly accounted for changes in physical role functioning , bowel function , mental health , and social function . Age , education , and self-efficacy had significant interaction effects and increased the effects of the dyadic intervention on several outcomes . CONCLUSIONS : The intervention had a significant impact on how men react socially and emotionally to the side effects of radical prostatectomy Background : Recent literature has indicated that a significant percentage of oncology patients describe finding some benefit ( e.g. , improved personal growth , sense of meaning , and enhanced interpersonal relationships ) in the cancer experience . However , few studies have investigated the role of group-based psychosocial interventions in improving benefit finding ( BF ) , and virtually none have investigated these constructs in men . Purpose : This study examined whether a cognitive-behavioral stress management ( CBSM ) intervention improves BF and quality of life ( QoL ) in men recovering from treatment for localized prostate cancer . Methods : Participants in this study were 191 men ( M age = 65.1 ) treated with radiation or radical prostatectomy for clinical ly localized ( i.e. , Stage I or II ) prostate cancer . Participants were primarily non-Hispanic White ( 40 % ) or Hispanic ( 41 % ) , followed by Black ( 18 % ) and other ethnicity ( 1 % ) , were an average of 65.1 years old ( SD = 7.7 ) , and earned an average of $ 47,800 annually ( SD = $ 41,000 ) . Participants were r and omized to either a 10-week group-based cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention or a half-day educational seminar as a control condition . All participants provided demographic information and completed the Positive Contributions Scale-Cancer to assess BF , the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy to measure quality of life , and a measure of perceived stress management skills . Structural equation modeling was utilized for all analyses . Results : Results indicated that the CBSM condition led to increases in BF and QoL and that these changes were mediated by the development of stress management skills . Conclusions : Results support the use of group-based cognitive-behavioral interventions in promoting QoL and BF in this population This pilot r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) examined the clinical effects of 2 complementary ( CAM ) therapies , relaxation response therapy ( RRT ) and Reiki therapy , in men being treated with external beam radiotherapy ( EBRx ) for prostate cancer Evaluated the ability of self-regulation and emotional-drive theories to explain effects of an informational intervention entailing descriptions of the experience in concrete objective terms on outcomes of coping with  radiation therapy ( RT )  in men ( N = 84 ) with prostate cancer . The experimental group had significantly less disruption in function during and for 3 months following RT than the comparison group . The intervention had no significant effect on negative mood . Consistent with self-regulation theory , similarity between expectations and experience and degree of underst and ing of the experience mediated the effect of the intervention on function . Emotional-drive theory was not supported . These results are consistent with prior research with surgical patients and support the relevance of the information-processing explanations of self-regulation theory to coping with stressful experiences associated with physical illness Prostate cancer has become a public health problem worldwide with considerable social and economic consequences . Many men have extraprostatic spread at diagnosis , and treatment usually involves hormonal manipulation therapy  , which can challenge the stereotypical male image . It is often assumed that merely the provision of educational material for patients in an accessible form is sufficient to address informational needs . However , with the increasing emphasis on evidence -based practice , an essential element of the patient education process is evaluation of the impact of educational interventions . In this study , a r and omised controlled trial was used to evaluate the effect of an evidence -based education package on the knowledge of disease and treatment , quality of life , coping and satisfaction of a sample ( n=55 ) of men with prostate cancer on hormonal manipulation therapy in the UK . The men were r and omly assigned to experimental ( n=28 ) and control group ( n=27 ) . Established instruments with satisfactory reliability and validity were used to measure the dependent variables . The independent variable , namely the education package , had been developed following the results of a previous study , which assessed the informational needs of this client group . This package consisted of an information booklet supplemented by the verbal teaching of a urology nurse . Results demonstrated that delivery of the education package had a significant effect on knowledge , quality of life and satisfaction with care , but not on coping . This study has contributed to the evidence -base for practice in urological nursing . This education package should become a routine , and not merely incidental aspect of care for this client group To test the hypotheses that pessimists might benefit from concrete objective information based on self-regulation theory and that optimists might benefit from instruction in self-care and coping based on self-care theory , 62 patients receiving radiation therapy ( RT ) for prostate cancer were studied . The two experimental and control intervention messages were given three times during RT .  Mood and disruption of activities were assessed three times during and three times after RT . The self-care instruction had no effects on either outcome . The prediction from self-regulation theory was supported , in part , with concrete objective information having a positive effect on mood among pessimistic patients . Concrete objective information result ed in less recreation and pastime disruption in both optimistic and pessimistic patients at the times they experienced the most RT side effects The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of an  individualized uncertainty management intervention delivered by telephone to Caucasian and African‐American men with localized prostate carcinoma and directed at managing the uncertainties of their disease and treatment African American men experience worse prostate cancer outcomes compared with those of Caucasian men , not only in incidence and mortality rates , but also in coping with the side effects of treatment . Unfortunately , African American men have been significantly under‐represented in research evaluating the efficacy of psychosocial interventions for improving coping in prostate cancer survivors . This pilot study explored the feasibility and efficacy of coping skills training ( CST ) , an intervention developed to enhance coping with treatment side effects in a sample of African American prostate cancer survivors and their intimate partners . The intervention was delivered in a telephone‐based format design ed to facilitate research participation . A total of 40 couples were r and omized to either 6 sessions of CST or usual care . Survivors completed measures of disease‐specific quality of life ( QOL ) related to urinary , sexual , bowel , and hormonal symptom domains , as well as measures of global QOL ( i.e. , physical functioning and mental health ) . Partners completed measures of caregiver strain , mood , and vigor . Analysis of data from 30 couples ( 12 couples in CST , 18 couples in usual care ) indicated that CST produced moderate to large treatment effects for QOL related to bowel , urinary , sexual , and hormonal symptoms .  Partners who underwent CST  reported less caregiver strain , depression , and fatigue , and more vigor , with moderate effect sizes observed that approached conventional levels of statistical significance . These preliminary findings suggest that telephone‐based CST is a feasible approach that can successfully enhance coping inAfrican American prostate cancer survivors and their intimate partners . Cancer 2007 . © 2006 American Cancer Society Urinary and sexual dysfunctions are side effects of radical prostatectomy ( RP ) for prostate cancer ( PC ) that contribute to depression . Despite the effectiveness of support groups at reducing depression in cancer patients , men typically do not participate in them . The purpose of this pilot study was to test the effects of a dyadic intervention ( one-to-one support ) on social support  ( Modified Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors ) , self-efficacy ( Stanford Inventory of Cancer Patient Adjustment ) , and depression ( Geriatric Depression Scale ) .  Subjects were r and omized to group . Controls ( N=15 ; Mage=59.7 ) received usual care . Experimentals were paired with long-term survivors ( LTS ) who had RP and who had treatment side effects in common . Experimentals ( N=15 ; Mage=57.5 ) met with a LTS 8 times in 8 weeks to discuss concerns associated with survivorship . No significant differences were detected on social support , but after 4 weeks , significant differences were present on depression between controls and experimentals , however these differences were not seen at 8 weeks . After 8 weeks , there were also significant differences on self-efficacy between controls and experimentals . Weekly anecdotal data supported the feasibility and acceptance of the intervention that was a low cost strategy effective at reducing depression and increasing self-efficacy in men treated by RP . Future research directions and clinical application is presented Objectives To evaluate the risk of bias tool , introduced by the Cochrane Collaboration for assessing the internal validity of r and omised trials , for inter-rater agreement , concurrent validity compared with the Jadad scale and Schulz approach to allocation concealment , and the relation between risk of bias and effect estimates . Design Cross sectional study . Study sample 163 trials in children . Main outcome measures Inter-rater agreement between review ers assessing trials using the risk of bias tool ( weighted κ ) , time to apply the risk of bias tool compared with other approaches to quality assessment ( paired t test ) , degree of correlation for overall risk compared with overall quality scores ( Kendall ’s τ statistic ) , and magnitude of effect estimates for studies classified as being at high , unclear , or low risk of bias ( metaregression ) . Results Inter-rater agreement on individual domains of the risk of bias tool ranged from slight ( κ=0.13 ) to substantial ( κ=0.74 ) . The mean time to complete the risk of bias tool was significantly longer than for the Jadad scale and Schulz approach , individually or combined ( 8.8 minutes ( SD 2.2 ) per study v 2.0 ( SD 0.8 ) , P<0.001 ) . There was low correlation between risk of bias overall compared with the Jadad scores ( P=0.395 ) and Schulz approach ( P=0.064 ) . Effect sizes differed between studies assessed as being at high or unclear risk of bias ( 0.52 ) compared with those at low risk ( 0.23 ) . Conclusions Inter-rater agreement varied across domains of the risk of bias tool . Generally , agreement was poorer for those items that required more judgment . There was low correlation between assessment s of overall risk of bias and two common approaches to quality assessment : the Jadad scale and Schulz approach to allocation concealment . Overall risk of bias as assessed by the risk of bias tool differentiated effect estimates , with more conservative estimates for studies at low risk OBJECTIVE The outcomes of a 10-week cognitive-behavioral stress management ( CBSM ) group intervention were evaluated in prostate cancer survivors . A model was tested in which CBSM-related improvements in emotional well-being were attained through changes in men 's perceptions of their condition , as conceptualized by information processing explanations of self-regulation theory . The model also tested whether life stress and treatment-related side effects moderated intervention effects . METHODS Men treated for localized prostate cancer ( n = 257 ) within the past 18 months were r and omized to CBSM or a half-day psycho-educational seminar . At pre-intervention and 12-week follow-up , emotional well-being , illness perceptions , life stress , and sexual and urinary function were assessed using vali date d question naires . RESULTS After controlling for covariates , CBSM participants showed greater improvements in emotional well-being relative to control participants ( β = 0.13 , p < 0.05 ) . For men reporting higher stress upon study entry ,  CBSM-related  improvements were partially explained by changes in some , but not all , illness perceptions . Sexual and urinary dysfunction did not influence CBSM-related gains . CONCLUSIONS Prostate cancer perceptions may be an important target for enhancing emotional well-being , particularly for men experiencing general life stress . However , interventions that explicitly target mental representations of cancer may be needed to modify 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract A r and omized clinical trial with 152 patients was conducted to examine the effects of an informational intervention on the severity of side effects result ing from  radiation therapy for prostate cancer . We also examined negative affect both as a predictor and as an outcome variable . The informational intervention , given to patients at the first and fifth treatments , was based upon self-regulation theory and provided patients with specific , objective information about what to expect during their radiation treatments . Patients in the comparison group received general information at the same point in time .  Negative affect was measured using the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) prior to the intervention and at the last treatment . The severity of side effects for each individual was assessed at their last treatment . The results showed that patients in the informational intervention group reported significantly fewer problems with sleep and less fatigue ( marginally significant ) than those in the comparison group . Negative affect was not influenced by group assignment . Baseline negative affect was not related to symptom development , although the development of side effects was associated with an increase in negative mood . The results suggest that patients could benefit from increased knowledge about what to expect during their radiation treatments BACKGROUND : Treatment side effects after radical prostatectomy include urinary , sexual , and bowel dysfunction . These functional declines , coupled with the bother associated with these dysfunctions , lead to a complicated pattern of change in quality -of-life and decreased self-efficacy . METHODS : In this study , 72 men who underwent radical prostatectomy 6-weeks prior were r and omly assigned to usual health care control group or peer-to-peer support ( dyadic support ) group . The dyadic meetings were held once a week for 8 weeks . Measured pre- and post-test was general health-related quality -of-life ( SF-36 ) , prostate cancer-specific quality -of-life ( UCLA Prostate Cancer Index ) , and self-efficacy ( Stanford Inventory of Cancer Patient Adjustment ) . RESULTS : By 8 weeks , self-efficacy significantly improved for men in the experimental group , but not for men in the control group . A series of logistic regression analyses showed that the dyadic intervention significantly accounted for changes in physical role functioning , bowel function , mental health , and social function . Age , education , and self-efficacy had significant interaction effects and increased the effects of the dyadic intervention on several outcomes . CONCLUSIONS : The intervention had a significant impact on how men react socially and emotionally to the side effects of radical prostatectomy Background : Recent literature has indicated that a significant percentage of oncology patients describe finding some benefit ( e.g. , improved personal growth , sense of meaning , and enhanced interpersonal relationships ) in the cancer experience . However , few studies have investigated the role of group-based psychosocial interventions in improving benefit finding ( BF ) , and virtually none have investigated these constructs in men . Purpose : This study examined whether a cognitive-behavioral stress management ( CBSM ) intervention improves BF and quality of life ( QoL ) in men recovering from treatment for localized prostate cancer . Methods : Participants in this study were 191 men ( M age = 65.1 ) treated with radiation or radical prostatectomy for clinical ly localized ( i.e. , Stage I or II ) prostate cancer . Participants were primarily non-Hispanic White ( 40 % ) or Hispanic ( 41 % ) , followed by Black ( 18 % ) and other ethnicity ( 1 % ) , were an average of 65.1 years old ( SD = 7.7 ) , and earned an average of $ 47,800 annually ( SD = $ 41,000 ) . Participants were r and omized to either a 10-week group-based cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention or a half-day educational seminar as a control condition . All participants provided demographic information and completed the Positive Contributions Scale-Cancer to assess BF , the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy to measure quality of life , and a measure of perceived stress management skills . Structural equation modeling was utilized for all analyses . Results : Results indicated that the CBSM condition led to increases in BF and QoL and that these changes were mediated by the development of stress management skills . Conclusions : Results support the use of group-based cognitive-behavioral interventions in promoting QoL and BF in this population This pilot r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) examined the clinical effects of 2 complementary ( CAM ) therapies , relaxation response therapy ( RRT ) and Reiki therapy , in men being treated with external beam radiotherapy ( EBRx ) for prostate cancer Evaluated the ability of self-regulation and emotional-drive theories to explain effects of an informational intervention entailing descriptions of the experience in concrete objective terms on outcomes of coping with  radiation therapy ( RT )  in men ( N = 84 ) with prostate cancer . The experimental group had significantly less disruption in function during and for 3 months following RT than the comparison group . The intervention had no significant effect on negative mood . Consistent with self-regulation theory , similarity between expectations and experience and degree of underst and ing of the experience mediated the effect of the intervention on function . Emotional-drive theory was not supported . These results are consistent with prior research with surgical patients and support the relevance of the information-processing explanations of self-regulation theory to coping with stressful experiences associated with physical illness Prostate cancer has become a public health problem worldwide with considerable social and economic consequences . Many men have extraprostatic spread at diagnosis , and treatment usually involves hormonal manipulation therapy  , which can challenge the stereotypical male image . It is often assumed that merely the provision of educational material for patients in an accessible form is sufficient to address informational needs . However , with the increasing emphasis on evidence -based practice , an essential element of the patient education process is evaluation of the impact of educational interventions . In this study , a r and omised controlled trial was used to evaluate the effect of an evidence -based education package on the knowledge of disease and treatment , quality of life , coping and satisfaction of a sample ( n=55 ) of men with prostate cancer on hormonal manipulation therapy in the UK . The men were r and omly assigned to experimental ( n=28 ) and control group ( n=27 ) . Established instruments with satisfactory reliability and validity were used to measure the dependent variables . The independent variable , namely the education package , had been developed following the results of a previous study , which assessed the informational needs of this client group . This package consisted of an information booklet supplemented by the verbal teaching of a urology nurse . Results demonstrated that delivery of the education package had a significant effect on knowledge , quality of life and satisfaction with care , but not on coping . This study has contributed to the evidence -base for practice in urological nursing . This education package should become a routine , and not merely incidental aspect of care for this client group To test the hypotheses that pessimists might benefit from concrete objective information based on self-regulation theory and that optimists might benefit from instruction in self-care and coping based on self-care theory , 62 patients receiving radiation therapy ( RT ) for prostate cancer were studied . The two experimental and control intervention messages were given three times during RT .  Mood and disruption of activities were assessed three times during and three times after RT . The self-care instruction had no effects on either outcome . The prediction from self-regulation theory was supported , in part , with concrete objective information having a positive effect on mood among pessimistic patients . Concrete objective information result ed in less recreation and pastime disruption in both optimistic and pessimistic patients at the times they experienced the most RT side effects The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of an  individualized uncertainty management intervention delivered by telephone to Caucasian and African‐American men with localized prostate carcinoma and directed at managing the uncertainties of their disease and treatment African American men experience worse prostate cancer outcomes compared with those of Caucasian men , not only in incidence and mortality rates , but also in coping with the side effects of treatment . Unfortunately , African American men have been significantly under‐represented in research evaluating the efficacy of psychosocial interventions for improving coping in prostate cancer survivors . This pilot study explored the feasibility and efficacy of coping skills training ( CST ) , an intervention developed to enhance coping with treatment side effects in a sample of African American prostate cancer survivors and their intimate partners . The intervention was delivered in a telephone‐based format design ed to facilitate research participation . A total of 40 couples were r and omized to either 6 sessions of CST or usual care . Survivors completed measures of disease‐specific quality of life ( QOL ) related to urinary , sexual , bowel , and hormonal symptom domains , as well as measures of global QOL ( i.e. , physical functioning and mental health ) . Partners completed measures of caregiver strain , mood , and vigor . Analysis of data from 30 couples ( 12 couples in CST , 18 couples in usual care ) indicated that CST produced moderate to large treatment effects for QOL related to bowel , urinary , sexual , and hormonal symptoms .  Partners who underwent CST  reported less caregiver strain , depression , and fatigue , and more vigor , with moderate effect sizes observed that approached conventional levels of statistical significance . These preliminary findings suggest that telephone‐based CST is a feasible approach that can successfully enhance coping inAfrican American prostate cancer survivors and their intimate partners . Cancer 2007 . © 2006 American Cancer Society Urinary and sexual dysfunctions are side effects of radical prostatectomy ( RP ) for prostate cancer ( PC ) that contribute to depression . Despite the effectiveness of support groups at reducing depression in cancer patients , men typically do not participate in them . The purpose of this pilot study was to test the effects of a dyadic intervention ( one-to-one support ) on social support  ( Modified Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors ) , self-efficacy ( Stanford Inventory of Cancer Patient Adjustment ) , and depression ( Geriatric Depression Scale ) .  Subjects were r and omized to group . Controls ( N=15 ; Mage=59.7 ) received usual care . Experimentals were paired with long-term survivors ( LTS ) who had RP and who had treatment side effects in common . Experimentals ( N=15 ; Mage=57.5 ) met with a LTS 8 times in 8 weeks to discuss concerns associated with survivorship . No significant differences were detected on social support , but after 4 weeks , significant differences were present on depression between controls and experimentals , however these differences were not seen at 8 weeks . After 8 weeks , there were also significant differences on self-efficacy between controls and experimentals . Weekly anecdotal data supported the feasibility and acceptance of the intervention that was a low cost strategy effective at reducing depression and increasing self-efficacy in men treated by RP . Future research directions and clinical application is presented Objectives To evaluate the risk of bias tool , introduced by the Cochrane Collaboration for assessing the internal validity of r and omised trials , for inter-rater agreement , concurrent validity compared with the Jadad scale and Schulz approach to allocation concealment , and the relation between risk of bias and effect estimates . Design Cross sectional study . Study sample 163 trials in children . Main outcome measures Inter-rater agreement between review ers assessing trials using the risk of bias tool ( weighted κ ) , time to apply the risk of bias tool compared with other approaches to quality assessment ( paired t test ) , degree of correlation for overall risk compared with overall quality scores ( Kendall ’s τ statistic ) , and magnitude of effect estimates for studies classified as being at high , unclear , or low risk of bias ( metaregression ) . Results Inter-rater agreement on individual domains of the risk of bias tool ranged from slight ( κ=0.13 ) to substantial ( κ=0.74 ) . The mean time to complete the risk of bias tool was significantly longer than for the Jadad scale and Schulz approach , individually or combined ( 8.8 minutes ( SD 2.2 ) per study v 2.0 ( SD 0.8 ) , P<0.001 ) . There was low correlation between risk of bias overall compared with the Jadad scores ( P=0.395 ) and Schulz approach ( P=0.064 ) . Effect sizes differed between studies assessed as being at high or unclear risk of bias ( 0.52 ) compared with those at low risk ( 0.23 ) . Conclusions Inter-rater agreement varied across domains of the risk of bias tool . Generally , agreement was poorer for those items that required more judgment . There was low correlation between assessment s of overall risk of bias and two common approaches to quality assessment : the Jadad scale and Schulz approach to allocation concealment . Overall risk of bias as assessed by the risk of bias tool differentiated effect estimates , with more conservative estimates for studies at low risk OBJECTIVE The outcomes of a 10-week cognitive-behavioral stress management ( CBSM ) group intervention were evaluated in prostate cancer survivors . A model was tested in which CBSM-related improvements in emotional well-being were attained through changes in men 's perceptions of their condition , as conceptualized by information processing explanations of self-regulation theory . The model also tested whether life stress and treatment-related side effects moderated intervention effects . METHODS Men treated for localized prostate cancer ( n = 257 ) within the past 18 months were r and omized to CBSM or a half-day psycho-educational seminar . At pre-intervention and 12-week follow-up , emotional well-being , illness perceptions , life stress , and sexual and urinary function were assessed using vali date d question naires . RESULTS After controlling for covariates , CBSM participants showed greater improvements in emotional well-being relative to control participants ( β = 0.13 , p < 0.05 ) . For men reporting higher stress upon study entry ,  CBSM-related  improvements were partially explained by changes in some , but not all , illness perceptions . Sexual and urinary dysfunction did not influence CBSM-related gains . CONCLUSIONS Prostate cancer perceptions may be an important target for enhancing emotional well-being , particularly for men experiencing general life stress . However , interventions that explicitly target mental representations of cancer may be needed to modify 
    Output:
    