human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background and Objectives : Postdischarge formulas with extra energy and protein improve short-term growth but may also influence long-term body composition in an unwanted manner . Energy- and protein-enriched formulas with an increased protein-to-energy ratio improves gain of lean mass . The objective of the study was to investigate whether feeding a nutrient-enriched formula without extra energy after term , usually 3 to 4 weeks after discharge , would influence growth and body composition in infancy . Methods : In this r and omized controlled trial preterm infants were fed fortified human milk or preterm formula until term . At term , 102 infants were r and omized to a nutrient-enriched formula without extra energy or st and ard formula until 6 months corrected age . Twenty-six infants received unfortified human milk after term . At term and 6 months corrected age , anthropometry and a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ( DEXA ) scan were performed . Lean and fat mass ( FM ) were corrected for height . Results : There were no differences in growth or body size between the feeding groups . Infants fed the enriched formula gained less FM and had lower FM corrected for body size at 6 months corrected age than infants fed st and ard formula . Infants fed human milk had lower lean mass and higher FM corrected for body size at 6 months corrected age than formula-fed infants . Conclusions : Feeding nutrient-enriched formula without extra energy after term does not change quantity of growth but does influence type of weight gain and body composition of preterm infants . Infants fed the nutrient-enriched formula had lower FM corrected for body size at 6 months corrected age than infants fed st and ard formula or human milk Background Preterm infants are at risk for adverse neurodevelopment . Furthermore , nutrition may play a key role in supporting neurodevelopment . The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a nutrient-enriched formula fed to preterm infants after hospital discharge could improve their neurodevelopment at 24 months ( term-corrected age ) . Methods We conducted an observer-blinded , single-center , r and omized controlled trial in infants admitted to the Fondazione IRCCS Cà Gr and a Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , University of Milan , Italy between 2009 and 2011 . Inclusion criteria were gestational age < 32 weeks and /or birth weight < 1500 g , and being fed human milk for < 20 % of the total milk intake . Exclusion criteria were congenital malformations or conditions that could interfere with growth or body composition . Included infants were r and omized to  receive a st and ard full-term formula or a nutrient-enriched formula  up until 6 months of corrected age , using two computer-generated r and omization lists ; one appropriate for gestational age ( AGA ) and one for small for gestational age ( SGA ) infants . We assessed neurodevelopment at 24 months of corrected age using the Griffiths Mental Development Scale and related subscales ( locomotor , personal-social , hearing and speech , h and and eye coordination , and performance ) . Results Of the 207 r and omized infants , 181 completed the study . 52 AGA and 35 SGA infants were fed a nutrient-enriched formula , whereas 56 AGA and 38 SGA infants were fed a st and ard full-term formula . The general quotient at 24 months of corrected age was not significantly different between infants r and omized to receive a nutrient-enriched formula compared with a st and ard term formula up until 6 months of corrected age ( AGA infants : 93.8 ± 12.6 vs. 92.4 ± 10.4 , respectively ; SGA infants : 96.1 ± 9.9 vs. 98.2 ± 9 , respectively ) . The scores of related subscales were also similar among groups . Conclusions This study found that feeding preterm infants a nutrient-enriched formula after discharge does not affect neurodevelopment at 24 months of corrected age , in either AGA or SGA infants , free from major comorbidities . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ( http://www.controlled-trials.com/IS RCT N30189842 ) London , UK BACKGROUND Rapid weight gain in infancy is associated with higher body mass index in later life , but its relation with individual body-composition components remains unclear . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to investigate associations between weight gain during different periods in infancy and later fat mass ( FM ) and fat-free mass ( FFM ) . DESIGN Body composition was assessed by using the 4-component model , dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry , and anthropometry in 234 healthy UK children and adolescents ( 105 boys ; x + /- SD age : 11.4 + /- 3.8 y ) . Early growth measurements were prospect i ve in 52 subjects and retrospective in 182 .  Relative weight gain was calculated as change in SD score ( SDS ) during different periods . RESULTS Relative weight gain from 0 to 3 mo and from 3 to 6 mo showed positive relations with childhood FM , waist circumference , and trunk FM that were equivalent to increases in FMI ( FM/height(2 ) ) of 0.24 SDS ( 95 % CI : 0.04 , 0.44 ) and 0.50 SDS ( 0.25 , 0.75 ) per 1-SDS increase in early weight and that were comparable to the effect of current obesity risk factors . Relative weight gain from 0 to 3 mo was also positively associated with later FFMI ( FFM/height(2 ) ) . Relative weight gain from 6 to 12 mo was not associated with later body composition . Associations were independent of birth weight , sex , puberty , physical activity , socioeconomic class , ethnicity , and parental body mass index . CONCLUSIONS In this Western population , greater relative weight gain during early infancy was positively associated with later FM and central fat distribution and with FFM . Rapid weight gain in infancy may be a risk factor for later adiposity . Early infancy may provide an opportunity for interventions aim ed at reducing later obesity risk BACKGROUND Despite the theoretical benefits of nutrient-enriched formula given to preterm infants after hospital discharge , its role in reversing growth deficits after hospital discharge remains poorly defined . OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine the effect of different formulas on the growth , bone mass , and body composition of preterm infants after hospital discharge . DESIGN This was a r and omized , double blind comparison of a nutrient-enriched formula ( EF ) and a formula for term infants ( TF ) given for 1 y after hospital discharge . Compared with the TF , the EF had a higher energy density and higher contents of protein , calcium , and phosphorus ( by 10 % , 21 % , 44 % , and 11 % , respectively ) and higher contents of almost all other nutrients ( by > or=10 % ) . RESULTS  Birth weights of the infants were 630 - 1620 g ( median : 1250 g ) and gestational ages were 24 - 34 wk ( median : 29 wk ) . TF result ed in significantly greater weight , length , head circumference measurements , and their respective z scores on the basis of age- and sex-specific norms . At the end of the study , the mean z scores for the corrected age of infants in the TF group were -0.37 for weight , 0.001 for length , and 0.50 for head circumference . The TF group also had significantly greater dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured bone and lean and fat mass than did the EF group ( P < 0.05 for all comparisons ) . CONCLUSIONS The use of EF for preterm infants after hospital discharge shows no advantage over TF in growth , bone mineralization , and body composition . More studies are needed to determine the optimal postdischarge nutrition support for preterm infants BACKGROUND Because recent data on the effects of mineral concentrations in preterm infant formula on bone mineralization are lacking , recommendations for the mineral content of preterm infant formula differ greatly between committees . OBJECTIVE The goal of the study was to assess the effects of an isocaloric , nutrient-enriched preterm formula , which was fed from the age when full enteral feedings were tolerated through expected term , on bone mineralization in preterm infants . DESIGN We conducted a prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind study in healthy , preterm infants ( gestational age of 28 - 32 wk ) who were fed either a control preterm formula ( n=20 ) or an isocaloric , nutrient-enriched preterm formula ( n=21 ) until 3 mo of age ( ie , approximate expected term ) .  Serum calcium indexes were taken throughout the study , and bone mass was determined by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at hospital discharge and expected term . RESULTS A total of 37 infants ( experimental formula , n=19 ; control formula , n=18 ) completed the study . Compared with control subjects , infants fed the experimental formula had 25 % and 40 % higher intakes of calcium and phosphorus , respectively . Serum calcium , phosphorus , osteocalcin , and alkaline phosphatase concentrations and urinary collagen type I cross-linked N-telopetide concentrations were not significantly different between the groups at any time point . The bone mineral content of infants fed the experimental formula was 23 % ( P=0.039 ) and 35 % ( P=0.002 ) higher at hospital discharge and expected term , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Bone mineralization at hospital discharge and expected term was significantly higher in preterm infants fed the isocaloric , nutrient-enriched formula than in those fed control formula . Continuation of the experimental formula beyond hospital discharge , through expected term , further improved bone mineralization The growth , behavior , and protein status of 59 healthy preterm ( mean gestational age 30 wk ) infants fed either human milk or one of three infant formulas were studied post-discharge from the hospital . Formula-fed infants received either a st and ard term formula , a st and ard preterm formula , or an experimental preterm formula from discharge to 8 wk of age . From 8 to 16 wk , all formula-fed infants received the st and ard term formula . At 2 , 8 , and 16 wk , anthropometric , dietary intake , blood biochemistry , amino acid , and Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment measurements were evaluated . Weights , lengths , and head circumferences were similar for all feeding groups at discharge . After discharge all formula-fed infants were heavier than human milk-fed infants . Length and head circumference values and plasma urea nitrogen and retinol-binding protein concentrations were not different among dietary groups . Formula-fed infants had higher plasma concentrations of numerous amino acids compared with those of human milk-fed infants during the first 8 wk but not at 16 wk . There were no differences among the feeding groups in the Brazelton assessment . This study found little effect on the growth or behavioral or protein status of preterm infants discharged from the hospital who were fed either human milk or formulas design ed for term or preterm infants Ten very-low-birth-weight ( VLBW ) infants fed a premature formula up to a weight of 2 000 g were r and omized either to continue on the premature formula for a further 8 weeks or to change to a st and ard infant formula .  Four infants in each group completed the 8-week study period , while growth and biochemical data were available on the other 2 infants for half the study period . No significant differences were seen at the end of the study . Infants on the premature formula showed a trend towards more rapid growth during the 8-week period , but this was no longer evident at a corrected age of 3 months . All infants were followed up to a corrected age of 1 year , during which time growth curves were similar to those previously described for VLBW infants . No long-term tendency towards obesity was evident in these infants , who had gained weight up to 2 000 g at a rate equivalent to the intra-uterine rate OBJECTIVES Preterm infants are frequently discharged from the hospital growth retarded and show reduced growth throughout childhood . In a large efficacy and safety trial , we tested the hypothesis that nutritional intervention in the first 9 months postterm would reverse postdischarge growth deficits and improve neurodevelopment without adverse safety outcomes . PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION Two hundred eighty-four infants ( mean gestation : 30.9 weeks ) were studied ; 229 were r and omly assigned a  protein , energy , mineral , and micronutrient-enriched postdischarge formula ( PDF ; N = 113 ) or st and ard term formula  ( TF ; N = 116 ) from discharge ( mean 36.5 weeks ' postmenstrual age ) . A reference group ( N = 65 ) was  breastfed until at least 6 weeks ' postterm . Outcome measures . Anthropometry was performed at 6 weeks and 3 , 6 , 9 , and 18 months . Development was measured at 9 months ( Knobloch , Passamanick , and Sherrard 's developmental screening inventory ) and 18 months ( Bayley Scales of Infant Development II ; primary outcome ) postterm . RESULTS At 9 months , compared with the TF group , those fed PDF were heavier ( difference 370 g ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 84 - 660 ) and longer ( difference 1.1 cm ; 95 % CI : 0.3 - 1.9 ) ; the difference in length persisted at 18 months ( difference 0.82 cm ; 95 % CI : -0.04 - 1.7 ) . There was no effect on head circumference . The effect of diet was greatest in males ; at 9 months length deficit with TF was 1.5 cm ( 95 % CI : 0.3 - 2.7 ) , and this remained at 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background and Objectives : Postdischarge formulas with extra energy and protein improve short-term growth but may also influence long-term body composition in an unwanted manner . Energy- and protein-enriched formulas with an increased protein-to-energy ratio improves gain of lean mass . The objective of the study was to investigate whether feeding a nutrient-enriched formula without extra energy after term , usually 3 to 4 weeks after discharge , would influence growth and body composition in infancy . Methods : In this r and omized controlled trial preterm infants were fed fortified human milk or preterm formula until term . At term , 102 infants were r and omized to a nutrient-enriched formula without extra energy or st and ard formula until 6 months corrected age . Twenty-six infants received unfortified human milk after term . At term and 6 months corrected age , anthropometry and a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ( DEXA ) scan were performed . Lean and fat mass ( FM ) were corrected for height . Results : There were no differences in growth or body size between the feeding groups . Infants fed the enriched formula gained less FM and had lower FM corrected for body size at 6 months corrected age than infants fed st and ard formula . Infants fed human milk had lower lean mass and higher FM corrected for body size at 6 months corrected age than formula-fed infants . Conclusions : Feeding nutrient-enriched formula without extra energy after term does not change quantity of growth but does influence type of weight gain and body composition of preterm infants . Infants fed the nutrient-enriched formula had lower FM corrected for body size at 6 months corrected age than infants fed st and ard formula or human milk Background Preterm infants are at risk for adverse neurodevelopment . Furthermore , nutrition may play a key role in supporting neurodevelopment . The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a nutrient-enriched formula fed to preterm infants after hospital discharge could improve their neurodevelopment at 24 months ( term-corrected age ) . Methods We conducted an observer-blinded , single-center , r and omized controlled trial in infants admitted to the Fondazione IRCCS Cà Gr and a Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , University of Milan , Italy between 2009 and 2011 . Inclusion criteria were gestational age < 32 weeks and /or birth weight < 1500 g , and being fed human milk for < 20 % of the total milk intake . Exclusion criteria were congenital malformations or conditions that could interfere with growth or body composition . Included infants were r and omized to  receive a st and ard full-term formula or a nutrient-enriched formula  up until 6 months of corrected age , using two computer-generated r and omization lists ; one appropriate for gestational age ( AGA ) and one for small for gestational age ( SGA ) infants . We assessed neurodevelopment at 24 months of corrected age using the Griffiths Mental Development Scale and related subscales ( locomotor , personal-social , hearing and speech , h and and eye coordination , and performance ) . Results Of the 207 r and omized infants , 181 completed the study . 52 AGA and 35 SGA infants were fed a nutrient-enriched formula , whereas 56 AGA and 38 SGA infants were fed a st and ard full-term formula . The general quotient at 24 months of corrected age was not significantly different between infants r and omized to receive a nutrient-enriched formula compared with a st and ard term formula up until 6 months of corrected age ( AGA infants : 93.8 ± 12.6 vs. 92.4 ± 10.4 , respectively ; SGA infants : 96.1 ± 9.9 vs. 98.2 ± 9 , respectively ) . The scores of related subscales were also similar among groups . Conclusions This study found that feeding preterm infants a nutrient-enriched formula after discharge does not affect neurodevelopment at 24 months of corrected age , in either AGA or SGA infants , free from major comorbidities . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ( http://www.controlled-trials.com/IS RCT N30189842 ) London , UK BACKGROUND Rapid weight gain in infancy is associated with higher body mass index in later life , but its relation with individual body-composition components remains unclear . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to investigate associations between weight gain during different periods in infancy and later fat mass ( FM ) and fat-free mass ( FFM ) . DESIGN Body composition was assessed by using the 4-component model , dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry , and anthropometry in 234 healthy UK children and adolescents ( 105 boys ; x + /- SD age : 11.4 + /- 3.8 y ) . Early growth measurements were prospect i ve in 52 subjects and retrospective in 182 .  Relative weight gain was calculated as change in SD score ( SDS ) during different periods . RESULTS Relative weight gain from 0 to 3 mo and from 3 to 6 mo showed positive relations with childhood FM , waist circumference , and trunk FM that were equivalent to increases in FMI ( FM/height(2 ) ) of 0.24 SDS ( 95 % CI : 0.04 , 0.44 ) and 0.50 SDS ( 0.25 , 0.75 ) per 1-SDS increase in early weight and that were comparable to the effect of current obesity risk factors . Relative weight gain from 0 to 3 mo was also positively associated with later FFMI ( FFM/height(2 ) ) . Relative weight gain from 6 to 12 mo was not associated with later body composition . Associations were independent of birth weight , sex , puberty , physical activity , socioeconomic class , ethnicity , and parental body mass index . CONCLUSIONS In this Western population , greater relative weight gain during early infancy was positively associated with later FM and central fat distribution and with FFM . Rapid weight gain in infancy may be a risk factor for later adiposity . Early infancy may provide an opportunity for interventions aim ed at reducing later obesity risk BACKGROUND Despite the theoretical benefits of nutrient-enriched formula given to preterm infants after hospital discharge , its role in reversing growth deficits after hospital discharge remains poorly defined . OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine the effect of different formulas on the growth , bone mass , and body composition of preterm infants after hospital discharge . DESIGN This was a r and omized , double blind comparison of a nutrient-enriched formula ( EF ) and a formula for term infants ( TF ) given for 1 y after hospital discharge . Compared with the TF , the EF had a higher energy density and higher contents of protein , calcium , and phosphorus ( by 10 % , 21 % , 44 % , and 11 % , respectively ) and higher contents of almost all other nutrients ( by > or=10 % ) . RESULTS  Birth weights of the infants were 630 - 1620 g ( median : 1250 g ) and gestational ages were 24 - 34 wk ( median : 29 wk ) . TF result ed in significantly greater weight , length , head circumference measurements , and their respective z scores on the basis of age- and sex-specific norms . At the end of the study , the mean z scores for the corrected age of infants in the TF group were -0.37 for weight , 0.001 for length , and 0.50 for head circumference . The TF group also had significantly greater dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured bone and lean and fat mass than did the EF group ( P < 0.05 for all comparisons ) . CONCLUSIONS The use of EF for preterm infants after hospital discharge shows no advantage over TF in growth , bone mineralization , and body composition . More studies are needed to determine the optimal postdischarge nutrition support for preterm infants BACKGROUND Because recent data on the effects of mineral concentrations in preterm infant formula on bone mineralization are lacking , recommendations for the mineral content of preterm infant formula differ greatly between committees . OBJECTIVE The goal of the study was to assess the effects of an isocaloric , nutrient-enriched preterm formula , which was fed from the age when full enteral feedings were tolerated through expected term , on bone mineralization in preterm infants . DESIGN We conducted a prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind study in healthy , preterm infants ( gestational age of 28 - 32 wk ) who were fed either a control preterm formula ( n=20 ) or an isocaloric , nutrient-enriched preterm formula ( n=21 ) until 3 mo of age ( ie , approximate expected term ) .  Serum calcium indexes were taken throughout the study , and bone mass was determined by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at hospital discharge and expected term . RESULTS A total of 37 infants ( experimental formula , n=19 ; control formula , n=18 ) completed the study . Compared with control subjects , infants fed the experimental formula had 25 % and 40 % higher intakes of calcium and phosphorus , respectively . Serum calcium , phosphorus , osteocalcin , and alkaline phosphatase concentrations and urinary collagen type I cross-linked N-telopetide concentrations were not significantly different between the groups at any time point . The bone mineral content of infants fed the experimental formula was 23 % ( P=0.039 ) and 35 % ( P=0.002 ) higher at hospital discharge and expected term , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Bone mineralization at hospital discharge and expected term was significantly higher in preterm infants fed the isocaloric , nutrient-enriched formula than in those fed control formula . Continuation of the experimental formula beyond hospital discharge , through expected term , further improved bone mineralization The growth , behavior , and protein status of 59 healthy preterm ( mean gestational age 30 wk ) infants fed either human milk or one of three infant formulas were studied post-discharge from the hospital . Formula-fed infants received either a st and ard term formula , a st and ard preterm formula , or an experimental preterm formula from discharge to 8 wk of age . From 8 to 16 wk , all formula-fed infants received the st and ard term formula . At 2 , 8 , and 16 wk , anthropometric , dietary intake , blood biochemistry , amino acid , and Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment measurements were evaluated . Weights , lengths , and head circumferences were similar for all feeding groups at discharge . After discharge all formula-fed infants were heavier than human milk-fed infants . Length and head circumference values and plasma urea nitrogen and retinol-binding protein concentrations were not different among dietary groups . Formula-fed infants had higher plasma concentrations of numerous amino acids compared with those of human milk-fed infants during the first 8 wk but not at 16 wk . There were no differences among the feeding groups in the Brazelton assessment . This study found little effect on the growth or behavioral or protein status of preterm infants discharged from the hospital who were fed either human milk or formulas design ed for term or preterm infants Ten very-low-birth-weight ( VLBW ) infants fed a premature formula up to a weight of 2 000 g were r and omized either to continue on the premature formula for a further 8 weeks or to change to a st and ard infant formula .  Four infants in each group completed the 8-week study period , while growth and biochemical data were available on the other 2 infants for half the study period . No significant differences were seen at the end of the study . Infants on the premature formula showed a trend towards more rapid growth during the 8-week period , but this was no longer evident at a corrected age of 3 months . All infants were followed up to a corrected age of 1 year , during which time growth curves were similar to those previously described for VLBW infants . No long-term tendency towards obesity was evident in these infants , who had gained weight up to 2 000 g at a rate equivalent to the intra-uterine rate OBJECTIVES Preterm infants are frequently discharged from the hospital growth retarded and show reduced growth throughout childhood . In a large efficacy and safety trial , we tested the hypothesis that nutritional intervention in the first 9 months postterm would reverse postdischarge growth deficits and improve neurodevelopment without adverse safety outcomes . PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION Two hundred eighty-four infants ( mean gestation : 30.9 weeks ) were studied ; 229 were r and omly assigned a  protein , energy , mineral , and micronutrient-enriched postdischarge formula ( PDF ; N = 113 ) or st and ard term formula  ( TF ; N = 116 ) from discharge ( mean 36.5 weeks ' postmenstrual age ) . A reference group ( N = 65 ) was  breastfed until at least 6 weeks ' postterm . Outcome measures . Anthropometry was performed at 6 weeks and 3 , 6 , 9 , and 18 months . Development was measured at 9 months ( Knobloch , Passamanick , and Sherrard 's developmental screening inventory ) and 18 months ( Bayley Scales of Infant Development II ; primary outcome ) postterm . RESULTS At 9 months , compared with the TF group , those fed PDF were heavier ( difference 370 g ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 84 - 660 ) and longer ( difference 1.1 cm ; 95 % CI : 0.3 - 1.9 ) ; the difference in length persisted at 18 months ( difference 0.82 cm ; 95 % CI : -0.04 - 1.7 ) . There was no effect on head circumference . The effect of diet was greatest in males ; at 9 months length deficit with TF was 1.5 cm ( 95 % CI : 0.3 - 2.7 ) , and this remained at 
    Output:
    