human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Iron deficiency is a common nutritional problem in young children among vulnerable population s in Jordan . Several studies have shown the effectiveness of intermittent iron supplementation in improving iron status . Such a study has not been carried out in 2- to-6-year-old Jordanian children diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia in a clinical setting . Objective To study the effectiveness of intermittent versus daily iron treatment in a clinical setting in 2- to 6-year-old Jordanian children with iron-deficiency anemia . Methods About 4,400 children aged 2 to 6 years who visited Prince Hashim Military Hospital in Zarqa , Jordan , from August 2000 to June 2001 were screened for age , general health , and birthweight . About 10 % of these children were screened for anemia , using complete blood count ( defined as a hemoglobin level ≤ 10.5 g/dL , and a mean corpuscular volume ≤ 75 fL ) . Anemic children underwent further screening for iron deficiency , defined as serum ferritin level ≤ 12 μ g/L. Children with iron-deficiency anemia , as indicated by hemoglobin ≤ 10.5 g/dL , mean corpuscular volume ≤ 75 fL , and serum ferritin ≤ 12 μ g/L , or as indicated by mean corpuscular volume ≤ 75 fL and hemoglobin ≤ 10.5 g/dL , were enrolled in the study after informed oral consent by their parents . Study children ( n = 134 ) were assigned r and omly to one of three groups . Subjects in group 1 ( n = 45 ) , group 2 ( n = 45 ) , and group 3 ( n = 44 ) received iron treatment daily , weekly , and twice weekly , respectively . Out of 134 children recruited for the study , only 63 ( 39 boys and 24 girls ) completed the 3-month treatment period . All of the children received medicinal iron drops at a dosage of 5 mg elemental iron as ferrous sulfate per kilogram of body weight . The parents also received nutritional counseling . Results At the end of treatment , hemoglobin , serum ferritin , hematocrit , mean corpuscular volume , mean corpuscular hemoglobin , and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased significantly in all groups with no significant differences between groups . The increases in hemoglobin in groups 1 , 2 , and 3 were 2.47 ± 0.17 , 2.12 ± 0.18 , and 2.18 ± 0.18 g/dL , respectively . Measurements of final serum ferritin concentration were available for only 12 , 12 , and 10 children in groups 1 , 2 , and 3 , respectively . In all children who completed the study , except for one in group 1 , hemoglobin , mean corpuscular volume , and serum ferritin reached normal values in response to iron treatment . Conclusions Weekly and twice-weekly iron therapy with 5 mg elemental iron as ferrous sulfate per kilogram of body weight accompanied by nutritional counseling was as effective as daily iron therapy in correcting iron-deficiency anemia in 2- to 6-year-old children under the clinical conditions of this study OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of universal prophylactic targeting with iron sulfate on daily or weekly basis in the prevention of anemia in infants . METHODS R and omized clinical field trial with children between ages six and 12 months seen at primary health care units in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , between 2004 and 2005 . Three concurrent cohorts were compared : daily group ( n=150 ; 12.5 mg Fe/day ) ; weekly group ( n=147 ; 25 mg Fe/week ) and control group . The intervention consisted of universal supplementation with iron sulfate for 24 weeks , combined with educational adherence-promoting measures . OUTCOME mean serum hemoglobin concentration , distribution and prevalence of anemia ( Hb<110.0 g/l ) at age 12 months . Effectiveness was evaluated considering both intent to treat and adherence to protocol , using multiple regression analysis ( linear and Poisson ) . RESULTS Groups were homogeneous in terms of descriptive variables . The intervention was implemented successfully , with high adhesion to protocol in both groups , and no statistical difference between them . After adjustment , only the daily regimen showed a protective effect . Adherence analysis demonstrated an evident dose-response effect on mean Hb and prevalence of anemia only for the daily regimen . No protective effect was detected for the weekly regimen . CONCLUSIONS Universal supplementation with iron sulfate from six to 12 months of age was effective in increasing serum Hb and decreasing risk of anemia only when administered on a daily basis OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of 3 months iron supplementation on physical growth among anemic school children given daily and weekly and to know the response based on hemoglobin level . SUBJECT One hundred forty-four children were measured for height , weight and hemoglobin level . Ninety seven children were anemic ( 67.36 % ) with Hb level < 12 g/dl and forty seven children were non anemic . anemic children were divided into 2 subgroups and r and omly assigned to either daily and weekly Fe treatment for 12 weeks . The non anemic group were treated with weekly iron supplementation , which was accepted by the parents . OUTCOME MEASURES Children 's height , weight , and hemoglobin of T1 and T2 food recall method was used to know calorie , protein , vitamin C and iron intake in both daily and weekly subgroups . Three days food recall was performed in the second and third months by a nutritionist . RESULT After iron supplementation , the hemoglobin level in both group increased significantly . The average change of hemoglobin between the 2 groups gave no significant difference . W/A and H/A after iron supplementation showed significantly increased in both groups . The average change of W/A and H/A between the 2 groups gave no significant difference . CONCLUSION Daily and weekly iron supplementation showed no significant difference in increasing of hemoglobin level and physical growth . Further research must be done with appropriate sample size and well design This study was design ed to propose a more practical , effective , safer , inexpensive , and manageable alternative treatment of iron deficiency anemia ( IDA ) for the developing countries . The study involves 94 children between the ages of 5 months and 6 years who had been seen in the authors ' hospital and diagnosed as having iron deficiency anemia . Ninety-four children with IDA were r and omly divided into two groups : 48 children comprised the first group , which was administered conventional treatment , and 46 children comprised the second group , which was administered intermittent treatment involving iron administration 2 days a week . Twenty-three children whose age and gender distribution were compatible with the other groups were included in the study as the control group . Both groups were reevaluated for their initial hematologic parameters at the end of the treatment . When the parameters of both groups were compared with the parameters of the control group after the treatment , there were no differences between hemoglobin , hematocrit , red blood cell , mean corpuscular volume , mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration , serum iron , and ferritin levels of conventional and intermittent treatment groups . With respect to certain parameters , such as red cell distribution , serum iron binding capacity , transferrin saturation , transferrin receptor , and transferrin receptor/log ferritin , however , intermittent treatment was superior to the conventional treatment method ( p < .05 ) . In IDA , when a conventional treatment method or an intermittent treatment method is used , there are no differences between the hematological parameters . In fact , the intermittent treatment method has been found to be superior in many parameters Objective : To compare the efficacy of a daily and a weekly iron supplementation on the hematological status of anemic children living at high altitude . Design : Double blind iron supplementation trial including a placebo control group . Setting : A socioeconomically disadvantaged district of La Paz , Bolivia ( altitude of 4000 m ) . Subjects : Anemic ( hemoglobin concentration≤144 g/L ) , 3.3–8.3 y old children of both sexes . Intervention : Children received a placebo ( n=57 ) or a dose of 3–4 mg of elemental iron per kg body weight ( FeSO4 tablets ) 1 d per week ( n=58 ) or 5 d per week ( n=58 ) for 16 weeks . Results : Hemoglobin and zinc erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentrations improved significantly in supplemented groups but not in the placebo group . Changes in hemoglobin during the study were not significantly different between supplemented groups ( weekly group : 15.2±6.9 g/L and daily group : 18.6±11.1 g/L ) but were different from the placebo group ( 0.5±7.1 g/L , P<0.001 ) . At the end of the supplementation period , the hemoglobin distribution was Gaussian , and similar in both supplemented groups . Adjusting for the initial hemoglobin concentration , final hemoglobin and its changes were similar in both supplemented groups . Conclusion : Weekly iron supplementation is as efficacious as daily iron supplementation in improving iron status and correcting moderate iron deficiency anemia in Bolivian school children living at high altitude . Sponsorship : Program supported in part by ORSTROM , the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Secretary 's Office of Health , Bolivia Many studies have reported comparable hemoglobin response in subjects given intermittent and daily iron supplements .  However , the effect of intermittent iron supplementation on impaired cognitive function , one of the serious consequences of iron deficiency among children , has not been studied . We investigated the effects of 1 d/wk ( weekly ) and 5 d/wk ( daily ) iron supplementation on changes in results of intelligence quotient ( IQ ) , Thai language , and mathematics tests among Thai primary schoolchildren . A double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial was conducted . Primary schoolchildren ( n = 397 ) were r and omly assigned to receive iron supplements daily or weekly or placebo . Ferrous sulfate ( 300 mg ) or placebo tablets were given under direct observation by the research er for 16 wk . Changes in IQ , and Thai language and mathematics scores were then compared . The increases in hemoglobin concentration were comparable in the weekly and daily iron supplementation groups but serum ferritin increased more in the children supplemented daily . Children receiving daily iron supplements , however , had a significantly lower increase in IQ ( 3 + /- 12 points ) than those receiving the supplement weekly ( 6 + /- 12 points ) or placebo ( 6 + /- 12 points ) , whereas the last-mentioned two groups did not differ . Z-scores of Thai language and mathematics test results did not differ among the groups . We conclude that weekly iron supplementation is the regimen of choice in this study community Growth faltering , anemia , and multiple micronutrient deficiency are common during infancy in developing countries . This South African trial was part of a multicenter study aim ed at testing the efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation on growth , anemia , micronutrient status , and morbidity during infancy across 4 countries . A total of 265 infants aged 6 - 12 mo were individually r and omized to 1 of 4 intervention groups : a daily multiple micronutrient supplement ( DMM ) , a daily placebo supplement ( P ) ; a multiple micronutrient supplement 1 d of the week and placebo supplement on the other days of the week ( WMM ) , and a daily iron supplement ( DI ) . For 6 mo , the blinded supplements were provided to mothers at monthly health clinic sessions , and consumption was verified during weekly household visits by community health workers , when morbidity was also checked . Weight and height of the infants were measured monthly , and blood sample s were taken at the beginning and at the end for assessing the infants micronutrient status . There were no significant differences in nutritional status of the groups at baseline with 40 % of infants with anemia ( hemoglobin < 110 g/L ) , 16 % vitamin A deficiency ( plasma retinol < 0.7 micromol/L ) , 47 % zinc deficiency ( plasma zinc < 10.7 micromol/L ) , 2 % underweight , and 11 % stunting . There was no difference in growth or morbidity between the micronutrient supplemented groups and the P group during the 6-mo study . The DMM was the most effective intervention tested , not only for improving anemia but also for improving iron , zinc , riboflavin , and tocopherol status BACKGROUND Micronutrient deficiencies remain common in preschool children in developing countries . Interventions focus on single micronutrients and often lack effectiveness . Weekly instead of daily supplementation may improve effectiveness . OBJECTIVE The efficacy of weekly and daily supplementation in reducing anemia prevalence and in improving the zinc , vitamin A , and growth status of 6 - 24-mo-old Vietnamese children was investigated . DESIGN In this double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , the daily group ( n = 55 ) received 8 mg elemental Fe ( as iron sulfate ) , 5 mg elemental Zn ( as zinc sulfate ) , 333 microg retinol , and 20 mg vitamin C 5 d/wk for 3 mo . The weekly group ( n = 54 ) received 20 mg Fe , 17 mg Zn , 1700 microg retinol , and 20 mg vitamin C once a week . A third group ( n = 54 ) received a placebo only .  Venous blood sample s were collected at the start and end of the supplementation period and anthropometric measurements were taken at the start 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Iron deficiency is a common nutritional problem in young children among vulnerable population s in Jordan . Several studies have shown the effectiveness of intermittent iron supplementation in improving iron status . Such a study has not been carried out in 2- to-6-year-old Jordanian children diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia in a clinical setting . Objective To study the effectiveness of intermittent versus daily iron treatment in a clinical setting in 2- to 6-year-old Jordanian children with iron-deficiency anemia . Methods About 4,400 children aged 2 to 6 years who visited Prince Hashim Military Hospital in Zarqa , Jordan , from August 2000 to June 2001 were screened for age , general health , and birthweight . About 10 % of these children were screened for anemia , using complete blood count ( defined as a hemoglobin level ≤ 10.5 g/dL , and a mean corpuscular volume ≤ 75 fL ) . Anemic children underwent further screening for iron deficiency , defined as serum ferritin level ≤ 12 μ g/L. Children with iron-deficiency anemia , as indicated by hemoglobin ≤ 10.5 g/dL , mean corpuscular volume ≤ 75 fL , and serum ferritin ≤ 12 μ g/L , or as indicated by mean corpuscular volume ≤ 75 fL and hemoglobin ≤ 10.5 g/dL , were enrolled in the study after informed oral consent by their parents . Study children ( n = 134 ) were assigned r and omly to one of three groups . Subjects in group 1 ( n = 45 ) , group 2 ( n = 45 ) , and group 3 ( n = 44 ) received iron treatment daily , weekly , and twice weekly , respectively . Out of 134 children recruited for the study , only 63 ( 39 boys and 24 girls ) completed the 3-month treatment period . All of the children received medicinal iron drops at a dosage of 5 mg elemental iron as ferrous sulfate per kilogram of body weight . The parents also received nutritional counseling . Results At the end of treatment , hemoglobin , serum ferritin , hematocrit , mean corpuscular volume , mean corpuscular hemoglobin , and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased significantly in all groups with no significant differences between groups . The increases in hemoglobin in groups 1 , 2 , and 3 were 2.47 ± 0.17 , 2.12 ± 0.18 , and 2.18 ± 0.18 g/dL , respectively . Measurements of final serum ferritin concentration were available for only 12 , 12 , and 10 children in groups 1 , 2 , and 3 , respectively . In all children who completed the study , except for one in group 1 , hemoglobin , mean corpuscular volume , and serum ferritin reached normal values in response to iron treatment . Conclusions Weekly and twice-weekly iron therapy with 5 mg elemental iron as ferrous sulfate per kilogram of body weight accompanied by nutritional counseling was as effective as daily iron therapy in correcting iron-deficiency anemia in 2- to 6-year-old children under the clinical conditions of this study OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of universal prophylactic targeting with iron sulfate on daily or weekly basis in the prevention of anemia in infants . METHODS R and omized clinical field trial with children between ages six and 12 months seen at primary health care units in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , between 2004 and 2005 . Three concurrent cohorts were compared : daily group ( n=150 ; 12.5 mg Fe/day ) ; weekly group ( n=147 ; 25 mg Fe/week ) and control group . The intervention consisted of universal supplementation with iron sulfate for 24 weeks , combined with educational adherence-promoting measures . OUTCOME mean serum hemoglobin concentration , distribution and prevalence of anemia ( Hb<110.0 g/l ) at age 12 months . Effectiveness was evaluated considering both intent to treat and adherence to protocol , using multiple regression analysis ( linear and Poisson ) . RESULTS Groups were homogeneous in terms of descriptive variables . The intervention was implemented successfully , with high adhesion to protocol in both groups , and no statistical difference between them . After adjustment , only the daily regimen showed a protective effect . Adherence analysis demonstrated an evident dose-response effect on mean Hb and prevalence of anemia only for the daily regimen . No protective effect was detected for the weekly regimen . CONCLUSIONS Universal supplementation with iron sulfate from six to 12 months of age was effective in increasing serum Hb and decreasing risk of anemia only when administered on a daily basis OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of 3 months iron supplementation on physical growth among anemic school children given daily and weekly and to know the response based on hemoglobin level . SUBJECT One hundred forty-four children were measured for height , weight and hemoglobin level . Ninety seven children were anemic ( 67.36 % ) with Hb level < 12 g/dl and forty seven children were non anemic . anemic children were divided into 2 subgroups and r and omly assigned to either daily and weekly Fe treatment for 12 weeks . The non anemic group were treated with weekly iron supplementation , which was accepted by the parents . OUTCOME MEASURES Children 's height , weight , and hemoglobin of T1 and T2 food recall method was used to know calorie , protein , vitamin C and iron intake in both daily and weekly subgroups . Three days food recall was performed in the second and third months by a nutritionist . RESULT After iron supplementation , the hemoglobin level in both group increased significantly . The average change of hemoglobin between the 2 groups gave no significant difference . W/A and H/A after iron supplementation showed significantly increased in both groups . The average change of W/A and H/A between the 2 groups gave no significant difference . CONCLUSION Daily and weekly iron supplementation showed no significant difference in increasing of hemoglobin level and physical growth . Further research must be done with appropriate sample size and well design This study was design ed to propose a more practical , effective , safer , inexpensive , and manageable alternative treatment of iron deficiency anemia ( IDA ) for the developing countries . The study involves 94 children between the ages of 5 months and 6 years who had been seen in the authors ' hospital and diagnosed as having iron deficiency anemia . Ninety-four children with IDA were r and omly divided into two groups : 48 children comprised the first group , which was administered conventional treatment , and 46 children comprised the second group , which was administered intermittent treatment involving iron administration 2 days a week . Twenty-three children whose age and gender distribution were compatible with the other groups were included in the study as the control group . Both groups were reevaluated for their initial hematologic parameters at the end of the treatment . When the parameters of both groups were compared with the parameters of the control group after the treatment , there were no differences between hemoglobin , hematocrit , red blood cell , mean corpuscular volume , mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration , serum iron , and ferritin levels of conventional and intermittent treatment groups . With respect to certain parameters , such as red cell distribution , serum iron binding capacity , transferrin saturation , transferrin receptor , and transferrin receptor/log ferritin , however , intermittent treatment was superior to the conventional treatment method ( p < .05 ) . In IDA , when a conventional treatment method or an intermittent treatment method is used , there are no differences between the hematological parameters . In fact , the intermittent treatment method has been found to be superior in many parameters Objective : To compare the efficacy of a daily and a weekly iron supplementation on the hematological status of anemic children living at high altitude . Design : Double blind iron supplementation trial including a placebo control group . Setting : A socioeconomically disadvantaged district of La Paz , Bolivia ( altitude of 4000 m ) . Subjects : Anemic ( hemoglobin concentration≤144 g/L ) , 3.3–8.3 y old children of both sexes . Intervention : Children received a placebo ( n=57 ) or a dose of 3–4 mg of elemental iron per kg body weight ( FeSO4 tablets ) 1 d per week ( n=58 ) or 5 d per week ( n=58 ) for 16 weeks . Results : Hemoglobin and zinc erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentrations improved significantly in supplemented groups but not in the placebo group . Changes in hemoglobin during the study were not significantly different between supplemented groups ( weekly group : 15.2±6.9 g/L and daily group : 18.6±11.1 g/L ) but were different from the placebo group ( 0.5±7.1 g/L , P<0.001 ) . At the end of the supplementation period , the hemoglobin distribution was Gaussian , and similar in both supplemented groups . Adjusting for the initial hemoglobin concentration , final hemoglobin and its changes were similar in both supplemented groups . Conclusion : Weekly iron supplementation is as efficacious as daily iron supplementation in improving iron status and correcting moderate iron deficiency anemia in Bolivian school children living at high altitude . Sponsorship : Program supported in part by ORSTROM , the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Secretary 's Office of Health , Bolivia Many studies have reported comparable hemoglobin response in subjects given intermittent and daily iron supplements .  However , the effect of intermittent iron supplementation on impaired cognitive function , one of the serious consequences of iron deficiency among children , has not been studied . We investigated the effects of 1 d/wk ( weekly ) and 5 d/wk ( daily ) iron supplementation on changes in results of intelligence quotient ( IQ ) , Thai language , and mathematics tests among Thai primary schoolchildren . A double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial was conducted . Primary schoolchildren ( n = 397 ) were r and omly assigned to receive iron supplements daily or weekly or placebo . Ferrous sulfate ( 300 mg ) or placebo tablets were given under direct observation by the research er for 16 wk . Changes in IQ , and Thai language and mathematics scores were then compared . The increases in hemoglobin concentration were comparable in the weekly and daily iron supplementation groups but serum ferritin increased more in the children supplemented daily . Children receiving daily iron supplements , however , had a significantly lower increase in IQ ( 3 + /- 12 points ) than those receiving the supplement weekly ( 6 + /- 12 points ) or placebo ( 6 + /- 12 points ) , whereas the last-mentioned two groups did not differ . Z-scores of Thai language and mathematics test results did not differ among the groups . We conclude that weekly iron supplementation is the regimen of choice in this study community Growth faltering , anemia , and multiple micronutrient deficiency are common during infancy in developing countries . This South African trial was part of a multicenter study aim ed at testing the efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation on growth , anemia , micronutrient status , and morbidity during infancy across 4 countries . A total of 265 infants aged 6 - 12 mo were individually r and omized to 1 of 4 intervention groups : a daily multiple micronutrient supplement ( DMM ) , a daily placebo supplement ( P ) ; a multiple micronutrient supplement 1 d of the week and placebo supplement on the other days of the week ( WMM ) , and a daily iron supplement ( DI ) . For 6 mo , the blinded supplements were provided to mothers at monthly health clinic sessions , and consumption was verified during weekly household visits by community health workers , when morbidity was also checked . Weight and height of the infants were measured monthly , and blood sample s were taken at the beginning and at the end for assessing the infants micronutrient status . There were no significant differences in nutritional status of the groups at baseline with 40 % of infants with anemia ( hemoglobin < 110 g/L ) , 16 % vitamin A deficiency ( plasma retinol < 0.7 micromol/L ) , 47 % zinc deficiency ( plasma zinc < 10.7 micromol/L ) , 2 % underweight , and 11 % stunting . There was no difference in growth or morbidity between the micronutrient supplemented groups and the P group during the 6-mo study . The DMM was the most effective intervention tested , not only for improving anemia but also for improving iron , zinc , riboflavin , and tocopherol status BACKGROUND Micronutrient deficiencies remain common in preschool children in developing countries . Interventions focus on single micronutrients and often lack effectiveness . Weekly instead of daily supplementation may improve effectiveness . OBJECTIVE The efficacy of weekly and daily supplementation in reducing anemia prevalence and in improving the zinc , vitamin A , and growth status of 6 - 24-mo-old Vietnamese children was investigated . DESIGN In this double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , the daily group ( n = 55 ) received 8 mg elemental Fe ( as iron sulfate ) , 5 mg elemental Zn ( as zinc sulfate ) , 333 microg retinol , and 20 mg vitamin C 5 d/wk for 3 mo . The weekly group ( n = 54 ) received 20 mg Fe , 17 mg Zn , 1700 microg retinol , and 20 mg vitamin C once a week . A third group ( n = 54 ) received a placebo only .  Venous blood sample s were collected at the start and end of the supplementation period and anthropometric measurements were taken at the start 
    Output:
    