human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Nonadherence to prescribed medication regimens is a substantial barrier to the pharmacological management of alcohol use disorders . The availability of low-cost , sustainable interventions that maximize medication adherence would likely lead to improved treatment outcomes . Mobile health ( mHealth ) technologies are increasingly being adopted as a method of delivering behavioral health interventions and represent a promising tool for adherence interventions . We are evaluating a cell-phone – based intervention called AGATE that seeks to enhance adherence with regular text-messaging . Methods / Design A r and omized controlled effectiveness trial in the context of an eight-week open label naltrexone efficacy trial delivered in a naturalistic clinical setting . Treatment-seeking heavy drinkers ( N = 105 ) are currently being recruited and r and omly assigned to the AGATE intervention or a control condition .  Daily measures of alcohol use and medication side effects are being recorded via cell phone in both conditions . Additionally , participants r and omized to the AGATE condition receive medication reminders via SMS text message according to a schedule that adjusts according to their level of adherence . Discussion Results from this trial will provide initial information about the feasibility and efficacy of mHealth interventions for improving adherence to alcohol pharmacotherapies . Trial Registration NCT01349985 Individuals with substance use disorders ( SUDs ) commonly report lapses in prospect i ve memory ( PM ) in their daily lives ; however , our underst and ing of the profile and predictors of laboratory-based PM deficits in SUDs and their associations with everyday PM failures is still very preliminary . The current study examined these important questions using well-vali date d measures of self-report and laboratory-based PM in a mixed cohort of 53 SUD individuals at treatment entry and 44 healthy adults . Consistent with prior research , the SUD group endorsed significantly more self-cued and environmentally based PM failures in their daily lives . Moreover , the SUD group demonstrated significantly lower time-based PM performance , driven largely by cue detection errors . The effect of SUDs on PM was particularly strong among participants with fewer years of education . Within the SUD cohort , time-based PM was correlated with clinical measures assessing executive functions , retrospective memory , and psychomotor speed . Importantly , time-based PM was uniquely associated with elevated PM failures in daily lives of the SUD participants , independent of current affective distress and other neurocognitive deficits . Findings suggest that individuals with SUD are vulnerable to deficits in PM , which may in turn increase their risk for poorer everyday functioning outcomes ( e.g. , treatment non-compliance ) Background Naltrexone is a front-line treatment for alcohol use disorders , but its efficacy is limited by poor medication adherence . This r and omized controlled trial evaluated whether a mobile health intervention could improve naltrexone adherence . Methods Treatment-seeking participants with an alcohol use disorder ( N = 76 ) were r and omized to intervention and control conditions . All participants received naltrexone ( 50 mg/day ) with a medication event monitoring system ( MEMS ) and a prepaid smartphone , and received a daily text message querying medication side effects , alcohol use , and craving . Those in the intervention arm received additional medication reminders and adherence assessment via text message . Results The primary outcome , proportion of participants with adequate adherence ( defined as ≥80 % of prescribed doses taken through Week 8) , did not differ between groups in intent-to-treat analyses ( p = .34 ) . Mean adherence at study midpoint ( Week 4 ) was 83 % in the intervention condition and 77 % in the control condition ( p = .35 ) . Survival analysis found that the intervention group sustained adequate adherence significantly longer ( M = 19 days [ 95 % CI = 0.0–44.0 ] ) than those in the control group ( M = 3 days [ 95 % CI = 0.0–8.1 ] ) during the first month of treatment ( p = .04 ) . Medication adherence did not predict drinking outcomes . Conclusions These results suggest that in the context of daily monitoring and assessment via cell phone , additional text message reminders do not further improve medication adherence . Although this initial trial does not provide support for the efficacy of text messaging to improve adherence to pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorders , additional trials with larger sample s and alternate design s are warranted . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov : AIMS To test the feasibility , acceptability and initial effectiveness of a text message-based aftercare treatment programme among alcohol out patients . METHODS Clients treated for alcohol use disorders from three Swiss outpatient alcohol treatment centres were invited by their counsellors to participate in a study testing an interactive aftercare programme employing the use of text messages and personal phone calls . Fifty study participants were r and omly assigned to either the 6-month aftercare programme ( n = 25 ) or treatment as usual ( n = 25 ) . The intervention consisted of ( a ) monitoring of self-selected drinking goals at regular intervals , ( b ) motivational text messages to stick to self-selected drinking goals and ( c ) proactive telephone calls from counsellors when participants neglected to stick to their drinking goals or expressed a need for support . Follow-up interviews were conducted 6 months after r and omization . RESULTS Throughout the programme , participants received a total of 421 text message prompts . Out of these , participants provided valid replies to 371 ( 88.1 % ) within 48 h. Out of the 25 participants in the intervention group , 11 ( 44.0 % ) sent at least one call-for-help reply . Based on complete case data , at risk alcohol use at follow-up was 41.7 % in the control group and 28.6 % in the intervention group ( OR = 0.56 , 95 % CI = 0.16 - 1.95 , P = 0.36 ) . CONCLUSIONS The interactive low-intensive aftercare programme was well accepted by the participants . Testing its efficacy within an adequately powered r and omized controlled trial might be reasonable Summary Background Smoking cessation programmes delivered via mobile phone text messaging show increases in self-reported quitting in the short term . We assessed the effect of an automated smoking cessation programme delivered via mobile phone text messaging on continuous abstinence , which was biochemically verified at 6 months . Methods In this single-blind , r and omised trial , undertaken in the UK , smokers willing to make a quit attempt were r and omly allocated , using an independent telephone r and omisation system , to a mobile phone text messaging smoking cessation programme ( txt2stop ) , comprising motivational messages and behavioural-change support , or to a control group that received text messages unrelated to quitting . The system automatically generated intervention or control group texts according to the allocation . Outcome assessors were masked to treatment allocation . The primary outcome was self-reported continuous smoking abstinence , biochemically verified at 6 months . All analyses were by intention to treat . This study is registered , number IS RCT N 80978588 . Findings We assessed 11 914 participants for eligibility . 5800 participants were r and omised , of whom 2915 smokers were allocated to the txt2stop intervention and 2885 were allocated to the control group ; eight were excluded because they were r and omised more than once . Primary outcome data were available for 5524 ( 95 % ) participants . Biochemically verified continuous abstinence at 6 months was significantly increased in the txt2stop group ( 10·7 % txt2stop vs 4·9 % control , relative risk [ RR ] 2·20 , 95 % CI 1·80–2·68 ; p<0·0001 ) . Similar results were obtained when participants that were lost to follow-up were treated as smokers ( 268 [ 9 % ] of 2911 txt2stop vs 124 [ 4 % ] of 2881 control [ RR 2·14 , 95 % CI 1·74–2·63 ; p<0·0001 ] ) , and when they were excluded ( 268 [ 10 % ] of 2735 txt2stop vs 124 [ 4 % ] of 2789 control [ 2·20 , 1·79–2·71 ; p<0·0001 ] ) . No significant heterogeneity was shown in any of the prespecified subgroups . Interpretation The txt2stop smoking cessation programme significantly improved smoking cessation rates at 6 months and should be considered for inclusion in smoking cessation services . Funding UK Medical Research Council , Primary Care Research Networks BACKGROUND Mobile phone text message technology has the potential to improve outcomes for patients with depression and co-morbid Alcohol Use Disorder ( AUD ) . AIMS To perform a r and omised rater-blinded trial to explore the effects of supportive text messages on mood and abstinence outcomes for patients with depression and co-morbid AUD . METHODS Participants ( n=54 ) with a DSM IV diagnosis of unipolar depression and AUD who completed an in-patient dual diagnosis treatment programme were r  and omised to receive twice daily supportive text messages ( n=26 ) or a fortnightly thank you text message ( n=28 ) for three months . Primary outcome measures were Beck 's Depression Inventory ( BDI-II ) scores and Cumulative Abstinence Duration ( CAD ) in days at three months . TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT0137868 . RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in three month BDI-II scores between the intervention and control groups ; 8.5 ( SD=8.0 ) vs. 16.7 ( SD=10.3 ) respectively after adjusting for the baseline scores , F ( 1 , 49)=9.54 , p=0.003 , η(p)(2)=0.17 . The mean difference in change BDI-II scores was -7.9 ( 95 % CI -13.06 to -2.76 , Cohen'sd=0.85 ) . There was a trend for a greater CAD in the text message group than the control group : 88.3 ( SD=6.2 ) vs. 79.3 ( SD=24.1 ) , t=1.78 , df=48 , p=0.08 . LIMITATIONS Limitations of the study include the small sample size , the potential for loss of rater blinding and the lack of long term follow-up to determine the longer term effects of the intervention . CONCLUSION Supportive text messages have the potential to improve outcomes for patients with comorbid depression and alcohol dependency syndrome The feasibility , use , and acceptability of text messages to track methamphetamine use and promote antiretroviral treatment ( ART ) adherence among HIV-infected methamphetamine users was examined . From an ongoing r and omized controlled trial , 30-day text response rates of participants assigned to the intervention ( individualized texting for adherence building ( iTAB ) , n = 20 ) were compared to those in the active  comparison  condition ( n = 9 ) . Both groups received daily texts assessing methamphetamine use , and the iTAB group additionally received personalized daily ART adherence reminder texts .  Response rate for methamphetamine use texts was 72.9 % with methamphetamine use endorsed 14.7 % of the time . Text-derived methamphetamine use data was correlated with data from a structured substance use interview covering the same time period ( P < 0.05 ) . The iTAB group responded to 69.0 % of adherence reminder texts ; among those responses , 81.8 % endorsed taking ART medication . St and ardized feedback question naire responses indicated little difficulty with the texts , satisfaction with the study , and beliefs that future text-based interventions would be helpful . Moreover , most participants believed the intervention reduced methamphetamine use and improved adherence . Qualitative feedback regarding the intervention was positive . Future studies will refine and improve iTAB for optimal acceptability and efficacy . This trial is registered with Clinical Trials.gov NCT01317277 Abstract Psychosocial treatments for methamphetamine dependence are of limited effectiveness . Thus , a significant need exists for add-on therapy for this substance user disorder . The aim of this study was to develop and test a novel text messaging intervention for use as an adjunct to cognitive behavioral group therapy for methamphetamine users .  Text messaging has the potential to support patients in real-time , around the clock . We convened two meetings of an expert panel , held three focus groups in current and former users , and conducted 15 semi-structured interviews with in-treatment users in order to develop a fully automated , cognitive behavioral therapy-based text messaging intervention . We then conducted a r and omized , crossover pre-test in five users seeking treatment . Participants ’ ratings of ease of use and functionality of the system were high . During the pre-test , we performed real-time assessment s via text messaging on daily methamphetamine use , craving levels , and the perceived usefulness of messages ; 79 % of scheduled assessment s were collected . The odds of messages being rated as “ very ” or “ extremely ” useful were 6.6 times ( 95 % CI : 2.2 , 19.4 ) higher in the active vs. placebo periods . The intervention is now ready for testing in r and omized clinical trials BACKGROUND Very little is known about the perception of patients with alcohol use disorder ( AUD ) and comorbid depression about the usefulness of supportive text messages . OBJECTIVE To examine the perception of patients with AUD and comorbid depression about the usefulness of supportive text messages . METHODS Participants ( n=26 ) with a DSM 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Nonadherence to prescribed medication regimens is a substantial barrier to the pharmacological management of alcohol use disorders . The availability of low-cost , sustainable interventions that maximize medication adherence would likely lead to improved treatment outcomes . Mobile health ( mHealth ) technologies are increasingly being adopted as a method of delivering behavioral health interventions and represent a promising tool for adherence interventions . We are evaluating a cell-phone – based intervention called AGATE that seeks to enhance adherence with regular text-messaging . Methods / Design A r and omized controlled effectiveness trial in the context of an eight-week open label naltrexone efficacy trial delivered in a naturalistic clinical setting . Treatment-seeking heavy drinkers ( N = 105 ) are currently being recruited and r and omly assigned to the AGATE intervention or a control condition .  Daily measures of alcohol use and medication side effects are being recorded via cell phone in both conditions . Additionally , participants r and omized to the AGATE condition receive medication reminders via SMS text message according to a schedule that adjusts according to their level of adherence . Discussion Results from this trial will provide initial information about the feasibility and efficacy of mHealth interventions for improving adherence to alcohol pharmacotherapies . Trial Registration NCT01349985 Individuals with substance use disorders ( SUDs ) commonly report lapses in prospect i ve memory ( PM ) in their daily lives ; however , our underst and ing of the profile and predictors of laboratory-based PM deficits in SUDs and their associations with everyday PM failures is still very preliminary . The current study examined these important questions using well-vali date d measures of self-report and laboratory-based PM in a mixed cohort of 53 SUD individuals at treatment entry and 44 healthy adults . Consistent with prior research , the SUD group endorsed significantly more self-cued and environmentally based PM failures in their daily lives . Moreover , the SUD group demonstrated significantly lower time-based PM performance , driven largely by cue detection errors . The effect of SUDs on PM was particularly strong among participants with fewer years of education . Within the SUD cohort , time-based PM was correlated with clinical measures assessing executive functions , retrospective memory , and psychomotor speed . Importantly , time-based PM was uniquely associated with elevated PM failures in daily lives of the SUD participants , independent of current affective distress and other neurocognitive deficits . Findings suggest that individuals with SUD are vulnerable to deficits in PM , which may in turn increase their risk for poorer everyday functioning outcomes ( e.g. , treatment non-compliance ) Background Naltrexone is a front-line treatment for alcohol use disorders , but its efficacy is limited by poor medication adherence . This r and omized controlled trial evaluated whether a mobile health intervention could improve naltrexone adherence . Methods Treatment-seeking participants with an alcohol use disorder ( N = 76 ) were r and omized to intervention and control conditions . All participants received naltrexone ( 50 mg/day ) with a medication event monitoring system ( MEMS ) and a prepaid smartphone , and received a daily text message querying medication side effects , alcohol use , and craving . Those in the intervention arm received additional medication reminders and adherence assessment via text message . Results The primary outcome , proportion of participants with adequate adherence ( defined as ≥80 % of prescribed doses taken through Week 8) , did not differ between groups in intent-to-treat analyses ( p = .34 ) . Mean adherence at study midpoint ( Week 4 ) was 83 % in the intervention condition and 77 % in the control condition ( p = .35 ) . Survival analysis found that the intervention group sustained adequate adherence significantly longer ( M = 19 days [ 95 % CI = 0.0–44.0 ] ) than those in the control group ( M = 3 days [ 95 % CI = 0.0–8.1 ] ) during the first month of treatment ( p = .04 ) . Medication adherence did not predict drinking outcomes . Conclusions These results suggest that in the context of daily monitoring and assessment via cell phone , additional text message reminders do not further improve medication adherence . Although this initial trial does not provide support for the efficacy of text messaging to improve adherence to pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorders , additional trials with larger sample s and alternate design s are warranted . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov : AIMS To test the feasibility , acceptability and initial effectiveness of a text message-based aftercare treatment programme among alcohol out patients . METHODS Clients treated for alcohol use disorders from three Swiss outpatient alcohol treatment centres were invited by their counsellors to participate in a study testing an interactive aftercare programme employing the use of text messages and personal phone calls . Fifty study participants were r and omly assigned to either the 6-month aftercare programme ( n = 25 ) or treatment as usual ( n = 25 ) . The intervention consisted of ( a ) monitoring of self-selected drinking goals at regular intervals , ( b ) motivational text messages to stick to self-selected drinking goals and ( c ) proactive telephone calls from counsellors when participants neglected to stick to their drinking goals or expressed a need for support . Follow-up interviews were conducted 6 months after r and omization . RESULTS Throughout the programme , participants received a total of 421 text message prompts . Out of these , participants provided valid replies to 371 ( 88.1 % ) within 48 h. Out of the 25 participants in the intervention group , 11 ( 44.0 % ) sent at least one call-for-help reply . Based on complete case data , at risk alcohol use at follow-up was 41.7 % in the control group and 28.6 % in the intervention group ( OR = 0.56 , 95 % CI = 0.16 - 1.95 , P = 0.36 ) . CONCLUSIONS The interactive low-intensive aftercare programme was well accepted by the participants . Testing its efficacy within an adequately powered r and omized controlled trial might be reasonable Summary Background Smoking cessation programmes delivered via mobile phone text messaging show increases in self-reported quitting in the short term . We assessed the effect of an automated smoking cessation programme delivered via mobile phone text messaging on continuous abstinence , which was biochemically verified at 6 months . Methods In this single-blind , r and omised trial , undertaken in the UK , smokers willing to make a quit attempt were r and omly allocated , using an independent telephone r and omisation system , to a mobile phone text messaging smoking cessation programme ( txt2stop ) , comprising motivational messages and behavioural-change support , or to a control group that received text messages unrelated to quitting . The system automatically generated intervention or control group texts according to the allocation . Outcome assessors were masked to treatment allocation . The primary outcome was self-reported continuous smoking abstinence , biochemically verified at 6 months . All analyses were by intention to treat . This study is registered , number IS RCT N 80978588 . Findings We assessed 11 914 participants for eligibility . 5800 participants were r and omised , of whom 2915 smokers were allocated to the txt2stop intervention and 2885 were allocated to the control group ; eight were excluded because they were r and omised more than once . Primary outcome data were available for 5524 ( 95 % ) participants . Biochemically verified continuous abstinence at 6 months was significantly increased in the txt2stop group ( 10·7 % txt2stop vs 4·9 % control , relative risk [ RR ] 2·20 , 95 % CI 1·80–2·68 ; p<0·0001 ) . Similar results were obtained when participants that were lost to follow-up were treated as smokers ( 268 [ 9 % ] of 2911 txt2stop vs 124 [ 4 % ] of 2881 control [ RR 2·14 , 95 % CI 1·74–2·63 ; p<0·0001 ] ) , and when they were excluded ( 268 [ 10 % ] of 2735 txt2stop vs 124 [ 4 % ] of 2789 control [ 2·20 , 1·79–2·71 ; p<0·0001 ] ) . No significant heterogeneity was shown in any of the prespecified subgroups . Interpretation The txt2stop smoking cessation programme significantly improved smoking cessation rates at 6 months and should be considered for inclusion in smoking cessation services . Funding UK Medical Research Council , Primary Care Research Networks BACKGROUND Mobile phone text message technology has the potential to improve outcomes for patients with depression and co-morbid Alcohol Use Disorder ( AUD ) . AIMS To perform a r and omised rater-blinded trial to explore the effects of supportive text messages on mood and abstinence outcomes for patients with depression and co-morbid AUD . METHODS Participants ( n=54 ) with a DSM IV diagnosis of unipolar depression and AUD who completed an in-patient dual diagnosis treatment programme were r  and omised to receive twice daily supportive text messages ( n=26 ) or a fortnightly thank you text message ( n=28 ) for three months . Primary outcome measures were Beck 's Depression Inventory ( BDI-II ) scores and Cumulative Abstinence Duration ( CAD ) in days at three months . TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT0137868 . RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in three month BDI-II scores between the intervention and control groups ; 8.5 ( SD=8.0 ) vs. 16.7 ( SD=10.3 ) respectively after adjusting for the baseline scores , F ( 1 , 49)=9.54 , p=0.003 , η(p)(2)=0.17 . The mean difference in change BDI-II scores was -7.9 ( 95 % CI -13.06 to -2.76 , Cohen'sd=0.85 ) . There was a trend for a greater CAD in the text message group than the control group : 88.3 ( SD=6.2 ) vs. 79.3 ( SD=24.1 ) , t=1.78 , df=48 , p=0.08 . LIMITATIONS Limitations of the study include the small sample size , the potential for loss of rater blinding and the lack of long term follow-up to determine the longer term effects of the intervention . CONCLUSION Supportive text messages have the potential to improve outcomes for patients with comorbid depression and alcohol dependency syndrome The feasibility , use , and acceptability of text messages to track methamphetamine use and promote antiretroviral treatment ( ART ) adherence among HIV-infected methamphetamine users was examined . From an ongoing r and omized controlled trial , 30-day text response rates of participants assigned to the intervention ( individualized texting for adherence building ( iTAB ) , n = 20 ) were compared to those in the active  comparison  condition ( n = 9 ) . Both groups received daily texts assessing methamphetamine use , and the iTAB group additionally received personalized daily ART adherence reminder texts .  Response rate for methamphetamine use texts was 72.9 % with methamphetamine use endorsed 14.7 % of the time . Text-derived methamphetamine use data was correlated with data from a structured substance use interview covering the same time period ( P < 0.05 ) . The iTAB group responded to 69.0 % of adherence reminder texts ; among those responses , 81.8 % endorsed taking ART medication . St and ardized feedback question naire responses indicated little difficulty with the texts , satisfaction with the study , and beliefs that future text-based interventions would be helpful . Moreover , most participants believed the intervention reduced methamphetamine use and improved adherence . Qualitative feedback regarding the intervention was positive . Future studies will refine and improve iTAB for optimal acceptability and efficacy . This trial is registered with Clinical Trials.gov NCT01317277 Abstract Psychosocial treatments for methamphetamine dependence are of limited effectiveness . Thus , a significant need exists for add-on therapy for this substance user disorder . The aim of this study was to develop and test a novel text messaging intervention for use as an adjunct to cognitive behavioral group therapy for methamphetamine users .  Text messaging has the potential to support patients in real-time , around the clock . We convened two meetings of an expert panel , held three focus groups in current and former users , and conducted 15 semi-structured interviews with in-treatment users in order to develop a fully automated , cognitive behavioral therapy-based text messaging intervention . We then conducted a r and omized , crossover pre-test in five users seeking treatment . Participants ’ ratings of ease of use and functionality of the system were high . During the pre-test , we performed real-time assessment s via text messaging on daily methamphetamine use , craving levels , and the perceived usefulness of messages ; 79 % of scheduled assessment s were collected . The odds of messages being rated as “ very ” or “ extremely ” useful were 6.6 times ( 95 % CI : 2.2 , 19.4 ) higher in the active vs. placebo periods . The intervention is now ready for testing in r and omized clinical trials BACKGROUND Very little is known about the perception of patients with alcohol use disorder ( AUD ) and comorbid depression about the usefulness of supportive text messages . OBJECTIVE To examine the perception of patients with AUD and comorbid depression about the usefulness of supportive text messages . METHODS Participants ( n=26 ) with a DSM 
    Output:
    