human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This pilot study examines the effects of Tai Chi on balance , gait and mobility in people with Parkinson disease ( PD ) . Thirty-three people with PD were r and omly assigned to either a Tai Chi group or a control group . The Tai Chi group participated in 20 1-h long training sessions completed within 10 - 13 weeks ; whereas , the control group had two testing sessions between 10 and 13 weeks apart without interposed training . The Tai Chi group improved more than the control group on the Berg Balance Scale , UPDRS , Timed Up and Go , t and em stance test , six-minute walk , and backward walking . Neither group improved in forward walking or the one leg stance test . All Tai Chi participants reported satisfaction with the program and improvements in well-being .  Tai Chi appears to be an appropriate , safe and effective form of exercise for some individuals with mild-moderately severe PD Abstract Purpose : To assess the feasibility of the novel intervention , Ronnie Gardiner Rhythm and Music ( RGRM ™ ) Method compared to a control group for patients with Parkinson ’s disease ( PD ) . Method : Eighteen patients , mean age 68 , participating in a disability study within a neurological rehabilitation centre , were r and omly allocated to intervention group ( n = 12 ) or control group ( n = 6 ) . Feasibility was assessed by comparing effects of the intervention on clinical outcome measures ( primary outcome : mobility as assessed by two-dimensional motion analysis , secondary outcomes : mobility , cognition , quality of life , adherence , adverse events and eligibility ) . Results : Univariable analyses showed no significant differences between groups following intervention . However , analyses suggested that patients in the intervention group improved more on mobility ( p = 0.006 ) , cognition and quality of life than patients in the control group . There were no adverse events and a high level of adherence to therapy was observed . Conclusions : In this disability study , the use of the RGRM ™ Method showed promising results in the intervention group and the adherence level was high . Our results suggest that most assessment s chosen are eligible to use in a larger r and omized controlled study for patients with PD . Implication s for Rehabilitation The RGRM ™ Method appeared to be a useful and safe method that showed promising results in both motor and cognitive functions as well as quality of life in patients with moderate PD . The RGRM ™ Method can be used by physiotherapists , occupational , speech and music therapists in neurological rehabilitation . Most measurements were feasible except for Timed-Up- and -Go The present study measured the short-term effect of special stimulating music on motor coordination in Parkinson patients . Eleven patients with a dominant akinetic Parkinson syndrome as well as ten healthy persons ( age-matched control group ) participated in this study . In the Parkinson group , the measurement of fine motor coordination with the  ' Vienna Test System '  showed an improvement in two ( aim ing , line tracking ) of the four subtests after listening to the music . The patients improved their performance with the right arm significantly in the subtest aim ing-error-time . No statistical differences were found in the other two subtests ( steadiness , tapping ) in both groups . There was also no improvement in frequency of tapping movement on the power-force-working-plate . Accordingly , music effects more the precision of a movement than the speediness . The measurements on the power-force-working-plate showed a significant improvement in two of five measured parameters : contact time , variability coefficient for total step and impact maximum changed significantly . This study gives evidence that specific music can improve the precision of arm and finger movements The aim of the present report was to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of multisensory and cognitive stimulation on improving cognition in elderly persons living in long-term-care institutions ( institutionalized [ I ] ) or in communities with their families ( noninstitutionalized [ NI ] ) . We compared neuropsychological performance using language and Mini-Mental State Examination ( MMSE ) test scores before and after 24 and 48 stimulation sessions . The two groups were matched by age and years of schooling . Small groups of ten or fewer volunteers underwent the stimulation program , twice a week , over 6 months ( 48 sessions in total ) . Sessions were based on language and memory exercises , as well as visual , olfactory , auditory , and ludic stimulation , including music , singing , and dance . Both groups were assessed at the beginning ( before stimulation ) , in the middle ( after 24 sessions ) , and at the end ( after 48 sessions ) of the stimulation program . Although the NI group showed higher performance in all tasks in all time windows compared with I subjects , both groups improved their performance after stimulation . In addition , the improvement was significantly higher in the I group than the NI group . Language tests seem to be more efficient than the MMSE to detect early changes in cognitive status . The results suggest the impoverished environment of long-term-care institutions may contribute to lower cognitive scores before stimulation and the higher improvement rate of this group after stimulation . In conclusion , language tests should be routinely adopted in the neuropsychological assessment of elderly subjects , and long-term-care institutions need to include regular sensorimotor , social , and cognitive stimulation as a public health policy for elderly persons The objectives of this study is to examine the effects of neuromuscular therapy ( NMT ) on motor and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) . Thirty-six subjects with PD were r and omly assigned to NMT or music relaxation ( MR , or active control ) . Subjects received treatment twice a week for 4 weeks . Testing was conducted at baseline , after final treatment , and 8 days after final treatment . Primary outcome measures were the Motor subscale of the United Parkinson Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) and the Clinical Global Impression scale ( CGI-Change ) . Secondary outcome measures included a PD-specific quality of life scale ( PDQ-39 ) , quantitative measures of motor function , and severity scales for anxiety and depression symptoms . NMT result ed in a significant and sustained improvement in the Motor subscale of the UPDRS ( P < or = 0.0001 ) , most notable in the tremor scores . Also improved 1 week after the last treatment were the CGI scores ( P = 0.007 ) and the finger-tapping speed ( P = 0.001 ) . The MR active control group had a slight improvement in tremor but evidence d no other change in motor function . Both groups exhibited a modest improvement in quality of life immediately after the last treatment . This effect was sustained for 8 days only in the MR group . In the nonmotor domains , the MR group evidence d improvements in mood ( P = 0.001 ) and anxiety ( P = 0.002 ) , whereas NMT had no effect on mood ( P = 0.09 ) , and its initial effect on anxiety ( P = 0.0009 ) dissipated after 8 days ( P = 0.40 ) . Group differences for UPDRS motor score and patient CGI-Change were superior in the NMT compared to the MR group . There was no group difference in PDQ-39 scores or in nonmotor measures . The findings suggest that NMT can improve motor and selected nonmotor symptoms in PD and that this effect is more durable for the motor symptoms . The results of this pilot study warrant larger controlled studies to examine dose range , durability , and mechanisms of NMT in PD function This study explored the viability and efficacy of integrating cadence-matched , salient music into a walking intervention for patients with Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) . Twenty-two people with PD were r and omised to a  control  ( CTRL , n = 11 ) or  experimental  ( MUSIC , n = 11 ) group . MUSIC subjects walked with an individualised music playlist three times a week for the intervention period . Playlists were design ed to meet subject 's musical preferences . In addition , the tempo of the music closely matched ( ±10–15 bpm ) the subject 's preferred cadence . CTRL subjects continued with their regular activities during the intervention . The effects of training accompanied by “ walking songs ” were evaluated using objective measures of gait score . The MUSIC group improved gait velocity , stride time , cadence , and motor symptom severity following the intervention . This is the first study to demonstrate that music listening can be safely implemented amongst PD patients during home exercise Recent research has shown that dance , specifically tango , may be an appropriate and effective strategy for ameliorating functional mobility deficits in people who are frail and elderly . Individuals with Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) experience declines in functional mobility that may be even more pronounced than those experienced by frail elderly individuals without PD . The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two movement programs : tango classes or exercise classes .  Nineteen subjects with PD were r and omly assigned to a  tango group or a  group exercise class  representative of the current classes offered in our geographical area for individuals with PD . Subjects completed a total of 20 tango or exercise classes and were evaluated the week before and the week following the intervention . Both groups showed significant improvements in overall Unified Parkinson 's Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) score and nonsignificant improvements in self-reported Freezing of Gait . In addition , the tango group showed significant improvements on the Berg Balance Scale . The exercise group did not improve on this measure . Finally , the tango group showed a trend toward improvement on the Timed Up and Go test that was not observed in the exercise group . Future studies with a larger sample are needed to confirm and extend our observation that tango may be an effective intervention to target functional mobility deficits in individuals with PD Background Modern management of Parkinson ’s disease ( PD ) aims to obtain symptom control , to reduce clinical disability , and to improve quality of life . Music acts as a specific stimulus to obtain motor and emotional responses by combining movement and stimulation of different sensory pathways . We explored the efficacy of active music therapy ( MT ) on motor and emotional functions in patients with PD . Methods This prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled , single-blinded study lasted 3 months . It consisted of weekly sessions of MT and physical therapy ( PT ) .  Thirty-two patients with PD , all stable responders to levodopa and in Hoehn and Yahr stage 2 or 3 , were r and omly assigned to two groups of 16 patients each . We assessed severity of PD with the Unified Parkinson ’s Disease Rating Scale , emotional functions with the Happiness Measure , and quality of life using the Parkinson ’s Disease Quality of Life Question naire . MT sessions consisted of choral singing , voice exercise , rhythmic and free body movements , and active music involving collective invention . PT sessions included a series of passive stretching exercises , specific motor tasks , and strategies to improve balance and gait . Results MT had a significant overall effect on bradykinesia as measured by the Unified Parkinson ’s Disease Rating Scale ( p < .034 ) . Post – MT session findings were consistent with motor improvement , especially in bradykinesia items ( p < .0001 ) . Over time , changes on the Happiness Measure confirmed a beneficial effect of MT on emotional functions ( p < .0001 ) . Improvements in activities of daily living and in quality of life were also documented in the MT group ( p < .0001 ) . PT improved rigidity ( p < .0001 ) . Conclusions MT is effective on motor , affective , and behavioral functions . We propose active MT as a new method for inclusion in PD rehabilitation programs OBJECTIVE The basal ganglia may be selectively activated during rhythmic , metered movement such as tango dancing , which may improve motor control in individuals with Parkinson 's disease . Other partner dances may be more suitable and preferable for those with Parkinson 's disease . The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of tango , waltz/foxtrot and no intervention on functional motor control in individuals with Parkinson 's disease . DESIGN This study employed a r and omized , between- notsubject , prospect i ve , repeated measures design . SUBJECTS/ PATIENTS Fifty-eight people with mild-moderate Parkinson 's disease participated . METHODS Participants were r and omly assigned to tango , waltz/foxtrot or no intervention ( control ) groups . Those in the dance groups attended 1-h classes twice a week , completing 20 lessons in 13 weeks . Balance , functional mobility , forward and backward walking were evaluated before and after the intervention . RESULTS Both dance groups improved more than the control group , which did not improve . The tango and waltz/foxtrot groups improved significantly on the Berg Balance Scale , 6-minute walk distance , and backward stride length . The tango group improved as much or more than those in the waltz/foxtrot group on several measures . CONCLUSION Tango may target deficits associated with Parkinson 's disease more than waltz/foxtrot , but both dances may benefit balance and locomotion Parkinson disease ( PD ) reduces health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) , but exercise may improve HRQoL. This pilot study compared the effects of Tango , Waltz/Foxtrot , Tai Chi and No Intervention on HRQoL in individuals with PD . Seventy-five persons with PD ( Hoehn and Yahr I-III ) were assigned to 20 lessons of Tango , Waltz/Foxtrot , Tai Chi , or an untreated No Intervention group . Participants completed the PDQ-39 before and after participation in 20 classes or within 13 weeks in the case of the No Intervention group . Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs determined differences between interventions . Tango significantly improved on mobility ( p=0.03 ) , social support ( p=0.05 ) and the PDQ-39 SI ( p<0.01 ) at post-testing . No significant changes in HRQoL were noted in the Waltz/Foxtrot , Tai Chi or No Intervention . Tango may be helpful for improving HRQoL in PD because it addresses balance and gait deficits in the context of a social interaction that requires working closely with a partner BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Assessment of the quality of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) is common practice in systematic 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This pilot study examines the effects of Tai Chi on balance , gait and mobility in people with Parkinson disease ( PD ) . Thirty-three people with PD were r and omly assigned to either a Tai Chi group or a control group . The Tai Chi group participated in 20 1-h long training sessions completed within 10 - 13 weeks ; whereas , the control group had two testing sessions between 10 and 13 weeks apart without interposed training . The Tai Chi group improved more than the control group on the Berg Balance Scale , UPDRS , Timed Up and Go , t and em stance test , six-minute walk , and backward walking . Neither group improved in forward walking or the one leg stance test . All Tai Chi participants reported satisfaction with the program and improvements in well-being .  Tai Chi appears to be an appropriate , safe and effective form of exercise for some individuals with mild-moderately severe PD Abstract Purpose : To assess the feasibility of the novel intervention , Ronnie Gardiner Rhythm and Music ( RGRM ™ ) Method compared to a control group for patients with Parkinson ’s disease ( PD ) . Method : Eighteen patients , mean age 68 , participating in a disability study within a neurological rehabilitation centre , were r and omly allocated to intervention group ( n = 12 ) or control group ( n = 6 ) . Feasibility was assessed by comparing effects of the intervention on clinical outcome measures ( primary outcome : mobility as assessed by two-dimensional motion analysis , secondary outcomes : mobility , cognition , quality of life , adherence , adverse events and eligibility ) . Results : Univariable analyses showed no significant differences between groups following intervention . However , analyses suggested that patients in the intervention group improved more on mobility ( p = 0.006 ) , cognition and quality of life than patients in the control group . There were no adverse events and a high level of adherence to therapy was observed . Conclusions : In this disability study , the use of the RGRM ™ Method showed promising results in the intervention group and the adherence level was high . Our results suggest that most assessment s chosen are eligible to use in a larger r and omized controlled study for patients with PD . Implication s for Rehabilitation The RGRM ™ Method appeared to be a useful and safe method that showed promising results in both motor and cognitive functions as well as quality of life in patients with moderate PD . The RGRM ™ Method can be used by physiotherapists , occupational , speech and music therapists in neurological rehabilitation . Most measurements were feasible except for Timed-Up- and -Go The present study measured the short-term effect of special stimulating music on motor coordination in Parkinson patients . Eleven patients with a dominant akinetic Parkinson syndrome as well as ten healthy persons ( age-matched control group ) participated in this study . In the Parkinson group , the measurement of fine motor coordination with the  ' Vienna Test System '  showed an improvement in two ( aim ing , line tracking ) of the four subtests after listening to the music . The patients improved their performance with the right arm significantly in the subtest aim ing-error-time . No statistical differences were found in the other two subtests ( steadiness , tapping ) in both groups . There was also no improvement in frequency of tapping movement on the power-force-working-plate . Accordingly , music effects more the precision of a movement than the speediness . The measurements on the power-force-working-plate showed a significant improvement in two of five measured parameters : contact time , variability coefficient for total step and impact maximum changed significantly . This study gives evidence that specific music can improve the precision of arm and finger movements The aim of the present report was to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of multisensory and cognitive stimulation on improving cognition in elderly persons living in long-term-care institutions ( institutionalized [ I ] ) or in communities with their families ( noninstitutionalized [ NI ] ) . We compared neuropsychological performance using language and Mini-Mental State Examination ( MMSE ) test scores before and after 24 and 48 stimulation sessions . The two groups were matched by age and years of schooling . Small groups of ten or fewer volunteers underwent the stimulation program , twice a week , over 6 months ( 48 sessions in total ) . Sessions were based on language and memory exercises , as well as visual , olfactory , auditory , and ludic stimulation , including music , singing , and dance . Both groups were assessed at the beginning ( before stimulation ) , in the middle ( after 24 sessions ) , and at the end ( after 48 sessions ) of the stimulation program . Although the NI group showed higher performance in all tasks in all time windows compared with I subjects , both groups improved their performance after stimulation . In addition , the improvement was significantly higher in the I group than the NI group . Language tests seem to be more efficient than the MMSE to detect early changes in cognitive status . The results suggest the impoverished environment of long-term-care institutions may contribute to lower cognitive scores before stimulation and the higher improvement rate of this group after stimulation . In conclusion , language tests should be routinely adopted in the neuropsychological assessment of elderly subjects , and long-term-care institutions need to include regular sensorimotor , social , and cognitive stimulation as a public health policy for elderly persons The objectives of this study is to examine the effects of neuromuscular therapy ( NMT ) on motor and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) . Thirty-six subjects with PD were r and omly assigned to NMT or music relaxation ( MR , or active control ) . Subjects received treatment twice a week for 4 weeks . Testing was conducted at baseline , after final treatment , and 8 days after final treatment . Primary outcome measures were the Motor subscale of the United Parkinson Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) and the Clinical Global Impression scale ( CGI-Change ) . Secondary outcome measures included a PD-specific quality of life scale ( PDQ-39 ) , quantitative measures of motor function , and severity scales for anxiety and depression symptoms . NMT result ed in a significant and sustained improvement in the Motor subscale of the UPDRS ( P < or = 0.0001 ) , most notable in the tremor scores . Also improved 1 week after the last treatment were the CGI scores ( P = 0.007 ) and the finger-tapping speed ( P = 0.001 ) . The MR active control group had a slight improvement in tremor but evidence d no other change in motor function . Both groups exhibited a modest improvement in quality of life immediately after the last treatment . This effect was sustained for 8 days only in the MR group . In the nonmotor domains , the MR group evidence d improvements in mood ( P = 0.001 ) and anxiety ( P = 0.002 ) , whereas NMT had no effect on mood ( P = 0.09 ) , and its initial effect on anxiety ( P = 0.0009 ) dissipated after 8 days ( P = 0.40 ) . Group differences for UPDRS motor score and patient CGI-Change were superior in the NMT compared to the MR group . There was no group difference in PDQ-39 scores or in nonmotor measures . The findings suggest that NMT can improve motor and selected nonmotor symptoms in PD and that this effect is more durable for the motor symptoms . The results of this pilot study warrant larger controlled studies to examine dose range , durability , and mechanisms of NMT in PD function This study explored the viability and efficacy of integrating cadence-matched , salient music into a walking intervention for patients with Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) . Twenty-two people with PD were r and omised to a  control  ( CTRL , n = 11 ) or  experimental  ( MUSIC , n = 11 ) group . MUSIC subjects walked with an individualised music playlist three times a week for the intervention period . Playlists were design ed to meet subject 's musical preferences . In addition , the tempo of the music closely matched ( ±10–15 bpm ) the subject 's preferred cadence . CTRL subjects continued with their regular activities during the intervention . The effects of training accompanied by “ walking songs ” were evaluated using objective measures of gait score . The MUSIC group improved gait velocity , stride time , cadence , and motor symptom severity following the intervention . This is the first study to demonstrate that music listening can be safely implemented amongst PD patients during home exercise Recent research has shown that dance , specifically tango , may be an appropriate and effective strategy for ameliorating functional mobility deficits in people who are frail and elderly . Individuals with Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) experience declines in functional mobility that may be even more pronounced than those experienced by frail elderly individuals without PD . The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two movement programs : tango classes or exercise classes .  Nineteen subjects with PD were r and omly assigned to a  tango group or a  group exercise class  representative of the current classes offered in our geographical area for individuals with PD . Subjects completed a total of 20 tango or exercise classes and were evaluated the week before and the week following the intervention . Both groups showed significant improvements in overall Unified Parkinson 's Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) score and nonsignificant improvements in self-reported Freezing of Gait . In addition , the tango group showed significant improvements on the Berg Balance Scale . The exercise group did not improve on this measure . Finally , the tango group showed a trend toward improvement on the Timed Up and Go test that was not observed in the exercise group . Future studies with a larger sample are needed to confirm and extend our observation that tango may be an effective intervention to target functional mobility deficits in individuals with PD Background Modern management of Parkinson ’s disease ( PD ) aims to obtain symptom control , to reduce clinical disability , and to improve quality of life . Music acts as a specific stimulus to obtain motor and emotional responses by combining movement and stimulation of different sensory pathways . We explored the efficacy of active music therapy ( MT ) on motor and emotional functions in patients with PD . Methods This prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled , single-blinded study lasted 3 months . It consisted of weekly sessions of MT and physical therapy ( PT ) .  Thirty-two patients with PD , all stable responders to levodopa and in Hoehn and Yahr stage 2 or 3 , were r and omly assigned to two groups of 16 patients each . We assessed severity of PD with the Unified Parkinson ’s Disease Rating Scale , emotional functions with the Happiness Measure , and quality of life using the Parkinson ’s Disease Quality of Life Question naire . MT sessions consisted of choral singing , voice exercise , rhythmic and free body movements , and active music involving collective invention . PT sessions included a series of passive stretching exercises , specific motor tasks , and strategies to improve balance and gait . Results MT had a significant overall effect on bradykinesia as measured by the Unified Parkinson ’s Disease Rating Scale ( p < .034 ) . Post – MT session findings were consistent with motor improvement , especially in bradykinesia items ( p < .0001 ) . Over time , changes on the Happiness Measure confirmed a beneficial effect of MT on emotional functions ( p < .0001 ) . Improvements in activities of daily living and in quality of life were also documented in the MT group ( p < .0001 ) . PT improved rigidity ( p < .0001 ) . Conclusions MT is effective on motor , affective , and behavioral functions . We propose active MT as a new method for inclusion in PD rehabilitation programs OBJECTIVE The basal ganglia may be selectively activated during rhythmic , metered movement such as tango dancing , which may improve motor control in individuals with Parkinson 's disease . Other partner dances may be more suitable and preferable for those with Parkinson 's disease . The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of tango , waltz/foxtrot and no intervention on functional motor control in individuals with Parkinson 's disease . DESIGN This study employed a r and omized , between- notsubject , prospect i ve , repeated measures design . SUBJECTS/ PATIENTS Fifty-eight people with mild-moderate Parkinson 's disease participated . METHODS Participants were r and omly assigned to tango , waltz/foxtrot or no intervention ( control ) groups . Those in the dance groups attended 1-h classes twice a week , completing 20 lessons in 13 weeks . Balance , functional mobility , forward and backward walking were evaluated before and after the intervention . RESULTS Both dance groups improved more than the control group , which did not improve . The tango and waltz/foxtrot groups improved significantly on the Berg Balance Scale , 6-minute walk distance , and backward stride length . The tango group improved as much or more than those in the waltz/foxtrot group on several measures . CONCLUSION Tango may target deficits associated with Parkinson 's disease more than waltz/foxtrot , but both dances may benefit balance and locomotion Parkinson disease ( PD ) reduces health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) , but exercise may improve HRQoL. This pilot study compared the effects of Tango , Waltz/Foxtrot , Tai Chi and No Intervention on HRQoL in individuals with PD . Seventy-five persons with PD ( Hoehn and Yahr I-III ) were assigned to 20 lessons of Tango , Waltz/Foxtrot , Tai Chi , or an untreated No Intervention group . Participants completed the PDQ-39 before and after participation in 20 classes or within 13 weeks in the case of the No Intervention group . Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs determined differences between interventions . Tango significantly improved on mobility ( p=0.03 ) , social support ( p=0.05 ) and the PDQ-39 SI ( p<0.01 ) at post-testing . No significant changes in HRQoL were noted in the Waltz/Foxtrot , Tai Chi or No Intervention . Tango may be helpful for improving HRQoL in PD because it addresses balance and gait deficits in the context of a social interaction that requires working closely with a partner BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Assessment of the quality of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) is common practice in systematic 
    Output:
    