human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background / Objectives : Live-attenuated influenza vaccine ( LAIV ) protects against influenza by mucosal activation of the immune system . Studies in animals and adults have demonstrated that probiotics improve the immune response to mucosally delivered vaccines . We hypothesized that Lactobacillus GG ( LGG ) would function as an immune adjuvant to increase rates of seroconversion after LAIV administration . Subjects/ Methods : We conducted a r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study to determine whether LGG improved rates of seroconversion after administration of LAIV . We studied 42 healthy adults during the 2007–2008 influenza season . All subjects received LAIV and then were r and omized to LGG or placebo , twice daily for 28 days . Hemagglutinin inhibition titers were assessed at baseline , at day 28 and at day 56 to determine the rates of seroconversion . Subjects were assessed for adverse events throughout the study period . Results : A total of 39 subjects completed the per- protocol analysis . Both LGG and LAIV were well tolerated . Protection rates against the vaccine H1N1 and B strains were suboptimal in subjects receiving LGG and placebo . For the H3N2 strain , 84 % receiving LGG vs 55 % receiving placebo had a protective titer 28 days after vaccination ( odds of having a protective titer was 1.84 95 % confidence interval 1.04–3.22 , P=0.048 ) . Conclusion : Lactobacillus GG is potential as an important adjuvant to improve influenza vaccine immunogenicity . Future studies of probiotics as immune adjuvants might need to specifically consider examining vaccine-naïve or sero-negative subjects , target mucosal immune responses or focus on groups known to have poor response to influenza vaccines BACKGROUND The aging process can lead to a decline in cellular immunity . Therefore , the elderly could benefit from safe and effective interventions that restore cellular immune functions . OBJECTIVE We determined whether dietary supplementation with the known immunostimulating probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 could enhance aspects of cellular immunity in elderly subjects . DESIGN Thirty healthy elderly volunteers ( age range : 63 - 84 y ; median : 69 y ) participated in a 3-stage dietary supplementation trial lasting 9 wk . During stage 1 ( run-in ) , subjects consumed low-fat milk ( 200 mL twice daily for 3 wk ) as a base-diet control . During stage 2 ( intervention ) , they consumed milk supplemented with B. lactis HN019 in a typical dose ( 5 x 10(10 ) organisms/d ) or a low dose ( 5 x 10(9 ) organisms/d ) for 3 wk . During stage 3 ( washout ) , they consumed low-fat milk for 3 wk . Changes in the relative proportions of leukocyte subsets and ex vivo leukocyte phagocytic and tumor-cell-killing activity were determined longitudinally by assaying peripheral blood sample s. RESULTS Increases in the proportions of total , helper ( CD4(+ ) ) , and activated ( CD25(+ ) ) T lymphocytes and natural killer cells were measured in the subjects ' blood after consumption of B. lactis HN019 . The ex vivo phagocytic capacity of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes and the tumoricidal activity of natural killer cells were also elevated after B. lactis HN019 consumption . The greatest changes in immunity were found in subjects who had poor pretreatment immune responses . In general , the 2 doses of B. lactis HN019 had similar effectiveness . CONCLUSION B. lactis HN019 could be an effective probiotic dietary supplement for enhancing some aspects of cellular immunity in the elderly BACKGROUND Age is associated with immune dysregulation , which results in an increased infection rate and reduced effectiveness of vaccination . OBJECTIVE We assessed whether an intervention with Lactobacillus casei Shirota ( LcS ) in elderly nursing home residents reduced their susceptibility to respiratory symptoms and improved their immune response to influenza vaccination  . DESIGN Between October 2007 and April 2008 , a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 737 healthy people aged ≥ 65 y in 53 nursing homes in Antwerp , Belgium . Volunteers were r and omly assigned to receive a probiotic ( n = 375 ; 2 bottles of fermented milk that contained ≥ 6.5 × 10(9 ) live LcS/bottle ) or a placebo ( n = 362 ; similar drink with no bacteria ) for 176 d. After 21 d , all subjects received an influenza vaccination . Primary outcome parameters were the number of days with respiratory symptoms , the probability of respiratory symptoms , and antiinfluenza antibody titer by hemagglutination inhibition after vaccination . RESULTS Univariate and multivariate modeling showed no effect of the probiotic on clinical outcome parameters . Generalized linear mixed modeling showed no effect of the probiotic itself on the probability of respiratory symptoms [ OR of probiotic : 0.8715 ; 95 % CI : 0.6168 , 1.2887 ) . No significant difference regarding the influenza-vaccination immune response was shown . CONCLUSION The results of this study show that daily consumption of a fermented milk drink that contains LcS has no statistically or clinical ly significant effect on the protection against respiratory symptoms . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00849277 Background Immunoglobulin A ( IgA ) secretion in saliva decreases with age and may be the cause of increased vulnerability of the elderly to respiratory infections . The effect of oral intake of lactic acid bacteria on salivary secretory IgA ( SIgA ) in the elderly has not been reported . The objective of this study was to demonstrate the acceleration of salivary SIgA secretion by oral intake of Lactobacillus pentosus strain b240 ( b240 ) in the elderly . Results A total of 80 healthy elderly individuals were r and omly allocated to either an intervention ( i.e. , b240 ) or a control ( i.e. , placebo ) group . The elderly individuals in the b240 group were given a sterile water beverage ( 125 mL ) containing heat-killed b240 ( 4 × 109 cells ) , while those in the placebo group were given only a sterile water beverage ( 125 mL ) ; both groups received their respective beverages once daily for 12 weeks . Saliva was collected before initiation of the study and every 2 weeks thereafter . Saliva flow rate and SIgA concentration were determined , and the SIgA secretion rate was calculated . The mean salivary SIgA secretion rate in the b240 group steadily increased until week 4 ( exhibiting a 20 % elevation relative to that at week 0 ) , and then remained stable until week 12 . Changes in SIgA secretion rate over the intervention period were significantly greater in the b240 group than in the placebo group . The treatment groups exhibited no significant differences in adverse events . Conclusions Oral intake of L. pentosus strain b240 for 12 weeks significantly accelerated salivary SIgA secretion , thereby indicating its potential utility in the improvement of mucosal immunity and resistance against infection in the elderly OBJECTIVE The effectiveness of influenza vaccination in preventing illness is lower in the elderly ; this is why the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 7315/7316 to stimulate the response to  influenza vaccination  in elderly was evaluated . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled human trial including 60 institutionalized volunteers aged 65 - 85 years was performed . All the volunteers were vaccinated with a trivalent influenza vaccine ( A/Wisconsin/67/2005 NYMC X-161B ( H3N2 ) , A/Solomon Isl and s/3/2006 ( H1N1 ) and B/Malaysia/2506/2004 ) for the Spanish vaccine campaign 2006/2007 . The consumption of the probiotic began between three and four months after the vaccination . Volunteers were r and omly assigned to one of three following groups : group A ( receiving 5 * 10(9 ) cfu/day of L. plantarum CECT 7315/7316 in 20 g powdered skim milk ) , group B ( receiving 5 * 10(8 ) cfu/day of L. plantarum CECT 7315/7316 in 20 g powdered skim milk ) and group C or placebo ( 20 g powered skim milk ) . The participants consumed the probiotic during 3 months . RESULTS The consumption of L. plantarum CECT 7315/7316 during 3 months after influenza vaccination increased the levels of influenza-specific IgA and IgG antibodies . Moreover , a trend towards an increase in influenza-specific IgM antibodies was also observed . CONCLUSION L. plantarum CECT7315/7316 has an immunostimulating effect and could be used to improve the response to influenza vaccination in elderly β2 - 1 fructans are prebiotics and , as such , may modulate some aspects of immune function . Improved immune function could enhance the host ’s ability to respond to infections . There is limited information on the effects of β2 - 1 fructans on immune responses  in humans . The objective of the study was to determine the effect of a specific combination of long-chain inulin and oligofructose ( Orafti ® Synergy1 ) on immune function in middle-aged humans , with the primary outcome being response to seasonal influenza vaccination . Healthy middle-aged humans ( 45–63 years of age ) were r and omly allocated to consume β2 - 1 fructans in the form of Orafti ® Synergy1 ( 8 g/day ; n = 22 ) or maltodextrin as control ( 8 g/day ; n = 21 ) for 8 weeks . After 4 weeks , participants received the 2008/2009 seasonal influenza vaccine . Blood and saliva sample s were collected prior to vaccination and 2 and 4 weeks after vaccination . They were used to measure various immune parameters . The primary outcome was the serum concentration of anti-vaccine antibodies . Serum antibody titers against the vaccine and vaccine-specific immunoglobulin concentrations increased post-vaccination . Antibodies to the H3N2-like hemagglutinin type 3 , neuraminidase type 2-like strain were higher in the Synergy1 group ( P = 0.020 for overall effect of treatment group ) , as was serum vaccine-specific IgG1 2 weeks post-vaccination ( P = 0.028 versus control ) . There were no other differences between groups in antibody titers or anti-vaccine immunoglobulin concentrations , in blood immune cell phenotypes , or in a range of immune parameters . It is concluded that Orafti ® Synergy1 , a combination of β2 - 1 fructans , can enhance some aspects of the immune response in healthy middle-aged adults , but that this is not a global effect OBJECTIVE : Probiotic consumption effects on cold and influenza-like symptom incidence and duration were evaluated in healthy children during the winter season . METHODS : In this double-blind , placebo-controlled study , 326 eligible children ( 3–5 years of age ) were assigned r and omly to receive placebo ( N = 104 ) , Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM ( N = 110 ) , or L acidophilus NCFM in combination with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bi-07 ( N = 112 ) . Children were treated twice daily for 6 months . RESULTS : Relative to the placebo group , single and combination probiotics  reduced fever incidence by 53.0 % ( P = .0085 ) and 72.7 % ( P = .0009 ) , coughing incidence by 41.4 % ( P = .027 ) and 62.1 % ( P = .005 ) , and rhinorrhea incidence by 28.2 % ( P = .68 ) and 58.8 % ( P = .03 ) , respectively . Fever , coughing , and rhinorrhea duration was decreased significantly , relative to placebo , by 32 % ( single strain ; P = .0023 ) and 48 % ( strain combination ; P < .001 ) . Antibiotic use incidence was reduced , relative to placebo , by 68.4 % ( single strain ; P = .0002 ) and 84.2 % ( strain combination ; P < .0001 ) . Subjects receiving probiotic products had significant reductions in days absent from group child care , by 31.8 % ( single strain ; P = .002 ) and 27.7 % ( strain combination ; P < .001 ) , compared with subjects receiving placebo treatment . CONCLUSION : Daily dietary probiotic supplementation for 6 months was a safe effective way to reduce fever 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background / Objectives : Live-attenuated influenza vaccine ( LAIV ) protects against influenza by mucosal activation of the immune system . Studies in animals and adults have demonstrated that probiotics improve the immune response to mucosally delivered vaccines . We hypothesized that Lactobacillus GG ( LGG ) would function as an immune adjuvant to increase rates of seroconversion after LAIV administration . Subjects/ Methods : We conducted a r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study to determine whether LGG improved rates of seroconversion after administration of LAIV . We studied 42 healthy adults during the 2007–2008 influenza season . All subjects received LAIV and then were r and omized to LGG or placebo , twice daily for 28 days . Hemagglutinin inhibition titers were assessed at baseline , at day 28 and at day 56 to determine the rates of seroconversion . Subjects were assessed for adverse events throughout the study period . Results : A total of 39 subjects completed the per- protocol analysis . Both LGG and LAIV were well tolerated . Protection rates against the vaccine H1N1 and B strains were suboptimal in subjects receiving LGG and placebo . For the H3N2 strain , 84 % receiving LGG vs 55 % receiving placebo had a protective titer 28 days after vaccination ( odds of having a protective titer was 1.84 95 % confidence interval 1.04–3.22 , P=0.048 ) . Conclusion : Lactobacillus GG is potential as an important adjuvant to improve influenza vaccine immunogenicity . Future studies of probiotics as immune adjuvants might need to specifically consider examining vaccine-naïve or sero-negative subjects , target mucosal immune responses or focus on groups known to have poor response to influenza vaccines BACKGROUND The aging process can lead to a decline in cellular immunity . Therefore , the elderly could benefit from safe and effective interventions that restore cellular immune functions . OBJECTIVE We determined whether dietary supplementation with the known immunostimulating probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 could enhance aspects of cellular immunity in elderly subjects . DESIGN Thirty healthy elderly volunteers ( age range : 63 - 84 y ; median : 69 y ) participated in a 3-stage dietary supplementation trial lasting 9 wk . During stage 1 ( run-in ) , subjects consumed low-fat milk ( 200 mL twice daily for 3 wk ) as a base-diet control . During stage 2 ( intervention ) , they consumed milk supplemented with B. lactis HN019 in a typical dose ( 5 x 10(10 ) organisms/d ) or a low dose ( 5 x 10(9 ) organisms/d ) for 3 wk . During stage 3 ( washout ) , they consumed low-fat milk for 3 wk . Changes in the relative proportions of leukocyte subsets and ex vivo leukocyte phagocytic and tumor-cell-killing activity were determined longitudinally by assaying peripheral blood sample s. RESULTS Increases in the proportions of total , helper ( CD4(+ ) ) , and activated ( CD25(+ ) ) T lymphocytes and natural killer cells were measured in the subjects ' blood after consumption of B. lactis HN019 . The ex vivo phagocytic capacity of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes and the tumoricidal activity of natural killer cells were also elevated after B. lactis HN019 consumption . The greatest changes in immunity were found in subjects who had poor pretreatment immune responses . In general , the 2 doses of B. lactis HN019 had similar effectiveness . CONCLUSION B. lactis HN019 could be an effective probiotic dietary supplement for enhancing some aspects of cellular immunity in the elderly BACKGROUND Age is associated with immune dysregulation , which results in an increased infection rate and reduced effectiveness of vaccination . OBJECTIVE We assessed whether an intervention with Lactobacillus casei Shirota ( LcS ) in elderly nursing home residents reduced their susceptibility to respiratory symptoms and improved their immune response to influenza vaccination  . DESIGN Between October 2007 and April 2008 , a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 737 healthy people aged ≥ 65 y in 53 nursing homes in Antwerp , Belgium . Volunteers were r and omly assigned to receive a probiotic ( n = 375 ; 2 bottles of fermented milk that contained ≥ 6.5 × 10(9 ) live LcS/bottle ) or a placebo ( n = 362 ; similar drink with no bacteria ) for 176 d. After 21 d , all subjects received an influenza vaccination . Primary outcome parameters were the number of days with respiratory symptoms , the probability of respiratory symptoms , and antiinfluenza antibody titer by hemagglutination inhibition after vaccination . RESULTS Univariate and multivariate modeling showed no effect of the probiotic on clinical outcome parameters . Generalized linear mixed modeling showed no effect of the probiotic itself on the probability of respiratory symptoms [ OR of probiotic : 0.8715 ; 95 % CI : 0.6168 , 1.2887 ) . No significant difference regarding the influenza-vaccination immune response was shown . CONCLUSION The results of this study show that daily consumption of a fermented milk drink that contains LcS has no statistically or clinical ly significant effect on the protection against respiratory symptoms . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00849277 Background Immunoglobulin A ( IgA ) secretion in saliva decreases with age and may be the cause of increased vulnerability of the elderly to respiratory infections . The effect of oral intake of lactic acid bacteria on salivary secretory IgA ( SIgA ) in the elderly has not been reported . The objective of this study was to demonstrate the acceleration of salivary SIgA secretion by oral intake of Lactobacillus pentosus strain b240 ( b240 ) in the elderly . Results A total of 80 healthy elderly individuals were r and omly allocated to either an intervention ( i.e. , b240 ) or a control ( i.e. , placebo ) group . The elderly individuals in the b240 group were given a sterile water beverage ( 125 mL ) containing heat-killed b240 ( 4 × 109 cells ) , while those in the placebo group were given only a sterile water beverage ( 125 mL ) ; both groups received their respective beverages once daily for 12 weeks . Saliva was collected before initiation of the study and every 2 weeks thereafter . Saliva flow rate and SIgA concentration were determined , and the SIgA secretion rate was calculated . The mean salivary SIgA secretion rate in the b240 group steadily increased until week 4 ( exhibiting a 20 % elevation relative to that at week 0 ) , and then remained stable until week 12 . Changes in SIgA secretion rate over the intervention period were significantly greater in the b240 group than in the placebo group . The treatment groups exhibited no significant differences in adverse events . Conclusions Oral intake of L. pentosus strain b240 for 12 weeks significantly accelerated salivary SIgA secretion , thereby indicating its potential utility in the improvement of mucosal immunity and resistance against infection in the elderly OBJECTIVE The effectiveness of influenza vaccination in preventing illness is lower in the elderly ; this is why the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 7315/7316 to stimulate the response to  influenza vaccination  in elderly was evaluated . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled human trial including 60 institutionalized volunteers aged 65 - 85 years was performed . All the volunteers were vaccinated with a trivalent influenza vaccine ( A/Wisconsin/67/2005 NYMC X-161B ( H3N2 ) , A/Solomon Isl and s/3/2006 ( H1N1 ) and B/Malaysia/2506/2004 ) for the Spanish vaccine campaign 2006/2007 . The consumption of the probiotic began between three and four months after the vaccination . Volunteers were r and omly assigned to one of three following groups : group A ( receiving 5 * 10(9 ) cfu/day of L. plantarum CECT 7315/7316 in 20 g powdered skim milk ) , group B ( receiving 5 * 10(8 ) cfu/day of L. plantarum CECT 7315/7316 in 20 g powdered skim milk ) and group C or placebo ( 20 g powered skim milk ) . The participants consumed the probiotic during 3 months . RESULTS The consumption of L. plantarum CECT 7315/7316 during 3 months after influenza vaccination increased the levels of influenza-specific IgA and IgG antibodies . Moreover , a trend towards an increase in influenza-specific IgM antibodies was also observed . CONCLUSION L. plantarum CECT7315/7316 has an immunostimulating effect and could be used to improve the response to influenza vaccination in elderly β2 - 1 fructans are prebiotics and , as such , may modulate some aspects of immune function . Improved immune function could enhance the host ’s ability to respond to infections . There is limited information on the effects of β2 - 1 fructans on immune responses  in humans . The objective of the study was to determine the effect of a specific combination of long-chain inulin and oligofructose ( Orafti ® Synergy1 ) on immune function in middle-aged humans , with the primary outcome being response to seasonal influenza vaccination . Healthy middle-aged humans ( 45–63 years of age ) were r and omly allocated to consume β2 - 1 fructans in the form of Orafti ® Synergy1 ( 8 g/day ; n = 22 ) or maltodextrin as control ( 8 g/day ; n = 21 ) for 8 weeks . After 4 weeks , participants received the 2008/2009 seasonal influenza vaccine . Blood and saliva sample s were collected prior to vaccination and 2 and 4 weeks after vaccination . They were used to measure various immune parameters . The primary outcome was the serum concentration of anti-vaccine antibodies . Serum antibody titers against the vaccine and vaccine-specific immunoglobulin concentrations increased post-vaccination . Antibodies to the H3N2-like hemagglutinin type 3 , neuraminidase type 2-like strain were higher in the Synergy1 group ( P = 0.020 for overall effect of treatment group ) , as was serum vaccine-specific IgG1 2 weeks post-vaccination ( P = 0.028 versus control ) . There were no other differences between groups in antibody titers or anti-vaccine immunoglobulin concentrations , in blood immune cell phenotypes , or in a range of immune parameters . It is concluded that Orafti ® Synergy1 , a combination of β2 - 1 fructans , can enhance some aspects of the immune response in healthy middle-aged adults , but that this is not a global effect OBJECTIVE : Probiotic consumption effects on cold and influenza-like symptom incidence and duration were evaluated in healthy children during the winter season . METHODS : In this double-blind , placebo-controlled study , 326 eligible children ( 3–5 years of age ) were assigned r and omly to receive placebo ( N = 104 ) , Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM ( N = 110 ) , or L acidophilus NCFM in combination with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bi-07 ( N = 112 ) . Children were treated twice daily for 6 months . RESULTS : Relative to the placebo group , single and combination probiotics  reduced fever incidence by 53.0 % ( P = .0085 ) and 72.7 % ( P = .0009 ) , coughing incidence by 41.4 % ( P = .027 ) and 62.1 % ( P = .005 ) , and rhinorrhea incidence by 28.2 % ( P = .68 ) and 58.8 % ( P = .03 ) , respectively . Fever , coughing , and rhinorrhea duration was decreased significantly , relative to placebo , by 32 % ( single strain ; P = .0023 ) and 48 % ( strain combination ; P < .001 ) . Antibiotic use incidence was reduced , relative to placebo , by 68.4 % ( single strain ; P = .0002 ) and 84.2 % ( strain combination ; P < .0001 ) . Subjects receiving probiotic products had significant reductions in days absent from group child care , by 31.8 % ( single strain ; P = .002 ) and 27.7 % ( strain combination ; P < .001 ) , compared with subjects receiving placebo treatment . CONCLUSION : Daily dietary probiotic supplementation for 6 months was a safe effective way to reduce fever 
    Output:
    