human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency and asthma are common at higher latitudes . Although vitamin D has important immunologic effects , its relation with asthma is unknown . OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that a higher maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy is associated with a lower risk of  recurrent wheeze in children at 3 y of age . DESIGN The participants were 1194 mother-child pairs in Project Viva-a prospect i ve prebirth cohort study in Massachusetts . We assessed the maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy from a vali date d food-frequency question naire . The primary outcome was recurrent wheeze , ie , a positive asthma predictive index ( > or=2 wheezing attacks among children with a personal diagnosis of eczema or a parental history of asthma ) . RESULTS The mean ( + /-SD ) total vitamin D intake during pregnancy was 548 + /- 167 IU/d . By age 3 y , 186 children ( 16 % ) had recurrent wheeze . Compared with mothers in the lowest quartile of daily intake ( median : 356 IU ) , those in the highest quartile ( 724 IU ) had a lower risk of having a child with recurrent wheeze [ odds ratio ( OR ) : 0.39 ; 95 % CI : 0.25 , 0.62 ; P for trend < 0.001 ] . A 100-IU increase in vitamin D intake was associated with lower risk ( OR : 0.81 ; 95 % CI : 0.74 , 0.89 ) , regardless of whether vitamin D was from the diet ( OR : 0.81 ; 95 % CI : 0.69 , 0.96 ) or supplements ( OR : 0.82 ; 95 % CI : 0.73 , 0.92 ) . Adjustment for 12 potential confounders , including maternal intake of other dietary factors , did not change the results . CONCLUSION In the northeastern United States , a higher maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy may decrease the risk of recurrent wheeze in early childhood A preventive effect of dietary marine n-3 fatty acids on  early delivery  and toxaemia has recently been hypothesized . In only one published controlled trial fish oil has been given to pregnant women , namely in that conducted during 1938 - 9 in London by the People 's League of Health with a dietary supplement containing vitamins , minerals , and halibut liver oil . Although it was of high quality and its findings are hitherto unexplained , neglect and misinterpretation of the trial seem to occur commonly in review s. Of the 5644 women who were enrolled the 622 withdrawals were independent of treatment . Alternate allocation to treatment was used , producing two groups that were well balanced as to age and parity . The supplement was given from about week 20 . The control group did not receive any supplement . Reductions of 20.4 % ( 95 % confidence interval 9 - 30 % , P = 0.00083 ) and 31.5 % ( 95 % confidence interval 11 - 47 % , P = 0.0047 ) were seen in odds of delivering before 40 weeks of gestation and pre-eclampsia respectively . No significant effects were seen on perinatal mortality , average birth weight , deliveries after 40 weeks , hypertension in the absence of oedema and proteinuria , duration of labour , sepsis or breast-feeding occurrence . Later controlled trials with vitamins or minerals given in the same amounts as in this trial have largely failed to show convincing effects as seen here . A controlled trial assessing the isolated effects of fish oil in pregnancy is warranted Background Vitamin D has a potential role in slowing HIV disease progression and preventing mortality based on its extensive involvement in the immune system ; however , this relationship has not been examined in large studies or in re source -limited setting s. Methodology /Principal Findings Vitamin D levels were assessed in 884 HIV-infected pregnant women at enrollment in a trial of multivitamin supplementation ( not including vitamin D ) in Tanzania . Women were followed up for a median of 69.5 months , and information on hemoglobin levels , HIV disease progression , and mortality was recorded . Proportional hazard models and generalized estimating equations were used to assess the relationship of these outcomes with vitamin D status . Conclusions / Significance Low vitamin D status ( serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<32ng/mL ) was significantly associated with progression to WHO HIV disease stage III or greater in multivariate models ( incidence rate ratio [ RR ] : 1.25 ; 95 % confidence intervals [ CI ] : 1.05 , 1.50 ) . No significant relationship was observed between vitamin D status and T-cell counts during follow-up . Women with low vitamin D status had 46 % higher risk of developing severe anemia during follow-up , compared to women with adequate vitamin D levels ( RR : 1.46 ; 95 % CI : 1.09 , 1.96 ) . Women in the highest vitamin D quintile had a 42 % lower risk of all-cause mortality , compared to the lowest quintile ( RR : 0.58 ; 95 % CI : 0.40 , 0.84 ) . Vitamin D status had a protective association with HIV disease progression , all-cause mortality , and development of anemia during follow-up in HIV-infected women . If confirmed in r and omized trials , vitamin D supplementation could represent a simple and inexpensive method to prolonging the time to initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients , particularly in re source -limited setting To study the effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of toxaemia of pregnancy , 200 r and omly selected pregnant women ( supplemented group ) , were put on calcium ( 375 mg/day ) and vitamin D ( 1,200 IU/day ) supplements at 20 - 24 weeks of pregnancy onwards . Another 200 pregnant women constituted the non-supplemented group . At 32 and 36 weeks of pregnancy the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of non-toxemic women was significantly lower in the supplemented group than in the non-supplemented group . However , the incidence of toxaemia in the supplemented group ( 6 % ) was not significantly different from that in the non-supplemented group ( 9 % ) BACKGROUND The cholecalciferol inputs required to achieve or maintain any given serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration are not known , particularly within ranges comparable to the probable physiologic supply of the vitamin . OBJECTIVES The objectives were to establish the quantitative relation between steady state cholecalciferol input and the result ing serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration and to estimate the proportion of the daily requirement during winter that is met by cholecalciferol reserves in body tissue stores . DESIGN Cholecalciferol was administered daily in controlled oral doses labeled at 0 , 25 , 125 , and 250 micro g cholecalciferol for approximately 20 wk during the winter to 67 men living in Omaha ( 41.2 degrees N latitude ) . The time course of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration was measured at intervals over the course of treatment . RESULTS From a mean baseline value of 70.3 nmol/L , equilibrium concentrations of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol changed during the winter months in direct proportion to the dose , with a slope of approximately 0.70 nmol/L for each additional 1 micro g cholecalciferol input . The calculated oral input required to sustain the serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration present before the study ( ie , in the autumn ) was 12.5 micro g ( 500 IU)/d , whereas the total amount from all sources ( supplement , food , tissue stores ) needed to sustain the starting 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration was estimated at approximately 96 micro g ( approximately 3800 IU)/d . By difference , the tissue stores provided approximately 78 - 82 micro g/d . CONCLUSIONS Healthy men seem to use 3000 - 5000 IU cholecalciferol/d , apparently meeting > 80 % of their winter cholecalciferol need with cutaneously synthesized accumulations from solar sources during the preceding summer months . Current recommended vitamin D inputs are inadequate to maintain serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration in the absence of substantial cutaneous production of vitamin The need , safety , and effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy remain controversial . In this r and omized , controlled trial , women with a singleton pregnancy at 12 to 16 weeks ' gestation received 400 , 2000 , or 4000 IU of vitamin D(3 ) per day until delivery . The primary outcome was maternal/neonatal circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] concentration at delivery , with secondary outcomes of a 25(OH)D concentration of 80 nmol/L or greater achieved and the 25(OH)D concentration required to achieve maximal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3 ) [ 1,25(OH)(2)D(3 ) ] production . Of the 494 women enrolled , 350 women continued until delivery : Mean 25(OH)D concentrations by group at delivery and 1 month before delivery were significantly different ( p < 0.0001 ) , and the percent who achieved sufficiency was significantly different by group , greatest in 4000-IU group ( p < 0.0001 ) . The relative risk ( RR ) for achieving a concentration of 80 nmol/L or greater within 1 month of delivery was significantly different between the 2000- and the 400-IU groups ( RR = 1.52 , 95 % CI 1.24 - 1.86 ) , the 4000- and the 400-IU groups ( RR = 1.60 , 95 % CI 1.32 - 1.95 ) but not between the 4000- and . 2000-IU groups ( RR = 1.06 , 95 % CI 0.93 - 1.19 ) . Circulating 25(OH)D had a direct influence on circulating 1,25(OH)(2)D(3 ) concentrations throughout pregnancy ( p < 0.0001 ) , with maximal production of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3 ) in all strata in the 4000-IU group . There were no differences between groups on any safety measure . Not a single adverse event was attributed to vitamin D supplementation or circulating 25(OH)D levels . It is concluded that vitamin D supplementation of 4000 IU/d for pregnant women is safe and most effective in achieving sufficiency in all women and their neonates regardless of race , whereas the current estimated average requirement is comparatively ineffective at achieving adequate circulating 25(OH)D concentrations , especially in African Americans Chez 100 femmes enceintes , l'administration de 2 doses de 600000 UI de vitamine D du 3eme trimestre a entraine une amelioration significative des parametres biochimiques maternels et du serum du cordon , du poids de naissance et de certaines autres mesures anthropometriques du nouveau-ne comparativement a 100 femmes enceintes ne recevant pas de Objective : To investigate whether exposure to high maternal concentrations of 25(OH)-vitamin D in pregnancy poses any risk to the child . Design : Prospect i ve study . Setting : Princess Anne Maternity Hospital , Southampton , UK.Subjects : A group of 596 pregnant women were recruited . A total of 466 ( 78 % ) children were examined at birth , 440 ( 74 % ) at age 9 months and 178 ( 30 % ) at age 9 years . Methods :  Maternal 25 (OH)-vitamin D concentrations  were measured in late pregnancy . Anthropometry of the child was recorded at birth , 9 months and 9 years . At 9 months , atopic eczema was assessed . At 9 years , children had an echocardiogram and a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan , blood pressure , arterial compliance and carotid intima-media thickness were measured and intelligence and psychological function assessed . Results : There were no associations between maternal 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations and the child 's body size or measures of the child 's intelligence , psychological health or cardiovascular system . Children whose mothers had a 25(OH)-vitamin D concentration in pregnancy > 75 nmol/l had an increased risk of eczema on examination at 9 months ( OR 3.26 , 95 % CI 1.15–9.29 , P=0.025 ) and asthma at age 9 years ( OR 5.40 , 95 % CI , 1.09–26.65 , P=0.038 ) compared to children whose mothers had a concentration of < 30 nmol/l . Conclusion : Exposure to maternal concentrations of 25(OH)-vitamin D in pregnancy in excess of 75 nmol/l does not appear to influence the child 's intelligence , psychological health or cardiovascular system ; there could be an increased risk of atopic disorders , but this needs confirmation in other studies .Spons 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency and asthma are common at higher latitudes . Although vitamin D has important immunologic effects , its relation with asthma is unknown . OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that a higher maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy is associated with a lower risk of  recurrent wheeze in children at 3 y of age . DESIGN The participants were 1194 mother-child pairs in Project Viva-a prospect i ve prebirth cohort study in Massachusetts . We assessed the maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy from a vali date d food-frequency question naire . The primary outcome was recurrent wheeze , ie , a positive asthma predictive index ( > or=2 wheezing attacks among children with a personal diagnosis of eczema or a parental history of asthma ) . RESULTS The mean ( + /-SD ) total vitamin D intake during pregnancy was 548 + /- 167 IU/d . By age 3 y , 186 children ( 16 % ) had recurrent wheeze . Compared with mothers in the lowest quartile of daily intake ( median : 356 IU ) , those in the highest quartile ( 724 IU ) had a lower risk of having a child with recurrent wheeze [ odds ratio ( OR ) : 0.39 ; 95 % CI : 0.25 , 0.62 ; P for trend < 0.001 ] . A 100-IU increase in vitamin D intake was associated with lower risk ( OR : 0.81 ; 95 % CI : 0.74 , 0.89 ) , regardless of whether vitamin D was from the diet ( OR : 0.81 ; 95 % CI : 0.69 , 0.96 ) or supplements ( OR : 0.82 ; 95 % CI : 0.73 , 0.92 ) . Adjustment for 12 potential confounders , including maternal intake of other dietary factors , did not change the results . CONCLUSION In the northeastern United States , a higher maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy may decrease the risk of recurrent wheeze in early childhood A preventive effect of dietary marine n-3 fatty acids on  early delivery  and toxaemia has recently been hypothesized . In only one published controlled trial fish oil has been given to pregnant women , namely in that conducted during 1938 - 9 in London by the People 's League of Health with a dietary supplement containing vitamins , minerals , and halibut liver oil . Although it was of high quality and its findings are hitherto unexplained , neglect and misinterpretation of the trial seem to occur commonly in review s. Of the 5644 women who were enrolled the 622 withdrawals were independent of treatment . Alternate allocation to treatment was used , producing two groups that were well balanced as to age and parity . The supplement was given from about week 20 . The control group did not receive any supplement . Reductions of 20.4 % ( 95 % confidence interval 9 - 30 % , P = 0.00083 ) and 31.5 % ( 95 % confidence interval 11 - 47 % , P = 0.0047 ) were seen in odds of delivering before 40 weeks of gestation and pre-eclampsia respectively . No significant effects were seen on perinatal mortality , average birth weight , deliveries after 40 weeks , hypertension in the absence of oedema and proteinuria , duration of labour , sepsis or breast-feeding occurrence . Later controlled trials with vitamins or minerals given in the same amounts as in this trial have largely failed to show convincing effects as seen here . A controlled trial assessing the isolated effects of fish oil in pregnancy is warranted Background Vitamin D has a potential role in slowing HIV disease progression and preventing mortality based on its extensive involvement in the immune system ; however , this relationship has not been examined in large studies or in re source -limited setting s. Methodology /Principal Findings Vitamin D levels were assessed in 884 HIV-infected pregnant women at enrollment in a trial of multivitamin supplementation ( not including vitamin D ) in Tanzania . Women were followed up for a median of 69.5 months , and information on hemoglobin levels , HIV disease progression , and mortality was recorded . Proportional hazard models and generalized estimating equations were used to assess the relationship of these outcomes with vitamin D status . Conclusions / Significance Low vitamin D status ( serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<32ng/mL ) was significantly associated with progression to WHO HIV disease stage III or greater in multivariate models ( incidence rate ratio [ RR ] : 1.25 ; 95 % confidence intervals [ CI ] : 1.05 , 1.50 ) . No significant relationship was observed between vitamin D status and T-cell counts during follow-up . Women with low vitamin D status had 46 % higher risk of developing severe anemia during follow-up , compared to women with adequate vitamin D levels ( RR : 1.46 ; 95 % CI : 1.09 , 1.96 ) . Women in the highest vitamin D quintile had a 42 % lower risk of all-cause mortality , compared to the lowest quintile ( RR : 0.58 ; 95 % CI : 0.40 , 0.84 ) . Vitamin D status had a protective association with HIV disease progression , all-cause mortality , and development of anemia during follow-up in HIV-infected women . If confirmed in r and omized trials , vitamin D supplementation could represent a simple and inexpensive method to prolonging the time to initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients , particularly in re source -limited setting To study the effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of toxaemia of pregnancy , 200 r and omly selected pregnant women ( supplemented group ) , were put on calcium ( 375 mg/day ) and vitamin D ( 1,200 IU/day ) supplements at 20 - 24 weeks of pregnancy onwards . Another 200 pregnant women constituted the non-supplemented group . At 32 and 36 weeks of pregnancy the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of non-toxemic women was significantly lower in the supplemented group than in the non-supplemented group . However , the incidence of toxaemia in the supplemented group ( 6 % ) was not significantly different from that in the non-supplemented group ( 9 % ) BACKGROUND The cholecalciferol inputs required to achieve or maintain any given serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration are not known , particularly within ranges comparable to the probable physiologic supply of the vitamin . OBJECTIVES The objectives were to establish the quantitative relation between steady state cholecalciferol input and the result ing serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration and to estimate the proportion of the daily requirement during winter that is met by cholecalciferol reserves in body tissue stores . DESIGN Cholecalciferol was administered daily in controlled oral doses labeled at 0 , 25 , 125 , and 250 micro g cholecalciferol for approximately 20 wk during the winter to 67 men living in Omaha ( 41.2 degrees N latitude ) . The time course of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration was measured at intervals over the course of treatment . RESULTS From a mean baseline value of 70.3 nmol/L , equilibrium concentrations of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol changed during the winter months in direct proportion to the dose , with a slope of approximately 0.70 nmol/L for each additional 1 micro g cholecalciferol input . The calculated oral input required to sustain the serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration present before the study ( ie , in the autumn ) was 12.5 micro g ( 500 IU)/d , whereas the total amount from all sources ( supplement , food , tissue stores ) needed to sustain the starting 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration was estimated at approximately 96 micro g ( approximately 3800 IU)/d . By difference , the tissue stores provided approximately 78 - 82 micro g/d . CONCLUSIONS Healthy men seem to use 3000 - 5000 IU cholecalciferol/d , apparently meeting > 80 % of their winter cholecalciferol need with cutaneously synthesized accumulations from solar sources during the preceding summer months . Current recommended vitamin D inputs are inadequate to maintain serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration in the absence of substantial cutaneous production of vitamin The need , safety , and effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy remain controversial . In this r and omized , controlled trial , women with a singleton pregnancy at 12 to 16 weeks ' gestation received 400 , 2000 , or 4000 IU of vitamin D(3 ) per day until delivery . The primary outcome was maternal/neonatal circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] concentration at delivery , with secondary outcomes of a 25(OH)D concentration of 80 nmol/L or greater achieved and the 25(OH)D concentration required to achieve maximal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3 ) [ 1,25(OH)(2)D(3 ) ] production . Of the 494 women enrolled , 350 women continued until delivery : Mean 25(OH)D concentrations by group at delivery and 1 month before delivery were significantly different ( p < 0.0001 ) , and the percent who achieved sufficiency was significantly different by group , greatest in 4000-IU group ( p < 0.0001 ) . The relative risk ( RR ) for achieving a concentration of 80 nmol/L or greater within 1 month of delivery was significantly different between the 2000- and the 400-IU groups ( RR = 1.52 , 95 % CI 1.24 - 1.86 ) , the 4000- and the 400-IU groups ( RR = 1.60 , 95 % CI 1.32 - 1.95 ) but not between the 4000- and . 2000-IU groups ( RR = 1.06 , 95 % CI 0.93 - 1.19 ) . Circulating 25(OH)D had a direct influence on circulating 1,25(OH)(2)D(3 ) concentrations throughout pregnancy ( p < 0.0001 ) , with maximal production of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3 ) in all strata in the 4000-IU group . There were no differences between groups on any safety measure . Not a single adverse event was attributed to vitamin D supplementation or circulating 25(OH)D levels . It is concluded that vitamin D supplementation of 4000 IU/d for pregnant women is safe and most effective in achieving sufficiency in all women and their neonates regardless of race , whereas the current estimated average requirement is comparatively ineffective at achieving adequate circulating 25(OH)D concentrations , especially in African Americans Chez 100 femmes enceintes , l'administration de 2 doses de 600000 UI de vitamine D du 3eme trimestre a entraine une amelioration significative des parametres biochimiques maternels et du serum du cordon , du poids de naissance et de certaines autres mesures anthropometriques du nouveau-ne comparativement a 100 femmes enceintes ne recevant pas de Objective : To investigate whether exposure to high maternal concentrations of 25(OH)-vitamin D in pregnancy poses any risk to the child . Design : Prospect i ve study . Setting : Princess Anne Maternity Hospital , Southampton , UK.Subjects : A group of 596 pregnant women were recruited . A total of 466 ( 78 % ) children were examined at birth , 440 ( 74 % ) at age 9 months and 178 ( 30 % ) at age 9 years . Methods :  Maternal 25 (OH)-vitamin D concentrations  were measured in late pregnancy . Anthropometry of the child was recorded at birth , 9 months and 9 years . At 9 months , atopic eczema was assessed . At 9 years , children had an echocardiogram and a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan , blood pressure , arterial compliance and carotid intima-media thickness were measured and intelligence and psychological function assessed . Results : There were no associations between maternal 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations and the child 's body size or measures of the child 's intelligence , psychological health or cardiovascular system . Children whose mothers had a 25(OH)-vitamin D concentration in pregnancy > 75 nmol/l had an increased risk of eczema on examination at 9 months ( OR 3.26 , 95 % CI 1.15–9.29 , P=0.025 ) and asthma at age 9 years ( OR 5.40 , 95 % CI , 1.09–26.65 , P=0.038 ) compared to children whose mothers had a concentration of < 30 nmol/l . Conclusion : Exposure to maternal concentrations of 25(OH)-vitamin D in pregnancy in excess of 75 nmol/l does not appear to influence the child 's intelligence , psychological health or cardiovascular system ; there could be an increased risk of atopic disorders , but this needs confirmation in other studies .Spons 
    Output:
    