human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We compared the effects of a high fat diet [ 38.4 % of energy ( E% ) from fat ; HSAFA diet , polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ( P/S ) ratio = 0.14 ] , a low fat diet ( 19.7 E% from fat ; LSAFA diet , P/S = 0.17 ) , both based on coconut oil , and a diet with a high content of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ; 38.2 E% from fat ; HUFA diet , P/S = 1.9 ) on serum lipoproteins . The 25 women studied consumed each diet for 3-wk periods in a crossover design . The two high fat diets were identical except for the quality of the test fat . The LSAFA diet was identical to the HSAFA diet except that half the fat was replaced by carbohydrates . Serum total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol and apoB concentrations did not differ between the HSAFA and the LSAFA diet periods . Total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol and apoB were lower when women consumed the HUFA diet than when they consumed the other two diets . HDL cholesterol and apoA-I were 15 and 11 % , respectively , higher when women consumed the HSAFA diet than when they consumed the LSAFA diet ;  HDL cholesterol and apoA-I were lower when women consumed the HUFA diet than when they consumed the HSAFA diet , but not the LSAFA diet .  The LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol and apoB/apoA-I ratios were higher when women consumed the LSAFA diet than when they consumed the HSAFA diet . The LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio was higher when women consumed either the LSAFA or the HSAFA diet than when they consumed the HUFA diet , whereas apoB/apoA-I was higher when women consumed the LSAFA diet than when they consumed the HUFA diet . Triacylglycerol and VLDL cholesterol were higher when women consumed the LSAFA diet than when they consumed either the HSAFA or the HUFA diet . We conclude that , to influence the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio , changing the proportions of dietary fatty acids may be more important than restricting the percentage of total or saturated fat energy , at least when derived mainly from lauric and myristic acids , both of which increase HDL cholesterol BACKGROUND The well-established relation between changes in dietary fatty acids and plasma lipids has been determined in energy-balance states . Whether this relation is altered in states of energy restriction and active weight loss is not clear . OBJECTIVE The objective of this 12-wk study was to compare the time course of lipid changes and other cardiovascular risk factors in 3 energy-restricted diets ( all 6500 kJ ) with different total fat and fatty acid compositions . DESIGN Sixty-two subjects with a body mass index ( in kg/m(2 ) ) > 24 were stratified into 1 of 3 parallel dietary intervention groups : 1 ) a very-low-fat ( VLF ) diet ( 10 % of energy from fat ; 3 % from saturated fat ) , 2 ) a high-saturated-fat ( HSF ) diet ( 32 % of energy from fat ; 17 % from saturated fat ) , and 3 ) a high-unsaturated-fat ( HUF ) diet ( 32 % of energy from fat ; 6 % from saturated fat ) . RESULTS After 12 wk , LDL cholesterol decreased by 0 . 66 + /- 0.11 ( mean + /- SEM ) and 0.68 + /- 0.12 mmol/L ( approximately 20 % ) with the VLF and HUF diets , respectively , compared with a decrease of only 0.24 + /- 0.11 mmol/L ( 7 % ) with the HSF diet ( P < 0.02 between groups ) . Diet affected the time course of changes in HDL cholesterol with both high-fat diets , result ing in smaller reductions in HDL cholesterol at weeks 1 ( P = 0.0004 ) and 4 ( P = 0.02 ) ; however , these differences were no longer apparent by 12 wk . Overall weight loss was 8.6 + /- 0.4 kg ( 9.7 % ) and waist circumference decreased by 7.3 + /- 5 cm ( 8 % ) for the combined groups , with no significant differences between diets . CONCLUSIONS Significantly greater decreases in LDL cholesterol during active weight loss are achieved with diets low in saturated fatty acids . Changes in HDL cholesterol between diets appear dependent on both the fat content of the diet and the duration of energy restriction BACKGROUND Low-carbohydrate diets have been used to manage obesity and its metabolic consequences . OBJECTIVE The objective was to study the effects of moderate carbohydrate restriction on  atherogenic dyslipidemia before and after weight loss and in conjunction with a low or high dietary saturated fat intake . DESIGN After 1 wk of consuming a basal diet , 178 men with a mean body mass index ( in kg/m(2 ) ) of 29.2 + /- 2.0 were r and omly assigned to consume diets with carbohydrate contents of 54 % ( basal diet ) , 39 % , or 26 % of energy and with a low saturated fat content ( 7 - 9 % of energy ) ; a fourth group consumed a diet with 26 % of energy as carbohydrate and 15 % as saturated fat . After 3 wk , the mean weight loss ( 5.12 + /- 1.83 kg ) was induced in all diet groups by a reduction of approximately 1000 kcal/d for 5 wk followed by 4 wk of weight stabilization . RESULTS The 26%-carbohydrate , low-saturated-fat diet reduced triacylglycerol , apolipoprotein B , small LDL mass , and total : HDL cholesterol and increased LDL peak diameter . These changes were significantly different from those with the 54%-carbohydrate diet . After subsequent weight loss , the changes in all these variables were significantly greater and the reduction in LDL cholesterol was significantly greater with the 54%-carbohydrate diet than with the 26%-carbohydrate diet . With the 26%-carbohydrate diet , lipoprotein changes with the higher saturated fat intakes were not significantly different from those with the lower saturated fat intakes , except for LDL cholesterol , which decreased less with the higher saturated fat intake because of an increase in mass of large LDL . CONCLUSIONS Moderate carbohydrate restriction and weight loss provide equivalent but nonadditive approaches to improving atherogenic dyslipidemia . Moreover , beneficial lipid changes result ing from a reduced carbohydrate intake were not significant after weight loss A r and omised crossover study of eight overweight or obese men ( aged 24 - 49 years , BMI 25.5 - 31.3 kg/m(2 ) ) , who followed two diets for 4 weeks each , was performed to determine whether substitution of saturated fat with monounsaturated fat affects body weight and composition . Subjects were provided with all food and beverages as modules ( selected ad libitum ) of constant macronutrient composition , but differing energy content . The % total energy from saturated fat , monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat was 24 , 13 and 3 % respectively on the saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich diet and 11 , 22 and 7 % respectively on the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich diet . MUFA accounted for about 80 % of the unsaturated fats consumed on both diets . Body composition , blood pressure , energy expenditure ( resting and postpr and ial metabolic rates , substrate oxidation rate , physical activity ) , serum lipids , the fatty acid profile of serum cholesteryl esters and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured before and after each diet period . Significant ( P < or = 0.05 ) differences in total cholesterol and the fatty acid composition of serum cholesteryl esters provided evidence of dietary adherence . The men had a lower weight ( -2.1 ( SE 0.4 ) kg , P=0.0015 ) and fat mass ( -2.6 ( SE 0.6 ) kg , P=0.0034 ) at the end of the MUFA-rich diet as compared with values at the end of the SFA-rich diet . No significant differences were detected in energy or fat intake , energy expenditure , substrate oxidation rates or self-reported physical activity . Substituting dietary saturated with unsaturated fat , predominantly MUFA , can induce a small but significant loss of body weight and fat mass without a significant change in total energy or fat intake OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of acute and daily consumption of high-oleic peanuts ( HOP ) on inflammation and glucose homeostasis in overweight/obese men . METHODS In a 4-week r and omized clinical trial , males with body mass index of 29.8 ± 2.3 kg/m(2 ) and aged 18 - 50 years were assigned to the groups : control ( CT , n = 22 ) ; conventional peanuts ( CVP , n = 22 ) ; or HOP ( n = 21 ) . They followed a hypocaloric-diet with or without 56 g/day of CVP or HOP . Main outcomes were changes in fasting blood biomarkers and postpr and ial insulin , glucose , tumor necrosis factor-alfa ( TNF-α ) , and interleukin-10 ( IL-10 ) responses after acute peanut intake . RESULTS At baseline , HOP showed significantly lower postpr and ial responses of glucose , insulin , and TNF-α than CVP and CT . Changes in fasting blood biomarkers did not differ between groups after the 4-week intervention . However , within groups , total cholesterol decreased in CT , and all groups reduced High-density lipoprotein ( HDL-c ) . Triglycerides were reduced in HOP and CVP . IL-10 increased significantly in all groups while only the CT and CVP showed increased TNF-α after intervention . CONCLUSION Acute high-oleic peanut consumption leads to stronger moderation of postpr and ial glucose , insulin , and TNF-α concentrations than CVP and control meal intake . Whether daily intake of high-oleic peanuts has additional benefits to CVP remains uncertain BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diets high in monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA ) such as a Mediterranean diet may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by improving insulin sensitivity and serum lipids . Besides being high in MUFA , a Mediterranean diet also contains abundant plant foods , moderate wine and low amounts of meat and dairy products , which may also play a role . We compared the effects of a high MUFA-diet with a diet high in saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) and the additional effect of a Mediterranean diet on insulin sensitivity and serum lipids . METHODS AND RESULTS A r and omized parallel controlled-feeding trial was performed , in 60 non-diabetics ( 40 - 65 y ) with mild abdominal obesity . After a two week run-in diet high in SFA ( 19 energy-% ) , subjects were allocated to a high MUFA-diet ( 20 energy-% ) , a Mediterranean diet ( MUFA 21 energy-% ) , or the high SFA-diet , for eight weeks . The high MUFA and the Mediterranean diet did not affect fasting insulin concentrations . The high MUFA-diet reduced total cholesterol ( -0.41 mmol/L , 95 % CI -0.74 , -0.09 ) and LDL-cholesterol ( -0.38 mmol/L , 95 % CI -0.65 , -0.11 ) compared with the high SFA-diet , but not triglyceride concentrations . The Mediterranean diet increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations ( + 0.09 mmol/L , 95 % CI 0.0 , 0.18 ) and reduced the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ( -0.39 , 95 % CI -0.62 , -0.16 ) compared with the high MUFA-diet . CONCLUSION Replacing a high SFA-diet with a high MUFA or a Mediterranean diet did not affect insulin sensitivity , but improved serum lipids . The Mediterranean diet was most effective , it reduced total and LDL-cholesterol , and also increased HDL-cholesterol and reduced total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio BACKGROUND & AIMS LDL phenotype B is associated with obesity , insulin resistance , hypertriglyceridemia and oxidative stress . The effect of plasma n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio on LDL phenotype transformation was investigated . METHODS Patients with metabolic syndrome ( n=99 ) received one of four isocaloric diets : ( A ) High-fat ( 38 % energy ) SFA-rich diet ( HSFA ) ; ( B ) High-fat ( 38 % energy ) 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We compared the effects of a high fat diet [ 38.4 % of energy ( E% ) from fat ; HSAFA diet , polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ( P/S ) ratio = 0.14 ] , a low fat diet ( 19.7 E% from fat ; LSAFA diet , P/S = 0.17 ) , both based on coconut oil , and a diet with a high content of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ; 38.2 E% from fat ; HUFA diet , P/S = 1.9 ) on serum lipoproteins . The 25 women studied consumed each diet for 3-wk periods in a crossover design . The two high fat diets were identical except for the quality of the test fat . The LSAFA diet was identical to the HSAFA diet except that half the fat was replaced by carbohydrates . Serum total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol and apoB concentrations did not differ between the HSAFA and the LSAFA diet periods . Total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol and apoB were lower when women consumed the HUFA diet than when they consumed the other two diets . HDL cholesterol and apoA-I were 15 and 11 % , respectively , higher when women consumed the HSAFA diet than when they consumed the LSAFA diet ;  HDL cholesterol and apoA-I were lower when women consumed the HUFA diet than when they consumed the HSAFA diet , but not the LSAFA diet .  The LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol and apoB/apoA-I ratios were higher when women consumed the LSAFA diet than when they consumed the HSAFA diet . The LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio was higher when women consumed either the LSAFA or the HSAFA diet than when they consumed the HUFA diet , whereas apoB/apoA-I was higher when women consumed the LSAFA diet than when they consumed the HUFA diet . Triacylglycerol and VLDL cholesterol were higher when women consumed the LSAFA diet than when they consumed either the HSAFA or the HUFA diet . We conclude that , to influence the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio , changing the proportions of dietary fatty acids may be more important than restricting the percentage of total or saturated fat energy , at least when derived mainly from lauric and myristic acids , both of which increase HDL cholesterol BACKGROUND The well-established relation between changes in dietary fatty acids and plasma lipids has been determined in energy-balance states . Whether this relation is altered in states of energy restriction and active weight loss is not clear . OBJECTIVE The objective of this 12-wk study was to compare the time course of lipid changes and other cardiovascular risk factors in 3 energy-restricted diets ( all 6500 kJ ) with different total fat and fatty acid compositions . DESIGN Sixty-two subjects with a body mass index ( in kg/m(2 ) ) > 24 were stratified into 1 of 3 parallel dietary intervention groups : 1 ) a very-low-fat ( VLF ) diet ( 10 % of energy from fat ; 3 % from saturated fat ) , 2 ) a high-saturated-fat ( HSF ) diet ( 32 % of energy from fat ; 17 % from saturated fat ) , and 3 ) a high-unsaturated-fat ( HUF ) diet ( 32 % of energy from fat ; 6 % from saturated fat ) . RESULTS After 12 wk , LDL cholesterol decreased by 0 . 66 + /- 0.11 ( mean + /- SEM ) and 0.68 + /- 0.12 mmol/L ( approximately 20 % ) with the VLF and HUF diets , respectively , compared with a decrease of only 0.24 + /- 0.11 mmol/L ( 7 % ) with the HSF diet ( P < 0.02 between groups ) . Diet affected the time course of changes in HDL cholesterol with both high-fat diets , result ing in smaller reductions in HDL cholesterol at weeks 1 ( P = 0.0004 ) and 4 ( P = 0.02 ) ; however , these differences were no longer apparent by 12 wk . Overall weight loss was 8.6 + /- 0.4 kg ( 9.7 % ) and waist circumference decreased by 7.3 + /- 5 cm ( 8 % ) for the combined groups , with no significant differences between diets . CONCLUSIONS Significantly greater decreases in LDL cholesterol during active weight loss are achieved with diets low in saturated fatty acids . Changes in HDL cholesterol between diets appear dependent on both the fat content of the diet and the duration of energy restriction BACKGROUND Low-carbohydrate diets have been used to manage obesity and its metabolic consequences . OBJECTIVE The objective was to study the effects of moderate carbohydrate restriction on  atherogenic dyslipidemia before and after weight loss and in conjunction with a low or high dietary saturated fat intake . DESIGN After 1 wk of consuming a basal diet , 178 men with a mean body mass index ( in kg/m(2 ) ) of 29.2 + /- 2.0 were r and omly assigned to consume diets with carbohydrate contents of 54 % ( basal diet ) , 39 % , or 26 % of energy and with a low saturated fat content ( 7 - 9 % of energy ) ; a fourth group consumed a diet with 26 % of energy as carbohydrate and 15 % as saturated fat . After 3 wk , the mean weight loss ( 5.12 + /- 1.83 kg ) was induced in all diet groups by a reduction of approximately 1000 kcal/d for 5 wk followed by 4 wk of weight stabilization . RESULTS The 26%-carbohydrate , low-saturated-fat diet reduced triacylglycerol , apolipoprotein B , small LDL mass , and total : HDL cholesterol and increased LDL peak diameter . These changes were significantly different from those with the 54%-carbohydrate diet . After subsequent weight loss , the changes in all these variables were significantly greater and the reduction in LDL cholesterol was significantly greater with the 54%-carbohydrate diet than with the 26%-carbohydrate diet . With the 26%-carbohydrate diet , lipoprotein changes with the higher saturated fat intakes were not significantly different from those with the lower saturated fat intakes , except for LDL cholesterol , which decreased less with the higher saturated fat intake because of an increase in mass of large LDL . CONCLUSIONS Moderate carbohydrate restriction and weight loss provide equivalent but nonadditive approaches to improving atherogenic dyslipidemia . Moreover , beneficial lipid changes result ing from a reduced carbohydrate intake were not significant after weight loss A r and omised crossover study of eight overweight or obese men ( aged 24 - 49 years , BMI 25.5 - 31.3 kg/m(2 ) ) , who followed two diets for 4 weeks each , was performed to determine whether substitution of saturated fat with monounsaturated fat affects body weight and composition . Subjects were provided with all food and beverages as modules ( selected ad libitum ) of constant macronutrient composition , but differing energy content . The % total energy from saturated fat , monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat was 24 , 13 and 3 % respectively on the saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich diet and 11 , 22 and 7 % respectively on the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich diet . MUFA accounted for about 80 % of the unsaturated fats consumed on both diets . Body composition , blood pressure , energy expenditure ( resting and postpr and ial metabolic rates , substrate oxidation rate , physical activity ) , serum lipids , the fatty acid profile of serum cholesteryl esters and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured before and after each diet period . Significant ( P < or = 0.05 ) differences in total cholesterol and the fatty acid composition of serum cholesteryl esters provided evidence of dietary adherence . The men had a lower weight ( -2.1 ( SE 0.4 ) kg , P=0.0015 ) and fat mass ( -2.6 ( SE 0.6 ) kg , P=0.0034 ) at the end of the MUFA-rich diet as compared with values at the end of the SFA-rich diet . No significant differences were detected in energy or fat intake , energy expenditure , substrate oxidation rates or self-reported physical activity . Substituting dietary saturated with unsaturated fat , predominantly MUFA , can induce a small but significant loss of body weight and fat mass without a significant change in total energy or fat intake OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of acute and daily consumption of high-oleic peanuts ( HOP ) on inflammation and glucose homeostasis in overweight/obese men . METHODS In a 4-week r and omized clinical trial , males with body mass index of 29.8 ± 2.3 kg/m(2 ) and aged 18 - 50 years were assigned to the groups : control ( CT , n = 22 ) ; conventional peanuts ( CVP , n = 22 ) ; or HOP ( n = 21 ) . They followed a hypocaloric-diet with or without 56 g/day of CVP or HOP . Main outcomes were changes in fasting blood biomarkers and postpr and ial insulin , glucose , tumor necrosis factor-alfa ( TNF-α ) , and interleukin-10 ( IL-10 ) responses after acute peanut intake . RESULTS At baseline , HOP showed significantly lower postpr and ial responses of glucose , insulin , and TNF-α than CVP and CT . Changes in fasting blood biomarkers did not differ between groups after the 4-week intervention . However , within groups , total cholesterol decreased in CT , and all groups reduced High-density lipoprotein ( HDL-c ) . Triglycerides were reduced in HOP and CVP . IL-10 increased significantly in all groups while only the CT and CVP showed increased TNF-α after intervention . CONCLUSION Acute high-oleic peanut consumption leads to stronger moderation of postpr and ial glucose , insulin , and TNF-α concentrations than CVP and control meal intake . Whether daily intake of high-oleic peanuts has additional benefits to CVP remains uncertain BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diets high in monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA ) such as a Mediterranean diet may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by improving insulin sensitivity and serum lipids . Besides being high in MUFA , a Mediterranean diet also contains abundant plant foods , moderate wine and low amounts of meat and dairy products , which may also play a role . We compared the effects of a high MUFA-diet with a diet high in saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) and the additional effect of a Mediterranean diet on insulin sensitivity and serum lipids . METHODS AND RESULTS A r and omized parallel controlled-feeding trial was performed , in 60 non-diabetics ( 40 - 65 y ) with mild abdominal obesity . After a two week run-in diet high in SFA ( 19 energy-% ) , subjects were allocated to a high MUFA-diet ( 20 energy-% ) , a Mediterranean diet ( MUFA 21 energy-% ) , or the high SFA-diet , for eight weeks . The high MUFA and the Mediterranean diet did not affect fasting insulin concentrations . The high MUFA-diet reduced total cholesterol ( -0.41 mmol/L , 95 % CI -0.74 , -0.09 ) and LDL-cholesterol ( -0.38 mmol/L , 95 % CI -0.65 , -0.11 ) compared with the high SFA-diet , but not triglyceride concentrations . The Mediterranean diet increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations ( + 0.09 mmol/L , 95 % CI 0.0 , 0.18 ) and reduced the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ( -0.39 , 95 % CI -0.62 , -0.16 ) compared with the high MUFA-diet . CONCLUSION Replacing a high SFA-diet with a high MUFA or a Mediterranean diet did not affect insulin sensitivity , but improved serum lipids . The Mediterranean diet was most effective , it reduced total and LDL-cholesterol , and also increased HDL-cholesterol and reduced total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio BACKGROUND & AIMS LDL phenotype B is associated with obesity , insulin resistance , hypertriglyceridemia and oxidative stress . The effect of plasma n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio on LDL phenotype transformation was investigated . METHODS Patients with metabolic syndrome ( n=99 ) received one of four isocaloric diets : ( A ) High-fat ( 38 % energy ) SFA-rich diet ( HSFA ) ; ( B ) High-fat ( 38 % energy ) 
    Output:
    