human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Chile is currently undergoing a period of rapid demographic transition which has led to an increase in the proportion of older people in the population ; the proportion aged 60 years and over , for example , increased from 8 % of the population in 1980 to 12 % in 2005 . In an effort to promote healthy ageing and preserve function , the government of Chile has formulated a package of actions into the Programme of Complementary Feeding for the Older Population ( PACAM ) which has been providing a nutritional supplement to older people since 1998 . PACAM distributes micronutrient fortified foods to individuals aged 70 years and over registered at Primary Health Centres and enrolled in the programme . The recommended serving size ( 50 g/day ) of these supplements provides 50 % of daily micronutrient requirements and 20 % of daily energy requirements of older people . No information is currently available on the cost-effectiveness of the supplementation programme . Aim The aim of the CENEX cluster r and omised controlled trial is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of an ongoing nutrition supplementation programme , and a specially design ed physical exercise intervention for older people of low to medium socio-economic status living in Santiago , Chile . Methods The study has been conceptualised as a public health programme effectiveness study and has been design ed as a 24-month factorial cluster-r and omised controlled trial conducted among 2800 individuals aged 65.0–67.9 years at baseline attending 28 health centres in Santiago . The main outcomes are incidence of pneumonia , walking capacity and change in body mass index over 24 months of intervention . Costing data ( user and provider ) , collected at all levels , will enable the determination of the cost-effectiveness of the two interventions individually and in combination . The study is supported by the Ministry of Health in Chile , which is keen to exp and and improve its national programme of nutrition for older people based on sound science-base and evidence for cost-effectiveness . Trial registration IS RCT OBJECTIVE Rates of cigarette smoking are higher among women who receive obstetric care through publicly funded prenatal clinics . This study compared smoking outcomes for pregnant women ( n=105 ) who were r and omized to receive either usual care ( st and ard cessation advice from the health care provider ) or an intervention conducted in the prenatal clinic consisting of 1.5 h of counseling plus telephone follow-up delivered by a masters prepared mental health counselor . METHODS Subjects were 105 low income , predominantly Hispanic , pregnant patients in an urban prenatal clinic .  Smoking outcomes were assessed at end of pregnancy and 6 months post-partum . RESULTS At follow-up , 28.3 % and 9.4 % of participants in the experimental intervention and 9.6 % and 3.8 % of patients in usual care were abstinent at end of pregnancy ( p=.015 ) and 6 months post-partum , respectively ( p=.251 ) . Cost of the intervention was $ 56 per patient and cost to produce a non-smoker at end of pregnancy was $ 299 . CONCLUSIONS This model for intervention was cost-effective and was associated with significantly lower smoking rates at end of pregnancy . PRACTICAL IMPLICATION S If these findings are replicated , prenatal clinics could offer the option for intensive smoking cessation treatment by training mental health counselors to deliver one extended smoking cessation counseling session Abstract Objective To compare the hazards of cigarette smoking in men who formed their habits at different periods , and the extent of the reduction in risk when cigarette smoking is stopped at different ages . Design Prospect i ve study that has continued from 1951 to 2001 . Setting United Kingdom . Participants 34 439 male British doctors . Information about their smoking habits was obtained in 1951 , and periodically thereafter ; cause specific mortality was monitored for 50 years . Main outcome measures Overall mortality by smoking habit , considering separately men born in different periods . Results The excess mortality associated with smoking chiefly involved vascular , neoplastic , and respiratory diseases that can be caused by smoking . Men born in 1900 - 1930 who smoked only cigarettes and continued smoking died on average about 10 years younger than lifelong non-smokers . Cessation at age 60 , 50 , 40 , or 30 years gained , respectively , about 3 , 6 , 9 , or 10 years of life expectancy . The excess mortality associated with cigarette smoking was less for men born in the 19th century and was greatest for men born in the 1920s . The cigarette smoker versus non-smoker probabilities of dying in middle age ( 35 - 69 ) were 42 % ν24 % ( a twofold death rate ratio ) for those born in 1900 - 1909 , but were 43 % ν 15 % ( a threefold death rate ratio ) for those born in the 1920s . At older ages , the cigarette smoker versus non-smoker probabilities of surviving from age 70 to 90 were 10 % ν 12 % at the death rates of the 1950s ( that is , among men born around the 1870s ) but were 7 % ν 33 % ( again a threefold death rate ratio ) at the death rates of the 1990s ( that is , among men born around the 1910s ) . Conclusion A substantial progressive decrease in the mortality rates among non-smokers over the past half century ( due to prevention and improved treatment of disease ) has been wholly outweighed , among cigarette smokers , by a progressive increase in the smoker ν non-smoker death rate ratio due to earlier and more intensive use of cigarettes . Among the men born around 1920 , prolonged cigarette smoking from early adult life tripled age specific mortality rates , but cessation at age 50 halved the hazard , and cessation at age 30 avoided almost all of it BACKGROUND This study tested the impact of free nicotine patches plus proactive telephone peer support to help low-income women stop smoking . METHODS A total of 214 Medicaid-eligible women smokers of childbearing age were r and omized to receive free nicotine patches through the mail or free nicotine patches through the mail plus the provision of proactive support by telephone from a woman ex-smoker for up to 3 months . Assessment s were conducted by telephone at baseline , 10 days , and 3 and 6 months after enrollment . RESULTS At the 3-month follow-up , significantly more women in the patch plus proactive telephone support condition were abstinent ( 42 % ) compared to the patch only condition ( 28 % ) ( P = 0.03 ) . Similarly , more women in the experimental condition were abstinent at both the 10-day and 3-month assessment s ( 32 v 19 % , P = 0.02 ) . However , differences were not found at the 6-month follow-up , suggesting that the addition of proactive telephone peer support enhanced short-term , but not long-term cessation . CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate a beneficial effect for the addition of proactive telephone support as an adjunct to free nicotine replacement in a low-income population Purpose . To examine the efficacy of a stage-targeted physical activity intervention among low-income African-Americans . Methods . 207 participants were r and omly assigned to groups and administered baseline measures . Intervention participants were mailed stage-targeted physical activity information , whereas control participants received low-sodium diet brochures . Measures were readministered by phone 1 and 6 months later , with response rates of 69 % and 46 % , respectively . Results . 69 % of participants were African-American and 64 % had a monthly household income of < $ 1000 . A doubly-multivariate analysis of variance indicated that intervention participants reported more physical activity than control participants at 1 month ( F(1 , 204 ) = 4.03 , p < .05 ) . Unlike control participants , intervention participants reported significant stage progression at 1 month , according to a McNemar χ2 test . Gains attenuated by 6 months . Conclusions . The current study supports the use of this intervention among low-income African-Americans . Limitations include use of self-report measures and small sample size The goal of evidence -based medicine is ultimately to improve patient outcomes and quality of care .  Systematic review s of the available published evidence are required to identify interventions that lead to improvements in behavior , health , and well-being . Authoritative literature review s depend on the quality of published research and research reports . The Consoli date d St and ards for Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) Statement ( www.consort-statement.org ) was developed to improve the design and reporting of interventions involving r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) in medical journals . We describe the 22 CONSORT guidelines and explain their application to behavioral medicine research and to evidence -based practice . Additional behavioral medicine-specific guidelines ( e.g. , treatment adherence ) are also presented . Use of these guidelines by clinicians , educators , policymakers , and research ers who design , report , and evaluate or review RCTs will strengthen the research itself and accelerate efforts to apply behavioral medicine research to improve the processes and outcomes of behavioral medicine practice Background Computer-tailored written nutrition interventions have been shown to be more effective than non-tailored material s in changing diet , but continued research is needed . Your Healthy Life/Su Vida Saludable ( YHL-SVS ) was an intervention study with low income , ethnically diverse , English and Spanish-speaking participants to determine which methods of delivering tailored written nutrition material s were most effective in lowering fat and increasing fruit and vegetable ( F&V ) intake . Methods YHL-SVS was a r and omized controlled trial with four experimental conditions : 1 )  Nontailored ( NT ) comparison group ; 2 ) Single Tailored ( ST ) packet ; 3 ) Multiple Tailored ( MT ) packet mailed in four installments ; 4 ) Multiple Re-Tailored ( MRT ) MT packets re-tailored between mailings via brief phone surveys . A baseline telephone survey collected information for tailoring as well as evaluation . Follow-up evaluation surveys were collected 4- and 7-months later . Primary outcomes included F&V intake and fat related behaviors . Descriptive statistics , paired t-test and ANOVA were used to examine the effectiveness of different methods of delivering tailored nutrition information . Results Both the ST and MT groups reported significantly higher F&V intake at 4-months than the NT and MRT groups . At 7 months , only the MT group still had significantly higher F&V intake compared to the NT group . For changes in fat-related behaviors , both the MT and MRT groups showed more change than NT at 4 months , but at 7 months , while these differences persisted , they were no longer statistically significant . There was a significant interaction of experimental group by education for change in F&V intake ( P = .0085 ) with the lowest educational group demonstrating the most change . Conclusion In this study , tailored interventions were more effective than non-tailored interventions in improving the  short-term dietary behaviors of low income , ethnically diverse participants . Delivery of information in multiple smaller doses over time appeared to improve effectiveness . Future studies should determine which variables are mediators of dietary change and whether these differ by participant demographics . Moreover , future research should differentiate the effects of tailoring vs. cultural adaptation in ethnically diverse population s and study the dissemination of tailored interventions into community-based setting s . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials # NCT00301691 OBJECTIVE This study evaluated changes in smoking-related beliefs and behavior following a brief , culturally adapted smoking cessation intervention for Chinese and Korean smokers . METHOD From May 2002 to March 2003 , 66 smokers residing in or around southeastern Pennsylvania were r and omly assigned to a theory-based smoking cessation intervention or general health counseling . Participants completed assessment s of perceived risks of smoking , pros and cons of quitting , quitting self-efficacy , and distress at baseline and follow-up time points . Sessions were conducted in the participant 's native language ( Korean , Cantonese , or M and arin ) . Both groups received nicotine replacement therapy . RESULTS Overall , 38 % of participants reported quitting smoking at 3-month follow-up . Quit rates were higher ( 52.6 % among Chinese , 60.0 % among Korean ) in the intervention condition compared to the control condition ( 23.5 % among Chinese , 40.0 % among Korean ) at 1-month , but not 3-month , follow-up . There was a main effect of treatment condition for self-efficacy with intervention participants reporting significantly higher levels of self-efficacy compared to control participants . Further , a treatment x time interaction was observed for cons of quitting , reflecting fewer cons in the intervention group than the control group at 1-month and 3-month follow-up . CONCLUSION A culturally adapted intervention for Chinese and Korean Americans can be effective in changing specific smoking-related cognitions and behavior . This study represents a promising first step toward advancing our underst and ing of the associations between smoking-related cognitions and behavior among Asian American smokers OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of a primary -care weight management intervention on physical activity ( PA ) among overweight/obese women . METHODS This r and omized controlled trial included 139 women ( 92 % African American ) . The effects of a physician-delivered tailored intervention were compared with st and ard care . Repeated measures analyses of variance ( ANOVA ) were used to examine changes in PA ( measured by a 7-day physical activity recall ) and physical fitness ( measured by heart rate recovery following exercise ) . RESULTS Although the intervention group 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Chile is currently undergoing a period of rapid demographic transition which has led to an increase in the proportion of older people in the population ; the proportion aged 60 years and over , for example , increased from 8 % of the population in 1980 to 12 % in 2005 . In an effort to promote healthy ageing and preserve function , the government of Chile has formulated a package of actions into the Programme of Complementary Feeding for the Older Population ( PACAM ) which has been providing a nutritional supplement to older people since 1998 . PACAM distributes micronutrient fortified foods to individuals aged 70 years and over registered at Primary Health Centres and enrolled in the programme . The recommended serving size ( 50 g/day ) of these supplements provides 50 % of daily micronutrient requirements and 20 % of daily energy requirements of older people . No information is currently available on the cost-effectiveness of the supplementation programme . Aim The aim of the CENEX cluster r and omised controlled trial is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of an ongoing nutrition supplementation programme , and a specially design ed physical exercise intervention for older people of low to medium socio-economic status living in Santiago , Chile . Methods The study has been conceptualised as a public health programme effectiveness study and has been design ed as a 24-month factorial cluster-r and omised controlled trial conducted among 2800 individuals aged 65.0–67.9 years at baseline attending 28 health centres in Santiago . The main outcomes are incidence of pneumonia , walking capacity and change in body mass index over 24 months of intervention . Costing data ( user and provider ) , collected at all levels , will enable the determination of the cost-effectiveness of the two interventions individually and in combination . The study is supported by the Ministry of Health in Chile , which is keen to exp and and improve its national programme of nutrition for older people based on sound science-base and evidence for cost-effectiveness . Trial registration IS RCT OBJECTIVE Rates of cigarette smoking are higher among women who receive obstetric care through publicly funded prenatal clinics . This study compared smoking outcomes for pregnant women ( n=105 ) who were r and omized to receive either usual care ( st and ard cessation advice from the health care provider ) or an intervention conducted in the prenatal clinic consisting of 1.5 h of counseling plus telephone follow-up delivered by a masters prepared mental health counselor . METHODS Subjects were 105 low income , predominantly Hispanic , pregnant patients in an urban prenatal clinic .  Smoking outcomes were assessed at end of pregnancy and 6 months post-partum . RESULTS At follow-up , 28.3 % and 9.4 % of participants in the experimental intervention and 9.6 % and 3.8 % of patients in usual care were abstinent at end of pregnancy ( p=.015 ) and 6 months post-partum , respectively ( p=.251 ) . Cost of the intervention was $ 56 per patient and cost to produce a non-smoker at end of pregnancy was $ 299 . CONCLUSIONS This model for intervention was cost-effective and was associated with significantly lower smoking rates at end of pregnancy . PRACTICAL IMPLICATION S If these findings are replicated , prenatal clinics could offer the option for intensive smoking cessation treatment by training mental health counselors to deliver one extended smoking cessation counseling session Abstract Objective To compare the hazards of cigarette smoking in men who formed their habits at different periods , and the extent of the reduction in risk when cigarette smoking is stopped at different ages . Design Prospect i ve study that has continued from 1951 to 2001 . Setting United Kingdom . Participants 34 439 male British doctors . Information about their smoking habits was obtained in 1951 , and periodically thereafter ; cause specific mortality was monitored for 50 years . Main outcome measures Overall mortality by smoking habit , considering separately men born in different periods . Results The excess mortality associated with smoking chiefly involved vascular , neoplastic , and respiratory diseases that can be caused by smoking . Men born in 1900 - 1930 who smoked only cigarettes and continued smoking died on average about 10 years younger than lifelong non-smokers . Cessation at age 60 , 50 , 40 , or 30 years gained , respectively , about 3 , 6 , 9 , or 10 years of life expectancy . The excess mortality associated with cigarette smoking was less for men born in the 19th century and was greatest for men born in the 1920s . The cigarette smoker versus non-smoker probabilities of dying in middle age ( 35 - 69 ) were 42 % ν24 % ( a twofold death rate ratio ) for those born in 1900 - 1909 , but were 43 % ν 15 % ( a threefold death rate ratio ) for those born in the 1920s . At older ages , the cigarette smoker versus non-smoker probabilities of surviving from age 70 to 90 were 10 % ν 12 % at the death rates of the 1950s ( that is , among men born around the 1870s ) but were 7 % ν 33 % ( again a threefold death rate ratio ) at the death rates of the 1990s ( that is , among men born around the 1910s ) . Conclusion A substantial progressive decrease in the mortality rates among non-smokers over the past half century ( due to prevention and improved treatment of disease ) has been wholly outweighed , among cigarette smokers , by a progressive increase in the smoker ν non-smoker death rate ratio due to earlier and more intensive use of cigarettes . Among the men born around 1920 , prolonged cigarette smoking from early adult life tripled age specific mortality rates , but cessation at age 50 halved the hazard , and cessation at age 30 avoided almost all of it BACKGROUND This study tested the impact of free nicotine patches plus proactive telephone peer support to help low-income women stop smoking . METHODS A total of 214 Medicaid-eligible women smokers of childbearing age were r and omized to receive free nicotine patches through the mail or free nicotine patches through the mail plus the provision of proactive support by telephone from a woman ex-smoker for up to 3 months . Assessment s were conducted by telephone at baseline , 10 days , and 3 and 6 months after enrollment . RESULTS At the 3-month follow-up , significantly more women in the patch plus proactive telephone support condition were abstinent ( 42 % ) compared to the patch only condition ( 28 % ) ( P = 0.03 ) . Similarly , more women in the experimental condition were abstinent at both the 10-day and 3-month assessment s ( 32 v 19 % , P = 0.02 ) . However , differences were not found at the 6-month follow-up , suggesting that the addition of proactive telephone peer support enhanced short-term , but not long-term cessation . CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate a beneficial effect for the addition of proactive telephone support as an adjunct to free nicotine replacement in a low-income population Purpose . To examine the efficacy of a stage-targeted physical activity intervention among low-income African-Americans . Methods . 207 participants were r and omly assigned to groups and administered baseline measures . Intervention participants were mailed stage-targeted physical activity information , whereas control participants received low-sodium diet brochures . Measures were readministered by phone 1 and 6 months later , with response rates of 69 % and 46 % , respectively . Results . 69 % of participants were African-American and 64 % had a monthly household income of < $ 1000 . A doubly-multivariate analysis of variance indicated that intervention participants reported more physical activity than control participants at 1 month ( F(1 , 204 ) = 4.03 , p < .05 ) . Unlike control participants , intervention participants reported significant stage progression at 1 month , according to a McNemar χ2 test . Gains attenuated by 6 months . Conclusions . The current study supports the use of this intervention among low-income African-Americans . Limitations include use of self-report measures and small sample size The goal of evidence -based medicine is ultimately to improve patient outcomes and quality of care .  Systematic review s of the available published evidence are required to identify interventions that lead to improvements in behavior , health , and well-being . Authoritative literature review s depend on the quality of published research and research reports . The Consoli date d St and ards for Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) Statement ( www.consort-statement.org ) was developed to improve the design and reporting of interventions involving r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) in medical journals . We describe the 22 CONSORT guidelines and explain their application to behavioral medicine research and to evidence -based practice . Additional behavioral medicine-specific guidelines ( e.g. , treatment adherence ) are also presented . Use of these guidelines by clinicians , educators , policymakers , and research ers who design , report , and evaluate or review RCTs will strengthen the research itself and accelerate efforts to apply behavioral medicine research to improve the processes and outcomes of behavioral medicine practice Background Computer-tailored written nutrition interventions have been shown to be more effective than non-tailored material s in changing diet , but continued research is needed . Your Healthy Life/Su Vida Saludable ( YHL-SVS ) was an intervention study with low income , ethnically diverse , English and Spanish-speaking participants to determine which methods of delivering tailored written nutrition material s were most effective in lowering fat and increasing fruit and vegetable ( F&V ) intake . Methods YHL-SVS was a r and omized controlled trial with four experimental conditions : 1 )  Nontailored ( NT ) comparison group ; 2 ) Single Tailored ( ST ) packet ; 3 ) Multiple Tailored ( MT ) packet mailed in four installments ; 4 ) Multiple Re-Tailored ( MRT ) MT packets re-tailored between mailings via brief phone surveys . A baseline telephone survey collected information for tailoring as well as evaluation . Follow-up evaluation surveys were collected 4- and 7-months later . Primary outcomes included F&V intake and fat related behaviors . Descriptive statistics , paired t-test and ANOVA were used to examine the effectiveness of different methods of delivering tailored nutrition information . Results Both the ST and MT groups reported significantly higher F&V intake at 4-months than the NT and MRT groups . At 7 months , only the MT group still had significantly higher F&V intake compared to the NT group . For changes in fat-related behaviors , both the MT and MRT groups showed more change than NT at 4 months , but at 7 months , while these differences persisted , they were no longer statistically significant . There was a significant interaction of experimental group by education for change in F&V intake ( P = .0085 ) with the lowest educational group demonstrating the most change . Conclusion In this study , tailored interventions were more effective than non-tailored interventions in improving the  short-term dietary behaviors of low income , ethnically diverse participants . Delivery of information in multiple smaller doses over time appeared to improve effectiveness . Future studies should determine which variables are mediators of dietary change and whether these differ by participant demographics . Moreover , future research should differentiate the effects of tailoring vs. cultural adaptation in ethnically diverse population s and study the dissemination of tailored interventions into community-based setting s . Trial registration Current Controlled Trials # NCT00301691 OBJECTIVE This study evaluated changes in smoking-related beliefs and behavior following a brief , culturally adapted smoking cessation intervention for Chinese and Korean smokers . METHOD From May 2002 to March 2003 , 66 smokers residing in or around southeastern Pennsylvania were r and omly assigned to a theory-based smoking cessation intervention or general health counseling . Participants completed assessment s of perceived risks of smoking , pros and cons of quitting , quitting self-efficacy , and distress at baseline and follow-up time points . Sessions were conducted in the participant 's native language ( Korean , Cantonese , or M and arin ) . Both groups received nicotine replacement therapy . RESULTS Overall , 38 % of participants reported quitting smoking at 3-month follow-up . Quit rates were higher ( 52.6 % among Chinese , 60.0 % among Korean ) in the intervention condition compared to the control condition ( 23.5 % among Chinese , 40.0 % among Korean ) at 1-month , but not 3-month , follow-up . There was a main effect of treatment condition for self-efficacy with intervention participants reporting significantly higher levels of self-efficacy compared to control participants . Further , a treatment x time interaction was observed for cons of quitting , reflecting fewer cons in the intervention group than the control group at 1-month and 3-month follow-up . CONCLUSION A culturally adapted intervention for Chinese and Korean Americans can be effective in changing specific smoking-related cognitions and behavior . This study represents a promising first step toward advancing our underst and ing of the associations between smoking-related cognitions and behavior among Asian American smokers OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of a primary -care weight management intervention on physical activity ( PA ) among overweight/obese women . METHODS This r and omized controlled trial included 139 women ( 92 % African American ) . The effects of a physician-delivered tailored intervention were compared with st and ard care . Repeated measures analyses of variance ( ANOVA ) were used to examine changes in PA ( measured by a 7-day physical activity recall ) and physical fitness ( measured by heart rate recovery following exercise ) . RESULTS Although the intervention group 
    Output:
    