human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract A r and omized clinical trial with 152 patients was conducted to examine the effects of an informational intervention on the severity of side effects result ing from  radiation therapy for prostate cancer . We also examined negative affect both as a predictor and as an outcome variable . The informational intervention , given to patients at the first and fifth treatments , was based upon self-regulation theory and provided patients with specific , objective information about what to expect during their radiation treatments . Patients in the comparison group received general information at the same point in time .  Negative affect was measured using the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) prior to the intervention and at the last treatment . The severity of side effects for each individual was assessed at their last treatment . The results showed that patients in the informational intervention group reported significantly fewer problems with sleep and less fatigue ( marginally significant ) than those in the comparison group . Negative affect was not influenced by group assignment . Baseline negative affect was not related to symptom development , although the development of side effects was associated with an increase in negative mood . The results suggest that patients could benefit from increased knowledge about what to expect during their radiation treatments BACKGROUND : Treatment side effects after radical prostatectomy include urinary , sexual , and bowel dysfunction . These functional declines , coupled with the bother associated with these dysfunctions , lead to a complicated pattern of change in quality -of-life and decreased self-efficacy . METHODS : In this study , 72 men who underwent radical prostatectomy 6-weeks prior were r and omly assigned to usual health care control group or peer-to-peer support ( dyadic support ) group . The dyadic meetings were held once a week for 8 weeks . Measured pre- and post-test was general health-related quality -of-life ( SF-36 ) , prostate cancer-specific quality -of-life ( UCLA Prostate Cancer Index ) , and self-efficacy ( Stanford Inventory of Cancer Patient Adjustment ) . RESULTS : By 8 weeks , self-efficacy significantly improved for men in the experimental group , but not for men in the control group . A series of logistic regression analyses showed that the dyadic intervention significantly accounted for changes in physical role functioning , bowel function , mental health , and social function . Age , education , and self-efficacy had significant interaction effects and increased the effects of the dyadic intervention on several outcomes . CONCLUSIONS : The intervention had a significant impact on how men react socially and emotionally to the side effects of radical prostatectomy Background : Recent literature has indicated that a significant percentage of oncology patients describe finding some benefit ( e.g. , improved personal growth , sense of meaning , and enhanced interpersonal relationships ) in the cancer experience . However , few studies have investigated the role of group-based psychosocial interventions in improving benefit finding ( BF ) , and virtually none have investigated these constructs in men . Purpose : This study examined whether a cognitive-behavioral stress management ( CBSM ) intervention improves BF and quality of life ( QoL ) in men recovering from treatment for localized prostate cancer . Methods : Participants in this study were 191 men ( M age = 65.1 ) treated with radiation or radical prostatectomy for clinical ly localized ( i.e. , Stage I or II ) prostate cancer . Participants were primarily non-Hispanic White ( 40 % ) or Hispanic ( 41 % ) , followed by Black ( 18 % ) and other ethnicity ( 1 % ) , were an average of 65.1 years old ( SD = 7.7 ) , and earned an average of $ 47,800 annually ( SD = $ 41,000 ) . Participants were r and omized to either a 10-week group-based cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention or a half-day educational seminar as a control condition . All participants provided demographic information and completed the Positive Contributions Scale-Cancer to assess BF , the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy to measure quality of life , and a measure of perceived stress management skills . Structural equation modeling was utilized for all analyses . Results : Results indicated that the CBSM condition led to increases in BF and QoL and that these changes were mediated by the development of stress management skills . Conclusions : Results support the use of group-based cognitive-behavioral interventions in promoting QoL and BF in this population To compare the effectiveness of individual support , group rehabilitation and a combination of the two in improving health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) and psychological well-being in cancer patients during 24 months after diagnosis , as compared with st and ard care ( SC ) . Furthermore , to compare the study sample and a r and om sample of the Swedish population with regard to HRQOL . A total of 481 consecutive patients , newly diagnosed with cancer , were r and omly assigned to one of the four alternatives . Data on HRQOL and psychological well-being were collected at baseline and after 3 , 6 , 12 and 24 months . The interventions did not improve HRQOL or psychological well-being , as compared with SC . At 3 months , the study sample reported an HRQOL comparable with the normal population . Many cancer patients are able to manage their cancer-related concerns with the support available from SC . However , it is reasonable to assume that the findings suffer from a lack of data from especially vulnerable patients and a possible Hawthorne effect . It can not be concluded that cancer patients have no need for additional psychosocial interventions . Future projects should include screening and target interventions for those at risk for significant and prolonged psychological distress This pilot r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) examined the clinical effects of 2 complementary ( CAM ) therapies , relaxation response therapy ( RRT ) and Reiki therapy , in men being treated with external beam radiotherapy ( EBRx ) for prostate cancer BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the Western world with well-described negative effects from treatments . However , outcomes are highly heterogeneous . A Phase 3 trial of a psycho-educational intervention was undertaken , aim ing to reduce cancer-specific and decision-related distress and improve quality of life for men newly diagnosed with localised prostate cancer . METHODS Seven hundred forty ( 81.7 % ) men were recruited after diagnosis and before treatment and r and omised to a  tele-based nurse-delivered five-session psycho-educational intervention ( N = 372 ) or usual care ( N = 368 ) . Participants were assessed before treatment and 2 , 6 , 12 and 24 months post-treatment . Outcome measures included cancer-specific and decision-related distress , cognitive judgmental adjustment , subjective well-being , and domain-specific and health-related quality of life . Social support was assessed as a potential moderator . RESULTS No unconditioned effects were found . Classification analyses on pre-r and omisation measures distinguished three subgroups : younger , higher education and income men ( N = 90 ) ; younger , lower education and income men ( N = 106 ) ; and older men ( N = 344 ) . Younger , higher education and income men showed positive intervention effects for cancer-specific distress ( p = 0.008 ) and mental health ( p = 0.042 ) . By contrast , for younger , lower education men , participation in the intervention was associated with decreases in cognitive judgmental adjustment over time ( p = 0.006 ) . CONCLUSIONS Response to intervention and adjustment over time varied according to previous sexual functioning , age , educational level and income . How to best intervene with younger , low education , low income men with prostate cancer is a critical future research question Prostate cancer has become a public health problem worldwide with considerable social and economic consequences . Many men have extraprostatic spread at diagnosis , and treatment usually involves hormonal manipulation therapy  , which can challenge the stereotypical male image . It is often assumed that merely the provision of educational material for patients in an accessible form is sufficient to address informational needs . However , with the increasing emphasis on evidence -based practice , an essential element of the patient education process is evaluation of the impact of educational interventions . In this study , a r and omised controlled trial was used to evaluate the effect of an evidence -based education package on the knowledge of disease and treatment , quality of life , coping and satisfaction of a sample ( n=55 ) of men with prostate cancer on hormonal manipulation therapy in the UK . The men were r and omly assigned to experimental ( n=28 ) and control group ( n=27 ) . Established instruments with satisfactory reliability and validity were used to measure the dependent variables . The independent variable , namely the education package , had been developed following the results of a previous study , which assessed the informational needs of this client group . This package consisted of an information booklet supplemented by the verbal teaching of a urology nurse . Results demonstrated that delivery of the education package had a significant effect on knowledge , quality of life and satisfaction with care , but not on coping . This study has contributed to the evidence -base for practice in urological nursing . This education package should become a routine , and not merely incidental aspect of care for this client group To test the hypotheses that pessimists might benefit from concrete objective information based on self-regulation theory and that optimists might benefit from instruction in self-care and coping based on self-care theory , 62 patients receiving radiation therapy ( RT ) for prostate cancer were studied . The two experimental and control intervention messages were given three times during RT .  Mood and disruption of activities were assessed three times during and three times after RT . The self-care instruction had no effects on either outcome . The prediction from self-regulation theory was supported , in part , with concrete objective information having a positive effect on mood among pessimistic patients . Concrete objective information result ed in less recreation and pastime disruption in both optimistic and pessimistic patients at the times they experienced the most RT side effects The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of an  individualized uncertainty management intervention delivered by telephone to Caucasian and African‐American men with localized prostate carcinoma and directed at managing the uncertainties of their disease and treatment The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which a new patient information package ( NPIP ) or a mini version of the same package ( mini-NPIP ) reduces emotional distress and meets the informational needs of patients arriving at a tertiary cancer centre for the first time . A comprehensive package , NPIP , consisting of procedural information regarding cancer centre location , description of the health care team , treatment services , research , educational activities , accommodation and community services provided at the centre ; and a condensed version of the same package , mini-NPIP , were developed . Consecutive patients with newly diagnosed breast , gynaecological , lung and prostate cancer , referred to the centre for the first time were prer and omised to receive NPIP , mini-NPIP or no information package . Patients r and omised to NPIP or mini-NPIP  were mailed the information package at least one week before their first appointment . On arrival at the centre , patients were administered the Brief Symptom Inventory ( BSI ) which measures psychological distress , and interviewed regarding preferences for information and acceptability of the information packages . Of 465 r and omised patients , 161 were excluded post-r and omisation and 304 completed the entire interview : 100 were r and omised to the NPIP , 102 to the  mini-NPIP  and 102 to the  control group .  Emotional distress as measured by the BSI was similar for all groups ( P = 0.98 ) . Most patients preferred to receive the information ( 98 % ) , receive it before the first appointment ( 84 % ) and by mail ( 79 % ) . These preferences were more evident for those given the information packages . The majority of patients found the information packages easy to underst and ( 88 % ) and useful ( 89 % ) , and no differences were detected between packages . The cost of production and dissemination of NPIP was more than double the cost for mini-NPIP : $ 8.93 vs $ 3.98 ( Canadian dollars ) per patient . For patients presenting to a cancer centre for the first time , packages of procedural information do not appear to reduce psychological distress , but are preferred by patients . Given the cost of producing NPIP , mini-NPIP is the preferred approach African American men experience worse prostate cancer outcomes compared with those of Caucasian men , not only in incidence and mortality rates , but also in coping with the side effects of treatment . Unfortunately , African American men have been significantly under‐represented in research evaluating the efficacy of psychosocial interventions for improving coping in prostate cancer survivors . This pilot study explored the feasibility and efficacy of coping skills training ( CST ) , an intervention developed to enhance coping with treatment side effects in a sample of African American prostate cancer survivors and their intimate partners . The intervention was delivered in a telephone‐based format design ed to facilitate research participation . A total of 40 couples were r and omized to either 6 sessions of CST or usual care . Survivors completed measures of disease‐specific quality of life ( QOL ) related to urinary , sexual , bowel , and hormonal symptom domains , as well as measures of global QOL ( i.e. , physical functioning and mental health ) . Partners completed measures of caregiver strain , mood , and vigor . Analysis of data from 30 couples ( 12 couples in CST , 18 couples in usual care ) indicated that CST produced moderate to large treatment effects for QOL related to bowel , urinary , sexual , and hormonal symptoms .  Partners who underwent CST  reported less caregiver strain , depression , and fatigue , and more vigor , with moderate effect sizes observed that approached conventional levels of statistical significance . These preliminary findings suggest that telephone‐based CST is a feasible approach that can successfully enhance coping inAfrican American prostate cancer survivors and their intimate partners . Cancer 2007 . © 2006 American Cancer Society Background : The efficacy of a group-based psychosocial intervention with ethnic minority health population s may depend on consideration for cultural factors that can interact with group processes . Purpose : The current study explored the efficacy of a 10-week group-based cognitive-behavioral stress management ( CBSM ) intervention that was linguistically and culturally adapted for 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract A r and omized clinical trial with 152 patients was conducted to examine the effects of an informational intervention on the severity of side effects result ing from  radiation therapy for prostate cancer . We also examined negative affect both as a predictor and as an outcome variable . The informational intervention , given to patients at the first and fifth treatments , was based upon self-regulation theory and provided patients with specific , objective information about what to expect during their radiation treatments . Patients in the comparison group received general information at the same point in time .  Negative affect was measured using the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) prior to the intervention and at the last treatment . The severity of side effects for each individual was assessed at their last treatment . The results showed that patients in the informational intervention group reported significantly fewer problems with sleep and less fatigue ( marginally significant ) than those in the comparison group . Negative affect was not influenced by group assignment . Baseline negative affect was not related to symptom development , although the development of side effects was associated with an increase in negative mood . The results suggest that patients could benefit from increased knowledge about what to expect during their radiation treatments BACKGROUND : Treatment side effects after radical prostatectomy include urinary , sexual , and bowel dysfunction . These functional declines , coupled with the bother associated with these dysfunctions , lead to a complicated pattern of change in quality -of-life and decreased self-efficacy . METHODS : In this study , 72 men who underwent radical prostatectomy 6-weeks prior were r and omly assigned to usual health care control group or peer-to-peer support ( dyadic support ) group . The dyadic meetings were held once a week for 8 weeks . Measured pre- and post-test was general health-related quality -of-life ( SF-36 ) , prostate cancer-specific quality -of-life ( UCLA Prostate Cancer Index ) , and self-efficacy ( Stanford Inventory of Cancer Patient Adjustment ) . RESULTS : By 8 weeks , self-efficacy significantly improved for men in the experimental group , but not for men in the control group . A series of logistic regression analyses showed that the dyadic intervention significantly accounted for changes in physical role functioning , bowel function , mental health , and social function . Age , education , and self-efficacy had significant interaction effects and increased the effects of the dyadic intervention on several outcomes . CONCLUSIONS : The intervention had a significant impact on how men react socially and emotionally to the side effects of radical prostatectomy Background : Recent literature has indicated that a significant percentage of oncology patients describe finding some benefit ( e.g. , improved personal growth , sense of meaning , and enhanced interpersonal relationships ) in the cancer experience . However , few studies have investigated the role of group-based psychosocial interventions in improving benefit finding ( BF ) , and virtually none have investigated these constructs in men . Purpose : This study examined whether a cognitive-behavioral stress management ( CBSM ) intervention improves BF and quality of life ( QoL ) in men recovering from treatment for localized prostate cancer . Methods : Participants in this study were 191 men ( M age = 65.1 ) treated with radiation or radical prostatectomy for clinical ly localized ( i.e. , Stage I or II ) prostate cancer . Participants were primarily non-Hispanic White ( 40 % ) or Hispanic ( 41 % ) , followed by Black ( 18 % ) and other ethnicity ( 1 % ) , were an average of 65.1 years old ( SD = 7.7 ) , and earned an average of $ 47,800 annually ( SD = $ 41,000 ) . Participants were r and omized to either a 10-week group-based cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention or a half-day educational seminar as a control condition . All participants provided demographic information and completed the Positive Contributions Scale-Cancer to assess BF , the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy to measure quality of life , and a measure of perceived stress management skills . Structural equation modeling was utilized for all analyses . Results : Results indicated that the CBSM condition led to increases in BF and QoL and that these changes were mediated by the development of stress management skills . Conclusions : Results support the use of group-based cognitive-behavioral interventions in promoting QoL and BF in this population To compare the effectiveness of individual support , group rehabilitation and a combination of the two in improving health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) and psychological well-being in cancer patients during 24 months after diagnosis , as compared with st and ard care ( SC ) . Furthermore , to compare the study sample and a r and om sample of the Swedish population with regard to HRQOL . A total of 481 consecutive patients , newly diagnosed with cancer , were r and omly assigned to one of the four alternatives . Data on HRQOL and psychological well-being were collected at baseline and after 3 , 6 , 12 and 24 months . The interventions did not improve HRQOL or psychological well-being , as compared with SC . At 3 months , the study sample reported an HRQOL comparable with the normal population . Many cancer patients are able to manage their cancer-related concerns with the support available from SC . However , it is reasonable to assume that the findings suffer from a lack of data from especially vulnerable patients and a possible Hawthorne effect . It can not be concluded that cancer patients have no need for additional psychosocial interventions . Future projects should include screening and target interventions for those at risk for significant and prolonged psychological distress This pilot r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) examined the clinical effects of 2 complementary ( CAM ) therapies , relaxation response therapy ( RRT ) and Reiki therapy , in men being treated with external beam radiotherapy ( EBRx ) for prostate cancer BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the Western world with well-described negative effects from treatments . However , outcomes are highly heterogeneous . A Phase 3 trial of a psycho-educational intervention was undertaken , aim ing to reduce cancer-specific and decision-related distress and improve quality of life for men newly diagnosed with localised prostate cancer . METHODS Seven hundred forty ( 81.7 % ) men were recruited after diagnosis and before treatment and r and omised to a  tele-based nurse-delivered five-session psycho-educational intervention ( N = 372 ) or usual care ( N = 368 ) . Participants were assessed before treatment and 2 , 6 , 12 and 24 months post-treatment . Outcome measures included cancer-specific and decision-related distress , cognitive judgmental adjustment , subjective well-being , and domain-specific and health-related quality of life . Social support was assessed as a potential moderator . RESULTS No unconditioned effects were found . Classification analyses on pre-r and omisation measures distinguished three subgroups : younger , higher education and income men ( N = 90 ) ; younger , lower education and income men ( N = 106 ) ; and older men ( N = 344 ) . Younger , higher education and income men showed positive intervention effects for cancer-specific distress ( p = 0.008 ) and mental health ( p = 0.042 ) . By contrast , for younger , lower education men , participation in the intervention was associated with decreases in cognitive judgmental adjustment over time ( p = 0.006 ) . CONCLUSIONS Response to intervention and adjustment over time varied according to previous sexual functioning , age , educational level and income . How to best intervene with younger , low education , low income men with prostate cancer is a critical future research question Prostate cancer has become a public health problem worldwide with considerable social and economic consequences . Many men have extraprostatic spread at diagnosis , and treatment usually involves hormonal manipulation therapy  , which can challenge the stereotypical male image . It is often assumed that merely the provision of educational material for patients in an accessible form is sufficient to address informational needs . However , with the increasing emphasis on evidence -based practice , an essential element of the patient education process is evaluation of the impact of educational interventions . In this study , a r and omised controlled trial was used to evaluate the effect of an evidence -based education package on the knowledge of disease and treatment , quality of life , coping and satisfaction of a sample ( n=55 ) of men with prostate cancer on hormonal manipulation therapy in the UK . The men were r and omly assigned to experimental ( n=28 ) and control group ( n=27 ) . Established instruments with satisfactory reliability and validity were used to measure the dependent variables . The independent variable , namely the education package , had been developed following the results of a previous study , which assessed the informational needs of this client group . This package consisted of an information booklet supplemented by the verbal teaching of a urology nurse . Results demonstrated that delivery of the education package had a significant effect on knowledge , quality of life and satisfaction with care , but not on coping . This study has contributed to the evidence -base for practice in urological nursing . This education package should become a routine , and not merely incidental aspect of care for this client group To test the hypotheses that pessimists might benefit from concrete objective information based on self-regulation theory and that optimists might benefit from instruction in self-care and coping based on self-care theory , 62 patients receiving radiation therapy ( RT ) for prostate cancer were studied . The two experimental and control intervention messages were given three times during RT .  Mood and disruption of activities were assessed three times during and three times after RT . The self-care instruction had no effects on either outcome . The prediction from self-regulation theory was supported , in part , with concrete objective information having a positive effect on mood among pessimistic patients . Concrete objective information result ed in less recreation and pastime disruption in both optimistic and pessimistic patients at the times they experienced the most RT side effects The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of an  individualized uncertainty management intervention delivered by telephone to Caucasian and African‐American men with localized prostate carcinoma and directed at managing the uncertainties of their disease and treatment The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which a new patient information package ( NPIP ) or a mini version of the same package ( mini-NPIP ) reduces emotional distress and meets the informational needs of patients arriving at a tertiary cancer centre for the first time . A comprehensive package , NPIP , consisting of procedural information regarding cancer centre location , description of the health care team , treatment services , research , educational activities , accommodation and community services provided at the centre ; and a condensed version of the same package , mini-NPIP , were developed . Consecutive patients with newly diagnosed breast , gynaecological , lung and prostate cancer , referred to the centre for the first time were prer and omised to receive NPIP , mini-NPIP or no information package . Patients r and omised to NPIP or mini-NPIP  were mailed the information package at least one week before their first appointment . On arrival at the centre , patients were administered the Brief Symptom Inventory ( BSI ) which measures psychological distress , and interviewed regarding preferences for information and acceptability of the information packages . Of 465 r and omised patients , 161 were excluded post-r and omisation and 304 completed the entire interview : 100 were r and omised to the NPIP , 102 to the  mini-NPIP  and 102 to the  control group .  Emotional distress as measured by the BSI was similar for all groups ( P = 0.98 ) . Most patients preferred to receive the information ( 98 % ) , receive it before the first appointment ( 84 % ) and by mail ( 79 % ) . These preferences were more evident for those given the information packages . The majority of patients found the information packages easy to underst and ( 88 % ) and useful ( 89 % ) , and no differences were detected between packages . The cost of production and dissemination of NPIP was more than double the cost for mini-NPIP : $ 8.93 vs $ 3.98 ( Canadian dollars ) per patient . For patients presenting to a cancer centre for the first time , packages of procedural information do not appear to reduce psychological distress , but are preferred by patients . Given the cost of producing NPIP , mini-NPIP is the preferred approach African American men experience worse prostate cancer outcomes compared with those of Caucasian men , not only in incidence and mortality rates , but also in coping with the side effects of treatment . Unfortunately , African American men have been significantly under‐represented in research evaluating the efficacy of psychosocial interventions for improving coping in prostate cancer survivors . This pilot study explored the feasibility and efficacy of coping skills training ( CST ) , an intervention developed to enhance coping with treatment side effects in a sample of African American prostate cancer survivors and their intimate partners . The intervention was delivered in a telephone‐based format design ed to facilitate research participation . A total of 40 couples were r and omized to either 6 sessions of CST or usual care . Survivors completed measures of disease‐specific quality of life ( QOL ) related to urinary , sexual , bowel , and hormonal symptom domains , as well as measures of global QOL ( i.e. , physical functioning and mental health ) . Partners completed measures of caregiver strain , mood , and vigor . Analysis of data from 30 couples ( 12 couples in CST , 18 couples in usual care ) indicated that CST produced moderate to large treatment effects for QOL related to bowel , urinary , sexual , and hormonal symptoms .  Partners who underwent CST  reported less caregiver strain , depression , and fatigue , and more vigor , with moderate effect sizes observed that approached conventional levels of statistical significance . These preliminary findings suggest that telephone‐based CST is a feasible approach that can successfully enhance coping inAfrican American prostate cancer survivors and their intimate partners . Cancer 2007 . © 2006 American Cancer Society Background : The efficacy of a group-based psychosocial intervention with ethnic minority health population s may depend on consideration for cultural factors that can interact with group processes . Purpose : The current study explored the efficacy of a 10-week group-based cognitive-behavioral stress management ( CBSM ) intervention that was linguistically and culturally adapted for 
    Output:
    