human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND a small number of reports exist on the cognitive effects of soy isoflavones , the findings from which are mixed . Isoflavone efficacy is dependent upon conversion of glycosides contained in soy foods and supplements to the biologically active aglycons . Of particular interest is the production of the metabolite , equol , which is dependent upon intestinal microflora and an integrous digestive system , both being altered by age and age-associated conditions . Unfortunately , few studies enrolled adults over the age of 70 , and none included older men . OBJECTIVE we examined safety , feasibility and cognitive efficacy of soy isoflavone administration in older nondemented men and women ( age 62 - 89 years ) . DESIGN AND METHODS in this r and omised , placebo-controlled , double-blind pilot study , subjects ingested either 100 mg/day soy isoflavones ( glycoside weight ) or matching placebo tablets for 6 months . RESULTS active and placebo-treated subjects exhibited a comparable side-effect profile . Plasma levels of genistein and daidzein ( P < 0.001 ) , but not equol , increased with isoflavone administration . While similar at baseline , the two groups differed across 6 months of treatment on 8 of 11 cognitive tests administered . Isoflavone-treated subjects improved on tests of visual-spatial memory ( P < 0.01 ) and construction ( P = 0.01 ) , verbal fluency ( P < 0.01 ) and speeded dexterity ( P = 0.04 ) . Placebo-treated participants were faster than isoflavone-treated subjects on two tests of executive function ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS these data suggest that administration of 100 mg/day of isoflavones was well tolerated . Plasma genistein and daidzein levels , but not equol , increased with isoflavone administration . Finally , data support the potential cognitive effects of soy isoflavones in older adults Introduction : The polyphenol resveratrol has been suggested to exert beneficial effects on memory and the aging hippocampus due to calorie‐restriction mimicking effects . However , the evidence based on human interventional studies is scarce . We therefore aim ed to determine the effects of resveratrol on memory performance , and to identify potential underlying mechanisms using a broad array of blood‐based biomarkers as well as hippocampus connectivity and microstructure assessed with ultra‐high field magnetic resonance imaging ( UHF‐MRI ) . Methods : In this double‐blind , r and omized controlled trial , 60 elderly participants ( 60–79 years ) with a wide body‐mass index ( BMI ) range of 21–37 kg/m2 were r and omized to receive either resveratrol ( 200mg/day ) or placebo for 26 weeks ( registered at Clinical Trials.gov : NCT02621554 ) . Baseline and follow‐up assessment s included the California Verbal Learning Task ( CVLT , main outcome ) , the ModBent task , anthropometry , markers of glucose and lipid metabolism , inflammation and neurotrophins derived from fasting blood , multimodal neuroimaging at 3 and 7 T , and question naires to assess confounding factors . Results : Multivariate repeated‐ measures ANOVA did not detect significant time by group effects for CVLT performance . There was a trend for preserved pattern recognition memory after resveratrol , while performance decreased in the placebo group ( n.s . , p=0.07 ) . Further exploratory analyses showed increases in both groups over time in body fat , cholesterol , fasting glucose , interleukin 6 , high sensitive C‐reactive protein , tumor necrosis factor alpha and in mean diffusivity of the subiculum and presubiculum , as well as decreases in physical activity , brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and insulin‐like growth factor 1at follow‐up , which were partly more pronounced after resveratrol . Discussion : This interventional study failed to show significant improvements in verbal memory after 6 months of resveratrol in healthy elderly with a wide BMI range . A non‐significant trend emerged for positive effects on pattern recognition memory , while possible confounding effects of unfavorable changes in lifestyle behavior , neurotrophins and inflammatory markers occurred . Our findings also indicate the feasibility to detect (un)healthy aging‐related changes in measures of hippocampus microstructure after 6 months using 7 T diffusion MRI . More studies incorporating a longer duration and larger sample size are needed to determine if resveratrol  enhances memory performance in healthy older adults . HIGHLIGHTSIn this r and omized clinical trial , 6 months resveratrol supplementation showed no significant effects on verbal memory  compared to placebo . Unfavorable changes in lifestyle factors at follow‐up might have introduced confounding . Secondary analyses showed a trend towards preserved pattern recognition . We used multimodal ultra high field MRI to detect subtle changes in microstructure of hippocampus subfields Rationale There has recently been increasing interest in the potential of flavanols , plant-derived compounds found in foods such as fruit and vegetables , to ameliorate  age-related cognitive decline .  Research suggests that cocoa flavanols improve memory and learning , possibly as a result of their anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects . These effects may be mediated by increased cerebral blood flow ( CBF ) , thus , stimulating neuronal function . Objectives The present study employed arterial spin labelling functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the effect of a single acute dose of cocoa flavanols on regional CBF . Methods CBF was measured pre- and post-consumption of low ( 23 mg ) or high ( 494 mg ) 330 ml equicaloric flavanol drinks matched for caffeine , theobromine , taste and appearance according to a r and omized counterbalanced crossover double-blind design in eight males and ten females , aged 50–65 years .  Changes in perfusion from pre- to post-consumption were calculated as a function of each drink . Results Significant increases in regional perfusion across the brain were observed following consumption of the high flavanol drink relative to the low flavanol drink , particularly in the anterior cingulate cortex and the central opercular cortex of the parietal lobe . Conclusions Consumption of cocoa flavanol improves regional cerebral perfusion in older adults . This provides evidence for a possible acute mechanism by which cocoa flavanols are associated with benefits for cognitive performance Regular consumption of fruit and vegetables may be associated with decreased CVD risk . In the present study , we investigated the effects of blackcurrant ( BC ) juice , rich in polyphenols and ascorbic acid , on oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers in cultured macrophages in vitro and in human subjects with an atherosclerosis-prone phenotype ( after consumption of a high-energy meal ) . In cultured macrophages ( RAW264.7 ) , BC treatment significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation as indicated by lower mRNA levels of TNF-α , IL-1β and inducible NO synthase ( iNOS ) and lower nuclear p65 levels indicating decreased NF-κB activity . iNOS protein levels were lower and haem oxygenase 1 levels higher in BC-treated cells when compared with untreated controls . Subjects given a high-energy meal had elevated serum glucose and insulin levels with no significant difference between the BC-based juice and placebo treatment groups . TAG following meal ingestion tended to be attenuated after the BC treatment . Plasma ascorbic acid and radical-scavenging capacity were decreased following placebo meal consumption ; however , BC significantly elevated both parameters compared with baseline and placebo ingestion . Plasma oxidised LDL , α-tocopherol and paraoxonase activity were unchanged in both treatment groups . Furthermore , production of TNF-α and IL-1β was not significantly changed by BC meal consumption . The present results suggest potential antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of BC in vitro in cultured macrophages . Although the observations were not directly transferable to a postpr and ial in vivo situation , the present results show that BC juice consumption may improve postpr and ial antioxidant status as indicated by higher ascorbic acid levels and free radical-scavenging capacity in plasma The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that pomegranate juice supplementation would blunt acute and delayed oxidative stress responses after a weightlifting training session . Nine elite weightlifters ( 21.0 ± 1 years ) performed two Olympic-Weightlifting sessions after ingesting either the placebo or pomegranate juice supplements .  Venous blood sample s were collected at rest and 3 min and 48 h after each session . Compared to the placebo condition , pomegranate juice supplementation attenuated the increase in malondialdehyde ( −12.5 % ; p < 0.01 ) and enhanced the enzymatic ( + 8.6 % for catalase and + 6.8 % for glutathione peroxidase ; p < 0.05 ) and non-enzymatic ( + 12.6 % for uric acid and + 5.7 % for total bilirubin ; p < 0.01 ) antioxidant responses shortly ( 3 min ) after completion of the training session . Additionally , during the 48 h recovery period , pomegranate juice supplementation accelerated ( p < 0.05 ) the recovery kinetics of the malondialdehyde ( 5.6 % ) and the enzymatic antioxidant defenses compared to the placebo condition ( 9 to 10 % ) . In conclusion , supplementation with pomegranate juice has the potential to attenuate oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant responses assessed acutely and up to 48 h following an intensive weightlifting training session . Therefore , elite weightlifters might benefit from blunted oxidative stress responses following intensive weightlifting sessions , which could have implication s for recovery between training sessions Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of natural Pomegranate juice supplementation on performance and acute and delayed responses of muscle soreness and biomarkers of muscle damage after a weightlifting training session . Methods Nine elite weightlifters ( 21±0.5 years ) performed two Olympic-Weightlifting-sessions after either placebo ( PLA ) or natural pomegranate juice ( POMj ) supplementations .  Heart rate , blood pressure and blood sample s ( hematological parameters , muscle damage and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) ) were collected at rest , 3min and 48h after each session . Weightlifting performance , RPE , and DOMS were also assessed after each training session . Results T-test showed higher performance ( + 8.30 % ) and lower RPE values ( -4.37 % ) using POMj supplementation ( p<0.05 ) in comparison with PLA . For the DOMS values , a significant improvement ( 13.4 % ) was shown only for the knee extensors ( p<0.01 ) using the POMj . Compared to PLA condition , POMj attenuated the acute ( i.e. , 3min ) increase of systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) , HR , CK and LDH ( p<0.05 ; -4.46 % , -1.81 % , -8.75 % , -1.64 % , respectively ) and blunted the significant increase of ASAT , PAL and CRP ( p>0.05 ) . Additionally , during the 48h following the training session , POMj improved the recovery kinetic of SBP ( p<0.01 , 7.97 % ) , CK ( p<0.001 , 11.34 % ) , LDH ( p<0.05 , 7.30 % ) and ASAT ( p<0.05 , 6.77 % ) . Indeed , the present study showed that 48h of recovery associated to natural POMj supplementation was sufficient to reach the resting values of the selected muscle damage markers after intensive training session . Conclusion Natural POMj seems to ameliorate the capacity to adhere to an intensive training program . Therefore , elite weightlifters are advised to use natural POMj during intensive training program and competition to accelerate muscle recovery . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov Most systematic review s rely substantially on the assessment of the method ological quality of the individual trials . The aim of this study was to obtain consensus among experts about a set of generic core items for quality assessment of r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) . The invited participants were experts in the field of quality assessment of RCTs . The initial item pool contained all items from existing criteria lists . Subsequently , we reduced the number of items by using the Delphi consensus technique . Each Delphi round comprised a question naire , an analysis , and a feedback report . The feedback report included staff team decisions made on the basis of the analysis and their justification . A total of 33 international experts agreed to participate , of whom 21 completed all question naires . The initial item pool of 206 items was reduced to 9 items in three Delphi rounds . The final criteria list ( the Delphi list ) was satisfactory to all participants . It is a starting point on the way to a minimum reference st and ard for RCTs on many different research topics . This list is not intended to replace , but rather to be used alongside , existing criteria lists Objective This study examines the effects of a dietary supplement of isoflavones on cognitive function in postmenopausal women . Design Participants for this 6-month , double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled clinical trial were women who were in good health , were postmenopausal at least 2 years , and were not using estrogen replacement therapy . Between July 24 , 2000 , and October 31 , 2000 , 56 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND a small number of reports exist on the cognitive effects of soy isoflavones , the findings from which are mixed . Isoflavone efficacy is dependent upon conversion of glycosides contained in soy foods and supplements to the biologically active aglycons . Of particular interest is the production of the metabolite , equol , which is dependent upon intestinal microflora and an integrous digestive system , both being altered by age and age-associated conditions . Unfortunately , few studies enrolled adults over the age of 70 , and none included older men . OBJECTIVE we examined safety , feasibility and cognitive efficacy of soy isoflavone administration in older nondemented men and women ( age 62 - 89 years ) . DESIGN AND METHODS in this r and omised , placebo-controlled , double-blind pilot study , subjects ingested either 100 mg/day soy isoflavones ( glycoside weight ) or matching placebo tablets for 6 months . RESULTS active and placebo-treated subjects exhibited a comparable side-effect profile . Plasma levels of genistein and daidzein ( P < 0.001 ) , but not equol , increased with isoflavone administration . While similar at baseline , the two groups differed across 6 months of treatment on 8 of 11 cognitive tests administered . Isoflavone-treated subjects improved on tests of visual-spatial memory ( P < 0.01 ) and construction ( P = 0.01 ) , verbal fluency ( P < 0.01 ) and speeded dexterity ( P = 0.04 ) . Placebo-treated participants were faster than isoflavone-treated subjects on two tests of executive function ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS these data suggest that administration of 100 mg/day of isoflavones was well tolerated . Plasma genistein and daidzein levels , but not equol , increased with isoflavone administration . Finally , data support the potential cognitive effects of soy isoflavones in older adults Introduction : The polyphenol resveratrol has been suggested to exert beneficial effects on memory and the aging hippocampus due to calorie‐restriction mimicking effects . However , the evidence based on human interventional studies is scarce . We therefore aim ed to determine the effects of resveratrol on memory performance , and to identify potential underlying mechanisms using a broad array of blood‐based biomarkers as well as hippocampus connectivity and microstructure assessed with ultra‐high field magnetic resonance imaging ( UHF‐MRI ) . Methods : In this double‐blind , r and omized controlled trial , 60 elderly participants ( 60–79 years ) with a wide body‐mass index ( BMI ) range of 21–37 kg/m2 were r and omized to receive either resveratrol ( 200mg/day ) or placebo for 26 weeks ( registered at Clinical Trials.gov : NCT02621554 ) . Baseline and follow‐up assessment s included the California Verbal Learning Task ( CVLT , main outcome ) , the ModBent task , anthropometry , markers of glucose and lipid metabolism , inflammation and neurotrophins derived from fasting blood , multimodal neuroimaging at 3 and 7 T , and question naires to assess confounding factors . Results : Multivariate repeated‐ measures ANOVA did not detect significant time by group effects for CVLT performance . There was a trend for preserved pattern recognition memory after resveratrol , while performance decreased in the placebo group ( n.s . , p=0.07 ) . Further exploratory analyses showed increases in both groups over time in body fat , cholesterol , fasting glucose , interleukin 6 , high sensitive C‐reactive protein , tumor necrosis factor alpha and in mean diffusivity of the subiculum and presubiculum , as well as decreases in physical activity , brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and insulin‐like growth factor 1at follow‐up , which were partly more pronounced after resveratrol . Discussion : This interventional study failed to show significant improvements in verbal memory after 6 months of resveratrol in healthy elderly with a wide BMI range . A non‐significant trend emerged for positive effects on pattern recognition memory , while possible confounding effects of unfavorable changes in lifestyle behavior , neurotrophins and inflammatory markers occurred . Our findings also indicate the feasibility to detect (un)healthy aging‐related changes in measures of hippocampus microstructure after 6 months using 7 T diffusion MRI . More studies incorporating a longer duration and larger sample size are needed to determine if resveratrol  enhances memory performance in healthy older adults . HIGHLIGHTSIn this r and omized clinical trial , 6 months resveratrol supplementation showed no significant effects on verbal memory  compared to placebo . Unfavorable changes in lifestyle factors at follow‐up might have introduced confounding . Secondary analyses showed a trend towards preserved pattern recognition . We used multimodal ultra high field MRI to detect subtle changes in microstructure of hippocampus subfields Rationale There has recently been increasing interest in the potential of flavanols , plant-derived compounds found in foods such as fruit and vegetables , to ameliorate  age-related cognitive decline .  Research suggests that cocoa flavanols improve memory and learning , possibly as a result of their anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects . These effects may be mediated by increased cerebral blood flow ( CBF ) , thus , stimulating neuronal function . Objectives The present study employed arterial spin labelling functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the effect of a single acute dose of cocoa flavanols on regional CBF . Methods CBF was measured pre- and post-consumption of low ( 23 mg ) or high ( 494 mg ) 330 ml equicaloric flavanol drinks matched for caffeine , theobromine , taste and appearance according to a r and omized counterbalanced crossover double-blind design in eight males and ten females , aged 50–65 years .  Changes in perfusion from pre- to post-consumption were calculated as a function of each drink . Results Significant increases in regional perfusion across the brain were observed following consumption of the high flavanol drink relative to the low flavanol drink , particularly in the anterior cingulate cortex and the central opercular cortex of the parietal lobe . Conclusions Consumption of cocoa flavanol improves regional cerebral perfusion in older adults . This provides evidence for a possible acute mechanism by which cocoa flavanols are associated with benefits for cognitive performance Regular consumption of fruit and vegetables may be associated with decreased CVD risk . In the present study , we investigated the effects of blackcurrant ( BC ) juice , rich in polyphenols and ascorbic acid , on oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers in cultured macrophages in vitro and in human subjects with an atherosclerosis-prone phenotype ( after consumption of a high-energy meal ) . In cultured macrophages ( RAW264.7 ) , BC treatment significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation as indicated by lower mRNA levels of TNF-α , IL-1β and inducible NO synthase ( iNOS ) and lower nuclear p65 levels indicating decreased NF-κB activity . iNOS protein levels were lower and haem oxygenase 1 levels higher in BC-treated cells when compared with untreated controls . Subjects given a high-energy meal had elevated serum glucose and insulin levels with no significant difference between the BC-based juice and placebo treatment groups . TAG following meal ingestion tended to be attenuated after the BC treatment . Plasma ascorbic acid and radical-scavenging capacity were decreased following placebo meal consumption ; however , BC significantly elevated both parameters compared with baseline and placebo ingestion . Plasma oxidised LDL , α-tocopherol and paraoxonase activity were unchanged in both treatment groups . Furthermore , production of TNF-α and IL-1β was not significantly changed by BC meal consumption . The present results suggest potential antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of BC in vitro in cultured macrophages . Although the observations were not directly transferable to a postpr and ial in vivo situation , the present results show that BC juice consumption may improve postpr and ial antioxidant status as indicated by higher ascorbic acid levels and free radical-scavenging capacity in plasma The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that pomegranate juice supplementation would blunt acute and delayed oxidative stress responses after a weightlifting training session . Nine elite weightlifters ( 21.0 ± 1 years ) performed two Olympic-Weightlifting sessions after ingesting either the placebo or pomegranate juice supplements .  Venous blood sample s were collected at rest and 3 min and 48 h after each session . Compared to the placebo condition , pomegranate juice supplementation attenuated the increase in malondialdehyde ( −12.5 % ; p < 0.01 ) and enhanced the enzymatic ( + 8.6 % for catalase and + 6.8 % for glutathione peroxidase ; p < 0.05 ) and non-enzymatic ( + 12.6 % for uric acid and + 5.7 % for total bilirubin ; p < 0.01 ) antioxidant responses shortly ( 3 min ) after completion of the training session . Additionally , during the 48 h recovery period , pomegranate juice supplementation accelerated ( p < 0.05 ) the recovery kinetics of the malondialdehyde ( 5.6 % ) and the enzymatic antioxidant defenses compared to the placebo condition ( 9 to 10 % ) . In conclusion , supplementation with pomegranate juice has the potential to attenuate oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant responses assessed acutely and up to 48 h following an intensive weightlifting training session . Therefore , elite weightlifters might benefit from blunted oxidative stress responses following intensive weightlifting sessions , which could have implication s for recovery between training sessions Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of natural Pomegranate juice supplementation on performance and acute and delayed responses of muscle soreness and biomarkers of muscle damage after a weightlifting training session . Methods Nine elite weightlifters ( 21±0.5 years ) performed two Olympic-Weightlifting-sessions after either placebo ( PLA ) or natural pomegranate juice ( POMj ) supplementations .  Heart rate , blood pressure and blood sample s ( hematological parameters , muscle damage and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) ) were collected at rest , 3min and 48h after each session . Weightlifting performance , RPE , and DOMS were also assessed after each training session . Results T-test showed higher performance ( + 8.30 % ) and lower RPE values ( -4.37 % ) using POMj supplementation ( p<0.05 ) in comparison with PLA . For the DOMS values , a significant improvement ( 13.4 % ) was shown only for the knee extensors ( p<0.01 ) using the POMj . Compared to PLA condition , POMj attenuated the acute ( i.e. , 3min ) increase of systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) , HR , CK and LDH ( p<0.05 ; -4.46 % , -1.81 % , -8.75 % , -1.64 % , respectively ) and blunted the significant increase of ASAT , PAL and CRP ( p>0.05 ) . Additionally , during the 48h following the training session , POMj improved the recovery kinetic of SBP ( p<0.01 , 7.97 % ) , CK ( p<0.001 , 11.34 % ) , LDH ( p<0.05 , 7.30 % ) and ASAT ( p<0.05 , 6.77 % ) . Indeed , the present study showed that 48h of recovery associated to natural POMj supplementation was sufficient to reach the resting values of the selected muscle damage markers after intensive training session . Conclusion Natural POMj seems to ameliorate the capacity to adhere to an intensive training program . Therefore , elite weightlifters are advised to use natural POMj during intensive training program and competition to accelerate muscle recovery . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov Most systematic review s rely substantially on the assessment of the method ological quality of the individual trials . The aim of this study was to obtain consensus among experts about a set of generic core items for quality assessment of r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) . The invited participants were experts in the field of quality assessment of RCTs . The initial item pool contained all items from existing criteria lists . Subsequently , we reduced the number of items by using the Delphi consensus technique . Each Delphi round comprised a question naire , an analysis , and a feedback report . The feedback report included staff team decisions made on the basis of the analysis and their justification . A total of 33 international experts agreed to participate , of whom 21 completed all question naires . The initial item pool of 206 items was reduced to 9 items in three Delphi rounds . The final criteria list ( the Delphi list ) was satisfactory to all participants . It is a starting point on the way to a minimum reference st and ard for RCTs on many different research topics . This list is not intended to replace , but rather to be used alongside , existing criteria lists Objective This study examines the effects of a dietary supplement of isoflavones on cognitive function in postmenopausal women . Design Participants for this 6-month , double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled clinical trial were women who were in good health , were postmenopausal at least 2 years , and were not using estrogen replacement therapy . Between July 24 , 2000 , and October 31 , 2000 , 56 
    Output:
    