human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : This r and omized controlled trial assessed the safety and effects of twice-weekly weight training among recent breast cancer survivors . Outcomes included body size and biomarkers hypothesized to link exercise and breast cancer risk . Methods : A convenience sample of 85 recent survivors was r and omized into immediate and delayed treatment groups . The immediate group trained from months 0 to 12 ; the delayed treatment group served as a no exercise parallel comparison group from months 0 to 6 and trained from months 7 to 12 . Measures at baseline , 6 and 12 months included body weight , height , body fat , lean mass , body fat % , and waist circumference , as well as fasting glucose , insulin , insulin resistance , insulin-like growth factor-I ( IGF-I ) , IGF-II , and IGF-binding protein-1 , IGFBP-2 , and IGFBP-3 . Injury reporting was st and ardized . Results : The intervention result ed in significant increases in lean mass ( 0.88 versus 0.02 kg , P < 0.01 ) , as well as significant decreases in body fat % ( −1.15 % versus 0.23 % , P = 0.03 ) and IGF-II ( −6.23 versus 28.28 ng/mL , P = 0.02 ) comparing immediate with delayed treatment from baseline to 6 months . Within-person changes experienced by delayed treatment group participants during training versus no training were similar . Only one participant experienced a study related injury that prevented continued participation . Conclusion : Twice-weekly weight training is a safe exercise program for recent breast cancer survivors that may result in increased muscle mass , as well as decreased body fat % and IGF-II . The implication s of these results on cancer recurrence or survival may become more evident with longer exercise intervention trials among breast cancer survivors Physical activity is associated with improved breast cancer survival , but the underlying mechanisms , possibly including modification of the inflammatory state , are not well understood . We analyzed changes in interleukin (IL)-6 , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , and TNF-α in a r and omized controlled trial of exercise in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors . Seventy-five women , recruited through the Yale-New Haven Hospital Tumor Registry , were r and omized to either a six-month aerobic exercise intervention or usual care . Correlations were calculated between baseline cytokines , adiposity , and physical activity measures . Generalized linear models were used to assess the effect of exercise  on IL-6 , CRP , and TNF-α . At baseline , IL-6 and CRP were positively correlated with body fat and body mass index ( BMI ) and were inversely correlated with daily pedometer steps ( P < 0.001 ) . We found no significant effect of exercise  on changes in inflammatory marker concentrations between women r and omized to exercise versus usual care , though secondary analyses revealed a significant reduction in IL-6 among exercisers who reached 80 % of the intervention goal compared with those who did not . Future studies should examine the effect of different types and doses of exercise and weight loss on inflammatory markers in large-scale trials of women diagnosed with breast cancer . Cancer Prev Res ; 6(2 ) ; 109–18 . © 2012 AACR Excess body weight at diagnosis and weight gain after breast cancer are associated with poorer long-term prognosis . This study investigated the effects of a lifestyle intervention on body weight and other health outcomes influencing long-term prognosis in overweight women ( BMI > 25.0 kg/m2 ) recovering from early-stage ( stage I – III ) breast cancer . A total of 90 women treated 3–18 months previously were r and omly allocated to a 6-month exercise and hypocaloric healthy eating program ( n = 47 , aged 55.6 ± 10.2 year ) or  control group ( n = 43 , aged 55.9 ± 8.9 year ) . Women in the intervention group received three supervised exercise sessions per week and individualized dietary advice , supplemented by weekly nutrition seminars . Body weight , waist circumference , waist/hip ratio [ WHR ] , cardiorespiratory fitness , blood biomarkers associated with breast cancer recurrence and cardiovascular disease risk , and quality of life ( FACT-B ) were assessed at baseline and 6 months . Three-day diet diaries were used to assess macronutrient and energy intakes . A moderate reduction in body weight in the intervention group ( median difference from baseline of −1.09 kg ; IQR −0.15 to −2.90 kg ; p = 0.07 ) was accompanied by significant reductions in waist circumference ( p < 0.001 ) , WHR ( p = 0.005 ) , total ( p = 0.021 ) and saturated fat ( p = 0.006 ) intakes , leptin ( p = 0.005 ) , total cholesterol ( p = 0.046 ) , and resting diastolic blood pressure ( p = 0.03 ) . Cardiopulmonary fitness ( p < 0.001 ) and FACT-B quality of life ( p = 0.004 ) also showed significant improvements in the intervention group . These findings suggest that an individualized exercise and a hypocaloric healthy eating program can positively impact upon health outcomes influencing long-term prognosis in overweight women recovering from early-stage breast cancer Background Obesity is characterized by chronic mild inflammation and may influence the risk and progression of cancer . Purpose The current study is an exploratory analysis of the effect of a weight loss intervention that emphasized increased physical activity on inflammatory cytokines ( tumor necrosis factor-α [ TNF-α ] , interleukin-6 [ IL-6 ] , interleukin-8 [ IL-8 ] , and vascular endothelial growth factor [ VEGF ] ) at the end of the 16-week intervention period in overweight breast cancer survivors . Methods Study participants averaged 56 years of age ( N = 68 ) . Intervention participants ( n = 44 vs. 24 controls ) participated in a cognitive behavioral therapy-based weight management program as part of an exploratory r and omized trial . The intervention incorporated strategies to promote increased physical activity and diet modification . Baseline and 16-week data included height , weight , body composition , physical activity level , and biomarkers IL-6 , IL-8 , TNF-α , and VEGF . Results Weight loss was significantly greater in the intervention group than controls ( −5.7 [ 3.5 ] vs. 0.2 [ 4.1 ] kg , P < 0.001 ) . Paired t tests noted favorable changes in physical activity level ( P < 0.001 intervention , P = 0.70 control ) , marginally lower IL-6 levels ( P = 0.06 intervention , P = 0.25 control ) at 16 weeks for participants in the intervention group , and lower TNF-α levels for participants in the intervention ( P < 0.05 ) and control groups ( P < 0.001 ) . Increased physical activity was associated with favorable changes in IL-6 for participants in the intervention group ( R2 = 0.18 ; P < 0.03 ) . Conclusion Favorable changes in cytokine levels were observed in association with weight loss in this exploratory study with overweight breast cancer survivors Background Vitamin and mineral supplement use after a breast cancer diagnosis is common and controversial . Dosages used and the timing of initiation and /or discontinuation of supplements have not been clearly described . Methods We prospect ively examined changes in use of 17 vitamin/mineral supplements in the first six months following breast cancer diagnosis among 2,596 members ( 28 % non-white ) of Kaiser Permanente Northern California . We used multivariable logistic regression to examine demographic , clinical , and lifestyle predictors of initiation and discontinuation . Results Most women used vitamin/mineral supplements before ( 84 % ) and after ( 82 % ) diagnosis , with average doses far in excess of Institute of Medicine reference intakes . Over half ( 60.2 % ) reported initiating a vitamin/mineral following diagnosis , 46.3 % discontinuing a vitamin/mineral , 65.6 % using a vitamin/mineral continuously , and only 7.2 % not using any vitamin/mineral supplement before or after diagnosis . The most commonly initiated supplements were calcium ( 38.2 % ) , vitamin D ( 32.01 % ) , vitamin B6 ( 12.3 % ) and magnesium ( 11.31 % ) ; the most commonly discontinued supplements were multivitamins ( 17.14 % ) , vitamin C ( 15.97 % ) and vitamin E ( 45.62 % ) . Higher education , higher intake of fruits/vegetables , and receipt of chemotherapy were associated with initiation ( p-values < 0.05 ) . Younger age and breast-conserving surgery were associated with discontinuation ( p-values < 0.05 ) . Conclusions In this large cohort of ethnically diverse breast cancer patients , high numbers of women used vitamin/mineral supplements in the 6 months following breast cancer diagnosis , often at high doses and in combination with other supplements . The immediate period after diagnosis is a critical time for clinicians to counsel women on supplement use Background . The goal of this pilot study was to determine the magnitude and direction of intervention effect sizes for inflammatory-related serum markers and relevant health outcomes among breast cancer survivors ( BCSs ) receiving a physical activity behavior change intervention compared with usual care .  Methods . This r and omized controlled trial enrolled 28 stage I , II , or IIIA BCSs who were post– primary treatment and not regular exercisers . Participants were assigned to either a 3-month physical activity behavior change intervention group ( ING ) or usual care group ( UCG ) . Intervention included supervised aerobic ( 150 weekly minutes , moderate-intensity ) and resistance ( 2 sessions per week ) exercise that gradually shifted to home-based exercise . Outcomes were assessed at baseline and 3 months . Results . Cardiorespiratory fitness significantly improved in the ING versus the UCG ( between-group difference = 3.8 mL/kg/min ; d = 1.1 ; P = .015 ) . Self-reported sleep latency was significantly reduced in the ING versus the UCG ( between group difference = −0.5 ; d = −1.2 ; P = .02 ) as was serum leptin ( between-group difference = −9.0 ng/mL ; d = −1.0 ; P = .031 ) . Small to medium nonsignificant negative effect sizes were noted for interleukin (IL)-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and ratios of IL-6 to IL-10 , IL-8 to IL-10 , and TNF-α to IL-10 , whereas nonsignificant positive effect sizes were noted for IL-6 and high-molecular-weight adiponectin . Conclusions . Physical activity behavior change interventions in BCSs can achieve large effect size changes for several health outcomes . Although effect sizes for inflammatory markers were often small and not significant , changes were in the hypothesized direction for all except IL-6 and IL-10 Summary This study examined whether 24 months of weight training exercises enhanced the effectiveness of risedronate , calcium , and vitamin D in maintaining or improving bone mineral density ( BMD ) in 223 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors . Subjects who were ≥50 % adherent to exercise had no improvement in BMD but were less likely to lose BMD . Introduction This study examined whether ( 1 ) postmenopausal breast cancer survivors ( BCS ) with bone loss taking 24 months of risedronate , calcium , and vitamin D had increased bone mineral density ( BMD ) at the total hip , femoral neck , L1-L4 spine , total radius and 33 % radius , and decreased bone turnover ; ( 2 ) subjects who also participated in strength/weight training ( ST ) exercises had greater increases in BMD and greater decreases in bone turnover ; and ( 3 ) subjects who also exercised were more likely to preserve ( at least maintain ) BMD . Methods Postmenopausal BCS ( 223 ) were r and omly assigned to exercise plus medication or medication only groups . Both groups received 24 months of 1,200 mg of calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D daily and 35 mg of risedronate weekly , and the exercise group additionally had ST exercises twice weekly . Results After 24 months , women who took medications without exercising had significant improvements in BMD at the total hip ( + 1.81 % ) and spine ( + 2.85 % ) and significant decreases in Alkphase B ( −8.7 % ) and serum NTx ( −16.7 % ) . Women who also exercised had additional increases in BMD at the femoral neck ( + 0.29 % ) , total hip ( + 0.34 % ) , spine ( + 0.23 % ) , total radius ( + 0.30 % ) , and additional decreases in Alkphase B ( −2.4 % ) and Serum NTx ( −6.5 % ) . Additional changes in BMD and bone turnover with exercise were not significant . Subjects who were ≥50 % adherent to exercise were less likely to lose BMD at the total hip ( chi-square [ 1 ] = 4.66 , p = 0.03 ) and femoral neck ( chi-square [ 1 ] = 4.63 , p = 0.03 ) . ConclusionS trength/weight training exercises may prevent loss of BMD in postmenopausal BCS at risk for bone loss Targeted exercise training could reduce risk factors for fracture 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : This r and omized controlled trial assessed the safety and effects of twice-weekly weight training among recent breast cancer survivors . Outcomes included body size and biomarkers hypothesized to link exercise and breast cancer risk . Methods : A convenience sample of 85 recent survivors was r and omized into immediate and delayed treatment groups . The immediate group trained from months 0 to 12 ; the delayed treatment group served as a no exercise parallel comparison group from months 0 to 6 and trained from months 7 to 12 . Measures at baseline , 6 and 12 months included body weight , height , body fat , lean mass , body fat % , and waist circumference , as well as fasting glucose , insulin , insulin resistance , insulin-like growth factor-I ( IGF-I ) , IGF-II , and IGF-binding protein-1 , IGFBP-2 , and IGFBP-3 . Injury reporting was st and ardized . Results : The intervention result ed in significant increases in lean mass ( 0.88 versus 0.02 kg , P < 0.01 ) , as well as significant decreases in body fat % ( −1.15 % versus 0.23 % , P = 0.03 ) and IGF-II ( −6.23 versus 28.28 ng/mL , P = 0.02 ) comparing immediate with delayed treatment from baseline to 6 months . Within-person changes experienced by delayed treatment group participants during training versus no training were similar . Only one participant experienced a study related injury that prevented continued participation . Conclusion : Twice-weekly weight training is a safe exercise program for recent breast cancer survivors that may result in increased muscle mass , as well as decreased body fat % and IGF-II . The implication s of these results on cancer recurrence or survival may become more evident with longer exercise intervention trials among breast cancer survivors Physical activity is associated with improved breast cancer survival , but the underlying mechanisms , possibly including modification of the inflammatory state , are not well understood . We analyzed changes in interleukin (IL)-6 , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , and TNF-α in a r and omized controlled trial of exercise in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors . Seventy-five women , recruited through the Yale-New Haven Hospital Tumor Registry , were r and omized to either a six-month aerobic exercise intervention or usual care . Correlations were calculated between baseline cytokines , adiposity , and physical activity measures . Generalized linear models were used to assess the effect of exercise  on IL-6 , CRP , and TNF-α . At baseline , IL-6 and CRP were positively correlated with body fat and body mass index ( BMI ) and were inversely correlated with daily pedometer steps ( P < 0.001 ) . We found no significant effect of exercise  on changes in inflammatory marker concentrations between women r and omized to exercise versus usual care , though secondary analyses revealed a significant reduction in IL-6 among exercisers who reached 80 % of the intervention goal compared with those who did not . Future studies should examine the effect of different types and doses of exercise and weight loss on inflammatory markers in large-scale trials of women diagnosed with breast cancer . Cancer Prev Res ; 6(2 ) ; 109–18 . © 2012 AACR Excess body weight at diagnosis and weight gain after breast cancer are associated with poorer long-term prognosis . This study investigated the effects of a lifestyle intervention on body weight and other health outcomes influencing long-term prognosis in overweight women ( BMI > 25.0 kg/m2 ) recovering from early-stage ( stage I – III ) breast cancer . A total of 90 women treated 3–18 months previously were r and omly allocated to a 6-month exercise and hypocaloric healthy eating program ( n = 47 , aged 55.6 ± 10.2 year ) or  control group ( n = 43 , aged 55.9 ± 8.9 year ) . Women in the intervention group received three supervised exercise sessions per week and individualized dietary advice , supplemented by weekly nutrition seminars . Body weight , waist circumference , waist/hip ratio [ WHR ] , cardiorespiratory fitness , blood biomarkers associated with breast cancer recurrence and cardiovascular disease risk , and quality of life ( FACT-B ) were assessed at baseline and 6 months . Three-day diet diaries were used to assess macronutrient and energy intakes . A moderate reduction in body weight in the intervention group ( median difference from baseline of −1.09 kg ; IQR −0.15 to −2.90 kg ; p = 0.07 ) was accompanied by significant reductions in waist circumference ( p < 0.001 ) , WHR ( p = 0.005 ) , total ( p = 0.021 ) and saturated fat ( p = 0.006 ) intakes , leptin ( p = 0.005 ) , total cholesterol ( p = 0.046 ) , and resting diastolic blood pressure ( p = 0.03 ) . Cardiopulmonary fitness ( p < 0.001 ) and FACT-B quality of life ( p = 0.004 ) also showed significant improvements in the intervention group . These findings suggest that an individualized exercise and a hypocaloric healthy eating program can positively impact upon health outcomes influencing long-term prognosis in overweight women recovering from early-stage breast cancer Background Obesity is characterized by chronic mild inflammation and may influence the risk and progression of cancer . Purpose The current study is an exploratory analysis of the effect of a weight loss intervention that emphasized increased physical activity on inflammatory cytokines ( tumor necrosis factor-α [ TNF-α ] , interleukin-6 [ IL-6 ] , interleukin-8 [ IL-8 ] , and vascular endothelial growth factor [ VEGF ] ) at the end of the 16-week intervention period in overweight breast cancer survivors . Methods Study participants averaged 56 years of age ( N = 68 ) . Intervention participants ( n = 44 vs. 24 controls ) participated in a cognitive behavioral therapy-based weight management program as part of an exploratory r and omized trial . The intervention incorporated strategies to promote increased physical activity and diet modification . Baseline and 16-week data included height , weight , body composition , physical activity level , and biomarkers IL-6 , IL-8 , TNF-α , and VEGF . Results Weight loss was significantly greater in the intervention group than controls ( −5.7 [ 3.5 ] vs. 0.2 [ 4.1 ] kg , P < 0.001 ) . Paired t tests noted favorable changes in physical activity level ( P < 0.001 intervention , P = 0.70 control ) , marginally lower IL-6 levels ( P = 0.06 intervention , P = 0.25 control ) at 16 weeks for participants in the intervention group , and lower TNF-α levels for participants in the intervention ( P < 0.05 ) and control groups ( P < 0.001 ) . Increased physical activity was associated with favorable changes in IL-6 for participants in the intervention group ( R2 = 0.18 ; P < 0.03 ) . Conclusion Favorable changes in cytokine levels were observed in association with weight loss in this exploratory study with overweight breast cancer survivors Background Vitamin and mineral supplement use after a breast cancer diagnosis is common and controversial . Dosages used and the timing of initiation and /or discontinuation of supplements have not been clearly described . Methods We prospect ively examined changes in use of 17 vitamin/mineral supplements in the first six months following breast cancer diagnosis among 2,596 members ( 28 % non-white ) of Kaiser Permanente Northern California . We used multivariable logistic regression to examine demographic , clinical , and lifestyle predictors of initiation and discontinuation . Results Most women used vitamin/mineral supplements before ( 84 % ) and after ( 82 % ) diagnosis , with average doses far in excess of Institute of Medicine reference intakes . Over half ( 60.2 % ) reported initiating a vitamin/mineral following diagnosis , 46.3 % discontinuing a vitamin/mineral , 65.6 % using a vitamin/mineral continuously , and only 7.2 % not using any vitamin/mineral supplement before or after diagnosis . The most commonly initiated supplements were calcium ( 38.2 % ) , vitamin D ( 32.01 % ) , vitamin B6 ( 12.3 % ) and magnesium ( 11.31 % ) ; the most commonly discontinued supplements were multivitamins ( 17.14 % ) , vitamin C ( 15.97 % ) and vitamin E ( 45.62 % ) . Higher education , higher intake of fruits/vegetables , and receipt of chemotherapy were associated with initiation ( p-values < 0.05 ) . Younger age and breast-conserving surgery were associated with discontinuation ( p-values < 0.05 ) . Conclusions In this large cohort of ethnically diverse breast cancer patients , high numbers of women used vitamin/mineral supplements in the 6 months following breast cancer diagnosis , often at high doses and in combination with other supplements . The immediate period after diagnosis is a critical time for clinicians to counsel women on supplement use Background . The goal of this pilot study was to determine the magnitude and direction of intervention effect sizes for inflammatory-related serum markers and relevant health outcomes among breast cancer survivors ( BCSs ) receiving a physical activity behavior change intervention compared with usual care .  Methods . This r and omized controlled trial enrolled 28 stage I , II , or IIIA BCSs who were post– primary treatment and not regular exercisers . Participants were assigned to either a 3-month physical activity behavior change intervention group ( ING ) or usual care group ( UCG ) . Intervention included supervised aerobic ( 150 weekly minutes , moderate-intensity ) and resistance ( 2 sessions per week ) exercise that gradually shifted to home-based exercise . Outcomes were assessed at baseline and 3 months . Results . Cardiorespiratory fitness significantly improved in the ING versus the UCG ( between-group difference = 3.8 mL/kg/min ; d = 1.1 ; P = .015 ) . Self-reported sleep latency was significantly reduced in the ING versus the UCG ( between group difference = −0.5 ; d = −1.2 ; P = .02 ) as was serum leptin ( between-group difference = −9.0 ng/mL ; d = −1.0 ; P = .031 ) . Small to medium nonsignificant negative effect sizes were noted for interleukin (IL)-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and ratios of IL-6 to IL-10 , IL-8 to IL-10 , and TNF-α to IL-10 , whereas nonsignificant positive effect sizes were noted for IL-6 and high-molecular-weight adiponectin . Conclusions . Physical activity behavior change interventions in BCSs can achieve large effect size changes for several health outcomes . Although effect sizes for inflammatory markers were often small and not significant , changes were in the hypothesized direction for all except IL-6 and IL-10 Summary This study examined whether 24 months of weight training exercises enhanced the effectiveness of risedronate , calcium , and vitamin D in maintaining or improving bone mineral density ( BMD ) in 223 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors . Subjects who were ≥50 % adherent to exercise had no improvement in BMD but were less likely to lose BMD . Introduction This study examined whether ( 1 ) postmenopausal breast cancer survivors ( BCS ) with bone loss taking 24 months of risedronate , calcium , and vitamin D had increased bone mineral density ( BMD ) at the total hip , femoral neck , L1-L4 spine , total radius and 33 % radius , and decreased bone turnover ; ( 2 ) subjects who also participated in strength/weight training ( ST ) exercises had greater increases in BMD and greater decreases in bone turnover ; and ( 3 ) subjects who also exercised were more likely to preserve ( at least maintain ) BMD . Methods Postmenopausal BCS ( 223 ) were r and omly assigned to exercise plus medication or medication only groups . Both groups received 24 months of 1,200 mg of calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D daily and 35 mg of risedronate weekly , and the exercise group additionally had ST exercises twice weekly . Results After 24 months , women who took medications without exercising had significant improvements in BMD at the total hip ( + 1.81 % ) and spine ( + 2.85 % ) and significant decreases in Alkphase B ( −8.7 % ) and serum NTx ( −16.7 % ) . Women who also exercised had additional increases in BMD at the femoral neck ( + 0.29 % ) , total hip ( + 0.34 % ) , spine ( + 0.23 % ) , total radius ( + 0.30 % ) , and additional decreases in Alkphase B ( −2.4 % ) and Serum NTx ( −6.5 % ) . Additional changes in BMD and bone turnover with exercise were not significant . Subjects who were ≥50 % adherent to exercise were less likely to lose BMD at the total hip ( chi-square [ 1 ] = 4.66 , p = 0.03 ) and femoral neck ( chi-square [ 1 ] = 4.63 , p = 0.03 ) . ConclusionS trength/weight training exercises may prevent loss of BMD in postmenopausal BCS at risk for bone loss Targeted exercise training could reduce risk factors for fracture 
    Output:
    