human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives To investigate the changes in specific domains of cognitive function in older adults reporting subjective memory complaints with a low omega-3 index receiving omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ( n-3 PUFA ) supplementation or placebo . Design This is a secondary exploratory analysis of the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial ( MAPT ) using subjects r and omized to the n-3 PUFA supplementation or placebo group . Setting French community dwellers aged 70 or over reporting subjective memory complaints , but free from clinical dementia . Participants A subgroup of MAPT subjects in the lowest quartile of omega-3 index distribution with baseline values ≤ 4.83 % ( n = 183).InterventionThe  n-3 PUFA supplementation group consumed a daily dose of DHA ( 800 mg ) and EPA ( a maximum amount of 225 mg ) for 3 years . The placebo group received identical capsules comprising liquid paraffin oil . Measurements Linear mixed-model repeated- measures analyses were used including baseline , 6 , 12 , 24 and 36-month follow-up data to assess between-group differences in the change in eight cognitive tests over 36 months . Results There was less decline on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test ( COWAT ) in the n-3 PUFA supplementation group compared to placebo ( p = 0.009 ; between group mean difference over 36 months , 2.3 ; 95 % CI , 0.6,4.0 ) . No significant differences for any of the other cognitive tests were found , including other tests of executive functioning , although , numerically all results were in favour of the n-3 PUFA supplementation . Conclusions We found some evidence that n-3 PUFAs might be beneficial for the maintenance of executive functioning in older adults at risk of dementia with low omega-3 index , but this exploratory finding requires further confirmation . A larger specifically design ed r and omised controlled trial could be merited Background Omega-3 fatty acids are central to brain-development of children . Evidence from clinical trials and systematic review s demonstrates the potential of long-chain Omega-3 supplementation for learning and behavior . However , findings are inconclusive and in need of robust replication studies since such work is lacking . Objectives Replication of the 2012 DOLAB 1 study findings that a dietary supplementation with the long-chain omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) had beneficial effects on the reading , working memory , and behavior of healthy schoolchildren . Design Parallel group , fixed-dose , r and omized ( minimization , 30 % r and om element ) , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial ( RCT ) . Setting Mainstream primary schools ( n = 84 ) from five counties in the UK in 2012–2015 . Participants Healthy children aged 7–9 underperforming in reading ( < 20th centile ) . 1230 invited , 376 met study criteria . Intervention 600 mg/day DHA ( from algal oil ) , placebo : taste/color matched corn/soybean oil ; for 16 weeks . Main outcome measures Age-st and ardized measures of reading , working memory , and behavior , parent-rated and as secondary outcome teacher-rated . Results 376 children were r and omized . Reading , working memory , and behavior change scores showed no consistent differences between intervention and placebo group . Some behavioral subscales showed minor group differences . Conclusions This RCT did not replicate results of the earlier DOLAB 1 study on the effectiveness of nutritional supplementation with DHA for learning and behavior . Possible reasons are discussed , particularly regarding the replication of complex interventions . Trial registration and protocol www.controlled-trials.com ( IS RCT N48803273 ) and protocol s.io ( https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/ protocol s.io.k8kczuw Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is one of the most common child psychiatric disorders , and is often treated with stimulant medication . Nonpharmacological treatments include dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids , although their effectiveness remains to be shown conclusively . In this study , we investigated the effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on ADHD symptoms and cognitive control in young boys with and without ADHD . A total of 40 boys with ADHD , aged 8–14 years , and 39 matched , typically developing controls participated in a 16-week double-blind r and omized placebo-controlled trial . Participants consumed 10 g of margarine daily , enriched with either 650 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) each or placebo . Baseline and follow-up assessment s addressed ADHD symptoms , fMRI of cognitive control , urine homovanillic acid , and cheek cell phospholipid sampling . EPA/DHA supplementation improved parent-rated attention in both children with ADHD and typically developing children . Phospholipid DHA level at follow-up was higher for children receiving EPA/DHA supplements than placebo . There was no effect of EPA/DHA supplementation on cognitive control or on fMRI measures of brain activity . This study shows that dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids  reduces symptoms of ADHD , both for individuals with ADHD and typically developing children . This effect does not appear to be mediated by cognitive control systems in the brain , as no effect of supplementation was found here . Nonetheless , this study offers support that omega-3 supplementation may be an effective augmentation for pharmacological treatments of ADHD ( NCT01554462 : The Effects of EPA/DHA Supplementation on Cognitive Control in Children with ADHD ; http:// clinical trials.gov/show/NCT01554462 ) Background DHA is accumulated in the central nervous system ( CNS ) before birth and is involved in early developmental processes , such as neurite outgrowth and gene expression . Objective To determine whether fetal DHA insufficiency occurs and constrains CNS development in term gestation infants . Design A risk reduction model using a r and omized prospect i ve study of term gestation single birth healthy infants born to women ( n = 270 ) given a placebo or 400 mg/day DHA from 16 wk gestation to delivery . Fetal DHA deficiency sufficient to constrain CNS development was assessed based on increased risk that infants in the placebo group would not achieve neurodevelopment scores in the top quartile of all infants in the study . Results Infants in the placebo group were at increased risk of lower language development assessed as words understood ( OR 3.22 , CL 1.49–6.94 , P = 0.002 ) and produced ( OR 2.61 , CL 1.22–5.58 , P = 0.01 ) at 14 mo , and words understood ( OR 2.77 , CL 1.23–6.28 , P = 0.03 ) and sentences produced ( OR 2.60 , CL 1.15–5.89 , P = 0.02 ) at 18 mo using the McArthur Communicative Developmental Inventory ; receptive ( OR 2.23 , CL 1.08–4.60 , P = 0.02 ) and expressive language ( OR 1.89 , CL 0.94–3.83 , P = 0.05 ) at 18 mo using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III ; and visual acuity ( OR 2.69 , CL 1.10–6.54 , P = 0.03 ) at 2 mo . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov OBJECTIVE To examine fatty acid profiles , their response to omega-3 fatty acid ( Ω3 ) supplementation , and associations with clinical status and treatment response in youth with mood disorders . METHODS In a placebo-controlled 2X2 design , 7 - 14 year-olds ( N = 95 ) in parallel pilot trials ( depression N = 72 ; bipolar N = 23 ) were r and omly assigned to 12 weeks of Ω3 supplementation ( 1.4 g eicosapentaenoic acid [ EPA ] , 0.2 g docosahexaenoic acid [ DHA ] , and 0.27 g other Ω3 per day ) ; psychoeducational psychotherapy ( PEP ) ; their combination ; or placebo ( mainly oleic and linoleic acid ) alone . Blood was drawn at baseline ( N = 90 ) and endpoint ( n = 65 ) . Fatty acid levels were expressed as percent of total plasma fatty acids . Correlational and moderator/mediator analyses were done with SPSS Statistics 23 . RESULTS At baseline : ( 1 ) DHA correlated negatively with alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) ( r = -0.23 , p = 0.029 ) ; ( 2 ) Arachidonic acid ( AA , Ω6 ) correlated negatively with global functioning ( r = -0.24 , p = 0.022 ) ; ( 3 ) Total Ω3 correlated negatively with age ( r = -0.22 , p = 0.036 ) and diastolic blood pressure ( r = -0.31 , p = 0.006 ) . Moderation : Baseline ALA moderated response to Ω3 supplementation : ALA levels above the sample mean ( lower DHA ) predicted significantly better placebo-controlled response ( p = 0.04 ) . Supplementation effects : Compared to placebo , 2 g Ω3 per day increased EPA blood levels sevenfold and DHA levels by half ( both p < 0.001 ) . Body weight correlated inversely with increased EPA ( r = -0.52 , p = 0.004 ) and DHA ( r = -0.54 , p = 0.003 ) and positively with clinical mood response . Mediation : EPA increase baseline-to-endpoint mediated placebo-controlled global function and depression improvement : the greater the EPA increase , the less the placebo-controlled Ω3 improvement .  CONCLUSION  Ω3 supplementation at 2 g/day increases blood levels substantially , more so in smaller children . A possible U-shaped response curve should be explored BACKGROUND Previous research has shown positive effects of Omega 3/6 fatty acids in children with inattention and reading difficulties .  We aim ed to investigate if Omega 3/6 improved reading ability  in mainstream schoolchildren . METHODS We performed a 3-month parallel , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial followed by 3-month active treatment for all subjects . Mainstream schoolchildren aged 9 - 10 years were r and omized 1:1 to receive three Omega 3/6 capsules twice daily or identical placebo . Assessment s were made at baseline , 3 months , and 6 months . The primary outcome measure was the Logos test battery for evaluating reading abilities . The trial is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT02557477 . RESULTS The study enrolled 154 children ( active n = 78 ; placebo n = 76 ) , of whom 122 completed the first 3 months ( active n = 64 ; placebo n = 58 ) and 105 completed the whole study ( active/active n = 55 ; placebo/active n = 50 ) . Outcomes were assessed by per protocol ( PP ) and intention-to-treat ( ITT ) analyses . Active treatment was superior to placebo at 3 months for improvement in phonologic decoding time ( PP active/placebo difference -0.16 ; 95 % CI -0.03 , -0.29 ; effect size ( ES ) .44 ; p = .005 ; and ITT ES .37 ; p = .036 ) , in visual analysis time ( PP active/placebo difference -0.19 ; 95 % CI -0.05 , -0.33 ; ES .49 ; p = .013 ; and ITT ES .40 ; p = .01 ) , and for boys in phonologic decoding time ( PP -0.22 ; 95 % CI -0.03 , -0.41 ; ES .62 ; p = .004 ) . Children with ADHD-RS scores above the median showed treatment benefits in visual analysis time ( PP ES .8 , p = .009 ) , reading speed per word ( PP ES .61 , p = .008 ) , and phonologic decoding time per word ( PP ES .85 , p = .006 ) . Adverse events were rare and mild , mainly stomach pain/diarrhea ( active n = 9 , placebo n = 2 ) . CONCLUSIONS Compared with placebo , 3 months of Omega 3/6 treatment improved reading ability - specifically the clinical ly relevant ' phonologic decoding time ' and ' visual analysis  time ' - in mainstream schoolchildren . In particular , children with attention problems showed treatment benefits Objective Loneliness enhances risk for episodic memory declines over time . Omega-3 supplementation can improve cognitive function for people experiencing mild cognitive difficulties . Accordingly , we explored whether omega-3 supplementation would attenuate  loneliness-related episodic memory problems . Methods Participants ( n = 138 ) from a parent r and omized controlled trial were r and omized to the placebo , 1.25 grams/d of omega-3 , or 2.50 grams/d of omega-3 conditions for a 4-month period . They completed a baseline loneliness question naire and a battery of cognitive tests both at baseline and at the end of the r and omized controlled trial . Results After adjustment for baseline verbal episodic memory scores , lonelier people within the placebo condition had poorer verbal epis 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives To investigate the changes in specific domains of cognitive function in older adults reporting subjective memory complaints with a low omega-3 index receiving omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ( n-3 PUFA ) supplementation or placebo . Design This is a secondary exploratory analysis of the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial ( MAPT ) using subjects r and omized to the n-3 PUFA supplementation or placebo group . Setting French community dwellers aged 70 or over reporting subjective memory complaints , but free from clinical dementia . Participants A subgroup of MAPT subjects in the lowest quartile of omega-3 index distribution with baseline values ≤ 4.83 % ( n = 183).InterventionThe  n-3 PUFA supplementation group consumed a daily dose of DHA ( 800 mg ) and EPA ( a maximum amount of 225 mg ) for 3 years . The placebo group received identical capsules comprising liquid paraffin oil . Measurements Linear mixed-model repeated- measures analyses were used including baseline , 6 , 12 , 24 and 36-month follow-up data to assess between-group differences in the change in eight cognitive tests over 36 months . Results There was less decline on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test ( COWAT ) in the n-3 PUFA supplementation group compared to placebo ( p = 0.009 ; between group mean difference over 36 months , 2.3 ; 95 % CI , 0.6,4.0 ) . No significant differences for any of the other cognitive tests were found , including other tests of executive functioning , although , numerically all results were in favour of the n-3 PUFA supplementation . Conclusions We found some evidence that n-3 PUFAs might be beneficial for the maintenance of executive functioning in older adults at risk of dementia with low omega-3 index , but this exploratory finding requires further confirmation . A larger specifically design ed r and omised controlled trial could be merited Background Omega-3 fatty acids are central to brain-development of children . Evidence from clinical trials and systematic review s demonstrates the potential of long-chain Omega-3 supplementation for learning and behavior . However , findings are inconclusive and in need of robust replication studies since such work is lacking . Objectives Replication of the 2012 DOLAB 1 study findings that a dietary supplementation with the long-chain omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) had beneficial effects on the reading , working memory , and behavior of healthy schoolchildren . Design Parallel group , fixed-dose , r and omized ( minimization , 30 % r and om element ) , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial ( RCT ) . Setting Mainstream primary schools ( n = 84 ) from five counties in the UK in 2012–2015 . Participants Healthy children aged 7–9 underperforming in reading ( < 20th centile ) . 1230 invited , 376 met study criteria . Intervention 600 mg/day DHA ( from algal oil ) , placebo : taste/color matched corn/soybean oil ; for 16 weeks . Main outcome measures Age-st and ardized measures of reading , working memory , and behavior , parent-rated and as secondary outcome teacher-rated . Results 376 children were r and omized . Reading , working memory , and behavior change scores showed no consistent differences between intervention and placebo group . Some behavioral subscales showed minor group differences . Conclusions This RCT did not replicate results of the earlier DOLAB 1 study on the effectiveness of nutritional supplementation with DHA for learning and behavior . Possible reasons are discussed , particularly regarding the replication of complex interventions . Trial registration and protocol www.controlled-trials.com ( IS RCT N48803273 ) and protocol s.io ( https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/ protocol s.io.k8kczuw Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is one of the most common child psychiatric disorders , and is often treated with stimulant medication . Nonpharmacological treatments include dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids , although their effectiveness remains to be shown conclusively . In this study , we investigated the effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on ADHD symptoms and cognitive control in young boys with and without ADHD . A total of 40 boys with ADHD , aged 8–14 years , and 39 matched , typically developing controls participated in a 16-week double-blind r and omized placebo-controlled trial . Participants consumed 10 g of margarine daily , enriched with either 650 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) each or placebo . Baseline and follow-up assessment s addressed ADHD symptoms , fMRI of cognitive control , urine homovanillic acid , and cheek cell phospholipid sampling . EPA/DHA supplementation improved parent-rated attention in both children with ADHD and typically developing children . Phospholipid DHA level at follow-up was higher for children receiving EPA/DHA supplements than placebo . There was no effect of EPA/DHA supplementation on cognitive control or on fMRI measures of brain activity . This study shows that dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids  reduces symptoms of ADHD , both for individuals with ADHD and typically developing children . This effect does not appear to be mediated by cognitive control systems in the brain , as no effect of supplementation was found here . Nonetheless , this study offers support that omega-3 supplementation may be an effective augmentation for pharmacological treatments of ADHD ( NCT01554462 : The Effects of EPA/DHA Supplementation on Cognitive Control in Children with ADHD ; http:// clinical trials.gov/show/NCT01554462 ) Background DHA is accumulated in the central nervous system ( CNS ) before birth and is involved in early developmental processes , such as neurite outgrowth and gene expression . Objective To determine whether fetal DHA insufficiency occurs and constrains CNS development in term gestation infants . Design A risk reduction model using a r and omized prospect i ve study of term gestation single birth healthy infants born to women ( n = 270 ) given a placebo or 400 mg/day DHA from 16 wk gestation to delivery . Fetal DHA deficiency sufficient to constrain CNS development was assessed based on increased risk that infants in the placebo group would not achieve neurodevelopment scores in the top quartile of all infants in the study . Results Infants in the placebo group were at increased risk of lower language development assessed as words understood ( OR 3.22 , CL 1.49–6.94 , P = 0.002 ) and produced ( OR 2.61 , CL 1.22–5.58 , P = 0.01 ) at 14 mo , and words understood ( OR 2.77 , CL 1.23–6.28 , P = 0.03 ) and sentences produced ( OR 2.60 , CL 1.15–5.89 , P = 0.02 ) at 18 mo using the McArthur Communicative Developmental Inventory ; receptive ( OR 2.23 , CL 1.08–4.60 , P = 0.02 ) and expressive language ( OR 1.89 , CL 0.94–3.83 , P = 0.05 ) at 18 mo using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III ; and visual acuity ( OR 2.69 , CL 1.10–6.54 , P = 0.03 ) at 2 mo . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov OBJECTIVE To examine fatty acid profiles , their response to omega-3 fatty acid ( Ω3 ) supplementation , and associations with clinical status and treatment response in youth with mood disorders . METHODS In a placebo-controlled 2X2 design , 7 - 14 year-olds ( N = 95 ) in parallel pilot trials ( depression N = 72 ; bipolar N = 23 ) were r and omly assigned to 12 weeks of Ω3 supplementation ( 1.4 g eicosapentaenoic acid [ EPA ] , 0.2 g docosahexaenoic acid [ DHA ] , and 0.27 g other Ω3 per day ) ; psychoeducational psychotherapy ( PEP ) ; their combination ; or placebo ( mainly oleic and linoleic acid ) alone . Blood was drawn at baseline ( N = 90 ) and endpoint ( n = 65 ) . Fatty acid levels were expressed as percent of total plasma fatty acids . Correlational and moderator/mediator analyses were done with SPSS Statistics 23 . RESULTS At baseline : ( 1 ) DHA correlated negatively with alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) ( r = -0.23 , p = 0.029 ) ; ( 2 ) Arachidonic acid ( AA , Ω6 ) correlated negatively with global functioning ( r = -0.24 , p = 0.022 ) ; ( 3 ) Total Ω3 correlated negatively with age ( r = -0.22 , p = 0.036 ) and diastolic blood pressure ( r = -0.31 , p = 0.006 ) . Moderation : Baseline ALA moderated response to Ω3 supplementation : ALA levels above the sample mean ( lower DHA ) predicted significantly better placebo-controlled response ( p = 0.04 ) . Supplementation effects : Compared to placebo , 2 g Ω3 per day increased EPA blood levels sevenfold and DHA levels by half ( both p < 0.001 ) . Body weight correlated inversely with increased EPA ( r = -0.52 , p = 0.004 ) and DHA ( r = -0.54 , p = 0.003 ) and positively with clinical mood response . Mediation : EPA increase baseline-to-endpoint mediated placebo-controlled global function and depression improvement : the greater the EPA increase , the less the placebo-controlled Ω3 improvement .  CONCLUSION  Ω3 supplementation at 2 g/day increases blood levels substantially , more so in smaller children . A possible U-shaped response curve should be explored BACKGROUND Previous research has shown positive effects of Omega 3/6 fatty acids in children with inattention and reading difficulties .  We aim ed to investigate if Omega 3/6 improved reading ability  in mainstream schoolchildren . METHODS We performed a 3-month parallel , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial followed by 3-month active treatment for all subjects . Mainstream schoolchildren aged 9 - 10 years were r and omized 1:1 to receive three Omega 3/6 capsules twice daily or identical placebo . Assessment s were made at baseline , 3 months , and 6 months . The primary outcome measure was the Logos test battery for evaluating reading abilities . The trial is registered with Clinical Trials.gov , number NCT02557477 . RESULTS The study enrolled 154 children ( active n = 78 ; placebo n = 76 ) , of whom 122 completed the first 3 months ( active n = 64 ; placebo n = 58 ) and 105 completed the whole study ( active/active n = 55 ; placebo/active n = 50 ) . Outcomes were assessed by per protocol ( PP ) and intention-to-treat ( ITT ) analyses . Active treatment was superior to placebo at 3 months for improvement in phonologic decoding time ( PP active/placebo difference -0.16 ; 95 % CI -0.03 , -0.29 ; effect size ( ES ) .44 ; p = .005 ; and ITT ES .37 ; p = .036 ) , in visual analysis time ( PP active/placebo difference -0.19 ; 95 % CI -0.05 , -0.33 ; ES .49 ; p = .013 ; and ITT ES .40 ; p = .01 ) , and for boys in phonologic decoding time ( PP -0.22 ; 95 % CI -0.03 , -0.41 ; ES .62 ; p = .004 ) . Children with ADHD-RS scores above the median showed treatment benefits in visual analysis time ( PP ES .8 , p = .009 ) , reading speed per word ( PP ES .61 , p = .008 ) , and phonologic decoding time per word ( PP ES .85 , p = .006 ) . Adverse events were rare and mild , mainly stomach pain/diarrhea ( active n = 9 , placebo n = 2 ) . CONCLUSIONS Compared with placebo , 3 months of Omega 3/6 treatment improved reading ability - specifically the clinical ly relevant ' phonologic decoding time ' and ' visual analysis  time ' - in mainstream schoolchildren . In particular , children with attention problems showed treatment benefits Objective Loneliness enhances risk for episodic memory declines over time . Omega-3 supplementation can improve cognitive function for people experiencing mild cognitive difficulties . Accordingly , we explored whether omega-3 supplementation would attenuate  loneliness-related episodic memory problems . Methods Participants ( n = 138 ) from a parent r and omized controlled trial were r and omized to the placebo , 1.25 grams/d of omega-3 , or 2.50 grams/d of omega-3 conditions for a 4-month period . They completed a baseline loneliness question naire and a battery of cognitive tests both at baseline and at the end of the r and omized controlled trial . Results After adjustment for baseline verbal episodic memory scores , lonelier people within the placebo condition had poorer verbal epis 
    Output:
    