human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Sixteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis entered a trial to determine the clinical and biochemical effects of dietary supplementation with fractionated fish oil fatty acids . A r and omised , double blind , placebo controlled crossover design with 12 week treatment periods was used . Treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and with disease modifying drugs was continued throughout the study . Placebo consisted of fractionated coconut oil . The following results favoured fish oil rather than placebo :  joint swelling index and duration of early morning stiffness . Other clinical indices improved but did not reach statistical significance . During fish oil supplementation relative amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the plasma cholesterol ester and neutrophil membrane phospholipid fractions increased , mainly at the expense of the omega-6 fatty acids . The mean neutrophil leucotriene B4 production in vitro showed a reduction after 12 weeks of fish oil supplementation . Leucotriene B5 production , which could not be detected either in the control or in the placebo period , rose to substantial quantities during fish oil treatment . This study shows that dietary fish oil supplementation is effective in suppressing clinical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis BACKGROUND & AIMS The study examined the value of n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched yogurt as means of improving cardiovascular health  . DESIGN Fifty three mildly hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects ( TAG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L ) participated in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel design ed study . The subjects consumed 1 ) control yoghurt ; 2 ) yoghurt enriched with 0.8 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d ; or 3 ) yoghurt enriched with 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d for a period of 10 wks . Blood sample s were taken at the beginning and the end of the study period . RESULTS Following daily intake of 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA for 10 weeks , n-3 LC-PUFA levels increased significantly in plasma and red blood cells ( RBC ) with concomitant increase in the EPA-derived mediators ( PGE₃ , 12- , 15- , 18-HEPE ) in plasma whilst cardiovascular risk factors such as HDL , TAG , AA/EPA ratio , and n-3 index were improved ( P < 0.05 ) ; the decrease of TAG and increase in HDL were associated with the CD36 genotype . CONCLUSION The observed increase of n-3 LC-PUFA in RBC and plasma lipids due to intake of n-3 LC-PUFA enriched yoghurt result ed in a reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory mediators showing that daily consumption of n-3 PUFA enriched yoghurt can be an effective way of supplementing the daily diet and improving cardiovascular health Patients with chronic renal failure exhibit plasma fatty acid patterns indicative of essential fatty acid deficiency . The plasma fatty acid profile of 25 hemodialysis patients with a history of pruritus symptoms indicated lower 20:3n-9 ( eicosatrienoic acid ) , 20:4n-6 ( arachidonic acid ) , and 20:5n-3 ( eicosapentaenoic acid ) concentrations ; a higher 18:1n-9 ( oleic acid ) concentration ; and above-normal ranges of prostagl and in E2 ( PGE2 ) compared with 22 subjects chosen from a normal population . No significant difference in 22:6n-3 ( docosahexaenoic acid ) was shown between the hemodialysis patients and the normal subjects . The dietary intake of 20:5n-3 was higher and that of 18:1n-9 lower in the patients compared with the normal population group . In this 8-wk double-blind study the hemodialysis patients were r and omly assigned to receive daily supplements of 6 g ethyl ester of either fish oil , olive oil , or safflower oil . At the end of 8 wk of treatment the fish oil group ( FO group ) had a greater decrease in 18:1n-9 ( P < 0.05 ) , greater increases in 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 ( P < 0.01 ) , and trends toward a greater decrease in 20:4n-6 , a greater increase in PGE2 concentrations , and greater improvement in pruritus scores ( 0.10 > P > 0.05 ) compared with the other two groups . The increases in 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in the FO group indicate compliance with fish oil supplementation . Results indicate that hemodialysis patients have abnormal fatty acid profiles and increased PGE2 values .  Fish oil intervention changes the fatty acid profile and may improve the symptoms of pruritus BACKGROUND Prostagl and in E(2 ) ( PGE(2 ) ) inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and the production of interferon-gamma ( IFN-gamma ) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells , but the effect of PGE(2 ) on interleukin 4 ( IL-4 ) production is unclear . Fish oil , which contains eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids , inhibits production of PGE(2 ) . The effects of fish oil on lymphocyte proliferation and production of IFN-gamma and IL-4 are unclear and may be influenced by the availability of antioxidants . OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of dietary fish oil with and without antioxidant cosupplementation on lymphocyte proliferation and the production of PGE(2 ) , IFN-gamma , and IL-4 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells . DESIGN Sixteen healthy men received dietary fish-oil supplements providing 0.3 , 1 , and 2 g eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid/d for 4 consecutive weeks each ( total of 12 wk ) . All subjects were r and omly assigned to daily cosupplementation with either antioxidants ( 200 microg Se , 3 mg Mn , 30 mg RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate , 90 mg ascorbic acid , 450 micro g vitamin A ) or placebo . RESULTS Fish-oil supplementation decreased PGE(2 ) production and increased IFN-gamma production and lymphocyte proliferation from baseline values . Cosupplementation with antioxidants did not affect cytokine production or lymphocyte proliferation . CONCLUSION Dietary fish oil modulates production of IFN-gamma and lymphocyte proliferation in a manner consistent with decreased production of PGE(2 ) , but this effect is not modified by antioxidant cosupplementation The effects of consuming a liquid formula containing either fish oil enriched in omega-3 fatty acids or vegetable oil enriched in oleic acid was evaluated in 20 male subjects r and omly allocated into two groups over a 42-d period . A decrease in collagen-induced aggregation by using washed platelet suspensions was found in both groups after nutritional supplementation . A considerable rise in omega-3 and a decrease in omega-6 fatty acids occurred in the platelet phospholipid with fish-oil consumption . The degree of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA , 20:5n-3 ) enrichment ( fish-oil group ) was dramatically greater in the ether-containing plasmenylethanolamine ( 13.5 mol% of fatty acids ; mol% of fatty acids = moles per 100 moles of total fatty acids ) than in phosphatidylethanolamine ( 2.8 mol% ) or phosphatidylcholine ( 2.9 mol% ) . Neither treatment significantly influenced the agonist-induced accumulation of lysoplasmenylethanolamine as derived via phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of plasmenylethanolamine . HPLC measurements of eicosanoid production in A23187-stimulated neutrophils revealed a considerable decrease in the formation of arachidonic acid-derived leukotriene B4 ( LTB4 ) , by 41 % , and 5-HETE ( 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ) , by 30 % , in the fish-oil group along with the appearance of the corresponding EPA-derived products [ LTB5 and 5-HEPE ( 5-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid ) ] . No such alterations in the formation of lipoxygenase products were found with the vegetable oil treatment OBJECTIVE Disturbance in thromboxane and prostacyclin bio synthesis has been observed in preeclampsia . We studied whether fish oil supplementation in late pregnancy interferes with maternal and fetal production of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin I2 . STUDY DESIGN Forty-seven women in the thirtieth week of pregnancy were r and omly assigned in a ratio of 2:1:1 to receive fish oil ( 2.7 gm of n-3 fatty acid per day [ Pikasol ] , or either olive oil or no oil supplementation as controls .  Metabolites of thromboxane A2 and A3 and of prostacyclin I2 and I3 were quantified by mass spectrometry methods in serum and urine , respectively . Maternal serum and urine were sample d at baseline , in the thirty-third and thirty-seventh weeks of pregnancy . Fetal serum was sample d at delivery . RESULTS At the thirty-seventh week the mean concentrations of the eicosapentaenoic-derived metabolites , thromboxane B3 and prostacyclin I3 , was twofold to threefold higher ( p < 0.001 ) in the group receiving fish oil compared with combined control groups . There were no significant effects of fish oil on the prostacyclin I2 metabolite , although there was a trend toward a reduction in thromboxane B2 in this group . In umbilical cord blood the mean concentration of thromboxane B2 was lowest in the group receiving fish oil ( p = 0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Fish oil was metabolized to the eicosapentaenoic acid-derived eicosanoids thromboxane A3 and prostacyclin I3 in pregnant women . Correspondingly , analog products of arachidonic acid tended to be depressed . It remains to be established whether these biochemical effects will prove beneficial in the prevention or treatment of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation Forty-nine patients with active rheumatoid arthritis completed a 24-week , prospect i ve , double-blind , r and omized study of dietary supplementation with 2 different dosages of fish oil and 1 dosage of olive oil . Clinical evaluations were performed at baseline and every 6 weeks thereafter , and immunologic variables were measured at baseline and after 24 weeks of study . The 3 groups of patients were matched for age , sex , disease severity , and use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs ( DMARDs ) . Subjects continued receiving DMARDs and other background medications without change during the study . Twenty patients consumed daily dietary supplements of n3 fatty acids containing 27 mg/kg eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and 18 mg/kg docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) ( low dose ) , 17 patients ingested 54 mg/kg EPA and 36 mg/kg DHA ( high dose ) , and 12 patients ingested olive oil capsules containing 6.8 gm of oleic acid . Significant improvements from baseline in the number of tender joints were noted in the low-dose group at week 24 ( P = 0.05 ) and in the high-dose group at week 18 ( P = 0.04 ) and 24 ( P = 0.02 ) . Significant decreases from baseline in the number of swollen joints were noted in the low-dose group at weeks 12 ( P = 0.003 ) , 18 ( P = 0.002 ) , and 24 ( P = 0.001 ) and in the high-dose group at weeks 12 ( P = 0.0001 ) , 18 ( P = 0.008 ) , and 24 ( P = 0.02 ) . A total of 5 of 45 clinical measures were significantly changed from baseline in the olive oil group , 8 of 45 in the low-dose fish oil group , and 21 of 45 in the high-dose fish oil group during the study ( P = 0.0002 ) . Neutrophil leukotriene B4 production decreased by 19 % from baseline in the low-dose fish oil group ( P = 0.0003 ) and 20 % in the high-dose group ( P = 0.03 ) , while macrophage interleukin-1 production decreased by 38.5 % in the olive oil group ( P not significant ) , 40.6 % in the low-dose group ( P = 0.06 ) , and 54.7 % in the high-dose group ( P = 0.0005 ) . Tritiated thymidine incorporation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after stimulation with concanavalin A increased significantly in all 3 groups after 24 weeks , compared with baseline values . We conclude that the clinical benefits of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids are more commonly observed in patients consuming higher dosages of fish oil  for time intervals that are longer than those previously studied . Dietary supplementation with olive oil is also associated with certain changes in immune function , which require further investigation A total 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Sixteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis entered a trial to determine the clinical and biochemical effects of dietary supplementation with fractionated fish oil fatty acids . A r and omised , double blind , placebo controlled crossover design with 12 week treatment periods was used . Treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and with disease modifying drugs was continued throughout the study . Placebo consisted of fractionated coconut oil . The following results favoured fish oil rather than placebo :  joint swelling index and duration of early morning stiffness . Other clinical indices improved but did not reach statistical significance . During fish oil supplementation relative amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the plasma cholesterol ester and neutrophil membrane phospholipid fractions increased , mainly at the expense of the omega-6 fatty acids . The mean neutrophil leucotriene B4 production in vitro showed a reduction after 12 weeks of fish oil supplementation . Leucotriene B5 production , which could not be detected either in the control or in the placebo period , rose to substantial quantities during fish oil treatment . This study shows that dietary fish oil supplementation is effective in suppressing clinical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis BACKGROUND & AIMS The study examined the value of n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched yogurt as means of improving cardiovascular health  . DESIGN Fifty three mildly hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects ( TAG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L ) participated in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel design ed study . The subjects consumed 1 ) control yoghurt ; 2 ) yoghurt enriched with 0.8 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d ; or 3 ) yoghurt enriched with 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d for a period of 10 wks . Blood sample s were taken at the beginning and the end of the study period . RESULTS Following daily intake of 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA for 10 weeks , n-3 LC-PUFA levels increased significantly in plasma and red blood cells ( RBC ) with concomitant increase in the EPA-derived mediators ( PGE₃ , 12- , 15- , 18-HEPE ) in plasma whilst cardiovascular risk factors such as HDL , TAG , AA/EPA ratio , and n-3 index were improved ( P < 0.05 ) ; the decrease of TAG and increase in HDL were associated with the CD36 genotype . CONCLUSION The observed increase of n-3 LC-PUFA in RBC and plasma lipids due to intake of n-3 LC-PUFA enriched yoghurt result ed in a reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory mediators showing that daily consumption of n-3 PUFA enriched yoghurt can be an effective way of supplementing the daily diet and improving cardiovascular health Patients with chronic renal failure exhibit plasma fatty acid patterns indicative of essential fatty acid deficiency . The plasma fatty acid profile of 25 hemodialysis patients with a history of pruritus symptoms indicated lower 20:3n-9 ( eicosatrienoic acid ) , 20:4n-6 ( arachidonic acid ) , and 20:5n-3 ( eicosapentaenoic acid ) concentrations ; a higher 18:1n-9 ( oleic acid ) concentration ; and above-normal ranges of prostagl and in E2 ( PGE2 ) compared with 22 subjects chosen from a normal population . No significant difference in 22:6n-3 ( docosahexaenoic acid ) was shown between the hemodialysis patients and the normal subjects . The dietary intake of 20:5n-3 was higher and that of 18:1n-9 lower in the patients compared with the normal population group . In this 8-wk double-blind study the hemodialysis patients were r and omly assigned to receive daily supplements of 6 g ethyl ester of either fish oil , olive oil , or safflower oil . At the end of 8 wk of treatment the fish oil group ( FO group ) had a greater decrease in 18:1n-9 ( P < 0.05 ) , greater increases in 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 ( P < 0.01 ) , and trends toward a greater decrease in 20:4n-6 , a greater increase in PGE2 concentrations , and greater improvement in pruritus scores ( 0.10 > P > 0.05 ) compared with the other two groups . The increases in 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in the FO group indicate compliance with fish oil supplementation . Results indicate that hemodialysis patients have abnormal fatty acid profiles and increased PGE2 values .  Fish oil intervention changes the fatty acid profile and may improve the symptoms of pruritus BACKGROUND Prostagl and in E(2 ) ( PGE(2 ) ) inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and the production of interferon-gamma ( IFN-gamma ) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells , but the effect of PGE(2 ) on interleukin 4 ( IL-4 ) production is unclear . Fish oil , which contains eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids , inhibits production of PGE(2 ) . The effects of fish oil on lymphocyte proliferation and production of IFN-gamma and IL-4 are unclear and may be influenced by the availability of antioxidants . OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of dietary fish oil with and without antioxidant cosupplementation on lymphocyte proliferation and the production of PGE(2 ) , IFN-gamma , and IL-4 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells . DESIGN Sixteen healthy men received dietary fish-oil supplements providing 0.3 , 1 , and 2 g eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid/d for 4 consecutive weeks each ( total of 12 wk ) . All subjects were r and omly assigned to daily cosupplementation with either antioxidants ( 200 microg Se , 3 mg Mn , 30 mg RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate , 90 mg ascorbic acid , 450 micro g vitamin A ) or placebo . RESULTS Fish-oil supplementation decreased PGE(2 ) production and increased IFN-gamma production and lymphocyte proliferation from baseline values . Cosupplementation with antioxidants did not affect cytokine production or lymphocyte proliferation . CONCLUSION Dietary fish oil modulates production of IFN-gamma and lymphocyte proliferation in a manner consistent with decreased production of PGE(2 ) , but this effect is not modified by antioxidant cosupplementation The effects of consuming a liquid formula containing either fish oil enriched in omega-3 fatty acids or vegetable oil enriched in oleic acid was evaluated in 20 male subjects r and omly allocated into two groups over a 42-d period . A decrease in collagen-induced aggregation by using washed platelet suspensions was found in both groups after nutritional supplementation . A considerable rise in omega-3 and a decrease in omega-6 fatty acids occurred in the platelet phospholipid with fish-oil consumption . The degree of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA , 20:5n-3 ) enrichment ( fish-oil group ) was dramatically greater in the ether-containing plasmenylethanolamine ( 13.5 mol% of fatty acids ; mol% of fatty acids = moles per 100 moles of total fatty acids ) than in phosphatidylethanolamine ( 2.8 mol% ) or phosphatidylcholine ( 2.9 mol% ) . Neither treatment significantly influenced the agonist-induced accumulation of lysoplasmenylethanolamine as derived via phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of plasmenylethanolamine . HPLC measurements of eicosanoid production in A23187-stimulated neutrophils revealed a considerable decrease in the formation of arachidonic acid-derived leukotriene B4 ( LTB4 ) , by 41 % , and 5-HETE ( 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ) , by 30 % , in the fish-oil group along with the appearance of the corresponding EPA-derived products [ LTB5 and 5-HEPE ( 5-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid ) ] . No such alterations in the formation of lipoxygenase products were found with the vegetable oil treatment OBJECTIVE Disturbance in thromboxane and prostacyclin bio synthesis has been observed in preeclampsia . We studied whether fish oil supplementation in late pregnancy interferes with maternal and fetal production of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin I2 . STUDY DESIGN Forty-seven women in the thirtieth week of pregnancy were r and omly assigned in a ratio of 2:1:1 to receive fish oil ( 2.7 gm of n-3 fatty acid per day [ Pikasol ] , or either olive oil or no oil supplementation as controls .  Metabolites of thromboxane A2 and A3 and of prostacyclin I2 and I3 were quantified by mass spectrometry methods in serum and urine , respectively . Maternal serum and urine were sample d at baseline , in the thirty-third and thirty-seventh weeks of pregnancy . Fetal serum was sample d at delivery . RESULTS At the thirty-seventh week the mean concentrations of the eicosapentaenoic-derived metabolites , thromboxane B3 and prostacyclin I3 , was twofold to threefold higher ( p < 0.001 ) in the group receiving fish oil compared with combined control groups . There were no significant effects of fish oil on the prostacyclin I2 metabolite , although there was a trend toward a reduction in thromboxane B2 in this group . In umbilical cord blood the mean concentration of thromboxane B2 was lowest in the group receiving fish oil ( p = 0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Fish oil was metabolized to the eicosapentaenoic acid-derived eicosanoids thromboxane A3 and prostacyclin I3 in pregnant women . Correspondingly , analog products of arachidonic acid tended to be depressed . It remains to be established whether these biochemical effects will prove beneficial in the prevention or treatment of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation Forty-nine patients with active rheumatoid arthritis completed a 24-week , prospect i ve , double-blind , r and omized study of dietary supplementation with 2 different dosages of fish oil and 1 dosage of olive oil . Clinical evaluations were performed at baseline and every 6 weeks thereafter , and immunologic variables were measured at baseline and after 24 weeks of study . The 3 groups of patients were matched for age , sex , disease severity , and use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs ( DMARDs ) . Subjects continued receiving DMARDs and other background medications without change during the study . Twenty patients consumed daily dietary supplements of n3 fatty acids containing 27 mg/kg eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and 18 mg/kg docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) ( low dose ) , 17 patients ingested 54 mg/kg EPA and 36 mg/kg DHA ( high dose ) , and 12 patients ingested olive oil capsules containing 6.8 gm of oleic acid . Significant improvements from baseline in the number of tender joints were noted in the low-dose group at week 24 ( P = 0.05 ) and in the high-dose group at week 18 ( P = 0.04 ) and 24 ( P = 0.02 ) . Significant decreases from baseline in the number of swollen joints were noted in the low-dose group at weeks 12 ( P = 0.003 ) , 18 ( P = 0.002 ) , and 24 ( P = 0.001 ) and in the high-dose group at weeks 12 ( P = 0.0001 ) , 18 ( P = 0.008 ) , and 24 ( P = 0.02 ) . A total of 5 of 45 clinical measures were significantly changed from baseline in the olive oil group , 8 of 45 in the low-dose fish oil group , and 21 of 45 in the high-dose fish oil group during the study ( P = 0.0002 ) . Neutrophil leukotriene B4 production decreased by 19 % from baseline in the low-dose fish oil group ( P = 0.0003 ) and 20 % in the high-dose group ( P = 0.03 ) , while macrophage interleukin-1 production decreased by 38.5 % in the olive oil group ( P not significant ) , 40.6 % in the low-dose group ( P = 0.06 ) , and 54.7 % in the high-dose group ( P = 0.0005 ) . Tritiated thymidine incorporation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after stimulation with concanavalin A increased significantly in all 3 groups after 24 weeks , compared with baseline values . We conclude that the clinical benefits of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids are more commonly observed in patients consuming higher dosages of fish oil  for time intervals that are longer than those previously studied . Dietary supplementation with olive oil is also associated with certain changes in immune function , which require further investigation A total 
    Output:
    