human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Aim : Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists ( GLP-1 RA ) stimulate satiety leading to reductions in food intake and body weight . The effects of long- acting GLP-1 RA liraglutide on eating behavior of women with PCOS have not been investigated yet . Methods : Thirty-six obese women with PCOS ( mean ± SD , aged 31.2 ± 7.8 years , with BMI 38.7 ± 0.1 kg/m2 ) , pretreated with metformin ( 1000 mg BID ) were switched to liraglutide 1.2 mg QD sc for 12 weeks . Adiposity parameters and eating behavior as assessed by Three-Factor Eating Question naire ( TFEQ-R18 ) were examined at baseline and after 12 weeks . Results : Subjects treated with liraglutide lost on average 3.8 ± 0.1 kg ( p < 0.001 ) . Significant reductions of waist circumference and visceral adipose tissue ( VAT ) mass , volume and area were demonstrated from liraglutide induction to the end of the study . TFEQ-R18 scores were significantly different pre- and post-liraglutide intervention . After treatment with liraglutide  the uncontrolled eating ( UE ) score decreased from 36.8 ± 24.5 to 19.6 ± 18.4 ( p < 0.001 ) and emotional eating ( EE ) score decreased from 49.9 ± 33.3 to 28.5 ± 26.9 ( p < 0.001 ) . Scores for cognitive restraint ( CR ) were not changed . Conclusions : Short-term liraglutide treatment was associated with weight loss and significantly improved eating behavior in obese women with PCOS OBJECTIVE The long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist liraglutide is linked to progressive and sustained weight loss in obese people with diabetes . However , its efficacy and safety in women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) has not yet been addressed . DESIGN Thirty-two obese women ( aged 27.6±7.2 years , BMI 39.5±6.2 kg/m2 ) with newly diagnosed PCOS were r and omized to receive either liraglutide 1.2 mg QD sc ( n=17 ) or metformin 1000 mg BID po ( n=15 ) for 12 weeks ; 28 patients completed the study ( 14 on liraglutide and 14 on metformin ) . The main outcome was change in body weight . RESULTS Intention-to-treat analysis showed significant BMI ( −0.98 kg/m2 ; p<0.001 ) , body weight ( −2.52 kg ; p<0.001 ) , waist circumference ( −3.38 cm ; p<0.001 ) and whole-body fat mass ( −1.26 % ; p<0.001 ) reduction in both treatment arms without significant differences between therapeutic groups . However , in a subgroup of patients ( n=9 ) with insulin resistance ( HOMAIR > 2 ) , severe obesity and higher odds ratio for the metabolic syndrome ( OR=3.9 ) , the patients fared much better with liraglutide than with metformin ( mean BMI decreased 2.13 kg/m2 vs. 0.62 kg/m2 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS Short-term liraglutide treatment was associated with significant weight loss in a subset of obese patients with newly diagnosed PCOS and a higher metabolic risk profile OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of exenatide on body weight and glucose tolerance in nondiabetic obese subjects with normal or impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) or impaired fasting glucose ( IFG ) . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Obese subjects ( n = 152 ; age 46 ± 12 years , female 82 % , weight 108.6 ± 23.0 kg , BMI 39.6 ± 7.0 kg/m2 , IGT or IFG 25 % ) were r and omized to receive exenatide ( n = 73 ) or placebo ( n = 79 ) , along with lifestyle intervention , for 24 weeks . RESULTS Exenatide-treated subjects lost 5.1 ± 0.5 kg from baseline versus 1.6 ± 0.5 kg with placebo ( exenatide − placebo , P < 0.001 ) . Placebo-subtracted difference in percent weight reduction was −3.3 ± 0.5 % ( P < 0.001 ) . Both groups reduced their daily calorie intake  ( exenatide , −449 cal ; placebo , −387 cal ) . IGT or IFG normalized at end point in 77 and 56 % of exenatide and placebo subjects , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Exenatide plus lifestyle modification decreased caloric intake and result ed in weight loss in nondiabetic obesity with improved glucose tolerance in subjects with IGT and IFG Objective The purpose of this study was to further underst and interrelationships between insulin resistance in PCOS and elevated diastolic blood pressure . Design A prospect i ve case control study . Participants Fifty normal women and 43 PCOS patients , 16 of them with insulin resistance . Setting Academic Institution . Interventions  Clinical , anthropometric and ultrasonographic features of PCOS were assessed , as were  blood levels for luteinizing hormone , follicle-stimulating hormone , and rostenedione , DHEAS , and basal insulin .  A  lipid profile and an oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) were also performed . Main outcome measures To demonstrate the effect of insulin resistance on blood pressure in patients with PCOS . Results Patients with PCOS and those with PCOS plus insulin resistance ( IR ) had significantly elevated levels of plasma and rogen but only those with IR showed greater body mass index and waist : hip ratios than PCOS or control . PCOS plus IR differed significantly in their response to OGTT when compared to PCOS or control . Alterations in lipid profile were shown to be atherogenic . Patients with PCOS plus IR demonstrated a significant elevation of diastolic blood pressure when compared to PCOS alone or controls . Conclusions We hypothesize that hyperlipidemia and IR may be involved in the pathophysiologic features of the elevated diastolic blood pressure in PCOS patients Background Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) is associated with obesity and increased cardiovascular ( CV ) risk markers . In this study our aim was to assess the effects of six months treatment with liraglutide 1.8 mg od on obesity , and CV risk markers , particularly platelet function , in young obese women with PCOS compared to controls of similar age and weight .  Methods Carotid intima-media wall thickness ( cIMT ) was measured by B-mode ultrasonography , platelet function by flow cytometry , clot structure/lysis by turbidimetric assays and endothelial function by ELISA and post-ischaemic reactive hyperemia ( RHI ) . Data presented as mean change ( 6-month – baseline ) ± st and ard deviation . Results Nineteen obese women with PCOS and 17 controls , of similar age and weight , were recruited ; baseline atherothrombotic risk markers did not differ between the two groups . Twenty five ( 69.4 % ) participants completed the study ( 13 PCOS , 12 controls ) . At six months , weight was significantly reduced by 3.0 ± 4.2 and 3.8 ± 3.4 kg in the PCOS and control groups , respectively ; with no significant difference between the two groups , P = 0.56 . Similarly , HOMA-IR , triglyceride , hsCRP , urinary isoprostanes , serum endothelial adhesion markers ( sP-selectin , sICAM and sVCAM ) , and clot lysis area were equally significantly reduced in both groups compared to baseline . Basal platelet P-selectin expression was significantly reduced at six months in controls −0.17 ± 0.26 but not PCOS −0.12 ± 0.28 ; between groups difference , 95 % confidence interval = −0.14 – 0.26 , P = 0.41 . No significant changes were noted in cIMT or RHI . Conclusions Six months treatment with liraglutide ( 1.8 mg od ) equally affected young obese women with PCOS and controls . In both groups , liraglutide treatment was associated with 3–4 % weight loss and significant reduction in atherothrombosis markers including inflammation , endothelial function and clotting . Our data support the use of liraglutide as weight loss medication in simple obesity and suggest a potential beneficial effect on platelet function and atherothrombotic risk at 6 months of treatment . Trial registration Clinical trial reg . no. IS RCT N48560305 . Date of registration 22/05/2012 Objective The effect of metformin on weight reduction in polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) is often unsatisfactory . In this study , we investigated the potential add-on effect of treatment with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide on weight loss in obese nondiabetic women with PCOS who had lost < 5 % body weight during pretreatment with metformin . Methods A total of 40 obese women with PCOS , who had been pretreated with metformin for at least 6 months , participated in a 12-week open-label , prospect i ve study . They were r and omized to one of three treatment arms : metformin ( MET ) arm 1000 mg BID , liraglutide ( LIRA ) arm 1.2 mg QD s.c . , or combined MET 1000 mg BID and LIRA ( COMBI ) 1.2 mg QD s.c . Lifestyle intervention was not actively promoted . The primary outcome was change in body weight . Results Thirty six patients ( aged 31.3±7.1 years , BMI 37.1±4.6 kg/m2 ) completed the study : 14 on MET , 11 on LIRA , and 11 on combined treatment . COMBI therapy was superior to LIRA and MET monotherapy in reducing weight , BMI , and waist circumference . Subjects treated with COMBI lost on average 6.5±2.8 kg compared with a 3.8±3.7 kg loss in the LIRA group and a 1.2±1.4 kg loss in the MET group ( P<0.001 ) . The extent of weight loss was stratified : a total of 38 % of subjects were high responders who lost ≥5 % body weight , 22 % of them in the COMBI arm compared with 16 and 0 % in the LIRA and MET arm respectively . BMI decreased by 2.4±1.0 in the COMBI arm compared with 1.3±1.3 in LIRA and 0.5±0.5 in the MET arm ( P<0.001 ) . Waist circumference also decreased by 5.5±3.8 cm in the COMBI arm compared with 3.2±2.9 cm in LIRA and 1.6±2.9 cm in the MET arm ( P=0.029 ) . Subjects treated with liraglutide experienced more nausea than those treated with metformin , but severity of nausea decreased over time and did not correlate with weight loss . Conclusions Short-term combined treatment with liraglutide and metformin was associated with significant weight loss and decrease in waist circumference in obese women with PCOS who had previously been poor responders regarding weight reduction  on metformin monotherapy The physiological role of glucagon-like peptide-1 7 - 36 amide ( GLP-1 7 - 36 ) in man was investigated . GLP-1 7 - 36-like immunoreactivity was found in the human bowel ; its circulating level rose after oral glucose and after a test breakfast . When it was infused into seven volunteers at a rate to mimic its postpr and ial plasma concentration in the fasting state , plasma insulin levels rose significantly and glucose and glucagon concentrations fell . During an intravenous glucose load , it greatly enhanced insulin release and significantly reduced peak plasma glucose concentrations , compared with a control saline infusion , even inducing postinfusion reactive hypoglycaemia . By comparison , infusion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP ) to physiological levels was less effective in stimulating insulin release . These observations suggest that GLP-1 7 - 36 is a physiological incretin and that it is more powerful than GIP . The observation of greatly increased postpr and ial plasma GLP-1 7 - 36 levels in patients with postgastrectomy dumping syndrome suggests that it may mediate the hyperinsulinaemia and reactive hypoglycaemia of this disorder BACKGROUND New treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus are needed to retain insulin-glucose coupling and lower the risk of weight gain and hypoglycaemia . We aim ed to investigate the safety and efficacy of liraglutide as monotherapy for this disorder . METHODS In a double-blind , double-dummy , active-control , parallel-group study , 746 patients with early type 2 diabetes were r and omly assigned to once daily liraglutide ( 1.2 mg [ n=251 ] or 1.8 mg [ n=247 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Aim : Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists ( GLP-1 RA ) stimulate satiety leading to reductions in food intake and body weight . The effects of long- acting GLP-1 RA liraglutide on eating behavior of women with PCOS have not been investigated yet . Methods : Thirty-six obese women with PCOS ( mean ± SD , aged 31.2 ± 7.8 years , with BMI 38.7 ± 0.1 kg/m2 ) , pretreated with metformin ( 1000 mg BID ) were switched to liraglutide 1.2 mg QD sc for 12 weeks . Adiposity parameters and eating behavior as assessed by Three-Factor Eating Question naire ( TFEQ-R18 ) were examined at baseline and after 12 weeks . Results : Subjects treated with liraglutide lost on average 3.8 ± 0.1 kg ( p < 0.001 ) . Significant reductions of waist circumference and visceral adipose tissue ( VAT ) mass , volume and area were demonstrated from liraglutide induction to the end of the study . TFEQ-R18 scores were significantly different pre- and post-liraglutide intervention . After treatment with liraglutide  the uncontrolled eating ( UE ) score decreased from 36.8 ± 24.5 to 19.6 ± 18.4 ( p < 0.001 ) and emotional eating ( EE ) score decreased from 49.9 ± 33.3 to 28.5 ± 26.9 ( p < 0.001 ) . Scores for cognitive restraint ( CR ) were not changed . Conclusions : Short-term liraglutide treatment was associated with weight loss and significantly improved eating behavior in obese women with PCOS OBJECTIVE The long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist liraglutide is linked to progressive and sustained weight loss in obese people with diabetes . However , its efficacy and safety in women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) has not yet been addressed . DESIGN Thirty-two obese women ( aged 27.6±7.2 years , BMI 39.5±6.2 kg/m2 ) with newly diagnosed PCOS were r and omized to receive either liraglutide 1.2 mg QD sc ( n=17 ) or metformin 1000 mg BID po ( n=15 ) for 12 weeks ; 28 patients completed the study ( 14 on liraglutide and 14 on metformin ) . The main outcome was change in body weight . RESULTS Intention-to-treat analysis showed significant BMI ( −0.98 kg/m2 ; p<0.001 ) , body weight ( −2.52 kg ; p<0.001 ) , waist circumference ( −3.38 cm ; p<0.001 ) and whole-body fat mass ( −1.26 % ; p<0.001 ) reduction in both treatment arms without significant differences between therapeutic groups . However , in a subgroup of patients ( n=9 ) with insulin resistance ( HOMAIR > 2 ) , severe obesity and higher odds ratio for the metabolic syndrome ( OR=3.9 ) , the patients fared much better with liraglutide than with metformin ( mean BMI decreased 2.13 kg/m2 vs. 0.62 kg/m2 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS Short-term liraglutide treatment was associated with significant weight loss in a subset of obese patients with newly diagnosed PCOS and a higher metabolic risk profile OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of exenatide on body weight and glucose tolerance in nondiabetic obese subjects with normal or impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) or impaired fasting glucose ( IFG ) . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Obese subjects ( n = 152 ; age 46 ± 12 years , female 82 % , weight 108.6 ± 23.0 kg , BMI 39.6 ± 7.0 kg/m2 , IGT or IFG 25 % ) were r and omized to receive exenatide ( n = 73 ) or placebo ( n = 79 ) , along with lifestyle intervention , for 24 weeks . RESULTS Exenatide-treated subjects lost 5.1 ± 0.5 kg from baseline versus 1.6 ± 0.5 kg with placebo ( exenatide − placebo , P < 0.001 ) . Placebo-subtracted difference in percent weight reduction was −3.3 ± 0.5 % ( P < 0.001 ) . Both groups reduced their daily calorie intake  ( exenatide , −449 cal ; placebo , −387 cal ) . IGT or IFG normalized at end point in 77 and 56 % of exenatide and placebo subjects , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Exenatide plus lifestyle modification decreased caloric intake and result ed in weight loss in nondiabetic obesity with improved glucose tolerance in subjects with IGT and IFG Objective The purpose of this study was to further underst and interrelationships between insulin resistance in PCOS and elevated diastolic blood pressure . Design A prospect i ve case control study . Participants Fifty normal women and 43 PCOS patients , 16 of them with insulin resistance . Setting Academic Institution . Interventions  Clinical , anthropometric and ultrasonographic features of PCOS were assessed , as were  blood levels for luteinizing hormone , follicle-stimulating hormone , and rostenedione , DHEAS , and basal insulin .  A  lipid profile and an oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) were also performed . Main outcome measures To demonstrate the effect of insulin resistance on blood pressure in patients with PCOS . Results Patients with PCOS and those with PCOS plus insulin resistance ( IR ) had significantly elevated levels of plasma and rogen but only those with IR showed greater body mass index and waist : hip ratios than PCOS or control . PCOS plus IR differed significantly in their response to OGTT when compared to PCOS or control . Alterations in lipid profile were shown to be atherogenic . Patients with PCOS plus IR demonstrated a significant elevation of diastolic blood pressure when compared to PCOS alone or controls . Conclusions We hypothesize that hyperlipidemia and IR may be involved in the pathophysiologic features of the elevated diastolic blood pressure in PCOS patients Background Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) is associated with obesity and increased cardiovascular ( CV ) risk markers . In this study our aim was to assess the effects of six months treatment with liraglutide 1.8 mg od on obesity , and CV risk markers , particularly platelet function , in young obese women with PCOS compared to controls of similar age and weight .  Methods Carotid intima-media wall thickness ( cIMT ) was measured by B-mode ultrasonography , platelet function by flow cytometry , clot structure/lysis by turbidimetric assays and endothelial function by ELISA and post-ischaemic reactive hyperemia ( RHI ) . Data presented as mean change ( 6-month – baseline ) ± st and ard deviation . Results Nineteen obese women with PCOS and 17 controls , of similar age and weight , were recruited ; baseline atherothrombotic risk markers did not differ between the two groups . Twenty five ( 69.4 % ) participants completed the study ( 13 PCOS , 12 controls ) . At six months , weight was significantly reduced by 3.0 ± 4.2 and 3.8 ± 3.4 kg in the PCOS and control groups , respectively ; with no significant difference between the two groups , P = 0.56 . Similarly , HOMA-IR , triglyceride , hsCRP , urinary isoprostanes , serum endothelial adhesion markers ( sP-selectin , sICAM and sVCAM ) , and clot lysis area were equally significantly reduced in both groups compared to baseline . Basal platelet P-selectin expression was significantly reduced at six months in controls −0.17 ± 0.26 but not PCOS −0.12 ± 0.28 ; between groups difference , 95 % confidence interval = −0.14 – 0.26 , P = 0.41 . No significant changes were noted in cIMT or RHI . Conclusions Six months treatment with liraglutide ( 1.8 mg od ) equally affected young obese women with PCOS and controls . In both groups , liraglutide treatment was associated with 3–4 % weight loss and significant reduction in atherothrombosis markers including inflammation , endothelial function and clotting . Our data support the use of liraglutide as weight loss medication in simple obesity and suggest a potential beneficial effect on platelet function and atherothrombotic risk at 6 months of treatment . Trial registration Clinical trial reg . no. IS RCT N48560305 . Date of registration 22/05/2012 Objective The effect of metformin on weight reduction in polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) is often unsatisfactory . In this study , we investigated the potential add-on effect of treatment with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide on weight loss in obese nondiabetic women with PCOS who had lost < 5 % body weight during pretreatment with metformin . Methods A total of 40 obese women with PCOS , who had been pretreated with metformin for at least 6 months , participated in a 12-week open-label , prospect i ve study . They were r and omized to one of three treatment arms : metformin ( MET ) arm 1000 mg BID , liraglutide ( LIRA ) arm 1.2 mg QD s.c . , or combined MET 1000 mg BID and LIRA ( COMBI ) 1.2 mg QD s.c . Lifestyle intervention was not actively promoted . The primary outcome was change in body weight . Results Thirty six patients ( aged 31.3±7.1 years , BMI 37.1±4.6 kg/m2 ) completed the study : 14 on MET , 11 on LIRA , and 11 on combined treatment . COMBI therapy was superior to LIRA and MET monotherapy in reducing weight , BMI , and waist circumference . Subjects treated with COMBI lost on average 6.5±2.8 kg compared with a 3.8±3.7 kg loss in the LIRA group and a 1.2±1.4 kg loss in the MET group ( P<0.001 ) . The extent of weight loss was stratified : a total of 38 % of subjects were high responders who lost ≥5 % body weight , 22 % of them in the COMBI arm compared with 16 and 0 % in the LIRA and MET arm respectively . BMI decreased by 2.4±1.0 in the COMBI arm compared with 1.3±1.3 in LIRA and 0.5±0.5 in the MET arm ( P<0.001 ) . Waist circumference also decreased by 5.5±3.8 cm in the COMBI arm compared with 3.2±2.9 cm in LIRA and 1.6±2.9 cm in the MET arm ( P=0.029 ) . Subjects treated with liraglutide experienced more nausea than those treated with metformin , but severity of nausea decreased over time and did not correlate with weight loss . Conclusions Short-term combined treatment with liraglutide and metformin was associated with significant weight loss and decrease in waist circumference in obese women with PCOS who had previously been poor responders regarding weight reduction  on metformin monotherapy The physiological role of glucagon-like peptide-1 7 - 36 amide ( GLP-1 7 - 36 ) in man was investigated . GLP-1 7 - 36-like immunoreactivity was found in the human bowel ; its circulating level rose after oral glucose and after a test breakfast . When it was infused into seven volunteers at a rate to mimic its postpr and ial plasma concentration in the fasting state , plasma insulin levels rose significantly and glucose and glucagon concentrations fell . During an intravenous glucose load , it greatly enhanced insulin release and significantly reduced peak plasma glucose concentrations , compared with a control saline infusion , even inducing postinfusion reactive hypoglycaemia . By comparison , infusion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP ) to physiological levels was less effective in stimulating insulin release . These observations suggest that GLP-1 7 - 36 is a physiological incretin and that it is more powerful than GIP . The observation of greatly increased postpr and ial plasma GLP-1 7 - 36 levels in patients with postgastrectomy dumping syndrome suggests that it may mediate the hyperinsulinaemia and reactive hypoglycaemia of this disorder BACKGROUND New treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus are needed to retain insulin-glucose coupling and lower the risk of weight gain and hypoglycaemia . We aim ed to investigate the safety and efficacy of liraglutide as monotherapy for this disorder . METHODS In a double-blind , double-dummy , active-control , parallel-group study , 746 patients with early type 2 diabetes were r and omly assigned to once daily liraglutide ( 1.2 mg [ n=251 ] or 1.8 mg [ n=247 
    Output:
    