human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Warm-up protocol s have the potential to cause an acute enhancement of dynamic sprinting performance . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three repetition specific gluteal activation warm-up protocol s on acceleration performance in male rugby union players . Forty male academy rugby union players were r and omly assigned to one of 4 groups ( control , 5 , 10 or 15 repetition gluteal activation group ) and performed 10 m sprints at baseline and 30 s , 2 , 4 , 6 and 8 min after their specific intervention protocol . Five and ten meter sprint times were the dependent variable and dual-beam timing gates were used to record all sprint times . Repeated measures analysis of variance found no significant improvement in 5 and 10 m sprint times between baseline and post warm-up scores ( p ≥ 0.05 ) for all groups . There were no reported significant differences between groups at any of the rest interval time points ( p ≥ 0.05 ) . However , when individual responses to the warm-up protocol s were analyzed , the 15 repetition gluteal activation group had faster 10 m times post-intervention and this improvement was significant ( p = 0.021 ) . These results would indicate that there is no specific rest interval for any of the gluteal interventions that results in a potentiation effect on acceleration performance . However , the individual response analysis would seem to indicate that a 15 repetition gluteal activation warm-up protocol has a potentiating effect on acceleration performance provided that the rest interval is adequately and individually determined Reduced physical performance has been observed following the half-time period in team sports players , likely due to a decrease in muscle temperature during this period . We examined the effects of a passive heat maintenance strategy employed between successive exercise bouts on core temperature ( Tcore ) and subsequent exercise performance .  Eighteen professional Rugby Union players completed this r and omised and counter-balanced study . After a st and ardised warm-up ( WU ) and 15 min of rest , players completed a repeated sprint test ( RSSA 1 ) and countermovement jumps ( CMJ ) . Thereafter , in normal training attire ( Control ) or a survival jacket ( Passive ) , players rested for a further 15 min ( simulating a typical half-time ) before performing a second RSSA ( RSSA 2 ) and CMJ ’s . Measurements of Tcore were taken at baseline , post-WU , pre-RSSA 1 , post-RSSA 1 and pre-RSSA 2 . Peak power output ( PPO ) and repeated sprint ability was assessed before and after the simulated half-time . Similar Tcore responses were observed between conditions at baseline ( Control : 37.06±0.05 ° C ; Passive : 37.03±0.05 ° C ) and for all other Tcore measurements taken before half-time . After the simulated half-time , the decline in Tcore was lower ( -0.74±0.08 % vs. -1.54±0.06 % , p<0.001 ) and PPO was higher ( 5610±105 W vs. 5440±105 W , p<0.001 ) in the Passive versus Control condition . The decline in PPO over half-time was related to the decline in Tcore ( r = 0.632 , p = 0.005 ) . In RSSA 2 , best , mean and total sprint times were 1.39±0.17 % ( p<0.001 ) , 0.55±0.06 % ( p<0.001 ) and 0.55±0.06 % ( p<0.001 ) faster for Passive versus Control . Passive heat maintenance reduced declines in Tcore that were observed during a simulated half-time period and improved subsequent PPO and repeated sprint ability in professional Rugby Union players The effects of high-intensity , short- duration , re-warm-ups on team-sport-related performance were investigated . In a r and omised , cross-over study , participants performed 2 × 26-min periods of an intermittent activity protocol ( IAP ) on a non-motorized treadmill , interspersed by 15-min of passive recovery ( CON ) ; 3-min small-sided game ( SSG ) ; or a 5RM leg-press . Measures included counter-movement jump , repeated-sprint , the Loughborough soccer passing test ( LSPT ) , blood lactate concentration , heart-rate , and perceptual measures . Data were analyzed using effect size ( 90 % confidence intervals ) , and percentage change ; determining magnitudes of effects . A 5RM re-warm-up improved flight-time to contraction-time ratio when compared to SSG ( 9.8 % , ES ; 0.5±0.3 ) and CON ( ES : 9.4 % , 0.7±0.5 ) re-warm-ups , remaining higher following the second IAP ( 8.8 % , ES ; 0.5±0.3 and 10.2 % , ES ; 0.6±0.6 , respectively ) . Relative-maximum rate-of-force development was greater in the 5RM condition following the second IAP compared to SSG ( 29.3 % , ES ; 0.7±0.5 ) and CON ( 16.2 % , ES ; 0.6±0.6 ) . Repeated-sprint ability during the second IAP improved in the 5RM re-warm-up ; peak velocity , mean velocity , and acceleration were 4 , 3 , and 18 % greater , respectively . Within groups , the SSG re-warm-up improved LSPT performance post-intervention ; 6.4 % ( ES : 0.6±0.8 ) and following the second IAP 6.2 % ( ES : 0.6±0.6 ) , compared to pre-intervention . A 5RM leg-press re-warm-up improved physical performance , while a SSG re-warm-up enhanced skill execution following st and ardized intermittent exercise The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of general , specific and combined warm-up ( WU ) on explosive performance .  Healthy male ( n = 10 ) subjects participated in six  WU  protocol s in a crossover r and omized study design . Protocol s were : passive rest ( PR ; 15 min of passive rest ) , running ( Run ; 5 min of running at 70 % of maximum heart rate ) , stretching ( STR ; 5 min of static stretching exercise ) , jumping [ Jump ; 5 min of jumping exercises – 3x8 countermovement jumps ( CMJ ) and 3x8 drop jumps from 60 cm ( DJ60 ) ] , and combined ( COM ; protocol s Run+STR+Jump combined ) . Immediately before and after each WU , subjects were assessed for explosive concentric-only ( i.e. squat jump – SJ ) , slow stretch-shortening cycle ( i.e. CMJ ) , fast stretch-shortening cycle ( i.e. DJ60 ) and contact time ( CT ) muscle performance . PR significantly reduced SJ performance ( p = 0.007 ) . Run increased SJ ( p = 0.0001 ) and CMJ ( p = 0.002 ) . STR increased CMJ ( p = 0.048 ) . Specific WU ( i.e. Jump ) increased SJ ( p = 0.001 ) , CMJ ( p = 0.028 ) and DJ60 ( p = 0.006 ) performance . COM increased CMJ performance ( p = 0.006 ) . Jump was superior in SJ performance vs. PR ( p = 0.001 ) . Jump reduced ( p = 0.03 ) CT in DJ60 . In conclusion , general , specific and combined WU  increase slow stretch-shortening cycle ( SSC ) muscle performance , but only specific WU  increases fast SSC muscle performance . Therefore , to increase fast SSC performance , specific fast SSC muscle actions must be included during the WU This study aim ed to investigate the kinematic and kinetic changes when resistance is applied in horizontal and vertical directions , produced by using different percentages of body weight , caused by jumping movements during a dynamic warm-up . The group of subjects consisted of 35 voluntary male athletes ( 19 basketball and 16 volleyball players ; age : 23.4 ± 1.4 years , training experience : 9.6 ± 2.7 years ; height : 177.2 ± 5.7 cm , body weight : 69.9 ± 6.9 kg ) study ing Physical Education , who had a jump training background and who were training for 2 hours , on 4 days in a week . A dynamic warm-up protocol containing seven specific resistance movements with specific resistance corresponding to different percentages of body weight ( 2 % , 4 % , 6 % , 8 % , 10 % ) was applied r and omly on non consecutive days . Effects of different warm-up protocol s were assessed by pre-/post- exercise changes in jump height in the countermovement jump ( CMJ ) and the squat jump ( SJ ) measured using a force platform and changes in hip and knee joint angles at the end of the eccentric phase measured using a video camera . A significant increase in jump height was observed in the dynamic resistance warm-up conducted with different percentages of body weight ( p < 0.05 ) . On the other h and , no significant difference in different percentages of body weight states was observed ( p > 0.05 ) . In jump movements before and after the warm-up , while no significant difference between the vertical ground reaction forces applied by athletes was observed ( p > 0.05 ) , in some cases of resistance , a significant reduction was observed in hip and knee joint angles ( p < 0.05 ) . The dynamic resistance warm-up method was found to cause changes in the kinematics of jumping movements , as well as an increase in jump height values . As a result , dynamic warm-up exercises could be applicable in cases of resistance corresponding to 6 - 10 % of body weight applied in horizontal and vertical directions in order to increase the jump performance acutely The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of different warm-up interventions on jump , sprint and agility performance in collegiate soccer players . Twenty-one healthy male college soccer players ( age : 20.14 ± 1.65 years ; body height : 179.9 ± 8.34 cm ; body mass : 74.4 ± 13.0 kg ; % body fat : 9.45 ± 4.8 ) participated in the study . Subjects underwent four different r and omized warm-up protocol s separated by at least 48 hours . The warm-up schemes were : 1 . no conditioning contraction protocol ( NCC ) ; 2 . dynamic stretching ( DS ) ; 3 . prolonged intermittent low-intensity isometric exercise ( ST ) ; and , 4 . ST with an additional external load equal to 30 % of body weight ( ST + 30 % BW ) . All interventions were preceded by a general warm-up . Results from one-way repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference in countermovement jump ( CMJ ) at F(3,60 ) = 10.2 , ηρ2 = 0.337 , p < 0.01 . Post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference in CMJ performance in DS when compared to NCC and ST + 30 % BW . No significant difference in CMJ was observed between DS and ST . CMJ scores in NCC , ST , and ST + 30 % BW were non-significant . There was a significant difference in speed ; F(3 , 60 ) = 6.61 , ηρ2 = 0.248 , p < 0.01 . Post hoc analysis revealed significantly better time in DS than NCC and ST . However , no difference in speed was observed between DS and ST + 30 % BW . Similarly , speed was similar in NCC , ST and ST + 30 % BW . A significant difference in agility performance was also observed ; F(3 , 60 ) = 24.1 , ηρ2= 0.546 , p < 0.01 . Post hoc analysis revealed significantly greater performance gains in DS than NCC . No significant difference in agility was observed in DS , ST and ST + 30 % BW . In conclusion , a prolonged intermittent low-intensity isometric protocol using bodyweight only showed similar benefits with dynamic stretching in countermovement jump performance . When the same isometric condition with additional load equal to 30 % of bodyweight was applied , effects in speed and agility were similar to dynamic stretching OBJECTIVES This study investigated the acute effects of a currently implemented team-sport warm-up and two alternative , high-intensity , short- duration protocol s - 5 repetition maximum leg press and small-sided games . DESIGN Ten male soccer players participated in a r and omised , cross-over study . METHODS Participants performed a team-sport , a leg-press , or a small-sided game warm-up . Subsequent performance tests included counter-movement jump , reactive agility , and 15 × 20 m sprints embedded in an intermittent exercise task . Physiological measures included core temperature , blood lactate concentration , heart rate and rating of perceived exertion . Data were analysed using the effect size statistic with 90 % confidence intervals , and percentage change , to determine magnitude of effects . RESULTS Counter-movement jump height improved following the small-sided game ( 6 % , ES : 0.8±0.8 ) and leg-press warm-up ( 2 % , ES : 0.3±0.5 ) , but not after the team-sport warm-up ( ' unclear ' effect ) . Reactive agility improved after the small-sided game ( 4 % , ES : 0.8±0.7 ) and leg-press warm-ups only ( 5 % , ES : 1.1±0.7 ) , when compared to baseline . Mean 20-m sprint times during the intermittent exercise task improved following the leg-press warm-up , when compared with the small-sided game ( 9 % , ES : 0.9±0.3 ) and team-sport warm-ups ( 7 % , ES : 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Warm-up protocol s have the potential to cause an acute enhancement of dynamic sprinting performance . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three repetition specific gluteal activation warm-up protocol s on acceleration performance in male rugby union players . Forty male academy rugby union players were r and omly assigned to one of 4 groups ( control , 5 , 10 or 15 repetition gluteal activation group ) and performed 10 m sprints at baseline and 30 s , 2 , 4 , 6 and 8 min after their specific intervention protocol . Five and ten meter sprint times were the dependent variable and dual-beam timing gates were used to record all sprint times . Repeated measures analysis of variance found no significant improvement in 5 and 10 m sprint times between baseline and post warm-up scores ( p ≥ 0.05 ) for all groups . There were no reported significant differences between groups at any of the rest interval time points ( p ≥ 0.05 ) . However , when individual responses to the warm-up protocol s were analyzed , the 15 repetition gluteal activation group had faster 10 m times post-intervention and this improvement was significant ( p = 0.021 ) . These results would indicate that there is no specific rest interval for any of the gluteal interventions that results in a potentiation effect on acceleration performance . However , the individual response analysis would seem to indicate that a 15 repetition gluteal activation warm-up protocol has a potentiating effect on acceleration performance provided that the rest interval is adequately and individually determined Reduced physical performance has been observed following the half-time period in team sports players , likely due to a decrease in muscle temperature during this period . We examined the effects of a passive heat maintenance strategy employed between successive exercise bouts on core temperature ( Tcore ) and subsequent exercise performance .  Eighteen professional Rugby Union players completed this r and omised and counter-balanced study . After a st and ardised warm-up ( WU ) and 15 min of rest , players completed a repeated sprint test ( RSSA 1 ) and countermovement jumps ( CMJ ) . Thereafter , in normal training attire ( Control ) or a survival jacket ( Passive ) , players rested for a further 15 min ( simulating a typical half-time ) before performing a second RSSA ( RSSA 2 ) and CMJ ’s . Measurements of Tcore were taken at baseline , post-WU , pre-RSSA 1 , post-RSSA 1 and pre-RSSA 2 . Peak power output ( PPO ) and repeated sprint ability was assessed before and after the simulated half-time . Similar Tcore responses were observed between conditions at baseline ( Control : 37.06±0.05 ° C ; Passive : 37.03±0.05 ° C ) and for all other Tcore measurements taken before half-time . After the simulated half-time , the decline in Tcore was lower ( -0.74±0.08 % vs. -1.54±0.06 % , p<0.001 ) and PPO was higher ( 5610±105 W vs. 5440±105 W , p<0.001 ) in the Passive versus Control condition . The decline in PPO over half-time was related to the decline in Tcore ( r = 0.632 , p = 0.005 ) . In RSSA 2 , best , mean and total sprint times were 1.39±0.17 % ( p<0.001 ) , 0.55±0.06 % ( p<0.001 ) and 0.55±0.06 % ( p<0.001 ) faster for Passive versus Control . Passive heat maintenance reduced declines in Tcore that were observed during a simulated half-time period and improved subsequent PPO and repeated sprint ability in professional Rugby Union players The effects of high-intensity , short- duration , re-warm-ups on team-sport-related performance were investigated . In a r and omised , cross-over study , participants performed 2 × 26-min periods of an intermittent activity protocol ( IAP ) on a non-motorized treadmill , interspersed by 15-min of passive recovery ( CON ) ; 3-min small-sided game ( SSG ) ; or a 5RM leg-press . Measures included counter-movement jump , repeated-sprint , the Loughborough soccer passing test ( LSPT ) , blood lactate concentration , heart-rate , and perceptual measures . Data were analyzed using effect size ( 90 % confidence intervals ) , and percentage change ; determining magnitudes of effects . A 5RM re-warm-up improved flight-time to contraction-time ratio when compared to SSG ( 9.8 % , ES ; 0.5±0.3 ) and CON ( ES : 9.4 % , 0.7±0.5 ) re-warm-ups , remaining higher following the second IAP ( 8.8 % , ES ; 0.5±0.3 and 10.2 % , ES ; 0.6±0.6 , respectively ) . Relative-maximum rate-of-force development was greater in the 5RM condition following the second IAP compared to SSG ( 29.3 % , ES ; 0.7±0.5 ) and CON ( 16.2 % , ES ; 0.6±0.6 ) . Repeated-sprint ability during the second IAP improved in the 5RM re-warm-up ; peak velocity , mean velocity , and acceleration were 4 , 3 , and 18 % greater , respectively . Within groups , the SSG re-warm-up improved LSPT performance post-intervention ; 6.4 % ( ES : 0.6±0.8 ) and following the second IAP 6.2 % ( ES : 0.6±0.6 ) , compared to pre-intervention . A 5RM leg-press re-warm-up improved physical performance , while a SSG re-warm-up enhanced skill execution following st and ardized intermittent exercise The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of general , specific and combined warm-up ( WU ) on explosive performance .  Healthy male ( n = 10 ) subjects participated in six  WU  protocol s in a crossover r and omized study design . Protocol s were : passive rest ( PR ; 15 min of passive rest ) , running ( Run ; 5 min of running at 70 % of maximum heart rate ) , stretching ( STR ; 5 min of static stretching exercise ) , jumping [ Jump ; 5 min of jumping exercises – 3x8 countermovement jumps ( CMJ ) and 3x8 drop jumps from 60 cm ( DJ60 ) ] , and combined ( COM ; protocol s Run+STR+Jump combined ) . Immediately before and after each WU , subjects were assessed for explosive concentric-only ( i.e. squat jump – SJ ) , slow stretch-shortening cycle ( i.e. CMJ ) , fast stretch-shortening cycle ( i.e. DJ60 ) and contact time ( CT ) muscle performance . PR significantly reduced SJ performance ( p = 0.007 ) . Run increased SJ ( p = 0.0001 ) and CMJ ( p = 0.002 ) . STR increased CMJ ( p = 0.048 ) . Specific WU ( i.e. Jump ) increased SJ ( p = 0.001 ) , CMJ ( p = 0.028 ) and DJ60 ( p = 0.006 ) performance . COM increased CMJ performance ( p = 0.006 ) . Jump was superior in SJ performance vs. PR ( p = 0.001 ) . Jump reduced ( p = 0.03 ) CT in DJ60 . In conclusion , general , specific and combined WU  increase slow stretch-shortening cycle ( SSC ) muscle performance , but only specific WU  increases fast SSC muscle performance . Therefore , to increase fast SSC performance , specific fast SSC muscle actions must be included during the WU This study aim ed to investigate the kinematic and kinetic changes when resistance is applied in horizontal and vertical directions , produced by using different percentages of body weight , caused by jumping movements during a dynamic warm-up . The group of subjects consisted of 35 voluntary male athletes ( 19 basketball and 16 volleyball players ; age : 23.4 ± 1.4 years , training experience : 9.6 ± 2.7 years ; height : 177.2 ± 5.7 cm , body weight : 69.9 ± 6.9 kg ) study ing Physical Education , who had a jump training background and who were training for 2 hours , on 4 days in a week . A dynamic warm-up protocol containing seven specific resistance movements with specific resistance corresponding to different percentages of body weight ( 2 % , 4 % , 6 % , 8 % , 10 % ) was applied r and omly on non consecutive days . Effects of different warm-up protocol s were assessed by pre-/post- exercise changes in jump height in the countermovement jump ( CMJ ) and the squat jump ( SJ ) measured using a force platform and changes in hip and knee joint angles at the end of the eccentric phase measured using a video camera . A significant increase in jump height was observed in the dynamic resistance warm-up conducted with different percentages of body weight ( p < 0.05 ) . On the other h and , no significant difference in different percentages of body weight states was observed ( p > 0.05 ) . In jump movements before and after the warm-up , while no significant difference between the vertical ground reaction forces applied by athletes was observed ( p > 0.05 ) , in some cases of resistance , a significant reduction was observed in hip and knee joint angles ( p < 0.05 ) . The dynamic resistance warm-up method was found to cause changes in the kinematics of jumping movements , as well as an increase in jump height values . As a result , dynamic warm-up exercises could be applicable in cases of resistance corresponding to 6 - 10 % of body weight applied in horizontal and vertical directions in order to increase the jump performance acutely The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of different warm-up interventions on jump , sprint and agility performance in collegiate soccer players . Twenty-one healthy male college soccer players ( age : 20.14 ± 1.65 years ; body height : 179.9 ± 8.34 cm ; body mass : 74.4 ± 13.0 kg ; % body fat : 9.45 ± 4.8 ) participated in the study . Subjects underwent four different r and omized warm-up protocol s separated by at least 48 hours . The warm-up schemes were : 1 . no conditioning contraction protocol ( NCC ) ; 2 . dynamic stretching ( DS ) ; 3 . prolonged intermittent low-intensity isometric exercise ( ST ) ; and , 4 . ST with an additional external load equal to 30 % of body weight ( ST + 30 % BW ) . All interventions were preceded by a general warm-up . Results from one-way repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference in countermovement jump ( CMJ ) at F(3,60 ) = 10.2 , ηρ2 = 0.337 , p < 0.01 . Post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference in CMJ performance in DS when compared to NCC and ST + 30 % BW . No significant difference in CMJ was observed between DS and ST . CMJ scores in NCC , ST , and ST + 30 % BW were non-significant . There was a significant difference in speed ; F(3 , 60 ) = 6.61 , ηρ2 = 0.248 , p < 0.01 . Post hoc analysis revealed significantly better time in DS than NCC and ST . However , no difference in speed was observed between DS and ST + 30 % BW . Similarly , speed was similar in NCC , ST and ST + 30 % BW . A significant difference in agility performance was also observed ; F(3 , 60 ) = 24.1 , ηρ2= 0.546 , p < 0.01 . Post hoc analysis revealed significantly greater performance gains in DS than NCC . No significant difference in agility was observed in DS , ST and ST + 30 % BW . In conclusion , a prolonged intermittent low-intensity isometric protocol using bodyweight only showed similar benefits with dynamic stretching in countermovement jump performance . When the same isometric condition with additional load equal to 30 % of bodyweight was applied , effects in speed and agility were similar to dynamic stretching OBJECTIVES This study investigated the acute effects of a currently implemented team-sport warm-up and two alternative , high-intensity , short- duration protocol s - 5 repetition maximum leg press and small-sided games . DESIGN Ten male soccer players participated in a r and omised , cross-over study . METHODS Participants performed a team-sport , a leg-press , or a small-sided game warm-up . Subsequent performance tests included counter-movement jump , reactive agility , and 15 × 20 m sprints embedded in an intermittent exercise task . Physiological measures included core temperature , blood lactate concentration , heart rate and rating of perceived exertion . Data were analysed using the effect size statistic with 90 % confidence intervals , and percentage change , to determine magnitude of effects . RESULTS Counter-movement jump height improved following the small-sided game ( 6 % , ES : 0.8±0.8 ) and leg-press warm-up ( 2 % , ES : 0.3±0.5 ) , but not after the team-sport warm-up ( ' unclear ' effect ) . Reactive agility improved after the small-sided game ( 4 % , ES : 0.8±0.7 ) and leg-press warm-ups only ( 5 % , ES : 1.1±0.7 ) , when compared to baseline . Mean 20-m sprint times during the intermittent exercise task improved following the leg-press warm-up , when compared with the small-sided game ( 9 % , ES : 0.9±0.3 ) and team-sport warm-ups ( 7 % , ES : 
    Output:
    