human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The present pilot study examined the effects of alcohol commercials shown in movie theaters on the alcohol consumption of young adults who see these commercials . A two ( alcohol commercials vs. nonalcohol commercials ) by two ( high weekly alcohol consumption vs. low weekly alcohol consumption ) between-participant design was used , in which 184 young adults ( age : 16 - 28 years ) were exposed to a movie that was preceded by either alcohol commercials or nonalcohol commercials . Participants ' actual alcohol consumption while watching the movie ( " Watchmen " ) was examined . An analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) was conducted to examine the effects of the commercial condition on alcohol consumption . An interaction effect was found between commercial condition and weekly alcohol consumption ( p < .001 ) . Alcohol consumption among high weekly alcohol drinkers was higher in the alcohol commercial condition than in the nonalcohol commercial condition , whereas no differences were found in alcohol consumption between commercial conditions among low weekly alcohol drinkers . No gender differences were found in the association between exposure to alcohol commercials , weekly drinking , and alcohol use . Thus , exposure to alcohol commercials prior to a movie in a movie theater can directly influence alcohol consumption among high weekly alcohol consumers Previous work has demonstrated that children 's organization and activation of alcohol expectancies in memory vary as a function of alcohol use , even among children as young as in the 3rd grade . To advance the underst and ing of influences on the development of alcohol expectancies in children , 551 4th- and 5th- grade children were exposed to 5 beer commercials or 5 soft drink commercials .  After viewing the advertisements , all children reported their 1st associate to an alcohol prompt and completed a memory model-based measure of children 's alcohol expectancies . Multidimensional scaling was used to map expectancies into hypothetical memory network format , and preference mapping was used to derive possible paths of activation . Children who viewed beer commercials were more likely to activate positive and arousing alcohol expectancies . In view of previous findings demonstrating that this pattern of activation corresponded to higher drinking among 3rd , 6th , 9th , and 12th grade rs , the present findings suggested that antecedents to drinking like exposure to advertising may promote heavier drinking among children by influencing the activation of expectancies in memory The impact of televised use of alcoholic beverages on  children 's behavior  was evaluated in this study . Children were r and omly assigned to one of three experimental conditions : ( a ) television with drinking depicted , ( b ) television without drinking , or ( c ) a no television control condition . Segments of the syndicated television show M.A.S.H. were used as the viewing stimulus . The impact of the various conditions was evaluated in a choice task requiring subjects to choose either martini or regular glasses of either " whiskey " or " water " to serve pictured adults and children . Results indicated that subjects who viewed television drinking were significantly more likely to choose alcoholic beverages for pictured adults but not children . No effect was found for glass preference . Results and implication s of these findings and directions for future research are discussed AIMS Alcohol portrayal in movies and commercials is generally positive and might stimulate young people to drink . We tested experimentally whether portrayal of alcohol images in movies and commercials on television promotes actual drinking . METHODS In a naturalistic setting ( a bar lab ) , young adult male pairs watched a movie clip for 1 h with two commercial breaks and were allowed to drink non-alcohol and alcoholic beverages . These participants were r and omly assigned to one of four conditions varying on the type of movie ( many versus few alcohol portrayals ) and commercials ( alcohol commercials present or not ) . RESULTS Participants assigned to the conditions with substantial alcohol exposure in either movies or commercials consume more alcohol than other participants . Those in the condition with alcohol portrayal in movie and commercials  drank on average 1.5 glasses more than those in the condition with no alcohol portrayal , within a period of 1 h. CONCLUSIONS This study -for the first time-shows a causal link between exposure to drinking models and alcohol commercials on acute alcohol consumption Aims To assess the immediate effect of alcohol promoting and alcohol warning advertisements on implicit and explicit attitudes towards alcohol and on alcohol seeking behaviour . Methods We conducted a between- participants online experiment in which participants were r and omly assigned to view one of three sets of advertisements : ( a ) alcohol promoting , ( b ) alcohol warning , or ( c ) unrelated to alcohol . A total of 373 participants ( 59.5 % female ) aged 18–40 ( M = 28.03 ) living in the UK were recruited online through a research agency . Positive and negative implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes towards alcohol were assessed before and after advertisements were viewed . Alcohol seeking behaviour was measured by participants ' choice of either an alcohol-related or non-alcohol-related voucher offered ostensibly as a reward for participation . Self-reported past week alcohol consumption was also recorded . Results There were no main effects on any of the outcome measures . In heavier drinkers , viewing alcohol promoting advertisements  increased positive implicit attitudes ( st and ardized beta = 0.15 , P = 0.04 ) and decreased negative implicit attitudes ( st and ardized beta = −0.17 , P = 0.02 ) . In heavier drinkers , viewing alcohol warning advertisements  decreased negative implicit attitudes ( st and ardized beta = −0.19 , P = 0.01 ) . Conclusions Viewing alcohol promoting advertisements has a cognitive impact on heavier drinkers , increasing positive and reducing negative implicit attitudes towards alcohol . Viewing alcohol warning advertisements reduces negative implicit attitudes towards alcohol in heavier drinkers , suggestive of a reactance effect OBJECTIVE This study examines white male adolescent responses to  TV beer advertisements with and without sports content and to nonbeer ads when embedded in sports and entertainment programming . METHOD A total of 72 advertisements and 24 television program excerpts were r and omly sample d from national television programming . White male adolescents ( N = 157 ) recruited in a public school system each viewed six ads ( one of each of three types of ad embedded in each of two types of programming ) comprising the 2 x 2 x 3 factorial , within-subjects , mixed-model ( r and om and fixed effects ) experimental design along with an age-level blocking factor and r and om factors for commercial and program stimuli . Cognitive responses to each ad were content-analyzed . Individual difference variables including alcohol use behavior , sensation-seeking , masculinity and sports involvement were also measured . RESULTS Subjects showed a consistent preference for beer ads with sports content . A significant three-way interaction between ad type , programming type and junior versus senior high-school age level also indicated that sports programming had an inconsistent effect on responses to beer ads but that nonbeer ads were responded to more positively during sports than during entertainment programming . Other analyses showed that subjects were more cognitively resistant to beer ads than to nonbeer ads . CONCLUSIONS These results support public and official concerns that sports content in beer ads increase the ads appeal to underage youth . They do not support hypothesized concerns that sports programming might prime adolescents to be more receptive to beer ads . Implication s for alcohol education efforts are discussed AIMS To examine the nature of the relationships between responses to alcohol advertisements and  drinking behaviour and related problems .  To examine the role of positive and negative beliefs about drinking as intervening variables . DESIGN Survey utilizing a CATI ( computer-assisted telephone interviewing ) system , involving interviews with 1012 r and omly selected respondents . SETTING Respondents were r and omly selected from throughout New Zeal and . PARTICIPANTS Eighteen to twenty-nine-year-old New Zeal and ers . MEASUREMENTS Response to specific alcohol advertisements  was measured by recalled exposure ( how often they recalled having seen the advertisements ) and liking ( a measure of positive response ) . FINDINGS An exploratory non-recursive structural equation model , based on 791 drinkers provided tentative support for the hypothesis that positive responses to televised beer advertisements ( as measured by liking ) contributed to the quantity of alcohol consumed on drinking occasions , which in turn contributed to the level of alcohol-related problems . The model , which provided a good fit to the data , was consistent with the hypothesis that liking of beer advertisements had both a direct influence on quantities of alcohol consumed and an indirect influence , via its influence on positive beliefs . These effects were present after controlling for reciprocal effects , none of which were significant . The data did not support the hypothesis that the quantities of alcohol consumed would influence the respondent 's liking of beer advertisements .  Recalled exposure was not a significant influence on the quantities consumed . CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with a number of theoretical perspectives and with a growing body of research that are suggestive of alcohol advertising having some influence on the consumption of younger people Fifth and sixth grade children r and omly assigned to experimental and control groups saw videotaped television programs in which the drinking of alcoholic beverages by the principal characters appeared in the experimental condition but not the control condition . Parents ' drinking and home television watching were similar for both groups . Immediately after viewing the television programs , the children completed alcohol attitude and subjective expected utility ( SEU ) question naires . There were no significant differences in attitudes or SEU scores with one exception . Among boys only , those who saw the film with drinking were significantly more likely to respond that the good things about alcohol are more important than the bad things . Further research into the potential effects on children of drinking on television serials is indicated BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES : Previous studies have focused on the effect of food advertisements on the caloric intake of children . However , the role of individual susceptibility in this effect is unclear . The aim of this study was to examine the role of impulsivity in the effect of advergames that promote energy-dense snacks on children ’s snack intake . METHODS : First , impulsivity scores were assessed with a computer task . Then a r and omized between-subject design was conducted with 261 children aged 7 to 10 years who played an advergame promoting either energy-dense snacks or nonfood products .  As an extra manipulation , half of the children in each condition were rewarded for refraining from eating , the other half were not . Children could eat freely while playing the game . Food intake was measured . The children then completed question naire measures , and were weighed and measured . RESULTS : Overall , playing an advergame containing food cues increased general caloric intake . Furthermore , rewarding children to refrain from eating decreased their caloric intake . Finally , rewarding impulsive children to refrain from eating had no influence when they were playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks , whereas it did lead to reduced intake among low impulsive children and children who played nonfood advergames . CONCLUSIONS : Playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks contributes to increased caloric intake in children . The advergame promoting energy-dense snacks overruled the inhibition task to refrain from eating among impulsive children , making it more difficult for them to refrain from eating . The findings suggest that impulsivity plays an important role in susceptibility to food advertisements This study tests the effects of the portrayal of negative consequences of alcohol use on beliefs and attitudes toward alcohol consumption . In a between-subjects experiment ( N = 108 ) , participants were r and omly assigned to watch one of three conditions . One group of participants watched a version of an edited episode of the reality program Jersey Shore in which alcohol use had negative consequences , another group watched a version of the episode in which alcohol use had more positive consequences , and a control group was not exposed to any program . Results showed that participants who saw the version with negative consequences had more negative beliefs about alcohol and more negative attitudes toward beer than participants who saw the more positive consequences and participants in the control condition . This indicates that the portrayal of negative consequences can have positive outcomes for viewers ’ health beliefs and attitudes , reducing their positivity toward alcohol use 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The present pilot study examined the effects of alcohol commercials shown in movie theaters on the alcohol consumption of young adults who see these commercials . A two ( alcohol commercials vs. nonalcohol commercials ) by two ( high weekly alcohol consumption vs. low weekly alcohol consumption ) between-participant design was used , in which 184 young adults ( age : 16 - 28 years ) were exposed to a movie that was preceded by either alcohol commercials or nonalcohol commercials . Participants ' actual alcohol consumption while watching the movie ( " Watchmen " ) was examined . An analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) was conducted to examine the effects of the commercial condition on alcohol consumption . An interaction effect was found between commercial condition and weekly alcohol consumption ( p < .001 ) . Alcohol consumption among high weekly alcohol drinkers was higher in the alcohol commercial condition than in the nonalcohol commercial condition , whereas no differences were found in alcohol consumption between commercial conditions among low weekly alcohol drinkers . No gender differences were found in the association between exposure to alcohol commercials , weekly drinking , and alcohol use . Thus , exposure to alcohol commercials prior to a movie in a movie theater can directly influence alcohol consumption among high weekly alcohol consumers Previous work has demonstrated that children 's organization and activation of alcohol expectancies in memory vary as a function of alcohol use , even among children as young as in the 3rd grade . To advance the underst and ing of influences on the development of alcohol expectancies in children , 551 4th- and 5th- grade children were exposed to 5 beer commercials or 5 soft drink commercials .  After viewing the advertisements , all children reported their 1st associate to an alcohol prompt and completed a memory model-based measure of children 's alcohol expectancies . Multidimensional scaling was used to map expectancies into hypothetical memory network format , and preference mapping was used to derive possible paths of activation . Children who viewed beer commercials were more likely to activate positive and arousing alcohol expectancies . In view of previous findings demonstrating that this pattern of activation corresponded to higher drinking among 3rd , 6th , 9th , and 12th grade rs , the present findings suggested that antecedents to drinking like exposure to advertising may promote heavier drinking among children by influencing the activation of expectancies in memory The impact of televised use of alcoholic beverages on  children 's behavior  was evaluated in this study . Children were r and omly assigned to one of three experimental conditions : ( a ) television with drinking depicted , ( b ) television without drinking , or ( c ) a no television control condition . Segments of the syndicated television show M.A.S.H. were used as the viewing stimulus . The impact of the various conditions was evaluated in a choice task requiring subjects to choose either martini or regular glasses of either " whiskey " or " water " to serve pictured adults and children . Results indicated that subjects who viewed television drinking were significantly more likely to choose alcoholic beverages for pictured adults but not children . No effect was found for glass preference . Results and implication s of these findings and directions for future research are discussed AIMS Alcohol portrayal in movies and commercials is generally positive and might stimulate young people to drink . We tested experimentally whether portrayal of alcohol images in movies and commercials on television promotes actual drinking . METHODS In a naturalistic setting ( a bar lab ) , young adult male pairs watched a movie clip for 1 h with two commercial breaks and were allowed to drink non-alcohol and alcoholic beverages . These participants were r and omly assigned to one of four conditions varying on the type of movie ( many versus few alcohol portrayals ) and commercials ( alcohol commercials present or not ) . RESULTS Participants assigned to the conditions with substantial alcohol exposure in either movies or commercials consume more alcohol than other participants . Those in the condition with alcohol portrayal in movie and commercials  drank on average 1.5 glasses more than those in the condition with no alcohol portrayal , within a period of 1 h. CONCLUSIONS This study -for the first time-shows a causal link between exposure to drinking models and alcohol commercials on acute alcohol consumption Aims To assess the immediate effect of alcohol promoting and alcohol warning advertisements on implicit and explicit attitudes towards alcohol and on alcohol seeking behaviour . Methods We conducted a between- participants online experiment in which participants were r and omly assigned to view one of three sets of advertisements : ( a ) alcohol promoting , ( b ) alcohol warning , or ( c ) unrelated to alcohol . A total of 373 participants ( 59.5 % female ) aged 18–40 ( M = 28.03 ) living in the UK were recruited online through a research agency . Positive and negative implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes towards alcohol were assessed before and after advertisements were viewed . Alcohol seeking behaviour was measured by participants ' choice of either an alcohol-related or non-alcohol-related voucher offered ostensibly as a reward for participation . Self-reported past week alcohol consumption was also recorded . Results There were no main effects on any of the outcome measures . In heavier drinkers , viewing alcohol promoting advertisements  increased positive implicit attitudes ( st and ardized beta = 0.15 , P = 0.04 ) and decreased negative implicit attitudes ( st and ardized beta = −0.17 , P = 0.02 ) . In heavier drinkers , viewing alcohol warning advertisements  decreased negative implicit attitudes ( st and ardized beta = −0.19 , P = 0.01 ) . Conclusions Viewing alcohol promoting advertisements has a cognitive impact on heavier drinkers , increasing positive and reducing negative implicit attitudes towards alcohol . Viewing alcohol warning advertisements reduces negative implicit attitudes towards alcohol in heavier drinkers , suggestive of a reactance effect OBJECTIVE This study examines white male adolescent responses to  TV beer advertisements with and without sports content and to nonbeer ads when embedded in sports and entertainment programming . METHOD A total of 72 advertisements and 24 television program excerpts were r and omly sample d from national television programming . White male adolescents ( N = 157 ) recruited in a public school system each viewed six ads ( one of each of three types of ad embedded in each of two types of programming ) comprising the 2 x 2 x 3 factorial , within-subjects , mixed-model ( r and om and fixed effects ) experimental design along with an age-level blocking factor and r and om factors for commercial and program stimuli . Cognitive responses to each ad were content-analyzed . Individual difference variables including alcohol use behavior , sensation-seeking , masculinity and sports involvement were also measured . RESULTS Subjects showed a consistent preference for beer ads with sports content . A significant three-way interaction between ad type , programming type and junior versus senior high-school age level also indicated that sports programming had an inconsistent effect on responses to beer ads but that nonbeer ads were responded to more positively during sports than during entertainment programming . Other analyses showed that subjects were more cognitively resistant to beer ads than to nonbeer ads . CONCLUSIONS These results support public and official concerns that sports content in beer ads increase the ads appeal to underage youth . They do not support hypothesized concerns that sports programming might prime adolescents to be more receptive to beer ads . Implication s for alcohol education efforts are discussed AIMS To examine the nature of the relationships between responses to alcohol advertisements and  drinking behaviour and related problems .  To examine the role of positive and negative beliefs about drinking as intervening variables . DESIGN Survey utilizing a CATI ( computer-assisted telephone interviewing ) system , involving interviews with 1012 r and omly selected respondents . SETTING Respondents were r and omly selected from throughout New Zeal and . PARTICIPANTS Eighteen to twenty-nine-year-old New Zeal and ers . MEASUREMENTS Response to specific alcohol advertisements  was measured by recalled exposure ( how often they recalled having seen the advertisements ) and liking ( a measure of positive response ) . FINDINGS An exploratory non-recursive structural equation model , based on 791 drinkers provided tentative support for the hypothesis that positive responses to televised beer advertisements ( as measured by liking ) contributed to the quantity of alcohol consumed on drinking occasions , which in turn contributed to the level of alcohol-related problems . The model , which provided a good fit to the data , was consistent with the hypothesis that liking of beer advertisements had both a direct influence on quantities of alcohol consumed and an indirect influence , via its influence on positive beliefs . These effects were present after controlling for reciprocal effects , none of which were significant . The data did not support the hypothesis that the quantities of alcohol consumed would influence the respondent 's liking of beer advertisements .  Recalled exposure was not a significant influence on the quantities consumed . CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with a number of theoretical perspectives and with a growing body of research that are suggestive of alcohol advertising having some influence on the consumption of younger people Fifth and sixth grade children r and omly assigned to experimental and control groups saw videotaped television programs in which the drinking of alcoholic beverages by the principal characters appeared in the experimental condition but not the control condition . Parents ' drinking and home television watching were similar for both groups . Immediately after viewing the television programs , the children completed alcohol attitude and subjective expected utility ( SEU ) question naires . There were no significant differences in attitudes or SEU scores with one exception . Among boys only , those who saw the film with drinking were significantly more likely to respond that the good things about alcohol are more important than the bad things . Further research into the potential effects on children of drinking on television serials is indicated BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES : Previous studies have focused on the effect of food advertisements on the caloric intake of children . However , the role of individual susceptibility in this effect is unclear . The aim of this study was to examine the role of impulsivity in the effect of advergames that promote energy-dense snacks on children ’s snack intake . METHODS : First , impulsivity scores were assessed with a computer task . Then a r and omized between-subject design was conducted with 261 children aged 7 to 10 years who played an advergame promoting either energy-dense snacks or nonfood products .  As an extra manipulation , half of the children in each condition were rewarded for refraining from eating , the other half were not . Children could eat freely while playing the game . Food intake was measured . The children then completed question naire measures , and were weighed and measured . RESULTS : Overall , playing an advergame containing food cues increased general caloric intake . Furthermore , rewarding children to refrain from eating decreased their caloric intake . Finally , rewarding impulsive children to refrain from eating had no influence when they were playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks , whereas it did lead to reduced intake among low impulsive children and children who played nonfood advergames . CONCLUSIONS : Playing an advergame promoting energy-dense snacks contributes to increased caloric intake in children . The advergame promoting energy-dense snacks overruled the inhibition task to refrain from eating among impulsive children , making it more difficult for them to refrain from eating . The findings suggest that impulsivity plays an important role in susceptibility to food advertisements This study tests the effects of the portrayal of negative consequences of alcohol use on beliefs and attitudes toward alcohol consumption . In a between-subjects experiment ( N = 108 ) , participants were r and omly assigned to watch one of three conditions . One group of participants watched a version of an edited episode of the reality program Jersey Shore in which alcohol use had negative consequences , another group watched a version of the episode in which alcohol use had more positive consequences , and a control group was not exposed to any program . Results showed that participants who saw the version with negative consequences had more negative beliefs about alcohol and more negative attitudes toward beer than participants who saw the more positive consequences and participants in the control condition . This indicates that the portrayal of negative consequences can have positive outcomes for viewers ’ health beliefs and attitudes , reducing their positivity toward alcohol use 
    Output:
    