human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract The purpose of this single-arm pilot study was to examine the effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on : physical function ( Timed-Up- and -Go [ TUG ] , 6-min walk test [ 6MWT ] , leg and chest press strength , and functional reach [ FR ] ) ; and quality of life , QoL [ FACT-G ] ) , in cancer survivors . Fifty-nine cancer survivors ( 91.5 % female ; mean age 59 ± 12 years )  completed supervised exercise training for 90 min twice weekly for 12 weeks . Exercise training consisted of 30 min of each of the following : ( 1 ) aerobic conditioning ; ( 2 ) resistance training ; and ( 3 ) balance and flexibility training . Pre-post- outcome measures were compared for statistically significant differences ( p < 0.01 ) and were related to the International Classification of Functioning , Disability and Health Model . Effect sizes ( ES ) , minimal clinical ly important differences , and minimal detectable change at 90 % confidence intervals were calculated . Participants decreased TUG time by 21.1 % and walked 15.5 % farther during 6-MWT ( p < 0.001 ) . Leg and chest press strength increased by 34.5 % and 32.7 % , respectively ( p < 0.001 ) . FR increased by 15.1 % ( p < 0.001 ) . Significant improvements for physical well-being ( 13.9 % ) , emotional well-being ( 6.7 % ) , functional well-being ( 13.0 % ) , and total well-being ( 9.6 % ) were found ( p < 0.01 ) . Improvements in physical function and QoL showed “ moderate to large ” ESs indicating improvements in physical function and QoL are clinical ly meaningful Background Cancer and cancer treatment coincide with substantial negative physical , psychological and psychosocial problems .  Physical activity ( PA ) can positively affect the negative effects of cancer and cancer treatment and thereby increase quality of life in CPS . Nevertheless , only a minority of CPS meet PA guidelines . We developed the OncoActive ( OncoActief in Dutch ) intervention : a computer-tailored PA program to stimulate PA  in prostate and colorectal CPS , because to our knowledge there are only a few PA interventions for these specific cancer types in the Netherl and s Methods The OncoActive intervention was developed through systematic adaptation of a proven effective , evidence -based , computer-tailored PA  intervention for adults over fifty , called Active Plus . The Intervention Mapping ( IM ) protocol was used to guide the systematic adaptation . A literature study and interviews with prostate and colorectal CPS and health care professionals revealed that both general and cancer-specific PA determinants are important and should be addressed . Change objectives , theoretical methods and applications and the actual program content were adapted to address the specific needs , beliefs and cancer-related issues of prostate and colorectal CPS . Intervention participants  received tailored PA advice three times , on internet and with printed material s , and a pedometer to set goals to improve PA .  Pre- and pilot tests showed that the intervention was highly appreciated ( target group ) and regarded safe and feasible ( healthcare professionals ) . The effectiveness of the intervention is being evaluated in a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) ( n = 428 ) , consisting of an intervention group and a usual care waiting-list control group , with follow-up measurements at three , six and twelve months . Participants are recruited from seventeen hospitals and with posters , flyers and calls in several media . Discussion Using the Intervention Mapping protocol result ed in a systematic ally adapted , theory and evidence -based intervention providing tailored PA advice to prostate and colorectal CPS . If the intervention turns out to be effective in increasing PA , as evaluated in a RCT , possibilities for nationwide implementation and extension to other cancer types will be explored . Trial registration The study is registered in the Dutch Trial Register ( NTR4296 ) on November 23rd 2013 and can be accessed at http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/ rct view.asp?TC=4296 BACKGROUND The efficacy of a home-based physical activity ( PA ) intervention for colorectal cancer patients versus  contact control was evaluated in a r and omized controlled trial . METHODS Forty-six patients ( mean age = 57.3 years [ SD = 9.7 ] , 57 % female , mean = 2.99 years post-diagnosis [ SD = 1.64 ] ) who had completed treatment for stages 1 - 3 colorectal cancer were r and omized to telephone counseling to support PA ( PA group , n = 20 ) or contact control ( control group , n = 26 ) . PA group participants received 3 months of PA counseling ( based on the transtheoretical model and the social cognitive theory ) delivered via telephone , as well as weekly PA tip sheets . Assessment s of  PA ( Seven-day Physical Activity Recall [ 7-day PAR ] and Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors [ CHAMPS ] ) , submaximal aerobic fitness ( Treadwalk test ) , motivational readiness for PA , and psychosocial outcomes were conducted at baseline , 3 , 6 , and 12 months post-baseline . Objective accelerometer data were collected at the same time points . RESULTS The PA group reported significant increases in minutes of PA at 3 months ( 7-day PAR ) and caloric expenditure ( CHAMPS ) compared with the control group , but the group differences were attenuated over time . The PA group showed significant improvements in fitness at 3 , 6 , and 12 months versus the control group . Improvements in motivational readiness for PA were reported in the PA group only at 3 months . No significant group differences were found for fatigue , self-reported physical functioning , and quality of life at 3 , 6 , and 12 months . CONCLUSION A home-based intervention improved survivors ' PA and motivational readiness at 3 months and increased submaximal aerobic fitness at 3 , 6 , and 12 months ABSTRACT Consumption of navy beans ( NB ) and rice bran ( RB ) have been shown to inhibit colon carcinogenesis . Given the overall poor diet quality in colorectal cancer ( CRC ) survivors and low reported intake of whole grains and legumes , practical strategies to increase consumption merit attention . This study determined feasibility of increasing NB or RB intake in CRC survivors to increase dietary fiber and examined serum inflammatory biomarkers and telomere lengths .  Twenty-nine subjects completed a r and omized controlled trial with foods that included cooked NB powder ( 35 g/day ) , heat-stabilized RB ( 30 g/day ) , or no additional ingredient .  Fasting blood , food logs , and gastrointestinal health question naires were collected . The amount of NB or RB consumed equated to 4–9 % of subjects ' daily caloric intake and no major gastrointestinal issues were reported with increased consumption . Dietary fiber amounts increased in NB and RB groups at Weeks 2 and 4 compared to baseline and to control ( P ≤ 0.01 ) . Telomere length correlated with age and HDL cholesterol at baseline , and with improved serum amyloid A ( SAA ) levels at Week 4 ( P ≤ 0.05 ) . This study concludes feasibility of increased dietary NB and RB consumption to levels associated with CRC chemoprevention and warrants longer-term investigations with both foods in high-risk population s that include cancer prevention and control outcomes Purpose Following colorectal cancer diagnosis and anti-cancer therapy , declines in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition lead to significant increases in morbidity and mortality . There is increasing interest within the field of exercise oncology surrounding potential strategies to remediate these adverse outcomes . This study compared 4 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise ( MIE ) and high-intensity exercise ( HIE ) training on peak oxygen consumption ( V̇O2peak ) and body composition in colorectal cancer survivors . Methods Forty seven post-treatment colorectal cancer survivors ( HIE = 27 months post-treatment ; MIE = 38 months post-treatment ) were r and omised to either HIE [ 85–95 % peak heart rate ( HRpeak ) ] or MIE ( 70 % HRpeak ) in equivalence with current physical activity guidelines and completed 12 training sessions over 4 weeks . Results HIE was superior to MIE in improving absolute ( p = 0.016 ) and relative ( p = 0.021 ) V̇O2peak . Absolute ( + 0.28 L.min−1 , p < 0.001 ) and relative ( + 3.5 ml.kg−1.min−1 , p < 0.001 ) V̇O2 peak were increased in the HIE group but not the MIE group following training . HIE led to significant increases in lean mass ( + 0.72 kg , p = 0.002 ) and decreases in fat mass ( −0.74 kg , p < 0.001 ) and fat percentage ( −1.0 % , p < 0.001 ) , whereas no changes were observed for the MIE group . There were no severe adverse events . Conclusions In response to short-term training , HIE is a safe , feasible and efficacious intervention that offers clinical ly meaningful improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition for colorectal cancer survivors . Implication s for Cancer SurvivorsHIE appears to offer superior improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in comparison to current physical activity recommendations for colorectal cancer survivors and therefore may be an effective clinical utility following treatment Introduction The purpose of the present study was to assess dietary supplement use and its association with  micronutrient intakes and diet quality among older ( ≥65 years ) , long-term survivors ( ≥5 years post-diagnosis ) of female breast , prostate , and colorectal cancer . Methods The sample included 753 survivors who participated in telephone screening interviews to determine eligibility for a r and omized diet and physical activity intervention trial entitled RENEW : Reach-out to ENhancE Wellness in Older Cancer Survivors .  Telephone surveys included two 24-hour dietary recalls and items regarding supplement use ( type , dose , and duration ) . Nutrient intakes were compared to Dietary Reference Intakes ( DRIs ) . Diet quality was assessed using the revised Healthy Eating Index ( HEI ) . Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were used in this cross-sectional study . Results A majority of survivors ( 74 % ) reported taking supplements  , with multivitamins ( 60 % ) , calcium/vitamin D ( 37 % ) , and antioxidants ( 30 % ) as the most prevalent . Overall proportions of the total sample with dietary intakes below Estimated Average Requirements ( EARs ) were substantial , although supplement users had more favorable mean HEI scores ( P < 0.01 ) and nutrient intakes for 12 of the 13 vitamins and minerals investigated ( P values < 0.05 ) . Supplement use was positively associated with older age ( ≥70 years ) ( odds ratio (OR)=1.70 ; 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI)=1.17 , 2.46 ) and female gender ( OR=1.49 ; 95 % CI=1.04 , 2.13 ) , and negatively associated with current smoking ( OR=0.40 , 95 % CI=0.21 , 0.76 ) . Individuals scoring higher on the Total Fruit ( OR=1.12 , 95 % CI=1.01 , 1.23 ) , Whole Grain ( OR=1.14 , 95 % CI=1.04 , 1.25 ) , and Oil ( OR=1.10 , 95 % CI=1.01 , 1.11 ) components of the HEI were significantly more likely to take supplements , while those scoring higher on the Meat and Beans category ( OR=0.81 , 95 % CI=0.71 , 0.93 ) were significantly less likely to  take supplements . Compared to those with less than a high school education , survivors with a professional or graduate degree were significantly more likely to use supplements ( OR=2.18 , 95 % CI=1.13 , 4.23 ) . Discussion s/ conclusions Demographic , disease , and health-related correlates of supplement use follow similar trends observed in the general population as well as previous reports from other cancer survivor population s. Supplement use may reduce the prevalence of nutrient inadequacies in this population , though survivors who use supplements are the least likely to need them . Implication s for cancer survivorsSupplement use may be an effective means for many survivors to achieve adequate nutrient intakes ; however , open communication between healthcare providers and survivors is needed to ensure potential concerns are addressed as supplement use may not always be beneficial Objective : To examine the effects of an internet-delivered , distance-based physical activity ( PA ) behaviour change programme on motivation to perform PA in cancer survivors . Design : Breast , prostate and colorectal cancer survivors ( N = 95 ) were r and omized to either an online Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)-based PA behaviour change programme ( UCAN ) or usual care . Main Outcome Measures : Motivational variables from the TPB including intention , planning , attitude , subjective norm , perceived behavioural control and underlying beliefs . Results : UCAN had significant negative effects on self-efficacy ( −.7 ; 95 % CI = −1.2 to −.1 ; d = −.53 , p = .019 ) , affective attitude ( −.4 ; 95 % CI = −.8 to −.0 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract The purpose of this single-arm pilot study was to examine the effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on : physical function ( Timed-Up- and -Go [ TUG ] , 6-min walk test [ 6MWT ] , leg and chest press strength , and functional reach [ FR ] ) ; and quality of life , QoL [ FACT-G ] ) , in cancer survivors . Fifty-nine cancer survivors ( 91.5 % female ; mean age 59 ± 12 years )  completed supervised exercise training for 90 min twice weekly for 12 weeks . Exercise training consisted of 30 min of each of the following : ( 1 ) aerobic conditioning ; ( 2 ) resistance training ; and ( 3 ) balance and flexibility training . Pre-post- outcome measures were compared for statistically significant differences ( p < 0.01 ) and were related to the International Classification of Functioning , Disability and Health Model . Effect sizes ( ES ) , minimal clinical ly important differences , and minimal detectable change at 90 % confidence intervals were calculated . Participants decreased TUG time by 21.1 % and walked 15.5 % farther during 6-MWT ( p < 0.001 ) . Leg and chest press strength increased by 34.5 % and 32.7 % , respectively ( p < 0.001 ) . FR increased by 15.1 % ( p < 0.001 ) . Significant improvements for physical well-being ( 13.9 % ) , emotional well-being ( 6.7 % ) , functional well-being ( 13.0 % ) , and total well-being ( 9.6 % ) were found ( p < 0.01 ) . Improvements in physical function and QoL showed “ moderate to large ” ESs indicating improvements in physical function and QoL are clinical ly meaningful Background Cancer and cancer treatment coincide with substantial negative physical , psychological and psychosocial problems .  Physical activity ( PA ) can positively affect the negative effects of cancer and cancer treatment and thereby increase quality of life in CPS . Nevertheless , only a minority of CPS meet PA guidelines . We developed the OncoActive ( OncoActief in Dutch ) intervention : a computer-tailored PA program to stimulate PA  in prostate and colorectal CPS , because to our knowledge there are only a few PA interventions for these specific cancer types in the Netherl and s Methods The OncoActive intervention was developed through systematic adaptation of a proven effective , evidence -based , computer-tailored PA  intervention for adults over fifty , called Active Plus . The Intervention Mapping ( IM ) protocol was used to guide the systematic adaptation . A literature study and interviews with prostate and colorectal CPS and health care professionals revealed that both general and cancer-specific PA determinants are important and should be addressed . Change objectives , theoretical methods and applications and the actual program content were adapted to address the specific needs , beliefs and cancer-related issues of prostate and colorectal CPS . Intervention participants  received tailored PA advice three times , on internet and with printed material s , and a pedometer to set goals to improve PA .  Pre- and pilot tests showed that the intervention was highly appreciated ( target group ) and regarded safe and feasible ( healthcare professionals ) . The effectiveness of the intervention is being evaluated in a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) ( n = 428 ) , consisting of an intervention group and a usual care waiting-list control group , with follow-up measurements at three , six and twelve months . Participants are recruited from seventeen hospitals and with posters , flyers and calls in several media . Discussion Using the Intervention Mapping protocol result ed in a systematic ally adapted , theory and evidence -based intervention providing tailored PA advice to prostate and colorectal CPS . If the intervention turns out to be effective in increasing PA , as evaluated in a RCT , possibilities for nationwide implementation and extension to other cancer types will be explored . Trial registration The study is registered in the Dutch Trial Register ( NTR4296 ) on November 23rd 2013 and can be accessed at http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/ rct view.asp?TC=4296 BACKGROUND The efficacy of a home-based physical activity ( PA ) intervention for colorectal cancer patients versus  contact control was evaluated in a r and omized controlled trial . METHODS Forty-six patients ( mean age = 57.3 years [ SD = 9.7 ] , 57 % female , mean = 2.99 years post-diagnosis [ SD = 1.64 ] ) who had completed treatment for stages 1 - 3 colorectal cancer were r and omized to telephone counseling to support PA ( PA group , n = 20 ) or contact control ( control group , n = 26 ) . PA group participants received 3 months of PA counseling ( based on the transtheoretical model and the social cognitive theory ) delivered via telephone , as well as weekly PA tip sheets . Assessment s of  PA ( Seven-day Physical Activity Recall [ 7-day PAR ] and Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors [ CHAMPS ] ) , submaximal aerobic fitness ( Treadwalk test ) , motivational readiness for PA , and psychosocial outcomes were conducted at baseline , 3 , 6 , and 12 months post-baseline . Objective accelerometer data were collected at the same time points . RESULTS The PA group reported significant increases in minutes of PA at 3 months ( 7-day PAR ) and caloric expenditure ( CHAMPS ) compared with the control group , but the group differences were attenuated over time . The PA group showed significant improvements in fitness at 3 , 6 , and 12 months versus the control group . Improvements in motivational readiness for PA were reported in the PA group only at 3 months . No significant group differences were found for fatigue , self-reported physical functioning , and quality of life at 3 , 6 , and 12 months . CONCLUSION A home-based intervention improved survivors ' PA and motivational readiness at 3 months and increased submaximal aerobic fitness at 3 , 6 , and 12 months ABSTRACT Consumption of navy beans ( NB ) and rice bran ( RB ) have been shown to inhibit colon carcinogenesis . Given the overall poor diet quality in colorectal cancer ( CRC ) survivors and low reported intake of whole grains and legumes , practical strategies to increase consumption merit attention . This study determined feasibility of increasing NB or RB intake in CRC survivors to increase dietary fiber and examined serum inflammatory biomarkers and telomere lengths .  Twenty-nine subjects completed a r and omized controlled trial with foods that included cooked NB powder ( 35 g/day ) , heat-stabilized RB ( 30 g/day ) , or no additional ingredient .  Fasting blood , food logs , and gastrointestinal health question naires were collected . The amount of NB or RB consumed equated to 4–9 % of subjects ' daily caloric intake and no major gastrointestinal issues were reported with increased consumption . Dietary fiber amounts increased in NB and RB groups at Weeks 2 and 4 compared to baseline and to control ( P ≤ 0.01 ) . Telomere length correlated with age and HDL cholesterol at baseline , and with improved serum amyloid A ( SAA ) levels at Week 4 ( P ≤ 0.05 ) . This study concludes feasibility of increased dietary NB and RB consumption to levels associated with CRC chemoprevention and warrants longer-term investigations with both foods in high-risk population s that include cancer prevention and control outcomes Purpose Following colorectal cancer diagnosis and anti-cancer therapy , declines in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition lead to significant increases in morbidity and mortality . There is increasing interest within the field of exercise oncology surrounding potential strategies to remediate these adverse outcomes . This study compared 4 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise ( MIE ) and high-intensity exercise ( HIE ) training on peak oxygen consumption ( V̇O2peak ) and body composition in colorectal cancer survivors . Methods Forty seven post-treatment colorectal cancer survivors ( HIE = 27 months post-treatment ; MIE = 38 months post-treatment ) were r and omised to either HIE [ 85–95 % peak heart rate ( HRpeak ) ] or MIE ( 70 % HRpeak ) in equivalence with current physical activity guidelines and completed 12 training sessions over 4 weeks . Results HIE was superior to MIE in improving absolute ( p = 0.016 ) and relative ( p = 0.021 ) V̇O2peak . Absolute ( + 0.28 L.min−1 , p < 0.001 ) and relative ( + 3.5 ml.kg−1.min−1 , p < 0.001 ) V̇O2 peak were increased in the HIE group but not the MIE group following training . HIE led to significant increases in lean mass ( + 0.72 kg , p = 0.002 ) and decreases in fat mass ( −0.74 kg , p < 0.001 ) and fat percentage ( −1.0 % , p < 0.001 ) , whereas no changes were observed for the MIE group . There were no severe adverse events . Conclusions In response to short-term training , HIE is a safe , feasible and efficacious intervention that offers clinical ly meaningful improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition for colorectal cancer survivors . Implication s for Cancer SurvivorsHIE appears to offer superior improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in comparison to current physical activity recommendations for colorectal cancer survivors and therefore may be an effective clinical utility following treatment Introduction The purpose of the present study was to assess dietary supplement use and its association with  micronutrient intakes and diet quality among older ( ≥65 years ) , long-term survivors ( ≥5 years post-diagnosis ) of female breast , prostate , and colorectal cancer . Methods The sample included 753 survivors who participated in telephone screening interviews to determine eligibility for a r and omized diet and physical activity intervention trial entitled RENEW : Reach-out to ENhancE Wellness in Older Cancer Survivors .  Telephone surveys included two 24-hour dietary recalls and items regarding supplement use ( type , dose , and duration ) . Nutrient intakes were compared to Dietary Reference Intakes ( DRIs ) . Diet quality was assessed using the revised Healthy Eating Index ( HEI ) . Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were used in this cross-sectional study . Results A majority of survivors ( 74 % ) reported taking supplements  , with multivitamins ( 60 % ) , calcium/vitamin D ( 37 % ) , and antioxidants ( 30 % ) as the most prevalent . Overall proportions of the total sample with dietary intakes below Estimated Average Requirements ( EARs ) were substantial , although supplement users had more favorable mean HEI scores ( P < 0.01 ) and nutrient intakes for 12 of the 13 vitamins and minerals investigated ( P values < 0.05 ) . Supplement use was positively associated with older age ( ≥70 years ) ( odds ratio (OR)=1.70 ; 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI)=1.17 , 2.46 ) and female gender ( OR=1.49 ; 95 % CI=1.04 , 2.13 ) , and negatively associated with current smoking ( OR=0.40 , 95 % CI=0.21 , 0.76 ) . Individuals scoring higher on the Total Fruit ( OR=1.12 , 95 % CI=1.01 , 1.23 ) , Whole Grain ( OR=1.14 , 95 % CI=1.04 , 1.25 ) , and Oil ( OR=1.10 , 95 % CI=1.01 , 1.11 ) components of the HEI were significantly more likely to take supplements , while those scoring higher on the Meat and Beans category ( OR=0.81 , 95 % CI=0.71 , 0.93 ) were significantly less likely to  take supplements . Compared to those with less than a high school education , survivors with a professional or graduate degree were significantly more likely to use supplements ( OR=2.18 , 95 % CI=1.13 , 4.23 ) . Discussion s/ conclusions Demographic , disease , and health-related correlates of supplement use follow similar trends observed in the general population as well as previous reports from other cancer survivor population s. Supplement use may reduce the prevalence of nutrient inadequacies in this population , though survivors who use supplements are the least likely to need them . Implication s for cancer survivorsSupplement use may be an effective means for many survivors to achieve adequate nutrient intakes ; however , open communication between healthcare providers and survivors is needed to ensure potential concerns are addressed as supplement use may not always be beneficial Objective : To examine the effects of an internet-delivered , distance-based physical activity ( PA ) behaviour change programme on motivation to perform PA in cancer survivors . Design : Breast , prostate and colorectal cancer survivors ( N = 95 ) were r and omized to either an online Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)-based PA behaviour change programme ( UCAN ) or usual care . Main Outcome Measures : Motivational variables from the TPB including intention , planning , attitude , subjective norm , perceived behavioural control and underlying beliefs . Results : UCAN had significant negative effects on self-efficacy ( −.7 ; 95 % CI = −1.2 to −.1 ; d = −.53 , p = .019 ) , affective attitude ( −.4 ; 95 % CI = −.8 to −.0 
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