human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Physical activity provides a number of physical and psychological benefits to cancer survivors , including lessening the impact of detrimental cancer-related symptoms and treatment side-effects ( e.g. fatigue , nausea ) , and improving overall well-being and quality of life . The purpose of the present pilot study was to examine the physical and psychological benefits afforded by a 7-week yoga program for cancer survivors . METHOD Eligible participants ( per-screened with PAR-Q/PAR-MED-X ) were r and omly assigned to either the  intervention ( n=20 ) or control group ( n=18 ) . All participants completed pre- and post-testing assessment s immediately before and after the yoga program , respectively . RESULTS The yoga program participants ( M age=51.18 ( 10.33 ) ; 92 % female ) included primarily breast cancer survivors , on average 55.95 ( 54.39 ) months post-diagnosis . Significant differences between the intervention and the control group at post-intervention were seen only in psychosocial ( i.e. global quality of life , emotional function , and diarrhea ) variables ( all p 's < 0.05 ) . There were also trends for group differences , in the hypothesized directions , for the psychosocial variables of emotional irritability , gastrointestinal symptoms , cognitive disorganization , mood disturbance , tension , depression , and confusion ( all p 's < 0.10 ) . Finally , there were also significant improvements in both the program participants and the controls from pre- to post-intervention on a number of physical fitness variables . CONCLUSIONS These initial findings suggest that yoga has significant potential and should be further explored as a beneficial physical activity option for cancer survivors . Future research might attempt to include a broader range of participants ( e.g. other types of cancer diagnoses , male subjects ) , a larger sample size , and a longer program duration in an RCT PURPOSE Spiritual well-being and sense of meaning are important concerns for clinicians who care for patients with cancer . We developed Individual Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy ( IMCP ) to address the need for brief interventions targeting spiritual well-being and meaning for patients with advanced cancer . PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with stage III or IV cancer ( N = 120 ) were r and omly assigned to seven sessions of either IMCP or therapeutic massage ( TM ) . Patients were assessed before and after completing the intervention and 2 months postintervention . Primary outcome measures assessed spiritual well-being and quality of life ; secondary outcomes included anxiety , depression , hopelessness , symptom burden , and symptom-related distress . RESULTS Of the 120 participants r and omly assigned , 78 ( 65 % ) completed the post-treatment assessment and 67 ( 56 % ) completed the 2-month follow-up . At the post-treatment assessment , IMCP participants demonstrated significantly greater improvement than the control condition for the primary outcomes of spiritual well-being ( b = 0.39 ; P < .001 , including both components of spiritual well-being ( sense of meaning : b = 0.34 ; P = .003 and faith : b = 0.42 ; P = .03 ) , and quality of life ( b = 0.76 ; P = .013 ) . Significantly greater improvements for IMCP patients were also observed for the secondary outcomes of symptom burden ( b = -6.56 ; P < .001 ) and symptom-related distress ( b = -0.47 ; P < .001 ) but not for anxiety , depression , or hopelessness . At the 2-month follow-up assessment , the improvements observed for the IMCP group were no longer significantly greater than those observed for the TM group . CONCLUSION IMCP has clear short-term benefits for spiritual suffering and quality of life in patients with advanced cancer . Clinicians working with patients who have advanced cancer should consider IMCP as an approach to enhance quality of life and spiritual well-being CONTEXT There is a little information about effective psychotherapies to enhance the spiritual well-being of terminally ill cancer patients . OBJECTIVES The primary aim of the study was to examine the efficacy of a one-week Short-Term Life Review for the enhancement of spiritual well-being , using a r and omized controlled trial . The secondary aim was to assess the effect of this therapy on anxiety and depression , suffering , and elements of a good death . METHODS The subjects were 68 terminally ill cancer patients r and omly allocated to a Short-Term Life- Review interview group or a control group . The patients completed question naires pre- and post-treatment , including the meaning of life domain from the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual ( FACIT-Sp ) scale , the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ( HADS ) , a numeric scale for psychological suffering , and items from the Good Death Inventory ( Hope , Burden , Life Completion , and Preparation ) . RESULTS The FACIT-Sp , Hope , Life Completion , and Preparation scores in the intervention group showed significantly greater improvement compared with those of the control group ( FACIT-Sp , P<0.001 ; Hope , P<0.001 ; Life Completion , P<0.001 ; and Preparation , P<0.001 ) . HADS , Burden , and Suffering scores in the intervention group also had suggested greater alleviation of suffering compared with the control group ( HADS , P<0.001 ; Burden , P<0.007 ; Suffering , P<0.001 ) . CONCLUSION We conclude that the Short-Term Life Review is effective in improving the spiritual well-being of terminally ill cancer patients , and alleviating psychosocial distress and promoting a good death Main objective To assess the ability of dignity therapy to reduce distress in advanced cancer patients . Design A phase II open-label trial . Setting Two UK National Health Service trusts . Participants 45 adults with advanced cancer . Intervention Dignity therapy : a brief palliative care psychotherapy . Methods Participants were r and omly allocated to receive the intervention plus st and ard care or st and ard care only ( control group ) . Outcomes were collected at baseline and at 1- and 4-week follow-up . Main outcome measures The primary outcome was dignity-related distress ( Palliative Dignity Inventory ) . Secondary outcomes were hope , anxiety and depression , quality of life , palliative-related outcomes , and self-reported study benefits . Results 45/188 ( 24 % ) patients responded . 27/45 ( 60 % ) participants remained at 1-week and 20/45 ( 44 % ) at 4-week follow-up . Baseline levels of distress were low . Groups did not differ in dignity-related distress at any time . An effect on only one secondary outcome was found : the intervention group reported more hope than the control group at both follow-ups . Effect sizes were medium ( partial η2=0.20 and 0.15 ) and the difference was statistically significant at 1-week follow-up ( difference in adjusted means 2.55 ; 95 % CI −4.73 to 0.36 ; p=0.02 ) . The intervention group was more positive than the control group on all the self-reported benefits ratings . Effect sizes ( Cohen 's d ) ranged from 1.34 for feeling that dignity therapy had helped to 0.31 for increasing will to live . Conclusions The effects of dignity therapy on people with advanced cancer are encouraging . Further investigation is warranted focusing on distressed patients and those earlier in the palliative care trajectory . Trial register number IS RCT N29868352 Purpose . The aim of this study was to investigate the role of spiritual therapy intervention in improving the spiritual well-being and quality of life ( QOL ) of Iranian women with breast cancer . Methods . This r and omized controlled clinical trial ( RCT ) recruited 65 women with breast cancer , r and omly assigned to a 6-week  spirituality-based intervention ( n = 34 ) or control group ( n = 31 ) . Before and after six-week spiritual therapy intervention , spiritual well-being and quality of life ( QOL ) were assessed using Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Spiritual Well-being scale ( FACIT-Sp12 ) and cancer quality -of-life question naire ( QLQ-C30 ) , respectively . t-test , Paired t-test , pearson 's correlation , and hierarchical regression analyses were used for analysis using Predictive Analytic software ( PASW , version 18 ) for Windows . Results . After six spiritual therapy sessions , the mean spiritual well-being score from 29.76 ( SD = 6.63 ) to 37.24 ( SD = 3.52 ) in the intervention group ( P < 0.001 ) . There was a significant difference between arms of study ( F = 22.91 , P < 0.001 ) . A significant positive correlation was detected between meaning and peace with all subscales of functional subscales on European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality of Life ( EORTC QLQ-C30 ) ( P < 0.05 ) . Hierarchical regression analyses of participants indicated that the study arm , pain , and financial impact were significant predictors of spiritual well-being and overall QOL . Social functioning was another significant predictor of spiritual well-being . Conclusion . The results of this r and omized controlled trial study suggest that participation in spiritual therapy program is associated with improvements in spiritual well-being and QOL . Targeted interventions to acknowledge and incorporate spiritual needs into conventional treatment should be considered in caring of Iranian patients with breast cancer Background : Many health-care providers experience barriers to addressing spiritual needs , such as not having the right vocabulary . The ars moriendi model might be a feasible tool for spiritual history taking in palliative care . Aim : To investigate the effect of a structured spiritual history taking on the spiritual well-being of palliative patients in home care . Design : Cluster r and omized controlled trial , conducted between February and October 2013 . Patients and methods : Registered nurses and general practitioners approached eligible patients with an incurable , life-threatening disease for study participation . Health-care providers allocated to the intervention arm of the study took a spiritual history on the basis of the ars moriendi model . Health-care providers in the control arm provided care as usual .  Patient-reported outcomes on spiritual well-being , quality of life , pain , and patient – provider trust were assessed at two points in time . Results : A total of 245 health-care providers participated in the study ( 204 nurses and 41 physicians ) . In all , 49 patient – provider dyads completed the entire study protocol . The median age of the patients was 75 years ( range : 41–95 years ) , and 55 % of the patients were female . There were no significant differences at any point in time in the scores on spiritual well-being , quality of life , pain , or patient – provider trust between the intervention and the control group . Conclusion : This cluster r and omized controlled trial showed no demonstrable effect of spiritual history taking on patient scores for spiritual well-being , quality of life , health-care relationship trust , or pain . Further research is needed to develop instruments that accurately assess the effectiveness of spiritual interventions in palliative care population OBJECTIVE The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effects of yoga on health-related quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer . METHODS Patients with non-metastatic colorectal cancer were r and omly assigned to a 10-week yoga intervention ( 90 min once weekly ) or a waitlist control group . Primary outcome measure was disease-specific quality of life ( Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Colorectal [ FACT-C ] ) at week 10 . Secondary outcome measures included FACT-C subscales : spiritual well-being ( FACT - Spirituality ) ; fatigue ( FACT - Fatigue ) ; sleep disturbances ( Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory ) ; depression and anxiety ( Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ) ; body awareness ( Scale of Body Connection ) ; and body-efficacy expectations ( Body-Efficacy Expectations Scale ) . Outcomes were assessed at week 10 and week 22 after r and omization . RESULTS Fifty-four patients ( mean age 68.3 ± 9.7 years ) were r and omized to  yoga  ( n = 27 ; attrition rate 22.2 % ) and control group ( n = 27 ; attrition rate 18.5 % ) . Patients in the yoga group attended a mean of 5.3 ± 4.0 yoga classes . No significant group differences for the FACT-C total score were found . Group differences were found for emotional well-being at week 22 ( ∆ = 1.59 ; 95 % CI = 0.27,2.90 ; p = 0.019 ) , sleep disturbances at week 22 ( ∆ = -1.08 ; 95 % CI = -2.13 , -0.03 ; p = 0.043 ) , anxiety at week 10 ( ∆ = -1.14 ; 95 % CI = -2.20 , -0.09 ; p = 0.043 ) , and depression at week 10 ( ∆ = -1.34 ; 95 % CI = -2.61 , -0.8 ; p = 0.038 ) . No serious adverse events occurred in the yoga group , while liver metastases were diagnosed in one patient in the control group . CONCLUSION This r and omized trial found no effects of yoga on health-related quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer . Given the high attrition rate and low intervention adherence , no definite conclusions can be drawn from this trial BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous literature s on young adult survivors of childhood cancer show inconsistent findings with regards to their psychological 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Physical activity provides a number of physical and psychological benefits to cancer survivors , including lessening the impact of detrimental cancer-related symptoms and treatment side-effects ( e.g. fatigue , nausea ) , and improving overall well-being and quality of life . The purpose of the present pilot study was to examine the physical and psychological benefits afforded by a 7-week yoga program for cancer survivors . METHOD Eligible participants ( per-screened with PAR-Q/PAR-MED-X ) were r and omly assigned to either the  intervention ( n=20 ) or control group ( n=18 ) . All participants completed pre- and post-testing assessment s immediately before and after the yoga program , respectively . RESULTS The yoga program participants ( M age=51.18 ( 10.33 ) ; 92 % female ) included primarily breast cancer survivors , on average 55.95 ( 54.39 ) months post-diagnosis . Significant differences between the intervention and the control group at post-intervention were seen only in psychosocial ( i.e. global quality of life , emotional function , and diarrhea ) variables ( all p 's < 0.05 ) . There were also trends for group differences , in the hypothesized directions , for the psychosocial variables of emotional irritability , gastrointestinal symptoms , cognitive disorganization , mood disturbance , tension , depression , and confusion ( all p 's < 0.10 ) . Finally , there were also significant improvements in both the program participants and the controls from pre- to post-intervention on a number of physical fitness variables . CONCLUSIONS These initial findings suggest that yoga has significant potential and should be further explored as a beneficial physical activity option for cancer survivors . Future research might attempt to include a broader range of participants ( e.g. other types of cancer diagnoses , male subjects ) , a larger sample size , and a longer program duration in an RCT PURPOSE Spiritual well-being and sense of meaning are important concerns for clinicians who care for patients with cancer . We developed Individual Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy ( IMCP ) to address the need for brief interventions targeting spiritual well-being and meaning for patients with advanced cancer . PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with stage III or IV cancer ( N = 120 ) were r and omly assigned to seven sessions of either IMCP or therapeutic massage ( TM ) . Patients were assessed before and after completing the intervention and 2 months postintervention . Primary outcome measures assessed spiritual well-being and quality of life ; secondary outcomes included anxiety , depression , hopelessness , symptom burden , and symptom-related distress . RESULTS Of the 120 participants r and omly assigned , 78 ( 65 % ) completed the post-treatment assessment and 67 ( 56 % ) completed the 2-month follow-up . At the post-treatment assessment , IMCP participants demonstrated significantly greater improvement than the control condition for the primary outcomes of spiritual well-being ( b = 0.39 ; P < .001 , including both components of spiritual well-being ( sense of meaning : b = 0.34 ; P = .003 and faith : b = 0.42 ; P = .03 ) , and quality of life ( b = 0.76 ; P = .013 ) . Significantly greater improvements for IMCP patients were also observed for the secondary outcomes of symptom burden ( b = -6.56 ; P < .001 ) and symptom-related distress ( b = -0.47 ; P < .001 ) but not for anxiety , depression , or hopelessness . At the 2-month follow-up assessment , the improvements observed for the IMCP group were no longer significantly greater than those observed for the TM group . CONCLUSION IMCP has clear short-term benefits for spiritual suffering and quality of life in patients with advanced cancer . Clinicians working with patients who have advanced cancer should consider IMCP as an approach to enhance quality of life and spiritual well-being CONTEXT There is a little information about effective psychotherapies to enhance the spiritual well-being of terminally ill cancer patients . OBJECTIVES The primary aim of the study was to examine the efficacy of a one-week Short-Term Life Review for the enhancement of spiritual well-being , using a r and omized controlled trial . The secondary aim was to assess the effect of this therapy on anxiety and depression , suffering , and elements of a good death . METHODS The subjects were 68 terminally ill cancer patients r and omly allocated to a Short-Term Life- Review interview group or a control group . The patients completed question naires pre- and post-treatment , including the meaning of life domain from the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual ( FACIT-Sp ) scale , the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ( HADS ) , a numeric scale for psychological suffering , and items from the Good Death Inventory ( Hope , Burden , Life Completion , and Preparation ) . RESULTS The FACIT-Sp , Hope , Life Completion , and Preparation scores in the intervention group showed significantly greater improvement compared with those of the control group ( FACIT-Sp , P<0.001 ; Hope , P<0.001 ; Life Completion , P<0.001 ; and Preparation , P<0.001 ) . HADS , Burden , and Suffering scores in the intervention group also had suggested greater alleviation of suffering compared with the control group ( HADS , P<0.001 ; Burden , P<0.007 ; Suffering , P<0.001 ) . CONCLUSION We conclude that the Short-Term Life Review is effective in improving the spiritual well-being of terminally ill cancer patients , and alleviating psychosocial distress and promoting a good death Main objective To assess the ability of dignity therapy to reduce distress in advanced cancer patients . Design A phase II open-label trial . Setting Two UK National Health Service trusts . Participants 45 adults with advanced cancer . Intervention Dignity therapy : a brief palliative care psychotherapy . Methods Participants were r and omly allocated to receive the intervention plus st and ard care or st and ard care only ( control group ) . Outcomes were collected at baseline and at 1- and 4-week follow-up . Main outcome measures The primary outcome was dignity-related distress ( Palliative Dignity Inventory ) . Secondary outcomes were hope , anxiety and depression , quality of life , palliative-related outcomes , and self-reported study benefits . Results 45/188 ( 24 % ) patients responded . 27/45 ( 60 % ) participants remained at 1-week and 20/45 ( 44 % ) at 4-week follow-up . Baseline levels of distress were low . Groups did not differ in dignity-related distress at any time . An effect on only one secondary outcome was found : the intervention group reported more hope than the control group at both follow-ups . Effect sizes were medium ( partial η2=0.20 and 0.15 ) and the difference was statistically significant at 1-week follow-up ( difference in adjusted means 2.55 ; 95 % CI −4.73 to 0.36 ; p=0.02 ) . The intervention group was more positive than the control group on all the self-reported benefits ratings . Effect sizes ( Cohen 's d ) ranged from 1.34 for feeling that dignity therapy had helped to 0.31 for increasing will to live . Conclusions The effects of dignity therapy on people with advanced cancer are encouraging . Further investigation is warranted focusing on distressed patients and those earlier in the palliative care trajectory . Trial register number IS RCT N29868352 Purpose . The aim of this study was to investigate the role of spiritual therapy intervention in improving the spiritual well-being and quality of life ( QOL ) of Iranian women with breast cancer . Methods . This r and omized controlled clinical trial ( RCT ) recruited 65 women with breast cancer , r and omly assigned to a 6-week  spirituality-based intervention ( n = 34 ) or control group ( n = 31 ) . Before and after six-week spiritual therapy intervention , spiritual well-being and quality of life ( QOL ) were assessed using Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Spiritual Well-being scale ( FACIT-Sp12 ) and cancer quality -of-life question naire ( QLQ-C30 ) , respectively . t-test , Paired t-test , pearson 's correlation , and hierarchical regression analyses were used for analysis using Predictive Analytic software ( PASW , version 18 ) for Windows . Results . After six spiritual therapy sessions , the mean spiritual well-being score from 29.76 ( SD = 6.63 ) to 37.24 ( SD = 3.52 ) in the intervention group ( P < 0.001 ) . There was a significant difference between arms of study ( F = 22.91 , P < 0.001 ) . A significant positive correlation was detected between meaning and peace with all subscales of functional subscales on European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality of Life ( EORTC QLQ-C30 ) ( P < 0.05 ) . Hierarchical regression analyses of participants indicated that the study arm , pain , and financial impact were significant predictors of spiritual well-being and overall QOL . Social functioning was another significant predictor of spiritual well-being . Conclusion . The results of this r and omized controlled trial study suggest that participation in spiritual therapy program is associated with improvements in spiritual well-being and QOL . Targeted interventions to acknowledge and incorporate spiritual needs into conventional treatment should be considered in caring of Iranian patients with breast cancer Background : Many health-care providers experience barriers to addressing spiritual needs , such as not having the right vocabulary . The ars moriendi model might be a feasible tool for spiritual history taking in palliative care . Aim : To investigate the effect of a structured spiritual history taking on the spiritual well-being of palliative patients in home care . Design : Cluster r and omized controlled trial , conducted between February and October 2013 . Patients and methods : Registered nurses and general practitioners approached eligible patients with an incurable , life-threatening disease for study participation . Health-care providers allocated to the intervention arm of the study took a spiritual history on the basis of the ars moriendi model . Health-care providers in the control arm provided care as usual .  Patient-reported outcomes on spiritual well-being , quality of life , pain , and patient – provider trust were assessed at two points in time . Results : A total of 245 health-care providers participated in the study ( 204 nurses and 41 physicians ) . In all , 49 patient – provider dyads completed the entire study protocol . The median age of the patients was 75 years ( range : 41–95 years ) , and 55 % of the patients were female . There were no significant differences at any point in time in the scores on spiritual well-being , quality of life , pain , or patient – provider trust between the intervention and the control group . Conclusion : This cluster r and omized controlled trial showed no demonstrable effect of spiritual history taking on patient scores for spiritual well-being , quality of life , health-care relationship trust , or pain . Further research is needed to develop instruments that accurately assess the effectiveness of spiritual interventions in palliative care population OBJECTIVE The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effects of yoga on health-related quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer . METHODS Patients with non-metastatic colorectal cancer were r and omly assigned to a 10-week yoga intervention ( 90 min once weekly ) or a waitlist control group . Primary outcome measure was disease-specific quality of life ( Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Colorectal [ FACT-C ] ) at week 10 . Secondary outcome measures included FACT-C subscales : spiritual well-being ( FACT - Spirituality ) ; fatigue ( FACT - Fatigue ) ; sleep disturbances ( Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory ) ; depression and anxiety ( Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ) ; body awareness ( Scale of Body Connection ) ; and body-efficacy expectations ( Body-Efficacy Expectations Scale ) . Outcomes were assessed at week 10 and week 22 after r and omization . RESULTS Fifty-four patients ( mean age 68.3 ± 9.7 years ) were r and omized to  yoga  ( n = 27 ; attrition rate 22.2 % ) and control group ( n = 27 ; attrition rate 18.5 % ) . Patients in the yoga group attended a mean of 5.3 ± 4.0 yoga classes . No significant group differences for the FACT-C total score were found . Group differences were found for emotional well-being at week 22 ( ∆ = 1.59 ; 95 % CI = 0.27,2.90 ; p = 0.019 ) , sleep disturbances at week 22 ( ∆ = -1.08 ; 95 % CI = -2.13 , -0.03 ; p = 0.043 ) , anxiety at week 10 ( ∆ = -1.14 ; 95 % CI = -2.20 , -0.09 ; p = 0.043 ) , and depression at week 10 ( ∆ = -1.34 ; 95 % CI = -2.61 , -0.8 ; p = 0.038 ) . No serious adverse events occurred in the yoga group , while liver metastases were diagnosed in one patient in the control group . CONCLUSION This r and omized trial found no effects of yoga on health-related quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer . Given the high attrition rate and low intervention adherence , no definite conclusions can be drawn from this trial BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous literature s on young adult survivors of childhood cancer show inconsistent findings with regards to their psychological 
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