human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The K‐D2 point is the Korean h and acupressure point in Koryo H and Therapy for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting . We evaluated the efficacy of capsaicin ointment at the K‐D2 point in 186 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a r and omised , prospect i ve , double‐blind and placebo‐controlled study . Patients were r and omised to have either placebo ointment or capsaicin ointment applied to the K‐D2 point of both h and s 1 h before surgery under st and ardised anaesthesia . The ointment was removed 8 h later . Postoperative nausea and vomiting was evaluated 6 and 24 h following surgery . The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was lower in the capsaicin group , with an absolute risk reduction ( ARR ) of 21 % , a relative risk reduction ( RRR ) of 50 % and a number‐needed‐to‐treat ( NNT ) of 5 at 0–6 h ( p = 0.001 ) , and an ARR of 11 % , a RRR of 85 % and a NNT of 9 at 6–24 h ( p = 0.003 ) . The need for rescue anti‐emetic treatment was also lower at 0–6 h ( 3 ( 3 % ) vs 11 ( 12 % ) ; p = 0.04 ) and at 6–24 h ( 5 ( 5 % ) vs 0 ; p = 0.02 ) Purpose To compare the efficacy of stimulation of P6 acupoint with capsicum plaster in comparison withiv ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) . Methods : 120 patients of either sex , ASA I-II , undergoing elective middle ear surgeries under general anesthesia were included in this r and omized , prospect i ve , double-blinded and placebo-controlled study . The anesthetic technique was st and ardized . Patients were divided into three groups . Group I was the control group . Capsicum plaster ( 1 x 1 cm ) was affixed at the P6 acupoint on both forearms 30 min before induction of anesthesia in patients of Group II . Patients of Groups I and III received an inactive adhesive plaster at the same site . Ondansetron 4 mgiv was given to patients of Group III at the end of surgery and the rest of the patients received a placebo . The plasters were removed six hours after transferring the patients to the postoperative unit . Criteria were fixed for the administration of rescue antiemetics ( ondansetron 4 mgiv ) . PONV and the requirement for rescue antiemetics were recorded by a blinded observer . Results The incidence of PONV and the requirement for rescue antiemetics were significantly lower in both the acustimulation and ondansetron groups at six hours . At 24 hr there was a reduction in the requirement for rescue medication in the ondansetron group . Conclusion : Stimulation of the P6 acupoint with capsicum plaster is an effective method for prevention of PONV after middle ear surgery and its efficacy is comparable to ondansetron for the first six hours after surgery.fr]ObjectifComparer l’efficacité de la stimulation de l’acupoint P6 avec un emplâtre de Capsicum et l’administration iv d’ondansétron pour la prévention des nausées et vomissements postopératoires (NVPO).MéthodeCent vingt hommes et femmes , d’état physique ASA I-II , devant subir une opération de l’oreille moyenne sous anesthésie générale , ont participé à l’étude r and omisée , prospect i ve , à double insu et contrôlée par placebo . La technique anesthésique a été normalisée . Les patients ont été répartis en trois groupes . Le groupe I était le groupe témoin . Un emplâtre de Capsicum ( 1 x 1 cm ) a été appliqué à l’acupoint P6 sur les deux avant-bras 30 min avant l’induction de l’anesthésie chez les patients du groupe II . Les patients des groupes I et III ont reçu un emplâtre adhésif inactif au même site . Une dose de 4 mg d’ondansétron iv a été administrée aux patients du groupe III à la fin de l’opération et le reste des patients a reçu un placebo . Les emplâtres ont été enlevés six heures après le transfert à l’unité des soins postopératoires . Les critères ont été fixés pour l’administration d’antiémétiques de secours ( 4 mg d’ondansétron iv ) . Les NVPO et les dem and es d’antiémétiques ont été notées par un observateur neutre . Résultatsà six heures , l’incidence de NVPO et les dem and es d’antiémétiques étaient significativement plus basses avec l’acustimulation et l’ondansétron . à 24 h , il y a eu une réduction des dem and es de médicaments de secours chez ceux qui avaient reçu l’ondansétron . Conclusion La stimulation de l’acupoint P6 avec un emplâtre de Capsicum est aussi efficace que l’ondansétron pendant les six premières heures postopératoires pour prévenir les NVPO après une opération de l’oreille moyenne Background : Postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) is a multifactorial problem after general anesthesia . Despite antiemetic prophylaxis and improved anesthetic techniques , PONV still occurs frequently after craniotomies . P6 stimulation is described as an alternative method for preventing PONV . The primary aim of this study was to determine whether P6 acupressure with Sea-B and could reduce postoperative nausea after elective craniotomy . Secondary aims were to investigate whether the frequency of vomiting and the need for antiemetics could be reduced . Methods : In this r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled study , patients were r and omized into either a  P6 acupressure group ( n=43 ) or a sham group ( n=52 ) . B and s were applied unilaterally at the end of surgery , and all patients were administered prophylactic ondansetron .  Postoperative nausea was evaluated with a Numerical Rating Scale , 0 to10 , and the frequency of vomiting was recorded for 48 hours . Results : We found no significant effect from P6 acupressure with  Sea-B  and on postoperative nausea or vomiting in patients undergoing craniotomy . Nor was there any difference in the need for rescue antiemetics . Altogether , 67 % experienced PONV , and this was especially an issue at > 24 hours in patients recovering from infratentorial surgery compared with supratentorial surgery ( 55 % vs. 26 % ; P=0.014 ) . Conclusions : Unilateral P6 acupressure with Sea-B and applied at the end of surgery together with prophylactic ondansetron did not significantly reduce PONV or the need for rescue antiemetics in patients undergoing craniotomy . Our study confirmed that PONV is a common issue after craniotomy , especially after infratentorial surgery Background The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) is 50 to 79 % after neurosurgery . Our study is design ed to evaluate the efficacy of pericardium 6 ( P6 ; also known as Neiguan ) acupoint stimulation versus placebo , and versus routine antiemetic for the prevention of PONV after craniotomy , as well as to compare the efficacy of invasive acupuncture with non-invasive transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ( TENS ) on P6 . Methods / design This is a single-center , prospect i ve , double-blind , five-arm , parallel-group , r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) . All groups will be given routine intravenous ondansetron 8 mg administered before skin closure . Upon regaining consciousness from general anaesthesia , patients will receive one of five interventions : 1 ) P6 acupuncture bilaterally for 30 minutes , stimulated every 10 minutes to keep de qi sensation ; 2 ) sham acupuncture bilaterally for 30 minutes with no stimulation ; 3 ) P6 stimulation via active TENS electrodes bilaterally for 30 minutes , with stimulation frequency and intensity set to when de qi sensation is felt ; 4 ) sham P6 stimulation via inactive TENS electrode bilaterally for 30 minutes ; and 5 ) usual practice of pharmacological emesis prevention . The incidence of postoperative vomiting during the first 24 hours is the main outcome . Secondary outcomes include : complete response rate , severity of nausea , total rescue metoclopramide dose used and patient satisfaction with PONV management . Discussion The results from this study could potentially confirm that P6 acupoint stimulation is an effective adjunct to st and ard antiemetic drug therapy for the prevention of PONV in patients undergoing craniotomy . Our study may also confirm that conventional acupuncture is more effective than TENS.Trial registration This study is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry : ChiCTR-TRC-13003026 UNLABELLED We aim ed to evaluate the antiemetic efficacy , safety , and clinical utility of prophylactic ondansetron administered at the end of the surgery for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) in a homogenous population of 54 women undergoing modified radical mastectomy ( MRM ) . A st and ard general anesthetic and perioperative analgesic technique were used . After surgery , patients received either saline placebo or ondansetron 4 mg IV . Episodes of PONV , as well as rescue antiemetic requirements , were recorded for the first 24 h after surgery . The 24-h incidence of PONV ( 33.3 % vs 81.5 % ; P = 0.0010 ) was significantly lower in the ondansetron group . The severity of PONV , evaluated by the number of emetic episodes per patient ( 1.59+/-1.90 vs 0.29+/-0.66 ; P = 0.0029 ) , and the rescue antiemetic requirement ( 59.2 % vs 14.8 % ; P = 0.0019 ) was significantly lower , in the ondansetron group . Patient satisfaction scores and number needed to prevent PONV ( 2.07 ) were significantly better and therapeutically more favorable in the ondansetron group . The incidence of adverse events such as headache , dizziness , and increased liver enzyme levels ( number needed to harm = infinity ) was similar in both groups . Administered at the end of the surgery in adult female patients undergoing general anesthesia for MRM , ondansetron 4 mg is effective and safe in preventing PONV . We recommend the clinical practice of routine prophylactic ondansetron to prevent PONV after MRM , as it significantly improves perioperative patient satisfaction and outcome . IMPLICATION S We evaluated the antiemetic efficacy , safety , and routine use of prophylactic ondansetron , a " gold st and ard " antiemetic , in women undergoing radical breast surgery who were at a high risk of postoperative vomiting . We analyzed more meaningful " true " and " therapeutic " outcome measures , and we conclude that prophylactic ondansetron is safe and effective and that its routine use is justified BACKGROUND : There is still controversy regarding the optimal strategy for managing postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) in high-risk surgical population s. Although acustimulation at the P6 acupoint has been demonstrated to be effective in preventing PONV , the effect of this nonpharmacologic therapy on the patient 's recovery with respect to resumption of normal activities of daily living has not been previously assessed when it is used as part of a multimodal antiemetic regimen . Therefore , we design ed this r and omized , sham-controlled , and double-blind study to assess the efficacy of a disposable acupressure device ( Pressure Right ® ; Pressure Point Inc. , Gr and Rapids , MI ) on the incidence of emetic episodes and quality of recovery when used in combination with ondansetron and dexamethasone for antiemetic prophylaxis . METHODS : One hundred ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing major laparoscopic procedures were r and omly assigned to either a control group ( n = 50 ) receiving a “ sham ” acustimulation device or an acupressure group ( n = 50 ) receiving a disposable Pressure Right device placed bilaterally at the P6 point 30 to 60 minutes before induction of anesthesia . All patients received a st and ardized general anesthetic . A combination of ondansetron , 4 mg IV , and dexamethasone , 4 mg IV , was administered during surgery for antiemetic prophylaxis in both study groups . The incidence of nausea and vomiting and the need for “ rescue ” antiemetic therapy were assessed at specific time intervals for up to 72 hours after surgery . The recovery profiles and quality of recovery question naires were evaluated at 48 hours and 72 hours after surgery . Patient satisfaction with the management of their PONV was assessed at the end of the 72-hour study period . RESULTS : The 2 study groups did not differ in their demographic characteristics or risk factors for PONV . The incidence of vomiting at 24 hours was significantly decreased in the acupressure group ( 10 % vs 26 % , P = 0.04 , 95 % confidence interval for absolute risk reduction 1%–31 % ) . The overall incidence of vomiting from 0 to 72 hours after surgery was also significantly decreased from 30 % to 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The K‐D2 point is the Korean h and acupressure point in Koryo H and Therapy for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting . We evaluated the efficacy of capsaicin ointment at the K‐D2 point in 186 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a r and omised , prospect i ve , double‐blind and placebo‐controlled study . Patients were r and omised to have either placebo ointment or capsaicin ointment applied to the K‐D2 point of both h and s 1 h before surgery under st and ardised anaesthesia . The ointment was removed 8 h later . Postoperative nausea and vomiting was evaluated 6 and 24 h following surgery . The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was lower in the capsaicin group , with an absolute risk reduction ( ARR ) of 21 % , a relative risk reduction ( RRR ) of 50 % and a number‐needed‐to‐treat ( NNT ) of 5 at 0–6 h ( p = 0.001 ) , and an ARR of 11 % , a RRR of 85 % and a NNT of 9 at 6–24 h ( p = 0.003 ) . The need for rescue anti‐emetic treatment was also lower at 0–6 h ( 3 ( 3 % ) vs 11 ( 12 % ) ; p = 0.04 ) and at 6–24 h ( 5 ( 5 % ) vs 0 ; p = 0.02 ) Purpose To compare the efficacy of stimulation of P6 acupoint with capsicum plaster in comparison withiv ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) . Methods : 120 patients of either sex , ASA I-II , undergoing elective middle ear surgeries under general anesthesia were included in this r and omized , prospect i ve , double-blinded and placebo-controlled study . The anesthetic technique was st and ardized . Patients were divided into three groups . Group I was the control group . Capsicum plaster ( 1 x 1 cm ) was affixed at the P6 acupoint on both forearms 30 min before induction of anesthesia in patients of Group II . Patients of Groups I and III received an inactive adhesive plaster at the same site . Ondansetron 4 mgiv was given to patients of Group III at the end of surgery and the rest of the patients received a placebo . The plasters were removed six hours after transferring the patients to the postoperative unit . Criteria were fixed for the administration of rescue antiemetics ( ondansetron 4 mgiv ) . PONV and the requirement for rescue antiemetics were recorded by a blinded observer . Results The incidence of PONV and the requirement for rescue antiemetics were significantly lower in both the acustimulation and ondansetron groups at six hours . At 24 hr there was a reduction in the requirement for rescue medication in the ondansetron group . Conclusion : Stimulation of the P6 acupoint with capsicum plaster is an effective method for prevention of PONV after middle ear surgery and its efficacy is comparable to ondansetron for the first six hours after surgery.fr]ObjectifComparer l’efficacité de la stimulation de l’acupoint P6 avec un emplâtre de Capsicum et l’administration iv d’ondansétron pour la prévention des nausées et vomissements postopératoires (NVPO).MéthodeCent vingt hommes et femmes , d’état physique ASA I-II , devant subir une opération de l’oreille moyenne sous anesthésie générale , ont participé à l’étude r and omisée , prospect i ve , à double insu et contrôlée par placebo . La technique anesthésique a été normalisée . Les patients ont été répartis en trois groupes . Le groupe I était le groupe témoin . Un emplâtre de Capsicum ( 1 x 1 cm ) a été appliqué à l’acupoint P6 sur les deux avant-bras 30 min avant l’induction de l’anesthésie chez les patients du groupe II . Les patients des groupes I et III ont reçu un emplâtre adhésif inactif au même site . Une dose de 4 mg d’ondansétron iv a été administrée aux patients du groupe III à la fin de l’opération et le reste des patients a reçu un placebo . Les emplâtres ont été enlevés six heures après le transfert à l’unité des soins postopératoires . Les critères ont été fixés pour l’administration d’antiémétiques de secours ( 4 mg d’ondansétron iv ) . Les NVPO et les dem and es d’antiémétiques ont été notées par un observateur neutre . Résultatsà six heures , l’incidence de NVPO et les dem and es d’antiémétiques étaient significativement plus basses avec l’acustimulation et l’ondansétron . à 24 h , il y a eu une réduction des dem and es de médicaments de secours chez ceux qui avaient reçu l’ondansétron . Conclusion La stimulation de l’acupoint P6 avec un emplâtre de Capsicum est aussi efficace que l’ondansétron pendant les six premières heures postopératoires pour prévenir les NVPO après une opération de l’oreille moyenne Background : Postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) is a multifactorial problem after general anesthesia . Despite antiemetic prophylaxis and improved anesthetic techniques , PONV still occurs frequently after craniotomies . P6 stimulation is described as an alternative method for preventing PONV . The primary aim of this study was to determine whether P6 acupressure with Sea-B and could reduce postoperative nausea after elective craniotomy . Secondary aims were to investigate whether the frequency of vomiting and the need for antiemetics could be reduced . Methods : In this r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled study , patients were r and omized into either a  P6 acupressure group ( n=43 ) or a sham group ( n=52 ) . B and s were applied unilaterally at the end of surgery , and all patients were administered prophylactic ondansetron .  Postoperative nausea was evaluated with a Numerical Rating Scale , 0 to10 , and the frequency of vomiting was recorded for 48 hours . Results : We found no significant effect from P6 acupressure with  Sea-B  and on postoperative nausea or vomiting in patients undergoing craniotomy . Nor was there any difference in the need for rescue antiemetics . Altogether , 67 % experienced PONV , and this was especially an issue at > 24 hours in patients recovering from infratentorial surgery compared with supratentorial surgery ( 55 % vs. 26 % ; P=0.014 ) . Conclusions : Unilateral P6 acupressure with Sea-B and applied at the end of surgery together with prophylactic ondansetron did not significantly reduce PONV or the need for rescue antiemetics in patients undergoing craniotomy . Our study confirmed that PONV is a common issue after craniotomy , especially after infratentorial surgery Background The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) is 50 to 79 % after neurosurgery . Our study is design ed to evaluate the efficacy of pericardium 6 ( P6 ; also known as Neiguan ) acupoint stimulation versus placebo , and versus routine antiemetic for the prevention of PONV after craniotomy , as well as to compare the efficacy of invasive acupuncture with non-invasive transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ( TENS ) on P6 . Methods / design This is a single-center , prospect i ve , double-blind , five-arm , parallel-group , r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) . All groups will be given routine intravenous ondansetron 8 mg administered before skin closure . Upon regaining consciousness from general anaesthesia , patients will receive one of five interventions : 1 ) P6 acupuncture bilaterally for 30 minutes , stimulated every 10 minutes to keep de qi sensation ; 2 ) sham acupuncture bilaterally for 30 minutes with no stimulation ; 3 ) P6 stimulation via active TENS electrodes bilaterally for 30 minutes , with stimulation frequency and intensity set to when de qi sensation is felt ; 4 ) sham P6 stimulation via inactive TENS electrode bilaterally for 30 minutes ; and 5 ) usual practice of pharmacological emesis prevention . The incidence of postoperative vomiting during the first 24 hours is the main outcome . Secondary outcomes include : complete response rate , severity of nausea , total rescue metoclopramide dose used and patient satisfaction with PONV management . Discussion The results from this study could potentially confirm that P6 acupoint stimulation is an effective adjunct to st and ard antiemetic drug therapy for the prevention of PONV in patients undergoing craniotomy . Our study may also confirm that conventional acupuncture is more effective than TENS.Trial registration This study is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry : ChiCTR-TRC-13003026 UNLABELLED We aim ed to evaluate the antiemetic efficacy , safety , and clinical utility of prophylactic ondansetron administered at the end of the surgery for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) in a homogenous population of 54 women undergoing modified radical mastectomy ( MRM ) . A st and ard general anesthetic and perioperative analgesic technique were used . After surgery , patients received either saline placebo or ondansetron 4 mg IV . Episodes of PONV , as well as rescue antiemetic requirements , were recorded for the first 24 h after surgery . The 24-h incidence of PONV ( 33.3 % vs 81.5 % ; P = 0.0010 ) was significantly lower in the ondansetron group . The severity of PONV , evaluated by the number of emetic episodes per patient ( 1.59+/-1.90 vs 0.29+/-0.66 ; P = 0.0029 ) , and the rescue antiemetic requirement ( 59.2 % vs 14.8 % ; P = 0.0019 ) was significantly lower , in the ondansetron group . Patient satisfaction scores and number needed to prevent PONV ( 2.07 ) were significantly better and therapeutically more favorable in the ondansetron group . The incidence of adverse events such as headache , dizziness , and increased liver enzyme levels ( number needed to harm = infinity ) was similar in both groups . Administered at the end of the surgery in adult female patients undergoing general anesthesia for MRM , ondansetron 4 mg is effective and safe in preventing PONV . We recommend the clinical practice of routine prophylactic ondansetron to prevent PONV after MRM , as it significantly improves perioperative patient satisfaction and outcome . IMPLICATION S We evaluated the antiemetic efficacy , safety , and routine use of prophylactic ondansetron , a " gold st and ard " antiemetic , in women undergoing radical breast surgery who were at a high risk of postoperative vomiting . We analyzed more meaningful " true " and " therapeutic " outcome measures , and we conclude that prophylactic ondansetron is safe and effective and that its routine use is justified BACKGROUND : There is still controversy regarding the optimal strategy for managing postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV ) in high-risk surgical population s. Although acustimulation at the P6 acupoint has been demonstrated to be effective in preventing PONV , the effect of this nonpharmacologic therapy on the patient 's recovery with respect to resumption of normal activities of daily living has not been previously assessed when it is used as part of a multimodal antiemetic regimen . Therefore , we design ed this r and omized , sham-controlled , and double-blind study to assess the efficacy of a disposable acupressure device ( Pressure Right ® ; Pressure Point Inc. , Gr and Rapids , MI ) on the incidence of emetic episodes and quality of recovery when used in combination with ondansetron and dexamethasone for antiemetic prophylaxis . METHODS : One hundred ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing major laparoscopic procedures were r and omly assigned to either a control group ( n = 50 ) receiving a “ sham ” acustimulation device or an acupressure group ( n = 50 ) receiving a disposable Pressure Right device placed bilaterally at the P6 point 30 to 60 minutes before induction of anesthesia . All patients received a st and ardized general anesthetic . A combination of ondansetron , 4 mg IV , and dexamethasone , 4 mg IV , was administered during surgery for antiemetic prophylaxis in both study groups . The incidence of nausea and vomiting and the need for “ rescue ” antiemetic therapy were assessed at specific time intervals for up to 72 hours after surgery . The recovery profiles and quality of recovery question naires were evaluated at 48 hours and 72 hours after surgery . Patient satisfaction with the management of their PONV was assessed at the end of the 72-hour study period . RESULTS : The 2 study groups did not differ in their demographic characteristics or risk factors for PONV . The incidence of vomiting at 24 hours was significantly decreased in the acupressure group ( 10 % vs 26 % , P = 0.04 , 95 % confidence interval for absolute risk reduction 1%–31 % ) . The overall incidence of vomiting from 0 to 72 hours after surgery was also significantly decreased from 30 % to 
    Output:
    