human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To test the hypotheses that the effects of a music intervention are greater than those of simple distraction and that either intervention is better at controlling procedural pain and anxiety than treatment as usual . DESIGN R and omized , controlled experiment . SETTING A midwestern comprehensive cancer center . SAMPLE 60 people with cancer having noxious medical procedures such as tissue biopsy or port placement or removal ; 58 provided usable data . METHODS Participants completed measures of pain and anxiety before and after their medical procedures and provided a rating of perceived control over pain and anxiety after the procedure . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Procedural pain , state anxiety , and perceived control over pain and anxiety . FINDINGS Contrary to hypotheses , outcomes achieved with music did not differ from those achieved with simple distraction . Moreover , outcomes achieved under treatment as usual were not significantly different from those obtained with music or distraction interventions . Some patients found that the interventions were bothersome and reported that they wanted to attend to the activities of the surgeon and the medical procedure itself . CONCLUSIONS The effects of music , distraction , and treatment as usual are equivocal . In addition , patients have individual preferences for use of distraction during painful or anxiety-provoking procedures . IMPLICATION S FOR NURSING Patients having noxious medical procedures should be asked about their desire to be distracted before and during the procedure and offered a strategy that is consistent with their preferences BACKGROUND Adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with poor quality of life ( qol ) in breast cancer patients . We tested the effect of listening to music during chemotherapy on quality of life in these patients . MATERIAL / METHODS We tested in a prospect i ve cohort the changes in qol scores as assessed by European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Question naire ( EORTC QLQ-C30 ) , and the influence of listening to non-preferred music at the chemotherapy unit on these parameters in a mixed linear model by repeated measures analysis of variance ( RMANOVA ) . RESULTS For the whole cohort , musical intervention was not associated with a change in any dimension of quality of life . However ; the music effect significantly interacted with patient age ; patients > 45 years old had improved insomnia and appetite loss scores after musical intervention ( F = 6.76 , P = 0.019 and F = 11.22 , P = 0.004 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS Our results show that brief , non-preferred music exposure at the time of chemotherapy administration does not improve quality of life in patients with early breast cancer . Nonetheless , there is still a possibility that a subgroup will benefit from this approach as suggested by the interaction of the music effect with patient age OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of r and om assignment to music versus usual care on anxiety , perceived pain level and patient satisfaction in patients undergoing bone marrow biopsies . METHOD Patients were r and omized to music or usual care after completing a baseline question naire . All patients completed a post-procedure question naire . RESULTS Study participants ( N=59 ) had a mean age of 50.9 years ( SD = 13.9 ; range 22 - 78 ) . Post-procedure state anxiety ( STAI ) and pain rating ( VAS ) were not significantly different between groups ( STAI p=0.766 ; VAS p=0.771 ) . However , patient satisfaction with music was high ; 66 % of these patients said they very much preferred to listen to music at a future biopsy . CONCLUSIONS While there were no significant group differences for the music intervention compared to st and ard of care for anxiety or perceived pain , additional feedback indicated that patients found the music intervention beneficial and requested use of music during future procedures The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a therapeutic music video ( TMV ) intervention for adolescents and young adults ( AYAs ) undergoing stem-cell transplantation ( SCT ) . Twelve AYAs ( aged 11 - 24 years ) were r and omized to the TMV or an audio-book protocol . The TMV was design ed to diminish symptom distress and improve coping , derived meaning , resilience , and quality of life by supporting AYAs in exploring thoughts and feelings . Six sessions with a board-certified music therapist were held twice a week for 3 weeks . The Adolescent Resilience Model guided the selection of a large , comprehensive battery of outcome measures . Major data collection s occurred before admission , after intervention , and at 100 days after transplantation . Participants completed a brief set of measures at presession/postsessions 2 , 4 , and 6 . Rates of consent , session completion , and question naire completion supported feasibility . Immediate follow-up measures suggest positive trends in the TMV group for hope , spirituality , confidence/mastery , and self-transcendence . Positive trends at 100 days include MOS , symptoms distress , defensive coping , spirituality , and self-transcendence .  Therapeutic music video participants also demonstrated gains in quality of life . The TMV intervention may buffer the immediate after-effects of the stem-cell transplantation experience , and a larger study is warranted OBJECTIVES To examine effects of sedative music on  cancer pain .  DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial . SETTING S Two large medical centers in Kaoshiung City , in southern Taiwan . PARTICIPANTS 126 hospitalized persons with cancer pain . METHODS Participants were r and omly assigned to an experimental ( n=62 ) or a control group ( n=64 ) , with computerized minimization , stratifying on gender , pain , and hospital unit . Music choices included folk songs , Buddhist hymns ( Taiwanese music ) , plus harp , and piano ( American ) . The experimental group listened to music for 30 min ; the control group rested in bed .  Sensation and distress of pain were rated on 100 mm VAS before and after the 30-min test . RESULTS Using MANCOVA , there was significantly less posttest pain in the music versus the control group , p<.001 . Effect sizes were large , Cohen 's d=.64 , sensation , d=.70 , distress , indicating that music was very helpful for pain . Thirty minutes of music provided 50 % relief in 42 % of the music group compared to 8 % of the controls . The number needed to treat ( NNT ) to find one with 50 % sensation relief was three patients . More patients chose Taiwanese music ( 71 % ) than American music ( 29 % ) , but both were liked and effective . CONCLUSIONS Offering a choice of familiar , culturally appropriate music was a key element of the intervention . Findings extend the Good and Moore theory ( 1996 ) to cancer pain . Soft music was safe , effective , and liked by participants . It provided greater relief of cancer pain than analgesics alone . Thus nurses should offer calming , familiar music to supplement analgesic medication for persons with cancer pain Cancer patients continue to experience elevated levels of emotional distress , even after cancer treatment . Elevated emotional distress negatively impacts immune and endocrine functions and decreases life quality . This study explored the effectiveness of GIM in alleviating mood disturbance and improving quality of life in cancer patients . Eight volunteers with a cancer history were r and omly assigned to either an experimental or a wait-list control group . Experimental subjects individually participated in 10 weekly GIM sessions . All subjects completed the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) and Quality of Life-Cancer ( QOL-CA ) question naires pretest , posttest , and at a 6-week follow-up . Individuals who participated in GIM sessions scored better on both mood scores and quality of life scores at posttest than those participating in the control group . Additionally , mood and quality of life scores continued to improve in the experimental group , even after sessions were complete . Results indicate that GIM was effective in improving mood and quality of life in these cancer patients A mixed methods research design was used to investigate the effects of a music therapy CD ( MTCD ) creation intervention on pediatric oncology patients ' distress and coping during their first radiation therapy treatment .  The music therapy method involved children creating a music CD using interactive computer-based music software , which was " remixed " by the music therapist- research er to extend the musical material . Eleven pediatric radiation therapy out patients aged 6 to 13 years were r and omly assigned to either an experimental group , in which they could create a music CD prior to their initial treatment to listen to during radiation therapy , or to a st and ard care group . Quantitative and qualitative analyses generated multiple perceptions from the pediatric patients , parents , radiation therapy staff , and music therapist- research er . Ratings of distress during initial radiation therapy treatment were low for all children . The comparison between the two groups found that 67 % of the children in the st and ard care group used social withdrawal as a coping strategy , compared to 0 % of the children in the music therapy group ; this trend approached significance ( p = 0.076 ) . MTCD creation was a fun , engaging , and developmentally appropriate intervention for pediatric patients , which offered a positive experience and aided their use of effective coping strategies to meet the dem and s of their initial radiation therapy treatment Objectives . This study examines the short- and long-term QOL benefits of a music therapy intervention for patients recovering from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( HSCT ) . Methods . Ninety allogeneic HSCT patients , after transplant , were r and omized to receive ISO-principle ( i.e. , mood matching ) based music therapy ( MT ; n = 29 ) , unstructured music ( UM ; n = 30 ) , or usual care ( UC ; n = 31 ) for four weeks . The ISO principle posits that patients may shift their mood from one state to another by listening to music that is “ equal to ” the individual 's initial mood state and subsequently listening to music selection s that gradually shift in tempo and mood to match the patient 's desired disposition . Participants in MT and UM groups developed two audio CDs to help them feel more relaxed and energized and were instructed to use the CDs to improve their mood as needed . Short-term effects on mood and long-term effects on QOL were examined . Results . MT and UM participants reported improved mood immediately after listening to CDs ; the within-group effect was greater for UM participants compared to MT participants . Participant group was not associated with long-term QOL outcomes . Conclusions . Music listening improves mood acutely but was not associated with long-term benefits in this study A nonpharmacological method can be an alternative or complement to analgesics . The aim of this study was to evaluate if music medicine influences pain and anxiety in children undergoing lumbar punctures .  A r and omized clinical trial was used in 40 children ( aged 7 - 12 years ) with leukemia , followed by interviews in 20 of these participants . The participants were r and omly assigned to a music group ( n = 20 ) or control group ( n = 20 ) . The primary outcome was pain scores and the secondary was heart rate , blood pressure , respiratory rate , and oxygen saturation measured before , during , and after the procedure . Anxiety scores were measured before and after the procedure . Interviews with open-ended questions were conducted in conjunction with the completed procedures . The results showed lower pain scores and heart and respiratory rates in the music group during and after the lumbar puncture . The anxiety scores were lower in the music group both before and after the procedure . The findings from the interviews confirmed the quantity results through descriptions of a positive experience by the children , including less pain and fear BACKGROUND Breast cancer remains the most important cancer among women worldwide . The disease itself and treatment may have a profound impact on the patients ' psychological well being and quality of life . Depression is common in breast cancer patients and affects the therapeutic effects as well as prolongs the duration of hospital stay . However , few studies reported the effectiveness of music therapy on depression and duration of hospital stay of female patients with breast cancer after radical mastectomy . METHODS One hundred and twenty subjects were recruited to this clinical trial and r and omly allocated to two groups . The experimental group ( n = 60 ) received music therapy on the basis of routine nursing care , whereas the control group ( n = 60 ) only received the routine nursing care . The whole intervention time was from the first day after radical mastectomy to the third time of admission to hospital for chemotherapy .  Data of demographic characteristics and depression were collected by using the General Question naire and Chinese version of Zung Self-rating Depression Scale ( ZSDS ) respectively . One pre-test ( the day before radical mastectomy ) and three post-tests ( the day before discharge from hospital , the second and third admission to hospital for chemotherapy ) were utilized . Duration of hospital stay was calculated from the first day after radical mastectomy to the day of discharged from hospital . RESULTS The mean depression score of all subjects was 37.19 ± 6.30 . Thirty-six cases ( 30 % ) suffered from depression symptoms , with 26 ( 72.2 % ) mild depression cases , 9 ( 25.0 % ) moderate depression cases , and 1 ( 2.8 % ) severe depression case . After music  therapy , depression scores of the experimental group were lower than that of the control group in the three post-tests , with significant differences ( F = 39.13 , P < 0.001 ; F = 82.09 , P < 0.001 ) . Duration of hospital stay after radical mastectomy of the experimental group ( ( 13.62 ± 2.04 ) days ) was shorter than that of the control group ( ( 15.53 ± 2.75 ) days ) with significant difference ( t = -4.34 , P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Music therapy has positive effects on improving depression of female patients with breast cancer , and duration of hospital stay after radical mastectomy can be reduced . It is worthy of applying music therapy as an alternative way of nursing intervention in clinical nursing process of caring female patients with breast cancer AIMS To determine the effect of music therapy and ver 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To test the hypotheses that the effects of a music intervention are greater than those of simple distraction and that either intervention is better at controlling procedural pain and anxiety than treatment as usual . DESIGN R and omized , controlled experiment . SETTING A midwestern comprehensive cancer center . SAMPLE 60 people with cancer having noxious medical procedures such as tissue biopsy or port placement or removal ; 58 provided usable data . METHODS Participants completed measures of pain and anxiety before and after their medical procedures and provided a rating of perceived control over pain and anxiety after the procedure . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Procedural pain , state anxiety , and perceived control over pain and anxiety . FINDINGS Contrary to hypotheses , outcomes achieved with music did not differ from those achieved with simple distraction . Moreover , outcomes achieved under treatment as usual were not significantly different from those obtained with music or distraction interventions . Some patients found that the interventions were bothersome and reported that they wanted to attend to the activities of the surgeon and the medical procedure itself . CONCLUSIONS The effects of music , distraction , and treatment as usual are equivocal . In addition , patients have individual preferences for use of distraction during painful or anxiety-provoking procedures . IMPLICATION S FOR NURSING Patients having noxious medical procedures should be asked about their desire to be distracted before and during the procedure and offered a strategy that is consistent with their preferences BACKGROUND Adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with poor quality of life ( qol ) in breast cancer patients . We tested the effect of listening to music during chemotherapy on quality of life in these patients . MATERIAL / METHODS We tested in a prospect i ve cohort the changes in qol scores as assessed by European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Question naire ( EORTC QLQ-C30 ) , and the influence of listening to non-preferred music at the chemotherapy unit on these parameters in a mixed linear model by repeated measures analysis of variance ( RMANOVA ) . RESULTS For the whole cohort , musical intervention was not associated with a change in any dimension of quality of life . However ; the music effect significantly interacted with patient age ; patients > 45 years old had improved insomnia and appetite loss scores after musical intervention ( F = 6.76 , P = 0.019 and F = 11.22 , P = 0.004 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS Our results show that brief , non-preferred music exposure at the time of chemotherapy administration does not improve quality of life in patients with early breast cancer . Nonetheless , there is still a possibility that a subgroup will benefit from this approach as suggested by the interaction of the music effect with patient age OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of r and om assignment to music versus usual care on anxiety , perceived pain level and patient satisfaction in patients undergoing bone marrow biopsies . METHOD Patients were r and omized to music or usual care after completing a baseline question naire . All patients completed a post-procedure question naire . RESULTS Study participants ( N=59 ) had a mean age of 50.9 years ( SD = 13.9 ; range 22 - 78 ) . Post-procedure state anxiety ( STAI ) and pain rating ( VAS ) were not significantly different between groups ( STAI p=0.766 ; VAS p=0.771 ) . However , patient satisfaction with music was high ; 66 % of these patients said they very much preferred to listen to music at a future biopsy . CONCLUSIONS While there were no significant group differences for the music intervention compared to st and ard of care for anxiety or perceived pain , additional feedback indicated that patients found the music intervention beneficial and requested use of music during future procedures The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a therapeutic music video ( TMV ) intervention for adolescents and young adults ( AYAs ) undergoing stem-cell transplantation ( SCT ) . Twelve AYAs ( aged 11 - 24 years ) were r and omized to the TMV or an audio-book protocol . The TMV was design ed to diminish symptom distress and improve coping , derived meaning , resilience , and quality of life by supporting AYAs in exploring thoughts and feelings . Six sessions with a board-certified music therapist were held twice a week for 3 weeks . The Adolescent Resilience Model guided the selection of a large , comprehensive battery of outcome measures . Major data collection s occurred before admission , after intervention , and at 100 days after transplantation . Participants completed a brief set of measures at presession/postsessions 2 , 4 , and 6 . Rates of consent , session completion , and question naire completion supported feasibility . Immediate follow-up measures suggest positive trends in the TMV group for hope , spirituality , confidence/mastery , and self-transcendence . Positive trends at 100 days include MOS , symptoms distress , defensive coping , spirituality , and self-transcendence .  Therapeutic music video participants also demonstrated gains in quality of life . The TMV intervention may buffer the immediate after-effects of the stem-cell transplantation experience , and a larger study is warranted OBJECTIVES To examine effects of sedative music on  cancer pain .  DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial . SETTING S Two large medical centers in Kaoshiung City , in southern Taiwan . PARTICIPANTS 126 hospitalized persons with cancer pain . METHODS Participants were r and omly assigned to an experimental ( n=62 ) or a control group ( n=64 ) , with computerized minimization , stratifying on gender , pain , and hospital unit . Music choices included folk songs , Buddhist hymns ( Taiwanese music ) , plus harp , and piano ( American ) . The experimental group listened to music for 30 min ; the control group rested in bed .  Sensation and distress of pain were rated on 100 mm VAS before and after the 30-min test . RESULTS Using MANCOVA , there was significantly less posttest pain in the music versus the control group , p<.001 . Effect sizes were large , Cohen 's d=.64 , sensation , d=.70 , distress , indicating that music was very helpful for pain . Thirty minutes of music provided 50 % relief in 42 % of the music group compared to 8 % of the controls . The number needed to treat ( NNT ) to find one with 50 % sensation relief was three patients . More patients chose Taiwanese music ( 71 % ) than American music ( 29 % ) , but both were liked and effective . CONCLUSIONS Offering a choice of familiar , culturally appropriate music was a key element of the intervention . Findings extend the Good and Moore theory ( 1996 ) to cancer pain . Soft music was safe , effective , and liked by participants . It provided greater relief of cancer pain than analgesics alone . Thus nurses should offer calming , familiar music to supplement analgesic medication for persons with cancer pain Cancer patients continue to experience elevated levels of emotional distress , even after cancer treatment . Elevated emotional distress negatively impacts immune and endocrine functions and decreases life quality . This study explored the effectiveness of GIM in alleviating mood disturbance and improving quality of life in cancer patients . Eight volunteers with a cancer history were r and omly assigned to either an experimental or a wait-list control group . Experimental subjects individually participated in 10 weekly GIM sessions . All subjects completed the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) and Quality of Life-Cancer ( QOL-CA ) question naires pretest , posttest , and at a 6-week follow-up . Individuals who participated in GIM sessions scored better on both mood scores and quality of life scores at posttest than those participating in the control group . Additionally , mood and quality of life scores continued to improve in the experimental group , even after sessions were complete . Results indicate that GIM was effective in improving mood and quality of life in these cancer patients A mixed methods research design was used to investigate the effects of a music therapy CD ( MTCD ) creation intervention on pediatric oncology patients ' distress and coping during their first radiation therapy treatment .  The music therapy method involved children creating a music CD using interactive computer-based music software , which was " remixed " by the music therapist- research er to extend the musical material . Eleven pediatric radiation therapy out patients aged 6 to 13 years were r and omly assigned to either an experimental group , in which they could create a music CD prior to their initial treatment to listen to during radiation therapy , or to a st and ard care group . Quantitative and qualitative analyses generated multiple perceptions from the pediatric patients , parents , radiation therapy staff , and music therapist- research er . Ratings of distress during initial radiation therapy treatment were low for all children . The comparison between the two groups found that 67 % of the children in the st and ard care group used social withdrawal as a coping strategy , compared to 0 % of the children in the music therapy group ; this trend approached significance ( p = 0.076 ) . MTCD creation was a fun , engaging , and developmentally appropriate intervention for pediatric patients , which offered a positive experience and aided their use of effective coping strategies to meet the dem and s of their initial radiation therapy treatment Objectives . This study examines the short- and long-term QOL benefits of a music therapy intervention for patients recovering from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( HSCT ) . Methods . Ninety allogeneic HSCT patients , after transplant , were r and omized to receive ISO-principle ( i.e. , mood matching ) based music therapy ( MT ; n = 29 ) , unstructured music ( UM ; n = 30 ) , or usual care ( UC ; n = 31 ) for four weeks . The ISO principle posits that patients may shift their mood from one state to another by listening to music that is “ equal to ” the individual 's initial mood state and subsequently listening to music selection s that gradually shift in tempo and mood to match the patient 's desired disposition . Participants in MT and UM groups developed two audio CDs to help them feel more relaxed and energized and were instructed to use the CDs to improve their mood as needed . Short-term effects on mood and long-term effects on QOL were examined . Results . MT and UM participants reported improved mood immediately after listening to CDs ; the within-group effect was greater for UM participants compared to MT participants . Participant group was not associated with long-term QOL outcomes . Conclusions . Music listening improves mood acutely but was not associated with long-term benefits in this study A nonpharmacological method can be an alternative or complement to analgesics . The aim of this study was to evaluate if music medicine influences pain and anxiety in children undergoing lumbar punctures .  A r and omized clinical trial was used in 40 children ( aged 7 - 12 years ) with leukemia , followed by interviews in 20 of these participants . The participants were r and omly assigned to a music group ( n = 20 ) or control group ( n = 20 ) . The primary outcome was pain scores and the secondary was heart rate , blood pressure , respiratory rate , and oxygen saturation measured before , during , and after the procedure . Anxiety scores were measured before and after the procedure . Interviews with open-ended questions were conducted in conjunction with the completed procedures . The results showed lower pain scores and heart and respiratory rates in the music group during and after the lumbar puncture . The anxiety scores were lower in the music group both before and after the procedure . The findings from the interviews confirmed the quantity results through descriptions of a positive experience by the children , including less pain and fear BACKGROUND Breast cancer remains the most important cancer among women worldwide . The disease itself and treatment may have a profound impact on the patients ' psychological well being and quality of life . Depression is common in breast cancer patients and affects the therapeutic effects as well as prolongs the duration of hospital stay . However , few studies reported the effectiveness of music therapy on depression and duration of hospital stay of female patients with breast cancer after radical mastectomy . METHODS One hundred and twenty subjects were recruited to this clinical trial and r and omly allocated to two groups . The experimental group ( n = 60 ) received music therapy on the basis of routine nursing care , whereas the control group ( n = 60 ) only received the routine nursing care . The whole intervention time was from the first day after radical mastectomy to the third time of admission to hospital for chemotherapy .  Data of demographic characteristics and depression were collected by using the General Question naire and Chinese version of Zung Self-rating Depression Scale ( ZSDS ) respectively . One pre-test ( the day before radical mastectomy ) and three post-tests ( the day before discharge from hospital , the second and third admission to hospital for chemotherapy ) were utilized . Duration of hospital stay was calculated from the first day after radical mastectomy to the day of discharged from hospital . RESULTS The mean depression score of all subjects was 37.19 ± 6.30 . Thirty-six cases ( 30 % ) suffered from depression symptoms , with 26 ( 72.2 % ) mild depression cases , 9 ( 25.0 % ) moderate depression cases , and 1 ( 2.8 % ) severe depression case . After music  therapy , depression scores of the experimental group were lower than that of the control group in the three post-tests , with significant differences ( F = 39.13 , P < 0.001 ; F = 82.09 , P < 0.001 ) . Duration of hospital stay after radical mastectomy of the experimental group ( ( 13.62 ± 2.04 ) days ) was shorter than that of the control group ( ( 15.53 ± 2.75 ) days ) with significant difference ( t = -4.34 , P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Music therapy has positive effects on improving depression of female patients with breast cancer , and duration of hospital stay after radical mastectomy can be reduced . It is worthy of applying music therapy as an alternative way of nursing intervention in clinical nursing process of caring female patients with breast cancer AIMS To determine the effect of music therapy and ver 
    Output:
    