human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Substantial numbers of cancer patients use complementary medicine therapies , even without a supportive evidence base . This study aim ed to evaluate in a r and omized controlled trial , the use of Medical Qigong ( MQ ) compared with usual care to improve the quality of life ( QOL ) of cancer patients . Patients and methods : One hundred and sixty-two patients with a range of cancers were recruited .  QOL and fatigue were measured by Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy — General and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy — Fatigue , respectively , and mood status by Profile of Mood State . The inflammatory marker serum C-reactive protein ( CRP ) was monitored serially . Results : Regression analysis indicated that the MQ group significantly improved overall QOL ( t144 = −5.761 , P < 0.001 ) , fatigue ( t153 = −5.621 , P < 0.001 ) , mood disturbance ( t122 = 2.346 , P = 0.021 ) and inflammation ( CRP ) ( t99 = 2.042 , P < 0.044 ) compared with usual care after controlling for baseline variables . Conclusions : This study indicates that MQ can improve  cancer patients  ’ overall QOL and mood status and reduce specific side-effects of treatment . It may also produce physical benefits in the long term through reduced inflammation PURPOSE The aims of this pilot study were the following : 1 ) to examine patterns of adherence to a brisk walking program in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy for newly diagnosed breast cancer using a prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled experimental design ; 2 ) to examine the influence of disease symptoms and treatment side effects on exercise levels ; and 3 ) to suggest methods that may improve future clinical trials of moderate-intensity exercise in similar population s. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY Fifty-two patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer were r and omly assigned to one of two treatment arms : usual care or usual care plus exercise . Those assigned to the exercise group received a st and ardized , self-administered , home-based brisk walking intervention in addition to usual care . Each day subjects completed self-report diary forms that elicited information about activity levels , and the occurrence of symptoms and side effects during cancer treatment . RESULTS Analyses of self-reported daily activity levels revealed a diffusion of treatment effect . Fifty percent of the usual-care group reported maintaining or increasing their physical activity to a moderate-intensity level , while 33 % of the exercise group did not exercise at the prescribed levels . Analyses of self-reported disease symptoms and treatment side effects did not reveal clinical ly meaningful differences between the two groups . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S The results of this study suggest that women who exercised regularly before receiving a breast cancer diagnosis attempted to maintain their exercise programs . Women who lead sedentary lifestyles may benefit from a structured exercise program that includes information and support related to exercise adherence strategies Purpose The study was focused on the influence of the kinesitherapy on fatigue and the quality of life in the terminal hospice cancer patients . Patients and methods Forty-nine patients were included into the study and divided into experimental group A ( with kinesitherapy ) with 30 subjects and  control group B ( without kinesitherapy ) with 19 subjects . Patients from group A did the exercises three times a week , for 20–30 min , for the period of 3–4 weeks . The exercises were individually supervised by a physiotherapist , following a carefully worked out pattern . In both groups , the changes in the intensity of fatigue and the quality of life were observed by means of using Rotterdam symptom checklist , brief fatigue inventory , and visual analogue fatigue scale . Results In group A , the intensity of fatigue decreased significantly after 3 weeks of kinesitherapy . In group B , fatigue deteriorated significantly in comparison with the initial measurement . The intensity of physical symptoms in group A decreased significantly after 2 weeks of kinesitherapy , whereas in group B , increased after 2 weeks of observation . The quality of life in group A remained stable throughout the study . A tendency towards the deterioration of the quality of life with the time passing in group B was noticeable . Conclusion Our analysis showed that , on average , after 3 weeks of kinesitherapy , a significant decrease of the intensity of fatigue was observed , while in the control group , it increased after 2 weeks of observation . The obtained results provide evidence that a planned set of exercises decreases cancer-related fatigue effectively BACKGROUND Anemia in patients with solid tumors is a common problem that is associated with impaired exercise capacity , increased fatigue , and lower quality of life ( QoL ) . Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESAs ) have been shown to improve these outcomes ; however , it is unknown if additional benefits can be achieved with aerobic exercise training . METHODS We conducted a single-center , prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled trial in 55 mild-to-moderately anemic patients with solid tumors . Patients were r and omized to either darbepoetin alfa alone ( DAL , n = 29 ) or darbepoetin alfa plus aerobic exercise training ( DEX ; n = 26 ) . The DEX group performed aerobic exercise training three times per week at 60%-100 % of baseline exercise capacity for 12 weeks . The primary endpoint was QoL assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Anemia scale . Secondary endpoints were fatigue , cardiorespiratory fitness ( VO(2peak ) ) , hemoglobin ( Hb ) response , and darbepoetin alfa dosing . RESULTS Intention-to-treat analyses indicated significant improvements in QoL and fatigue in both groups over time but there were no between-group differences . The DEX group had a significantly greater VO(2peak ) than the DAL group ( mean group difference , + 3.0 ml/kg per minute ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.2 - 4.7 ; p = .001 ) and there were borderline significant differences in favor of the DEX group for Hb response and darbepoetin alfa dosing . CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise training did not improve QoL or fatigue beyond the established benefits of DAL but it did result in favorable improvements in exercise capacity and a more rapid Hb response with lower dosing requirements . Our results may be useful to clinicians despite the more recent restrictions on the indications for ESAs This pilot study examined the efficacy of two home-based exercise programs on alleviating fatigue and improving functional capacity in breast cancer survivors . Participants were r and omly assigned into one of three groups : aerobic exercise ( AE ) , resistance exercise ( RE ) , or usual care control ( CON ) . After receiving individualized instruction and training , participants assigned to the AE and RE groups were asked to perform the prescribed exercise(s ) 3 times per week for 12 weeks at home . Both groups were instructed to keep their perceived exercise intensity in the " fairly light " to " somewhat hard " range using the Borg Perceived Exertion Scale . All participants completed the revised Piper Fatigue Scale ( PFS ) and the 6-minute walk test ( 6MWT ) at baseline and 12-week post-exercise program . Analysis of pre- and post-training data revealed a significant reduction in fatigue levels on the PFS among participants in the AE group ( Z=2.521 , one-tailed P=0.006 ) , and a significant improvement in the distance of the 6MWT for the RE group ( Z=2.366 , one-tailed P=0.009 ) at the end of 12-week study period . No significant changes in fatigue or functional status were observed in the CON group . Findings provide preliminary support for RE as a viable strategy for improving functional capacity in breast cancer survivors , while AE may be more effective in attenuating cancer-related fatigue . Incorporating RE training for future research may help advance the growing body of knowledge in symptom management for breast cancer survivors Research suggests that stress‐reduction programs tailored to the cancer setting help patients cope with the effects of treatment and improve their quality of life .  Yoga , an ancient Eastern science , incorporates stress‐reduction techniques that include regulated breathing , visual imagery , and meditation as well as various postures . The authors examined the effects of the  Tibetan yoga ( TY ) practice s of Tsa lung and Trul khor , which incorporate  controlled breathing and visualization , mindfulness techniques  , and low‐impact postures  in patients with lymphoma BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This pilot project assessed the acceptability of a mixed-type , moderate-intensity exercise programme  following breast cancer treatment , and the impact on presence of lymphoedema , fitness , body composition , fatigue , mood and quality of life . METHODS Ten women completed the programme and measures of fitness ( sub-maximal ergometer test ) , body composition ( bio-electrical impedance ) , lympoedema ( bio-electrical impedance and arm circumferences ) , fatigue ( revised Piper Fatigue Scale ) , mood ( Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ) , quality of life ( FACT-B ) and general well-being , at baseline , completion of the programme , and 6-week and 3-month follow-up . RESULTS Participation in the programme caused no adverse effect on the presence of lymphoedema . There was a trend towards reduction in fatigue and improved quality of life across the testing phases . Women rated the programme extremely favourably , citing benefits of the support of other women , trained guidance , and the opportunity to experience different types of exercise . CONCLUSIONS A mixed-type , moderate-intensity exercise program in a group format is acceptable to women following breast cancer treatment , with the potential to reduce fatigue and improve quality of life , without exacerbating or precipitating lymphoedema . This pilot work needs to be confirmed in larger r and omised studies PURPOSE The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on physiological and psychological function in patients rehabilitating from cancer treatment . A second purpose was to evaluate the differential effects of low- and moderate-intensity exercise on these variables . METHODS Eighteen survivors of breast or colon cancer ( 15 female and 3 male , 40 - 65 yr of age ) served as subjects . The subjects were matched by aerobic capacity and scores on a Quality of Life question naire , and then r and omly assigned to a control , low- ( 25 - 35 % heart rate reserve ( HRR ) ) , or a moderate- ( 40 - 50 % HRR ) intensity exercise group . The exercise groups performed lower-body aerobic exercise three times a week for 10 wk . After the exercise training , there were no statistically significant differences between the two exercise groups on any of the physiological variables . Therefore , the exercise groups were combined into one group for the final analysis . RESULTS The results revealed statistically significant increases in aerobic capacity ( P < 0.001 ) and lower-body flexibility ( P = 0.027 ) , a significant decrease in body fat ( P < 0.001 ) , and a significant increase in quality of life ( P < 0.001 ) and a measure of energy ( P = 0.038 ) in the exercise group when compared with the control group . CONCLUSION Low- and moderate-intensity aerobic-exercise programs were equally effective in improving physiological and psychological function in this population of cancer survivors .  Aerobic exercise appears to be a valuable and well-tolerated component of the cancer-rehabilitation process The efficacy of energy conservation and activity management ( ECAM ) for fatigue reduction and maintenance of functional performance has never been evaluated in adults with cancer who are undergoing treatment Goals of workProstate cancer patients receiving and rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT )  are vulnerable to a number of potentially debilitating side effects , which can significantly impact quality of life . The role of alternate therapies , such as physical activity ( PA ) , in attenuating these side effects is largely understudied for such a large population . Thus , the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of PA intervention for men receiving ADT on PA behavior , quality of life , and fitness measures . Patients and methods One hundred participants were r and omized into an intervention ( n = 53 ) or a wait-list control group ( n = 47 ) , with 11 dropping out of the intervention group and 23 dropping out of the wait-list control group prior to post-testing . The intervention consisted of both an individually tailored home-based aerobic and light resistant training program and weekly group sessions .  PA , quality of life , fitness , and physiological outcomes were assessed pre and post the 16-week intervention . Results Significant increases in PA , supported by changes in girth measures and blood pressure , support the beneficial impact of the intervention . Positive trends were also evident for depression and fatigue . However , due to the high dropout rate , these results must be interpreted with caution . Conclusions PA effectively attenuates many of the side effects of ADT and should be recommended to prostate survivors as an alternate therapy . Determining the maintenance of this behavior change will be important for underst and ing how the long-term benefits of increased activity levels may alleviate the late effects of ADT Few r and omized controlled trials have examined the effects of combined aerobic and resistance training in breast cancer survivors soon after completing adjuvant therapy . Breast cancer survivors ( N = 58 ) within 2 years of completing adjuvant therapy were r and omly assigned to an immediate exercise group ( IEG ; n = 29 ) or a delayed exercise group ( DEG ; n = 29 ) . The IEG completed 12 weeks of supervised aerobic and resistance exercise , three times per week . The DEG completed the program during the next 12 weeks . Participants completed patient-rated outcomes at baseline , 6 , 12 , 18 and 24 weeks . The primary endpoint was overall quality of life ( QoL ) measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast scale . Secondary endpoints were fatigue , social physique anxiety , and physical fitness . Follow-up data was obtained on 97 % of participants and exercise adherence was 61.3 % . Repe 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Substantial numbers of cancer patients use complementary medicine therapies , even without a supportive evidence base . This study aim ed to evaluate in a r and omized controlled trial , the use of Medical Qigong ( MQ ) compared with usual care to improve the quality of life ( QOL ) of cancer patients . Patients and methods : One hundred and sixty-two patients with a range of cancers were recruited .  QOL and fatigue were measured by Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy — General and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy — Fatigue , respectively , and mood status by Profile of Mood State . The inflammatory marker serum C-reactive protein ( CRP ) was monitored serially . Results : Regression analysis indicated that the MQ group significantly improved overall QOL ( t144 = −5.761 , P < 0.001 ) , fatigue ( t153 = −5.621 , P < 0.001 ) , mood disturbance ( t122 = 2.346 , P = 0.021 ) and inflammation ( CRP ) ( t99 = 2.042 , P < 0.044 ) compared with usual care after controlling for baseline variables . Conclusions : This study indicates that MQ can improve  cancer patients  ’ overall QOL and mood status and reduce specific side-effects of treatment . It may also produce physical benefits in the long term through reduced inflammation PURPOSE The aims of this pilot study were the following : 1 ) to examine patterns of adherence to a brisk walking program in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy for newly diagnosed breast cancer using a prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled experimental design ; 2 ) to examine the influence of disease symptoms and treatment side effects on exercise levels ; and 3 ) to suggest methods that may improve future clinical trials of moderate-intensity exercise in similar population s. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY Fifty-two patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer were r and omly assigned to one of two treatment arms : usual care or usual care plus exercise . Those assigned to the exercise group received a st and ardized , self-administered , home-based brisk walking intervention in addition to usual care . Each day subjects completed self-report diary forms that elicited information about activity levels , and the occurrence of symptoms and side effects during cancer treatment . RESULTS Analyses of self-reported daily activity levels revealed a diffusion of treatment effect . Fifty percent of the usual-care group reported maintaining or increasing their physical activity to a moderate-intensity level , while 33 % of the exercise group did not exercise at the prescribed levels . Analyses of self-reported disease symptoms and treatment side effects did not reveal clinical ly meaningful differences between the two groups . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S The results of this study suggest that women who exercised regularly before receiving a breast cancer diagnosis attempted to maintain their exercise programs . Women who lead sedentary lifestyles may benefit from a structured exercise program that includes information and support related to exercise adherence strategies Purpose The study was focused on the influence of the kinesitherapy on fatigue and the quality of life in the terminal hospice cancer patients . Patients and methods Forty-nine patients were included into the study and divided into experimental group A ( with kinesitherapy ) with 30 subjects and  control group B ( without kinesitherapy ) with 19 subjects . Patients from group A did the exercises three times a week , for 20–30 min , for the period of 3–4 weeks . The exercises were individually supervised by a physiotherapist , following a carefully worked out pattern . In both groups , the changes in the intensity of fatigue and the quality of life were observed by means of using Rotterdam symptom checklist , brief fatigue inventory , and visual analogue fatigue scale . Results In group A , the intensity of fatigue decreased significantly after 3 weeks of kinesitherapy . In group B , fatigue deteriorated significantly in comparison with the initial measurement . The intensity of physical symptoms in group A decreased significantly after 2 weeks of kinesitherapy , whereas in group B , increased after 2 weeks of observation . The quality of life in group A remained stable throughout the study . A tendency towards the deterioration of the quality of life with the time passing in group B was noticeable . Conclusion Our analysis showed that , on average , after 3 weeks of kinesitherapy , a significant decrease of the intensity of fatigue was observed , while in the control group , it increased after 2 weeks of observation . The obtained results provide evidence that a planned set of exercises decreases cancer-related fatigue effectively BACKGROUND Anemia in patients with solid tumors is a common problem that is associated with impaired exercise capacity , increased fatigue , and lower quality of life ( QoL ) . Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESAs ) have been shown to improve these outcomes ; however , it is unknown if additional benefits can be achieved with aerobic exercise training . METHODS We conducted a single-center , prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled trial in 55 mild-to-moderately anemic patients with solid tumors . Patients were r and omized to either darbepoetin alfa alone ( DAL , n = 29 ) or darbepoetin alfa plus aerobic exercise training ( DEX ; n = 26 ) . The DEX group performed aerobic exercise training three times per week at 60%-100 % of baseline exercise capacity for 12 weeks . The primary endpoint was QoL assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Anemia scale . Secondary endpoints were fatigue , cardiorespiratory fitness ( VO(2peak ) ) , hemoglobin ( Hb ) response , and darbepoetin alfa dosing . RESULTS Intention-to-treat analyses indicated significant improvements in QoL and fatigue in both groups over time but there were no between-group differences . The DEX group had a significantly greater VO(2peak ) than the DAL group ( mean group difference , + 3.0 ml/kg per minute ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.2 - 4.7 ; p = .001 ) and there were borderline significant differences in favor of the DEX group for Hb response and darbepoetin alfa dosing . CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise training did not improve QoL or fatigue beyond the established benefits of DAL but it did result in favorable improvements in exercise capacity and a more rapid Hb response with lower dosing requirements . Our results may be useful to clinicians despite the more recent restrictions on the indications for ESAs This pilot study examined the efficacy of two home-based exercise programs on alleviating fatigue and improving functional capacity in breast cancer survivors . Participants were r and omly assigned into one of three groups : aerobic exercise ( AE ) , resistance exercise ( RE ) , or usual care control ( CON ) . After receiving individualized instruction and training , participants assigned to the AE and RE groups were asked to perform the prescribed exercise(s ) 3 times per week for 12 weeks at home . Both groups were instructed to keep their perceived exercise intensity in the " fairly light " to " somewhat hard " range using the Borg Perceived Exertion Scale . All participants completed the revised Piper Fatigue Scale ( PFS ) and the 6-minute walk test ( 6MWT ) at baseline and 12-week post-exercise program . Analysis of pre- and post-training data revealed a significant reduction in fatigue levels on the PFS among participants in the AE group ( Z=2.521 , one-tailed P=0.006 ) , and a significant improvement in the distance of the 6MWT for the RE group ( Z=2.366 , one-tailed P=0.009 ) at the end of 12-week study period . No significant changes in fatigue or functional status were observed in the CON group . Findings provide preliminary support for RE as a viable strategy for improving functional capacity in breast cancer survivors , while AE may be more effective in attenuating cancer-related fatigue . Incorporating RE training for future research may help advance the growing body of knowledge in symptom management for breast cancer survivors Research suggests that stress‐reduction programs tailored to the cancer setting help patients cope with the effects of treatment and improve their quality of life .  Yoga , an ancient Eastern science , incorporates stress‐reduction techniques that include regulated breathing , visual imagery , and meditation as well as various postures . The authors examined the effects of the  Tibetan yoga ( TY ) practice s of Tsa lung and Trul khor , which incorporate  controlled breathing and visualization , mindfulness techniques  , and low‐impact postures  in patients with lymphoma BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This pilot project assessed the acceptability of a mixed-type , moderate-intensity exercise programme  following breast cancer treatment , and the impact on presence of lymphoedema , fitness , body composition , fatigue , mood and quality of life . METHODS Ten women completed the programme and measures of fitness ( sub-maximal ergometer test ) , body composition ( bio-electrical impedance ) , lympoedema ( bio-electrical impedance and arm circumferences ) , fatigue ( revised Piper Fatigue Scale ) , mood ( Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ) , quality of life ( FACT-B ) and general well-being , at baseline , completion of the programme , and 6-week and 3-month follow-up . RESULTS Participation in the programme caused no adverse effect on the presence of lymphoedema . There was a trend towards reduction in fatigue and improved quality of life across the testing phases . Women rated the programme extremely favourably , citing benefits of the support of other women , trained guidance , and the opportunity to experience different types of exercise . CONCLUSIONS A mixed-type , moderate-intensity exercise program in a group format is acceptable to women following breast cancer treatment , with the potential to reduce fatigue and improve quality of life , without exacerbating or precipitating lymphoedema . This pilot work needs to be confirmed in larger r and omised studies PURPOSE The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on physiological and psychological function in patients rehabilitating from cancer treatment . A second purpose was to evaluate the differential effects of low- and moderate-intensity exercise on these variables . METHODS Eighteen survivors of breast or colon cancer ( 15 female and 3 male , 40 - 65 yr of age ) served as subjects . The subjects were matched by aerobic capacity and scores on a Quality of Life question naire , and then r and omly assigned to a control , low- ( 25 - 35 % heart rate reserve ( HRR ) ) , or a moderate- ( 40 - 50 % HRR ) intensity exercise group . The exercise groups performed lower-body aerobic exercise three times a week for 10 wk . After the exercise training , there were no statistically significant differences between the two exercise groups on any of the physiological variables . Therefore , the exercise groups were combined into one group for the final analysis . RESULTS The results revealed statistically significant increases in aerobic capacity ( P < 0.001 ) and lower-body flexibility ( P = 0.027 ) , a significant decrease in body fat ( P < 0.001 ) , and a significant increase in quality of life ( P < 0.001 ) and a measure of energy ( P = 0.038 ) in the exercise group when compared with the control group . CONCLUSION Low- and moderate-intensity aerobic-exercise programs were equally effective in improving physiological and psychological function in this population of cancer survivors .  Aerobic exercise appears to be a valuable and well-tolerated component of the cancer-rehabilitation process The efficacy of energy conservation and activity management ( ECAM ) for fatigue reduction and maintenance of functional performance has never been evaluated in adults with cancer who are undergoing treatment Goals of workProstate cancer patients receiving and rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT )  are vulnerable to a number of potentially debilitating side effects , which can significantly impact quality of life . The role of alternate therapies , such as physical activity ( PA ) , in attenuating these side effects is largely understudied for such a large population . Thus , the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of PA intervention for men receiving ADT on PA behavior , quality of life , and fitness measures . Patients and methods One hundred participants were r and omized into an intervention ( n = 53 ) or a wait-list control group ( n = 47 ) , with 11 dropping out of the intervention group and 23 dropping out of the wait-list control group prior to post-testing . The intervention consisted of both an individually tailored home-based aerobic and light resistant training program and weekly group sessions .  PA , quality of life , fitness , and physiological outcomes were assessed pre and post the 16-week intervention . Results Significant increases in PA , supported by changes in girth measures and blood pressure , support the beneficial impact of the intervention . Positive trends were also evident for depression and fatigue . However , due to the high dropout rate , these results must be interpreted with caution . Conclusions PA effectively attenuates many of the side effects of ADT and should be recommended to prostate survivors as an alternate therapy . Determining the maintenance of this behavior change will be important for underst and ing how the long-term benefits of increased activity levels may alleviate the late effects of ADT Few r and omized controlled trials have examined the effects of combined aerobic and resistance training in breast cancer survivors soon after completing adjuvant therapy . Breast cancer survivors ( N = 58 ) within 2 years of completing adjuvant therapy were r and omly assigned to an immediate exercise group ( IEG ; n = 29 ) or a delayed exercise group ( DEG ; n = 29 ) . The IEG completed 12 weeks of supervised aerobic and resistance exercise , three times per week . The DEG completed the program during the next 12 weeks . Participants completed patient-rated outcomes at baseline , 6 , 12 , 18 and 24 weeks . The primary endpoint was overall quality of life ( QoL ) measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast scale . Secondary endpoints were fatigue , social physique anxiety , and physical fitness . Follow-up data was obtained on 97 % of participants and exercise adherence was 61.3 % . Repe 
    Output:
    