human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Despite profound T-cell immunodeficiency , most patients treated with chemotherapy  do not succumb to infection . The basis for residual protective immunity in lymphopenic patients is not known . We prospect ively measured T-cell numbers , thymopoiesis , and T-cell memory in 73 children undergoing a 2-year chemotherapy regimen for acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL ) and compared them to an age-matched cohort of 805 healthy children . Most patients had profound defects in CD4 and CD8 T-cell numbers  at diagnosis that did not recover during the 2 years of therapy . Thymic output and the fraction of naive T cells were significantly lower than in healthy controls . However , the remaining T-cell compartment was enriched for antigen-experienced , memory T cells defined both by phenotype and by function . This relative sparing of T-cell memory may , in part , account for the maintenance of protective immunity in lymphopenic patients treated for ALL . Moreover , because the memory T-cell compartment is least affected by ALL and its treatment , strategies to induce immunity to pathogens or tumor antigens in cancer patients may be most successful if they seek to exp and pre-existing memory T cells We prospect ively determined the measles-mumps-rubella ( MMR ) antibody status of 39 previously vaccinated children before and after administering protocol -directed chemotherapy for acute leukemia . At diagnosis the seropositivity rates for measles and mumps-specific immunoglobulin G were > or = 90 % , while the seropositivity rate for rubella was 85 % . After treatment , rates of seropositivity for measles antibody declined by 13 % ( 90 % of patients to 77 % ; P = .13 ) ; for mumps antibody , by 18 % ( 97%-79 % ; P = .02 ) ; and for rubella antibody , by 21 % ( 85%-64 % ; P = .03 ) . These findings suggest that some survivors of acute leukemia during childhood have an increased susceptibility to MMR viruses and would benefit from posttreatment evaluation of their immune statuses and from possible revaccination St Jude Total Therapy Study XIIIB for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL ) incorporated more stringent risk classification , early intensification of intrathecal chemotherapy , reinduction treatment , and the addition of dexamethasone to postremission therapy to increase the proportion of event-free survivors without jeopardizing their quality of life . Cranial irradiation was reserved for the 12 % of patients who had T-cell ALL and a presenting leukocyte count of 100 x 10(9)/L or more , or CNS-3 ( 5 or more leukocytes/microL with identifiable blast cells in an atraumatic sample or the presence of cranial nerve palsy ) status . Among the 247 consecutive patients enrolled in the study , 117 were classified as having lower-risk leukemia and received mainly antimetabolite-based continuation therapy ; the 130 cases with higher-risk leukemia received more intensive continuation chemotherapy with multiple drug pairs administered in weekly rotation . The 5-year event-free survival estimate was 80.8 % + /- 2.6 % ( SE ) ; the 8-year rate was 78.6 % + /- 5.8 % . The 5-year cumulative risk of an isolated central nervous system ( CNS ) relapse was 1.7 % + /- 0.8 % , and that of isolated plus combined CNS relapse was 3.0 % + /- 1.1 % . The 5-year cumulative risks of etoposide-related myeloid malignancies were 1.8 % + /- 1.3 % in the lower-risk patients who received a cumulative dose of 1.2 g/m(2 ) and 5.0 % + /- 2.0 % in the higher-risk patients who received a cumulative dose of up to 14.4 g/m(2 ) ( P = .18 ) . Independent adverse prognostic features included the presence of MLL-AF4 or BCR-ABL fusion gene and minimal residual leukemia of 0.01 % or more at the end of the 6-week remission induction phase . Our results suggest the efficacy of early intensification of intrathecal chemotherapy and provide the basis for studies omitting cranial irradiation altogether From 1969 to 1988 , 8 cases of systemic Haemophilus influenzae type b ( Hib ) disease occurred among 5288 patients with cancer . For the first 4 years of life , systemic Hib disease was significantly greater in leukemic children than in the general population ( 606/100,000 vs. 90/100,000 , respectively ) . Fifty children aged 2 - 6 years with acute leukemia were vaccinated with a Hib conjugate vaccine , ProHibit . The overall response rate was 50 % ; however , 75 % of children receiving leukemic therapy for less than 12 months responded versus 18 % of those treated longer . After vaccination , the geometric mean antibody concentration was 7.2 micrograms/ml , appreciably lower than for normal children of similar ages . After 12 months , the geometric mean antibody concentration had declined to 0.35 micrograms/ml , and 75 % of subjects had antibody levels greater than or equal to 0.15 micrograms/ml . A booster dose for unsuccessfully vaccinated subjects was of minimal benefit . Children with acute leukemia in remission who were treated according to the leukemia therapy protocol of St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital had a good likelihood of responding to the conjugate Hib vaccine if administered within a year of initiation of chemotherapy The objective of this study was to investigate the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and /or measles-mumps antibody titers before and after vaccination at various time points of acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL ) therapy and to suggest an appropriate vaccination approach for ALL patients . The authors studied 37 ALL patients and 14 healthy control subjects , divided into three groups . In group 1 ( newly diagnosed patients ) , baseline anti-diphtheria , anti-tetanus , and anti-pertussis titers were determined . Patients in group 2 ( on maintenance chemotherapy ) and group 3 ( patients not receiving therapy for 3 - 6 months ) were vaccinated with diphtheria-tetanus with or without acellular pertussis ; group 3 and control subjects were also given measles-mumps-rubella vaccine . Preimmunization and 1-month postimmunization titers were drawn . Preimmunization anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus antibody titers between the groups and the controls were statistically similar . The seropositivity rate for anti-measles antibody in group 3 was significantly lower than controls . After vaccination , all of the patients developed protective anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus antibody titers . The seroconversion rates of group 3 and controls for anti-measles and anti-mumps antibodies were statistically similar . The results showed that patients on maintenance therapy and after cessation of therapy made good antibody responses to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids , but response to measles and mumps vaccines was not as sufficient as toxoid vaccines . Children with ALL can receive the appropriate vaccines during and after maintenance treatment Following surgery , chemotherapy and /or irradiation , patients with malignant brain tumours are at risk of neurotropic diseases , although these are partly vaccine-preventable . In a retrospective , controlled , observational study , the impact of the German-Austrian chemo- and radiotherapy protocol ( HIT-91 ) on antibody concentrations against vaccine-preventable diseases and on vaccination behaviour was analysed . A significant level of seronegativity for measles- and mumps-IgG , and a reduced protection induced by inactivated vaccines was observed after HIT-91 therapy . Failure of seroconversion following measles and mumps live vaccinations was assessed in the HIT-91-treated group and in a group with benign brain tumours ( BBT ) . Analysis of cellular immunological parameters revealed significant aberrations in the HIT-91-treated group 36 months after completion of HIT-91 therapy . A retrospective analysis of the patient 's vaccination history revealed an incorrect risk perception concerning the choice of vaccinations . We therefore recommend clinical vaccination with serosurveillance in patients who have undergone treatment for brain tumours 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Despite profound T-cell immunodeficiency , most patients treated with chemotherapy  do not succumb to infection . The basis for residual protective immunity in lymphopenic patients is not known . We prospect ively measured T-cell numbers , thymopoiesis , and T-cell memory in 73 children undergoing a 2-year chemotherapy regimen for acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL ) and compared them to an age-matched cohort of 805 healthy children . Most patients had profound defects in CD4 and CD8 T-cell numbers  at diagnosis that did not recover during the 2 years of therapy . Thymic output and the fraction of naive T cells were significantly lower than in healthy controls . However , the remaining T-cell compartment was enriched for antigen-experienced , memory T cells defined both by phenotype and by function . This relative sparing of T-cell memory may , in part , account for the maintenance of protective immunity in lymphopenic patients treated for ALL . Moreover , because the memory T-cell compartment is least affected by ALL and its treatment , strategies to induce immunity to pathogens or tumor antigens in cancer patients may be most successful if they seek to exp and pre-existing memory T cells We prospect ively determined the measles-mumps-rubella ( MMR ) antibody status of 39 previously vaccinated children before and after administering protocol -directed chemotherapy for acute leukemia . At diagnosis the seropositivity rates for measles and mumps-specific immunoglobulin G were > or = 90 % , while the seropositivity rate for rubella was 85 % . After treatment , rates of seropositivity for measles antibody declined by 13 % ( 90 % of patients to 77 % ; P = .13 ) ; for mumps antibody , by 18 % ( 97%-79 % ; P = .02 ) ; and for rubella antibody , by 21 % ( 85%-64 % ; P = .03 ) . These findings suggest that some survivors of acute leukemia during childhood have an increased susceptibility to MMR viruses and would benefit from posttreatment evaluation of their immune statuses and from possible revaccination St Jude Total Therapy Study XIIIB for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL ) incorporated more stringent risk classification , early intensification of intrathecal chemotherapy , reinduction treatment , and the addition of dexamethasone to postremission therapy to increase the proportion of event-free survivors without jeopardizing their quality of life . Cranial irradiation was reserved for the 12 % of patients who had T-cell ALL and a presenting leukocyte count of 100 x 10(9)/L or more , or CNS-3 ( 5 or more leukocytes/microL with identifiable blast cells in an atraumatic sample or the presence of cranial nerve palsy ) status . Among the 247 consecutive patients enrolled in the study , 117 were classified as having lower-risk leukemia and received mainly antimetabolite-based continuation therapy ; the 130 cases with higher-risk leukemia received more intensive continuation chemotherapy with multiple drug pairs administered in weekly rotation . The 5-year event-free survival estimate was 80.8 % + /- 2.6 % ( SE ) ; the 8-year rate was 78.6 % + /- 5.8 % . The 5-year cumulative risk of an isolated central nervous system ( CNS ) relapse was 1.7 % + /- 0.8 % , and that of isolated plus combined CNS relapse was 3.0 % + /- 1.1 % . The 5-year cumulative risks of etoposide-related myeloid malignancies were 1.8 % + /- 1.3 % in the lower-risk patients who received a cumulative dose of 1.2 g/m(2 ) and 5.0 % + /- 2.0 % in the higher-risk patients who received a cumulative dose of up to 14.4 g/m(2 ) ( P = .18 ) . Independent adverse prognostic features included the presence of MLL-AF4 or BCR-ABL fusion gene and minimal residual leukemia of 0.01 % or more at the end of the 6-week remission induction phase . Our results suggest the efficacy of early intensification of intrathecal chemotherapy and provide the basis for studies omitting cranial irradiation altogether From 1969 to 1988 , 8 cases of systemic Haemophilus influenzae type b ( Hib ) disease occurred among 5288 patients with cancer . For the first 4 years of life , systemic Hib disease was significantly greater in leukemic children than in the general population ( 606/100,000 vs. 90/100,000 , respectively ) . Fifty children aged 2 - 6 years with acute leukemia were vaccinated with a Hib conjugate vaccine , ProHibit . The overall response rate was 50 % ; however , 75 % of children receiving leukemic therapy for less than 12 months responded versus 18 % of those treated longer . After vaccination , the geometric mean antibody concentration was 7.2 micrograms/ml , appreciably lower than for normal children of similar ages . After 12 months , the geometric mean antibody concentration had declined to 0.35 micrograms/ml , and 75 % of subjects had antibody levels greater than or equal to 0.15 micrograms/ml . A booster dose for unsuccessfully vaccinated subjects was of minimal benefit . Children with acute leukemia in remission who were treated according to the leukemia therapy protocol of St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital had a good likelihood of responding to the conjugate Hib vaccine if administered within a year of initiation of chemotherapy The objective of this study was to investigate the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and /or measles-mumps antibody titers before and after vaccination at various time points of acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL ) therapy and to suggest an appropriate vaccination approach for ALL patients . The authors studied 37 ALL patients and 14 healthy control subjects , divided into three groups . In group 1 ( newly diagnosed patients ) , baseline anti-diphtheria , anti-tetanus , and anti-pertussis titers were determined . Patients in group 2 ( on maintenance chemotherapy ) and group 3 ( patients not receiving therapy for 3 - 6 months ) were vaccinated with diphtheria-tetanus with or without acellular pertussis ; group 3 and control subjects were also given measles-mumps-rubella vaccine . Preimmunization and 1-month postimmunization titers were drawn . Preimmunization anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus antibody titers between the groups and the controls were statistically similar . The seropositivity rate for anti-measles antibody in group 3 was significantly lower than controls . After vaccination , all of the patients developed protective anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus antibody titers . The seroconversion rates of group 3 and controls for anti-measles and anti-mumps antibodies were statistically similar . The results showed that patients on maintenance therapy and after cessation of therapy made good antibody responses to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids , but response to measles and mumps vaccines was not as sufficient as toxoid vaccines . Children with ALL can receive the appropriate vaccines during and after maintenance treatment Following surgery , chemotherapy and /or irradiation , patients with malignant brain tumours are at risk of neurotropic diseases , although these are partly vaccine-preventable . In a retrospective , controlled , observational study , the impact of the German-Austrian chemo- and radiotherapy protocol ( HIT-91 ) on antibody concentrations against vaccine-preventable diseases and on vaccination behaviour was analysed . A significant level of seronegativity for measles- and mumps-IgG , and a reduced protection induced by inactivated vaccines was observed after HIT-91 therapy . Failure of seroconversion following measles and mumps live vaccinations was assessed in the HIT-91-treated group and in a group with benign brain tumours ( BBT ) . Analysis of cellular immunological parameters revealed significant aberrations in the HIT-91-treated group 36 months after completion of HIT-91 therapy . A retrospective analysis of the patient 's vaccination history revealed an incorrect risk perception concerning the choice of vaccinations . We therefore recommend clinical vaccination with serosurveillance in patients who have undergone treatment for brain tumours 
    Output:
    