human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Vaccine " Grippol "-- has been developed at the State Research Center -- Institute of Immunology . The preparation belongs to new generation vaccines and is a trivalent polymer-subunit vaccine containing the sterile conjugate of influenza virus surface proteins , types A and B , bound with copolymer polyoxidonium . The administration of " Grippol " to children of school age ( 6 - 18 years ) demonstrated low reactogenicity of the vaccine , its safety and sufficient prophylactic effectiveness . During observations on total morbidity ( with the exception of influenza and acute respiratory diseases ) no side effects produced by " Grippol " were registered . At the same time the fact that the morbidity rate of upper respiratory tract disease in the group of children immunized with the vaccine decreased in comparison with the control group ( by 2.4 times ) can not be disregarded Production lots of a live influenza vaccine made of strains A/47/T ( N1H1 ) , A/47/6/2 ( H3N2 ) , and B/60/32 were used for vaccination of 3663 children aged from 5 to 14 years inoculated twice with monovaccines , a trivaccine made of the above strains , or placebo . Both mono- and polyvaccine were practically areactogenic . An average per cent of subjects with a significant rise in antibody titres to the respective three antigens was 60 % . The efficacy of the vaccination was 31.0 - 42.8 % for monopreparations and 36.3 % for the trivaccine . The studies showed the possibility and expedience of using for children the live influenza vaccine in the form of a polyvalent preparation including current influenza type A and B viruses In Russia for prevention of influenza in children , aged from 3 to 14 years , the children 's live influenza vaccine ( LIV ) , based upon A/Leningrad/134/47/57(H2N2 ) master strain ( LIVI ) is used . The need for double immunization appears to be one out of the faulties of this preparation . The study was aim ed to comparing the safety , immunogenic activity and prevention of influenza by  LIV for adults ( LIVII ) ( A/Leningrad/134/17/57(H2N2 master strain ) and LIVI in children aged from 7 to 17 years under similar administration schedule . The safety , the preventive efficacy , humoral and secretory immunity were studied . In total 2486 persons , including 539 children , twice inoculated with LIVI , 971 persons once inoculated with LIVII , and 840 treated by placebo were obserbed . From the data of the clinical observations during 7 days after immunization both vaccines appeared to be low reactogenic . The LIVII advantages in induction of the humoral and secretory antibodies in comparison with children 's vaccine had been revealed . Both vaccines were highly efficacious , the efficiency of both preparations was more pronounced after serologic correction of the diagnosis . The results obtained permit to recommend the single immunization by the variant of LIV at the base on A/Leningrad/134/17/57/(H2N2 ) master strain for prevention of influenza in school children The immunogenicity and efficacy of Russian live attenuated and US inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines administered alone or in three different combinations were evaluated in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blinded study of 614 elderly or chronically ill nursing home residents in St. Petersburg , Russia during the 1996 - 97 influenza season .  Postvaccination serum antibody responses were more frequent among individuals administered the combination vaccines than among those vaccinated with live or inactivated vaccine alone . Only individuals who received live vaccine , alone or in combination with inactivated vaccine , achieved significant postvaccination increases in virus-specific nasal IgA. Efficacy in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in vaccinated versus nonvaccinated individuals was 67 % ( 95%CI , 36 - 81 % ) for recipients of a combination of the vaccines compared with 51 % ( 95%CI , -17 - 79 % ) for recipients of live vaccine alone and 50 % ( 95%CI , -26 - 80 % ) for recipients of inactivated vaccine alone . These results suggest that administration of a combination of influenza vaccines may provide a strategy for improved influenza vaccination of elderly people Background : We investigated the efficacy and safety of 1 versus 2 doses of live attenuated influenza vaccine ( LAIV ) in influenza vaccine – naive children aged 6 to < 36 months . Patients / Methods : Subjects were r and omized to 1 of 4 regimens in year 1 : 2 doses LAIV , 1 dose LAIV , excipient placebo , or saline placebo . In year 2 , LAIV recipients were to receive 1 dose of LAIV and placebo recipients were to receive saline placebo . Because of an unintended treatment allocation error in year 2 , 1 block of subjects who were r and omized to LAIV received saline placebo and 1 block who were r and omized to placebo received LAIV . Results : In year 1 , vaccine efficacy versus placebo among recipients of 2 and 1 doses of LAIV was 73.5 % and 57.7 % , respectively , against antigenically similar strains . In year 2 , absolute efficacy of a single dose of LAIV was 73.6 % and 65.2 % , respectively , in recipients of 2 and 1 doses of LAIV in year 1 . Year 2 efficacy was 57.0 % in subjects who received 2 doses of LAIV in year 1 and placebo in year 2 . Safety and tolerability of LAIV were consistent with previous studies . Reactogenicity was similar between placebo groups . Seroconversion rates were significantly higher in the 2-dose versus the 1-dose LAIV group in year 1 and in both LAIV groups versus placebo in years 1 and 2 . Conclusions : One dose of LAIV provided clinical ly significant protection against influenza in young children previously unvaccinated against influenza ; 2 doses provided additional protection . Protection after 2 doses in year 1 persisted through a second season without revaccination . LAIV excipients were not a major contributor to reactogenicity . These benefits provide support for increased use of LAIV in children ≥2 years of age CONTEXT Data are limited and conflicting regarding the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in health care professionals . OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccine in reducing infection , illness , and absence from work in young , healthy health care professionals . DESIGN R and omized , prospect i ve , double-blind , controlled trial over 3 consecutive years , from 1992 - 1993 to 1994 - 1995 . SETTING Two large teaching hospitals in Baltimore , Md. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred sixty-four hospital-based health care professionals without chronic medical problems were recruited ; 49 participated for 2 seasons ; 24 participated for 3 seasons . The mean age was 28.4 years , 75 % were resident physicians , and 57 % were women . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omly assigned to receive either an influenza vaccine or a control ( meningococcal vaccine , pneumococcal vaccine , or placebo ) . Serum sample s for antibody assays were collected at the time of vaccination , 1 month after vaccination , and at the end of the influenza season . Active weekly surveillance for illness was conducted during each influenza epidemic period . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serologically defined influenza infection ( 4-fold increase in hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies ) , days of febrile respiratory illness , and days absent from work . RESULTS We conducted 359 person-winters of serologic surveillance ( 99.4 % follow-up ) and 4746 person-weeks of illness surveillance ( 100 % follow-up ) . Twenty-four(13.4 % ) of 179 control subjects and 3 ( 1.7 % ) of 180 influenza vaccine recipients had serologic evidence of influenza type A or B infection during the study period . Vaccine efficacy against serologically defined infection was 88 % for influenza A ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 47%-97 % ; P=.001 ) and 89 % for influenza B ( 95 % CI , 14%-99 % ; P=.03 ) . Among influenza vaccinees , cumulative days of reported febrile respiratory illness were 28.7 per 100 subjects compared with 40.6 per 100 subjects in controls ( P=.57 ) and days of absence were 9.9 per 100 subjects vs 21.1 per 100 subjects in controls ( P=.41 ) . CONCLUSIONS Influenza vaccine is effective in preventing infection by influenza A and B in health care professionals and may reduce reported days of work absence and febrile respiratory illness . These data support a policy of annual influenza vaccination of health care professionals BACKGROUND Approximately 10 % of the general population worldwide acquires influenza infection every year . Airline crews run a particularly high risk of contracting influenza and influenza-like viruses because they come in contact with hundreds of potentially infected individuals every day . Respiratory diseases are the most frequent cause of absenteeism among flight crews in airline companies . Several studies have shown the efficacy of influenza vaccination in the workplace of healthy , working adults leading to increased productivity and lower absenteeism . We conducted a double blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled study on flight crews of an airline company in order to determine the safety and efficacy of a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in reducing illness and absences from work . METHODS The 813 healthy members of a Brazilian airline company were r and omly assigned to receive injections of either an influenza vaccine or a placebo , with a follow-up period of 7 mo after vaccination . Primary outcomes included influenza-like illness episodes and absenteeism from work due to such episodes . RESULTS Demographic characteristics were similar in the two groups . No significant side-effects occurred in either group . Compared to the placebo group , individuals receiving the vaccine showed 39.5 % fewer episodes of flu-like illness ( p < 0.001 ) and 26 % fewer days of work lost ( p = 0.03 ) . The vaccinated group developed 33 % fewer episodes of any severe flu-like illness ( p < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION The data indicates that influenza vaccination is safe in airline flight crews and may produce health-related benefits including reduced absenteeism A live , attenuated influenza B virus vaccine was evaluated in a group of students . The virus , cold-recombinant ( CR ) 7 , was produced by recombining the attenuated cold-adapted parent , B/Ann Arbor/1/66 , with a wild strain , B/Hong Kong/8/73 . In ferrets , the wild strain produced histopathologic lesions in the lungs , whereas the CR strain and the attenuated parent did not . A total of 306 individuals was inoculated intranasally with either the CR virus or a placebo . After inoculation , only one symptom was significantly more common in the vaccinees than in the control subjects . That symptom , sore throat , occurred briefly in 26 % of the vaccine recipients and in 10.5 % of the placebo recipients . An outbreak of influenza B occurred three months after vaccination . When serologic infection rates in the two groups were compared , it was found that the vaccine had been significantly effective ( P less than 0.01 ) in preventing infection OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of influenza vaccines against  influenza-like illness ( ILI ) among nursing home residents . DESIGN Prospect i ve , nonr and omized , cohort study . SETTING Nine nursing homes during the 1998 - 1999 influenza season and 11 nursing homes during the 1999 - 2000 influenza season in Niigata Prefecture , Japan . PARTICIPANTS Six hundred ninety-nine residents and 440 healthcare workers ( HCWs ) during the first season , and 930 residents and 517 HCWs during the second season , with vaccination rates ranging from 0 % to 97.7 % . RESULTS Overall , ILI decreased from 24.3 % during the 1998 - 1999 season to 8.8 % during the 1999 - 2000 season . Multivariate analysis adjusted for several factors , including gender , age , underlying diseases , and resident and HCW vaccination rates , failed to demonstrate clear individual protection of residents ( relative risk [ RR ] , 1.42 ; P = .2 for the first season ; RR , 0.95 ; P = .9 for the second season ) . However , vaccination rates of 60 % or greater for residents and HCWs reduced the risk of ILI , and also could prevent outbreaks during the 2 seasons . Highly impaired activities of daily living and chronic respiratory diseases were significantly associated with increased ILI . CONCLUSIONS A high vaccination rate for both residents and HCWs may reduce the risk of ILI and institutional outbreaks in nursing homes When the first edition of A Dictionary of Epidemiology was launched in 1983 , its principal aim was to facilitate communication among health professionals . The field was relatively young and comprised complex interdisciplinary relations r 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Vaccine " Grippol "-- has been developed at the State Research Center -- Institute of Immunology . The preparation belongs to new generation vaccines and is a trivalent polymer-subunit vaccine containing the sterile conjugate of influenza virus surface proteins , types A and B , bound with copolymer polyoxidonium . The administration of " Grippol " to children of school age ( 6 - 18 years ) demonstrated low reactogenicity of the vaccine , its safety and sufficient prophylactic effectiveness . During observations on total morbidity ( with the exception of influenza and acute respiratory diseases ) no side effects produced by " Grippol " were registered . At the same time the fact that the morbidity rate of upper respiratory tract disease in the group of children immunized with the vaccine decreased in comparison with the control group ( by 2.4 times ) can not be disregarded Production lots of a live influenza vaccine made of strains A/47/T ( N1H1 ) , A/47/6/2 ( H3N2 ) , and B/60/32 were used for vaccination of 3663 children aged from 5 to 14 years inoculated twice with monovaccines , a trivaccine made of the above strains , or placebo . Both mono- and polyvaccine were practically areactogenic . An average per cent of subjects with a significant rise in antibody titres to the respective three antigens was 60 % . The efficacy of the vaccination was 31.0 - 42.8 % for monopreparations and 36.3 % for the trivaccine . The studies showed the possibility and expedience of using for children the live influenza vaccine in the form of a polyvalent preparation including current influenza type A and B viruses In Russia for prevention of influenza in children , aged from 3 to 14 years , the children 's live influenza vaccine ( LIV ) , based upon A/Leningrad/134/47/57(H2N2 ) master strain ( LIVI ) is used . The need for double immunization appears to be one out of the faulties of this preparation . The study was aim ed to comparing the safety , immunogenic activity and prevention of influenza by  LIV for adults ( LIVII ) ( A/Leningrad/134/17/57(H2N2 master strain ) and LIVI in children aged from 7 to 17 years under similar administration schedule . The safety , the preventive efficacy , humoral and secretory immunity were studied . In total 2486 persons , including 539 children , twice inoculated with LIVI , 971 persons once inoculated with LIVII , and 840 treated by placebo were obserbed . From the data of the clinical observations during 7 days after immunization both vaccines appeared to be low reactogenic . The LIVII advantages in induction of the humoral and secretory antibodies in comparison with children 's vaccine had been revealed . Both vaccines were highly efficacious , the efficiency of both preparations was more pronounced after serologic correction of the diagnosis . The results obtained permit to recommend the single immunization by the variant of LIV at the base on A/Leningrad/134/17/57/(H2N2 ) master strain for prevention of influenza in school children The immunogenicity and efficacy of Russian live attenuated and US inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines administered alone or in three different combinations were evaluated in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blinded study of 614 elderly or chronically ill nursing home residents in St. Petersburg , Russia during the 1996 - 97 influenza season .  Postvaccination serum antibody responses were more frequent among individuals administered the combination vaccines than among those vaccinated with live or inactivated vaccine alone . Only individuals who received live vaccine , alone or in combination with inactivated vaccine , achieved significant postvaccination increases in virus-specific nasal IgA. Efficacy in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in vaccinated versus nonvaccinated individuals was 67 % ( 95%CI , 36 - 81 % ) for recipients of a combination of the vaccines compared with 51 % ( 95%CI , -17 - 79 % ) for recipients of live vaccine alone and 50 % ( 95%CI , -26 - 80 % ) for recipients of inactivated vaccine alone . These results suggest that administration of a combination of influenza vaccines may provide a strategy for improved influenza vaccination of elderly people Background : We investigated the efficacy and safety of 1 versus 2 doses of live attenuated influenza vaccine ( LAIV ) in influenza vaccine – naive children aged 6 to < 36 months . Patients / Methods : Subjects were r and omized to 1 of 4 regimens in year 1 : 2 doses LAIV , 1 dose LAIV , excipient placebo , or saline placebo . In year 2 , LAIV recipients were to receive 1 dose of LAIV and placebo recipients were to receive saline placebo . Because of an unintended treatment allocation error in year 2 , 1 block of subjects who were r and omized to LAIV received saline placebo and 1 block who were r and omized to placebo received LAIV . Results : In year 1 , vaccine efficacy versus placebo among recipients of 2 and 1 doses of LAIV was 73.5 % and 57.7 % , respectively , against antigenically similar strains . In year 2 , absolute efficacy of a single dose of LAIV was 73.6 % and 65.2 % , respectively , in recipients of 2 and 1 doses of LAIV in year 1 . Year 2 efficacy was 57.0 % in subjects who received 2 doses of LAIV in year 1 and placebo in year 2 . Safety and tolerability of LAIV were consistent with previous studies . Reactogenicity was similar between placebo groups . Seroconversion rates were significantly higher in the 2-dose versus the 1-dose LAIV group in year 1 and in both LAIV groups versus placebo in years 1 and 2 . Conclusions : One dose of LAIV provided clinical ly significant protection against influenza in young children previously unvaccinated against influenza ; 2 doses provided additional protection . Protection after 2 doses in year 1 persisted through a second season without revaccination . LAIV excipients were not a major contributor to reactogenicity . These benefits provide support for increased use of LAIV in children ≥2 years of age CONTEXT Data are limited and conflicting regarding the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in health care professionals . OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccine in reducing infection , illness , and absence from work in young , healthy health care professionals . DESIGN R and omized , prospect i ve , double-blind , controlled trial over 3 consecutive years , from 1992 - 1993 to 1994 - 1995 . SETTING Two large teaching hospitals in Baltimore , Md. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred sixty-four hospital-based health care professionals without chronic medical problems were recruited ; 49 participated for 2 seasons ; 24 participated for 3 seasons . The mean age was 28.4 years , 75 % were resident physicians , and 57 % were women . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omly assigned to receive either an influenza vaccine or a control ( meningococcal vaccine , pneumococcal vaccine , or placebo ) . Serum sample s for antibody assays were collected at the time of vaccination , 1 month after vaccination , and at the end of the influenza season . Active weekly surveillance for illness was conducted during each influenza epidemic period . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serologically defined influenza infection ( 4-fold increase in hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies ) , days of febrile respiratory illness , and days absent from work . RESULTS We conducted 359 person-winters of serologic surveillance ( 99.4 % follow-up ) and 4746 person-weeks of illness surveillance ( 100 % follow-up ) . Twenty-four(13.4 % ) of 179 control subjects and 3 ( 1.7 % ) of 180 influenza vaccine recipients had serologic evidence of influenza type A or B infection during the study period . Vaccine efficacy against serologically defined infection was 88 % for influenza A ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 47%-97 % ; P=.001 ) and 89 % for influenza B ( 95 % CI , 14%-99 % ; P=.03 ) . Among influenza vaccinees , cumulative days of reported febrile respiratory illness were 28.7 per 100 subjects compared with 40.6 per 100 subjects in controls ( P=.57 ) and days of absence were 9.9 per 100 subjects vs 21.1 per 100 subjects in controls ( P=.41 ) . CONCLUSIONS Influenza vaccine is effective in preventing infection by influenza A and B in health care professionals and may reduce reported days of work absence and febrile respiratory illness . These data support a policy of annual influenza vaccination of health care professionals BACKGROUND Approximately 10 % of the general population worldwide acquires influenza infection every year . Airline crews run a particularly high risk of contracting influenza and influenza-like viruses because they come in contact with hundreds of potentially infected individuals every day . Respiratory diseases are the most frequent cause of absenteeism among flight crews in airline companies . Several studies have shown the efficacy of influenza vaccination in the workplace of healthy , working adults leading to increased productivity and lower absenteeism . We conducted a double blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled study on flight crews of an airline company in order to determine the safety and efficacy of a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in reducing illness and absences from work . METHODS The 813 healthy members of a Brazilian airline company were r and omly assigned to receive injections of either an influenza vaccine or a placebo , with a follow-up period of 7 mo after vaccination . Primary outcomes included influenza-like illness episodes and absenteeism from work due to such episodes . RESULTS Demographic characteristics were similar in the two groups . No significant side-effects occurred in either group . Compared to the placebo group , individuals receiving the vaccine showed 39.5 % fewer episodes of flu-like illness ( p < 0.001 ) and 26 % fewer days of work lost ( p = 0.03 ) . The vaccinated group developed 33 % fewer episodes of any severe flu-like illness ( p < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION The data indicates that influenza vaccination is safe in airline flight crews and may produce health-related benefits including reduced absenteeism A live , attenuated influenza B virus vaccine was evaluated in a group of students . The virus , cold-recombinant ( CR ) 7 , was produced by recombining the attenuated cold-adapted parent , B/Ann Arbor/1/66 , with a wild strain , B/Hong Kong/8/73 . In ferrets , the wild strain produced histopathologic lesions in the lungs , whereas the CR strain and the attenuated parent did not . A total of 306 individuals was inoculated intranasally with either the CR virus or a placebo . After inoculation , only one symptom was significantly more common in the vaccinees than in the control subjects . That symptom , sore throat , occurred briefly in 26 % of the vaccine recipients and in 10.5 % of the placebo recipients . An outbreak of influenza B occurred three months after vaccination . When serologic infection rates in the two groups were compared , it was found that the vaccine had been significantly effective ( P less than 0.01 ) in preventing infection OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of influenza vaccines against  influenza-like illness ( ILI ) among nursing home residents . DESIGN Prospect i ve , nonr and omized , cohort study . SETTING Nine nursing homes during the 1998 - 1999 influenza season and 11 nursing homes during the 1999 - 2000 influenza season in Niigata Prefecture , Japan . PARTICIPANTS Six hundred ninety-nine residents and 440 healthcare workers ( HCWs ) during the first season , and 930 residents and 517 HCWs during the second season , with vaccination rates ranging from 0 % to 97.7 % . RESULTS Overall , ILI decreased from 24.3 % during the 1998 - 1999 season to 8.8 % during the 1999 - 2000 season . Multivariate analysis adjusted for several factors , including gender , age , underlying diseases , and resident and HCW vaccination rates , failed to demonstrate clear individual protection of residents ( relative risk [ RR ] , 1.42 ; P = .2 for the first season ; RR , 0.95 ; P = .9 for the second season ) . However , vaccination rates of 60 % or greater for residents and HCWs reduced the risk of ILI , and also could prevent outbreaks during the 2 seasons . Highly impaired activities of daily living and chronic respiratory diseases were significantly associated with increased ILI . CONCLUSIONS A high vaccination rate for both residents and HCWs may reduce the risk of ILI and institutional outbreaks in nursing homes When the first edition of A Dictionary of Epidemiology was launched in 1983 , its principal aim was to facilitate communication among health professionals . The field was relatively young and comprised complex interdisciplinary relations r 
    Output:
    