human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to compare outcomes after anterior colporrhaphy with and without a solvent dehydrated cadaveric fascia lata graft . STUDY DESIGN A total of 162 women were enrolled in a prospect i ve , r and omized trial that evaluated the impact of a solvent dehydrated cadaveric fascia lata patch on recurrent anterior vaginal prolapse .  Subjects were r and omly assigned to st and ard colporrhaphy with or without a patch . Before and after surgery , subjects were evaluated by both the Baden-Walker and pelvic organ prolapse quantification systems . " Failure " was defined as stage II anterior wall prolapse or worse . RESULTS Of 154 women r and omly assigned ( 76 patch : 78 no patch ) , all underwent surgery and 153 ( 99 % ) returned for follow-up . Sixteen women ( 21 % ) in the patch group and 23 ( 29 % ) in the control group experienced recurrent anterior vaginal wall prolapse ( P = .229 ) . Only 26 % of all recurrences were symptomatic . Concomitant transvaginal Cooper 's ligament sling procedures were associated with a dramatic decrease in recurrent prolapse ( odds ratio [ OR ] 0.105 , P < .0001 ) . CONCLUSION Solvent dehydrated fascia lata as a barrier does not decrease recurrent prolapse after anterior colporrhaphy . Transvaginal bladder neck slings were associated with a significant reduction in the risk of recurrent anterior wall prolapse AIMS Routine catheterization following vaginal prolapse surgery has advantages like prevention of postoperative retention of urine and prevention of any adverse effect on surgical outcome . However , it increases the risk of urinary tract infection ( UTI ) , prevent early ambulation and prolong hospital stay . This r and omized controlled trial was done on how best to minimize catheter related complication after prolapse surgery . METHODS 200 patients planned for vaginal prolapse surgery were recruited and r and omized into two groups . In group I and group II catheter was removed on 1(st ) and 4(th ) post operative day , respectively . After removal , if patient could not void or when residual urine volume exceeds 150 mL , recatheterisation was done for another three days . Sample of urine was sent for culture during catheter removal . RESULTS Age , parity , type of surgery and mean operation time did not differ significantly between the two groups . Mean duration of catheterization  was significantly shorter ( 1.64 vs 4.09 ) and mean duration of hospital stay was shorter by 1.2 days , in first group . However a significantly higher number of retention of urine or residual urine more than 150 mL was found in the early removal group ( OR 3.10 ) but lesser chance of development of urinary tract infection ( OR 0.10 ) . CONCLUSIONS The early removal of catheter seems more advantageous , with lower incidence of urinary tract infection and a shorter hospital stay although associated with an increased risk of recatheterisation OBJECTIVE It is unclear if any catheterisation is necessary after vaginal surgery for pelvic organ prolapse . The aim of this study was to determine if indwelling catheterisation is necessary after these procedures . STUDY DESIGN A r and omised controlled trial of immediate post-operative removal of catheter compared to a suprapubic catheter ( SPC )  after vaginal prolapse surgery . In the Suprapubic group the catheter was left on free drainage until a voiding trial was commenced at 48h . Women in the immediate removal group underwent in/out catheterisation only if they had not voided by 8h after surgery to ensure the bladder did not over-distend . RESULTS 55 % ( n=17 ) of patients in the immediate removal group did not require catheterisation postoperatively . A further 13 ( 42 % ) patients only required one in/out catheterisation 8h post operatively . In the immediate removal group duration of catheterisation was significantly shorter ( median 0h , IQR 0 - 8h , range 0 - 16h ) vs ( 6days ( IQR 2 - 8days , range 2 - 19h ) p=0.001 ) . The duration of hospital stay ( 7days ( range 3 - 16 ) vs. 9 ( range 3 - 27 ) p=0.014 ) , day of first mobilisation ( Day 1 , range 0 - 2 , vs. Day 2 , range 1 - 4 , p=0.001 ) , and rate of Symptomatic bacturia ( 16 % vs. 52 % , p<0.01 ) were all significantly better with immediate catheter removal . CONCLUSIONS After vaginal surgery for pelvic organ prolapse , the majority of patients do not require extended catheterisation . Early removal of a catheter reduces urinary tract infection and significantly decreases hospital stay . Such a policy should result in improved patient satisfaction and reduced hospital costs BACKGROUND The use of transvaginal mesh and biological graft material in prolapse surgery is controversial and has led to a number of enquiries into their safety and efficacy . Existing trials of these augmentations are individually too small to be conclusive . We aim ed to compare the outcomes of prolapse repair involving either synthetic mesh inlays or biological grafts against st and ard repair in women . METHODS We did two pragmatic , parallel-group , multicentre , r and omised controlled trials for our study ( PROSPECT [ PROlapse Surgery : Pragmatic Evaluation and r and omised Controlled Trials ] ) in 35 centres ( a mix of secondary and tertiary referral hospitals ) in the UK . We recruited women undergoing primary transvaginal anterior or posterior compartment prolapse surgery by 65 gynaecological surgeons in these centres . We r and omly assigned participants by a remote web-based r and omisation system to one of the two trials : comparing st and ard ( native tissue ) repair alone with st and ard repair augmented with either synthetic mesh ( the mesh trial ) or biological graft ( the graft trial ) . We assigned women ( 1:1:1 or 1:1 ) within three strata : assigned to one of the three treatment options , comparison of st and ard repair with mesh , and comparison of st and ard repair with graft . Participants , ward staff , and outcome assessors were masked to r and omisation where possible ; masking was obviously not possible for the surgeon . Follow-up was for 2 years after the surgery ; the primary outcomes , measured at 1 year and 2 years , were participant-reported prolapse symptoms ( i.e. the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Symptom Score [ POP-SS ] ) and condition-specific ( ie , prolapse-related ) quality -of-life scores , analysed in the modified intention-to-treat population . This trial is registered as an International St and ard R and omised Controlled Trial , number IS RCT N60695184 . FINDINGS Between Jan 8 , 2010 , and Aug 30 , 2013 , we r and omly allocated 1352 women to treatment , of whom 1348 were included in the analysis . 865 women were included in the mesh  trial ( 430 to st and ard repair alone , 435 to mesh augmentation ) and 735 were included in the  graft trial ( 367 to st and ard repair alone , 368 to graft augmentation ) . Because the analyses were carried out separately for each trial ( mesh trial and graft trial ) some women in the st and ard repair arm assigned to all treatment options were included in the st and ard repair group of both trials . 23 of these women did not receive any surgery ( 15 in the mesh trial , 13 in the graft trial ; five were included in both trials ) and were included in the baseline analyses only . Mean POP-SS at 1 year did not differ substantially between comparisons ( st and ard 5·4 [ SD 5·5 ] vs mesh 5·5 [ 5·1 ] , mean difference 0·00 , 95 % CI -0·70 to 0·71 ; p=0·99 ; st and ard 5·5 [ SD 5·6 ] vs graft 5·6 [ 5·6 ] ; mean difference -0·15 , -0·93 to 0·63 ; p=0·71 ) . Mean prolapse-related quality -of-life scores also did not differ between groups at 1 year ( st and ard 2·0 [ SD 2·7 ] vs mesh 2·2 [ 2·7 ] , mean difference 0·13 , 95 % CI -0·25 to 0·51 ; p=0·50 ; st and ard 2·2 [ SD 2·8 ] vs graft 2·4 [ 2·9 ] ; mean difference 0·13 , -0·30 to 0·56 ; p=0·54 ) . Mean POP-SS at 2 years were : st and ard 4·9 ( SD 5·1 ) versus mesh 5·3 ( 5·1 ) , mean difference 0·32 , 95 % CI -0·39 to 1·03 ; p=0·37 ; st and ard 4·9 ( SD 5·1 ) versus graft 5·5 ( 5·7 ) ; mean difference 0·32 , -0·48 to 1·12 ; p=0·43 . Prolapse-related quality -of-life scores at 2 years were : st and ard 1·9 ( SD 2·5 ) versus mesh 2·2 ( 2·6 ) , mean difference 0·15 , 95 % CI -0·23 to 0·54 ; p=0·44 ; st and ard 2·0 ( 2·5 ) versus graft 2·2 ( 2·8 ) ; mean difference 0·10 , -0·33 to 0·52 ; p=0·66 . Serious adverse events such as infection , urinary retention , or dyspareunia or other pain , excluding mesh complications , occurred with similar frequency in the groups over 1 year ( mesh trial : 31/430 [ 7 % ] with st and ard repair vs 34/435 [ 8 % ] with mesh , risk ratio [ RR ] 1·08 , 95 % CI 0·68 to 1·72 ; p=0·73 ; graft trial : 23/367 [ 6 % ] with st and ard repair vs 36/368 [ 10 % ] with graft , RR 1·57 , 0·95 to 2·59 ; p=0·08 ) . The cumulative number of women with a mesh complication over 2 years in women actually exposed to synthetic mesh was 51 ( 12 % ) of 434 . INTERPRETATION Augmentation of a vaginal repair with mesh or graft material did not improve women 's outcomes in terms of effectiveness , quality of life , adverse effects , or any other outcome in the short term , but more than one in ten women had a mesh complication . Therefore , follow-up is vital to identify any longer-term potential benefits and serious adverse effects of mesh or graft reinforcement in vaginal prolapse surgery . FUNDING UK National Institute of Health Research OBJECTIVE Twin-twin transfusion syndrome ( TTTS ) is associated with significant mortality and morbidity . Potential treatments for the condition require robust evaluation . The aim of this study was to evaluate outcome reporting across observational studies and r and omized controlled trials assessing treatments for TTTS . METHODS Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials , EMBASE and MEDLINE were search ed from inception to August 2016 . Observational studies and r and omized controlled trials reporting outcome following treatment for TTTS  in monochorionic-diamniotic twin pregnancy and monochorionic-triamniotic or dichorionic-triamniotic triplet pregnancy were included . Outcome reporting was systematic ally extracted and categorized . RESULTS Six r and omized trials and 94 observational studies were included , reporting data from 20 071 maternal participants and 3199 children . Six different treatments were evaluated . Included studies reported 62 different outcomes , including six fetal , seven offspring mortality , 25 neonatal , six early childhood and 18 maternal/operative outcomes . Outcomes were reported inconsistently across trials . For example , when considering offspring mortality , 31 ( 31 % ) studies reported live birth , 31 ( 31 % ) reported intrauterine death , 49 ( 49 % ) reported neonatal mortality and 17 ( 17 % ) reported perinatal mortality . Four ( 4 % ) studies reported respiratory distress syndrome . Only 19 ( 19 % ) studies were design ed for long-term follow-up and 11 ( 11 % ) of these reported cerebral palsy . CONCLUSIONS Studies evaluating treatments for TTTS have often neglected to report clinical ly important outcomes , especially neonatal morbidity outcomes , and most are not design ed for long-term follow-up . The development of a core outcome set could help st and ardize outcome collection and reporting in TTTS studies . Copyright © 2018 ISUOG . Published by John Wiley & Sons PURPOSE We compared the efficacy and safety of anterior colporrhaphy with transvaginal polypropylene mesh insertion for anterior vaginal wall prolapse at medium term followup . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In this prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled trial 100 women with stage II or greater anterior vaginal wall prolapse assessed by POP-Q were r and omized to anterior colporrhaphy ( controls ) or mesh insertion . Anatomical outcomes were assessed by POP-Q measurement and prolapse stage . Subjective outcomes and 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to compare outcomes after anterior colporrhaphy with and without a solvent dehydrated cadaveric fascia lata graft . STUDY DESIGN A total of 162 women were enrolled in a prospect i ve , r and omized trial that evaluated the impact of a solvent dehydrated cadaveric fascia lata patch on recurrent anterior vaginal prolapse .  Subjects were r and omly assigned to st and ard colporrhaphy with or without a patch . Before and after surgery , subjects were evaluated by both the Baden-Walker and pelvic organ prolapse quantification systems . " Failure " was defined as stage II anterior wall prolapse or worse . RESULTS Of 154 women r and omly assigned ( 76 patch : 78 no patch ) , all underwent surgery and 153 ( 99 % ) returned for follow-up . Sixteen women ( 21 % ) in the patch group and 23 ( 29 % ) in the control group experienced recurrent anterior vaginal wall prolapse ( P = .229 ) . Only 26 % of all recurrences were symptomatic . Concomitant transvaginal Cooper 's ligament sling procedures were associated with a dramatic decrease in recurrent prolapse ( odds ratio [ OR ] 0.105 , P < .0001 ) . CONCLUSION Solvent dehydrated fascia lata as a barrier does not decrease recurrent prolapse after anterior colporrhaphy . Transvaginal bladder neck slings were associated with a significant reduction in the risk of recurrent anterior wall prolapse AIMS Routine catheterization following vaginal prolapse surgery has advantages like prevention of postoperative retention of urine and prevention of any adverse effect on surgical outcome . However , it increases the risk of urinary tract infection ( UTI ) , prevent early ambulation and prolong hospital stay . This r and omized controlled trial was done on how best to minimize catheter related complication after prolapse surgery . METHODS 200 patients planned for vaginal prolapse surgery were recruited and r and omized into two groups . In group I and group II catheter was removed on 1(st ) and 4(th ) post operative day , respectively . After removal , if patient could not void or when residual urine volume exceeds 150 mL , recatheterisation was done for another three days . Sample of urine was sent for culture during catheter removal . RESULTS Age , parity , type of surgery and mean operation time did not differ significantly between the two groups . Mean duration of catheterization  was significantly shorter ( 1.64 vs 4.09 ) and mean duration of hospital stay was shorter by 1.2 days , in first group . However a significantly higher number of retention of urine or residual urine more than 150 mL was found in the early removal group ( OR 3.10 ) but lesser chance of development of urinary tract infection ( OR 0.10 ) . CONCLUSIONS The early removal of catheter seems more advantageous , with lower incidence of urinary tract infection and a shorter hospital stay although associated with an increased risk of recatheterisation OBJECTIVE It is unclear if any catheterisation is necessary after vaginal surgery for pelvic organ prolapse . The aim of this study was to determine if indwelling catheterisation is necessary after these procedures . STUDY DESIGN A r and omised controlled trial of immediate post-operative removal of catheter compared to a suprapubic catheter ( SPC )  after vaginal prolapse surgery . In the Suprapubic group the catheter was left on free drainage until a voiding trial was commenced at 48h . Women in the immediate removal group underwent in/out catheterisation only if they had not voided by 8h after surgery to ensure the bladder did not over-distend . RESULTS 55 % ( n=17 ) of patients in the immediate removal group did not require catheterisation postoperatively . A further 13 ( 42 % ) patients only required one in/out catheterisation 8h post operatively . In the immediate removal group duration of catheterisation was significantly shorter ( median 0h , IQR 0 - 8h , range 0 - 16h ) vs ( 6days ( IQR 2 - 8days , range 2 - 19h ) p=0.001 ) . The duration of hospital stay ( 7days ( range 3 - 16 ) vs. 9 ( range 3 - 27 ) p=0.014 ) , day of first mobilisation ( Day 1 , range 0 - 2 , vs. Day 2 , range 1 - 4 , p=0.001 ) , and rate of Symptomatic bacturia ( 16 % vs. 52 % , p<0.01 ) were all significantly better with immediate catheter removal . CONCLUSIONS After vaginal surgery for pelvic organ prolapse , the majority of patients do not require extended catheterisation . Early removal of a catheter reduces urinary tract infection and significantly decreases hospital stay . Such a policy should result in improved patient satisfaction and reduced hospital costs BACKGROUND The use of transvaginal mesh and biological graft material in prolapse surgery is controversial and has led to a number of enquiries into their safety and efficacy . Existing trials of these augmentations are individually too small to be conclusive . We aim ed to compare the outcomes of prolapse repair involving either synthetic mesh inlays or biological grafts against st and ard repair in women . METHODS We did two pragmatic , parallel-group , multicentre , r and omised controlled trials for our study ( PROSPECT [ PROlapse Surgery : Pragmatic Evaluation and r and omised Controlled Trials ] ) in 35 centres ( a mix of secondary and tertiary referral hospitals ) in the UK . We recruited women undergoing primary transvaginal anterior or posterior compartment prolapse surgery by 65 gynaecological surgeons in these centres . We r and omly assigned participants by a remote web-based r and omisation system to one of the two trials : comparing st and ard ( native tissue ) repair alone with st and ard repair augmented with either synthetic mesh ( the mesh trial ) or biological graft ( the graft trial ) . We assigned women ( 1:1:1 or 1:1 ) within three strata : assigned to one of the three treatment options , comparison of st and ard repair with mesh , and comparison of st and ard repair with graft . Participants , ward staff , and outcome assessors were masked to r and omisation where possible ; masking was obviously not possible for the surgeon . Follow-up was for 2 years after the surgery ; the primary outcomes , measured at 1 year and 2 years , were participant-reported prolapse symptoms ( i.e. the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Symptom Score [ POP-SS ] ) and condition-specific ( ie , prolapse-related ) quality -of-life scores , analysed in the modified intention-to-treat population . This trial is registered as an International St and ard R and omised Controlled Trial , number IS RCT N60695184 . FINDINGS Between Jan 8 , 2010 , and Aug 30 , 2013 , we r and omly allocated 1352 women to treatment , of whom 1348 were included in the analysis . 865 women were included in the mesh  trial ( 430 to st and ard repair alone , 435 to mesh augmentation ) and 735 were included in the  graft trial ( 367 to st and ard repair alone , 368 to graft augmentation ) . Because the analyses were carried out separately for each trial ( mesh trial and graft trial ) some women in the st and ard repair arm assigned to all treatment options were included in the st and ard repair group of both trials . 23 of these women did not receive any surgery ( 15 in the mesh trial , 13 in the graft trial ; five were included in both trials ) and were included in the baseline analyses only . Mean POP-SS at 1 year did not differ substantially between comparisons ( st and ard 5·4 [ SD 5·5 ] vs mesh 5·5 [ 5·1 ] , mean difference 0·00 , 95 % CI -0·70 to 0·71 ; p=0·99 ; st and ard 5·5 [ SD 5·6 ] vs graft 5·6 [ 5·6 ] ; mean difference -0·15 , -0·93 to 0·63 ; p=0·71 ) . Mean prolapse-related quality -of-life scores also did not differ between groups at 1 year ( st and ard 2·0 [ SD 2·7 ] vs mesh 2·2 [ 2·7 ] , mean difference 0·13 , 95 % CI -0·25 to 0·51 ; p=0·50 ; st and ard 2·2 [ SD 2·8 ] vs graft 2·4 [ 2·9 ] ; mean difference 0·13 , -0·30 to 0·56 ; p=0·54 ) . Mean POP-SS at 2 years were : st and ard 4·9 ( SD 5·1 ) versus mesh 5·3 ( 5·1 ) , mean difference 0·32 , 95 % CI -0·39 to 1·03 ; p=0·37 ; st and ard 4·9 ( SD 5·1 ) versus graft 5·5 ( 5·7 ) ; mean difference 0·32 , -0·48 to 1·12 ; p=0·43 . Prolapse-related quality -of-life scores at 2 years were : st and ard 1·9 ( SD 2·5 ) versus mesh 2·2 ( 2·6 ) , mean difference 0·15 , 95 % CI -0·23 to 0·54 ; p=0·44 ; st and ard 2·0 ( 2·5 ) versus graft 2·2 ( 2·8 ) ; mean difference 0·10 , -0·33 to 0·52 ; p=0·66 . Serious adverse events such as infection , urinary retention , or dyspareunia or other pain , excluding mesh complications , occurred with similar frequency in the groups over 1 year ( mesh trial : 31/430 [ 7 % ] with st and ard repair vs 34/435 [ 8 % ] with mesh , risk ratio [ RR ] 1·08 , 95 % CI 0·68 to 1·72 ; p=0·73 ; graft trial : 23/367 [ 6 % ] with st and ard repair vs 36/368 [ 10 % ] with graft , RR 1·57 , 0·95 to 2·59 ; p=0·08 ) . The cumulative number of women with a mesh complication over 2 years in women actually exposed to synthetic mesh was 51 ( 12 % ) of 434 . INTERPRETATION Augmentation of a vaginal repair with mesh or graft material did not improve women 's outcomes in terms of effectiveness , quality of life , adverse effects , or any other outcome in the short term , but more than one in ten women had a mesh complication . Therefore , follow-up is vital to identify any longer-term potential benefits and serious adverse effects of mesh or graft reinforcement in vaginal prolapse surgery . FUNDING UK National Institute of Health Research OBJECTIVE Twin-twin transfusion syndrome ( TTTS ) is associated with significant mortality and morbidity . Potential treatments for the condition require robust evaluation . The aim of this study was to evaluate outcome reporting across observational studies and r and omized controlled trials assessing treatments for TTTS . METHODS Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials , EMBASE and MEDLINE were search ed from inception to August 2016 . Observational studies and r and omized controlled trials reporting outcome following treatment for TTTS  in monochorionic-diamniotic twin pregnancy and monochorionic-triamniotic or dichorionic-triamniotic triplet pregnancy were included . Outcome reporting was systematic ally extracted and categorized . RESULTS Six r and omized trials and 94 observational studies were included , reporting data from 20 071 maternal participants and 3199 children . Six different treatments were evaluated . Included studies reported 62 different outcomes , including six fetal , seven offspring mortality , 25 neonatal , six early childhood and 18 maternal/operative outcomes . Outcomes were reported inconsistently across trials . For example , when considering offspring mortality , 31 ( 31 % ) studies reported live birth , 31 ( 31 % ) reported intrauterine death , 49 ( 49 % ) reported neonatal mortality and 17 ( 17 % ) reported perinatal mortality . Four ( 4 % ) studies reported respiratory distress syndrome . Only 19 ( 19 % ) studies were design ed for long-term follow-up and 11 ( 11 % ) of these reported cerebral palsy . CONCLUSIONS Studies evaluating treatments for TTTS have often neglected to report clinical ly important outcomes , especially neonatal morbidity outcomes , and most are not design ed for long-term follow-up . The development of a core outcome set could help st and ardize outcome collection and reporting in TTTS studies . Copyright © 2018 ISUOG . Published by John Wiley & Sons PURPOSE We compared the efficacy and safety of anterior colporrhaphy with transvaginal polypropylene mesh insertion for anterior vaginal wall prolapse at medium term followup . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In this prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled trial 100 women with stage II or greater anterior vaginal wall prolapse assessed by POP-Q were r and omized to anterior colporrhaphy ( controls ) or mesh insertion . Anatomical outcomes were assessed by POP-Q measurement and prolapse stage . Subjective outcomes and 
    Output:
    