human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Few studies have explored the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ( n-3 PUFA ) supplementation on immune modulation in murine models of mammary carcinogenesis . HER-2/neu and PyMT mice were r and omized to 2 dietary interventions : AIN-93G-based diet with 1 ) 11 % of diet ( per gram weight ) as corn oil ( CO ) or 2 ) 10 % of diet as menhaden fish oil plus 1 % of diet as corn oil ( FO ) . FO significantly reduced the incidence and multiplicity of tumors ( P < 0.001 ) in HER-2/neu , but not PyMT mice . FO-fed mice had significantly larger splenocyte counts than CO-fed mice in both the HER-2/neu and PyMT models ; and in both models this was comprised of an increase in most cell types , including Gr-1+/CD11b+ cells . T cells from FO-fed HER-2/neu mice produced significantly more interleukin-2 ( P = 0.004 ) and interferon-γ ( P = 0.012 ) in response to in vitro stimulation with anti-CD3 ( 0.5 µg/ml ) . Lastly , FO-fed HER-2/neu mice had significantly more tumor immune infiltrates than CO-fed mice , including NK1.1 + , F4/80 + , and Gr-1+/CD11b+ cells ( P ≤ 0.05 ) . Greater Th1 cytokine production and significantly more tumor immune infiltrates in FO-fed Her2/neu mice may account for the cancer prevention effect of fish oil in this model OBJECTIVE To explore the influence of immune-enhanced enteral diet on postoperative metabolism and immunological function in colorectal tumor patient . METHODS Seventy-two patients with colorectal cancer were enrolled in this study . Immune-enhanced enteral diet was administrated in 36 cases ( study group ) , while regular enteral nutrition ( EN ) was given in 36 cases ( control group ) . The immunological function , inflammatory function and nutrition index were evaluated before operation and on postoperative day 1 and day 8 . RESULTS Serum levels of glutamine , asparagines , CD4 ( + ) , NK , IgG , IgM were higher in the study group than those in the control group . The levels of IL- 6 , TNF-alpha in the study group were lower than those in the control group . The difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Immune-enhanced enteral diet can ameliorate the cell immunological and fluid immunological function in the patients with colorectal cancer after the procedures BACKGROUND Supplementation of the diet with fish oil , which is rich in the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , is reported to decrease several markers of immune function . However , whether EPA , DHA , or a combination of the 2 exerts these immunomodulatory effects is unclear . OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the effects of supplementation with an EPA-rich or DHA-rich oil on a range of immune outcomes representing key functions of human neutrophils , monocytes , and lymphocytes in healthy humans . DESIGN In a placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel study , 42 healthy subjects were r and omly allocated to receive supplementation with either placebo ( olive oil ) , EPA ( 4.7 g/d ) , or DHA ( 4.9 g/d ) for 4 wk . Blood sample s were taken before and after supplementation . RESULTS The fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids and neutrophils was dramatically altered by supplementation with EPA or DHA , and the effects of EPA differed notably from those of DHA . DHA supplementation decreased T lymphocyte activation , as assessed by expression of CD69 , whereas EPA supplementation had no significant effect . Neither the EPA-rich oil nor the DHA-rich oil had any significant effect on monocyte or neutrophil phagocytosis or on cytokine production or adhesion molecule expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells . CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with DHA , but not with EPA , suppresses T lymphocyte activation , as assessed by expression of CD69 . EPA alone does not , therefore , influence CD69 expression . No other marker of immune function assessed in this study was significantly affected by either EPA or DHA OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of postoperative immunonutrition on immune and nutritional parameters in patients with gastric carcinoma . METHODS From September 2002 to August 2003 , 40 patients with gastric carcinoma who had undergone major surgery were r and omly divided into an immunonutrition group and st and ard nutrition group , each of 20 patients . On postoperative Day 2 , patients in the st and ard nutrition group received a st and ard enteral formula , while those in the immunonutrition group received an enteral formula enriched with glutamine , arginine and omega-3 fatty acids . Nutritional support was continued for 7 days . Blood sample s were obtained to determine plasma albumin , prealbumin and transferrin on Days 0 , 5 and 9 . On Days 0 , 1 and 9 , blood sample s were collected to detect immunoglobulin ( Ig ) A , IgG , IgM , CD4 and CD8 cell counts , the ratio of CD4/CD8 , interleukin (IL)-2 , IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha , respectively . RESULTS There were no significant differences between the two groups in protein and immune parameters preoperatively and no significant differences in management perioperatively . No serious adverse effects were recorded with the two formulas . Postoperative procedures were smooth in both groups . On Day 9 , serum levels of prealbumin and transferrin were higher in the immunonutrition group than in the st and ard nutrition group ( p<0.01 ) . After 7 days ' nutritional support , patients in the immunonutrition group had higher levels of immunoglobulin , CD4 cell counts , CD4/CD8 ratio and IL-2 than those in the control group , whereas IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels were significantly lower in the immunonutrition group . CONCLUSION Compared with st and ard enteral nutrition , enteral immunonutrition can improve defence mechanisms and modulate inflammatory action after major elective surgery for gastric carcinoma Abstract Background A lipid emulsion composed of soybean oil ( long-chain triglycerides , LCT ) , medium-chain triglycerides ( MCT ) and n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) was evaluated for immune-modulation efficacy , safety , and tolerance in patients undergoing major surgery for gastric and colorectal cancer . Methods In a prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind study , 99 patients with gastric and colorectal cancer receiving elective surgery were recruited and r and omly assigned to either the study group , receiving the n-3 PUFAs enriched intravenous fat emulsion ( IVFE ) , or the control group , receiving a lipid emulsion comprised of soybean oil and MCTs ( 0.8 – 1.5 g · kg-1 · day-1 ) as part of total parenteral nutrition ( TPN ) regimen from surgery ( day -1 ) up to post-operative day 7 . Safety and efficacy parameters were assessed on day -1 and post-operative visits on day 1 , 3 , and 7 . Adverse events were documented daily and compared between the groups . Results Pro-inflammatory markers , laboratory parameters , and adverse events did not differ prominently between the 2 groups , with the exception of net changes ( day 7 minus day -1 ) of free fatty acids ( FFAs ) , triglyceride , and high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) . Net decrease of FFAs was remarkably higher in the study group , while the net increase of triglyceride and decrease of HDL was significantly lower . Conclusions The n-3 PUFA-enriched IVFE showed improvements in lipid metabolism . In respect of efficacy , safety and tolerance both IVFE were comparable . In patients with severe stress , there is an inflammation-attenuating effect of n-3 PUFAs . Further , adequately powered clinical trials will be necessary to address this question in postsurgical GI cancer patients .Trial registration US Clinical Trials.gov NCT00798447 Introduction While consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 LCPUFA ) has been recommended for those at risk of inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis , the mechanism of their anti-inflammatory effect remains to be clearly defined , particularly in relation to the dose and type of n-3 LCPUFA . The objective of this study was to determine whether varying the levels of n-3 LCPUFA in erythrocyte membrane lipids , following dietary supplementation , is associated with altered numbers and function of circulating leukocytes conducive to protection against inflammation . Methods In a double-blind and placebo-controlled study , 44 healthy subjects aged 23 to 63 years consumed either st and ard or n-3 LCPUFA-enriched versions of typical processed foods , the latter allowing a target daily consumption of 1 gram n-3 LCPUFA . After six months , peripheral blood leukocyte and sub population proportions and numbers were assessed by flow cytometry . Leukocytes were also examined for lymphoproliferation and cytokine production , neutrophil chemotaxis , chemokinesis , bactericidal , adherence and iodination activity . Erythrocytes were analyzed for fatty-acid content . Results Erythrocyte n-3 LCPUFA levels were higher and absolute leukocyte and lymphocyte numbers were lower in subjects consuming n-3 enriched foods than in controls . There were no changes in the number of neutrophils , monocytes , T cells ( CD3 + ) , T-cell subsets ( CD4 + , CD8 + ) and B cells ( CD19 + ) . However , natural killer ( NK ) ( CD3-CD16+CD56 + ) cell numbers were lower in n-3 supplemented subjects than in controls and were inversely related to the amount of eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid in erythrocytes . No significant correlations were found with respect to lymphocyte lymphoproliferation and production of IFN-γ and IL-2 , but lymphotoxin production was higher with greater n-3 LCPUFA membrane content . Similarly , neutrophil chemotaxis , chemokinesis , bactericidal activity and adherence did not vary with changes in erythrocyte n-3 LCPUFA levels , but the iodination reaction was reduced with higher n-3 LCPUFA content . Conclusion The data show that regular long-term consumption of n-3 enriched foods leads to lower numbers of NK cells and neutrophil iodination activity but higher lymphotoxin production by lymphocytes . These changes are consistent with decreased inflammatory reaction and tissue damage seen in patients with inflammatory disorders receiving  n-3 LCPUFA  supplementation Background Depression is one of the most frequently missed diagnoses in elderly people , with obvious negative effects on quality of life . Various studies have shown that long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFA ) may be useful in its management . Our objective was to evaluate whether a supplement containing n-3 PUFA improves depressive symptoms in depressed elderly patients , and whether the blood fatty acid pattern is correlated with these changes . Methods The severity of depressive symptoms according to the Geriatric Depression Scale ( GDS ) , blood fatty acid composition and erythrocyte phospholipids were analyzed in 46 depressed females aged 66 - 95y , diagnosed with depression according to DSMIV , within the context of a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . 22 depressed females were included in the intervention group ( 2.5 g/day of n-3 PUFA for 8 weeks ) , and 24 in the  placebo  group . We also measured immunological parameters ( CD2 , CD3 , CD4 , CD8 , CD16 , CD19 and cytokines ( IL-5 , IL-15 ) . Results The mean GDS score and AA/EPA ratio , in whole blood and RBC membrane phospholipids , were significantly lower after 2 months supplementation with n-3 PUFA . A significant correlation between the amelioration of GDS and the AA/EPA ratio with some immunological parameters , such as CD2 , CD19 , CD4 , CD16 and the ratio CD4/CD8 , was also found . Nevertheless , omega-3 supplementation did not significantly improve the studied immunological functions . Conclusions n-3 PUFA supplementation ameliorates symptoms in elderly depression . The n-3 PUFA status may be monitored by means of the determination of whole blood AA/EPA ratio Background Nutrients such as ω-3 fatty acids including fish oil components eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) suppress the growth and promote apoptosis of tumor cells , improve immune function and reduce the effects of systemic inflammatory response syndrome . We sought to investigate the effect of ω-3 fish oil fat emulsion-based parenteral nutrition ( PN ) on nutritional state , immune function , inflammatory reaction , expression of tumor factors and complication incidence in patients after surgical resection of gastric cancer . Methods Forty-eight patients after 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Few studies have explored the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ( n-3 PUFA ) supplementation on immune modulation in murine models of mammary carcinogenesis . HER-2/neu and PyMT mice were r and omized to 2 dietary interventions : AIN-93G-based diet with 1 ) 11 % of diet ( per gram weight ) as corn oil ( CO ) or 2 ) 10 % of diet as menhaden fish oil plus 1 % of diet as corn oil ( FO ) . FO significantly reduced the incidence and multiplicity of tumors ( P < 0.001 ) in HER-2/neu , but not PyMT mice . FO-fed mice had significantly larger splenocyte counts than CO-fed mice in both the HER-2/neu and PyMT models ; and in both models this was comprised of an increase in most cell types , including Gr-1+/CD11b+ cells . T cells from FO-fed HER-2/neu mice produced significantly more interleukin-2 ( P = 0.004 ) and interferon-γ ( P = 0.012 ) in response to in vitro stimulation with anti-CD3 ( 0.5 µg/ml ) . Lastly , FO-fed HER-2/neu mice had significantly more tumor immune infiltrates than CO-fed mice , including NK1.1 + , F4/80 + , and Gr-1+/CD11b+ cells ( P ≤ 0.05 ) . Greater Th1 cytokine production and significantly more tumor immune infiltrates in FO-fed Her2/neu mice may account for the cancer prevention effect of fish oil in this model OBJECTIVE To explore the influence of immune-enhanced enteral diet on postoperative metabolism and immunological function in colorectal tumor patient . METHODS Seventy-two patients with colorectal cancer were enrolled in this study . Immune-enhanced enteral diet was administrated in 36 cases ( study group ) , while regular enteral nutrition ( EN ) was given in 36 cases ( control group ) . The immunological function , inflammatory function and nutrition index were evaluated before operation and on postoperative day 1 and day 8 . RESULTS Serum levels of glutamine , asparagines , CD4 ( + ) , NK , IgG , IgM were higher in the study group than those in the control group . The levels of IL- 6 , TNF-alpha in the study group were lower than those in the control group . The difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Immune-enhanced enteral diet can ameliorate the cell immunological and fluid immunological function in the patients with colorectal cancer after the procedures BACKGROUND Supplementation of the diet with fish oil , which is rich in the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , is reported to decrease several markers of immune function . However , whether EPA , DHA , or a combination of the 2 exerts these immunomodulatory effects is unclear . OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the effects of supplementation with an EPA-rich or DHA-rich oil on a range of immune outcomes representing key functions of human neutrophils , monocytes , and lymphocytes in healthy humans . DESIGN In a placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel study , 42 healthy subjects were r and omly allocated to receive supplementation with either placebo ( olive oil ) , EPA ( 4.7 g/d ) , or DHA ( 4.9 g/d ) for 4 wk . Blood sample s were taken before and after supplementation . RESULTS The fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids and neutrophils was dramatically altered by supplementation with EPA or DHA , and the effects of EPA differed notably from those of DHA . DHA supplementation decreased T lymphocyte activation , as assessed by expression of CD69 , whereas EPA supplementation had no significant effect . Neither the EPA-rich oil nor the DHA-rich oil had any significant effect on monocyte or neutrophil phagocytosis or on cytokine production or adhesion molecule expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells . CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with DHA , but not with EPA , suppresses T lymphocyte activation , as assessed by expression of CD69 . EPA alone does not , therefore , influence CD69 expression . No other marker of immune function assessed in this study was significantly affected by either EPA or DHA OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of postoperative immunonutrition on immune and nutritional parameters in patients with gastric carcinoma . METHODS From September 2002 to August 2003 , 40 patients with gastric carcinoma who had undergone major surgery were r and omly divided into an immunonutrition group and st and ard nutrition group , each of 20 patients . On postoperative Day 2 , patients in the st and ard nutrition group received a st and ard enteral formula , while those in the immunonutrition group received an enteral formula enriched with glutamine , arginine and omega-3 fatty acids . Nutritional support was continued for 7 days . Blood sample s were obtained to determine plasma albumin , prealbumin and transferrin on Days 0 , 5 and 9 . On Days 0 , 1 and 9 , blood sample s were collected to detect immunoglobulin ( Ig ) A , IgG , IgM , CD4 and CD8 cell counts , the ratio of CD4/CD8 , interleukin (IL)-2 , IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha , respectively . RESULTS There were no significant differences between the two groups in protein and immune parameters preoperatively and no significant differences in management perioperatively . No serious adverse effects were recorded with the two formulas . Postoperative procedures were smooth in both groups . On Day 9 , serum levels of prealbumin and transferrin were higher in the immunonutrition group than in the st and ard nutrition group ( p<0.01 ) . After 7 days ' nutritional support , patients in the immunonutrition group had higher levels of immunoglobulin , CD4 cell counts , CD4/CD8 ratio and IL-2 than those in the control group , whereas IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels were significantly lower in the immunonutrition group . CONCLUSION Compared with st and ard enteral nutrition , enteral immunonutrition can improve defence mechanisms and modulate inflammatory action after major elective surgery for gastric carcinoma Abstract Background A lipid emulsion composed of soybean oil ( long-chain triglycerides , LCT ) , medium-chain triglycerides ( MCT ) and n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) was evaluated for immune-modulation efficacy , safety , and tolerance in patients undergoing major surgery for gastric and colorectal cancer . Methods In a prospect i ve , r and omized , double-blind study , 99 patients with gastric and colorectal cancer receiving elective surgery were recruited and r and omly assigned to either the study group , receiving the n-3 PUFAs enriched intravenous fat emulsion ( IVFE ) , or the control group , receiving a lipid emulsion comprised of soybean oil and MCTs ( 0.8 – 1.5 g · kg-1 · day-1 ) as part of total parenteral nutrition ( TPN ) regimen from surgery ( day -1 ) up to post-operative day 7 . Safety and efficacy parameters were assessed on day -1 and post-operative visits on day 1 , 3 , and 7 . Adverse events were documented daily and compared between the groups . Results Pro-inflammatory markers , laboratory parameters , and adverse events did not differ prominently between the 2 groups , with the exception of net changes ( day 7 minus day -1 ) of free fatty acids ( FFAs ) , triglyceride , and high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) . Net decrease of FFAs was remarkably higher in the study group , while the net increase of triglyceride and decrease of HDL was significantly lower . Conclusions The n-3 PUFA-enriched IVFE showed improvements in lipid metabolism . In respect of efficacy , safety and tolerance both IVFE were comparable . In patients with severe stress , there is an inflammation-attenuating effect of n-3 PUFAs . Further , adequately powered clinical trials will be necessary to address this question in postsurgical GI cancer patients .Trial registration US Clinical Trials.gov NCT00798447 Introduction While consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 LCPUFA ) has been recommended for those at risk of inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis , the mechanism of their anti-inflammatory effect remains to be clearly defined , particularly in relation to the dose and type of n-3 LCPUFA . The objective of this study was to determine whether varying the levels of n-3 LCPUFA in erythrocyte membrane lipids , following dietary supplementation , is associated with altered numbers and function of circulating leukocytes conducive to protection against inflammation . Methods In a double-blind and placebo-controlled study , 44 healthy subjects aged 23 to 63 years consumed either st and ard or n-3 LCPUFA-enriched versions of typical processed foods , the latter allowing a target daily consumption of 1 gram n-3 LCPUFA . After six months , peripheral blood leukocyte and sub population proportions and numbers were assessed by flow cytometry . Leukocytes were also examined for lymphoproliferation and cytokine production , neutrophil chemotaxis , chemokinesis , bactericidal , adherence and iodination activity . Erythrocytes were analyzed for fatty-acid content . Results Erythrocyte n-3 LCPUFA levels were higher and absolute leukocyte and lymphocyte numbers were lower in subjects consuming n-3 enriched foods than in controls . There were no changes in the number of neutrophils , monocytes , T cells ( CD3 + ) , T-cell subsets ( CD4 + , CD8 + ) and B cells ( CD19 + ) . However , natural killer ( NK ) ( CD3-CD16+CD56 + ) cell numbers were lower in n-3 supplemented subjects than in controls and were inversely related to the amount of eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid in erythrocytes . No significant correlations were found with respect to lymphocyte lymphoproliferation and production of IFN-γ and IL-2 , but lymphotoxin production was higher with greater n-3 LCPUFA membrane content . Similarly , neutrophil chemotaxis , chemokinesis , bactericidal activity and adherence did not vary with changes in erythrocyte n-3 LCPUFA levels , but the iodination reaction was reduced with higher n-3 LCPUFA content . Conclusion The data show that regular long-term consumption of n-3 enriched foods leads to lower numbers of NK cells and neutrophil iodination activity but higher lymphotoxin production by lymphocytes . These changes are consistent with decreased inflammatory reaction and tissue damage seen in patients with inflammatory disorders receiving  n-3 LCPUFA  supplementation Background Depression is one of the most frequently missed diagnoses in elderly people , with obvious negative effects on quality of life . Various studies have shown that long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFA ) may be useful in its management . Our objective was to evaluate whether a supplement containing n-3 PUFA improves depressive symptoms in depressed elderly patients , and whether the blood fatty acid pattern is correlated with these changes . Methods The severity of depressive symptoms according to the Geriatric Depression Scale ( GDS ) , blood fatty acid composition and erythrocyte phospholipids were analyzed in 46 depressed females aged 66 - 95y , diagnosed with depression according to DSMIV , within the context of a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . 22 depressed females were included in the intervention group ( 2.5 g/day of n-3 PUFA for 8 weeks ) , and 24 in the  placebo  group . We also measured immunological parameters ( CD2 , CD3 , CD4 , CD8 , CD16 , CD19 and cytokines ( IL-5 , IL-15 ) . Results The mean GDS score and AA/EPA ratio , in whole blood and RBC membrane phospholipids , were significantly lower after 2 months supplementation with n-3 PUFA . A significant correlation between the amelioration of GDS and the AA/EPA ratio with some immunological parameters , such as CD2 , CD19 , CD4 , CD16 and the ratio CD4/CD8 , was also found . Nevertheless , omega-3 supplementation did not significantly improve the studied immunological functions . Conclusions n-3 PUFA supplementation ameliorates symptoms in elderly depression . The n-3 PUFA status may be monitored by means of the determination of whole blood AA/EPA ratio Background Nutrients such as ω-3 fatty acids including fish oil components eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) suppress the growth and promote apoptosis of tumor cells , improve immune function and reduce the effects of systemic inflammatory response syndrome . We sought to investigate the effect of ω-3 fish oil fat emulsion-based parenteral nutrition ( PN ) on nutritional state , immune function , inflammatory reaction , expression of tumor factors and complication incidence in patients after surgical resection of gastric cancer . Methods Forty-eight patients after 
    Output:
    