human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Insulin resistance is one of the most common features of polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . Some studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency may have a role in insulin resistance ; thus , the aim of the current study was to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance in women with PCOS and a vitamin D deficiency . We hypothesized that vitamin D supplementation would lower the glucose level and insulin resistance in women with PCOS and a vitamin D deficiency . The current study was a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blinded trial with 50 women with PCOS and a vitamin D deficiency , 20 to 40 years old , assigned to receive 3 oral treatments consisting of 50,000 IU of vitamin D₃ or a placebo ( 1 every 20 days ) for 2 months ( vitamin D , n = 24 ; placebo , n = 26 ) . The fasting blood glucose , insulin , 25-hydroxyvitamin D , and parathyroid hormone levels , as well as the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index were measured at baseline and after treatment . In the vitamin D group , the serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D increased ( 6.9 ± 2.8 to 23.4 ± 6.1 ng/mL , P < .0001 ) , and the parathyroid hormone level decreased ( 70.02 ± 43.04 to 50.33 ± 21.99 μ IU/mL , P = .02 ) . There were no significant changes in the placebo group . There was a significant increase in insulin secretion in the vitamin D group ( P = .01 ) , but this was not significant compared with the placebo group . The fasting serum insulin and glucose levels and the insulin sensitivity and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance did not change significantly by the end of the study . We were not able to demonstrate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance in women with PCOS and vitamin D deficiency CONTEXT There is an association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) and the polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . Marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids have favorable effects on cardiovascular risk and could reduce liver fat in NAFLD . OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to examine the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on liver fat in PCOS . The secondary aim was to assess their effects on traditional cardiovascular risk factors . DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a r and omized , crossover study at a tertiary cardiovascular research center . SUBJECTS Twenty-five women with PCOS ( mean age , 32.7 yr ; mean body mass index , 34.8 kg/m(2 ) ) participated in the study . INTERVENTION We compared 4g/d of omega-3 fatty acids with placebo over 8 wk . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was hepatic fat content quantified using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Secondary outcome measures included fasting lipids and blood pressure . RESULTS Omega-3 fatty acids significantly decreased liver fat content compared with placebo [ 10.2 ( 1.1 ) vs. 8.4 (0.9)% ; P = 0.022 ] . There was also a reduction in triglycerides [ 1.19 ( 1.03 - 1.47 ) vs. 1.02 ( 0.93 - 1.18 ) mmol/liter ; P = 0.002 ] , systolic blood pressure [ 124.1 ( 12.1 ) vs. 122.3 ( 14.5 ) mm Hg ; P = 0.018 ] , and diastolic blood pressure [ 73.2 ( 8.4 ) vs. 69.7 ( 8.3 ) mm Hg ; P = 0.005 ] with omega-3 fatty acids compared with placebo . Omega-3 fatty acids particularly decreased hepatic fat in women with hepatic steatosis , defined as liver fat percentage greater than 5 % [ 18.2 ( 11.1 ) vs. 14.8 (9.3)% ; P = 0.03 ] . CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has a beneficial effect on liver fat content and other cardiovascular risk factors in women with PCOS , including those with hepatic steatosis . Whether this translates into a reduction in cardiometabolic events warrants further study OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of high-dose vitamin D on insulin sensitivity in polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . DESIGN R and omized , placebo-controlled trial . SETTING Academic medical center . PATIENT(S ) Twenty-eight women with PCOS . INTERVENTION(S ) Vitamin D3 , 12,000 IU , or placebo daily for 12 weeks . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) The primary outcome was quantitative insulin sensitivity check index . Secondary outcomes included glucose and insulin levels during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and blood pressure . RESULT ( S ) Twenty-two women completed the study . Compared with placebo , vitamin D significantly increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( mean [ 95 % confidence interval ] in vitamin D group 20.1 [ 15.7 to 24.5 ] ng/mL at baseline and 65.7 [ 52.3 to 79.2 ] ng/mL at 12 weeks ; placebo 22.5 [ 18.1 to 26.8 ] ng/mL at baseline and 23.8 [ 10.4 to 37.2 ] ng/mL at 12 weeks ) . There were no significant differences in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index and other measures of insulin sensitivity ; however , we observed trends toward lower 2-hour insulin and lower 2-hour glucose . We also observed a protective effect of vitamin D on blood pressure . CONCLUSION ( S ) In women with PCOS , insulin sensitivity was unchanged with high-dose vitamin D , but there was a trend toward decreased 2-hour insulin and a protective effect on blood pressure . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00907153 OBJECTIVE To determine whether the administration of D-chiro-inositol , a putative insulin-sensitizing drug , would affect the concentration of circulating insulin , the levels of serum and rogens , and the frequency of ovulation in lean women with the polycystic ovary syndrome . METHODS In 20 lean women ( body mass index , 20.0 to 24.4 kg/m 2 ) who had the polycystic ovary syndrome , treatment was initiated with either 600 mg of D-chiro-inositol or placebo orally once daily for 6 to 8 weeks . We performed oral glucose tolerance tests and measured serum sex steroids before and after therapy . To monitor for ovulation , we determined serum progesterone concentrations weekly . RESULTS In the 10 women given D-chiro-inositol , the mean ( + /- st and ard error ) area under the plasma insulin curve after oral administration of glucose decreased significantly from 8,343 + /- 1,149 mU/mL per min to 5,335 + /- 1,792 mU/mL per min in comparison with no significant change in the placebo group ( P = 0.03 for difference between groups ) . Concomitantly , the serum free testosterone concentration decreased by 73 % from 0.83 + /- 0.11 ng/dL to 0.22 + /- 0.03 ng/dL , a significant change in comparison with essentially no change in the placebo group ( P = 0.01 ) . Six of the 10 women ( 60 % ) in the D-chiro-inositol group ovulated in comparison with 2 of the 10 women ( 20 % ) in the placebo group ( P = 0.17 ) . Systolic ( P = 0.002 ) and diastolic ( P = 0.001 ) blood pressures , as well as plasma triglyceride concentrations ( P = 0.001 ) , decreased significantly in the D-chiro-inositol group in comparison with the placebo group , in which these variables either increased ( blood pressure ) or decreased minimally ( triglycerides ) . CONCLUSION We conclude that , in lean women with the polycystic ovary syndrome , D-chiro-inositol reduces circulating insulin , decreases serum and rogens , and ameliorates some of the metabolic abnormalities ( increased blood pressure and hypertriglyceridemia ) of syndrome STUDY QUESTION What is the prevalence of insulin resistance ( IR ) and the contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic IR in women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) according to the Rotterdam criteria ? SUMMARY ANSWER We report novel clamp data in Rotterdam diagnosed PCOS women , using World Health Organization criteria for IR showing that women with PCOS have a high prevalence of IR , strengthening the evidence for an aetiological role of IR in both National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) and Rotterdam diagnosed PCOS in lean and overweight women . WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY PCOS is a complex endocrine condition with a significant increased risk of gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes . STUDY DESIGN , SIZE , DURATION Using a cross-sectional study design , 20 overweight and 20 lean PCOS ( Rotterdam criteria ) , 14 overweight and 19 lean body mass index ( BMI ) -matched control non-PCOS women underwent clinical measures of IR after a 3-month withdrawal of insulin sensitizers and the oral contraceptive pill . MATERIAL S , SETTING , METHODS In an academic clinic setting ,  glucose infusion rate ( GIR )  on euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp was investigated as a marker of insulin sensitivity . MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE PCOS women were more IR than BMI -matched controls ( main effect for BMI and PCOS ; P < 0.001 ) . IR was present in 75 % of lean PCOS , 62 % of overweight controls and 95 % of overweight PCOS . Lean controls ( mean ± SD ; GIR 339 ± 76 mg min⁻¹ m⁻² ) were less IR than lean PCOS ( 270 ± 66 mg min⁻¹ m⁻² ) , overweight controls ( 264 ± 66 mg min⁻¹ m⁻² ) and overweight PCOS ( 175 ± 96 mg min⁻¹ m⁻² ) . The negative relationship between BMI and IR reflected by GIR was more marked in PCOS ( y = 445.1 - 7.7x , R² = 0.42 ( P < 0.0001 ) than controls ( y = 435.5 - 4.6x , R² = 0.04 ( P < 0.01 ) ) . LIMITATIONS , REASONS FOR CAUTION The study did not use glucose tracer techniques to completely characterize the IR , as well as the lack of matching for body composition and age . WIDER IMPLICATION S OF THE FINDINGS IR is exacerbated by increased BMI , supporting intrinsic IR in PCOS . BMI impact on IR is greater in PCOS , than in controls , irrespective of visceral fat , prioritizing lifestyle intervention and the need for effective therapeutic interventions to address intrinsic IR and prevent diabetes in this high-risk population . STUDY FUNDING /COMPETING INTEREST(S ) This investigator-initiated trial was supported by grants from the National Health & Medical Research Council ( NHMRC ) Grant number 606553 ( H.J.T. , N.K.S. and S.K.H. ) as well as Monash University and The Jean Hailes Foundation . H.J.T. is an NHMRC Research Fellow . N.K.S. is supported through the Australian Government 's Collaborative Research Networks ( CRN ) programme . A.E.J. is a Jean Hailes and NHMRC scholarship holder . The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest associated with this manuscript Objectives : To study the effects of green tea on body weight , and biochemical and hormonal profiles in obese Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . Methods : Thirty-four obese Chinese women with PCOS were r and omized into either treatment with green tea capsules or placebo for 3 months . The anthropomentric measurements , and biochemical and hormonal profiles before and after treatment in each group were compared . Results : The body weight of the green tea group decreased by a nonsignificant 2.4 % after treatment ; whereas the body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , and body fat content of the control group were significantly higher after 3 months . There were no differences in any of the hormone levels measured in either group . The biochemical profiles of the two groups were also similar except that there was a small but significant rise in the triglyceride level in the green tea group . Fewer patients in the green tea group remained amenorrhoeic , but this was not significantly different from the control group . Conclusions : Green tea supplementation did not significantly reduce body weight in obese women with PCOS , nor did it alter the gl 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Insulin resistance is one of the most common features of polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . Some studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency may have a role in insulin resistance ; thus , the aim of the current study was to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance in women with PCOS and a vitamin D deficiency . We hypothesized that vitamin D supplementation would lower the glucose level and insulin resistance in women with PCOS and a vitamin D deficiency . The current study was a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blinded trial with 50 women with PCOS and a vitamin D deficiency , 20 to 40 years old , assigned to receive 3 oral treatments consisting of 50,000 IU of vitamin D₃ or a placebo ( 1 every 20 days ) for 2 months ( vitamin D , n = 24 ; placebo , n = 26 ) . The fasting blood glucose , insulin , 25-hydroxyvitamin D , and parathyroid hormone levels , as well as the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index were measured at baseline and after treatment . In the vitamin D group , the serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D increased ( 6.9 ± 2.8 to 23.4 ± 6.1 ng/mL , P < .0001 ) , and the parathyroid hormone level decreased ( 70.02 ± 43.04 to 50.33 ± 21.99 μ IU/mL , P = .02 ) . There were no significant changes in the placebo group . There was a significant increase in insulin secretion in the vitamin D group ( P = .01 ) , but this was not significant compared with the placebo group . The fasting serum insulin and glucose levels and the insulin sensitivity and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance did not change significantly by the end of the study . We were not able to demonstrate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance in women with PCOS and vitamin D deficiency CONTEXT There is an association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) and the polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . Marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids have favorable effects on cardiovascular risk and could reduce liver fat in NAFLD . OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to examine the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on liver fat in PCOS . The secondary aim was to assess their effects on traditional cardiovascular risk factors . DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a r and omized , crossover study at a tertiary cardiovascular research center . SUBJECTS Twenty-five women with PCOS ( mean age , 32.7 yr ; mean body mass index , 34.8 kg/m(2 ) ) participated in the study . INTERVENTION We compared 4g/d of omega-3 fatty acids with placebo over 8 wk . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was hepatic fat content quantified using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Secondary outcome measures included fasting lipids and blood pressure . RESULTS Omega-3 fatty acids significantly decreased liver fat content compared with placebo [ 10.2 ( 1.1 ) vs. 8.4 (0.9)% ; P = 0.022 ] . There was also a reduction in triglycerides [ 1.19 ( 1.03 - 1.47 ) vs. 1.02 ( 0.93 - 1.18 ) mmol/liter ; P = 0.002 ] , systolic blood pressure [ 124.1 ( 12.1 ) vs. 122.3 ( 14.5 ) mm Hg ; P = 0.018 ] , and diastolic blood pressure [ 73.2 ( 8.4 ) vs. 69.7 ( 8.3 ) mm Hg ; P = 0.005 ] with omega-3 fatty acids compared with placebo . Omega-3 fatty acids particularly decreased hepatic fat in women with hepatic steatosis , defined as liver fat percentage greater than 5 % [ 18.2 ( 11.1 ) vs. 14.8 (9.3)% ; P = 0.03 ] . CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has a beneficial effect on liver fat content and other cardiovascular risk factors in women with PCOS , including those with hepatic steatosis . Whether this translates into a reduction in cardiometabolic events warrants further study OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of high-dose vitamin D on insulin sensitivity in polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . DESIGN R and omized , placebo-controlled trial . SETTING Academic medical center . PATIENT(S ) Twenty-eight women with PCOS . INTERVENTION(S ) Vitamin D3 , 12,000 IU , or placebo daily for 12 weeks . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) The primary outcome was quantitative insulin sensitivity check index . Secondary outcomes included glucose and insulin levels during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and blood pressure . RESULT ( S ) Twenty-two women completed the study . Compared with placebo , vitamin D significantly increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( mean [ 95 % confidence interval ] in vitamin D group 20.1 [ 15.7 to 24.5 ] ng/mL at baseline and 65.7 [ 52.3 to 79.2 ] ng/mL at 12 weeks ; placebo 22.5 [ 18.1 to 26.8 ] ng/mL at baseline and 23.8 [ 10.4 to 37.2 ] ng/mL at 12 weeks ) . There were no significant differences in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index and other measures of insulin sensitivity ; however , we observed trends toward lower 2-hour insulin and lower 2-hour glucose . We also observed a protective effect of vitamin D on blood pressure . CONCLUSION ( S ) In women with PCOS , insulin sensitivity was unchanged with high-dose vitamin D , but there was a trend toward decreased 2-hour insulin and a protective effect on blood pressure . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00907153 OBJECTIVE To determine whether the administration of D-chiro-inositol , a putative insulin-sensitizing drug , would affect the concentration of circulating insulin , the levels of serum and rogens , and the frequency of ovulation in lean women with the polycystic ovary syndrome . METHODS In 20 lean women ( body mass index , 20.0 to 24.4 kg/m 2 ) who had the polycystic ovary syndrome , treatment was initiated with either 600 mg of D-chiro-inositol or placebo orally once daily for 6 to 8 weeks . We performed oral glucose tolerance tests and measured serum sex steroids before and after therapy . To monitor for ovulation , we determined serum progesterone concentrations weekly . RESULTS In the 10 women given D-chiro-inositol , the mean ( + /- st and ard error ) area under the plasma insulin curve after oral administration of glucose decreased significantly from 8,343 + /- 1,149 mU/mL per min to 5,335 + /- 1,792 mU/mL per min in comparison with no significant change in the placebo group ( P = 0.03 for difference between groups ) . Concomitantly , the serum free testosterone concentration decreased by 73 % from 0.83 + /- 0.11 ng/dL to 0.22 + /- 0.03 ng/dL , a significant change in comparison with essentially no change in the placebo group ( P = 0.01 ) . Six of the 10 women ( 60 % ) in the D-chiro-inositol group ovulated in comparison with 2 of the 10 women ( 20 % ) in the placebo group ( P = 0.17 ) . Systolic ( P = 0.002 ) and diastolic ( P = 0.001 ) blood pressures , as well as plasma triglyceride concentrations ( P = 0.001 ) , decreased significantly in the D-chiro-inositol group in comparison with the placebo group , in which these variables either increased ( blood pressure ) or decreased minimally ( triglycerides ) . CONCLUSION We conclude that , in lean women with the polycystic ovary syndrome , D-chiro-inositol reduces circulating insulin , decreases serum and rogens , and ameliorates some of the metabolic abnormalities ( increased blood pressure and hypertriglyceridemia ) of syndrome STUDY QUESTION What is the prevalence of insulin resistance ( IR ) and the contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic IR in women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) according to the Rotterdam criteria ? SUMMARY ANSWER We report novel clamp data in Rotterdam diagnosed PCOS women , using World Health Organization criteria for IR showing that women with PCOS have a high prevalence of IR , strengthening the evidence for an aetiological role of IR in both National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) and Rotterdam diagnosed PCOS in lean and overweight women . WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY PCOS is a complex endocrine condition with a significant increased risk of gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes . STUDY DESIGN , SIZE , DURATION Using a cross-sectional study design , 20 overweight and 20 lean PCOS ( Rotterdam criteria ) , 14 overweight and 19 lean body mass index ( BMI ) -matched control non-PCOS women underwent clinical measures of IR after a 3-month withdrawal of insulin sensitizers and the oral contraceptive pill . MATERIAL S , SETTING , METHODS In an academic clinic setting ,  glucose infusion rate ( GIR )  on euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp was investigated as a marker of insulin sensitivity . MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE PCOS women were more IR than BMI -matched controls ( main effect for BMI and PCOS ; P < 0.001 ) . IR was present in 75 % of lean PCOS , 62 % of overweight controls and 95 % of overweight PCOS . Lean controls ( mean ± SD ; GIR 339 ± 76 mg min⁻¹ m⁻² ) were less IR than lean PCOS ( 270 ± 66 mg min⁻¹ m⁻² ) , overweight controls ( 264 ± 66 mg min⁻¹ m⁻² ) and overweight PCOS ( 175 ± 96 mg min⁻¹ m⁻² ) . The negative relationship between BMI and IR reflected by GIR was more marked in PCOS ( y = 445.1 - 7.7x , R² = 0.42 ( P < 0.0001 ) than controls ( y = 435.5 - 4.6x , R² = 0.04 ( P < 0.01 ) ) . LIMITATIONS , REASONS FOR CAUTION The study did not use glucose tracer techniques to completely characterize the IR , as well as the lack of matching for body composition and age . WIDER IMPLICATION S OF THE FINDINGS IR is exacerbated by increased BMI , supporting intrinsic IR in PCOS . BMI impact on IR is greater in PCOS , than in controls , irrespective of visceral fat , prioritizing lifestyle intervention and the need for effective therapeutic interventions to address intrinsic IR and prevent diabetes in this high-risk population . STUDY FUNDING /COMPETING INTEREST(S ) This investigator-initiated trial was supported by grants from the National Health & Medical Research Council ( NHMRC ) Grant number 606553 ( H.J.T. , N.K.S. and S.K.H. ) as well as Monash University and The Jean Hailes Foundation . H.J.T. is an NHMRC Research Fellow . N.K.S. is supported through the Australian Government 's Collaborative Research Networks ( CRN ) programme . A.E.J. is a Jean Hailes and NHMRC scholarship holder . The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest associated with this manuscript Objectives : To study the effects of green tea on body weight , and biochemical and hormonal profiles in obese Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . Methods : Thirty-four obese Chinese women with PCOS were r and omized into either treatment with green tea capsules or placebo for 3 months . The anthropomentric measurements , and biochemical and hormonal profiles before and after treatment in each group were compared . Results : The body weight of the green tea group decreased by a nonsignificant 2.4 % after treatment ; whereas the body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , and body fat content of the control group were significantly higher after 3 months . There were no differences in any of the hormone levels measured in either group . The biochemical profiles of the two groups were also similar except that there was a small but significant rise in the triglyceride level in the green tea group . Fewer patients in the green tea group remained amenorrhoeic , but this was not significantly different from the control group . Conclusions : Green tea supplementation did not significantly reduce body weight in obese women with PCOS , nor did it alter the gl 
    Output:
    