human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background / Objective : Evidence is accumulating that the long-chain PUFA ( LCPUFA ) are associated with offspring growth and body composition . We investigated the relationship between LCPUFAs in red blood cells ( RBCs ) of pregnant women/breastfeeding mothers and umbilical cord RBCs of their neonates with infant growth and body composition ⩽1 year of age . Subjects/ Methods : In an open-label r and omized , controlled trial , 208 healthy pregnant women received a dietary intervention ( daily supplementation with 1200 mg n-3 LCPUFAs and dietary counseling to reduce arachidonic acid ( AA ) intake ) from the 15th week of gestation until 4 months of lactation or followed their habitual diet . Fatty acids of plasma phospholipids ( PLs ) and RBCs from maternal and cord blood were determined and associated with infant body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , lean body mass and fat mass assessed by skinfold thickness measurements and ultrasonography . Results : Dietary intervention significantly reduced the n-6/n-3 LCPUFA ratio in maternal and cord-blood plasma PLs and RBCs . Maternal RBCs docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , n-3 LCPUFAs and n-6 LCPUFAs at the 32nd week of gestation were positively related to birth weight . Maternal n-3 LCPUFAs , n-6 LCPUFAs and AA were positively associated with birth length . Maternal RBCs AA and n-6 LCPUFAs were significantly negatively related to BMI and Ponderal Index at 1 year postpartum , but not to fat mass . Conclusion : Maternal DHA , AA , total n-3 LCPUFAs and n-6 LCPUFAs might serve as prenatal growth factors , while n-6 LCPUFAs also seems to regulate postnatal growth . The maternal n-6/n-3 LCPUFA ratio does not appear to have a role in adipose tissue development during early postnatal life Formula supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) improves retinal function of preterm infants but the optimal dose is unknown . In a r and omized controlled trial we examined the effect of increasing the DHA concentration of human milk and formula on circulating fatty acids of preterm infants . Infants born <33 weeks gestation were fed high-DHA milk ( 1 % total fat as DHA ) or st and ard-DHA milk ( 0.2 - 0.3 % DHA ) until reaching their estimated due date ( EDD ) . Milk arachidonic acid ( AA ) concentration was approximately 0.5 % for both groups . At EDD , erythrocyte membrane phospholipid DHA was elevated in the high-DHA group compared with st and ard-DHA ( mean+/-SD , high-DHA 6.8+/-1.2 , st and ard-DHA 5.2+/-0.7 , p<0.0005 ) but AA was lower ( high-DHA 14.9+/-1.3 , st and ard-DHA 16.0+/-1.2 , p<0.0005 ) . Feeding preterm infants human milk and formula with 1 % DHA raises but does not saturate erythrocyte phospholipids with DHA . Milk exceeding 1 % DHA may be required to increase DHA status to levels seen in term infants OBJECTIVES Docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ; 22:6 n-3 ) and arachidonic acid ( AA ; 20:4 n-6 ) are important for development of the central nervous system in mammals . There is a growth spurt in the human brain during the last trimester of pregnancy and the first postnatal months , with a large increase in the cerebral content of AA and DHA .  The fetus and the newborn infant depend on maternal supply of DHA and AA . Our hypothesis was that maternal intake of DHA during pregnancy and lactation is marginal and that high intake of this fatty acid would benefit the child . We examined the effect of supplementing pregnant and lactating women with very-long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ; cod liver oil ) on mental development of the children , compared with maternal supplementation with long-chain n-6 PUFAs ( corn oil ) . METHODS The study was r and omized and double-blinded . Pregnant women were recruited in week 18 of pregnancy to take 10 mL of cod liver oil or corn oil until 3 months after delivery . The cod liver oil contained 1183 mg/10 mL DHA , 803 mg/10 mL eicosapentaenoic acid ( 20:5 n-3 ) , and a total of 2494 mg/10 mL summation operator n-3 PUFAs . The corn oil contained 4747 mg/10 mL linoleic acid ( 18:2 n-6 ) and 92 mg/10 mL alpha-linolenic acid ( 18:3 n-3 ) . The amount of fat-soluble vitamins was identical in the 2 oils ( 117 micro g/mL vitamin A , 1 micro g/mL vitamin D , and 1.4 mg/mL dl-alpha-tocopherol ) . A total of 590 pregnant women were recruited to the study , and 341 mothers took part in the study until giving birth . All infants of these women were scheduled for assessment of cognitive function at 6 and 9 months of age , and 262 complied with the request . As part of the protocol , 135 subjects from this population were invited for intelligence testing  with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children ( K-ABC ) at 4 years of age . Of the 135 invited children , 90 came for assessment . Six children did not complete the examination . The K-ABC is a measure of intelligence and achievement design ed for children aged 2.5 years through 12.5 years . This multisubtest battery comprises 4 scales : Sequential Processing , Simultaneous Processing , Achievement ( not used in the present study ) , and Nonverbal Abilities . The Sequential Processing and Simultaneous Processing scales are hypothesized to reflect the child 's style of problem solving and information processing . Scores from these 2 scales are combined to form a Mental Processing Composite , which serves as the measure of intelligence in the K-ABC . RESULTS We received dietary information from 76 infants ( 41 in the cod liver oil group and 35 in the corn oil group ) , documenting that all of them were breastfed at 3 months of age . Children who were born to mothers who had taken cod liver oil ( n = 48 ) during pregnancy and lactation scored higher on the Mental Processing Composite of the K-ABC at 4 years of age as compared with children whose mothers had taken  corn oil  ( n = 36 ; 106.4 [ 7.4 ] vs 102.3 [ 11.3 ] ) . The Mental Processing Composite score correlated significantly with head circumference at birth ( r = 0.23 ) , but no relation was found with birth weight or gestational length . The children 's mental processing scores at 4 years of age correlated significantly with maternal intake of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid during pregnancy . In a multiple regression model , maternal intake of DHA during pregnancy was the only variable of statistical significance for the children 's mental processing scores at 4 years of age . CONCLUSION Maternal intake of very-long-chain n-3 PUFAs during pregnancy and lactation may be favorable for later mental development of children OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of varying maternal intake of docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA , 22 : 6n-3 ) , in the absence of other dietary polyunsaturates , on breast milk fatty acids . DESIGN AND INTERVENTION Lactating mothers were r and omised on day 5 post-partum to groups consuming equal numbers of capsules but containing either placebo or an oil containing DHA ( 43 % ) as its only polyunsaturate to receive 0 , 0.2 , 0.4 , 0.9 , 1.3 g DHA/day . Breast milk fatty acids as well as maternal plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids were assessed at 12 weeks post partum by capillary gas chromatography . RESULTS Breast milk DHA levels ranged from 0.2 to 1.7 % of total fatty acids and increased in a dose dependent manner ( r2 = 0.89 , P < 0.01 ) . Maternal plasma ( r2 = 0.71 , P < 0.01 ) and erythrocyte ( r2 = 0.77 , P < 0.01 ) phospholipid DHA levels increased and were also strongly associated with dietary dose of DHA . Increasing maternal dietary doses of DHA did not affect breast milk arachidonic acid ( AA , 20 : 4n-6 ) levels or antioxidant status as measured by plasma vitamin A or E levels . CONCLUSIONS Our results have demonstrated that DHA in the diet has a strong , specific and dose-dependent effect on breast milk DHA Objective : We investigated how cod liver oil influences the amount of essential fatty acids in mothers ’ breast milk . Design and Intervention : Lactating mothers ( n=22 ) were r and omized into four groups 3–8 weeks after parturition . They were supplemented for 14 days with 0 , 2.5 , 5 and 10 ml cod liver oil ( 7.7 g eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA , 20:5n-3 ) , 10.2 g docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA , 22:6n-3 ) and 22.9 g n-3 fatty acids in total per 100 ml ) . Results : In maternal plasma phospholipids there was an increase in the content of EPA and DHA in the group supplemented with 10 ml cod liver oil daily ( P≤0.05 ) . DHA concentrations in breast milk pre-supplementation ranged from 0.15 to 1.56 wt% and increased in all supplemented groups ( P≤0.05 ) . The concentration of EPA in breast milk increased in the groups supplemented with 5 or 10 ml cod liver oil ( P≤0.05 ) , whereas the concentration of arachidonic acid ( AA , 20:4n-6 ) did not change in any of the supplemented groups . Total intake of DHA adjusted to body mass index ( BMI ) , correlated to DHA concentrations in plasma ( r=0.49 , P=0.02 ) and breast milk ( r=0.45 , P=0.04 ) . The concentration of tocopherol did not change during the supplementation period , neither in plasma nor in breast milk . Conclusion : Dietary intake of DHA is reflected in the concentration of DHA in breast milk , without affecting the concentration of AA or tocopherol . Sponsorship : Supported by Peter Möller avd . av Orkla Polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) are components of cell membranes and may play an immunomodulating role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis ( AD ) . The goal was to determine the impact of PUFAs on AD by dietary supplementation of infants . Based on the parents ' decision on their babies ' primary feeding , mothers and newborns were r and omized to the supplementation with gamma-linolenic acid ( GLA ) or placebo for up to 6 months . Breastfed infants received GLA by supplementing their mothers . Formula diet was commercial whey hydrolysate unsupplemented with PUFAs .  Of 131 eligible infants , 24 developed AD within the first year of life . Of these , nine belonged to the exclusively breastfed group ( n = 58 ) , 14 to the combined-fed group ( n = 53 ) , and one to the never breastfed group ( n = 20 ) . We could not find an influence of GLA on the development of AD . In subjects with AD , at 1 yr of age the serum-immunoglobulin E ( IgE ) was the lowest in the GLA-supplemented group A-subjects . In the GLA-supplemented group , GLA-levels in breast milk were similar in atopic and non-atopic infants . In the non-supplemented group the GLA-content of breast milk was 0.07 % of total fatty acids in atopic infants vs. 0.17 % in non-atopic infants ( p < 0.01 ) . Dietary GLA-supplementation could not prevent AD . Interestingly , the number of infants developing AD was the lowest in never breastfed children . In infants suffering from AD , GLA-supplementation seemed to reduce total IgE in the first year of life Trans FA ( TFA ) have at least one trans double bond and comprise several isomers and types , including many of the CLA ( e.g. , c9 , t11–18∶2 CLA ) . Some TFA may have adverse effects ( e.g. , cardiovascular disease ) , whereas some are though to have beneficial effects ( e.g. , anticarcinogenicity ) . The presence of TFA in human tissues and fluids is related to dietary intake , although this relationship is not completely understood — especially in regard to serum lipid fractions . This study was conducted as part of an investigation design ed to test the influence of butter ( B ) , “ low TFA ” margarine ( LT ) , and regular margarine ( RM ) on milk fat content . Here we tested the secondary hypothesis that consumption of B , LT , and RM by lactating women would result in differential distribution of TFA and CLA in major serum 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background / Objective : Evidence is accumulating that the long-chain PUFA ( LCPUFA ) are associated with offspring growth and body composition . We investigated the relationship between LCPUFAs in red blood cells ( RBCs ) of pregnant women/breastfeeding mothers and umbilical cord RBCs of their neonates with infant growth and body composition ⩽1 year of age . Subjects/ Methods : In an open-label r and omized , controlled trial , 208 healthy pregnant women received a dietary intervention ( daily supplementation with 1200 mg n-3 LCPUFAs and dietary counseling to reduce arachidonic acid ( AA ) intake ) from the 15th week of gestation until 4 months of lactation or followed their habitual diet . Fatty acids of plasma phospholipids ( PLs ) and RBCs from maternal and cord blood were determined and associated with infant body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , lean body mass and fat mass assessed by skinfold thickness measurements and ultrasonography . Results : Dietary intervention significantly reduced the n-6/n-3 LCPUFA ratio in maternal and cord-blood plasma PLs and RBCs . Maternal RBCs docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , n-3 LCPUFAs and n-6 LCPUFAs at the 32nd week of gestation were positively related to birth weight . Maternal n-3 LCPUFAs , n-6 LCPUFAs and AA were positively associated with birth length . Maternal RBCs AA and n-6 LCPUFAs were significantly negatively related to BMI and Ponderal Index at 1 year postpartum , but not to fat mass . Conclusion : Maternal DHA , AA , total n-3 LCPUFAs and n-6 LCPUFAs might serve as prenatal growth factors , while n-6 LCPUFAs also seems to regulate postnatal growth . The maternal n-6/n-3 LCPUFA ratio does not appear to have a role in adipose tissue development during early postnatal life Formula supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) improves retinal function of preterm infants but the optimal dose is unknown . In a r and omized controlled trial we examined the effect of increasing the DHA concentration of human milk and formula on circulating fatty acids of preterm infants . Infants born <33 weeks gestation were fed high-DHA milk ( 1 % total fat as DHA ) or st and ard-DHA milk ( 0.2 - 0.3 % DHA ) until reaching their estimated due date ( EDD ) . Milk arachidonic acid ( AA ) concentration was approximately 0.5 % for both groups . At EDD , erythrocyte membrane phospholipid DHA was elevated in the high-DHA group compared with st and ard-DHA ( mean+/-SD , high-DHA 6.8+/-1.2 , st and ard-DHA 5.2+/-0.7 , p<0.0005 ) but AA was lower ( high-DHA 14.9+/-1.3 , st and ard-DHA 16.0+/-1.2 , p<0.0005 ) . Feeding preterm infants human milk and formula with 1 % DHA raises but does not saturate erythrocyte phospholipids with DHA . Milk exceeding 1 % DHA may be required to increase DHA status to levels seen in term infants OBJECTIVES Docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ; 22:6 n-3 ) and arachidonic acid ( AA ; 20:4 n-6 ) are important for development of the central nervous system in mammals . There is a growth spurt in the human brain during the last trimester of pregnancy and the first postnatal months , with a large increase in the cerebral content of AA and DHA .  The fetus and the newborn infant depend on maternal supply of DHA and AA . Our hypothesis was that maternal intake of DHA during pregnancy and lactation is marginal and that high intake of this fatty acid would benefit the child . We examined the effect of supplementing pregnant and lactating women with very-long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ; cod liver oil ) on mental development of the children , compared with maternal supplementation with long-chain n-6 PUFAs ( corn oil ) . METHODS The study was r and omized and double-blinded . Pregnant women were recruited in week 18 of pregnancy to take 10 mL of cod liver oil or corn oil until 3 months after delivery . The cod liver oil contained 1183 mg/10 mL DHA , 803 mg/10 mL eicosapentaenoic acid ( 20:5 n-3 ) , and a total of 2494 mg/10 mL summation operator n-3 PUFAs . The corn oil contained 4747 mg/10 mL linoleic acid ( 18:2 n-6 ) and 92 mg/10 mL alpha-linolenic acid ( 18:3 n-3 ) . The amount of fat-soluble vitamins was identical in the 2 oils ( 117 micro g/mL vitamin A , 1 micro g/mL vitamin D , and 1.4 mg/mL dl-alpha-tocopherol ) . A total of 590 pregnant women were recruited to the study , and 341 mothers took part in the study until giving birth . All infants of these women were scheduled for assessment of cognitive function at 6 and 9 months of age , and 262 complied with the request . As part of the protocol , 135 subjects from this population were invited for intelligence testing  with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children ( K-ABC ) at 4 years of age . Of the 135 invited children , 90 came for assessment . Six children did not complete the examination . The K-ABC is a measure of intelligence and achievement design ed for children aged 2.5 years through 12.5 years . This multisubtest battery comprises 4 scales : Sequential Processing , Simultaneous Processing , Achievement ( not used in the present study ) , and Nonverbal Abilities . The Sequential Processing and Simultaneous Processing scales are hypothesized to reflect the child 's style of problem solving and information processing . Scores from these 2 scales are combined to form a Mental Processing Composite , which serves as the measure of intelligence in the K-ABC . RESULTS We received dietary information from 76 infants ( 41 in the cod liver oil group and 35 in the corn oil group ) , documenting that all of them were breastfed at 3 months of age . Children who were born to mothers who had taken cod liver oil ( n = 48 ) during pregnancy and lactation scored higher on the Mental Processing Composite of the K-ABC at 4 years of age as compared with children whose mothers had taken  corn oil  ( n = 36 ; 106.4 [ 7.4 ] vs 102.3 [ 11.3 ] ) . The Mental Processing Composite score correlated significantly with head circumference at birth ( r = 0.23 ) , but no relation was found with birth weight or gestational length . The children 's mental processing scores at 4 years of age correlated significantly with maternal intake of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid during pregnancy . In a multiple regression model , maternal intake of DHA during pregnancy was the only variable of statistical significance for the children 's mental processing scores at 4 years of age . CONCLUSION Maternal intake of very-long-chain n-3 PUFAs during pregnancy and lactation may be favorable for later mental development of children OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of varying maternal intake of docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA , 22 : 6n-3 ) , in the absence of other dietary polyunsaturates , on breast milk fatty acids . DESIGN AND INTERVENTION Lactating mothers were r and omised on day 5 post-partum to groups consuming equal numbers of capsules but containing either placebo or an oil containing DHA ( 43 % ) as its only polyunsaturate to receive 0 , 0.2 , 0.4 , 0.9 , 1.3 g DHA/day . Breast milk fatty acids as well as maternal plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids were assessed at 12 weeks post partum by capillary gas chromatography . RESULTS Breast milk DHA levels ranged from 0.2 to 1.7 % of total fatty acids and increased in a dose dependent manner ( r2 = 0.89 , P < 0.01 ) . Maternal plasma ( r2 = 0.71 , P < 0.01 ) and erythrocyte ( r2 = 0.77 , P < 0.01 ) phospholipid DHA levels increased and were also strongly associated with dietary dose of DHA . Increasing maternal dietary doses of DHA did not affect breast milk arachidonic acid ( AA , 20 : 4n-6 ) levels or antioxidant status as measured by plasma vitamin A or E levels . CONCLUSIONS Our results have demonstrated that DHA in the diet has a strong , specific and dose-dependent effect on breast milk DHA Objective : We investigated how cod liver oil influences the amount of essential fatty acids in mothers ’ breast milk . Design and Intervention : Lactating mothers ( n=22 ) were r and omized into four groups 3–8 weeks after parturition . They were supplemented for 14 days with 0 , 2.5 , 5 and 10 ml cod liver oil ( 7.7 g eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA , 20:5n-3 ) , 10.2 g docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA , 22:6n-3 ) and 22.9 g n-3 fatty acids in total per 100 ml ) . Results : In maternal plasma phospholipids there was an increase in the content of EPA and DHA in the group supplemented with 10 ml cod liver oil daily ( P≤0.05 ) . DHA concentrations in breast milk pre-supplementation ranged from 0.15 to 1.56 wt% and increased in all supplemented groups ( P≤0.05 ) . The concentration of EPA in breast milk increased in the groups supplemented with 5 or 10 ml cod liver oil ( P≤0.05 ) , whereas the concentration of arachidonic acid ( AA , 20:4n-6 ) did not change in any of the supplemented groups . Total intake of DHA adjusted to body mass index ( BMI ) , correlated to DHA concentrations in plasma ( r=0.49 , P=0.02 ) and breast milk ( r=0.45 , P=0.04 ) . The concentration of tocopherol did not change during the supplementation period , neither in plasma nor in breast milk . Conclusion : Dietary intake of DHA is reflected in the concentration of DHA in breast milk , without affecting the concentration of AA or tocopherol . Sponsorship : Supported by Peter Möller avd . av Orkla Polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) are components of cell membranes and may play an immunomodulating role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis ( AD ) . The goal was to determine the impact of PUFAs on AD by dietary supplementation of infants . Based on the parents ' decision on their babies ' primary feeding , mothers and newborns were r and omized to the supplementation with gamma-linolenic acid ( GLA ) or placebo for up to 6 months . Breastfed infants received GLA by supplementing their mothers . Formula diet was commercial whey hydrolysate unsupplemented with PUFAs .  Of 131 eligible infants , 24 developed AD within the first year of life . Of these , nine belonged to the exclusively breastfed group ( n = 58 ) , 14 to the combined-fed group ( n = 53 ) , and one to the never breastfed group ( n = 20 ) . We could not find an influence of GLA on the development of AD . In subjects with AD , at 1 yr of age the serum-immunoglobulin E ( IgE ) was the lowest in the GLA-supplemented group A-subjects . In the GLA-supplemented group , GLA-levels in breast milk were similar in atopic and non-atopic infants . In the non-supplemented group the GLA-content of breast milk was 0.07 % of total fatty acids in atopic infants vs. 0.17 % in non-atopic infants ( p < 0.01 ) . Dietary GLA-supplementation could not prevent AD . Interestingly , the number of infants developing AD was the lowest in never breastfed children . In infants suffering from AD , GLA-supplementation seemed to reduce total IgE in the first year of life Trans FA ( TFA ) have at least one trans double bond and comprise several isomers and types , including many of the CLA ( e.g. , c9 , t11–18∶2 CLA ) . Some TFA may have adverse effects ( e.g. , cardiovascular disease ) , whereas some are though to have beneficial effects ( e.g. , anticarcinogenicity ) . The presence of TFA in human tissues and fluids is related to dietary intake , although this relationship is not completely understood — especially in regard to serum lipid fractions . This study was conducted as part of an investigation design ed to test the influence of butter ( B ) , “ low TFA ” margarine ( LT ) , and regular margarine ( RM ) on milk fat content . Here we tested the secondary hypothesis that consumption of B , LT , and RM by lactating women would result in differential distribution of TFA and CLA in major serum 
    Output:
    