human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To present and determine the impact of the Mindfulness-Based Program for Infertility ( MBPI ) . DESIGN Controlled clinical trial . SETTING University research unit . PATIENT(S ) Fifty-five infertile women completed the MBPI , and 37 infertile women were assigned to a control group . INTERVENTION(S ) The MBPI includes 10 weekly sessions , in a group format , with a duration of about 2 hours each ( men attend three sessions ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) St and ardized measures of depression , state anxiety , entrapment , defeat , internal and external shame , experiential avoidance , mindfulness , self-compassion , and infertility self-efficacy were endorsed pre- and post-MBPI . RESULT ( S ) The MBPI group and the control group were shown to be equivalent at baseline . By the end of the MBPI , women who attended the program revealed a significant decrease in depressive symptoms , internal and external shame , entrapment , and defeat . Inversely , they presented statistically significant improvement in mindfulness skills and self-efficacy to deal with infertility . Women in the control group did not present significant changes in any of the psychological measures , except for a decrease in self-judgment . CONCLUSION ( S ) Increasing mindfulness and acceptance skills , as well as cognitive decentering from thoughts and feelings , seem to help women to experience negative inner states in new ways , decreasing their entanglement with them and thus their psychological distress . Data suggest that the MBPI is an effective psychological intervention for women experiencing infertility OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether baseline or procedural stress during  in vitro fertilization ( IVF ) or gamete intrafallopian transfer ( GIFT )  affects pregnancy or live birth delivery rates . DESIGN Prospect i ve study . SETTING Seven clinics in Southern California between 1993 and 1998 . PATIENT(S ) One hundred and fifty-one women completed two question naires . INTERVENTION(S ) None . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) The number of oocytes aspirated and fertilized , the number of embryos transferred , the achievement of a pregnancy , live birth delivery , and infant outcomes . RESULT ( S ) Positive-affect negative-affect score at baseline negatively influenced the number of oocytes retrieved and embryos transferred . A higher expectation of pregnancy was associated with greater numbers of oocytes fertilized and embryos transferred . At baseline , the risk of no live birth was 93 % lower for women who had the highest positive-affect score compared to those with the lowest score . Furthermore , the score on the Infertility Reaction Scale was related to negative outcomes in live birth delivery , infant birth weight , and multiple births . During the time of the procedure , the PANAS and Bipolar Profile of Moods States results were related to the number of oocytes fertilized and embryos transferred ; stress did not affect pregnancy or delivery . CONCLUSION ( S ) Baseline ( acute and chronic ) stress affected biologic end points ( i.e. , number of oocytes retrieved and fertilized ) , as well as pregnancy , live birth delivery , birth weight , and multiple gestations , whereas ( procedural ) stress only influenced biologic end points Infertile women express higher levels of distress than fertile women , with distress peaking between the 2nd and 3rd year . The purpose of this study was to determine whether group psychological interventions could prevent this surge . One hundred eighty-four women who had been trying to conceive between 1 and 2 years were r and omized into either a cognitive-behavioral group , a support group , or a control group . All experimental participants attended a 10-session group program . Participants completed psychological question naires at intake and again at 6 and 12 months . Substantial attrition occurred , particularly in the control group . The cognitive-behavioral and support participants experienced significant psychological improvement at 6 and 12 months compared with the control participants , with the cognitive-behavioral participants experiencing the greatest positive change So far , the beneficial effects of personal written emotional disclosure have been mainly examined in relation to past or current stressful/traumatic experiences . The anticipation of a medical event has rarely been studied within this paradigm . This r and omized-controlled study examined whether written emotional disclosure would reduce emotional distress and increase pregnancy rates in women undergoing in-vitro fertilization treatment . Participants recruited from women who were undergoing IVF in the north of Greece ( n=148 ) were r and omized to an emotional-writing condition , a fact-writing condition and a control condition . Outcomes included fertility-related distress , general distress and a positive indication of pregnancy . Psychological and medical information about women who refused to participate were also collected , and this represented a fourth group for analysis ( n=66 ) . Results indicated no significant difference between groups in terms of emotional distress . However , a significant difference was observed with regard to pregnancy results , with the non- participants group reporting the highest percentage of pregnancies . The present study did not support the hypotheses that emotional disclosure will reduce infertility-related or general psychological distress and improve pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing in-vitro fertilization treatment . However , women who refused to participate in the study were more likely to get pregnant . Differences in the beneficial effects of emotional disclosure are discussed OBJECTIVE To investigate whether hypnosis during ET contributes to successful IVF/ET outcome . DESIGN Case-control clinical study . SETTING Academic Fertility and IVF Unit , Soroka Medical Center , Beer-Sheva , Israel . PATIENT(S ) Infertile couples undergoing IVF . INTERVENTION(S ) Ninety-eight IVF/ET cycles with hypnosis during the ET procedure were matched with 96 regular IVF/ET cycles . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Comparison of clinical pregnancy and implantation rates between the two groups . RESULT ( S ) We obtained 52 clinical pregnancies out of 98 cycles ( 53.1 % ) with an implantation rate of 28 % among hypnosis IVF/ET cycles , and 29 out of 96 ( 30.2 % ) clinical pregnancies and an implantation rate of 14.4 % in the control cycles . Our overall IVF program pregnancy rate for the same period was 32.1 % . Logistic regression analysis was performed emphasizing the positive contribution of hypnosis to the IVF/ET conception rates . CONCLUSION ( S ) This study suggests that the use of hypnosis during ET may significantly improve the IVF/ET cycle outcome in terms of increased implantation and clinical pregnancy rates . Furthermore , it seems that the patients ' attitude to the treatment was more favorable Background : Infertility is a stressful event that can give rise to psychological difficulties . Now , a wide range of psychosocial interventions for infertile couples has been developed . Objective : Purpose of this study was to determine the effect of group cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) to reduce stress , anxiety and depression of women undergoing assisted reproductive therapy ( ART ) . Material s and Methods : This study was an experimental study ( before and after study with control group ) on infertile women who were referring to Gynecological clinics of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences to receive ART . 31 women who had criteria to enter the study were r and omly divided into experimental group ( n=15 ) and control group ( n=16 ) . The participants in the experimental group received 1 hour and 30 minute weekly session ’s group therapy in 15 week as intervention . For gathering data , depression , anxiety and stress scale ( DASS ) normalized Persian version and Ahvaz Hardiness Test ( AHT ) were used to assess psychological distress and psychological hardiness in pre-posttest . Results : There were significant differences in mean score of infertile psychological distress , anxiety , depression , and stress in experimental group pretest with posttest . Furthermore , the results indicated that there were significant differences between hardiness in two groups . The experimental group had higher scores in hardiness than control group ( p=0.001 ) . Conclusion : It seems to be , that group therapy interventions , specially , cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) can be useful and applicable to women who receiving ART BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate a model of routine pre-IVF counselling  focusing on the narrative capacities of couples . The acceptability of counselling , the effects on emotional factors and the participants ' assessment s were considered . METHODS The study included 141 consecutive childless couples preparing for their first IVF .  R and omization was carried out through sealed envelopes attributing participants to counselled and non-counselled groups and was accepted by 100 couples . Another 12 couples refused r and omization because they wanted counselling and 29 because they did not . Question naires including the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , the Beck Depression Inventory and assessment s of help  were mailed to couples before IVF and counselling , and after the IVF outcome . RESULTS Counselling was accepted by 79 % ( 112/141 ) of couples . There was no significant effect of counselling on anxiety and depression scores which were within normal ranges at both times . Counselling provided help for 86 % ( 75/87 ) of initially non-dem and ing subjects and 96 % ( 25/26 ) of those initially requesting a session . Help was noted in areas of psychological assistance , technical explanations and discussing relationships . CONCLUSIONS This model of routine counselling centred on the narrative provides an acceptable form of psychological assistance for pre-IVF couples Infertility is strongly associated with depression , yet treatment research for depressed infertile women is sparse . This study tested for the first time the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy ( IPT ) , the evidence -based antidepressant intervention with the greatest peripartum research support , as treatment for depressed women facing fertility problems . Patients who met DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder of at least moderate severity were r and omized to either 12 sessions of IPT  ( n = 15 ) or brief supportive psychotherapy ( BSP ; n = 16 ) , our control intervention . Eighty percent of IPT and 63 % of BSP patients completed the 12 sessions of therapy . Patients in both treatments improved .  IPT produced a greater response rate than BSP , with more than two-thirds of women achieving a > 50 % reduction in scores on the Montgomery – Åsberg Depression Rating Scale ( MADRS ) .  IPT also tended to have lower posttreatment scores on the Beck Depression Inventory , Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale , and anxiety subscale of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale , with between-group effect sizes ranging from 0.61 to 0.76 . Gains persisted at 6-month follow-up . This pilot trial suggests that IPT is a promising treatment for depression in the context of infertility and that it may fare better than a rigorous active control condition . Should subsequent r and omized controlled trials support these findings , this will inform clinical practice and take an important step in assuring optimal care for depressed women struggling with infertility OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of two different group psychological interventions on viable pregnancy rates in women experiencing infertility of less than 2 years ' duration . DESIGN Prospect i ve , controlled , single-blind , r and omized study . SETTING Large tertiary-care teaching hospital . PATIENT(S ) One hundred eighty-four women who had been trying to get pregnant for 1 to 2 years . INTERVENTION(S ) Participants were r and omized into a 10-session cognitive-behavioral group , a st and ard support group , or a routine care control group . They were followed for 1 year . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Viable pregnancy . RESULT ( S ) Sixty-four [ corrected ] women discontinued participation in the study within the first year . There were a total of 47 in the cognitive-behavioral group , 48 in the support group , and 25 in the control group . There were statistically significant differences between participants in the two intervention groups versus the control group . CONCLUSION ( S ) Group psychological interventions appear to lead to increased pregnancy rates in infertile women OBJECTIVE Women with fertility problems experience a higher prevalence of negative emotions than women without fertility problems . The goal of this study was to compare the effects of psychological intervention with psychotropic medication on the mental health improvement of depressed infertile women . STUDY DESIGN In a r and omized controlled clinical trial , 89 depressed infertile women that they were recruited and divided into three groups in three groups : cognitive behavior therapy ( CBT ) , antidepressant therapy , and a control group . Twenty-nine participants in the CBT method received 10 sessions on relaxation training , restructuring , and eliminating negative automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes to infertility . Thirty participants in the pharmacotherapic group took 20 mg fluoxetine daily for 90 days . Thirty control subjects did not receive any intervention . All participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ) and the General Health Question naire ( GHQ ) at the beginning and end of the study . Paired t-test , ANOVA , chi(2 ) , and McNemar tests were used to analyze the data . RESULTS Fluoxetine significantly reduced the mean of three subscale scores of the GHQ anxiety ( 7.3+/-4.1 vs. 5.1+/-3.2 ) , social function ( 7+/-2.8 vs. 4.3+/-2 ) , and depression ( 7.8+/-5.2 vs. 4.4+/-2.2 ) but could not significantly change the mean score of psychosomatic signs . The CBT method effectively reduced the mean of all four GHQ subscales : anxiety ( 8+/-4 vs. 3.2+/-2 ) , social function ( 7.2+/-2.6 vs. 4. 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To present and determine the impact of the Mindfulness-Based Program for Infertility ( MBPI ) . DESIGN Controlled clinical trial . SETTING University research unit . PATIENT(S ) Fifty-five infertile women completed the MBPI , and 37 infertile women were assigned to a control group . INTERVENTION(S ) The MBPI includes 10 weekly sessions , in a group format , with a duration of about 2 hours each ( men attend three sessions ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) St and ardized measures of depression , state anxiety , entrapment , defeat , internal and external shame , experiential avoidance , mindfulness , self-compassion , and infertility self-efficacy were endorsed pre- and post-MBPI . RESULT ( S ) The MBPI group and the control group were shown to be equivalent at baseline . By the end of the MBPI , women who attended the program revealed a significant decrease in depressive symptoms , internal and external shame , entrapment , and defeat . Inversely , they presented statistically significant improvement in mindfulness skills and self-efficacy to deal with infertility . Women in the control group did not present significant changes in any of the psychological measures , except for a decrease in self-judgment . CONCLUSION ( S ) Increasing mindfulness and acceptance skills , as well as cognitive decentering from thoughts and feelings , seem to help women to experience negative inner states in new ways , decreasing their entanglement with them and thus their psychological distress . Data suggest that the MBPI is an effective psychological intervention for women experiencing infertility OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether baseline or procedural stress during  in vitro fertilization ( IVF ) or gamete intrafallopian transfer ( GIFT )  affects pregnancy or live birth delivery rates . DESIGN Prospect i ve study . SETTING Seven clinics in Southern California between 1993 and 1998 . PATIENT(S ) One hundred and fifty-one women completed two question naires . INTERVENTION(S ) None . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) The number of oocytes aspirated and fertilized , the number of embryos transferred , the achievement of a pregnancy , live birth delivery , and infant outcomes . RESULT ( S ) Positive-affect negative-affect score at baseline negatively influenced the number of oocytes retrieved and embryos transferred . A higher expectation of pregnancy was associated with greater numbers of oocytes fertilized and embryos transferred . At baseline , the risk of no live birth was 93 % lower for women who had the highest positive-affect score compared to those with the lowest score . Furthermore , the score on the Infertility Reaction Scale was related to negative outcomes in live birth delivery , infant birth weight , and multiple births . During the time of the procedure , the PANAS and Bipolar Profile of Moods States results were related to the number of oocytes fertilized and embryos transferred ; stress did not affect pregnancy or delivery . CONCLUSION ( S ) Baseline ( acute and chronic ) stress affected biologic end points ( i.e. , number of oocytes retrieved and fertilized ) , as well as pregnancy , live birth delivery , birth weight , and multiple gestations , whereas ( procedural ) stress only influenced biologic end points Infertile women express higher levels of distress than fertile women , with distress peaking between the 2nd and 3rd year . The purpose of this study was to determine whether group psychological interventions could prevent this surge . One hundred eighty-four women who had been trying to conceive between 1 and 2 years were r and omized into either a cognitive-behavioral group , a support group , or a control group . All experimental participants attended a 10-session group program . Participants completed psychological question naires at intake and again at 6 and 12 months . Substantial attrition occurred , particularly in the control group . The cognitive-behavioral and support participants experienced significant psychological improvement at 6 and 12 months compared with the control participants , with the cognitive-behavioral participants experiencing the greatest positive change So far , the beneficial effects of personal written emotional disclosure have been mainly examined in relation to past or current stressful/traumatic experiences . The anticipation of a medical event has rarely been studied within this paradigm . This r and omized-controlled study examined whether written emotional disclosure would reduce emotional distress and increase pregnancy rates in women undergoing in-vitro fertilization treatment . Participants recruited from women who were undergoing IVF in the north of Greece ( n=148 ) were r and omized to an emotional-writing condition , a fact-writing condition and a control condition . Outcomes included fertility-related distress , general distress and a positive indication of pregnancy . Psychological and medical information about women who refused to participate were also collected , and this represented a fourth group for analysis ( n=66 ) . Results indicated no significant difference between groups in terms of emotional distress . However , a significant difference was observed with regard to pregnancy results , with the non- participants group reporting the highest percentage of pregnancies . The present study did not support the hypotheses that emotional disclosure will reduce infertility-related or general psychological distress and improve pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing in-vitro fertilization treatment . However , women who refused to participate in the study were more likely to get pregnant . Differences in the beneficial effects of emotional disclosure are discussed OBJECTIVE To investigate whether hypnosis during ET contributes to successful IVF/ET outcome . DESIGN Case-control clinical study . SETTING Academic Fertility and IVF Unit , Soroka Medical Center , Beer-Sheva , Israel . PATIENT(S ) Infertile couples undergoing IVF . INTERVENTION(S ) Ninety-eight IVF/ET cycles with hypnosis during the ET procedure were matched with 96 regular IVF/ET cycles . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Comparison of clinical pregnancy and implantation rates between the two groups . RESULT ( S ) We obtained 52 clinical pregnancies out of 98 cycles ( 53.1 % ) with an implantation rate of 28 % among hypnosis IVF/ET cycles , and 29 out of 96 ( 30.2 % ) clinical pregnancies and an implantation rate of 14.4 % in the control cycles . Our overall IVF program pregnancy rate for the same period was 32.1 % . Logistic regression analysis was performed emphasizing the positive contribution of hypnosis to the IVF/ET conception rates . CONCLUSION ( S ) This study suggests that the use of hypnosis during ET may significantly improve the IVF/ET cycle outcome in terms of increased implantation and clinical pregnancy rates . Furthermore , it seems that the patients ' attitude to the treatment was more favorable Background : Infertility is a stressful event that can give rise to psychological difficulties . Now , a wide range of psychosocial interventions for infertile couples has been developed . Objective : Purpose of this study was to determine the effect of group cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) to reduce stress , anxiety and depression of women undergoing assisted reproductive therapy ( ART ) . Material s and Methods : This study was an experimental study ( before and after study with control group ) on infertile women who were referring to Gynecological clinics of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences to receive ART . 31 women who had criteria to enter the study were r and omly divided into experimental group ( n=15 ) and control group ( n=16 ) . The participants in the experimental group received 1 hour and 30 minute weekly session ’s group therapy in 15 week as intervention . For gathering data , depression , anxiety and stress scale ( DASS ) normalized Persian version and Ahvaz Hardiness Test ( AHT ) were used to assess psychological distress and psychological hardiness in pre-posttest . Results : There were significant differences in mean score of infertile psychological distress , anxiety , depression , and stress in experimental group pretest with posttest . Furthermore , the results indicated that there were significant differences between hardiness in two groups . The experimental group had higher scores in hardiness than control group ( p=0.001 ) . Conclusion : It seems to be , that group therapy interventions , specially , cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) can be useful and applicable to women who receiving ART BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate a model of routine pre-IVF counselling  focusing on the narrative capacities of couples . The acceptability of counselling , the effects on emotional factors and the participants ' assessment s were considered . METHODS The study included 141 consecutive childless couples preparing for their first IVF .  R and omization was carried out through sealed envelopes attributing participants to counselled and non-counselled groups and was accepted by 100 couples . Another 12 couples refused r and omization because they wanted counselling and 29 because they did not . Question naires including the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , the Beck Depression Inventory and assessment s of help  were mailed to couples before IVF and counselling , and after the IVF outcome . RESULTS Counselling was accepted by 79 % ( 112/141 ) of couples . There was no significant effect of counselling on anxiety and depression scores which were within normal ranges at both times . Counselling provided help for 86 % ( 75/87 ) of initially non-dem and ing subjects and 96 % ( 25/26 ) of those initially requesting a session . Help was noted in areas of psychological assistance , technical explanations and discussing relationships . CONCLUSIONS This model of routine counselling centred on the narrative provides an acceptable form of psychological assistance for pre-IVF couples Infertility is strongly associated with depression , yet treatment research for depressed infertile women is sparse . This study tested for the first time the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy ( IPT ) , the evidence -based antidepressant intervention with the greatest peripartum research support , as treatment for depressed women facing fertility problems . Patients who met DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder of at least moderate severity were r and omized to either 12 sessions of IPT  ( n = 15 ) or brief supportive psychotherapy ( BSP ; n = 16 ) , our control intervention . Eighty percent of IPT and 63 % of BSP patients completed the 12 sessions of therapy . Patients in both treatments improved .  IPT produced a greater response rate than BSP , with more than two-thirds of women achieving a > 50 % reduction in scores on the Montgomery – Åsberg Depression Rating Scale ( MADRS ) .  IPT also tended to have lower posttreatment scores on the Beck Depression Inventory , Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale , and anxiety subscale of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale , with between-group effect sizes ranging from 0.61 to 0.76 . Gains persisted at 6-month follow-up . This pilot trial suggests that IPT is a promising treatment for depression in the context of infertility and that it may fare better than a rigorous active control condition . Should subsequent r and omized controlled trials support these findings , this will inform clinical practice and take an important step in assuring optimal care for depressed women struggling with infertility OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of two different group psychological interventions on viable pregnancy rates in women experiencing infertility of less than 2 years ' duration . DESIGN Prospect i ve , controlled , single-blind , r and omized study . SETTING Large tertiary-care teaching hospital . PATIENT(S ) One hundred eighty-four women who had been trying to get pregnant for 1 to 2 years . INTERVENTION(S ) Participants were r and omized into a 10-session cognitive-behavioral group , a st and ard support group , or a routine care control group . They were followed for 1 year . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Viable pregnancy . RESULT ( S ) Sixty-four [ corrected ] women discontinued participation in the study within the first year . There were a total of 47 in the cognitive-behavioral group , 48 in the support group , and 25 in the control group . There were statistically significant differences between participants in the two intervention groups versus the control group . CONCLUSION ( S ) Group psychological interventions appear to lead to increased pregnancy rates in infertile women OBJECTIVE Women with fertility problems experience a higher prevalence of negative emotions than women without fertility problems . The goal of this study was to compare the effects of psychological intervention with psychotropic medication on the mental health improvement of depressed infertile women . STUDY DESIGN In a r and omized controlled clinical trial , 89 depressed infertile women that they were recruited and divided into three groups in three groups : cognitive behavior therapy ( CBT ) , antidepressant therapy , and a control group . Twenty-nine participants in the CBT method received 10 sessions on relaxation training , restructuring , and eliminating negative automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes to infertility . Thirty participants in the pharmacotherapic group took 20 mg fluoxetine daily for 90 days . Thirty control subjects did not receive any intervention . All participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ) and the General Health Question naire ( GHQ ) at the beginning and end of the study . Paired t-test , ANOVA , chi(2 ) , and McNemar tests were used to analyze the data . RESULTS Fluoxetine significantly reduced the mean of three subscale scores of the GHQ anxiety ( 7.3+/-4.1 vs. 5.1+/-3.2 ) , social function ( 7+/-2.8 vs. 4.3+/-2 ) , and depression ( 7.8+/-5.2 vs. 4.4+/-2.2 ) but could not significantly change the mean score of psychosomatic signs . The CBT method effectively reduced the mean of all four GHQ subscales : anxiety ( 8+/-4 vs. 3.2+/-2 ) , social function ( 7.2+/-2.6 vs. 4. 
    Output:
    