human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of consuming gilthead sea bream fillets , with different n-6/ n-3 ratios , on atherosclerotic biomarkers . Twenty healthy subjects were included in a r and omised single-blinded cross-over trial . Participants were r and omized into 2 groups , both of which received approximately 630 g per week of gilthead sea bream fed with either 100 % fishmeal ( FM ) or partial replacement with plant proteins ( PP ) over two consecutive 10 week periods , respectively . Group A consumed firstly the FM fillets followed by the PP fillets , whereas the reverse order was adopted for group B. Group A reported a significant decrease of 29.3 % ( Δ = -26 mg/dL ) in total cholesterol after the first phase of the intervention , before returning to baseline levels after the dietary intervention with fish fed with PP . Similarly , in group A , both LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly by 21.6 % ( Δ = -19 mg/dL ) and 11.7 % ( Δ = -10.7 mg/dL ) , respectively , before increasing again after the intervention . Improvements in the inflammatory cytokines , interleukin-6 and -8 were also noted . Moreover , whole blood viscosity appeared significantly improved in group A , as seen by a significant increase of 7.59 % ( Δ = + 4.59 mPA ) for erythrocyte filtration rate . In conclusion , similar EPA+DHA content with different n- 6/n-3 ratio fish flesh intake was shown to have varied affects on lipid , inflammatory and haemorheological parameters in a group of healthy subjects High doses of n-3 PUFA found in fish oils can reduce the circulating concentration of triacylglycerol ( TG ) , which may contribute to the positive impact of these fatty acids on the risk of CVD . The present study aim ed to establish the differential impact of EPA and docosahexaenoic ( DHA ) on plasma lipids and apo in adults . Forty-two normolipidaemic adult subjects completed a double-blind placebo controlled parallel study , receiving an EPA-rich oil ( 4.8 g EPA/d ) , DHA-rich oil ( 4.9 g DHA/d ) or olive oil as control , for a period of 4 weeks . No effects of treatment on total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol or HDL-cholesterol were evident . There was a significant 22 % reduction in TG level relative to the control value following the DHA treatment ( P=0.032 ) , with the 15 % decrease in the EPA group failing to reach significance ( P=0.258 ) . There were no significant inter-group differences in response to treatment for plasma apoA1 , -C3 or -E levels , although a significant 15 % within-group increase in apoE was evident in the EPA ( P=0.006 ) and DHA ( P=0.003 ) groups . In addition , a within-group decrease in the apoA1:HDL-cholesterol ratio was observed in the DHA group , suggesting a positive impact of DHA on HDL particle size . The DHA intervention result ed in a significant increase in the proportion of EPA P=0.000 and DHA P=0.000 in plasma phospholipids , whilst significant increases in EPA P=0.000 and docosapentaenoic acid P=0.002 , but not DHA P=0.193 , were evident following EPA supplementation ( P<0.05 ) . Our present results indicate that DHA may be more efficacious than EPA in improving the plasma lipid profile Mediterranean-inspired diets have been shown to decrease cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolaemia , who frequently exhibit endothelial dysfunction . The aims of the present study are to improve endothelial function by dietary intervention in healthy subjects with lipid levels representative of a Western population . Twenty-two healthy subjects ( mean total cholesterol , 5.6 mmol/l ) were given a Mediterranean-inspired diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and sterol esters , but low in saturated fat , or an ordinary Swedish diet , for 4 weeks in a r and omized cross-over study . The composition of the diets were : in the Swedish diet , 2090 kcal ( where 1 kcal=4.184 kJ ; 48 % of energy from carbohydrate , 15 % from protein and 36 % from fat ) and 19 g of fibre ; in the Mediterranean-inspired diet , 1869 kcal ( 48 % of energy from carbohydrate , 16 % from protein , 34 % from fat ) and 40 g of fibre . After each dietary period , fasting blood lipids , insulin and glucose levels , as well as apo B ( apolipoprotein B ) and LDL ( low-density lipoprotein ) particle size , were analysed . Endothelial-dependent and -independent vasodilation was measured invasively by venous occlusion plethysmography , and arterial distensibility was assessed by echocardiography tracking . Fibrinolytic capacity across the forearm , as well as oxidative stress measured through urinary F(2)-isoprostane , were evaluated . Total , LDL- and apo B-cholesterol and triacylglycerol ( triglyceride ) concentrations were decreased by 17 % , 22 % , 16 % and 17 % respectively , after the Mediterranean-inspired diet compared with the Swedish diet ( P < 0.05 for all ) . However , no differences in plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose and LDL particle size , endothelial function , arterial distensibility , fibrinolytic capacity or oxidative stress were detected . Treatment for 4 weeks with a Mediterranean-inspired diet decreased blood lipids in healthy individuals with a low-risk profile for cardiovascular disease . This beneficial effect was not mirrored in vascular function or oxidative stress evaluation BACKGROUND Atherogenesis is a complex process involving both a low- grade inflammation and a disturbed lipid profile . Although dietary fish and fish oil improve the latter of these two risk factors , their impact on the former is less clear . OBJECTIVE This study addressed the effect of supplementation with fish oil in doses achievable with diet on serum C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , and the lipid profile . METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty healthy subjects taking HRT were r and omly divided into three groups and supplemented for five weeks with 14 g/day safflower oil ( SO ) , 7 g/day of both safflower oil and fish oil ( LFO ) , or 14 g/day fish oil ( HFO ) . Measurements included serum high-sensitivity CRP , IL-6 in plasma and in cell culture supernatant collected from 24-hr lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole blood , and lipid profile markers . CRP and IL-6 were adjusted for body mass index ( BMI ) . Fish oil supplementation significantly decreased CRP and IL-6 compared to SO , with a greater effect in the LFO than HFO groups . Plasma triacylglycerol ( TG ) and the TG/HDL-C ratio were significantly lower in the HFO compared to the SO group . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dietary fish oil may decrease the risk for cardiovascular disease through the modulation of both plasma lipids and inflammatory markers in healthy postmenopausal women Beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids on a variety of physiological functions have been reported , but information related to the effects of oily fish consumed within a varied diet on glucose metabolism and diabetes risk is scarce . The objective of the study was to compare the effects of a diet rich in oily fish to those of a diet rich in red meat on lipid profile , oxidative status , glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in young , iron-deficient women . The study was design ed attending the CONSORT statement guidelines . It was a r and omised crossover dietary intervention study with two 8-week periods . Two diets were design ed differing only in their oily fish or red meat content ( four portions per week ) . Twenty-five young iron-deficient women with normal lipid , glucose and insulin levels participated in the assay . Lipid profile ( total , LDL- and HDL-cholesterol , TAG ) , fasting glucose , fasting insulin , and oxidation ( lipoperoxides ) and inflammation ( soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ) biomarkers were analysed . Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the Homeostasis Model Assessment ( HOMA ) and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index ( QUICKI ) . Insulin levels significantly decreased and insulin sensitivity significantly increased with the oily fish diet .  HDL-cholesterol significantly increased with the oily fish diet . Other parameters did not significantly differ between diets . An increase in oily fish consumption increases insulin sensitivity in young iron-deficient women . This outcome should be considered when giving dietary advice to this population A large number of papers have reported that administration of n−3 FA reduced serum TG concentrations in hypertriglyceridemic patients . However , few studies have examined the effect of n−3 FA on serum concentrations of remnant-like particle ( RLP ) cholesterol . Volunteers ( n=41 ) whose serum TG concentrations were 100–300 mg/dL were recruited and r and omly assigned to either an n−3 FA group or a control group with stratification by sex , age , and serum TG level in a double-blind manner . The subjects in the n−3 FA group were administered 125 ml of fermented soybean milk with fish oil containing 600 mg of EPA and 260 mg of DHA/d for 12 wk . The controls consumed control soybean milk with olive oil .  Fasting blood sample s were obtained before the start of administration and at 4 , 8 and 12 wk . EPA concentrations in red blood cells increased significantly in all but one subject in the n−3 FA group , with no significant changes in the control group . TG levels decreased more in the n−3 FA group than in the control group at weeks 4 ( P<0.05 ) , 8 ( P<0.01 ) , and 12 ( P<0.05 ) with their baseline as covariate . RLP cholesterol levels decreased more in the n−3 FA group than in the control at weeks 8 ( P<0.01 ) and 12 ( P<0.05 ) with their baseline as covariate . The groups did not differ in the other lipid levels . It is likely that n−3 long-chain FA may exert anti-atherosclerotic effects by lowering serum TG and RLP-cholesterol levels even at the dose of 860 mg/d Fish are a rich source of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , two long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids ( LC n-3 PUFA ) with cardiovascular benefits . A related but less-investigated LC n-3 PUFA , docosapentaenoic acid ( DPA ) , is more common in seal oil and pasture-fed red meats . This study compared indicators of platelet function and plasma lipids in healthy volunteers given supplements containing these different fatty acids ( FA ) for 14 days . Subjects , r and omised into three groups of ten , consumed capsules of tuna oil ( 210 mg EPA , 30 mg DPA , 810 mg DHA ) , seal oil ( 340 mg EPA , 230 mg DPA , 450 mg DHA ) or placebo ( sunola ) oil . Supplementary LC n-3 PUFA levels were approximately 1 g/day in both fish and seal oil groups . Baseline dietary FA and other nutrient intakes were similar in all groups . Both fish and seal oil elevated platelet DHA levels ( P < 0.01 ) . Seal oil also raised platelet DPA and EPA levels ( P < 0.01 ) , and decreased p-selectin ( P = 0.01 ) , a platelet activation marker negatively associated with DPA ( P = 0.03 ) and EPA ( P < 0.01 ) but not DHA . Plasma triacylglycerol decreased ( P = 0.03 ) and HDL-cholesterol levels increased ( P = 0.01 ) with seal oil only . Hence , seal oil may be more efficient than fish oil at promoting healthy plasma lipid profiles and lowering thrombotic risk , possibly due to its high DPA as well as EPA content BACKGROUND The mechanisms involved in the increased mortality from coronary artery disease in British Indo-Asians are not well understood . OBJECTIVES This study aim ed to investigate whether British Indo-Asian Sikhs have higher plasma triacylglycerol concentrations , lower platelet phospholipid levels , and lower dietary intakes of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) than do age- and weight-matched Europeans and whether moderate dietary fish-oil intake can reverse these differences . DESIGN A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel , fish-oil intervention study was performed . After a 2-wk run-in period , 44 Europeans and 40 Indo-Asian Sikhs were r and omly assigned to receive either 4.0 g fish oil [ 1.5 g eicosapentaenoic 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of consuming gilthead sea bream fillets , with different n-6/ n-3 ratios , on atherosclerotic biomarkers . Twenty healthy subjects were included in a r and omised single-blinded cross-over trial . Participants were r and omized into 2 groups , both of which received approximately 630 g per week of gilthead sea bream fed with either 100 % fishmeal ( FM ) or partial replacement with plant proteins ( PP ) over two consecutive 10 week periods , respectively . Group A consumed firstly the FM fillets followed by the PP fillets , whereas the reverse order was adopted for group B. Group A reported a significant decrease of 29.3 % ( Δ = -26 mg/dL ) in total cholesterol after the first phase of the intervention , before returning to baseline levels after the dietary intervention with fish fed with PP . Similarly , in group A , both LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly by 21.6 % ( Δ = -19 mg/dL ) and 11.7 % ( Δ = -10.7 mg/dL ) , respectively , before increasing again after the intervention . Improvements in the inflammatory cytokines , interleukin-6 and -8 were also noted . Moreover , whole blood viscosity appeared significantly improved in group A , as seen by a significant increase of 7.59 % ( Δ = + 4.59 mPA ) for erythrocyte filtration rate . In conclusion , similar EPA+DHA content with different n- 6/n-3 ratio fish flesh intake was shown to have varied affects on lipid , inflammatory and haemorheological parameters in a group of healthy subjects High doses of n-3 PUFA found in fish oils can reduce the circulating concentration of triacylglycerol ( TG ) , which may contribute to the positive impact of these fatty acids on the risk of CVD . The present study aim ed to establish the differential impact of EPA and docosahexaenoic ( DHA ) on plasma lipids and apo in adults . Forty-two normolipidaemic adult subjects completed a double-blind placebo controlled parallel study , receiving an EPA-rich oil ( 4.8 g EPA/d ) , DHA-rich oil ( 4.9 g DHA/d ) or olive oil as control , for a period of 4 weeks . No effects of treatment on total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol or HDL-cholesterol were evident . There was a significant 22 % reduction in TG level relative to the control value following the DHA treatment ( P=0.032 ) , with the 15 % decrease in the EPA group failing to reach significance ( P=0.258 ) . There were no significant inter-group differences in response to treatment for plasma apoA1 , -C3 or -E levels , although a significant 15 % within-group increase in apoE was evident in the EPA ( P=0.006 ) and DHA ( P=0.003 ) groups . In addition , a within-group decrease in the apoA1:HDL-cholesterol ratio was observed in the DHA group , suggesting a positive impact of DHA on HDL particle size . The DHA intervention result ed in a significant increase in the proportion of EPA P=0.000 and DHA P=0.000 in plasma phospholipids , whilst significant increases in EPA P=0.000 and docosapentaenoic acid P=0.002 , but not DHA P=0.193 , were evident following EPA supplementation ( P<0.05 ) . Our present results indicate that DHA may be more efficacious than EPA in improving the plasma lipid profile Mediterranean-inspired diets have been shown to decrease cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolaemia , who frequently exhibit endothelial dysfunction . The aims of the present study are to improve endothelial function by dietary intervention in healthy subjects with lipid levels representative of a Western population . Twenty-two healthy subjects ( mean total cholesterol , 5.6 mmol/l ) were given a Mediterranean-inspired diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and sterol esters , but low in saturated fat , or an ordinary Swedish diet , for 4 weeks in a r and omized cross-over study . The composition of the diets were : in the Swedish diet , 2090 kcal ( where 1 kcal=4.184 kJ ; 48 % of energy from carbohydrate , 15 % from protein and 36 % from fat ) and 19 g of fibre ; in the Mediterranean-inspired diet , 1869 kcal ( 48 % of energy from carbohydrate , 16 % from protein , 34 % from fat ) and 40 g of fibre . After each dietary period , fasting blood lipids , insulin and glucose levels , as well as apo B ( apolipoprotein B ) and LDL ( low-density lipoprotein ) particle size , were analysed . Endothelial-dependent and -independent vasodilation was measured invasively by venous occlusion plethysmography , and arterial distensibility was assessed by echocardiography tracking . Fibrinolytic capacity across the forearm , as well as oxidative stress measured through urinary F(2)-isoprostane , were evaluated . Total , LDL- and apo B-cholesterol and triacylglycerol ( triglyceride ) concentrations were decreased by 17 % , 22 % , 16 % and 17 % respectively , after the Mediterranean-inspired diet compared with the Swedish diet ( P < 0.05 for all ) . However , no differences in plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose and LDL particle size , endothelial function , arterial distensibility , fibrinolytic capacity or oxidative stress were detected . Treatment for 4 weeks with a Mediterranean-inspired diet decreased blood lipids in healthy individuals with a low-risk profile for cardiovascular disease . This beneficial effect was not mirrored in vascular function or oxidative stress evaluation BACKGROUND Atherogenesis is a complex process involving both a low- grade inflammation and a disturbed lipid profile . Although dietary fish and fish oil improve the latter of these two risk factors , their impact on the former is less clear . OBJECTIVE This study addressed the effect of supplementation with fish oil in doses achievable with diet on serum C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , and the lipid profile . METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty healthy subjects taking HRT were r and omly divided into three groups and supplemented for five weeks with 14 g/day safflower oil ( SO ) , 7 g/day of both safflower oil and fish oil ( LFO ) , or 14 g/day fish oil ( HFO ) . Measurements included serum high-sensitivity CRP , IL-6 in plasma and in cell culture supernatant collected from 24-hr lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole blood , and lipid profile markers . CRP and IL-6 were adjusted for body mass index ( BMI ) . Fish oil supplementation significantly decreased CRP and IL-6 compared to SO , with a greater effect in the LFO than HFO groups . Plasma triacylglycerol ( TG ) and the TG/HDL-C ratio were significantly lower in the HFO compared to the SO group . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dietary fish oil may decrease the risk for cardiovascular disease through the modulation of both plasma lipids and inflammatory markers in healthy postmenopausal women Beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids on a variety of physiological functions have been reported , but information related to the effects of oily fish consumed within a varied diet on glucose metabolism and diabetes risk is scarce . The objective of the study was to compare the effects of a diet rich in oily fish to those of a diet rich in red meat on lipid profile , oxidative status , glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in young , iron-deficient women . The study was design ed attending the CONSORT statement guidelines . It was a r and omised crossover dietary intervention study with two 8-week periods . Two diets were design ed differing only in their oily fish or red meat content ( four portions per week ) . Twenty-five young iron-deficient women with normal lipid , glucose and insulin levels participated in the assay . Lipid profile ( total , LDL- and HDL-cholesterol , TAG ) , fasting glucose , fasting insulin , and oxidation ( lipoperoxides ) and inflammation ( soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ) biomarkers were analysed . Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the Homeostasis Model Assessment ( HOMA ) and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index ( QUICKI ) . Insulin levels significantly decreased and insulin sensitivity significantly increased with the oily fish diet .  HDL-cholesterol significantly increased with the oily fish diet . Other parameters did not significantly differ between diets . An increase in oily fish consumption increases insulin sensitivity in young iron-deficient women . This outcome should be considered when giving dietary advice to this population A large number of papers have reported that administration of n−3 FA reduced serum TG concentrations in hypertriglyceridemic patients . However , few studies have examined the effect of n−3 FA on serum concentrations of remnant-like particle ( RLP ) cholesterol . Volunteers ( n=41 ) whose serum TG concentrations were 100–300 mg/dL were recruited and r and omly assigned to either an n−3 FA group or a control group with stratification by sex , age , and serum TG level in a double-blind manner . The subjects in the n−3 FA group were administered 125 ml of fermented soybean milk with fish oil containing 600 mg of EPA and 260 mg of DHA/d for 12 wk . The controls consumed control soybean milk with olive oil .  Fasting blood sample s were obtained before the start of administration and at 4 , 8 and 12 wk . EPA concentrations in red blood cells increased significantly in all but one subject in the n−3 FA group , with no significant changes in the control group . TG levels decreased more in the n−3 FA group than in the control group at weeks 4 ( P<0.05 ) , 8 ( P<0.01 ) , and 12 ( P<0.05 ) with their baseline as covariate . RLP cholesterol levels decreased more in the n−3 FA group than in the control at weeks 8 ( P<0.01 ) and 12 ( P<0.05 ) with their baseline as covariate . The groups did not differ in the other lipid levels . It is likely that n−3 long-chain FA may exert anti-atherosclerotic effects by lowering serum TG and RLP-cholesterol levels even at the dose of 860 mg/d Fish are a rich source of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , two long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids ( LC n-3 PUFA ) with cardiovascular benefits . A related but less-investigated LC n-3 PUFA , docosapentaenoic acid ( DPA ) , is more common in seal oil and pasture-fed red meats . This study compared indicators of platelet function and plasma lipids in healthy volunteers given supplements containing these different fatty acids ( FA ) for 14 days . Subjects , r and omised into three groups of ten , consumed capsules of tuna oil ( 210 mg EPA , 30 mg DPA , 810 mg DHA ) , seal oil ( 340 mg EPA , 230 mg DPA , 450 mg DHA ) or placebo ( sunola ) oil . Supplementary LC n-3 PUFA levels were approximately 1 g/day in both fish and seal oil groups . Baseline dietary FA and other nutrient intakes were similar in all groups . Both fish and seal oil elevated platelet DHA levels ( P < 0.01 ) . Seal oil also raised platelet DPA and EPA levels ( P < 0.01 ) , and decreased p-selectin ( P = 0.01 ) , a platelet activation marker negatively associated with DPA ( P = 0.03 ) and EPA ( P < 0.01 ) but not DHA . Plasma triacylglycerol decreased ( P = 0.03 ) and HDL-cholesterol levels increased ( P = 0.01 ) with seal oil only . Hence , seal oil may be more efficient than fish oil at promoting healthy plasma lipid profiles and lowering thrombotic risk , possibly due to its high DPA as well as EPA content BACKGROUND The mechanisms involved in the increased mortality from coronary artery disease in British Indo-Asians are not well understood . OBJECTIVES This study aim ed to investigate whether British Indo-Asian Sikhs have higher plasma triacylglycerol concentrations , lower platelet phospholipid levels , and lower dietary intakes of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) than do age- and weight-matched Europeans and whether moderate dietary fish-oil intake can reverse these differences . DESIGN A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel , fish-oil intervention study was performed . After a 2-wk run-in period , 44 Europeans and 40 Indo-Asian Sikhs were r and omly assigned to receive either 4.0 g fish oil [ 1.5 g eicosapentaenoic 
    Output:
    