human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION Iron deficiency , associated with a decline in cognitive function , is the most common nutritional deficiency globally . The present study aim ed to identify the impact of weekly iron supplements on the attention function of female students from a high school in North Khorasan Province , Iran . METHODS This was a blind , controlled , clinical trial study , involving 200 female students who were chosen using the stratified r and omised sampling method . First , laboratory studies were performed to detect iron consumption limitations . Next , the 200 students were divided r and omly and equally into case and control groups . The case group was treated with 50 mg of ferrous sulfate twice a week for 16 weeks . We compared both groups ' data on attention , iron status and erythrocyte indices . Question naires were used to collect demographic data , while clinical data was collected using complete blood count and Toulouse-Piéron tests . Data was analysed using descriptive statistics , as well as paired and independent t-tests . RESULTS The mean attention scores of the case and control groups were 104.8 ± 7.0 and 52.7 ± 9.6 , respectively ( p < 0.001 ) . The mean haemoglobin levels of the two groups were 12.5 ± 0.9 and 11.2 ± 1.0 , respectively ( p < 0.001 ) . Compared to the control group , the attention scores and haemoglobin concentrations of the case group were found to be improved by approximately 90 % and 10 % , respectively . CONCLUSION Oral iron supplements ( 50 mg twice a week for 16 weeks ) were able to improve the attention span and haematologic indices of female high school students OBJECTIVE To test the feasibility , acceptability , and potential efficacy of after-school dance classes and a family-based intervention to reduce television viewing , thereby reducing weight gain , among African-American girls . DESIGN Twelve-week , 2-arm parallel group , r and omized controlled trial . SETTING Low-income neighborhoods . PARTICIPANTS Sixty-one 8 - 10-year-old African-American girls and their parents/guardians . INTERVENTIONS The treatment intervention consisted of after-school dance classes at 3 community centers , and a 5-lesson intervention , delivered in participants ' homes , and design ed to reduce television , videotape , and video game use . The active control intervention consisted of disseminating newsletters and delivering health education lectures . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Implementation and process measures , body mass index , waist circumference , physical activity measured by accelerometry , self-reported media use , and meals eaten with TV . RESULTS Recruitment and retention goals were exceeded . High rates of participation were achieved for assessment s and intervention activities , except where transportation was lacking . All interventions received high satisfaction ratings . At follow up , girls in the treatment group , as compared to the control group , exhibited trends toward lower body mass index ( adjusted difference = -.32 kg/m2 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] -.77 , .12 ; Cohen 's d = .38 st and ard deviation units ) and waist circumference ( adjusted difference = -.63 cm , 95 % CI -1.92 , .67 ; d = .25 ) ; increased after-school physical activity ( adjusted difference = 55.1 counts/minute , 95 % CI -115.6 , 225.8 ; d = .21 ) ; and reduced television , videotape , and video game use ( adjusted difference = -4.96 hours/week , 95 % CI -11.41 , 1.49 ; d = .40 ) . The treatment group reported significantly reduced household television viewing ( d = .73 , P = .007 ) and fewer dinners eaten while watching TV ( adjusted difference = -1.60 meals/week , 95 % CI -2.99 , -.21 ; d = .59 ; P = .03 ) . Treatment group girls also reported less concern about weight ( d = .60 ; P = .03 ) , and a trend toward improved school grade s ( d = .51 ; P = .07 ) . CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed the feasibility , acceptability , and potential efficacy of using dance classes and a family-based intervention to reduce television viewing , thereby reducing weight gain , in African-American girls Peru has high rates of iron deficiency anemia . The prevalence is 35 % in nonpregnant women of fertile age and 24.7 % in adolescent girls in slums of periurban Lima . The major cause of anemia is low intake of dietary iron . A community-based , r and omized behavioral and dietary intervention trial was conducted to improve dietary iron intake and iron bioavailability of adolescent girls living in periurban areas of Lima , Peru . Results show that there was a change in knowledge about anemia and improved dietary iron intake in the 71 girls who completed the study compared with the 66 girls in the control group . Although the 9-mo . intervention was not sufficient to improve hemoglobin levels significantly , there appeared to be a protective effect in maintaining the iron status of girls in comparison with the control group OBJECTIVE Despite public health campaigns based on Fe and folic acid supplements , Fe-deficiency anaemia remains highly prevalent among women in India . We investigated leaf concentrate as an alternative to Fe and folic acid supplements for treating  anaemia in adolescent girls . DESIGN R and omised controlled two-arm trial over 3 months : one group received daily Fe and folic acid ( IFA ; 60 mg Fe , 500 microg folic acid ) ; the other daily leaf concentrate ( LC ; 5 mg Fe , 13 microg folic acid ) . Hb concentration , mean cell volume , serum Fe , serum ferritin and total Fe-binding capacity were measured pre- and post-intervention . SETTING Jaipur , India . SUBJECTS One hundred and two adolescent girls aged 14 - 18 years . RESULTS Of the 102 girls r and omized to the two arms of the trial , four ( 3.9 % ) were severely anaemic  ( Hb < 7 g/dl ) , twenty-eight ( 27.5 % ) were moderately anaemic ( Hb > or = 7 g/dl , < 10 g/dl ) and seventy ( 68.6 % ) were mildly anaemic ( Hb > or = 10 g/dl , < 12 g/dl ) . In the IFA group , eleven girls ( 20.4 % ) withdrew due to side-effects , compared with one girl ( 2.1 % ) in the LC group ( P = 0.005 ) . Total losses to follow-up were 14/54 in the IFA group and 2/48 in the LC group . At the end of the trial , none of the eighty-six remaining girls were severely anaemic , nine ( 10.5 % ) were moderately anaemic and twenty-six ( 30.2 % ) were mildly anaemic ; fifty-one ( 59.3 % ) had normal Hb levels ( > or = 12 g/dl ) . After adjustment for baseline values , LC was as effective as IFA in improving serum Fe parameters and treating anaemia . CONCLUSIONS Leaf concentrate is an effective , and more palatable , alternative to Fe and folic acid supplements for treating anaemia in adolescent girls Background Schools are the most frequent target for intervention programs aim ed at preventing child obesity ; however , the overall effectiveness of these programs has been limited . It has therefore been recommended that interventions target multiple ecological levels ( community , family , school and individual ) to have greater success in changing risk behaviors for obesity . This study examined the immediate and short-term , sustained effects of the Switch program , which targeted three behaviors ( decreasing children 's screen time , increasing fruit and vegetable consumption , and increasing physical activity ) at three ecological levels ( the family , school , and community ) . Methods Participants were 1,323 children and their parents from 10 schools in two states . Schools were matched and r and omly assigned to treatment and control . Measures of the key behaviors and body mass index were collected at baseline , immediately post-intervention , and 6 months post-intervention . Results The effect sizes of the differences between treatment and control groups ranged between small ( Cohen 's d = 0.15 for body mass index at 6 months post-intervention ) to large ( 1.38 ; parent report of screen time at 6 months post-intervention ) , controlling for baseline levels . There was a significant difference in parent-reported screen time at post-intervention in the experimental group , and this effect was maintained at 6 months post-intervention ( a difference of about 2 hours/week ) . The experimental group also showed a significant increase in parent-reported fruit and vegetable consumption while child-reported fruit and vegetable consumption was marginally significant . At the 6-month follow-up , parent-reported screen time was significantly lower , and parent and child-reported fruit and vegetable consumption was significantly increased . There were no significant effects on pedometer measures of physical activity or body mass index in the experimental group . The intervention effects were moderated by child sex ( for fruit and vegetable consumption , physical activity , and weight status ) , family involvement ( for fruit and vegetable consumption ) , and child body mass index ( for screen time ) . The perception of change among the experimental group was generally positive with 23 % to 62 % indicating positive changes in behaviors . Conclusion The results indicate that the Switch program yielded small-to-modest treatment effects for promoting children 's fruit and vegetable consumption and minimizing screen time . The Switch program offers promise for use in youth obesity prevention As a follow-up of our study of pregnant women , we report effects of zinc supplementation during pregnancy in another population of 138 Hispanic teenagers in Los Angeles . Teenagers were r and omized ( double-blind ) to a control or zinc-supplemented group and received similar daily vitamin and mineral supplements except for 20 mg zinc added to the zinc-supplemented group 's capsules . Initially , mean dietary zinc intakes of both groups were about 50 % of the Recommended Dietary Allowance and their mean serum zinc levels did not differ significantly ( 69.8 + /- 11.2 micrograms/dl in control and 69.0 + /- 11.4 micrograms/dl in zinc-supplemented group ) . Zinc supplementation did not maintain mean serum zinc levels during pregnancy but , as in our earlier study , it reduced ( p = 0.018 ) the number of low serum zinc values ( less than or equal to 53 micrograms/dl ) in late pregnancy . Zinc supplementation did not affect outcome of pregnancy but serum zinc levels were lower ( p = 0.038 ) in teenagers with pregnancy-induced hypertension than in normotensives BACKGROUND Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency and affects > 2 billion persons worldwide , leading to anemia in > 40 % of women of reproductive age in the developing world . OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether weekly supplementation with iron and folate would reduce the frequency of anemia in teenage women in urban Bangladesh before they became pregnant . DESIGN Participants with a hemoglobin concentration of 80 - 120 g/L were entered into a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial and received supplements of placebo , vitamin A , iron + folic acid , or iron + folic acid + vitamin A weekly for 12 wk . The supplements contained 2.42 mg vitamin A ( retinol ) as retinyl palmitate , 120 mg elemental Fe as ferrous sulfate , and 3.5 mg folic acid . RESULTS Hemoglobin concentrations increased significantly more after supplementation with iron + folic acid or iron + folic acid + vitamin A than after either the placebo or vitamin A alone . There was a significantly greater increase in hemoglobin after iron + folic acid + vitamin A than after iron + folic acid , but the additional effect disappeared after adjustment for baseline hemoglobin , serum vitamin A , and ferritin and the number of supplements taken . Those with the lowest baseline hemoglobin had the greatest increase in hemoglobin . Compared with the placebo , iron + folic acid + vitamin A reduced anemia by 92 % , iron deficiency by 90 % , and vitamin A deficiency by 76 % . CONCLUSION There may be significant health benefits from a program that enhances the nutritional status of iron , folate , and vitamin A in poor urban young women before they become pregnant Different supplementation schemes to build iron stores in female Indonesian adolescents were investigated . Subjects were 273 high-school girls allocated r and omly to four treatment groups . During a 3-mo period one group received 60 mg Fe , 750 micrograms retinol , 250 micrograms folic acid , and 60 mg vitamin C per day ; a second group received 60 mg Fe , 6000 micrograms retinol , 500 mg folic acid , and 60 mg vitamin C once a week ; a third group received 120 mg Fe and the same amount of the other three micronutrients as the second group once a week ; and a fourth group received only placebos . All subjects were dewormed and supplement allocation was double blind . Blood sample s were collected at baseline , after 2 and 3 mo of supplementation , and 6 mo after the last supplement . After 2 mo of supplementation , groups supplemented weekly and daily showed similar significant improvements ( P < 0.001 ) in hemoglobin and retinol concentrations , and supplementation for 3 instead of 2 mo did not significantly increase these two indicators . After 3 mo , the increase in ferritin was approximately equal to 27 micrograms/L in the daily and 14 - 15 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: INTRODUCTION Iron deficiency , associated with a decline in cognitive function , is the most common nutritional deficiency globally . The present study aim ed to identify the impact of weekly iron supplements on the attention function of female students from a high school in North Khorasan Province , Iran . METHODS This was a blind , controlled , clinical trial study , involving 200 female students who were chosen using the stratified r and omised sampling method . First , laboratory studies were performed to detect iron consumption limitations . Next , the 200 students were divided r and omly and equally into case and control groups . The case group was treated with 50 mg of ferrous sulfate twice a week for 16 weeks . We compared both groups ' data on attention , iron status and erythrocyte indices . Question naires were used to collect demographic data , while clinical data was collected using complete blood count and Toulouse-Piéron tests . Data was analysed using descriptive statistics , as well as paired and independent t-tests . RESULTS The mean attention scores of the case and control groups were 104.8 ± 7.0 and 52.7 ± 9.6 , respectively ( p < 0.001 ) . The mean haemoglobin levels of the two groups were 12.5 ± 0.9 and 11.2 ± 1.0 , respectively ( p < 0.001 ) . Compared to the control group , the attention scores and haemoglobin concentrations of the case group were found to be improved by approximately 90 % and 10 % , respectively . CONCLUSION Oral iron supplements ( 50 mg twice a week for 16 weeks ) were able to improve the attention span and haematologic indices of female high school students OBJECTIVE To test the feasibility , acceptability , and potential efficacy of after-school dance classes and a family-based intervention to reduce television viewing , thereby reducing weight gain , among African-American girls . DESIGN Twelve-week , 2-arm parallel group , r and omized controlled trial . SETTING Low-income neighborhoods . PARTICIPANTS Sixty-one 8 - 10-year-old African-American girls and their parents/guardians . INTERVENTIONS The treatment intervention consisted of after-school dance classes at 3 community centers , and a 5-lesson intervention , delivered in participants ' homes , and design ed to reduce television , videotape , and video game use . The active control intervention consisted of disseminating newsletters and delivering health education lectures . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Implementation and process measures , body mass index , waist circumference , physical activity measured by accelerometry , self-reported media use , and meals eaten with TV . RESULTS Recruitment and retention goals were exceeded . High rates of participation were achieved for assessment s and intervention activities , except where transportation was lacking . All interventions received high satisfaction ratings . At follow up , girls in the treatment group , as compared to the control group , exhibited trends toward lower body mass index ( adjusted difference = -.32 kg/m2 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] -.77 , .12 ; Cohen 's d = .38 st and ard deviation units ) and waist circumference ( adjusted difference = -.63 cm , 95 % CI -1.92 , .67 ; d = .25 ) ; increased after-school physical activity ( adjusted difference = 55.1 counts/minute , 95 % CI -115.6 , 225.8 ; d = .21 ) ; and reduced television , videotape , and video game use ( adjusted difference = -4.96 hours/week , 95 % CI -11.41 , 1.49 ; d = .40 ) . The treatment group reported significantly reduced household television viewing ( d = .73 , P = .007 ) and fewer dinners eaten while watching TV ( adjusted difference = -1.60 meals/week , 95 % CI -2.99 , -.21 ; d = .59 ; P = .03 ) . Treatment group girls also reported less concern about weight ( d = .60 ; P = .03 ) , and a trend toward improved school grade s ( d = .51 ; P = .07 ) . CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed the feasibility , acceptability , and potential efficacy of using dance classes and a family-based intervention to reduce television viewing , thereby reducing weight gain , in African-American girls Peru has high rates of iron deficiency anemia . The prevalence is 35 % in nonpregnant women of fertile age and 24.7 % in adolescent girls in slums of periurban Lima . The major cause of anemia is low intake of dietary iron . A community-based , r and omized behavioral and dietary intervention trial was conducted to improve dietary iron intake and iron bioavailability of adolescent girls living in periurban areas of Lima , Peru . Results show that there was a change in knowledge about anemia and improved dietary iron intake in the 71 girls who completed the study compared with the 66 girls in the control group . Although the 9-mo . intervention was not sufficient to improve hemoglobin levels significantly , there appeared to be a protective effect in maintaining the iron status of girls in comparison with the control group OBJECTIVE Despite public health campaigns based on Fe and folic acid supplements , Fe-deficiency anaemia remains highly prevalent among women in India . We investigated leaf concentrate as an alternative to Fe and folic acid supplements for treating  anaemia in adolescent girls . DESIGN R and omised controlled two-arm trial over 3 months : one group received daily Fe and folic acid ( IFA ; 60 mg Fe , 500 microg folic acid ) ; the other daily leaf concentrate ( LC ; 5 mg Fe , 13 microg folic acid ) . Hb concentration , mean cell volume , serum Fe , serum ferritin and total Fe-binding capacity were measured pre- and post-intervention . SETTING Jaipur , India . SUBJECTS One hundred and two adolescent girls aged 14 - 18 years . RESULTS Of the 102 girls r and omized to the two arms of the trial , four ( 3.9 % ) were severely anaemic  ( Hb < 7 g/dl ) , twenty-eight ( 27.5 % ) were moderately anaemic ( Hb > or = 7 g/dl , < 10 g/dl ) and seventy ( 68.6 % ) were mildly anaemic ( Hb > or = 10 g/dl , < 12 g/dl ) . In the IFA group , eleven girls ( 20.4 % ) withdrew due to side-effects , compared with one girl ( 2.1 % ) in the LC group ( P = 0.005 ) . Total losses to follow-up were 14/54 in the IFA group and 2/48 in the LC group . At the end of the trial , none of the eighty-six remaining girls were severely anaemic , nine ( 10.5 % ) were moderately anaemic and twenty-six ( 30.2 % ) were mildly anaemic ; fifty-one ( 59.3 % ) had normal Hb levels ( > or = 12 g/dl ) . After adjustment for baseline values , LC was as effective as IFA in improving serum Fe parameters and treating anaemia . CONCLUSIONS Leaf concentrate is an effective , and more palatable , alternative to Fe and folic acid supplements for treating anaemia in adolescent girls Background Schools are the most frequent target for intervention programs aim ed at preventing child obesity ; however , the overall effectiveness of these programs has been limited . It has therefore been recommended that interventions target multiple ecological levels ( community , family , school and individual ) to have greater success in changing risk behaviors for obesity . This study examined the immediate and short-term , sustained effects of the Switch program , which targeted three behaviors ( decreasing children 's screen time , increasing fruit and vegetable consumption , and increasing physical activity ) at three ecological levels ( the family , school , and community ) . Methods Participants were 1,323 children and their parents from 10 schools in two states . Schools were matched and r and omly assigned to treatment and control . Measures of the key behaviors and body mass index were collected at baseline , immediately post-intervention , and 6 months post-intervention . Results The effect sizes of the differences between treatment and control groups ranged between small ( Cohen 's d = 0.15 for body mass index at 6 months post-intervention ) to large ( 1.38 ; parent report of screen time at 6 months post-intervention ) , controlling for baseline levels . There was a significant difference in parent-reported screen time at post-intervention in the experimental group , and this effect was maintained at 6 months post-intervention ( a difference of about 2 hours/week ) . The experimental group also showed a significant increase in parent-reported fruit and vegetable consumption while child-reported fruit and vegetable consumption was marginally significant . At the 6-month follow-up , parent-reported screen time was significantly lower , and parent and child-reported fruit and vegetable consumption was significantly increased . There were no significant effects on pedometer measures of physical activity or body mass index in the experimental group . The intervention effects were moderated by child sex ( for fruit and vegetable consumption , physical activity , and weight status ) , family involvement ( for fruit and vegetable consumption ) , and child body mass index ( for screen time ) . The perception of change among the experimental group was generally positive with 23 % to 62 % indicating positive changes in behaviors . Conclusion The results indicate that the Switch program yielded small-to-modest treatment effects for promoting children 's fruit and vegetable consumption and minimizing screen time . The Switch program offers promise for use in youth obesity prevention As a follow-up of our study of pregnant women , we report effects of zinc supplementation during pregnancy in another population of 138 Hispanic teenagers in Los Angeles . Teenagers were r and omized ( double-blind ) to a control or zinc-supplemented group and received similar daily vitamin and mineral supplements except for 20 mg zinc added to the zinc-supplemented group 's capsules . Initially , mean dietary zinc intakes of both groups were about 50 % of the Recommended Dietary Allowance and their mean serum zinc levels did not differ significantly ( 69.8 + /- 11.2 micrograms/dl in control and 69.0 + /- 11.4 micrograms/dl in zinc-supplemented group ) . Zinc supplementation did not maintain mean serum zinc levels during pregnancy but , as in our earlier study , it reduced ( p = 0.018 ) the number of low serum zinc values ( less than or equal to 53 micrograms/dl ) in late pregnancy . Zinc supplementation did not affect outcome of pregnancy but serum zinc levels were lower ( p = 0.038 ) in teenagers with pregnancy-induced hypertension than in normotensives BACKGROUND Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency and affects > 2 billion persons worldwide , leading to anemia in > 40 % of women of reproductive age in the developing world . OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether weekly supplementation with iron and folate would reduce the frequency of anemia in teenage women in urban Bangladesh before they became pregnant . DESIGN Participants with a hemoglobin concentration of 80 - 120 g/L were entered into a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial and received supplements of placebo , vitamin A , iron + folic acid , or iron + folic acid + vitamin A weekly for 12 wk . The supplements contained 2.42 mg vitamin A ( retinol ) as retinyl palmitate , 120 mg elemental Fe as ferrous sulfate , and 3.5 mg folic acid . RESULTS Hemoglobin concentrations increased significantly more after supplementation with iron + folic acid or iron + folic acid + vitamin A than after either the placebo or vitamin A alone . There was a significantly greater increase in hemoglobin after iron + folic acid + vitamin A than after iron + folic acid , but the additional effect disappeared after adjustment for baseline hemoglobin , serum vitamin A , and ferritin and the number of supplements taken . Those with the lowest baseline hemoglobin had the greatest increase in hemoglobin . Compared with the placebo , iron + folic acid + vitamin A reduced anemia by 92 % , iron deficiency by 90 % , and vitamin A deficiency by 76 % . CONCLUSION There may be significant health benefits from a program that enhances the nutritional status of iron , folate , and vitamin A in poor urban young women before they become pregnant Different supplementation schemes to build iron stores in female Indonesian adolescents were investigated . Subjects were 273 high-school girls allocated r and omly to four treatment groups . During a 3-mo period one group received 60 mg Fe , 750 micrograms retinol , 250 micrograms folic acid , and 60 mg vitamin C per day ; a second group received 60 mg Fe , 6000 micrograms retinol , 500 mg folic acid , and 60 mg vitamin C once a week ; a third group received 120 mg Fe and the same amount of the other three micronutrients as the second group once a week ; and a fourth group received only placebos . All subjects were dewormed and supplement allocation was double blind . Blood sample s were collected at baseline , after 2 and 3 mo of supplementation , and 6 mo after the last supplement . After 2 mo of supplementation , groups supplemented weekly and daily showed similar significant improvements ( P < 0.001 ) in hemoglobin and retinol concentrations , and supplementation for 3 instead of 2 mo did not significantly increase these two indicators . After 3 mo , the increase in ferritin was approximately equal to 27 micrograms/L in the daily and 14 - 15 
    Output:
    