human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : High birth weight and greater weight gain in infancy have been associated with increased risk of obesity as assessed using body mass index , but few studies have examined associations with direct measures of fat and lean mass . This study examined associations of birth weight and weight and height gain in infancy , childhood and adolescence with fat and lean mass in early old age . Subjects : A total of 746 men and 812 women in Engl and , Scotl and and Wales from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development whose heights and weights had been prospect ively ascertained across childhood and adolescence and who had dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measures at age 60–64 years . Methods : Associations of birth weight and st and ardised weight and height ( 0–2 ( weight only ) , 2–4 , 4–7 , 7–11 , 11–15 , 15–20 years ) gain velocities with outcome measures were examined . Results : Higher birth weight was associated with higher lean mass and lower and roid/gynoid ratio at age 60–64 years . For example , the mean difference in lean mass per 1 st and ard deviation increase in birth weight was 1.54 kg in males ( 95 % confidence interval=1.04 , 2.03 ) and 0.78 kg in females ( 0.41 , 1.14 ) . Greater weight gain in infancy was associated with higher lean mass , whereas greater gains in weight in later childhood and adolescence were associated with higher fat and lean mass , and fat/lean and and roid/gynoid ratios . Across growth intervals greater height gain was associated with higher lean but not fat mass , and with lower fat/lean and and roid/gynoid ratios . Conclusion : Findings suggest that growth in early life may have lasting effects on fat and lean mass . Greater weight gain before birth and in infancy may be beneficial by leading to higher lean mass , whereas greater weight gain in later childhood and adolescence may be detrimental by leading to higher fat/lean and and roid/gynoid ratios Dietary DHA enhances infant  attention and visual development . Because the DHA content of red blood cells and plasma lipids varies approximately threefold in pregnancy , maternal DHA status may influence subsequent infant function . It would be feasible to study the effects of higher maternal  DHA intake on infant development if dietary intake of DHA could be increased by a reliable means . This study was design ed to determine whether women provided with one dozen high-DHA hen eggs ( 135 mg DHA/egg ) would consume the eggs and have higher blood DHA levels than women consuming ordinary eggs  ( 18 mg DHA/egg ) . The study was a r and omized , double-masked comparison of the effect of eggs with different concentrations of DHA on intake and blood lipid DHA content of women and their infants . A third nonr and omized group ate few eggs . In this study , DHA intake reported from eggs was eightfold higher in the high-DHA egg group compared to the ordinary egg group . Including all groups , DHA intake ranged from 0 to 284 mg/d . In this intake range , maternal blood lipid DHA content at enrollment best predicted DHA content at delivery , accounting for 36.5 and 51.7 % of the variance in ordinary and high-DHA egg intake groups , respectively . The high-DHA vs. ordinary egg groups had similar maternal and cord blood lipid DHA , but there was a positive relationship between maternal plasma phospholipid DHA and daily DHA intake from eggs controlled for study duration ( r=0.278 , P=0.048 ) . DHA intake and birth weight were also correlated ( r=0.299 , P=0.041 ) . High-DHA eggs were well accepted and increased DHA intake . Other benefits of DHA intake during pregnancy were also suggested The fetal origins theory of adult disease suggests that term infants who are small for their gestational age have an increased susceptibility to chronic disease in adulthood as a consequence of physiologic adaptations to undernutrition during fetal life . Consistent evidence for an influence of women 's dietary composition during pregnancy on growth of their babies is lacking , despite robust effects in animal experiments . We undertook a prospect i ve observational study of 557 women aged 18 - 41 y , living in Adelaide , South Australia .  Diet was assessed in early and late pregnancy using an FFQ . In early pregnancy , medians for energy intake , the proportion of energy derived from protein and from carbohydrate were 9.0 MJ , 17 and 48 % , respectively . In late pregnancy the corresponding medians were 9.2 MJ , 16 and 49 % . In early pregnancy , the percentage of energy derived from protein was positively associated with birth weight ( P = 0.02 ) and placental weight ( P = 0.07 ) , independently of energy intake and weight gain during pregnancy , and after adjustment for potential confounders , including maternal age , parity , and smoking . Effects were stronger among women ( n = 429 ) who had reliable data , based on prespecified criteria including the plausibility of dietary data when referenced against estimated energy expenditure . In addition , for this subgroup , the percentage of energy from carbohydrate in early and late pregnancy was negatively associated with ponderal index of the baby , and a specific effect of protein from dairy sources was identified . These data support the proposition that maternal dietary composition has an effect on fetal growth . Maternal diet in Western societies may therefore be important for the long-term health of the child The effects on  pregnancy outcome  and  maternal iron status of powdered milk ( PUR ) and a milk-based fortified product ( V-N ) were compared in a group of underweight gravidas . These take-home products were distributed during regular prenatal visits . Women in the V-N group had greater weight gain ( 12.29 vs 11.31 kg , p less than 0.05 ) and mean birth weights ( 3178 vs 3105 g , p less than 0.05 ) than those in the PUR group . Values for various indicators of maternal Fe status were also higher in the V-N group . Compared with self-selected noncompliers , similar in all control variables to compliers , children of women who consumed powdered milk or the milk-based fortified product had mean birth weights that were higher by 258 and 335 g , respectively . Data indicate a beneficial effect of the fortified product on both maternal nutritional status and fetal growth An intervention program was undertaken to assess dietary habits and the impact of nutrition education among pregnant women in the rural county of Florina , northern Greece . Analysis of dietary habits , nutrient intake , hemoglobin , and serum vitamin concentrations in an intervention and control group indicated that the population was adequately nourished although nutrient intake was below recommended levels for pregnant women . Nutrition counseling was associated with improvements in dietary intake and significantly greater maternal weight gain ( p less than 0.05 ) . Mean birth weight was slightly higher in the intervention group but so was the incidence of low birth weight ( 4.5 % vs 3.9 % ) . The prematurity rate was marginally lower in the intervention group ( p less than 0.04 ) , as was the number of perinatal deaths ( 9 vs 11 ) . The results indicate that nutrition counseling during pregnancy can improve dietary intake and maternal weight gain but the mediating influence on low frequency pregnancy outcomes is indeterminate in a population that is not nutritionally at risk Of 824 women screened , 410 were enrolled at midpregnancy in a prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled nutrition intervention study . Of these , 226 were predicted as likely to have small or large babies , 184 to have average-sized babies . Two hundred thirty eight mothers received USDA Women , Infants and Children ( WIC )  Food Supplementation vouchers from midpregnancy , 172 did not . Leukocyte protein synthesis ( as a cell model ) was significantly higher ( p = 0.009 ) by 36 weeks gestation in supplemented mothers . Mean birth weight of their babies was greater , 3254 vs 3163 g , ( + 91 g ) p = 0.039 , adjusted for sex , gestational age , prenatal visits , pregnancy interval , smoking , and previous low birth weight infants . Controlling for entry weight obviated the significance of the difference , except for WIC supplemented smokers ( greater than 10 cigarettes/day ) whose babies were significantly heavier by + 168 g ( p = 0.017 ) than those of unsupplemented smokers . WIC partially protects fetal growth in smokers Colombian women at risk of malnutrition were enrolled in a health care program and r and omly assigned to supplementation and control groups at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy . The net dietary intake increments result ing from supplementation amounted to 155 cal and 20 g of protein per day . Supplementation had a significant effect on the mean birth weight of male infants , but not that of female infants ; the mechanisms responsible for the sex differences remain to be eluci date d. The r and omized trial design of the experiment and the documented similarity between the experimental and control groups at the onset permit the conclusion that the observed differences were caused by the food supplementation program . The effect of  supplementation  on maternal weight gain and the association of the latter with birth weight strongly suggest that improved maternal nutrition mediated the effect on birth weight This study is a r and omized controlled double-blind trial on the effects of nutrition supplement of pregnant and lactating women on their offspring . The study was conducted by the late Dr. Bacon Chow in 14 villages in Sui-Lin township , a farming area about 180 miles from Taipei , Taiwan . Two hundred ninety-four women were r and omly assigned to one of two treatment groups . The daily supplement for one group provided 800 kcal and 40 g of protein/day ; for the other group it only provided 80 kcal/day . Supplementation began after 3 wk of the delivery of a first study infant , continued throughout lactation , and through the pregnancy and lactation of a second study infant . Between group comparisons on the birth weight , number of low birth weight infants , or incidence of fetal deaths showed no statistically significant findings . However , the birth weight of the second study infant was statistically different and higher than that of the first study infant in the high supplement group . Moreover , in the low supplement group there was a correlation of 0.22 ( p = 0.06 ) between the change scores for birth weight from the first to the second study infant and the quantity of supplements consumed during the last trimester of pregnancy . There was also in this same group a significant slope in a linear regression of birth weight on total daily caloric intake during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy for the male second study infants . These findings are partly in agreement with findings from three other large supplementation studies in Colombia , Guatemala , and New York . In this study the findings indicate that caloric supplementation does result in a small yet statistically meaningful increment in birth weight within a population which is not nutritionally at risk In ninety-four Dutch nulliparous women the effects of a  low-Na diet  in pregnancy on blood pressure , energy and nutrient intake , Ca metabolism , Zn and Mg status and body composition were studied longitudinally . The women were r and omly divided into an intervention group ( n 41 ) , which used a low-Na diet ( mean urinary Na excretion 61 mmol/24 h ) from week 14 of pregnancy until delivery and a control group ( n 53 ; mean urinary Na excretion 142 mmol/24 h ) . No effect of the diet on blood pressure was observed . The use of a low-Na diet result ed in significantly reduced intakes of energy , protein , carbohydrates , fat , Ca , Zn , Mg , Fe and cholesterol . However , the women on the low-Na diet appeared to be able to adapt quite well to the reduced intake since Ca , Zn and Mg homeostasis was maintained . In the case of Ca and Mg this was probably due to the observed reduced urinary excretions of these nutrients . Non-significant reductions in weight gain ( 1.5 kg ) and fat-mass gain ( 0.9 kg ) over pregnancy were found in the women on the low-Na diet . No significant effects of the diet on birth weight or placental weight were observed OBJECTIVE To hypothesize that higher intake of docosahexaenoic acid , an n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid , would increase duration of gestation and birth weight in US women . METHODS This was a r and omized , double-blind , controlled , clinical trial . Subjects were enrolled in an ambulatory clinic where they received prenatal care . This was a population -based sample . Most subjects received government assistance for  medical care and most were black ( 73 % ) . Subjects were enrolled between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy and consumed docosahexaenoic acid ( 33 or 133 mg ) from eggs until parturition . Gestational age and birth weight were the main study outcomes . Infant length and head circumference , preterm birth , and low birth weight were secondary outcomes . RESULTS Eighty-three percent of subjects completed the study ( 291 of 350 enrolled ) . No subject was discontinued for an adverse event . After controlling for important predefined risk factors and confounding variables , gestation increased by 6.0 ± 2.3 days ( P = .009 ) in the higher docosahexaenoic acid group . Birth weight , length , and head circumference increased , but did not reach statistical significance ( P = .06–.18 ) , although the increases could be clinical ly important indications of enhanced intrauterine growth . No safety concerns were raised by the study . CONCLUSION Duration 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : High birth weight and greater weight gain in infancy have been associated with increased risk of obesity as assessed using body mass index , but few studies have examined associations with direct measures of fat and lean mass . This study examined associations of birth weight and weight and height gain in infancy , childhood and adolescence with fat and lean mass in early old age . Subjects : A total of 746 men and 812 women in Engl and , Scotl and and Wales from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development whose heights and weights had been prospect ively ascertained across childhood and adolescence and who had dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measures at age 60–64 years . Methods : Associations of birth weight and st and ardised weight and height ( 0–2 ( weight only ) , 2–4 , 4–7 , 7–11 , 11–15 , 15–20 years ) gain velocities with outcome measures were examined . Results : Higher birth weight was associated with higher lean mass and lower and roid/gynoid ratio at age 60–64 years . For example , the mean difference in lean mass per 1 st and ard deviation increase in birth weight was 1.54 kg in males ( 95 % confidence interval=1.04 , 2.03 ) and 0.78 kg in females ( 0.41 , 1.14 ) . Greater weight gain in infancy was associated with higher lean mass , whereas greater gains in weight in later childhood and adolescence were associated with higher fat and lean mass , and fat/lean and and roid/gynoid ratios . Across growth intervals greater height gain was associated with higher lean but not fat mass , and with lower fat/lean and and roid/gynoid ratios . Conclusion : Findings suggest that growth in early life may have lasting effects on fat and lean mass . Greater weight gain before birth and in infancy may be beneficial by leading to higher lean mass , whereas greater weight gain in later childhood and adolescence may be detrimental by leading to higher fat/lean and and roid/gynoid ratios Dietary DHA enhances infant  attention and visual development . Because the DHA content of red blood cells and plasma lipids varies approximately threefold in pregnancy , maternal DHA status may influence subsequent infant function . It would be feasible to study the effects of higher maternal  DHA intake on infant development if dietary intake of DHA could be increased by a reliable means . This study was design ed to determine whether women provided with one dozen high-DHA hen eggs ( 135 mg DHA/egg ) would consume the eggs and have higher blood DHA levels than women consuming ordinary eggs  ( 18 mg DHA/egg ) . The study was a r and omized , double-masked comparison of the effect of eggs with different concentrations of DHA on intake and blood lipid DHA content of women and their infants . A third nonr and omized group ate few eggs . In this study , DHA intake reported from eggs was eightfold higher in the high-DHA egg group compared to the ordinary egg group . Including all groups , DHA intake ranged from 0 to 284 mg/d . In this intake range , maternal blood lipid DHA content at enrollment best predicted DHA content at delivery , accounting for 36.5 and 51.7 % of the variance in ordinary and high-DHA egg intake groups , respectively . The high-DHA vs. ordinary egg groups had similar maternal and cord blood lipid DHA , but there was a positive relationship between maternal plasma phospholipid DHA and daily DHA intake from eggs controlled for study duration ( r=0.278 , P=0.048 ) . DHA intake and birth weight were also correlated ( r=0.299 , P=0.041 ) . High-DHA eggs were well accepted and increased DHA intake . Other benefits of DHA intake during pregnancy were also suggested The fetal origins theory of adult disease suggests that term infants who are small for their gestational age have an increased susceptibility to chronic disease in adulthood as a consequence of physiologic adaptations to undernutrition during fetal life . Consistent evidence for an influence of women 's dietary composition during pregnancy on growth of their babies is lacking , despite robust effects in animal experiments . We undertook a prospect i ve observational study of 557 women aged 18 - 41 y , living in Adelaide , South Australia .  Diet was assessed in early and late pregnancy using an FFQ . In early pregnancy , medians for energy intake , the proportion of energy derived from protein and from carbohydrate were 9.0 MJ , 17 and 48 % , respectively . In late pregnancy the corresponding medians were 9.2 MJ , 16 and 49 % . In early pregnancy , the percentage of energy derived from protein was positively associated with birth weight ( P = 0.02 ) and placental weight ( P = 0.07 ) , independently of energy intake and weight gain during pregnancy , and after adjustment for potential confounders , including maternal age , parity , and smoking . Effects were stronger among women ( n = 429 ) who had reliable data , based on prespecified criteria including the plausibility of dietary data when referenced against estimated energy expenditure . In addition , for this subgroup , the percentage of energy from carbohydrate in early and late pregnancy was negatively associated with ponderal index of the baby , and a specific effect of protein from dairy sources was identified . These data support the proposition that maternal dietary composition has an effect on fetal growth . Maternal diet in Western societies may therefore be important for the long-term health of the child The effects on  pregnancy outcome  and  maternal iron status of powdered milk ( PUR ) and a milk-based fortified product ( V-N ) were compared in a group of underweight gravidas . These take-home products were distributed during regular prenatal visits . Women in the V-N group had greater weight gain ( 12.29 vs 11.31 kg , p less than 0.05 ) and mean birth weights ( 3178 vs 3105 g , p less than 0.05 ) than those in the PUR group . Values for various indicators of maternal Fe status were also higher in the V-N group . Compared with self-selected noncompliers , similar in all control variables to compliers , children of women who consumed powdered milk or the milk-based fortified product had mean birth weights that were higher by 258 and 335 g , respectively . Data indicate a beneficial effect of the fortified product on both maternal nutritional status and fetal growth An intervention program was undertaken to assess dietary habits and the impact of nutrition education among pregnant women in the rural county of Florina , northern Greece . Analysis of dietary habits , nutrient intake , hemoglobin , and serum vitamin concentrations in an intervention and control group indicated that the population was adequately nourished although nutrient intake was below recommended levels for pregnant women . Nutrition counseling was associated with improvements in dietary intake and significantly greater maternal weight gain ( p less than 0.05 ) . Mean birth weight was slightly higher in the intervention group but so was the incidence of low birth weight ( 4.5 % vs 3.9 % ) . The prematurity rate was marginally lower in the intervention group ( p less than 0.04 ) , as was the number of perinatal deaths ( 9 vs 11 ) . The results indicate that nutrition counseling during pregnancy can improve dietary intake and maternal weight gain but the mediating influence on low frequency pregnancy outcomes is indeterminate in a population that is not nutritionally at risk Of 824 women screened , 410 were enrolled at midpregnancy in a prospect i ve , r and omized , controlled nutrition intervention study . Of these , 226 were predicted as likely to have small or large babies , 184 to have average-sized babies . Two hundred thirty eight mothers received USDA Women , Infants and Children ( WIC )  Food Supplementation vouchers from midpregnancy , 172 did not . Leukocyte protein synthesis ( as a cell model ) was significantly higher ( p = 0.009 ) by 36 weeks gestation in supplemented mothers . Mean birth weight of their babies was greater , 3254 vs 3163 g , ( + 91 g ) p = 0.039 , adjusted for sex , gestational age , prenatal visits , pregnancy interval , smoking , and previous low birth weight infants . Controlling for entry weight obviated the significance of the difference , except for WIC supplemented smokers ( greater than 10 cigarettes/day ) whose babies were significantly heavier by + 168 g ( p = 0.017 ) than those of unsupplemented smokers . WIC partially protects fetal growth in smokers Colombian women at risk of malnutrition were enrolled in a health care program and r and omly assigned to supplementation and control groups at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy . The net dietary intake increments result ing from supplementation amounted to 155 cal and 20 g of protein per day . Supplementation had a significant effect on the mean birth weight of male infants , but not that of female infants ; the mechanisms responsible for the sex differences remain to be eluci date d. The r and omized trial design of the experiment and the documented similarity between the experimental and control groups at the onset permit the conclusion that the observed differences were caused by the food supplementation program . The effect of  supplementation  on maternal weight gain and the association of the latter with birth weight strongly suggest that improved maternal nutrition mediated the effect on birth weight This study is a r and omized controlled double-blind trial on the effects of nutrition supplement of pregnant and lactating women on their offspring . The study was conducted by the late Dr. Bacon Chow in 14 villages in Sui-Lin township , a farming area about 180 miles from Taipei , Taiwan . Two hundred ninety-four women were r and omly assigned to one of two treatment groups . The daily supplement for one group provided 800 kcal and 40 g of protein/day ; for the other group it only provided 80 kcal/day . Supplementation began after 3 wk of the delivery of a first study infant , continued throughout lactation , and through the pregnancy and lactation of a second study infant . Between group comparisons on the birth weight , number of low birth weight infants , or incidence of fetal deaths showed no statistically significant findings . However , the birth weight of the second study infant was statistically different and higher than that of the first study infant in the high supplement group . Moreover , in the low supplement group there was a correlation of 0.22 ( p = 0.06 ) between the change scores for birth weight from the first to the second study infant and the quantity of supplements consumed during the last trimester of pregnancy . There was also in this same group a significant slope in a linear regression of birth weight on total daily caloric intake during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy for the male second study infants . These findings are partly in agreement with findings from three other large supplementation studies in Colombia , Guatemala , and New York . In this study the findings indicate that caloric supplementation does result in a small yet statistically meaningful increment in birth weight within a population which is not nutritionally at risk In ninety-four Dutch nulliparous women the effects of a  low-Na diet  in pregnancy on blood pressure , energy and nutrient intake , Ca metabolism , Zn and Mg status and body composition were studied longitudinally . The women were r and omly divided into an intervention group ( n 41 ) , which used a low-Na diet ( mean urinary Na excretion 61 mmol/24 h ) from week 14 of pregnancy until delivery and a control group ( n 53 ; mean urinary Na excretion 142 mmol/24 h ) . No effect of the diet on blood pressure was observed . The use of a low-Na diet result ed in significantly reduced intakes of energy , protein , carbohydrates , fat , Ca , Zn , Mg , Fe and cholesterol . However , the women on the low-Na diet appeared to be able to adapt quite well to the reduced intake since Ca , Zn and Mg homeostasis was maintained . In the case of Ca and Mg this was probably due to the observed reduced urinary excretions of these nutrients . Non-significant reductions in weight gain ( 1.5 kg ) and fat-mass gain ( 0.9 kg ) over pregnancy were found in the women on the low-Na diet . No significant effects of the diet on birth weight or placental weight were observed OBJECTIVE To hypothesize that higher intake of docosahexaenoic acid , an n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid , would increase duration of gestation and birth weight in US women . METHODS This was a r and omized , double-blind , controlled , clinical trial . Subjects were enrolled in an ambulatory clinic where they received prenatal care . This was a population -based sample . Most subjects received government assistance for  medical care and most were black ( 73 % ) . Subjects were enrolled between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy and consumed docosahexaenoic acid ( 33 or 133 mg ) from eggs until parturition . Gestational age and birth weight were the main study outcomes . Infant length and head circumference , preterm birth , and low birth weight were secondary outcomes . RESULTS Eighty-three percent of subjects completed the study ( 291 of 350 enrolled ) . No subject was discontinued for an adverse event . After controlling for important predefined risk factors and confounding variables , gestation increased by 6.0 ± 2.3 days ( P = .009 ) in the higher docosahexaenoic acid group . Birth weight , length , and head circumference increased , but did not reach statistical significance ( P = .06–.18 ) , although the increases could be clinical ly important indications of enhanced intrauterine growth . No safety concerns were raised by the study . CONCLUSION Duration 
    Output:
    