human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background . During the 2012–2013 influenza season , there was cocirculation of influenza A(H3N2 ) and 2 influenza B lineage viruses in the United States . Methods . Patients with acute cough illness for ≤7 days were prospect ively enrolled and had swab sample s obtained at outpatient clinics in 5 states .  Influenza vaccination date s were confirmed by medical records . The vaccine effectiveness ( VE ) was estimated as [ 100 % × ( 1 − adjusted odds ratio ) ] for vaccination in cases versus test-negative controls . Results . Influenza was detected in 2307 of 6452 patients ( 36 % ) ; 1292 ( 56 % ) had influenza A(H3N2 ) , 582 ( 25 % ) had influenza B/Yamagata , and 303 ( 13 % ) had influenza B/Victoria . VE was 49 % ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 43%–55 % ) overall , 39 % ( 95 % CI , 29%–47 % ) against influenza A(H3N2 ) , 66 % ( 95 % CI , 58%–73 % ) against influenza B/Yamagata ( vaccine lineage ) , and 51 % ( 95 % CI , 36%–63 % ) against influenza B/Victoria . VE against influenza A(H3N2 ) was highest among persons aged 50–64 years ( 52 % ; 95 % CI , 33%–65 % ) and persons aged 6 months–8 years ( 51 % ; 95 % CI , 32%–64 % ) and lowest among persons aged ≥65 years ( 11 % ; 95 % CI , −41 % to 43 % ) . In younger age groups , there was evidence of residual protection from receipt of the 2011–2012 vaccine 1 year earlier . Conclusions . The 2012–2013 vaccines were moderately effective in most age groups . Cross-lineage protection and residual effects from prior vaccination were observed and warrant further investigation Background . In the United States ( US ) the 2014–2015 influenza season was severe , with widespread circulation of influenza A ( H3N2 ) viruses that were antigenically drifted from the vaccine virus . We assessed  influenza vaccine effectiveness ( VE ) against influenza illness requiring hospitalization during the 2014–2015 season ; low VE was anticipated due to circulation of drifted viruses . Method . Adults hospitalized at two hospitals in Southeast Michigan for treatment of acute respiratory illnesses , broadly defined by admission diagnoses , of ≤10 days duration were prospect ively enrolled . Throat and nasal swab specimens were collected , combined , and tested for influenza by RT-PCR . Patients were considered vaccinated if receipt of influenza vaccine ≥14 days prior to illness onset was documented in medical records or state registry , or self-reported at enrollment with plausible location and timing of vaccination . VE was estimated by comparing the vaccination status of those who tested positive for influenza with those who tested negative and calculated as 100 × ( 1-odds ratio ) in logistic regression models ; models were adjusted for age , sex , hospital , calendar time , time from illness onset to specimen collection , frailty score , and Charlson Comorbidity Index ( CCI ) . Result . Among 642 patients included in the analysis , 430 ( 67 % ) were considered vaccinated , 345 ( 54 % ) were female , 228 ( 36 % ) were age ≥65 years , and 92 % had CCI > 0 indicating ≥1 comorbid condition . One hundred sixteen ( 18 % ) patients tested positive for influenza , including 98 ( 84 % ) influenza A ( H3N2 ) , 9 ( 8 % ) influenza A that was not subtyped , and 9 ( 8 % ) influenza B Yamagata ; 88 % of influenza A ( H3N2 ) viruses tested by pyrosequencing belonged to the drifted 3C.2a genetic group . Adjusted VE was 45 % ( 95 % CI : 10 to 67 ) against all influenza , 44 % ( 95 % CI : 4 to 68 ) against A(H3N2 ) and 82 % ( 95 % CI : −7 to 97 ) against B Yamagata . Adjusted VE against all influenza was 41 % ( 95 % CI : −6 to 67 ) for those < 65 years of age and 56 % ( 95 % CI : −11 to 83 ) for those ≥65 . Conclusion . VE estimates appear higher than interim reports from US studies in ambulatory care setting s in a year with mismatched vaccine and circulating viruses . Influenza vaccine may have been more effective in preventing severe illness requiring hospitalization ; sensitivity analyses are in progress to assess the robustness of estimates . Disclosures . S. E. Ohmit , Sanofi Pasteur : Grant Investigator , Research grant ; E. T. Martin , Pfizer : Grant Investigator , Grant recipient ; L. Lamerato , pfizer : Investigator , Research Background One dose of p and emic influenza vaccine P and emrix ( GlaxoSmithKline ) was offered to the entire population of Finl and in 2009–10 . We conducted a prospect i ve clinical cohort study to determine the vaccine effectiveness in preventing febrile laboratory-confirmed influenza infection during the influenza season 2009–10 and continued the study in 2010–11 . Methods In total , 3,518 community dwelling adults aged 18–75 years living in Tampere city were enrolled . The participants were not assigned to any vaccination regimen , but they could participate in the study regardless of their vaccination status or intention to be vaccinated with the p and emic or seasonal influenza vaccine . They were asked to report if they received P and emrix in 2009–10 and /or trivalent influenza vaccine in 2010–11 . Vaccinations were verified from medical records . The participants were instructed to report all acute symptoms of respiratory tract infection with fever ( at least 38 ° C ) and pneumonias to the study staff . Nasal and oral swabs were obtained within 5–7 days after symptom onset and influenza-specific RNA was identified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction . Results In 2009–10 , the estimated vaccine effectiveness was 81 % ( 95%CI 30–97 ) . However , the vaccine effectiveness could not be estimated reliably , because only persons in prioritized groups were vaccinated before/during the first p and emic wave and many participants were enrolled when they already had the symptoms of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza infection . In 2010–11 , 2,276 participants continued the follow-up . The vaccine effectiveness , adjusted for potential confounding factors was 81 % ( 95%CI 41–96 ) for P and emrix only and 88 % ( 95%CI 63–97 ) for either P and emrix or trivalent influenza vaccine 2010–11 or both , respectively . Conclusion Vaccination with an AS03-adjuvanted p and emic vaccine in 2009–10 was still effective in preventing A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza during the following epidemic season in 2010–11 . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT01024725 . NCT01206114 The boys of Christ 's Hospital experienced outbreaks of influenza A in 1972 ( A/Engl and /42/72 ) , in 1974 ( A/Port Chalmers ) , and in 1976 ( A/Victoria ) . In each outbreak , the protective effect of inactivated influenza-A vaccine was limited to those boys , not already immune , who were vaccinated for the first time with the most up-to- date strain . Revaccination with the same strain did not increase the degree of protection , and revaccination with a later strain did not afford protection against subsequent challenge . The cummulative attack-rate in the three outbreaks was similar in all groups irrespective of vaccination history . These observations suggest that annual revaccination with inactivated influenza-A vaccine confers no long-term advantage Some reports have suggested that influenza virus vaccine is less effective in persons that have received prior annual vaccination(s ) than in those receiving it for the first time . This issue was addressed by evaluating the efficacy of annual influenza vaccinations over a 5 year period in healthy adults employing commercially-available , inactivated whole-virus vaccine . Influenza vaccination had minimal effects on overall respiratory illnesses during epidemic periods . However , it reduced influenza virus shedding by an average of 38.8 % and conferred protection against influenza virus infection during each epidemic . Some variation in infection rates were noted between vaccine groups given one or more than one annual immunization , and between years , but no consistent pattern of differences was noted in relation to number of successive years of vaccination . These results suggest that the current recommendation for annual influenza vaccination of persons at special risk of serious disease and complications is appropriate , but that continued efforts to improve the effectiveness of our prophylactic measures against influenza are needed 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background . During the 2012–2013 influenza season , there was cocirculation of influenza A(H3N2 ) and 2 influenza B lineage viruses in the United States . Methods . Patients with acute cough illness for ≤7 days were prospect ively enrolled and had swab sample s obtained at outpatient clinics in 5 states .  Influenza vaccination date s were confirmed by medical records . The vaccine effectiveness ( VE ) was estimated as [ 100 % × ( 1 − adjusted odds ratio ) ] for vaccination in cases versus test-negative controls . Results . Influenza was detected in 2307 of 6452 patients ( 36 % ) ; 1292 ( 56 % ) had influenza A(H3N2 ) , 582 ( 25 % ) had influenza B/Yamagata , and 303 ( 13 % ) had influenza B/Victoria . VE was 49 % ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 43%–55 % ) overall , 39 % ( 95 % CI , 29%–47 % ) against influenza A(H3N2 ) , 66 % ( 95 % CI , 58%–73 % ) against influenza B/Yamagata ( vaccine lineage ) , and 51 % ( 95 % CI , 36%–63 % ) against influenza B/Victoria . VE against influenza A(H3N2 ) was highest among persons aged 50–64 years ( 52 % ; 95 % CI , 33%–65 % ) and persons aged 6 months–8 years ( 51 % ; 95 % CI , 32%–64 % ) and lowest among persons aged ≥65 years ( 11 % ; 95 % CI , −41 % to 43 % ) . In younger age groups , there was evidence of residual protection from receipt of the 2011–2012 vaccine 1 year earlier . Conclusions . The 2012–2013 vaccines were moderately effective in most age groups . Cross-lineage protection and residual effects from prior vaccination were observed and warrant further investigation Background . In the United States ( US ) the 2014–2015 influenza season was severe , with widespread circulation of influenza A ( H3N2 ) viruses that were antigenically drifted from the vaccine virus . We assessed  influenza vaccine effectiveness ( VE ) against influenza illness requiring hospitalization during the 2014–2015 season ; low VE was anticipated due to circulation of drifted viruses . Method . Adults hospitalized at two hospitals in Southeast Michigan for treatment of acute respiratory illnesses , broadly defined by admission diagnoses , of ≤10 days duration were prospect ively enrolled . Throat and nasal swab specimens were collected , combined , and tested for influenza by RT-PCR . Patients were considered vaccinated if receipt of influenza vaccine ≥14 days prior to illness onset was documented in medical records or state registry , or self-reported at enrollment with plausible location and timing of vaccination . VE was estimated by comparing the vaccination status of those who tested positive for influenza with those who tested negative and calculated as 100 × ( 1-odds ratio ) in logistic regression models ; models were adjusted for age , sex , hospital , calendar time , time from illness onset to specimen collection , frailty score , and Charlson Comorbidity Index ( CCI ) . Result . Among 642 patients included in the analysis , 430 ( 67 % ) were considered vaccinated , 345 ( 54 % ) were female , 228 ( 36 % ) were age ≥65 years , and 92 % had CCI > 0 indicating ≥1 comorbid condition . One hundred sixteen ( 18 % ) patients tested positive for influenza , including 98 ( 84 % ) influenza A ( H3N2 ) , 9 ( 8 % ) influenza A that was not subtyped , and 9 ( 8 % ) influenza B Yamagata ; 88 % of influenza A ( H3N2 ) viruses tested by pyrosequencing belonged to the drifted 3C.2a genetic group . Adjusted VE was 45 % ( 95 % CI : 10 to 67 ) against all influenza , 44 % ( 95 % CI : 4 to 68 ) against A(H3N2 ) and 82 % ( 95 % CI : −7 to 97 ) against B Yamagata . Adjusted VE against all influenza was 41 % ( 95 % CI : −6 to 67 ) for those < 65 years of age and 56 % ( 95 % CI : −11 to 83 ) for those ≥65 . Conclusion . VE estimates appear higher than interim reports from US studies in ambulatory care setting s in a year with mismatched vaccine and circulating viruses . Influenza vaccine may have been more effective in preventing severe illness requiring hospitalization ; sensitivity analyses are in progress to assess the robustness of estimates . Disclosures . S. E. Ohmit , Sanofi Pasteur : Grant Investigator , Research grant ; E. T. Martin , Pfizer : Grant Investigator , Grant recipient ; L. Lamerato , pfizer : Investigator , Research Background One dose of p and emic influenza vaccine P and emrix ( GlaxoSmithKline ) was offered to the entire population of Finl and in 2009–10 . We conducted a prospect i ve clinical cohort study to determine the vaccine effectiveness in preventing febrile laboratory-confirmed influenza infection during the influenza season 2009–10 and continued the study in 2010–11 . Methods In total , 3,518 community dwelling adults aged 18–75 years living in Tampere city were enrolled . The participants were not assigned to any vaccination regimen , but they could participate in the study regardless of their vaccination status or intention to be vaccinated with the p and emic or seasonal influenza vaccine . They were asked to report if they received P and emrix in 2009–10 and /or trivalent influenza vaccine in 2010–11 . Vaccinations were verified from medical records . The participants were instructed to report all acute symptoms of respiratory tract infection with fever ( at least 38 ° C ) and pneumonias to the study staff . Nasal and oral swabs were obtained within 5–7 days after symptom onset and influenza-specific RNA was identified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction . Results In 2009–10 , the estimated vaccine effectiveness was 81 % ( 95%CI 30–97 ) . However , the vaccine effectiveness could not be estimated reliably , because only persons in prioritized groups were vaccinated before/during the first p and emic wave and many participants were enrolled when they already had the symptoms of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza infection . In 2010–11 , 2,276 participants continued the follow-up . The vaccine effectiveness , adjusted for potential confounding factors was 81 % ( 95%CI 41–96 ) for P and emrix only and 88 % ( 95%CI 63–97 ) for either P and emrix or trivalent influenza vaccine 2010–11 or both , respectively . Conclusion Vaccination with an AS03-adjuvanted p and emic vaccine in 2009–10 was still effective in preventing A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza during the following epidemic season in 2010–11 . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT01024725 . NCT01206114 The boys of Christ 's Hospital experienced outbreaks of influenza A in 1972 ( A/Engl and /42/72 ) , in 1974 ( A/Port Chalmers ) , and in 1976 ( A/Victoria ) . In each outbreak , the protective effect of inactivated influenza-A vaccine was limited to those boys , not already immune , who were vaccinated for the first time with the most up-to- date strain . Revaccination with the same strain did not increase the degree of protection , and revaccination with a later strain did not afford protection against subsequent challenge . The cummulative attack-rate in the three outbreaks was similar in all groups irrespective of vaccination history . These observations suggest that annual revaccination with inactivated influenza-A vaccine confers no long-term advantage Some reports have suggested that influenza virus vaccine is less effective in persons that have received prior annual vaccination(s ) than in those receiving it for the first time . This issue was addressed by evaluating the efficacy of annual influenza vaccinations over a 5 year period in healthy adults employing commercially-available , inactivated whole-virus vaccine . Influenza vaccination had minimal effects on overall respiratory illnesses during epidemic periods . However , it reduced influenza virus shedding by an average of 38.8 % and conferred protection against influenza virus infection during each epidemic . Some variation in infection rates were noted between vaccine groups given one or more than one annual immunization , and between years , but no consistent pattern of differences was noted in relation to number of successive years of vaccination . These results suggest that the current recommendation for annual influenza vaccination of persons at special risk of serious disease and complications is appropriate , but that continued efforts to improve the effectiveness of our prophylactic measures against influenza are needed 
    Output:
    