human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Preliminary evidence has been reported on the antirotavirus effect of human serum immunoglobulin administered orally . The aim was to see whether such treatment might be effective in rotavirus acute gastroenteritis . METHODS A prospect i ve , double-blind , placebo-controlled study was performed . Ninety-eight children admitted with acute gastroenteritis were enrolled and r and omly assigned to groups A ( treated ) and B ( control ) . Children in group A received a single oral dose of 300 mg/kg body weight of human serum immunoglobulin . Parameters of efficacy were clinical condition , frequency and consistency of stools , duration of diarrhea , duration of viral excretion , and length of hospital stay . Antirotaviral activity was determined in the immunoglobulin preparation by a specific neutralization assay . RESULTS Seventy-one of the 98 children enrolled had rotaviral gastroenteritis ; 36 belonged to group A. Children who received immunoglobulin had significantly faster clinical improvement of clinical condition and stool pattern than control children . Mean total duration of rotaviral diarrhea was 76 hours in group A and 131 in group B ( P < .01 ) . Viral excretion lasted 114 and 180 hours , respectively ( P < .01 ) . Hospital stay was significantly reduced in children in group A. Neutralizing antibodies against rotavirus were detected in the immunoglobulin preparation . CONCLUSION Oral administration of immunoglobulin is associated with a faster recovery from acute gastroenteritis and should be given to children hospitalized with this illness Background Hyperimmunized bovine colostrum containing antibodies has been shown to be effective in the treatment of rotavirus diarrhea . Antibodies derived from eggs of immunized hens may be a less expensive and more practical alternative . In this study , children with proven rotavirus diarrhea were treated with immunoglobulin extracted from eggs of chicken immunized with human rotavirus strains . Methods In a r and omized , double-blind study , 79 children with known rotavirus diarrhea were assigned to receive either 10 g hyperimmune egg yolk ( HEY ) daily in four equally divided doses for 4 days ( HEY group ) or a similar preparation obtained from nonimmunized chicken ( placebo group ) . The daily stool frequency and amount , oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) intake , and presence of rotavirus in the stool were monitored for 4 days . Results In the HEY-treated group . there was significant reduction in stool output ( in grams per kilogram per day ; HEY vs. placebo ; 87 ± 59 vs. 120 ± 75 , P = 0.03 ) , and significant reduction of ORS intake ( in milliliters per kilogram per day ) ( HEY vs. placebo ; 84 ± 46 vs. 122 ± 72 , P = 0.008 ) on day 1 and clearance of virus on day 4 ( HEY vs. placebo ; 73 % vs. 46 % , P = 0.02 ) . There was , however , no difference in diarrheal duration between the groups . Conclusions Treatment with HEY against four human rotavirus strains result ed in modest improvement of diarrhea associated with earlier clearance of rotavirus from stools . These results indicate an encouraging role of HEY in the treatment of rotavirus-induced diarrhea in children . Further studies are needed to optimize the dose and neutralization titer and thus improve the efficacy of egg yolk immunoglobulin IgY derived from immunized hens BACKGROUND Oral ingestion of immunoglobulins in humans has been shown to be effective as prophylaxis against enteric infections . However , its therapeutic effect in children with infectious diarrhea has hitherto not been proven . We treated children with rotavirus diarrhea with immunoglobulins extracted from immunized bovine colostrum ( IIBC ) containing high titers of antibodies against four rotavirus serotypes . METHODS In this double blind placebo-controlled trial , 80 children with rotavirus diarrhea were r and omly assigned to receive orally either 10 g of IIBC ( containing 3.6 g of antirotavirus antibodies ) daily for 4 days or the same amount of a placebo preparation . The daily stool output ( grams/kg/day ) , intake of oral rehydration solution ( ml/kg/day ) , stool frequency ( number of stools/day ) and presence of rotavirus in stool were monitored for the 4 days during treatment . RESULTS Children who received IIBC had significantly less daily and total stool output and stool frequency and required a smaller amount of oral rehydration solution than did children who received placebo ( P < 0.05 ) . Clearance of rotavirus from the stool was also earlier in the IIBC group compared with the placebo group ( mean day , 1.5 vs. 2.9 , P < 0.001 ) . No adverse reactions from the colostrum treatment were observed . CONCLUSIONS Treatment with antirotavirus immunoglobulin of bovine colostral origin is effective in the management of children with acute rotavirus diarrhea Oral human gammaglobulin or placebo was given with each feed during the first week of life to 75 low-birth-weight babies . All were in a nursery where rotavirus was known to be endemic , 25 of the babies excreted rotavirus during the first 2 weeks of life . This group was regarded as the " challenge " group . Gammaglobulin administration was associated with delayed excretion of rotavirus and with milder symptoms of infection . Rotavirus-associated diarrhoea necessitating low-lactose feeds developed in 6 of 11 babies given placebo and 1 of 14 babies given gammaglobulin . Oral human gammaglobulin seems to protect low-birth-weight infants from diarrhoea caused by rotavirus The efficacy of oral gammaglobulin in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in immunocompetent children has been evaluated in an open placebo controlled trial . Moreover the efficacy of oral gammaglobulin has been tested also for treatment of chronic diarrhea in IgA deficient infants and for prevention of rotavirus infection during an epidemic in the ward . 54 infants ( aged 1 - 36 months ) with acute diarrhea ( 30 rotavirus + ) were enrolled in the study . 24 out of 54 were assigned with r and omised method to group a receiving gammaglobulin 150 mg/kg x 2 in the first day of admission to hospital and the remaining 30 infants were assigned to group b receiving placebo .  Diarrhea cleared up in 2.57 + /- 1.4 days without a significant difference between group a and b ( 2.6 + /- 1.6 and 2.46 + /- 1.1 days respectively ) . The diarrhea 's duration in Rotavirus+infants was 2.78 + /- 1.4 days in group a and 3 + /- 1.4 days in group b again without a significant difference . The excretion time of rotavirus in the stools was significantly shorter in rotavirus+group a ( 2.6 + /- 1.3 ) than in rotavirus group b ( 3.9 + /- 1.6 ) with p < 0.04 . Three infants ( 4.9 months ) with chronic post-infectious diarrhea and IgA deficiency ( < 5 mg%ml ) received gammaglobulin 300 mg/kg/die for 3 days . The diarrhea recovered in 2 - 3 days . Out of 16 infants hospitalized during an epidemic rotavirus diarrhea 6 infants received oral gammaglobulin at the dose of 150 mg/kg/die during the hospitalization period ( that was at least 5 days ) . No one became ill . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS PURPOSE The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that rotavirus-associated necrotizing enterocolitis ( NEC + RV ) differs from NEC associated with other organisms ( NEC-RV ) . METHODS Neonates with modified Bell stage II or higher NEC were identified . Demographic , clinical , and outcome information was collected prospect ively . Fecal specimens from all infants were tested for confirmation of rotavirus infection ( RVI ) by immunoelectron microscopy ( IEM ) . RESULTS Of 2,444 admissions in the neonatal intensive care unit ( NICU ) , 129 ( 5.3 % ) had NEC . Thirty-eight ( 29 % ) were rotavirus positive . The 2 groups did not differ in maternal or neonatal characteristics . Stage III or higher NEC was more common in the NEC-RV infants ( 62 % v. 39 % ; P = .032 ) , whereas recurrence was more common in NEC + RV group ( P < .0001 ) . The predominant distribution of nondiffuse pneumatosis ( n = 52 ) was right sided in NEC-RV group and left sided in NEC + RV group ( P < .0001 ) . Surgical intervention ( SI ) did not differ between the 2 groups . The complications and mortality rates also were similar . Severe pneumatosis ( P = .009 ) and severe thrombocytopenia ( Platelet count < 50,000/mm3 ; P < .0001 ) increased , while human milk feedings decreased ( P = .022 ) the odds for surgery . The annual distribution of NEC + RV paralleled RVI in the community . CONCLUSIONS Generally , NEC + RV is a less severe disease than NEC - RV as classified by modified Bell staging . However , it can reach advanced stages obscuring distinction from NEC - RV . Indications for surgery should not be altered by identification of RVI in these infants . Monitoring RVI in the community , adhering to infection control measures , human milk feedings , and improving neonatal immunity against RVI may reduce the incidence of NEC + RV The therapeutic efficacy of hyperimmune bovine colostrum ( HBC ) from cows immunized with four serotypes of human rotavirus was evaluated in a double‐blind , r and omized trial in 75 boys , aged 6‐24 months , infected with rotavirus diarrhoea . The treatment group received 100 ml of HBC three times a day for 3 consecutive days , while the controls received the same amount of bovine colostrum from unimmunized cows . The two groups were comparable at entry . Patients who received HBC had a significantly shorter duration of diarrhoea than the controls ( median 56 versus 72 h ( p < 0.001 ) ; confidence interval of median difference ( CI ) 8‐32 h ) . Total stool output ( g/kg ) between admission and cessation of diarrhoea was reduced by 29 % in the HBC‐treated group compared with controls ( median 205 versus 290 g ( p= 0.04 ) ; CI= 1‐154 g ) . In 50 % of the children in the study group , diarrhoea stopped by 48 h , whereas nearly 100 % of the controls were still suffering from diarrhoea . No untoward effects were noted in either group . Colostrum from cows immunized with rotavirus antigen is clinical ly effective in reducing the duration and severity of childhood diarrhoea due to rotavirus A prospect i ve study of hospital-acquired rotavirus infection was undertaken on an infant and young toddler floor to assess the incidence of infection and risk factors associated with nosocomial transmission . During the seven-month study period , gastroenteritis accounted for 60 of 663 admissions , 23 ( 38 % ) of which were due to rotavirus . In spite of enteric isolation of 21 ( 91 % ) of 23 patients with community-acquired cases , 36 infants developed  nosocomial rotavirus infections . The attack rate of hospital-acquired infection was 12.8 % , ranging each month from 2 % to 21 % . Approximately three fourths of both community-acquired cases ( 17/23 ) and nosocomial cases ( 27/36 ) occurred during the late winter and early spring . Prolonged stays in the hospital were associated with an increased attack rate of rotavirus infection . The risk of nosocomial rotavirus infection was not significantly enhanced by room contact with a rotavirus-infected patient or by the sharing of staff . However , only 47 % ( 17/36 ) of patients with nosocomial infections were appropriately isolated , despite symptoms of gastroenteritis in all cases . These findings indicate that hospital acquisition of rotavirus is common , and indicate that failure to isolate patients with nosocomial rotavirus infections could be an important factor in hospital transmission Oral inoculation of the human group A rotavirus MO strain ( G serotype 3 ) into 5-day-old BALB/c mice causes gastroenteritis characterized by diarrhea . Using this small animal model , passive protection of suckling mice against human rotavirus infection was achieved with the use of immunoglobulin ( IgY ) from the yolks of eggs of rotavirus-immunized hens . When IgY against the rotavirus strain homotypic with the challenge virus ( MO strain ) was administered to mice , complete protection was achieved . After immunizing 8-month old pregnant Holstein cows with human rotavirus MO strain  , colostrum containing neutralizing antib 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Preliminary evidence has been reported on the antirotavirus effect of human serum immunoglobulin administered orally . The aim was to see whether such treatment might be effective in rotavirus acute gastroenteritis . METHODS A prospect i ve , double-blind , placebo-controlled study was performed . Ninety-eight children admitted with acute gastroenteritis were enrolled and r and omly assigned to groups A ( treated ) and B ( control ) . Children in group A received a single oral dose of 300 mg/kg body weight of human serum immunoglobulin . Parameters of efficacy were clinical condition , frequency and consistency of stools , duration of diarrhea , duration of viral excretion , and length of hospital stay . Antirotaviral activity was determined in the immunoglobulin preparation by a specific neutralization assay . RESULTS Seventy-one of the 98 children enrolled had rotaviral gastroenteritis ; 36 belonged to group A. Children who received immunoglobulin had significantly faster clinical improvement of clinical condition and stool pattern than control children . Mean total duration of rotaviral diarrhea was 76 hours in group A and 131 in group B ( P < .01 ) . Viral excretion lasted 114 and 180 hours , respectively ( P < .01 ) . Hospital stay was significantly reduced in children in group A. Neutralizing antibodies against rotavirus were detected in the immunoglobulin preparation . CONCLUSION Oral administration of immunoglobulin is associated with a faster recovery from acute gastroenteritis and should be given to children hospitalized with this illness Background Hyperimmunized bovine colostrum containing antibodies has been shown to be effective in the treatment of rotavirus diarrhea . Antibodies derived from eggs of immunized hens may be a less expensive and more practical alternative . In this study , children with proven rotavirus diarrhea were treated with immunoglobulin extracted from eggs of chicken immunized with human rotavirus strains . Methods In a r and omized , double-blind study , 79 children with known rotavirus diarrhea were assigned to receive either 10 g hyperimmune egg yolk ( HEY ) daily in four equally divided doses for 4 days ( HEY group ) or a similar preparation obtained from nonimmunized chicken ( placebo group ) . The daily stool frequency and amount , oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) intake , and presence of rotavirus in the stool were monitored for 4 days . Results In the HEY-treated group . there was significant reduction in stool output ( in grams per kilogram per day ; HEY vs. placebo ; 87 ± 59 vs. 120 ± 75 , P = 0.03 ) , and significant reduction of ORS intake ( in milliliters per kilogram per day ) ( HEY vs. placebo ; 84 ± 46 vs. 122 ± 72 , P = 0.008 ) on day 1 and clearance of virus on day 4 ( HEY vs. placebo ; 73 % vs. 46 % , P = 0.02 ) . There was , however , no difference in diarrheal duration between the groups . Conclusions Treatment with HEY against four human rotavirus strains result ed in modest improvement of diarrhea associated with earlier clearance of rotavirus from stools . These results indicate an encouraging role of HEY in the treatment of rotavirus-induced diarrhea in children . Further studies are needed to optimize the dose and neutralization titer and thus improve the efficacy of egg yolk immunoglobulin IgY derived from immunized hens BACKGROUND Oral ingestion of immunoglobulins in humans has been shown to be effective as prophylaxis against enteric infections . However , its therapeutic effect in children with infectious diarrhea has hitherto not been proven . We treated children with rotavirus diarrhea with immunoglobulins extracted from immunized bovine colostrum ( IIBC ) containing high titers of antibodies against four rotavirus serotypes . METHODS In this double blind placebo-controlled trial , 80 children with rotavirus diarrhea were r and omly assigned to receive orally either 10 g of IIBC ( containing 3.6 g of antirotavirus antibodies ) daily for 4 days or the same amount of a placebo preparation . The daily stool output ( grams/kg/day ) , intake of oral rehydration solution ( ml/kg/day ) , stool frequency ( number of stools/day ) and presence of rotavirus in stool were monitored for the 4 days during treatment . RESULTS Children who received IIBC had significantly less daily and total stool output and stool frequency and required a smaller amount of oral rehydration solution than did children who received placebo ( P < 0.05 ) . Clearance of rotavirus from the stool was also earlier in the IIBC group compared with the placebo group ( mean day , 1.5 vs. 2.9 , P < 0.001 ) . No adverse reactions from the colostrum treatment were observed . CONCLUSIONS Treatment with antirotavirus immunoglobulin of bovine colostral origin is effective in the management of children with acute rotavirus diarrhea Oral human gammaglobulin or placebo was given with each feed during the first week of life to 75 low-birth-weight babies . All were in a nursery where rotavirus was known to be endemic , 25 of the babies excreted rotavirus during the first 2 weeks of life . This group was regarded as the " challenge " group . Gammaglobulin administration was associated with delayed excretion of rotavirus and with milder symptoms of infection . Rotavirus-associated diarrhoea necessitating low-lactose feeds developed in 6 of 11 babies given placebo and 1 of 14 babies given gammaglobulin . Oral human gammaglobulin seems to protect low-birth-weight infants from diarrhoea caused by rotavirus The efficacy of oral gammaglobulin in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in immunocompetent children has been evaluated in an open placebo controlled trial . Moreover the efficacy of oral gammaglobulin has been tested also for treatment of chronic diarrhea in IgA deficient infants and for prevention of rotavirus infection during an epidemic in the ward . 54 infants ( aged 1 - 36 months ) with acute diarrhea ( 30 rotavirus + ) were enrolled in the study . 24 out of 54 were assigned with r and omised method to group a receiving gammaglobulin 150 mg/kg x 2 in the first day of admission to hospital and the remaining 30 infants were assigned to group b receiving placebo .  Diarrhea cleared up in 2.57 + /- 1.4 days without a significant difference between group a and b ( 2.6 + /- 1.6 and 2.46 + /- 1.1 days respectively ) . The diarrhea 's duration in Rotavirus+infants was 2.78 + /- 1.4 days in group a and 3 + /- 1.4 days in group b again without a significant difference . The excretion time of rotavirus in the stools was significantly shorter in rotavirus+group a ( 2.6 + /- 1.3 ) than in rotavirus group b ( 3.9 + /- 1.6 ) with p < 0.04 . Three infants ( 4.9 months ) with chronic post-infectious diarrhea and IgA deficiency ( < 5 mg%ml ) received gammaglobulin 300 mg/kg/die for 3 days . The diarrhea recovered in 2 - 3 days . Out of 16 infants hospitalized during an epidemic rotavirus diarrhea 6 infants received oral gammaglobulin at the dose of 150 mg/kg/die during the hospitalization period ( that was at least 5 days ) . No one became ill . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS PURPOSE The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that rotavirus-associated necrotizing enterocolitis ( NEC + RV ) differs from NEC associated with other organisms ( NEC-RV ) . METHODS Neonates with modified Bell stage II or higher NEC were identified . Demographic , clinical , and outcome information was collected prospect ively . Fecal specimens from all infants were tested for confirmation of rotavirus infection ( RVI ) by immunoelectron microscopy ( IEM ) . RESULTS Of 2,444 admissions in the neonatal intensive care unit ( NICU ) , 129 ( 5.3 % ) had NEC . Thirty-eight ( 29 % ) were rotavirus positive . The 2 groups did not differ in maternal or neonatal characteristics . Stage III or higher NEC was more common in the NEC-RV infants ( 62 % v. 39 % ; P = .032 ) , whereas recurrence was more common in NEC + RV group ( P < .0001 ) . The predominant distribution of nondiffuse pneumatosis ( n = 52 ) was right sided in NEC-RV group and left sided in NEC + RV group ( P < .0001 ) . Surgical intervention ( SI ) did not differ between the 2 groups . The complications and mortality rates also were similar . Severe pneumatosis ( P = .009 ) and severe thrombocytopenia ( Platelet count < 50,000/mm3 ; P < .0001 ) increased , while human milk feedings decreased ( P = .022 ) the odds for surgery . The annual distribution of NEC + RV paralleled RVI in the community . CONCLUSIONS Generally , NEC + RV is a less severe disease than NEC - RV as classified by modified Bell staging . However , it can reach advanced stages obscuring distinction from NEC - RV . Indications for surgery should not be altered by identification of RVI in these infants . Monitoring RVI in the community , adhering to infection control measures , human milk feedings , and improving neonatal immunity against RVI may reduce the incidence of NEC + RV The therapeutic efficacy of hyperimmune bovine colostrum ( HBC ) from cows immunized with four serotypes of human rotavirus was evaluated in a double‐blind , r and omized trial in 75 boys , aged 6‐24 months , infected with rotavirus diarrhoea . The treatment group received 100 ml of HBC three times a day for 3 consecutive days , while the controls received the same amount of bovine colostrum from unimmunized cows . The two groups were comparable at entry . Patients who received HBC had a significantly shorter duration of diarrhoea than the controls ( median 56 versus 72 h ( p < 0.001 ) ; confidence interval of median difference ( CI ) 8‐32 h ) . Total stool output ( g/kg ) between admission and cessation of diarrhoea was reduced by 29 % in the HBC‐treated group compared with controls ( median 205 versus 290 g ( p= 0.04 ) ; CI= 1‐154 g ) . In 50 % of the children in the study group , diarrhoea stopped by 48 h , whereas nearly 100 % of the controls were still suffering from diarrhoea . No untoward effects were noted in either group . Colostrum from cows immunized with rotavirus antigen is clinical ly effective in reducing the duration and severity of childhood diarrhoea due to rotavirus A prospect i ve study of hospital-acquired rotavirus infection was undertaken on an infant and young toddler floor to assess the incidence of infection and risk factors associated with nosocomial transmission . During the seven-month study period , gastroenteritis accounted for 60 of 663 admissions , 23 ( 38 % ) of which were due to rotavirus . In spite of enteric isolation of 21 ( 91 % ) of 23 patients with community-acquired cases , 36 infants developed  nosocomial rotavirus infections . The attack rate of hospital-acquired infection was 12.8 % , ranging each month from 2 % to 21 % . Approximately three fourths of both community-acquired cases ( 17/23 ) and nosocomial cases ( 27/36 ) occurred during the late winter and early spring . Prolonged stays in the hospital were associated with an increased attack rate of rotavirus infection . The risk of nosocomial rotavirus infection was not significantly enhanced by room contact with a rotavirus-infected patient or by the sharing of staff . However , only 47 % ( 17/36 ) of patients with nosocomial infections were appropriately isolated , despite symptoms of gastroenteritis in all cases . These findings indicate that hospital acquisition of rotavirus is common , and indicate that failure to isolate patients with nosocomial rotavirus infections could be an important factor in hospital transmission Oral inoculation of the human group A rotavirus MO strain ( G serotype 3 ) into 5-day-old BALB/c mice causes gastroenteritis characterized by diarrhea . Using this small animal model , passive protection of suckling mice against human rotavirus infection was achieved with the use of immunoglobulin ( IgY ) from the yolks of eggs of rotavirus-immunized hens . When IgY against the rotavirus strain homotypic with the challenge virus ( MO strain ) was administered to mice , complete protection was achieved . After immunizing 8-month old pregnant Holstein cows with human rotavirus MO strain  , colostrum containing neutralizing antib 
    Output:
    