human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: SUMMARY . The swift evolution rate of avian influenza ( AI ) H5N1 virus dem and s constant efforts to up date inactivated vaccines to match antigenically with the emerging new field virus strains . Recently , a recombinant turkey herpesvirus (rHVT)-AI vaccine , rHVT-H5 , expressing the HA gene of a highly pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI ) H5N1 clade 2.2 A/Swan/Hungary/499/2006 strain inserted into FC-126 strain of HVT vector , has been developed to combat current threats in poultry industry . Here , we present the results of two trials where rHVT-H5 was tested alone or in combination with inactivated H5N1 vaccines ( the latter vaccines contained antigens produced by using a clade 2.1.3 HPAI H5N1 virus [ A/Ck/WestJava-Nagrak/2007 ] in the first trial or mixture of antigen produced by strain A/Ck/WestJava-Nagrak/2007 and A/Ck/Banten-Tangerang/2010 [ bivalent vaccine ] for second trial ) in broiler chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) carrying maternally derived antibodies to H5N1 and then challenged with Indonesian HPAI H5N1 field isolates . The effectiveness of vaccination was evaluated on the basis of clinical protection ( morbidity and mortality ) and measurement of virus shedding after challenge . Immune response to vaccination was followed by serology . In the first experiment , chickens were vaccinated at the day of hatch with rHVT-H5 alone ( Group 1 ) or combined with inactivated vaccine at day old ( Group 2 ) or at 10 days of age ( Group 3 ) . The chickens along with nonvaccinated hatch-mates were challenged at 28 days of age with the HPAI H5N1 field isolate clade 2.1.3 A/Chicken/WestJava-Subang/29/2007 . Eighty , 100 % , and 80 % clinical protection was recorded in Group 1 , 2 , and 3 , respectively . A similar experiment was performed a second time , but the chicks in Group 3 received the inactivated vaccine earlier , at 7 days of age . Challenge was performed at 28 days of age using a different H5N1 isolate , clade 2.1.3 A/Ck/Purwakarta-Cilingga/142/10 . Clinical protection achieved in the second trial was 95 % , 75 % , and 90 % in Group 1 , 2 , and 3 , respectively . Shedding of challenge virus was significantly lower in the vaccinated groups compared with controls in both experiments . Vaccinated birds developed hemagglutination inhibition antibody response to H5N1 by the time of challenge . These experiments confirmed that the rHVT-H5 vaccine applied alone or in combination with inactivated H5N1 vaccines could provide high level ( > 80 % ) clinical protection against divergent HPAI H5N1 field isolates after single immunization by 4 wk of age and a significant reduction in the excretion of challenge virus Vaccination against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in endemically affected areas is a potentially attractive option for local prevention and control . In Indonesia the majority of local outbreaks have occurred in back yard flocks with native chickens , and it is therefore of interest to determine whether these birds can be protected against infection by vaccination . To this end two transmission experiments were carried out with H5N1 virus ( A/chicken/Legok/2003 ) in vaccinated and unvaccinated native chickens . The vaccine contained an inactivated heterologous H5N2 strain ( A/turkey/Engl and /N28/73 H5N2 ) .  Birds were vaccinated at 4 and 7 weeks of age and challenged at 10 weeks of age . During 10 days post-challenge tracheal and cloacal swabs were taken for virus isolation , and serum blood was collected regularly to measure haemaglutinin inhibiting ( HI ) antibody responses . The results show that transmission of H5N1 virus was rapid and efficient in unvaccinated birds , that infection and transmission were completely prevented in vaccinated birds , and that vaccinated birds that were exposed to unvaccinated inoculated birds were still protected from infection . These findings indicate that vaccination with a heterologous H5N2 vaccine is able to prevent virus transmission in flocks of native chickens Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more High-pathogenicity ( HP ) avian influenza ( AI ) virus of the H5N1 subtype has caused an unprecedented epizootic in birds within nine Asian countries/regions since it was first reported in 1996 . Vaccination has emerged as a tool for use in managing the infection in view of future eradication . This study was undertaken to determine whether two divergent H5N2 commercial vaccine strains , one based on a European and the other a North American low-pathogenicity AI virus , could protect chickens against a recent Asian H5N1 HPAI virus . The North American and European vaccine viruses had 84 and 91 % deduced amino acid sequence similarity to the HA1 segment of haemagglutinin protein of Indonesia H5N1 HPAI challenge virus , respectively . Both vaccine strains provided complete protection from clinical signs and death . The vaccines reduced the number of chickens infected and shedding virus from the respiratory and intestinal tracts at the peak of virus replication . In addition , the quantity of virus shed was reduced by 104 to 105 median embryo infectious doses . The use of specific neuraminidase inhibition tests allowed identification of infected chickens within the vaccinated groups . These data indicate that the currently available H5 vaccines of European and North American lineages will protect chickens against the Asian H5N1 HPAI virus and reduce environmental contamination by the H5N1 HPAI virus . They will be an adjunct to biosecurity measures to reduce virus transmission . Les vaccins inactivés à virus influenza aviaire H5N2 européen et nord américain protègent les poulets contre le virus influenza aviaire H5N1 asiatique hautement pathogène Le virus influenza aviaire ( AI ) hautement pathogène ( HP ) de sous type H5N1 a causé une épizootie sans précédent chez les oiseaux de neuf régions/pays asiatiques depuis sa première déclaration en 1996 . La vaccination est apparue comme un outil à utiliser pour contrôler l'infection en vue de son éradication future . Cette étude a été entreprise pour déterminer si deux souches divergentes H5N2 , de vaccins du commerce , dérivées de virus AI de faible pathogénicité l'un européen et l'autre nord américain , pouvaient protéger les poulets contre un virus asiatique récent HPAI H5N1 . Les virus vaccinaux nord américain et européen avaient une séquence déduite en acides aminés qui présentait respectivement 84 % et 91 % de similarité au niveau du segment HA1 de la protéine de l'hémagglutinine avec le virus d'épreuve HPAI H5N1 indonésien . Les deux souches vaccinales ont conféré une protection complète au regard des symptômes et de la mortalité . Les vaccins ont réduit le nombre de poulets infectés et la diffusion du virus à partir des tractus respiratoire et intestinal , au pic de réplication du virus . De plus , la quantité de virus diffusé a été réduite de 104–5 doses infectieuses 50 pour l'embryon ( EID50 ) . L'utilisation de tests d'inhibition spécifiques de la neuraminidase a permis l ' identification de poulets infectés au sein des groupes vaccinés . Ces données indiquent que les vaccins H5 actuellement disponibles des lignages européen et nord américain protègent les poulets contre le virus HPAI H5N1 asiatique et réduisent la contamination environnementale par le virus HPAI H5N1 . Ils représentent un complément aux mesures de biosécurité pour réduire la transmission du virus . Inaktivierte Vakzine mit nordamerikanischem oder europäischem H5N2 aviärem Influenzavirus schützen Hühner vor dem hochpathogenen asiatischen H5N1 aviären Influenzavirus Hochpathogenes ( HP ) aviäres Influenza (AI)-Virus des H5N1 Subtyps hat seit der Erstbeschreibung i m Jahr 1996 eine noch nie da gewesene Epizootie bei Vögeln in neun asiatischen Ländern/Regionen hervorgerufen . Die Vakzination hat sich als ein Mittel zur Bekämpfung der Infektion i m Hinblick auf die spätere Eradikation erwiesen . Diese Studie wurde durchgeführt , um festzustellen , ob zwei verschiedene kommerzielle H5N2-Vakzinestämme , einer basierend auf einem europäischen und der and ere auf einem nordamerikanischen schwach pathogenen AI-Virus , Hühner gegen das neue asiatische H5N1-HPAI-Virus schützen kann . Das nordamerikanische und das europäische Vakzinevirus hatten eine 84- bzw . 91 % ige Übereinstimmung der Aminosäurensequenz mit dem HA1-Segment des Hämagglutininproteins des indonesischen H5N1-HPAI-Challengevirus . Beide Vakzinestämme schützten vollständig vor Erkrankung und Tod . Zum Zeitpunkt der größten Virusvermehrung reduzierten die Vakzinen die Anzahl der infizierten und damit die Anzahl der über den Respirations- und Intestinaltrakt virusausscheidenden Hühner . Außerdem wurde die Quantität der Virusausscheidung um 104–5 Embryo infektiöse Dosen50 ( EID50 ) vermindert . Die Anwendung von Neuraminidaseinhibitionstests erlaubte die Identifizierung infizierter Hühner innerhalb der vakzinierten Gruppen . Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin , dass die zur Zeit verfügbaren H5-Vakzinen europäischer und nordamerikanischer Herkunft Hühner gegen das asiatische H5N1-HPAI-Virus schützen und die Kontamination der Umgebung mit diesem Virus reduzieren können . Sie können eine Unterstützung der Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zur Reduktion der Virusübertragung sein . Vacunas de virus inactivados de Influenza Aviar H5N2 de América del norte y Europa protegen a los pollos frente al Virus de Influenza Aviar de Alta Patogenicidad H5N2 de Asia El virus de influenza aviar ( AI ) de alta patogenicidad ( HP ) del subtipo H5N1 ha causado una epizootía sin precedentes en aves de nueve países/regiones Asiáticos desde su primera descripción en 1996 . La vacunación se ha convertido en una herramienta en uso para el control de la infección en vistas de una futura erradicación . Este estudio se llevó a cabo para determinar si dos cepas vacunales H5N2 distintas , una basada en una cepa Europea y la otra en una cepa Norte Americana del virus AI de baja patogenicidad , , podían proteger a pollos frente al virus asiático H5N1 HPAI . Los virus vacunales de Norte América y Europa mostraban un 84 % y 91 % de similitud en las secuencias aminoacídicas deducidas respecto el segmento HA1 de la proteína de la hemaglutinina del virus campo de Indonesia H5N1 HPAI , respectivamente . Ambas cepas vacunales proporcionaron protección completa frente a signos clínicos y mortalidad . Las vacunas redujeron el número de pollos infectados y la excreción de virus vía tracto respiratorio e intestinal en el momento de máxima replicación viral . Además , la cantidad de virus excretado se redujo hasta 104–5 dosis infectivas embrionarias medias ( EID50 ) . El uso de pruebas específicas de inhibición de la neuraminidasa permitió la identificación de las aves infectadas en los grupos vacunados . Estos result ados indican que las vacunas H5 disponibles actualmente , procedentes de líneas Europeas y Norte Americanas protegerán a los pollos frente al virus H5N1 HPAI Asiático y reducirán la contaminación del medio por este virus . Estas vacunas podrán sumarse a las medidas de bioseguridad para reducir la transmisión vírica 
    Output:
    
agent
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: SUMMARY . The swift evolution rate of avian influenza ( AI ) H5N1 virus dem and s constant efforts to up date inactivated vaccines to match antigenically with the emerging new field virus strains . Recently , a recombinant turkey herpesvirus (rHVT)-AI vaccine , rHVT-H5 , expressing the HA gene of a highly pathogenic avian influenza ( HPAI ) H5N1 clade 2.2 A/Swan/Hungary/499/2006 strain inserted into FC-126 strain of HVT vector , has been developed to combat current threats in poultry industry . Here , we present the results of two trials where rHVT-H5 was tested alone or in combination with inactivated H5N1 vaccines ( the latter vaccines contained antigens produced by using a clade 2.1.3 HPAI H5N1 virus [ A/Ck/WestJava-Nagrak/2007 ] in the first trial or mixture of antigen produced by strain A/Ck/WestJava-Nagrak/2007 and A/Ck/Banten-Tangerang/2010 [ bivalent vaccine ] for second trial ) in broiler chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) carrying maternally derived antibodies to H5N1 and then challenged with Indonesian HPAI H5N1 field isolates . The effectiveness of vaccination was evaluated on the basis of clinical protection ( morbidity and mortality ) and measurement of virus shedding after challenge . Immune response to vaccination was followed by serology . In the first experiment , chickens were vaccinated at the day of hatch with rHVT-H5 alone ( Group 1 ) or combined with inactivated vaccine at day old ( Group 2 ) or at 10 days of age ( Group 3 ) . The chickens along with nonvaccinated hatch-mates were challenged at 28 days of age with the HPAI H5N1 field isolate clade 2.1.3 A/Chicken/WestJava-Subang/29/2007 . Eighty , 100 % , and 80 % clinical protection was recorded in Group 1 , 2 , and 3 , respectively . A similar experiment was performed a second time , but the chicks in Group 3 received the inactivated vaccine earlier , at 7 days of age . Challenge was performed at 28 days of age using a different H5N1 isolate , clade 2.1.3 A/Ck/Purwakarta-Cilingga/142/10 . Clinical protection achieved in the second trial was 95 % , 75 % , and 90 % in Group 1 , 2 , and 3 , respectively . Shedding of challenge virus was significantly lower in the vaccinated groups compared with controls in both experiments . Vaccinated birds developed hemagglutination inhibition antibody response to H5N1 by the time of challenge . These experiments confirmed that the rHVT-H5 vaccine applied alone or in combination with inactivated H5N1 vaccines could provide high level ( > 80 % ) clinical protection against divergent HPAI H5N1 field isolates after single immunization by 4 wk of age and a significant reduction in the excretion of challenge virus Vaccination against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in endemically affected areas is a potentially attractive option for local prevention and control . In Indonesia the majority of local outbreaks have occurred in back yard flocks with native chickens , and it is therefore of interest to determine whether these birds can be protected against infection by vaccination . To this end two transmission experiments were carried out with H5N1 virus ( A/chicken/Legok/2003 ) in vaccinated and unvaccinated native chickens . The vaccine contained an inactivated heterologous H5N2 strain ( A/turkey/Engl and /N28/73 H5N2 ) .  Birds were vaccinated at 4 and 7 weeks of age and challenged at 10 weeks of age . During 10 days post-challenge tracheal and cloacal swabs were taken for virus isolation , and serum blood was collected regularly to measure haemaglutinin inhibiting ( HI ) antibody responses . The results show that transmission of H5N1 virus was rapid and efficient in unvaccinated birds , that infection and transmission were completely prevented in vaccinated birds , and that vaccinated birds that were exposed to unvaccinated inoculated birds were still protected from infection . These findings indicate that vaccination with a heterologous H5N2 vaccine is able to prevent virus transmission in flocks of native chickens Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more High-pathogenicity ( HP ) avian influenza ( AI ) virus of the H5N1 subtype has caused an unprecedented epizootic in birds within nine Asian countries/regions since it was first reported in 1996 . Vaccination has emerged as a tool for use in managing the infection in view of future eradication . This study was undertaken to determine whether two divergent H5N2 commercial vaccine strains , one based on a European and the other a North American low-pathogenicity AI virus , could protect chickens against a recent Asian H5N1 HPAI virus . The North American and European vaccine viruses had 84 and 91 % deduced amino acid sequence similarity to the HA1 segment of haemagglutinin protein of Indonesia H5N1 HPAI challenge virus , respectively . Both vaccine strains provided complete protection from clinical signs and death . The vaccines reduced the number of chickens infected and shedding virus from the respiratory and intestinal tracts at the peak of virus replication . In addition , the quantity of virus shed was reduced by 104 to 105 median embryo infectious doses . The use of specific neuraminidase inhibition tests allowed identification of infected chickens within the vaccinated groups . These data indicate that the currently available H5 vaccines of European and North American lineages will protect chickens against the Asian H5N1 HPAI virus and reduce environmental contamination by the H5N1 HPAI virus . They will be an adjunct to biosecurity measures to reduce virus transmission . Les vaccins inactivés à virus influenza aviaire H5N2 européen et nord américain protègent les poulets contre le virus influenza aviaire H5N1 asiatique hautement pathogène Le virus influenza aviaire ( AI ) hautement pathogène ( HP ) de sous type H5N1 a causé une épizootie sans précédent chez les oiseaux de neuf régions/pays asiatiques depuis sa première déclaration en 1996 . La vaccination est apparue comme un outil à utiliser pour contrôler l'infection en vue de son éradication future . Cette étude a été entreprise pour déterminer si deux souches divergentes H5N2 , de vaccins du commerce , dérivées de virus AI de faible pathogénicité l'un européen et l'autre nord américain , pouvaient protéger les poulets contre un virus asiatique récent HPAI H5N1 . Les virus vaccinaux nord américain et européen avaient une séquence déduite en acides aminés qui présentait respectivement 84 % et 91 % de similarité au niveau du segment HA1 de la protéine de l'hémagglutinine avec le virus d'épreuve HPAI H5N1 indonésien . Les deux souches vaccinales ont conféré une protection complète au regard des symptômes et de la mortalité . Les vaccins ont réduit le nombre de poulets infectés et la diffusion du virus à partir des tractus respiratoire et intestinal , au pic de réplication du virus . De plus , la quantité de virus diffusé a été réduite de 104–5 doses infectieuses 50 pour l'embryon ( EID50 ) . L'utilisation de tests d'inhibition spécifiques de la neuraminidase a permis l ' identification de poulets infectés au sein des groupes vaccinés . Ces données indiquent que les vaccins H5 actuellement disponibles des lignages européen et nord américain protègent les poulets contre le virus HPAI H5N1 asiatique et réduisent la contamination environnementale par le virus HPAI H5N1 . Ils représentent un complément aux mesures de biosécurité pour réduire la transmission du virus . Inaktivierte Vakzine mit nordamerikanischem oder europäischem H5N2 aviärem Influenzavirus schützen Hühner vor dem hochpathogenen asiatischen H5N1 aviären Influenzavirus Hochpathogenes ( HP ) aviäres Influenza (AI)-Virus des H5N1 Subtyps hat seit der Erstbeschreibung i m Jahr 1996 eine noch nie da gewesene Epizootie bei Vögeln in neun asiatischen Ländern/Regionen hervorgerufen . Die Vakzination hat sich als ein Mittel zur Bekämpfung der Infektion i m Hinblick auf die spätere Eradikation erwiesen . Diese Studie wurde durchgeführt , um festzustellen , ob zwei verschiedene kommerzielle H5N2-Vakzinestämme , einer basierend auf einem europäischen und der and ere auf einem nordamerikanischen schwach pathogenen AI-Virus , Hühner gegen das neue asiatische H5N1-HPAI-Virus schützen kann . Das nordamerikanische und das europäische Vakzinevirus hatten eine 84- bzw . 91 % ige Übereinstimmung der Aminosäurensequenz mit dem HA1-Segment des Hämagglutininproteins des indonesischen H5N1-HPAI-Challengevirus . Beide Vakzinestämme schützten vollständig vor Erkrankung und Tod . Zum Zeitpunkt der größten Virusvermehrung reduzierten die Vakzinen die Anzahl der infizierten und damit die Anzahl der über den Respirations- und Intestinaltrakt virusausscheidenden Hühner . Außerdem wurde die Quantität der Virusausscheidung um 104–5 Embryo infektiöse Dosen50 ( EID50 ) vermindert . Die Anwendung von Neuraminidaseinhibitionstests erlaubte die Identifizierung infizierter Hühner innerhalb der vakzinierten Gruppen . Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin , dass die zur Zeit verfügbaren H5-Vakzinen europäischer und nordamerikanischer Herkunft Hühner gegen das asiatische H5N1-HPAI-Virus schützen und die Kontamination der Umgebung mit diesem Virus reduzieren können . Sie können eine Unterstützung der Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zur Reduktion der Virusübertragung sein . Vacunas de virus inactivados de Influenza Aviar H5N2 de América del norte y Europa protegen a los pollos frente al Virus de Influenza Aviar de Alta Patogenicidad H5N2 de Asia El virus de influenza aviar ( AI ) de alta patogenicidad ( HP ) del subtipo H5N1 ha causado una epizootía sin precedentes en aves de nueve países/regiones Asiáticos desde su primera descripción en 1996 . La vacunación se ha convertido en una herramienta en uso para el control de la infección en vistas de una futura erradicación . Este estudio se llevó a cabo para determinar si dos cepas vacunales H5N2 distintas , una basada en una cepa Europea y la otra en una cepa Norte Americana del virus AI de baja patogenicidad , , podían proteger a pollos frente al virus asiático H5N1 HPAI . Los virus vacunales de Norte América y Europa mostraban un 84 % y 91 % de similitud en las secuencias aminoacídicas deducidas respecto el segmento HA1 de la proteína de la hemaglutinina del virus campo de Indonesia H5N1 HPAI , respectivamente . Ambas cepas vacunales proporcionaron protección completa frente a signos clínicos y mortalidad . Las vacunas redujeron el número de pollos infectados y la excreción de virus vía tracto respiratorio e intestinal en el momento de máxima replicación viral . Además , la cantidad de virus excretado se redujo hasta 104–5 dosis infectivas embrionarias medias ( EID50 ) . El uso de pruebas específicas de inhibición de la neuraminidasa permitió la identificación de las aves infectadas en los grupos vacunados . Estos result ados indican que las vacunas H5 disponibles actualmente , procedentes de líneas Europeas y Norte Americanas protegerán a los pollos frente al virus H5N1 HPAI Asiático y reducirán la contaminación del medio por este virus . Estas vacunas podrán sumarse a las medidas de bioseguridad para reducir la transmisión vírica 
    Output:
    