human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: In a study published elsewhere ( Wood and Elwood , 1966 ) the associations between the severity of various symptoms and haemoglobin levels in subjects who took part in a community survey is described . The present paper describes a double-blind r and omized clinical trial of the effects on these symptoms of  oral iron therapy  in a sample of the women seen during the community survey . In addition some limited data relating to a separate trial conducted in severely anaemic women identified in a hospital out-patient clinic are presented Iron deficiency anaemia is a most common micronutrient deficiency affecting mostly the low socioeconomic population s of the developing world . The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of iron fortification of household drinking water to prevent iron deficiency anaemia among members of the low socioeconomic families of Southern Brazil . A total of 21 low socioeconomic families representing 88 subjects including 1 - 6 years old children whose haemoglobin level was between 10 and 12 g/dl were selected to participate in this study . Nine families in the control group were supplied with placebo solution and 12 families in the experimental group were supplied iron solution with ascorbic acid to be added to their domestic drinking water over a period of 4 months . The feasibility and acceptability of iron fortified drinking water was assessed through home visits and question naires . Blood sample s were collected at the beginning and after 4 months of the study for the determination of haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels . The results of this study indicated that iron fortified drinking water was well received by the low socioeconomic families and that it was effective in improving the haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels . It can be concluded from this study that iron fortification of household drinking water is a simple and effective alternative for developing countries along with other technological approaches to iron fortification of foods Our objective was to investigate the effects of iron depletion on adaptation to aerobic exercise , assessed by time to complete a 15-km cycle ergometer test . Forty-two iron-depleted ( serum ferritin < 16 microg/l ) , nonanemic ( Hb > 12 g/dl ) women ( 18 - 33 yr old ) received 100 mg of ferrous sulfate ( S ) or placebo ( P ) per day for 6 wk in a r and omized , double-blind trial . Subjects trained for 30 min/day , 5 days/wk at 75 - 85 % of maximum heart rate for the final 4 wk of the study . There were no group differences in baseline iron status or in 15-km time . Iron supplementation increased serum ferritin and decreased transferrin receptors in the S compared with the P group . The S and P groups decreased 15-km time and respiratory exchange ratio and increased work rate during the 15-km time trial after training . The decrease in 15-km time was greater in the S than in the P group ( P = 0.04 ) and could be partially attributed to increases in serum ferritin and Hb . These results indicate that iron deficiency without anemia impairs favorable adaptation to aerobic exercise BACKGROUND Results of cross-sectional studies suggest that in healthy people , iron absorption adapts to meet physiologic needs and stabilize iron stores , but this has not been adequately tested in longitudinal studies . OBJECTIVE We tested whether heme- and nonheme-iron absorption decrease in response to increased iron intake and whether iron stores reach a steady state . DESIGN In a r and omized , placebo-controlled trial , heme- and nonheme-iron absorption by healthy men and women ( n = 57 ) were measured before and after 12 wk of supplementation with 50 mg Fe/d as ferrous sulfate .  Serum and fecal ferritin were measured during supplementation and for 6 mo thereafter . RESULTS Initially , both heme- and nonheme-iron absorption were inversely associated with serum ferritin concentration .  Volunteers who took iron supplements  , even those with serum ferritin < 21 microg/L ( n = 5 ) , adapted to absorb less nonheme iron ( 3.2 % at week 12 compared with 5.0 % at week 0 , P : < 0.001 ) but not less heme iron from a beef-based meal . Serum ferritin concentration was slightly but significantly higher after iron supplementation than after placebo ( difference = 13 microg/L ) . This higher ferritin concentration persisted for > /=6 mo after supplementation , except in subjects with low iron stores , whose serum ferritin returned to baseline within 3 mo . Fecal ferritin excretion increased 2.5-fold ( P : < 0.05 ) during supplementation . CONCLUSIONS Healthy individuals , even those with low iron stores , had reduced nonheme-iron absorption from food in response to iron supplementation . Despite this partial adaptation , iron stores were greater after iron supplementation than after placebo and this difference was sustained , except in individuals with the lowest iron stores The effect of dietary factors on manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase ( MnSOD ) activity in humans has not been studied . We longitudinally evaluated changes in MnSOD activity and other indices of manganese and iron status in 47 women during a 124-d supplementation study . Subjects received one of four treatments : placebo , 60 mg iron , 15 mg manganese , or both mineral supplements daily . Manganese supplementation result ed in significant increases in lymphocyte MnSOD activity and serum manganese concentrations from baseline values but no changes in urinary manganese excretion or in any indices of iron status . Oral contraceptive use and the stage of the menstrual cycle did not confound the use of lymphocyte MnSOD activity or serum manganese to monitor manganese status , but fat intake affected both indices . This work demonstrated that lymphocyte MnSOD activity can be used with serum manganese concentrations to monitor manganese exposure in humans BACKGROUND Fish sauce is consumed daily by a large proportion of the Vietnamese population and could therefore be a potentially useful food vehicle for iron-fortification programs . OBJECTIVE We evaluated the efficacy of iron-fortified fish sauce in improving the iron status of anemic women . DESIGN In a r and omized , double-masked study of 152 anemic ( hemoglobin concentration of 81 - 119 g/L ) women , a meal based on noodles or rice was served 6 d/wk with 10 mL fish sauce containing either 10 mg Fe as NaFeEDTA ( iron-fortified group ) or no added iron ( control group ) . Concentrations of hemoglobin , serum ferritin ( SF ) , and serum transferrin receptor ( TfR ) were measured at baseline and after 3 and 6 mo . RESULTS After 6 mo , hemoglobin and SF concentrations were higher and TfR concentrations were lower in the iron-fortified group than in the control group [ hemoglobin : 116.3 + /- 8.7 ( + /- SD ) compared with 107.6 + /- 11.0 g/L ( P < 0.0001 ) ; SF : 30.9 ( 95 % CI : 23.4 , 40.6 ) compared with 14.6 ( 11.3 , 19.0 ) micro g/L ( P = 0.0002 ) ; TfR : 7.2 ( 6.4 , 7.9 ) compared with 9.0 ( 8.1 , 9.9 ) mg/L ( P = 0.002 ) ] . The prevalence of iron deficiency ( SF < 12 micro g/L or TfR > 8.5 mg/L ) and iron deficiency anemia ( iron deficiency with hemoglobin < 120 g/L ) was lower in the iron-fortified group than in the control group [ 32.8 % compared with 62.5 % ( P = 0.0005 ) and 20.3 % compared with 58.3 % ( P < 0.0001 ) , respectively ] . CONCLUSIONS Regular consumption of iron-fortified fish sauce significantly reduced the prevalence of iron  deficiency anemia in Vietnamese women during the 6-mo intervention . Fortifying fish sauce with iron by using a water-soluble , highly bioavailable compound ( NaFeEDTA ) is a promising strategy for combating iron deficiency anemia in Vietnam BACKGROUND We previously showed that iron supplementation significantly improves iron status and maximal work capacity in previously untrained , marginally iron-deficient women with a baseline serum transferrin receptor concentration > 8.0 mg/L. However , the effect of transferrin receptor status on adaptation in endurance capacity after aerobic training in these subjects has not been fully explored . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the effect of baseline serum transferrin receptor status on adaptations in endurance capacity . DESIGN Forty-one untrained , iron-depleted , nonanemic women were r and omly assigned to receive either 100 mg FeSO(4 ) or a placebo for 6 wk in a double-blind trial . All subjects trained on cycle ergometers 5 d/wk for the last 4 wk of the study . Endurance capacity was assessed at baseline and after treatment by using a 15-km time trial conducted on a cycle ergometer . RESULTS Significant treatment effects were observed for time to complete the 15-km time trial , work rate , and percentage of maximal oxygen uptake in subjects with a baseline serum transferrin receptor concentration > 8.0 mg/L. No significant treatment effects were observed in subjects with a normal baseline transferrin receptor concentration . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that , in the presence of overt tissue iron deficiency , iron deficiency without anemia impairs adaptation in endurance capacity after aerobic training in previously untrained women . This impairment can be corrected with iron supplementation It has been reported that large numbers of elderly Americans are moderately anemic because of iron deficiency anemia . In the present study , information has been obtained concerning blood composition , health , and nutritional habits of 779 people over 60 years of age , institutionalized or free-living in the Boston area . This paper presents the results of their blood examinations . Two hundred twenty-one of the free-living people examined who showed hemoglobin levels between 9 and 12.9 g/dl agreed to participate in an iron fortification study .  Two-thirds of them received iron-fortified grain products daily for 6 to 8 months . The rest received the same foods without added iron . At the end of the experimental period a marked increase in hemoglobin levels averaging 1.4 g/dl was observed in both groups . This appeared to be attributable to an undefined intervention effect ; no measurable effects attributable to the iron fortification were observed . Three months of daily ferrous sulfate administration to those whose hemoglobin levels remained below 13 g/dl was without effect . Examination of the data obtained suggests that the cause of the moderately low hemoglobin levels initially observed was not occult bleeding or folic acid or iron deficiency Red meat intake has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes , but it remains uncertain whether these associations are causally related to unprocessed lean red meat . It has been proposed that iron derived from red meat may increase iron stores and initiate oxidative damage and inflammation . We aim ed to determine whether an increase in unprocessed lean red meat intake , partially replacing carbohydrate-rich foods , adversely influences markers of oxidative stress and inflammation .  Sixty participants completed an 8-wk parallel- design ed study . They were r and omized to maintain their usual diet ( control ) or to partially replace energy from carbohydrate-rich foods with approximately 200 g/d of lean red meat ( red meat ) in isoenergetic diets .  Markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were measured at baseline and at the end of intervention . Results are presented as the mean between-group difference in change and [ 95 % CI ] . Red meat , relative to control , result ed in : higher protein [ 5.3 ( 3.7 , 6.9 ) % of energy ] , lower carbohydrate [ -5.3 ( -7.9 , -2.7)% of energy ] , and higher iron [ 3.2 ( 1.1 , 5.4 ) mg/d ] intakes ; lower urinary F2-isoprostane excretion [ -137 ( -264 , -9 ) pmol/mmol creatinine ] , lower leukocyte [ -0.51 ( -0.99 , -0.02)x10(9)/L ] counts , and a trend for lower serum C-reactive protein concentrations [ -1.6 ( -3.3 , 0.0 ) mg/L , P=0.06 ] ; and no differences in concentrations of plasma F2-isoprostanes [ -12 ( -122 , 100 ) pmol/L ] , serum gamma-glytamyltransferase [ -0.8 ( -3.2 , 1.5 ) U/L ] , serum amyloid A protein [ -1.4 ( -3.4 , 0.5 ) mg/L ] , and plasma fibrinogen concentrations [ -0.08 ( -0.40 . 0.24 ) g/L ] . Our results suggest that partial replacement of dietary carbohydrate with protein from lean red meat does not elevate oxidative stress or inflammation BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that brain iron deficiency at any time in life may disrupt metabolic processes and subsequently change cognitive and behavioral functioning . Women of reproductive age are among those most vulnerable to iron deficiency and may be at high risk for cognitive alterations due to iron deficiency . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to examine the relation between iron status and cognitive abilities in young women . DESIGN A blind 
    Output:
    
agent
Quantitative relations between baseline iron status , study duration , and iron dose on changes in iron-status biomarkers , which were generated from the meta-analyses , can be used to predict effects of trials of iron supplementation and fortification and to design iron-intervention programs
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: In a study published elsewhere ( Wood and Elwood , 1966 ) the associations between the severity of various symptoms and haemoglobin levels in subjects who took part in a community survey is described . The present paper describes a double-blind r and omized clinical trial of the effects on these symptoms of  oral iron therapy  in a sample of the women seen during the community survey . In addition some limited data relating to a separate trial conducted in severely anaemic women identified in a hospital out-patient clinic are presented Iron deficiency anaemia is a most common micronutrient deficiency affecting mostly the low socioeconomic population s of the developing world . The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of iron fortification of household drinking water to prevent iron deficiency anaemia among members of the low socioeconomic families of Southern Brazil . A total of 21 low socioeconomic families representing 88 subjects including 1 - 6 years old children whose haemoglobin level was between 10 and 12 g/dl were selected to participate in this study . Nine families in the control group were supplied with placebo solution and 12 families in the experimental group were supplied iron solution with ascorbic acid to be added to their domestic drinking water over a period of 4 months . The feasibility and acceptability of iron fortified drinking water was assessed through home visits and question naires . Blood sample s were collected at the beginning and after 4 months of the study for the determination of haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels . The results of this study indicated that iron fortified drinking water was well received by the low socioeconomic families and that it was effective in improving the haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels . It can be concluded from this study that iron fortification of household drinking water is a simple and effective alternative for developing countries along with other technological approaches to iron fortification of foods Our objective was to investigate the effects of iron depletion on adaptation to aerobic exercise , assessed by time to complete a 15-km cycle ergometer test . Forty-two iron-depleted ( serum ferritin < 16 microg/l ) , nonanemic ( Hb > 12 g/dl ) women ( 18 - 33 yr old ) received 100 mg of ferrous sulfate ( S ) or placebo ( P ) per day for 6 wk in a r and omized , double-blind trial . Subjects trained for 30 min/day , 5 days/wk at 75 - 85 % of maximum heart rate for the final 4 wk of the study . There were no group differences in baseline iron status or in 15-km time . Iron supplementation increased serum ferritin and decreased transferrin receptors in the S compared with the P group . The S and P groups decreased 15-km time and respiratory exchange ratio and increased work rate during the 15-km time trial after training . The decrease in 15-km time was greater in the S than in the P group ( P = 0.04 ) and could be partially attributed to increases in serum ferritin and Hb . These results indicate that iron deficiency without anemia impairs favorable adaptation to aerobic exercise BACKGROUND Results of cross-sectional studies suggest that in healthy people , iron absorption adapts to meet physiologic needs and stabilize iron stores , but this has not been adequately tested in longitudinal studies . OBJECTIVE We tested whether heme- and nonheme-iron absorption decrease in response to increased iron intake and whether iron stores reach a steady state . DESIGN In a r and omized , placebo-controlled trial , heme- and nonheme-iron absorption by healthy men and women ( n = 57 ) were measured before and after 12 wk of supplementation with 50 mg Fe/d as ferrous sulfate .  Serum and fecal ferritin were measured during supplementation and for 6 mo thereafter . RESULTS Initially , both heme- and nonheme-iron absorption were inversely associated with serum ferritin concentration .  Volunteers who took iron supplements  , even those with serum ferritin < 21 microg/L ( n = 5 ) , adapted to absorb less nonheme iron ( 3.2 % at week 12 compared with 5.0 % at week 0 , P : < 0.001 ) but not less heme iron from a beef-based meal . Serum ferritin concentration was slightly but significantly higher after iron supplementation than after placebo ( difference = 13 microg/L ) . This higher ferritin concentration persisted for > /=6 mo after supplementation , except in subjects with low iron stores , whose serum ferritin returned to baseline within 3 mo . Fecal ferritin excretion increased 2.5-fold ( P : < 0.05 ) during supplementation . CONCLUSIONS Healthy individuals , even those with low iron stores , had reduced nonheme-iron absorption from food in response to iron supplementation . Despite this partial adaptation , iron stores were greater after iron supplementation than after placebo and this difference was sustained , except in individuals with the lowest iron stores The effect of dietary factors on manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase ( MnSOD ) activity in humans has not been studied . We longitudinally evaluated changes in MnSOD activity and other indices of manganese and iron status in 47 women during a 124-d supplementation study . Subjects received one of four treatments : placebo , 60 mg iron , 15 mg manganese , or both mineral supplements daily . Manganese supplementation result ed in significant increases in lymphocyte MnSOD activity and serum manganese concentrations from baseline values but no changes in urinary manganese excretion or in any indices of iron status . Oral contraceptive use and the stage of the menstrual cycle did not confound the use of lymphocyte MnSOD activity or serum manganese to monitor manganese status , but fat intake affected both indices . This work demonstrated that lymphocyte MnSOD activity can be used with serum manganese concentrations to monitor manganese exposure in humans BACKGROUND Fish sauce is consumed daily by a large proportion of the Vietnamese population and could therefore be a potentially useful food vehicle for iron-fortification programs . OBJECTIVE We evaluated the efficacy of iron-fortified fish sauce in improving the iron status of anemic women . DESIGN In a r and omized , double-masked study of 152 anemic ( hemoglobin concentration of 81 - 119 g/L ) women , a meal based on noodles or rice was served 6 d/wk with 10 mL fish sauce containing either 10 mg Fe as NaFeEDTA ( iron-fortified group ) or no added iron ( control group ) . Concentrations of hemoglobin , serum ferritin ( SF ) , and serum transferrin receptor ( TfR ) were measured at baseline and after 3 and 6 mo . RESULTS After 6 mo , hemoglobin and SF concentrations were higher and TfR concentrations were lower in the iron-fortified group than in the control group [ hemoglobin : 116.3 + /- 8.7 ( + /- SD ) compared with 107.6 + /- 11.0 g/L ( P < 0.0001 ) ; SF : 30.9 ( 95 % CI : 23.4 , 40.6 ) compared with 14.6 ( 11.3 , 19.0 ) micro g/L ( P = 0.0002 ) ; TfR : 7.2 ( 6.4 , 7.9 ) compared with 9.0 ( 8.1 , 9.9 ) mg/L ( P = 0.002 ) ] . The prevalence of iron deficiency ( SF < 12 micro g/L or TfR > 8.5 mg/L ) and iron deficiency anemia ( iron deficiency with hemoglobin < 120 g/L ) was lower in the iron-fortified group than in the control group [ 32.8 % compared with 62.5 % ( P = 0.0005 ) and 20.3 % compared with 58.3 % ( P < 0.0001 ) , respectively ] . CONCLUSIONS Regular consumption of iron-fortified fish sauce significantly reduced the prevalence of iron  deficiency anemia in Vietnamese women during the 6-mo intervention . Fortifying fish sauce with iron by using a water-soluble , highly bioavailable compound ( NaFeEDTA ) is a promising strategy for combating iron deficiency anemia in Vietnam BACKGROUND We previously showed that iron supplementation significantly improves iron status and maximal work capacity in previously untrained , marginally iron-deficient women with a baseline serum transferrin receptor concentration > 8.0 mg/L. However , the effect of transferrin receptor status on adaptation in endurance capacity after aerobic training in these subjects has not been fully explored . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the effect of baseline serum transferrin receptor status on adaptations in endurance capacity . DESIGN Forty-one untrained , iron-depleted , nonanemic women were r and omly assigned to receive either 100 mg FeSO(4 ) or a placebo for 6 wk in a double-blind trial . All subjects trained on cycle ergometers 5 d/wk for the last 4 wk of the study . Endurance capacity was assessed at baseline and after treatment by using a 15-km time trial conducted on a cycle ergometer . RESULTS Significant treatment effects were observed for time to complete the 15-km time trial , work rate , and percentage of maximal oxygen uptake in subjects with a baseline serum transferrin receptor concentration > 8.0 mg/L. No significant treatment effects were observed in subjects with a normal baseline transferrin receptor concentration . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that , in the presence of overt tissue iron deficiency , iron deficiency without anemia impairs adaptation in endurance capacity after aerobic training in previously untrained women . This impairment can be corrected with iron supplementation It has been reported that large numbers of elderly Americans are moderately anemic because of iron deficiency anemia . In the present study , information has been obtained concerning blood composition , health , and nutritional habits of 779 people over 60 years of age , institutionalized or free-living in the Boston area . This paper presents the results of their blood examinations . Two hundred twenty-one of the free-living people examined who showed hemoglobin levels between 9 and 12.9 g/dl agreed to participate in an iron fortification study .  Two-thirds of them received iron-fortified grain products daily for 6 to 8 months . The rest received the same foods without added iron . At the end of the experimental period a marked increase in hemoglobin levels averaging 1.4 g/dl was observed in both groups . This appeared to be attributable to an undefined intervention effect ; no measurable effects attributable to the iron fortification were observed . Three months of daily ferrous sulfate administration to those whose hemoglobin levels remained below 13 g/dl was without effect . Examination of the data obtained suggests that the cause of the moderately low hemoglobin levels initially observed was not occult bleeding or folic acid or iron deficiency Red meat intake has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes , but it remains uncertain whether these associations are causally related to unprocessed lean red meat . It has been proposed that iron derived from red meat may increase iron stores and initiate oxidative damage and inflammation . We aim ed to determine whether an increase in unprocessed lean red meat intake , partially replacing carbohydrate-rich foods , adversely influences markers of oxidative stress and inflammation .  Sixty participants completed an 8-wk parallel- design ed study . They were r and omized to maintain their usual diet ( control ) or to partially replace energy from carbohydrate-rich foods with approximately 200 g/d of lean red meat ( red meat ) in isoenergetic diets .  Markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were measured at baseline and at the end of intervention . Results are presented as the mean between-group difference in change and [ 95 % CI ] . Red meat , relative to control , result ed in : higher protein [ 5.3 ( 3.7 , 6.9 ) % of energy ] , lower carbohydrate [ -5.3 ( -7.9 , -2.7)% of energy ] , and higher iron [ 3.2 ( 1.1 , 5.4 ) mg/d ] intakes ; lower urinary F2-isoprostane excretion [ -137 ( -264 , -9 ) pmol/mmol creatinine ] , lower leukocyte [ -0.51 ( -0.99 , -0.02)x10(9)/L ] counts , and a trend for lower serum C-reactive protein concentrations [ -1.6 ( -3.3 , 0.0 ) mg/L , P=0.06 ] ; and no differences in concentrations of plasma F2-isoprostanes [ -12 ( -122 , 100 ) pmol/L ] , serum gamma-glytamyltransferase [ -0.8 ( -3.2 , 1.5 ) U/L ] , serum amyloid A protein [ -1.4 ( -3.4 , 0.5 ) mg/L ] , and plasma fibrinogen concentrations [ -0.08 ( -0.40 . 0.24 ) g/L ] . Our results suggest that partial replacement of dietary carbohydrate with protein from lean red meat does not elevate oxidative stress or inflammation BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that brain iron deficiency at any time in life may disrupt metabolic processes and subsequently change cognitive and behavioral functioning . Women of reproductive age are among those most vulnerable to iron deficiency and may be at high risk for cognitive alterations due to iron deficiency . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to examine the relation between iron status and cognitive abilities in young women . DESIGN A blind 
    Output:
    