human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : The dramatic increase in the incidence of diabetes and its associated complications require a natural and safe solution to control and delay such complications . The present study tested the hypothesis that probiotics may affect biochemical indices of diabetic patients Methods : Thirty four types 2 diabetic patients aged between 25 to 65 years , and diagnosed with diabetes for less than 15 years were selected for this single- blinded clinical trial . Using balanced block r and om sampling , the patients were divided into two groups of intervention ( probiotics ) and placebo . Blood sample s tested for baseline glucose , insulin , TG , total cholesterol , LDL-C , HDL-C , malondialdehyde , high sensitive CRP ( hs-CRP ) and IL-6 . After six weeks of experiment , fasting blood sample s were re-tested and the data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software . Results : There were no significant differences between anthropometric data including body mass index and waist to hip ratio in placebo and treatment groups . There was no significant difference in FBS , Serum TG concentration total cholesterol and LDL-C levels between placebo and treatment groups . HDL-C levels were slightly elevated after probiotic treatment , which were not statistically significant . Insulin , MDA and IL-6 levels were reduced and high sensitive CRP hs . CRP levels were elevated , although , not statistically significant . Conclusion : The result of this study indicates a non- significant declining trend in the level of TG , MDA and IL-6 and insulin resistance after consumption of probiotics ABSTRACT Modulation of the intestinal microbial ecosystem ( IME ) is a useful target to establish probiotic efficacy in a healthy population . We conducted a r and omized , double-blind , crossover , and placebo-controlled intervention study to determine the impact of Bifidobacterium bifidum strain Bb on the IME of adult healthy volunteers of both sexes .  High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to characterize the fecal microbiota before and after 4 weeks of daily probiotic cell consumption . The intake of approximately one billion live B. bifidum cells affected the relative abundance of dominant taxa in the fecal microbiota and modulated fecal butyrate levels . Specifically , Prevotellaceae ( P = 0.041 ) and Prevotella ( P = 0.034 ) were significantly decreased , whereas Ruminococcaceae ( P = 0.039 ) and Rikenellaceae ( P = 0.010 ) were significantly increased . We also observed that the probiotic intervention modulated the fecal concentrations of butyrate in a manner dependent on the initial levels of short-chain fatty acids ( SCFAs ) . In conclusion , our study demonstrates that a single daily administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum strain Bb can significantly modify the IME in healthy ( not diseased ) adults . These findings demonstrate the need to reassess the notion that probiotics do not influence the complex and stable IME of a healthy individual . IMPORTANCE Foods and supplements cl aim ed to contain health-promoting probiotic microorganisms are everywhere these days and mainly intended for consumption by healthy people . However , it is still debated what actual effects probiotic products may have on the healthy population . In this study , we report the results of an intervention trial aim ed at assessing the modifications induced in the intestinal microbial ecosystem of healthy adults from the consumption of a probiotic product . Our results demonstrate that the introduction of a probiotic product in the dietary habits of healthy people may significantly modify dominant taxa of the intestinal microbiota , result ing in the modulation of short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the gut . The overall changes witnessed in the probiotic intervention indicate a mechanism of microbiota modulation that could have potential effects on human health Abstract Throughout life , there is an aging of the immune system that causes impairment of its defense capability . Prevention or delay of this deterioration is considered crucial to maintain general health and increase longevity . We evaluated whether dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp . bulgaricus 8481 could enhance the immune response in the elderly . This multi-center , double-blind , and placebo controlled study enrolled 61 elderly volunteers who were r and omly assigned to receive either placebo or probiotics .  Each capsule of probiotics contained at least 3 × 107 L. delbrueckii subsp . bulgaricus 8481 . Individuals in the study were administered three capsules per day for 6 months . Blood sample s were obtained at baseline ( time 0 ) , end of month 3 , and month 6 . We characterized cell sub population s , measured cytokines by flow cytometry , quantified T cell receptor excision circle ( TREC ) by real-time PCR ( RT-PCR ) , and determined human β-defensin-2 ( hBD-2 ) concentrations and human cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) titers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) . Elderly responded to the intake of probiotic with an increase in the percentage of NK cells , an improvement in the parameters defining the immune risk profile ( IRP ) , and an increase in the T cell subsets that are less differentiated . The probiotic group also showed decreased concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 but increased antimicrobial peptide hBD-2 . These effects disappeared within 6 months of stopping the probiotic intake . Immunomodulation induced by L. delbrueckii subsp . bulgaricus 8481 could favor the maintenance of an adequate immune response , mainly by slowing the aging of the T cell sub population s and increasing the number of immature T cells which are potential responders to new antigens OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a probiotic mix has additional effects when compared with an isolated dietary intervention on the body composition , lipid profile , endotoxemia , inflammation , and antioxidant profile . METHODS Women who had excess weight or obesity were recruited to a r and omized , double-blind trial and received a probiotic mix ( Lactobacillus acidophilus and casei ; Lactococcus lactis ; Bifidobacterium bifidum and lactis ; 2 × 1010 colony-forming units/day ) ( n = 21 ) or placebo ( n = 22 ) for 8 weeks . Both groups received a dietary prescription . Body composition was assessed by anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . The lipid profile , lipid accumulation product , plasma fatty acids , lipopolysaccharide , interleukin-6 , interleukin-10 , tumor necrosis factor-α , adiponectin , and the antioxidant enzymes activities were analyzed . RESULTS In comparison with the dietary intervention group , the dietary intervention + probiotic mix group showed a greater reduction in the waist circumference ( -3.40 % vs. -5.48 % , P = 0.03 ) , waist-height ratio ( -3.27 % vs. -5.00 % , P = 0.02 ) , conicity index ( -2.43 % vs. -4.09 % P = 0.03 ) , and plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids ( 5.65 % vs. -18.63 % , P = 0.04 ) and an increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase ( -16.67 % vs. 15.62 % , P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of a probiotic mix reduced abdominal adiposity and increased antioxidant enzyme activity in a more effective way than an isolated dietary intervention Background : The aim of the current study was to determine effects of probiotic yoghurt and multispecies probiotic capsule supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in petrochemical workers . Methods : This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was done among petrochemical workers . Subjects were r and omly divided into three groups to receive 100 g/day probiotic yogurt ( n = 12 ) or one probiotic capsule daily ( n = 13 ) or 100 g/day conventional yogurt ( n = 10 ) for 6 weeks . The probiotic yoghurt was containing two strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis with a total of min 1 × 107 CFU . Multispecies probiotic capsule contains seven probiotic bacteria spices Actobacillus casei 3 × 103 , L. acidophilus 3 × 107 , Lactobacillus rhamnosus 7 × 109 , Lactobacillus bulgaricus 5 × 108 , Bifidobacterium breve 2 × 1010 , Bifidobacterium longum 1 × 109 and Streptococcus thermophilus 3 × 108 CFU/g . Fasting blood sample s were obtained at the beginning and end of the trial to quantify biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors . Results : Although a significant within-group decrease in plasma protein carbonyl levels was seen in the probiotic capsule group ( 326.0 ± 308.9 vs. 251.0 ± 176.3 ng/mL , P = 0.02 ) , the changes were similar among the three groups . In addition , significant within-group decreases in plasma iso prostagl and in were observed in the probiotic supplements group ( 111.9 ± 85.4 vs. 88.0 ± 71.0 pg/mL , P = 0.003 ) and in the probiotic yogurt group ( 116.3 ± 93.0 vs. 92.0 ± 66.0 pg/mL , P = 0.02 ) , nevertheless there were no significant change among the three groups . Conclusions : Taken together , consumption of probiotic yogurt or multispecies probiotic capsule had beneficial effects on biomarkers of oxidative stress in petrochemical workers OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes . Among various functional foods with an antioxidant effect , probiotic foods have been reported to repress oxidative stress . The objective of this clinical trial was to assess the effects of probiotic and conventional yogurt on blood glucose and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients . METHODS Sixty-four patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus , 30 to 60 y old , were assigned to two groups in this r and omized , double-blind , controlled clinical trial . The patients in the intervention group consumed 300 g/d of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 and those in the control group consumed 300 g/d of conventional yogurt for 6 wk .  Fasting blood sample s , 24-h dietary recalls , and anthropometric measurements were collected at the baseline and at the end of the trial . RESULTS Probiotic yogurt significantly decreased fasting blood glucose ( P < 0.01 ) and hemoglobin A1c ( P < 0.05 ) and increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and total antioxidant status ( P < 0.05 ) compared with the control group . In addition , the serum malondialdehyde concentration significantly decreased compared with the baseline value in both groups ( P < 0.05 ) . No significant changes from baseline were shown in insulin concentration and erythrocyte catalase activity within either group ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The consumption of probiotic yogurt improved fasting blood glucose and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients . These results suggest that probiotic yogurt is a promising agent for diabetes management Sixteen White children with bronchial asthma were divided into two groups ; one received st and ard anti-asthma chemoprophylaxis ( SAC ) and the other SAC supplemented with 1 g ascorbic acid ( Redoxon ) given as a single daily dose for a 6-month period . In 10 patients the effects of ascorbic acid on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction ( EIB ) were assessed by comparing the pre-ascorbic acid results with those obtained 2 1/2 hours after the intravenous injection of 1 g ascorbic acid . Immunological investigations performed on the two groups were assessment of polymorphonuclear leucocyte ( PMNL ) motility , phagocytosis and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and measurement of secretory IgA , serum immunoglobulin and total haemolytic complement levels and levels of the components C3 and C4 , alpha 1-antitrypsin , antistreptolysin O ( ASO ) , C-reactive protein and antibodies to certain respiratory viruses . These investigations were performed before and 1 , 3 and 6 months after the commencement of therapy . Radio-allergosorbent testing for sensitivity to four common allergens was carried out at the outset and after 6 months of therapy . Injection of ascorbic acid had no detectable effects on the degree of EIB . Slight but not significant immunological changes were observed in the SAC group over the 6-month study period . However , in the SAC plus ascorbic acid group significantly improved PMNL motility and decreased ASO levels and reduced ( although not to a significant extent ) IgE levels and titres of antibodies to the respiratory viruses were observed Objective : Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA 
    Output:
    
agent
The current meta- analysis revealed that probiotic supplementation may result in increasing TAC and lowering MDA , which improve antioxidant status .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : The dramatic increase in the incidence of diabetes and its associated complications require a natural and safe solution to control and delay such complications . The present study tested the hypothesis that probiotics may affect biochemical indices of diabetic patients Methods : Thirty four types 2 diabetic patients aged between 25 to 65 years , and diagnosed with diabetes for less than 15 years were selected for this single- blinded clinical trial . Using balanced block r and om sampling , the patients were divided into two groups of intervention ( probiotics ) and placebo . Blood sample s tested for baseline glucose , insulin , TG , total cholesterol , LDL-C , HDL-C , malondialdehyde , high sensitive CRP ( hs-CRP ) and IL-6 . After six weeks of experiment , fasting blood sample s were re-tested and the data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software . Results : There were no significant differences between anthropometric data including body mass index and waist to hip ratio in placebo and treatment groups . There was no significant difference in FBS , Serum TG concentration total cholesterol and LDL-C levels between placebo and treatment groups . HDL-C levels were slightly elevated after probiotic treatment , which were not statistically significant . Insulin , MDA and IL-6 levels were reduced and high sensitive CRP hs . CRP levels were elevated , although , not statistically significant . Conclusion : The result of this study indicates a non- significant declining trend in the level of TG , MDA and IL-6 and insulin resistance after consumption of probiotics ABSTRACT Modulation of the intestinal microbial ecosystem ( IME ) is a useful target to establish probiotic efficacy in a healthy population . We conducted a r and omized , double-blind , crossover , and placebo-controlled intervention study to determine the impact of Bifidobacterium bifidum strain Bb on the IME of adult healthy volunteers of both sexes .  High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to characterize the fecal microbiota before and after 4 weeks of daily probiotic cell consumption . The intake of approximately one billion live B. bifidum cells affected the relative abundance of dominant taxa in the fecal microbiota and modulated fecal butyrate levels . Specifically , Prevotellaceae ( P = 0.041 ) and Prevotella ( P = 0.034 ) were significantly decreased , whereas Ruminococcaceae ( P = 0.039 ) and Rikenellaceae ( P = 0.010 ) were significantly increased . We also observed that the probiotic intervention modulated the fecal concentrations of butyrate in a manner dependent on the initial levels of short-chain fatty acids ( SCFAs ) . In conclusion , our study demonstrates that a single daily administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum strain Bb can significantly modify the IME in healthy ( not diseased ) adults . These findings demonstrate the need to reassess the notion that probiotics do not influence the complex and stable IME of a healthy individual . IMPORTANCE Foods and supplements cl aim ed to contain health-promoting probiotic microorganisms are everywhere these days and mainly intended for consumption by healthy people . However , it is still debated what actual effects probiotic products may have on the healthy population . In this study , we report the results of an intervention trial aim ed at assessing the modifications induced in the intestinal microbial ecosystem of healthy adults from the consumption of a probiotic product . Our results demonstrate that the introduction of a probiotic product in the dietary habits of healthy people may significantly modify dominant taxa of the intestinal microbiota , result ing in the modulation of short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the gut . The overall changes witnessed in the probiotic intervention indicate a mechanism of microbiota modulation that could have potential effects on human health Abstract Throughout life , there is an aging of the immune system that causes impairment of its defense capability . Prevention or delay of this deterioration is considered crucial to maintain general health and increase longevity . We evaluated whether dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp . bulgaricus 8481 could enhance the immune response in the elderly . This multi-center , double-blind , and placebo controlled study enrolled 61 elderly volunteers who were r and omly assigned to receive either placebo or probiotics .  Each capsule of probiotics contained at least 3 × 107 L. delbrueckii subsp . bulgaricus 8481 . Individuals in the study were administered three capsules per day for 6 months . Blood sample s were obtained at baseline ( time 0 ) , end of month 3 , and month 6 . We characterized cell sub population s , measured cytokines by flow cytometry , quantified T cell receptor excision circle ( TREC ) by real-time PCR ( RT-PCR ) , and determined human β-defensin-2 ( hBD-2 ) concentrations and human cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) titers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) . Elderly responded to the intake of probiotic with an increase in the percentage of NK cells , an improvement in the parameters defining the immune risk profile ( IRP ) , and an increase in the T cell subsets that are less differentiated . The probiotic group also showed decreased concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 but increased antimicrobial peptide hBD-2 . These effects disappeared within 6 months of stopping the probiotic intake . Immunomodulation induced by L. delbrueckii subsp . bulgaricus 8481 could favor the maintenance of an adequate immune response , mainly by slowing the aging of the T cell sub population s and increasing the number of immature T cells which are potential responders to new antigens OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a probiotic mix has additional effects when compared with an isolated dietary intervention on the body composition , lipid profile , endotoxemia , inflammation , and antioxidant profile . METHODS Women who had excess weight or obesity were recruited to a r and omized , double-blind trial and received a probiotic mix ( Lactobacillus acidophilus and casei ; Lactococcus lactis ; Bifidobacterium bifidum and lactis ; 2 × 1010 colony-forming units/day ) ( n = 21 ) or placebo ( n = 22 ) for 8 weeks . Both groups received a dietary prescription . Body composition was assessed by anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . The lipid profile , lipid accumulation product , plasma fatty acids , lipopolysaccharide , interleukin-6 , interleukin-10 , tumor necrosis factor-α , adiponectin , and the antioxidant enzymes activities were analyzed . RESULTS In comparison with the dietary intervention group , the dietary intervention + probiotic mix group showed a greater reduction in the waist circumference ( -3.40 % vs. -5.48 % , P = 0.03 ) , waist-height ratio ( -3.27 % vs. -5.00 % , P = 0.02 ) , conicity index ( -2.43 % vs. -4.09 % P = 0.03 ) , and plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids ( 5.65 % vs. -18.63 % , P = 0.04 ) and an increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase ( -16.67 % vs. 15.62 % , P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of a probiotic mix reduced abdominal adiposity and increased antioxidant enzyme activity in a more effective way than an isolated dietary intervention Background : The aim of the current study was to determine effects of probiotic yoghurt and multispecies probiotic capsule supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in petrochemical workers . Methods : This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was done among petrochemical workers . Subjects were r and omly divided into three groups to receive 100 g/day probiotic yogurt ( n = 12 ) or one probiotic capsule daily ( n = 13 ) or 100 g/day conventional yogurt ( n = 10 ) for 6 weeks . The probiotic yoghurt was containing two strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis with a total of min 1 × 107 CFU . Multispecies probiotic capsule contains seven probiotic bacteria spices Actobacillus casei 3 × 103 , L. acidophilus 3 × 107 , Lactobacillus rhamnosus 7 × 109 , Lactobacillus bulgaricus 5 × 108 , Bifidobacterium breve 2 × 1010 , Bifidobacterium longum 1 × 109 and Streptococcus thermophilus 3 × 108 CFU/g . Fasting blood sample s were obtained at the beginning and end of the trial to quantify biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors . Results : Although a significant within-group decrease in plasma protein carbonyl levels was seen in the probiotic capsule group ( 326.0 ± 308.9 vs. 251.0 ± 176.3 ng/mL , P = 0.02 ) , the changes were similar among the three groups . In addition , significant within-group decreases in plasma iso prostagl and in were observed in the probiotic supplements group ( 111.9 ± 85.4 vs. 88.0 ± 71.0 pg/mL , P = 0.003 ) and in the probiotic yogurt group ( 116.3 ± 93.0 vs. 92.0 ± 66.0 pg/mL , P = 0.02 ) , nevertheless there were no significant change among the three groups . Conclusions : Taken together , consumption of probiotic yogurt or multispecies probiotic capsule had beneficial effects on biomarkers of oxidative stress in petrochemical workers OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes . Among various functional foods with an antioxidant effect , probiotic foods have been reported to repress oxidative stress . The objective of this clinical trial was to assess the effects of probiotic and conventional yogurt on blood glucose and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients . METHODS Sixty-four patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus , 30 to 60 y old , were assigned to two groups in this r and omized , double-blind , controlled clinical trial . The patients in the intervention group consumed 300 g/d of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 and those in the control group consumed 300 g/d of conventional yogurt for 6 wk .  Fasting blood sample s , 24-h dietary recalls , and anthropometric measurements were collected at the baseline and at the end of the trial . RESULTS Probiotic yogurt significantly decreased fasting blood glucose ( P < 0.01 ) and hemoglobin A1c ( P < 0.05 ) and increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and total antioxidant status ( P < 0.05 ) compared with the control group . In addition , the serum malondialdehyde concentration significantly decreased compared with the baseline value in both groups ( P < 0.05 ) . No significant changes from baseline were shown in insulin concentration and erythrocyte catalase activity within either group ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The consumption of probiotic yogurt improved fasting blood glucose and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients . These results suggest that probiotic yogurt is a promising agent for diabetes management Sixteen White children with bronchial asthma were divided into two groups ; one received st and ard anti-asthma chemoprophylaxis ( SAC ) and the other SAC supplemented with 1 g ascorbic acid ( Redoxon ) given as a single daily dose for a 6-month period . In 10 patients the effects of ascorbic acid on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction ( EIB ) were assessed by comparing the pre-ascorbic acid results with those obtained 2 1/2 hours after the intravenous injection of 1 g ascorbic acid . Immunological investigations performed on the two groups were assessment of polymorphonuclear leucocyte ( PMNL ) motility , phagocytosis and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and measurement of secretory IgA , serum immunoglobulin and total haemolytic complement levels and levels of the components C3 and C4 , alpha 1-antitrypsin , antistreptolysin O ( ASO ) , C-reactive protein and antibodies to certain respiratory viruses . These investigations were performed before and 1 , 3 and 6 months after the commencement of therapy . Radio-allergosorbent testing for sensitivity to four common allergens was carried out at the outset and after 6 months of therapy . Injection of ascorbic acid had no detectable effects on the degree of EIB . Slight but not significant immunological changes were observed in the SAC group over the 6-month study period . However , in the SAC plus ascorbic acid group significantly improved PMNL motility and decreased ASO levels and reduced ( although not to a significant extent ) IgE levels and titres of antibodies to the respiratory viruses were observed Objective : Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA 
    Output:
    