human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of eccentric training using a constant load with longer exposure time at the eccentric phase on knee extensor muscle strength and functional capacity of elderly subjects in comparison with a conventional resistance training program . Twenty-six healthy elderly women ( age = 67 ± 6 years ) were r and omly assigned to an eccentric-focused training group ( ETG ; n = 13 ) or a conventional training group ( CTG ; n = 13 ) . Subjects underwent 12 weeks of resistance training twice a week . For the ETG , concentric and eccentric phases were performed using 1.5 and 4.5 s , respectively , while for CTG , each phase lasted 1.5 s. Maximum dynamic strength was assessed by the one-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) test in the leg press and knee extension exercises , and for functional capacity , subjects performed specific tests ( 6-m walk test , timed up- and -go test , stair-climbing test , and chair-rising test ) . Both groups improved knee extension 1RM ( 24–26 % ; p = 0.021 ) , timed up- and -go test ( 11–16 % ; p < 0.001 ) , 6-m walk test ( 9–12 % ; p = 0.004 ) , stair-climbing test ( 8–13 % ; p = 0.007 ) , and chair-rising test ( 15–16 % ; p < 0.001 ) , but there was no significant difference between groups . In conclusion , the strategy of increasing the exposure time at the eccentric phase of movement using the same training volume and intensity does not promote different adaptations in strength or functional capacity compared to conventional resistance training in elderly woman Background The current recommendations on resistance training involving older adults have reported an improvement of body composition variables . Despite this , there is a lack of knowledge on how elastic resistance training ( ERT ) affects the muscle mass in older adults population . The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a short-term ERT on muscle mass of health and untrained older adults . Methods Forty older adults were r and omized into two groups of 20 individuals each : Control Group ( CG = 66.2 ± 6.6 years ) and  Training Group ( TG = 69.1 ± 6.3 years ) . TG underwent an ERT twice a week during 8 weeks and control group did not receive any specific intervention . The primary outcome was the upper and lower limbs muscle mass , measured by Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry . The secondary outcomes were knee isokinetic peak torque ( PT ) at 60 ° /s and 120 ° /s speeds and isometric h and grip strength . A 2 × 2 mixed model ( group [ TG and CG ] × time [ pre and post ] ) analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) was applied to determine the effect on primary and secondary outcomes . Results The results of the ANOVA showed no significant effects in group x time interaction for ( 1 ) upper limbs fat free mass ( F [ 1.38 ] = 1.80 , p = 0.19 , effect size [ ES ] = 0.1 ) and for ( 2 ) lower limbs fat free mass ( F [ 1.38 ] = 0.03 , p = 0.88 , ES = 0.02 ) . Regarding muscle strength , the ANOVA showed no significant effects in group x time interaction for ( 3 ) PT at 60 ° /s ( F [ 1.38 ] = 0.33 , p = 0.56 , ES = 3.0 ) , for ( 4 ) PT at 120 ° /s ( F [ 1.38 ] = 0.80 , p = 0.38 , ES = 4.1 ) and for h and grip strength ( F [ 1.38 ] = 0.65 , p = 0.42-value , ES = 0.9 ) . Analysis of PT in TG showed a significant change of 4.5 % , but only at 120 ° /s ( p = 0.01 ) when comparing pre and post-training ( time interaction ) . Conclusions Eight weeks of ERT did not show significant changes in muscle mass and strength of untrained older adults . Trial registration NCT02253615 ( 09/25/14 BACKGROUND whole-body vibration training may improve neuromuscular function , falls risk and bone density , but previous studies have had conflicting findings . OBJECTIVE this study aim ed to evaluate the influence of vertical vibration ( VV ) and side-alternating vibration ( SV ) on musculoskeletal health in older people at risk of falls . DESIGN single-blind , r and omised , controlled trial comparing vibration training to sham vibration ( Sham ) in addition to usual care . PARTICIPANTS participants were 61 older people ( 37 women and 24 men ) , aged 80.2 + 6.5 years , referred to an outpatient falls prevention service . METHODS participants were r and omly assigned to VV , SV or Sham in addition to the usual falls prevention programme . Participants were requested to attend three vibration sessions per week for 12 weeks , with sessions increasing to six , 1 min bouts of vibration . Falls risk factors and neuromuscular tests were assessed , and blood sample s collected for determination of bone turnover , at baseline and following the intervention . RESULTS chair st and time , timed-up- and -go time , fear of falling , NEADL index and postural sway with eyes open improved in the Sham group . There were significantly greater gains in leg power in the VV than in the Sham group and in bone formation in SV and VV compared with the Sham group . Conversely , body sway improved less in the VV than in the Sham group . Changes in falls risk factors did not differ between the groups . CONCLUSIONS whole-body vibration increased leg power and bone formation , but it did not provide any additional benefits to balance or fall risk factors beyond a falls prevention programme in older people at risk of falls The term “ bilateral deficit ” ( BLD ) has been used to describe a reduction in performance during bilateral contractions when compared to the sum of identical unilateral contractions . In old age , maximal isometric force production ( MIF ) decreases and BLD increases indicating the need for training interventions to mitigate this impact in seniors . In a cross-sectional approach , we examined age-related differences in MIF and BLD in young ( age : 20–30 years ) and old adults ( age : > 65 years ) . In addition , a r and omized-controlled trial was conducted to investigate training-specific effects of resistance vs. balance training on MIF and BLD of the leg extensors in old adults . Subjects were r and omly assigned to resistance training ( n = 19 ) , balance training ( n = 14 ) , or a control group ( n = 20 ) . Bilateral heavy-resistance training for the lower extremities was performed for 13 weeks ( 3 × / week ) at 80 % of the one repetition maximum . Balance training was conducted using predominately unilateral exercises on wobble boards , soft mats , and uneven surfaces for the same duration . Pre- and post-tests included uni- and bilateral measurements of maximal isometric leg extension force . At baseline , young subjects outperformed older adults in uni- and bilateral MIF ( all p < .001 ; d = 2.61–3.37 ) and in measures of BLD ( p < .001 ; d = 2.04 ) . We also found significant increases in uni- and bilateral MIF after resistance training ( all p < .001 , d = 1.8 - 5.7 ) and balance training ( all p < .05 , d = 1.3 - 3.2 ) . In addition , BLD decreased following resistance ( p < .001 , d = 3.4 ) and balance training ( p < .001 , d = 2.6 ) . It can be concluded that both training regimens result ed in increased MIF and decreased BLD of the leg extensors ( HRT-group more than BAL-group ) , almost reaching the levels of young adults Abstract This study determined the effect of 6 months of low-load very high-repetition resistance training on bone mineral density ( BMD ) and body composition in nonosteoporotic middle-aged and older women . Fifty healthy , active community-dwelling women aged 56–75 years took part in the two-group , repeated- measures r and omized controlled trial . Participants either undertook 6 months of low-load very high-repetition resistance training in the form of BodyPump ™ or served as control participants . Outcome measures included BMD at the lumbar spine , hip , and total body ; total fat mass ; fat-free soft tissue mass and maximal isotonic strength . Significant group-by-time interactions were found for lumbar spine BMD and maximal strength in favor of the BodyPump ™ group . No favorable effects were found for hip BMD , total body BMD , total fat mass , or fat-free soft tissue mass . Three participants withdrew from the intervention group due to injury or fear of injury associated with training . Under the conditions used in this research , low-load very high-repetition resistance training is effective at attenuating losses in lumbar spine BMD compared to controls in healthy , active women aged over 55 years but did not influence hip and total body BMD or fat mass and fat-free soft tissue mass Objective The main purpose of the investigation reported here was to analyze the effect of resistance training ( RT ) performed at different weekly frequencies on flexibility in older women . Participants and methods Fifty-three older women ( ≥60 years old ) were r and omly assigned to perform RT either two ( n=28 ; group “ G2x ” ) , or three ( n=25 ; group “ G3x ” ) times per week . The RT program comprised eight exercises in which the participants performed one set of 10–15 repetitions maximum for a period of 12 weeks . Anthropometric , body-composition , and flexibility measurements were made at baseline and post- study . The flexibility measurements were obtained by a fleximeter . Results A significant group-by-time interaction ( P<0.01 ) was observed for frontal hip flexion , in which G3x showed a higher increase than G2x ( + 12.8 % and + 3.0 % , respectively ) . Both groups increased flexibility in cervical extension ( G2x=+19.1 % , G3x=+20.0 % ) , right hip flexion ( G2x=+14.6 % , G3x=+15.9 % ) , and left hip flexion ( G2x=+25.7 % , G3x=+19.2 % ) , with no statistical difference between groups . No statistically significant differences were noted for the increase in skeletal muscle mass between training three versus two times a week ( + 7.4 % vs + 4.4 % , respectively ) . Conclusion Twelve weeks of RT  improves the flexibility of different joint movements in older women , and the higher frequency induces greater increases for frontal hip flexion The aim of this r and omized controlled trial was to determine the effects of 8-week exercise-intervention on cognition and related serum biochemical markers in nonagenarians . We also studied the effects of a 4-week training cessation ( ' detraining ' ) period on our study variables . Participants were r and omly allocated to a st and ard-care ( control ) or intervention ( exercise ) group [ n=20 ( 16 women)/group ] . The intervention focused on supervised , light-to-moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercises ( mainly leg press ) , and included 3 weekly sessions . Cognitive status was determined by the mini-mental state examination and geriatric depression scale . We analysed proteins with reported relation with mechanisms behind cognition changes such as serum levels of angiotensin converting enzyme , amyloid-precursor protein , epidermal growth factor , brain-derived neural factor and tumor necrosis factor . No significant change ( P>0.05 ) in any of the variables studied was found following the exercise intervention compared with the st and ard-care group . Similarly , no significant changes ( P>0.05 ) were observed following the detraining period compared with the st and ard-care group . Overall changes after the exercise intervention in serum biomarkers were not associated with changes in functional capacity and cognitive measures . An 8-week exercise intervention focusing on resistance exercises neither benefits cognitive function nor affects the levels of the serum proteins analysed in nonagenarians Purpose To determine if 8 weeks of periodized strength resistance training ( RT ) utilizing relatively short rest interval lengths ( RI ) in between sets ( SS ) would induce greater improvements in body composition and muscular performance , compared to the same RT program utilizing extended RI ( SL ) . Methods 22 male volunteers ( SS : n = 11 , 65.6 ± 3.4 years ; SL : n = 11 , 70.3 ± 4.9 years ) were assigned to one of two strength RT groups , following 4 weeks of periodized hypertrophic RT ( PHRT ) : strength RT with 60-s RI ( SS ) or strength RT with 4-min RI ( SL ) . Prior to r and omization , all 22 study participants trained 3 days/week , for 4 weeks , targeting hypertrophy ; from week 4 to week 12 , SS and SL followed the same periodized strength RT program for 8 weeks , with RI the only difference in their RT prescription . Results Following PHRT , all study participants experienced increases in lean body mass ( LBM ) ( p < 0.01 ) , upper and lower body strength ( p < 0.001 ) , and dynamic power ( p < 0.001 ) , as well as decreases in percentage body fat ( p < 0.05 ) . Across the 8-week strength RT phase , SS experienced significantly greater increases in LBM ( p = 0.001 ) , flat machine bench press 1-RM ( p < 0.001 
    Output:
    
agent
In frail older persons , moderate-to-large beneficial exercise effects were noted on inflammation , muscle strength and physical functioning .
In healthy older persons , effects of resistance training ( most frequently investigated ) on inflammation or muscle strength can be influenced by the exercise modalities ( intensity and rest interval between sets ) .
Muscle strength seemed the most frequently used outcome measure , with moderate-to-large effects obtained regardless the exercise intervention studied .
Similar effects were found in patients with specific diseases .
Summary Exercise has moderate-to-large effects on muscle strength , body composition , physical functioning and inflammation in older adults .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of eccentric training using a constant load with longer exposure time at the eccentric phase on knee extensor muscle strength and functional capacity of elderly subjects in comparison with a conventional resistance training program . Twenty-six healthy elderly women ( age = 67 ± 6 years ) were r and omly assigned to an eccentric-focused training group ( ETG ; n = 13 ) or a conventional training group ( CTG ; n = 13 ) . Subjects underwent 12 weeks of resistance training twice a week . For the ETG , concentric and eccentric phases were performed using 1.5 and 4.5 s , respectively , while for CTG , each phase lasted 1.5 s. Maximum dynamic strength was assessed by the one-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) test in the leg press and knee extension exercises , and for functional capacity , subjects performed specific tests ( 6-m walk test , timed up- and -go test , stair-climbing test , and chair-rising test ) . Both groups improved knee extension 1RM ( 24–26 % ; p = 0.021 ) , timed up- and -go test ( 11–16 % ; p < 0.001 ) , 6-m walk test ( 9–12 % ; p = 0.004 ) , stair-climbing test ( 8–13 % ; p = 0.007 ) , and chair-rising test ( 15–16 % ; p < 0.001 ) , but there was no significant difference between groups . In conclusion , the strategy of increasing the exposure time at the eccentric phase of movement using the same training volume and intensity does not promote different adaptations in strength or functional capacity compared to conventional resistance training in elderly woman Background The current recommendations on resistance training involving older adults have reported an improvement of body composition variables . Despite this , there is a lack of knowledge on how elastic resistance training ( ERT ) affects the muscle mass in older adults population . The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a short-term ERT on muscle mass of health and untrained older adults . Methods Forty older adults were r and omized into two groups of 20 individuals each : Control Group ( CG = 66.2 ± 6.6 years ) and  Training Group ( TG = 69.1 ± 6.3 years ) . TG underwent an ERT twice a week during 8 weeks and control group did not receive any specific intervention . The primary outcome was the upper and lower limbs muscle mass , measured by Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry . The secondary outcomes were knee isokinetic peak torque ( PT ) at 60 ° /s and 120 ° /s speeds and isometric h and grip strength . A 2 × 2 mixed model ( group [ TG and CG ] × time [ pre and post ] ) analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) was applied to determine the effect on primary and secondary outcomes . Results The results of the ANOVA showed no significant effects in group x time interaction for ( 1 ) upper limbs fat free mass ( F [ 1.38 ] = 1.80 , p = 0.19 , effect size [ ES ] = 0.1 ) and for ( 2 ) lower limbs fat free mass ( F [ 1.38 ] = 0.03 , p = 0.88 , ES = 0.02 ) . Regarding muscle strength , the ANOVA showed no significant effects in group x time interaction for ( 3 ) PT at 60 ° /s ( F [ 1.38 ] = 0.33 , p = 0.56 , ES = 3.0 ) , for ( 4 ) PT at 120 ° /s ( F [ 1.38 ] = 0.80 , p = 0.38 , ES = 4.1 ) and for h and grip strength ( F [ 1.38 ] = 0.65 , p = 0.42-value , ES = 0.9 ) . Analysis of PT in TG showed a significant change of 4.5 % , but only at 120 ° /s ( p = 0.01 ) when comparing pre and post-training ( time interaction ) . Conclusions Eight weeks of ERT did not show significant changes in muscle mass and strength of untrained older adults . Trial registration NCT02253615 ( 09/25/14 BACKGROUND whole-body vibration training may improve neuromuscular function , falls risk and bone density , but previous studies have had conflicting findings . OBJECTIVE this study aim ed to evaluate the influence of vertical vibration ( VV ) and side-alternating vibration ( SV ) on musculoskeletal health in older people at risk of falls . DESIGN single-blind , r and omised , controlled trial comparing vibration training to sham vibration ( Sham ) in addition to usual care . PARTICIPANTS participants were 61 older people ( 37 women and 24 men ) , aged 80.2 + 6.5 years , referred to an outpatient falls prevention service . METHODS participants were r and omly assigned to VV , SV or Sham in addition to the usual falls prevention programme . Participants were requested to attend three vibration sessions per week for 12 weeks , with sessions increasing to six , 1 min bouts of vibration . Falls risk factors and neuromuscular tests were assessed , and blood sample s collected for determination of bone turnover , at baseline and following the intervention . RESULTS chair st and time , timed-up- and -go time , fear of falling , NEADL index and postural sway with eyes open improved in the Sham group . There were significantly greater gains in leg power in the VV than in the Sham group and in bone formation in SV and VV compared with the Sham group . Conversely , body sway improved less in the VV than in the Sham group . Changes in falls risk factors did not differ between the groups . CONCLUSIONS whole-body vibration increased leg power and bone formation , but it did not provide any additional benefits to balance or fall risk factors beyond a falls prevention programme in older people at risk of falls The term “ bilateral deficit ” ( BLD ) has been used to describe a reduction in performance during bilateral contractions when compared to the sum of identical unilateral contractions . In old age , maximal isometric force production ( MIF ) decreases and BLD increases indicating the need for training interventions to mitigate this impact in seniors . In a cross-sectional approach , we examined age-related differences in MIF and BLD in young ( age : 20–30 years ) and old adults ( age : > 65 years ) . In addition , a r and omized-controlled trial was conducted to investigate training-specific effects of resistance vs. balance training on MIF and BLD of the leg extensors in old adults . Subjects were r and omly assigned to resistance training ( n = 19 ) , balance training ( n = 14 ) , or a control group ( n = 20 ) . Bilateral heavy-resistance training for the lower extremities was performed for 13 weeks ( 3 × / week ) at 80 % of the one repetition maximum . Balance training was conducted using predominately unilateral exercises on wobble boards , soft mats , and uneven surfaces for the same duration . Pre- and post-tests included uni- and bilateral measurements of maximal isometric leg extension force . At baseline , young subjects outperformed older adults in uni- and bilateral MIF ( all p < .001 ; d = 2.61–3.37 ) and in measures of BLD ( p < .001 ; d = 2.04 ) . We also found significant increases in uni- and bilateral MIF after resistance training ( all p < .001 , d = 1.8 - 5.7 ) and balance training ( all p < .05 , d = 1.3 - 3.2 ) . In addition , BLD decreased following resistance ( p < .001 , d = 3.4 ) and balance training ( p < .001 , d = 2.6 ) . It can be concluded that both training regimens result ed in increased MIF and decreased BLD of the leg extensors ( HRT-group more than BAL-group ) , almost reaching the levels of young adults Abstract This study determined the effect of 6 months of low-load very high-repetition resistance training on bone mineral density ( BMD ) and body composition in nonosteoporotic middle-aged and older women . Fifty healthy , active community-dwelling women aged 56–75 years took part in the two-group , repeated- measures r and omized controlled trial . Participants either undertook 6 months of low-load very high-repetition resistance training in the form of BodyPump ™ or served as control participants . Outcome measures included BMD at the lumbar spine , hip , and total body ; total fat mass ; fat-free soft tissue mass and maximal isotonic strength . Significant group-by-time interactions were found for lumbar spine BMD and maximal strength in favor of the BodyPump ™ group . No favorable effects were found for hip BMD , total body BMD , total fat mass , or fat-free soft tissue mass . Three participants withdrew from the intervention group due to injury or fear of injury associated with training . Under the conditions used in this research , low-load very high-repetition resistance training is effective at attenuating losses in lumbar spine BMD compared to controls in healthy , active women aged over 55 years but did not influence hip and total body BMD or fat mass and fat-free soft tissue mass Objective The main purpose of the investigation reported here was to analyze the effect of resistance training ( RT ) performed at different weekly frequencies on flexibility in older women . Participants and methods Fifty-three older women ( ≥60 years old ) were r and omly assigned to perform RT either two ( n=28 ; group “ G2x ” ) , or three ( n=25 ; group “ G3x ” ) times per week . The RT program comprised eight exercises in which the participants performed one set of 10–15 repetitions maximum for a period of 12 weeks . Anthropometric , body-composition , and flexibility measurements were made at baseline and post- study . The flexibility measurements were obtained by a fleximeter . Results A significant group-by-time interaction ( P<0.01 ) was observed for frontal hip flexion , in which G3x showed a higher increase than G2x ( + 12.8 % and + 3.0 % , respectively ) . Both groups increased flexibility in cervical extension ( G2x=+19.1 % , G3x=+20.0 % ) , right hip flexion ( G2x=+14.6 % , G3x=+15.9 % ) , and left hip flexion ( G2x=+25.7 % , G3x=+19.2 % ) , with no statistical difference between groups . No statistically significant differences were noted for the increase in skeletal muscle mass between training three versus two times a week ( + 7.4 % vs + 4.4 % , respectively ) . Conclusion Twelve weeks of RT  improves the flexibility of different joint movements in older women , and the higher frequency induces greater increases for frontal hip flexion The aim of this r and omized controlled trial was to determine the effects of 8-week exercise-intervention on cognition and related serum biochemical markers in nonagenarians . We also studied the effects of a 4-week training cessation ( ' detraining ' ) period on our study variables . Participants were r and omly allocated to a st and ard-care ( control ) or intervention ( exercise ) group [ n=20 ( 16 women)/group ] . The intervention focused on supervised , light-to-moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercises ( mainly leg press ) , and included 3 weekly sessions . Cognitive status was determined by the mini-mental state examination and geriatric depression scale . We analysed proteins with reported relation with mechanisms behind cognition changes such as serum levels of angiotensin converting enzyme , amyloid-precursor protein , epidermal growth factor , brain-derived neural factor and tumor necrosis factor . No significant change ( P>0.05 ) in any of the variables studied was found following the exercise intervention compared with the st and ard-care group . Similarly , no significant changes ( P>0.05 ) were observed following the detraining period compared with the st and ard-care group . Overall changes after the exercise intervention in serum biomarkers were not associated with changes in functional capacity and cognitive measures . An 8-week exercise intervention focusing on resistance exercises neither benefits cognitive function nor affects the levels of the serum proteins analysed in nonagenarians Purpose To determine if 8 weeks of periodized strength resistance training ( RT ) utilizing relatively short rest interval lengths ( RI ) in between sets ( SS ) would induce greater improvements in body composition and muscular performance , compared to the same RT program utilizing extended RI ( SL ) . Methods 22 male volunteers ( SS : n = 11 , 65.6 ± 3.4 years ; SL : n = 11 , 70.3 ± 4.9 years ) were assigned to one of two strength RT groups , following 4 weeks of periodized hypertrophic RT ( PHRT ) : strength RT with 60-s RI ( SS ) or strength RT with 4-min RI ( SL ) . Prior to r and omization , all 22 study participants trained 3 days/week , for 4 weeks , targeting hypertrophy ; from week 4 to week 12 , SS and SL followed the same periodized strength RT program for 8 weeks , with RI the only difference in their RT prescription . Results Following PHRT , all study participants experienced increases in lean body mass ( LBM ) ( p < 0.01 ) , upper and lower body strength ( p < 0.001 ) , and dynamic power ( p < 0.001 ) , as well as decreases in percentage body fat ( p < 0.05 ) . Across the 8-week strength RT phase , SS experienced significantly greater increases in LBM ( p = 0.001 ) , flat machine bench press 1-RM ( p < 0.001 
    Output:
    