human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Many foods and nutrients have been suggested to influence life expectancy . However , previous studies have not examined the relationship between dietary patterns and cause-specific mortality . Our study prospect ively examines the relationship of dietary patterns with total mortality and cause-specific mortality in a population -based cohort study of Chinese women . Methods : The Shanghai Women 's Health Study is a population -based cohort study of 74,942 women age 40 to 70 years at the time of recruitment ( September 1996 to May 2000 ) . Detailed dietary information was collected using a vali date d , quantitative food frequency question naire . The cohort has been followed using a combination of in-person interviews and record linkage with various registries . Dietary patterns , derived from principal component analysis , were examined for their relation to total mortality and cause-specific mortality using Cox regression models . Results : After an average of 5.7 years of follow-up ( 423,717 person-years of observation ) , there were 1565 deaths . We derived 3 major dietary patterns ( vegetable-rich , fruit-rich , and meat-rich ) . The adjusted hazard ratios for the fruit-rich diet were 0.94 ( 95 % CI = 0.89–0.98 ) for all causes of death and 0.89 ( 0.81–0.99 ) , 0.79 ( 0.69–0.91 ) , and 0.51 ( 0.39–0.65 ) for death caused by cardiovascular disease , stroke , and diabetes , respectively . The meat-rich diet was associated with increased risk of diabetes ( HR = 1.18 ; 95 % CI = 0.98–1.42 ) and a slightly elevated risk of total mortality . Conclusion : In general , a fruit-rich diet was related to lower mortality , whereas a meat-rich diet appeared to increase the probability of death OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether cinnamon improves blood glucose , triglyceride , total cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol levels in people with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 60 people with type 2 diabetes , 30 men and 30 women aged 52.2 + /- 6.32 years , were divided r and omly into six groups . Groups 1 , 2 , and 3 consumed 1 , 3 , or 6 g of cinnamon daily , respectively , and groups 4 , 5 , and 6 were given placebo capsules corresponding to the number of capsules consumed for the three levels of cinnamon . The cinnamon was consumed for 40 days followed by a 20-day washout period . RESULTS After 40 days , all three levels of cinnamon reduced the mean fasting serum glucose ( 18 - 29 % ) , triglyceride ( 23 - 30 % ) , LDL cholesterol ( 7 - 27 % ) , and total cholesterol ( 12 - 26 % ) levels ; no significant changes were noted in the placebo groups . Changes in HDL cholesterol were not significant . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that intake of 1 , 3 , or 6 g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose , triglyceride , LDL cholesterol , and total cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases BACKGROUND & AIMS Multiple studies have evaluated the hypoglycemic effect of cinnamon in patients with diabetes mellitus ( DM ) type II , with conflicting results . Differences in Baseline Body Mass Index ( BMI ) of patients may be able to explain the observed differences in the results . This study was design ed to evaluate the effect of cinnamon supplementation on anthropometric , glycemic and lipid outcomes of patients with DM type II based on their baseline BMI . METHODS The study was design ed as a triple-blind placebo-controlled r and omized clinical trial , using a parallel design . One hundred and forty patients referred to Diabetes Clinic of Yazd University of Medical Sciences with diagnosis of DM type II were r and omly assigned in four groups : cinnamon ( BMI ≥ 27 , BMI < 27 ) and Placebo ( BMI ≥ 27 , BMI < 27 ) . Patients received cinnamon bark powder or placebo in 500 mg capsules twice daily for 3 months . Anthropometric , glycemic and lipid outcomes were measured before and after the intervention . RESULT Cinnamon supplementation led to improvement of all anthropometric ( BMI , body fat , and visceral fat ) , glycemic ( FPG , 2hpp , HbA1C , Fasting Insulin , and Insulin Resistance ) , and lipids ( Cholesterol Total , LDL-c and HDL-c ) outcomes ( except for triglycerides level ) . All observed changes ( except for Cholesterol Total and LDL-c ) were significantly more prominent in patients with higher baseline BMI ( BMI ≥ 27 ) . CONCLUSION Based on the study findings , cinnamon may improve anthropometric parameters , glycemic indices and lipid profile of patients with type II diabetes . These benefits are significantly more prominent in patients with higher baseline BMI ( BMI ≥ 27 ) . The trial protocol was registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials data base ( registration ID : I RCT 2017031133015N1 ) Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more AIMS Various spices display insulin-potentiating activity in vitro , and in particular , cinnamon spice and its phenolic extracts have been shown to exhibit these capabilities . In vivo study shows that cinnamon may have beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis ; therefore the aim of this study was to further investigate this phenomenon in humans . METHODS Seven lean healthy male volunteers , aged 26 + /- 1 years , body mass index 24.5 + /- 0.3 kg/m(2 ) ( mean + /- s.e.m . ) , underwent three oral glucose tolerance tests ( OGTT ) supplemented with either a 5 g placebo ( OGTT(control ) ) , 5 g of cinnamon ( OGTT(cin ) ) , or 5 g of cinnamon taken 12 h before ( OGTT(cin12hpre ) ) in a r and omized-crossover design . RESULTS Cinnamon ingestion reduced total plasma glucose responses ( AUC ) to oral glucose ingestion [ -13 % and -10 % for OGTT(cin ) ( p < 0.05 ) and OGTT(cin12hpre ) ( p < 0.05 ) , respectively ] , as well as improving insulin sensitivity as assessed by insulin sensitivity index measures based on Matsuda 's model in both OGTT(cin ) ( p < 0.05 ) and OGTT(cin12hpre ) ( p < 0.05 ) trials compared with OGTT(control ) . CONCLUSIONS These data illustrate that cinnamon spice supplementation may be important to in vivo glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in humans , and not only are its effects immediate , they also appear to be sustained for 12 Cinnamon ( 肉桂 ròu guì ) has in vitro insulin potentiating activity , and proanthocyanidins from cinnamon prevent in vitro formation of advanced glycation end products . Some human studies were equivocal , but several have shown beneficial effects of cinnamon supplementation on circulating glucose , lipids , and /or insulin . This placebo-controlled double-blind trial tested the effects of a dried water extract of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum cassia ) on circulating glucose , lipids , insulin , and insulin resistance . Men and women from Beijing and Dalian , China , were invited to participate if they had fasting serum glucose > 6.1 mmol/L or 2-h glucose > 7.8 mmol/L. Participants , ( 173 were enrolled and 137 completed the study ) were r and omly assigned to receive either a spray-dried , water extract of cinnamon ( CinSulin ® ) , 250 mg/capsule , or a placebo , twice a day for two months . Mean ± SEM age of participants was 61.3 ± 0.8 years , BMI was 25.3 ± 0.3 and M/F ratio was 65/72 .  After 2 mo , fasting glucose decreased ( p < 0.001 ) in the cinnamon extract-supplemented group ( 8.85 ± 0.36 to 8.19 ± 0.29 mmol/L ) compared with the placebo group ( 8.57 ± 0.32 to 8.44 ± 0.34 mmol/L , p = 0.45 ) . Glucose 2 h after a 75 g carbohydrate load , fasting insulin , and HOMA-IR also decreased with cinnamon extract compared with  placebo . Total and LDL-cholesterol decreased with cinnamon extract and HDL-cholesterol decreased in both the cinnamon-extract and placebo groups . In conclusion , supplementation with 500 mg of water-extract of cinnamon for two months reduced fasting insulin , glucose , total cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol and enhanced insulin sensitivity of subjects with elevated blood glucose Objective : Type 2 diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder worldwide . Traditional herbs and spices can be used to control blood glucose concentrations . The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the daily intake of three grams cinnamon over eight weeks on glycemic status , lipid profiles and body composition in type 2 diabetic patients . Methods : A double blind , r and omized , placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted on 44 patients with type 2 diabetes . Participants were r and omly assigned to take either a three g/day cinnamon supplement ( n=22 ) or a placebo ( n=22 ) for eight weeks . Weight , height , body fat mass and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured at baseline and after intervention . The fasting blood glucose , insulin , HbA1c , total cholesterol , LDL C , HDL C , Apo lipoprotein A I and B were measured at baseline and endpoint . Results : From 44 subjects participated in this study 37 completed the study . There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics , dietary intake and physical activity between groups . In the treatment group , the levels of fasting blood glucose , HbA1c , triglyceride , weight , BMI and body fat mass decreased significantly compared to baseline , but not in placebo group . No significant differences were observed in glycemic status indicators , lipid profile and anthropometric indicators between the groups at the end of intervention . Conclusion : These data suggest that cinnamon may have a moderate effect in improving glycemic status indicators For thous and s of years , cinnamon has been used as a traditional treatment in China . However , there are no studies to date that investigate whether cinnamon supplements are able to aid in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Chinese subjects . We hypothesized cinnamon should be effective in improving blood glucose control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes . To address this hypothesis , we performed a r and omized , double-blinded clinical study to analyze the effect of cinnamon extract on glycosylated hemoglobin A(1c ) and fasting blood glucose levels in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes . A total of 66 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited and r and omly divided into 3 groups : placebo and low-dose and high-dose supplementation with cinnamon extract at 120 and 360 mg/d , respectively . Patients in all 3 groups took gliclazide during the entire 3 months of the study . Both hemoglobin A(1c ) and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in patients in the low- and high-dose groups , whereas they were not changed in the placebo group . The blood triglyceride levels were also significantly reduced in the low-dose group . The blood levels of total cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and liver transaminase remained unchanged in the 3 groups . In conclusion , our study indicates that cinnamon supplementation is able to significantly improve blood glucose control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes Experimental and some clinical evidence suggests that ingestion of cinnamon may improve metabolic measures in individuals with diabetes ; however , few human studies have been design ed to examine this association as their primary objective . In this study adult subjects 30 years of age or older with type 2 diabetes were r and omized to treatment with 1,200 mg/day cinnamon or matched placebo . Blood pressure , hemoglobin A1c , fasting blood glucose , lipid profile , physical examination , and blood and urine chemistry were measured at baseline and at the 12-week follow-up end-of-treatment visit . In total , 59 subjects ( 40.7 
    Output:
    
agent
The cinnamon administrations significantly reduced FM at the dosages of ≥2 g/d , when administered for ≥12 weeks .
Cinnamon administration result ed in BW and WC reduction in non-linear fashion ( P = 0.04 ) .
Cinnamon supplementation significantly affects obesity measures .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : Many foods and nutrients have been suggested to influence life expectancy . However , previous studies have not examined the relationship between dietary patterns and cause-specific mortality . Our study prospect ively examines the relationship of dietary patterns with total mortality and cause-specific mortality in a population -based cohort study of Chinese women . Methods : The Shanghai Women 's Health Study is a population -based cohort study of 74,942 women age 40 to 70 years at the time of recruitment ( September 1996 to May 2000 ) . Detailed dietary information was collected using a vali date d , quantitative food frequency question naire . The cohort has been followed using a combination of in-person interviews and record linkage with various registries . Dietary patterns , derived from principal component analysis , were examined for their relation to total mortality and cause-specific mortality using Cox regression models . Results : After an average of 5.7 years of follow-up ( 423,717 person-years of observation ) , there were 1565 deaths . We derived 3 major dietary patterns ( vegetable-rich , fruit-rich , and meat-rich ) . The adjusted hazard ratios for the fruit-rich diet were 0.94 ( 95 % CI = 0.89–0.98 ) for all causes of death and 0.89 ( 0.81–0.99 ) , 0.79 ( 0.69–0.91 ) , and 0.51 ( 0.39–0.65 ) for death caused by cardiovascular disease , stroke , and diabetes , respectively . The meat-rich diet was associated with increased risk of diabetes ( HR = 1.18 ; 95 % CI = 0.98–1.42 ) and a slightly elevated risk of total mortality . Conclusion : In general , a fruit-rich diet was related to lower mortality , whereas a meat-rich diet appeared to increase the probability of death OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether cinnamon improves blood glucose , triglyceride , total cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol levels in people with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 60 people with type 2 diabetes , 30 men and 30 women aged 52.2 + /- 6.32 years , were divided r and omly into six groups . Groups 1 , 2 , and 3 consumed 1 , 3 , or 6 g of cinnamon daily , respectively , and groups 4 , 5 , and 6 were given placebo capsules corresponding to the number of capsules consumed for the three levels of cinnamon . The cinnamon was consumed for 40 days followed by a 20-day washout period . RESULTS After 40 days , all three levels of cinnamon reduced the mean fasting serum glucose ( 18 - 29 % ) , triglyceride ( 23 - 30 % ) , LDL cholesterol ( 7 - 27 % ) , and total cholesterol ( 12 - 26 % ) levels ; no significant changes were noted in the placebo groups . Changes in HDL cholesterol were not significant . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that intake of 1 , 3 , or 6 g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose , triglyceride , LDL cholesterol , and total cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases BACKGROUND & AIMS Multiple studies have evaluated the hypoglycemic effect of cinnamon in patients with diabetes mellitus ( DM ) type II , with conflicting results . Differences in Baseline Body Mass Index ( BMI ) of patients may be able to explain the observed differences in the results . This study was design ed to evaluate the effect of cinnamon supplementation on anthropometric , glycemic and lipid outcomes of patients with DM type II based on their baseline BMI . METHODS The study was design ed as a triple-blind placebo-controlled r and omized clinical trial , using a parallel design . One hundred and forty patients referred to Diabetes Clinic of Yazd University of Medical Sciences with diagnosis of DM type II were r and omly assigned in four groups : cinnamon ( BMI ≥ 27 , BMI < 27 ) and Placebo ( BMI ≥ 27 , BMI < 27 ) . Patients received cinnamon bark powder or placebo in 500 mg capsules twice daily for 3 months . Anthropometric , glycemic and lipid outcomes were measured before and after the intervention . RESULT Cinnamon supplementation led to improvement of all anthropometric ( BMI , body fat , and visceral fat ) , glycemic ( FPG , 2hpp , HbA1C , Fasting Insulin , and Insulin Resistance ) , and lipids ( Cholesterol Total , LDL-c and HDL-c ) outcomes ( except for triglycerides level ) . All observed changes ( except for Cholesterol Total and LDL-c ) were significantly more prominent in patients with higher baseline BMI ( BMI ≥ 27 ) . CONCLUSION Based on the study findings , cinnamon may improve anthropometric parameters , glycemic indices and lipid profile of patients with type II diabetes . These benefits are significantly more prominent in patients with higher baseline BMI ( BMI ≥ 27 ) . The trial protocol was registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials data base ( registration ID : I RCT 2017031133015N1 ) Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more AIMS Various spices display insulin-potentiating activity in vitro , and in particular , cinnamon spice and its phenolic extracts have been shown to exhibit these capabilities . In vivo study shows that cinnamon may have beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis ; therefore the aim of this study was to further investigate this phenomenon in humans . METHODS Seven lean healthy male volunteers , aged 26 + /- 1 years , body mass index 24.5 + /- 0.3 kg/m(2 ) ( mean + /- s.e.m . ) , underwent three oral glucose tolerance tests ( OGTT ) supplemented with either a 5 g placebo ( OGTT(control ) ) , 5 g of cinnamon ( OGTT(cin ) ) , or 5 g of cinnamon taken 12 h before ( OGTT(cin12hpre ) ) in a r and omized-crossover design . RESULTS Cinnamon ingestion reduced total plasma glucose responses ( AUC ) to oral glucose ingestion [ -13 % and -10 % for OGTT(cin ) ( p < 0.05 ) and OGTT(cin12hpre ) ( p < 0.05 ) , respectively ] , as well as improving insulin sensitivity as assessed by insulin sensitivity index measures based on Matsuda 's model in both OGTT(cin ) ( p < 0.05 ) and OGTT(cin12hpre ) ( p < 0.05 ) trials compared with OGTT(control ) . CONCLUSIONS These data illustrate that cinnamon spice supplementation may be important to in vivo glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in humans , and not only are its effects immediate , they also appear to be sustained for 12 Cinnamon ( 肉桂 ròu guì ) has in vitro insulin potentiating activity , and proanthocyanidins from cinnamon prevent in vitro formation of advanced glycation end products . Some human studies were equivocal , but several have shown beneficial effects of cinnamon supplementation on circulating glucose , lipids , and /or insulin . This placebo-controlled double-blind trial tested the effects of a dried water extract of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum cassia ) on circulating glucose , lipids , insulin , and insulin resistance . Men and women from Beijing and Dalian , China , were invited to participate if they had fasting serum glucose > 6.1 mmol/L or 2-h glucose > 7.8 mmol/L. Participants , ( 173 were enrolled and 137 completed the study ) were r and omly assigned to receive either a spray-dried , water extract of cinnamon ( CinSulin ® ) , 250 mg/capsule , or a placebo , twice a day for two months . Mean ± SEM age of participants was 61.3 ± 0.8 years , BMI was 25.3 ± 0.3 and M/F ratio was 65/72 .  After 2 mo , fasting glucose decreased ( p < 0.001 ) in the cinnamon extract-supplemented group ( 8.85 ± 0.36 to 8.19 ± 0.29 mmol/L ) compared with the placebo group ( 8.57 ± 0.32 to 8.44 ± 0.34 mmol/L , p = 0.45 ) . Glucose 2 h after a 75 g carbohydrate load , fasting insulin , and HOMA-IR also decreased with cinnamon extract compared with  placebo . Total and LDL-cholesterol decreased with cinnamon extract and HDL-cholesterol decreased in both the cinnamon-extract and placebo groups . In conclusion , supplementation with 500 mg of water-extract of cinnamon for two months reduced fasting insulin , glucose , total cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol and enhanced insulin sensitivity of subjects with elevated blood glucose Objective : Type 2 diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder worldwide . Traditional herbs and spices can be used to control blood glucose concentrations . The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the daily intake of three grams cinnamon over eight weeks on glycemic status , lipid profiles and body composition in type 2 diabetic patients . Methods : A double blind , r and omized , placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted on 44 patients with type 2 diabetes . Participants were r and omly assigned to take either a three g/day cinnamon supplement ( n=22 ) or a placebo ( n=22 ) for eight weeks . Weight , height , body fat mass and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured at baseline and after intervention . The fasting blood glucose , insulin , HbA1c , total cholesterol , LDL C , HDL C , Apo lipoprotein A I and B were measured at baseline and endpoint . Results : From 44 subjects participated in this study 37 completed the study . There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics , dietary intake and physical activity between groups . In the treatment group , the levels of fasting blood glucose , HbA1c , triglyceride , weight , BMI and body fat mass decreased significantly compared to baseline , but not in placebo group . No significant differences were observed in glycemic status indicators , lipid profile and anthropometric indicators between the groups at the end of intervention . Conclusion : These data suggest that cinnamon may have a moderate effect in improving glycemic status indicators For thous and s of years , cinnamon has been used as a traditional treatment in China . However , there are no studies to date that investigate whether cinnamon supplements are able to aid in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Chinese subjects . We hypothesized cinnamon should be effective in improving blood glucose control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes . To address this hypothesis , we performed a r and omized , double-blinded clinical study to analyze the effect of cinnamon extract on glycosylated hemoglobin A(1c ) and fasting blood glucose levels in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes . A total of 66 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited and r and omly divided into 3 groups : placebo and low-dose and high-dose supplementation with cinnamon extract at 120 and 360 mg/d , respectively . Patients in all 3 groups took gliclazide during the entire 3 months of the study . Both hemoglobin A(1c ) and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in patients in the low- and high-dose groups , whereas they were not changed in the placebo group . The blood triglyceride levels were also significantly reduced in the low-dose group . The blood levels of total cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and liver transaminase remained unchanged in the 3 groups . In conclusion , our study indicates that cinnamon supplementation is able to significantly improve blood glucose control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes Experimental and some clinical evidence suggests that ingestion of cinnamon may improve metabolic measures in individuals with diabetes ; however , few human studies have been design ed to examine this association as their primary objective . In this study adult subjects 30 years of age or older with type 2 diabetes were r and omized to treatment with 1,200 mg/day cinnamon or matched placebo . Blood pressure , hemoglobin A1c , fasting blood glucose , lipid profile , physical examination , and blood and urine chemistry were measured at baseline and at the 12-week follow-up end-of-treatment visit . In total , 59 subjects ( 40.7 
    Output:
    