human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE The effects of 2 chemical retraction agents on gingival blood flow and systemic blood pressure in subjects with healthy gingiva were investigated . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty volunteer dental students were selected for the study and r and omly divided into 2 groups . Aluminium chloride-impregnated cord ( right side ) and nonimpregnated cord ( left side ) were placed in the gingival sulcus of group 1 . Epinephrine-impregnated cord ( right side ) and nonimpregnated cord ( left side ) were placed in group 2 . Blood flow in the retracted marginal gingiva was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry , and the systemic blood pressures of subjects were recorded before and after the retraction procedure . RESULTS A statistically significant decrease in blood flow was observed in group 2 , but there was no significant change in gingival blood flow in group 1 . A decrease in diastolic blood pressure of the subjects in group 2 was also observed . However , there was no significant change in blood pressure of the subjects in group 1 . CONCLUSION Gingival retraction affects gingival blood flow temporarily . Epinephrine-impregnated cords can be used safely in patients who have healthy gingiva , if patient stress and gingival trauma are avoided during cord placement Aim : The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the microleakage of two different generation bonding agents in the presence of various surface contaminants . Material s and Methods : Class V cavities were prepared on 150 extracted human permanent molars . The sample s were r and omly divided into two main groups of 75 teeth each . Group I : Fifth generation bonding system ( Single Bond , 3 M ) . Group II : Seventh generation bonding system ( iBond , Kulzer ) . Subgroups were formed according to exposure to different surface contaminants ( saliva , blood , caries disclosing agent and haemostatic agent ) . Cavities were restored with hybrid composite ( Z-100 , 3 M ) and evaluated for microleakage . The scores were subjected to ‘ t ’ test and analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) test . Results : Single Bond and iBond did not provide complete resistance to microleakage when there was no contamination . Microleakage was minimum in the no contamination subgroup and maximum with the haemostatic agent subgroup for both the groups . Conclusion : Single bond showed lesser micro leakage in contaminated conditions Objective : This in vitro study evaluated the effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper ( ABS ) contamination on the microleakage of one-step and two-step self-etching adhesives . Study design : Class V cavities were prepared at the cemento-enamel junction on both buccal and lingual surfaces of 60 freshly extracted human molars . Teeth were r and omly assigned into three groups according to contamination material applied ( Group I , no contamination ; Group II , blood contamination ; Group III , ABS contamination ) . In contaminated groups , one drop of blood and ABS solution was applied directly to the dentin surface and air-dried . Each group was further divided into two subgroups according to bonding agent used [ Group A , Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etching adhesive ) ; Group B , Adper Easy One ( one-step self-etching adhesive ) ] . Adhesive material s were applied according to the manufacturers ’ recommendations . The specimens were restored using a universal microhybrid composite ( Arabesk ) . After thermocycling ( 5000x , 5 ° C – 55 ° C ) and immersion in a 0.5 % basic fuchsin , dye penetration was evaluated under a stereomicroscope . Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests at p < 0.05 . Results : Significantly higher microleakage scores were observed when one-step self-etching adhesive was applied to blood- and ABS-contaminated dentin . However , when a two-step self etching adhesive was used , microleakage was observed only following blood contamination , not following ABS contamination . Conclusions : Although , blood contamination before adhesive application result ed in increased microleakage with both one-step and two-step self-etching adhesive systems , ABS contamination did not affect microleakage when a two-step self-ething adhesive system was used . Key words : Ankaferd Blood Stopper , blood , microleakage , self-etching adhesive Objectives : Since hemostatic agents can induce changes on enamel and dentin surfaces and influence composite resin adhesion , the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the aluminum chloride hemostatic agent on the gingival margin microleakage of class V ( Cl V ) composite resin restorations bonded with all-in-one adhesive . Study design : Cl V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 60 sound bovine permanent incisors . Gingival margins of the cavities were placed 1.5 mm apical to the cemento-enamel junction ( CEJ ) . The teeth were r and omly divided into two groups of 30 . In group 1 , the cavities were restored without the application of a hemostatic agent ; in group 2 , the cavities were restored after the application of the hemostatic agent . In both groups all-in-one adhesive and Z250 composite resin were used to restore the cavities with the incremental technique . After finishing and polishing , the sample s underwent a thermocycling procedure , followed by immersion in 2 % basic fuschin solution for 24 hours . The sample s were sectioned and gingival microleakage was evaluated under a stereomicroscope . The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare microleakage between the two groups . Statistical significance was defined at P<0.05 . Results : A statistically significant difference was observed in microleakage between the two groups ( P<0.001 ) . Conclusions : Contamination of Cl V composite resin restorations bonded with all-in-one adhesive with aluminum chloride hemostatic agent significantly increases restoration gingival margin microleakage . Key words : All-in-one adhesive resin , composite resin restoration , hemostatic agent , microleakage Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of blood contamination and haemostatic agents such as Ankaferd Blood Stopper ( ABS ) and hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) on the microtensile bond strength between dual cured resin cement-dentin interface . Material and Methods : Twelve pressed lithium disilicate glass ceramics were luted to flat occlusal dentin surfaces with Panavia F under the following conditions : Control Group : no contamination , Group Blood : blood contamination , Group ABS : ABS contamination Group H2O2 : H2O2 contamination . The specimens were sectioned to the beams and microtensile testing was carried out . Failure modes were classified under stereomicroscope . Two specimens were r and omly selected from each group , and SEM analyses were performed . Results : There were significant differences in microtensile bond strengths ( µTBS ) between the control and blood-contaminated groups ( p<0.05 ) , whereas there were no significant differences found between the control and the other groups ( p>0.05 ) . Conclusions : Contamination by blood of dentin surface prior to bonding reduced the bond strength between resin cement and the dentin . Ankaferd Blood Stoper and H2O2 could be used safely as blood stopping agents during cementation of all-ceramics to dentin to prevent bond failure due to blood contamination STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The presence of irrigation solution prior to the application of dentin bonding agents may be one source of contamination and may adversely affect bond strength . PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro investigation was to evaluate the effect of irrigation solutions of different purity levels on the shear bond strength of a hybrid composite to dentin . MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty extracted , intact human molars were h and -scaled . All soft tissue was removed , and the teeth were stored in room-temperature tap water for 1 week . Subsequently , each tooth was embedded in autopolymerizing acrylic resin with the coronal portion exposed . After complete polymerization of the resin , the dentin surfaces were exposed , and the crown was cut longitudinally on all 4 sides to produce flat dentin surfaces for bonding . The prepared specimens were assigned to 4 groups of irrigation solutions : tap water ( control ) , sterile water , 0.9 % NaCl irrigation solution , and filtered water . Within each irrigation group were 4 dentin bonding agent subgroups : Prime & Bond NT , One-Step , Single Bond Adhesive , and OptiBond Solo . The dentin surfaces ( n = 10 per irrigation/bonding agent pair ) were etched with 37 % phosphoric acid , rinsed with the assigned irrigation solution for 15 seconds , and then dried . Plastic cylinders ( 3 mm long x 3 mm inner diameter ) were filled with a hybrid composite ( Herculite XRV ) and bonded to the dentin . Specimens were loaded in a universal testing machine , and shear force was applied to the base of the composite cylinders , parallel to the dentin surfaces , at a crosshead speed of 0.05 in/min until fracture . Failure loads were recorded . Bond strength data were compared with analysis of variance ( P<.05 ) . Post-hoc comparisons of means were performed with t tests and P values adjusted for multiple comparisons ( Bonferroni method ) . RESULTS Tap water irrigation ( control ) produced no significant difference in bond strengths for all dentin bonding agents tested . When other irrigation solutions were used , One-Step consistently produced significantly lower bond strengths than other dentin bonding agents ( P<.05 ) . No preferential choice of irrigation solution could be made for Prime & Bond or Single Bond Adhesive . However , when One-Step or Solo was used , irrigation with normal saline significantly reduced bond strengths ( P<.05 ) . CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study , the bond strength to dentin of a hybrid composite irrigated with different solutions was dependent on the dentin bonding agent used Aim : This study investigated the effect of one hemostatic agent on the shear bond strength of  self-etch and etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . Material s and Methods : Sixty extracted third molars were selected . After preparing a flat surface of superficial dentin , they were r and omly divided into six groups . Adhesives were Tetric N-Bond , AdheSE , and AdheSE One F. Before applying adhesives , surfaces were contaminated with ViscoStat for 60 s in three groups and rinsed . Then composite were attached to surfaces and light cured . After thermocycling , the bond strength was calculated and failure modes were determined by stereomicroscope . The data were analyzed by t-test and one-way ANOVA with P < 0.05 as the level of significance . Results : ViscoStat had significantly decreased the shear bond strength of AdheSE ( P < 0.0001 ) to dentin . Modes of failures in all groups were mainly adhesive . Conclusion : Contamination had an adverse effect on the shear bond strength of AdheSE and reduced it OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper ( ABS ) on the shear bond strength ( SBS ) of orthodontic attachments . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The study material consisted of 60 freshly extracted bovine permanent m and ibular incisor teeth . All teeth were cleaned and r and omly divided into three groups of 20 specimens and etched with 37 % phosphoric acid for 15 seconds , washed , and air-dried . Teeth in groups 1 and 2 were contaminated with ABS and blood , respectively . Teeth in group 3 were only air-dried . Roth Generous maxillary central incisor brackets were bonded with Transbond XT to all teeth . SBS was applied using a universal test machine . The one-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) test was used to determine significant differences in SBS between the three groups , and Tukey honestly significant post hoc test was used to compare subgroups . RESULTS The mean bond strengths and st and ard deviations of groups 1 , 2 , and 3 were 9.58 + /- 0.95 , 4.04 + /- 0.69 , and 19.56 + /- 1.84 MPa , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Specimens contaminated with blood showed a statistically significant lower in vitro SBS than those contaminated with ABS . ABS may be used clinical ly for obtaining a blood-free tooth surface during application of the brackets on surgically exposed , impacted teeth This study evaluated in vitro the influence of a  temporary filling { zinc oxide-eugenol ( ZOE ) } and two pulpotomy agents { formocresol ( FC ) and ferric sulfate ( FS ) } on shear bond strength ( SBS ) of two dentin adhesives to the dentin of primary molars . A total of 80 dentin surfaces were prepared and r and omly allocated into 10 groups of 8 specimens each . Groups were subjected to different treatments , which included covering with a paste of ZOE mixed at different powder : liquid ( P : L ) ratios , placement on a gauze soaked in FC or FS , or they received no pretreatment and served as a control . XRV Herculite composite cylinders were bonded to dentin surfaces using Prime and Bond NT adhesive resin or Opti Bond Solo Plus adhesive resin . SBSs were determined using the lnstron testing machine running at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min . The use of ZOE mixed at the lower P : L ratio of 10g:2 g significantly decreased the values of SBS of the two adhesives . The use of two pulpotomy agents ( FC and FS ) significantly decreased the SBS of the two adhesives . The bond strength to dentin of primary teeth was influenced by the pulpotomy agents used and the ZOE P : L ratio but not by the adhesive system used This study investigated the effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper ( ABS ) cont 
    Output:
    
agent
Scanning electron microscopy revealed partial removal of the smear layer or an etching effect of dentin as a result of the application of hemostatic agents on dentin .
PRACTICAL IMPLICATION S Adhesive procedures may be affected adversely when performed on dentin and enamel contaminated by hemostatic agents .
Hemostatic agents may induce changes in the dentin surface morphology .
The results of this review indicate that the bond strength of self-etching adhesive systems is affected more negatively than is that of etch- and -rinse systems .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE The effects of 2 chemical retraction agents on gingival blood flow and systemic blood pressure in subjects with healthy gingiva were investigated . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty volunteer dental students were selected for the study and r and omly divided into 2 groups . Aluminium chloride-impregnated cord ( right side ) and nonimpregnated cord ( left side ) were placed in the gingival sulcus of group 1 . Epinephrine-impregnated cord ( right side ) and nonimpregnated cord ( left side ) were placed in group 2 . Blood flow in the retracted marginal gingiva was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry , and the systemic blood pressures of subjects were recorded before and after the retraction procedure . RESULTS A statistically significant decrease in blood flow was observed in group 2 , but there was no significant change in gingival blood flow in group 1 . A decrease in diastolic blood pressure of the subjects in group 2 was also observed . However , there was no significant change in blood pressure of the subjects in group 1 . CONCLUSION Gingival retraction affects gingival blood flow temporarily . Epinephrine-impregnated cords can be used safely in patients who have healthy gingiva , if patient stress and gingival trauma are avoided during cord placement Aim : The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the microleakage of two different generation bonding agents in the presence of various surface contaminants . Material s and Methods : Class V cavities were prepared on 150 extracted human permanent molars . The sample s were r and omly divided into two main groups of 75 teeth each . Group I : Fifth generation bonding system ( Single Bond , 3 M ) . Group II : Seventh generation bonding system ( iBond , Kulzer ) . Subgroups were formed according to exposure to different surface contaminants ( saliva , blood , caries disclosing agent and haemostatic agent ) . Cavities were restored with hybrid composite ( Z-100 , 3 M ) and evaluated for microleakage . The scores were subjected to ‘ t ’ test and analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) test . Results : Single Bond and iBond did not provide complete resistance to microleakage when there was no contamination . Microleakage was minimum in the no contamination subgroup and maximum with the haemostatic agent subgroup for both the groups . Conclusion : Single bond showed lesser micro leakage in contaminated conditions Objective : This in vitro study evaluated the effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper ( ABS ) contamination on the microleakage of one-step and two-step self-etching adhesives . Study design : Class V cavities were prepared at the cemento-enamel junction on both buccal and lingual surfaces of 60 freshly extracted human molars . Teeth were r and omly assigned into three groups according to contamination material applied ( Group I , no contamination ; Group II , blood contamination ; Group III , ABS contamination ) . In contaminated groups , one drop of blood and ABS solution was applied directly to the dentin surface and air-dried . Each group was further divided into two subgroups according to bonding agent used [ Group A , Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etching adhesive ) ; Group B , Adper Easy One ( one-step self-etching adhesive ) ] . Adhesive material s were applied according to the manufacturers ’ recommendations . The specimens were restored using a universal microhybrid composite ( Arabesk ) . After thermocycling ( 5000x , 5 ° C – 55 ° C ) and immersion in a 0.5 % basic fuchsin , dye penetration was evaluated under a stereomicroscope . Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests at p < 0.05 . Results : Significantly higher microleakage scores were observed when one-step self-etching adhesive was applied to blood- and ABS-contaminated dentin . However , when a two-step self etching adhesive was used , microleakage was observed only following blood contamination , not following ABS contamination . Conclusions : Although , blood contamination before adhesive application result ed in increased microleakage with both one-step and two-step self-etching adhesive systems , ABS contamination did not affect microleakage when a two-step self-ething adhesive system was used . Key words : Ankaferd Blood Stopper , blood , microleakage , self-etching adhesive Objectives : Since hemostatic agents can induce changes on enamel and dentin surfaces and influence composite resin adhesion , the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the aluminum chloride hemostatic agent on the gingival margin microleakage of class V ( Cl V ) composite resin restorations bonded with all-in-one adhesive . Study design : Cl V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 60 sound bovine permanent incisors . Gingival margins of the cavities were placed 1.5 mm apical to the cemento-enamel junction ( CEJ ) . The teeth were r and omly divided into two groups of 30 . In group 1 , the cavities were restored without the application of a hemostatic agent ; in group 2 , the cavities were restored after the application of the hemostatic agent . In both groups all-in-one adhesive and Z250 composite resin were used to restore the cavities with the incremental technique . After finishing and polishing , the sample s underwent a thermocycling procedure , followed by immersion in 2 % basic fuschin solution for 24 hours . The sample s were sectioned and gingival microleakage was evaluated under a stereomicroscope . The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare microleakage between the two groups . Statistical significance was defined at P<0.05 . Results : A statistically significant difference was observed in microleakage between the two groups ( P<0.001 ) . Conclusions : Contamination of Cl V composite resin restorations bonded with all-in-one adhesive with aluminum chloride hemostatic agent significantly increases restoration gingival margin microleakage . Key words : All-in-one adhesive resin , composite resin restoration , hemostatic agent , microleakage Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of blood contamination and haemostatic agents such as Ankaferd Blood Stopper ( ABS ) and hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) on the microtensile bond strength between dual cured resin cement-dentin interface . Material and Methods : Twelve pressed lithium disilicate glass ceramics were luted to flat occlusal dentin surfaces with Panavia F under the following conditions : Control Group : no contamination , Group Blood : blood contamination , Group ABS : ABS contamination Group H2O2 : H2O2 contamination . The specimens were sectioned to the beams and microtensile testing was carried out . Failure modes were classified under stereomicroscope . Two specimens were r and omly selected from each group , and SEM analyses were performed . Results : There were significant differences in microtensile bond strengths ( µTBS ) between the control and blood-contaminated groups ( p<0.05 ) , whereas there were no significant differences found between the control and the other groups ( p>0.05 ) . Conclusions : Contamination by blood of dentin surface prior to bonding reduced the bond strength between resin cement and the dentin . Ankaferd Blood Stoper and H2O2 could be used safely as blood stopping agents during cementation of all-ceramics to dentin to prevent bond failure due to blood contamination STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The presence of irrigation solution prior to the application of dentin bonding agents may be one source of contamination and may adversely affect bond strength . PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro investigation was to evaluate the effect of irrigation solutions of different purity levels on the shear bond strength of a hybrid composite to dentin . MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty extracted , intact human molars were h and -scaled . All soft tissue was removed , and the teeth were stored in room-temperature tap water for 1 week . Subsequently , each tooth was embedded in autopolymerizing acrylic resin with the coronal portion exposed . After complete polymerization of the resin , the dentin surfaces were exposed , and the crown was cut longitudinally on all 4 sides to produce flat dentin surfaces for bonding . The prepared specimens were assigned to 4 groups of irrigation solutions : tap water ( control ) , sterile water , 0.9 % NaCl irrigation solution , and filtered water . Within each irrigation group were 4 dentin bonding agent subgroups : Prime & Bond NT , One-Step , Single Bond Adhesive , and OptiBond Solo . The dentin surfaces ( n = 10 per irrigation/bonding agent pair ) were etched with 37 % phosphoric acid , rinsed with the assigned irrigation solution for 15 seconds , and then dried . Plastic cylinders ( 3 mm long x 3 mm inner diameter ) were filled with a hybrid composite ( Herculite XRV ) and bonded to the dentin . Specimens were loaded in a universal testing machine , and shear force was applied to the base of the composite cylinders , parallel to the dentin surfaces , at a crosshead speed of 0.05 in/min until fracture . Failure loads were recorded . Bond strength data were compared with analysis of variance ( P<.05 ) . Post-hoc comparisons of means were performed with t tests and P values adjusted for multiple comparisons ( Bonferroni method ) . RESULTS Tap water irrigation ( control ) produced no significant difference in bond strengths for all dentin bonding agents tested . When other irrigation solutions were used , One-Step consistently produced significantly lower bond strengths than other dentin bonding agents ( P<.05 ) . No preferential choice of irrigation solution could be made for Prime & Bond or Single Bond Adhesive . However , when One-Step or Solo was used , irrigation with normal saline significantly reduced bond strengths ( P<.05 ) . CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study , the bond strength to dentin of a hybrid composite irrigated with different solutions was dependent on the dentin bonding agent used Aim : This study investigated the effect of one hemostatic agent on the shear bond strength of  self-etch and etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . Material s and Methods : Sixty extracted third molars were selected . After preparing a flat surface of superficial dentin , they were r and omly divided into six groups . Adhesives were Tetric N-Bond , AdheSE , and AdheSE One F. Before applying adhesives , surfaces were contaminated with ViscoStat for 60 s in three groups and rinsed . Then composite were attached to surfaces and light cured . After thermocycling , the bond strength was calculated and failure modes were determined by stereomicroscope . The data were analyzed by t-test and one-way ANOVA with P < 0.05 as the level of significance . Results : ViscoStat had significantly decreased the shear bond strength of AdheSE ( P < 0.0001 ) to dentin . Modes of failures in all groups were mainly adhesive . Conclusion : Contamination had an adverse effect on the shear bond strength of AdheSE and reduced it OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper ( ABS ) on the shear bond strength ( SBS ) of orthodontic attachments . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The study material consisted of 60 freshly extracted bovine permanent m and ibular incisor teeth . All teeth were cleaned and r and omly divided into three groups of 20 specimens and etched with 37 % phosphoric acid for 15 seconds , washed , and air-dried . Teeth in groups 1 and 2 were contaminated with ABS and blood , respectively . Teeth in group 3 were only air-dried . Roth Generous maxillary central incisor brackets were bonded with Transbond XT to all teeth . SBS was applied using a universal test machine . The one-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) test was used to determine significant differences in SBS between the three groups , and Tukey honestly significant post hoc test was used to compare subgroups . RESULTS The mean bond strengths and st and ard deviations of groups 1 , 2 , and 3 were 9.58 + /- 0.95 , 4.04 + /- 0.69 , and 19.56 + /- 1.84 MPa , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Specimens contaminated with blood showed a statistically significant lower in vitro SBS than those contaminated with ABS . ABS may be used clinical ly for obtaining a blood-free tooth surface during application of the brackets on surgically exposed , impacted teeth This study evaluated in vitro the influence of a  temporary filling { zinc oxide-eugenol ( ZOE ) } and two pulpotomy agents { formocresol ( FC ) and ferric sulfate ( FS ) } on shear bond strength ( SBS ) of two dentin adhesives to the dentin of primary molars . A total of 80 dentin surfaces were prepared and r and omly allocated into 10 groups of 8 specimens each . Groups were subjected to different treatments , which included covering with a paste of ZOE mixed at different powder : liquid ( P : L ) ratios , placement on a gauze soaked in FC or FS , or they received no pretreatment and served as a control . XRV Herculite composite cylinders were bonded to dentin surfaces using Prime and Bond NT adhesive resin or Opti Bond Solo Plus adhesive resin . SBSs were determined using the lnstron testing machine running at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min . The use of ZOE mixed at the lower P : L ratio of 10g:2 g significantly decreased the values of SBS of the two adhesives . The use of two pulpotomy agents ( FC and FS ) significantly decreased the SBS of the two adhesives . The bond strength to dentin of primary teeth was influenced by the pulpotomy agents used and the ZOE P : L ratio but not by the adhesive system used This study investigated the effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper ( ABS ) cont 
    Output:
    