human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective . To investigate the effect of 2 different species of probiotics in preventing infections in infants attending child care centers . Methods . A double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized trial was conducted from December 1 , 2000 , to September 30 , 2002 , at 14 child care centers in the Beer-Sheva area of Israel in healthy term infants 4 to 10 months old . Infants were assigned r and omly to formula supplemented with Bifidobacterium lactis ( BB-12 ) , Lactobacillus reuteri ( American Type Culture Collection 55730 ) , or no probiotics . Duration of feeding , including follow-up , for each participant was 12 weeks . All infants were fed only the assigned formula and were not breastfed due to parental decision before recruitment to the study . Probiotic or prebiotic food products or supplements were not allowed . Main outcome measures were number of days and number of episodes with fever ( > 38 ° C ) and number of days and number of episodes with diarrhea or respiratory illness . Results . Participants ( n = 201 ) were similar regarding gestational age , birth weight , gender , and previous breastfeeding . The controls ( n = 60 ) , compared with those fed B lactis ( n = 73 ) or L reuteri ( n = 68 ) , had significantly more febrile episodes ( mean [ 95 % confidence interval ] : 0.41 [ 0.28–0.54 ] vs 0.27 [ 0.17–0.37 ] vs 0.11 [ 0.04–0.18 ] , respectively ) . The controls also had more diarrhea episodes ( 0.31 [ 0.22–0.40 ] vs 0.13 [ 0.05–0.21 ] vs 0.02 [ 0.01–0.05 ] , respectively ) and episodes of longer duration ( 0.59 [ 0.34–0.84 ] vs 0.37 [ 0.08–0.66 ] vs 0.15 [ 0.12–0.18 ] days , respectively ) . The L reuteri group , compared with BB-12 or controls , had a significant decrease of number of days with fever , clinic visits , child care absences , and antibiotic prescriptions . Rate and duration of respiratory illnesses did not differ significantly between groups . Conclusions . Child care infants fed a formula supplemented with L reuteri or B lactis had fewer and shorter episodes of diarrhea , with no effect on respiratory illnesses . These effects were more prominent with L reuteri , which was also the only supplement to improve additional morbidity parameters Background : To evaluate whether a fermented dairy drink containing the probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 could reduce the incidence of common infectious diseases ( CIDs ) and the change of behavior because of illness in children . Subjects/ Methods : We conducted a double-blinded , r and omized , placebo-controlled allocation concealment clinical trial in the Washington , DC metropolitan area . Participants were 638 children 3–6 years old in daycare/schools . The intervention was a fermented dairy drink containing a specific probiotic strain or matching placebo with no live cultures for 90 consecutive days . Two primary outcomes were assessed : incidence of CIDs and change of behavior because of illness ( both assessed by parental report ) . Results : The rate of change of behavior because of illness was similar among active and control groups . However , the incidence rate for CIDs in the active group ( 0.0782 ) is 19 % lower than that of the control group ( 0.0986 ) ( incidence rate ratio=0.81 , 95 % CI : 0.65 , 099 ) P=0.046 . Conclusions : Daily intake of a fermented dairy drink containing the probiotic strain L. casei DN-114 001 showed some promise in reducing overall incidence of illness , but was primarily driven by gastrointestinal infections and there were no differences in change of behavior Background : Viral respiratory infections are common in infants and can be severe . The new p and emic influenza virus H1N1v2009 was feared to cause particularly severe outcomes . Objective : This study aim ed at evaluating the impact of H1N1v2009 on the viral epidemiology , the clinical presentation and the severity of respiratory infections in infants . Patients and Methods : This prospect i ve epidemiologic study included all infants < 2 years of age , both in patients and out patients , presenting with respiratory symptoms , from November 2009 through April 2010 , at the pediatric emergency department of the University Hospital of Caen , France .  A nasal swab was taken for viral detection and analyzed by immunofluorescence and , if negative , polymerase chain reaction . Severe respiratory infection was defined by a score of respiratory severity . Results : One thous and twenty-one infectious episodes with a respiratory sample met inclusion criteria . Eight hundred thirty-four sample s ( 81.7 % ) were positive . The viruses with the highest incidence were the respiratory syncytial virus ( 34.2 % ) , the rhinoviruses ( 23.9 % ) , the coronaviruses ( 9.3 % ) and H1N1v2009 ( 7.7 % ) . Of all infections , 28.6 % were severe and more frequent in infants with risk factors . H1N1v2009 infections had a low risk of severe respiratory disease ( odds ratios = 0.15 ) and hospitalization ( odds ratios = 0.40 ) compared with the other viruses . Respiratory syncytial virus infections had a high risk of respiratory severity ( odds ratios = 7.85 ) and were responsible for 71.4 % of admissions to the intensive care unit . Conclusion : Despite the modest impact of H1N1v2009 observed in this study , further surveillance is needed to detect virological factors that may increase its severity Background and aims : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a synbiotic supplementation in reducing common winter diseases  in children . Methods : A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , multicentre study was conducted in young school-age children ( 3—7 years old ) during a winter period . Participants were otherwise healthy children who suffered from at least three episodes of ear , nose and throat ( ENT ) , respiratory tract or gastrointestinal illness during the previous winter . They were supplemented daily with either a synbiotic preparation ( Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 , Bifidobacterium infantis R0033 , Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071 , and fructooligosaccharide ) or a matched placebo for 3 months . Over this period , all emergent health episodes of any type were recorded by parents in a diary . They were checked by investigators at regular monthly visits . The main study outcome was the percentage of children free of any episode during the study course . Results : We r and omized 135 children ( mean age : 4.1±1.0 years ) to the synbiotic group ( n = 62 ) or placebo ( n = 73 ) group . At least one illness episode was reported in 32 children in the synbiotic group and 50 in the placebo group ( 51.6 % versus 68.5 % ) . This corresponded to a significant 25 % relative risk reduction ( 95 % CI 0.6—44.3 % ; p = 0.045 ) . This difference was due to a decrease in the number of children who suffered from at least one ENT , respiratory tract or gastrointestinal disorder ( 50.0 % with synbiotic versus 67.1 % with placebo ; p = 0.044 ) . At least one sickness school day loss was noted in 25.8 % of children with the synbiotic as compared with 42.5 % with placebo ( p = 0.043 ) . No treatment related side effects were detected in either group . Conclusions : This study suggests that a 3-month supplementation with this synbiotic preparation  can decrease the risk of occurrence of common infectious diseases in children and limits the risk of school day loss BACKGROUND & AIMS The aim of our study was to investigate the role of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp . lactis ( BB-12 ( ® ) ) in the prevention of common ( gastrointestinal and respiratory ) infections in healthy children who attend day care centers . METHODS We conducted a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial in 210 children who attend day care centers . They were r and omly allocated to receive placebo ( Placebo group , n = 106 ) or BB-12 ( ® ) at a dose of 10(9 ) colony-forming units ( CFU ) ( Intervention group , n = 104 ) during the 3-month intervention period . RESULTS Intention to treat analysis was used . There were overall 99 infections in Placebo group and 97 in Intervention group ( incidence rate ratio = 1.0014 , p = 0.992 , Poisson regression model ) . Overall 65 children ( 61.3 % ) in Placebo group and 67 ( 64.4 % ) in Intervention group had common infections ( p = 0.642 ) . Mean number of infections per child was 0.93 ( range 0 - 3 ) in Placebo group and 0.93 ( range 0 - 3 ) in Intervention group ( p = 0.898 ) . There was no difference in secondary ( duration of symptoms , number of children with gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections , absence from day care center due to infections , use of antibiotics ) and exploratory ( type of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infection ) endpoints between groups . CONCLUSION Results of performed study show that BB-12 ( ® ) has no effect on the prevention of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections in healthy children who attend day care centers Background : Specific probiotic bacteria have proven to be effective in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in early life in at-risk population s. The impact of administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp . lactis BB-12 ( BB-12 ) on the risk of acute infectious diseases was studied in healthy children . Methods : In this double-blind , placebo-controlled study , 109 1-mo-old infants were assigned r and omly to a probiotic group receiving a BB-12–containing tablet ( n = 55 ) or a placebo ( n = 54 ) . Test tablets were administered to the infants twice a day ( daily dose of BB-12 10 billion colony-forming units ) until the age of 2 y with a novel slow-release pacifier or a spoon . Breastfeeding habits , pacifier use , dietary habits , medications , and all signs and symptoms of acute infections were registered in diaries by parents and in question naires by trained professionals . Results : The infants receiving BB-12 were reported to have experienced fewer respiratory tract infections ( RTIs ; 87 vs. 100 % ; risk ratio : 0.87 ; 95 % confidence interval : 0.76 , 1.00 ; P = 0.033 ) than the controls . No significant differences between the groups were observed in reported gastrointestinal symptoms , otitis media , or fever . The baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar , as was the duration of breastfeeding . Conclusion : Administration of BB-12 in early childhood may reduce RTIs Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Abstract Objective : To examine whether long term consumption of a probiotic milk could reduce  gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in children in day care centres . Design : R and omised , double blind , placebo controlled study over seven months . Setting : 18 day care centres in Helsinki , Finl and . Participants : 571 healthy children aged 1 - 6 years : 282 ( mean ( SD ) age 4.6 ( 1.5 ) years ) in the intervention group and 289 ( mean ( SD ) age 4.4 ( 1.5 ) years ) in the control group . Intervention : Milk with or without Lactobacillus GG . Average daily consumption of milk in both groups was 260 ml . Main outcome measures : Number of days with respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms , absences from day care because of illness , respiratory tract infections diagnosed by a doctor , and course of antibiotics . Results : Children in the Lactobacillus group had fewer days of absence from day care because of illness ( 4.9 ( 95 % confidence interval 4.4 to 5.5 ) v 5.8 ( 5.3 to 6.4 ) days , 16 % difference , P=0.03 ; age adjusted 5.1 ( 4.6 to 5.6 ) v 5.7 ( 5.2 to 6.3 ) days , 11 % difference , P=0.09 ) . There was also a relative reduction of 17 % in the number of children suffering from respiratory infections with complications and lower respiratory tract infections ( unadjusted absolute % reduction −8.6 ( −17.2 to −0.1 ) , P=0. 
    Output:
    
agent
Conclusion : Based on the available data and taking into account the safety profile of RCTs , probiotic consumption appears to be a feasible way to decrease the incidence of RTIs in children
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective . To investigate the effect of 2 different species of probiotics in preventing infections in infants attending child care centers . Methods . A double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized trial was conducted from December 1 , 2000 , to September 30 , 2002 , at 14 child care centers in the Beer-Sheva area of Israel in healthy term infants 4 to 10 months old . Infants were assigned r and omly to formula supplemented with Bifidobacterium lactis ( BB-12 ) , Lactobacillus reuteri ( American Type Culture Collection 55730 ) , or no probiotics . Duration of feeding , including follow-up , for each participant was 12 weeks . All infants were fed only the assigned formula and were not breastfed due to parental decision before recruitment to the study . Probiotic or prebiotic food products or supplements were not allowed . Main outcome measures were number of days and number of episodes with fever ( > 38 ° C ) and number of days and number of episodes with diarrhea or respiratory illness . Results . Participants ( n = 201 ) were similar regarding gestational age , birth weight , gender , and previous breastfeeding . The controls ( n = 60 ) , compared with those fed B lactis ( n = 73 ) or L reuteri ( n = 68 ) , had significantly more febrile episodes ( mean [ 95 % confidence interval ] : 0.41 [ 0.28–0.54 ] vs 0.27 [ 0.17–0.37 ] vs 0.11 [ 0.04–0.18 ] , respectively ) . The controls also had more diarrhea episodes ( 0.31 [ 0.22–0.40 ] vs 0.13 [ 0.05–0.21 ] vs 0.02 [ 0.01–0.05 ] , respectively ) and episodes of longer duration ( 0.59 [ 0.34–0.84 ] vs 0.37 [ 0.08–0.66 ] vs 0.15 [ 0.12–0.18 ] days , respectively ) . The L reuteri group , compared with BB-12 or controls , had a significant decrease of number of days with fever , clinic visits , child care absences , and antibiotic prescriptions . Rate and duration of respiratory illnesses did not differ significantly between groups . Conclusions . Child care infants fed a formula supplemented with L reuteri or B lactis had fewer and shorter episodes of diarrhea , with no effect on respiratory illnesses . These effects were more prominent with L reuteri , which was also the only supplement to improve additional morbidity parameters Background : To evaluate whether a fermented dairy drink containing the probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 could reduce the incidence of common infectious diseases ( CIDs ) and the change of behavior because of illness in children . Subjects/ Methods : We conducted a double-blinded , r and omized , placebo-controlled allocation concealment clinical trial in the Washington , DC metropolitan area . Participants were 638 children 3–6 years old in daycare/schools . The intervention was a fermented dairy drink containing a specific probiotic strain or matching placebo with no live cultures for 90 consecutive days . Two primary outcomes were assessed : incidence of CIDs and change of behavior because of illness ( both assessed by parental report ) . Results : The rate of change of behavior because of illness was similar among active and control groups . However , the incidence rate for CIDs in the active group ( 0.0782 ) is 19 % lower than that of the control group ( 0.0986 ) ( incidence rate ratio=0.81 , 95 % CI : 0.65 , 099 ) P=0.046 . Conclusions : Daily intake of a fermented dairy drink containing the probiotic strain L. casei DN-114 001 showed some promise in reducing overall incidence of illness , but was primarily driven by gastrointestinal infections and there were no differences in change of behavior Background : Viral respiratory infections are common in infants and can be severe . The new p and emic influenza virus H1N1v2009 was feared to cause particularly severe outcomes . Objective : This study aim ed at evaluating the impact of H1N1v2009 on the viral epidemiology , the clinical presentation and the severity of respiratory infections in infants . Patients and Methods : This prospect i ve epidemiologic study included all infants < 2 years of age , both in patients and out patients , presenting with respiratory symptoms , from November 2009 through April 2010 , at the pediatric emergency department of the University Hospital of Caen , France .  A nasal swab was taken for viral detection and analyzed by immunofluorescence and , if negative , polymerase chain reaction . Severe respiratory infection was defined by a score of respiratory severity . Results : One thous and twenty-one infectious episodes with a respiratory sample met inclusion criteria . Eight hundred thirty-four sample s ( 81.7 % ) were positive . The viruses with the highest incidence were the respiratory syncytial virus ( 34.2 % ) , the rhinoviruses ( 23.9 % ) , the coronaviruses ( 9.3 % ) and H1N1v2009 ( 7.7 % ) . Of all infections , 28.6 % were severe and more frequent in infants with risk factors . H1N1v2009 infections had a low risk of severe respiratory disease ( odds ratios = 0.15 ) and hospitalization ( odds ratios = 0.40 ) compared with the other viruses . Respiratory syncytial virus infections had a high risk of respiratory severity ( odds ratios = 7.85 ) and were responsible for 71.4 % of admissions to the intensive care unit . Conclusion : Despite the modest impact of H1N1v2009 observed in this study , further surveillance is needed to detect virological factors that may increase its severity Background and aims : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a synbiotic supplementation in reducing common winter diseases  in children . Methods : A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , multicentre study was conducted in young school-age children ( 3—7 years old ) during a winter period . Participants were otherwise healthy children who suffered from at least three episodes of ear , nose and throat ( ENT ) , respiratory tract or gastrointestinal illness during the previous winter . They were supplemented daily with either a synbiotic preparation ( Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 , Bifidobacterium infantis R0033 , Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071 , and fructooligosaccharide ) or a matched placebo for 3 months . Over this period , all emergent health episodes of any type were recorded by parents in a diary . They were checked by investigators at regular monthly visits . The main study outcome was the percentage of children free of any episode during the study course . Results : We r and omized 135 children ( mean age : 4.1±1.0 years ) to the synbiotic group ( n = 62 ) or placebo ( n = 73 ) group . At least one illness episode was reported in 32 children in the synbiotic group and 50 in the placebo group ( 51.6 % versus 68.5 % ) . This corresponded to a significant 25 % relative risk reduction ( 95 % CI 0.6—44.3 % ; p = 0.045 ) . This difference was due to a decrease in the number of children who suffered from at least one ENT , respiratory tract or gastrointestinal disorder ( 50.0 % with synbiotic versus 67.1 % with placebo ; p = 0.044 ) . At least one sickness school day loss was noted in 25.8 % of children with the synbiotic as compared with 42.5 % with placebo ( p = 0.043 ) . No treatment related side effects were detected in either group . Conclusions : This study suggests that a 3-month supplementation with this synbiotic preparation  can decrease the risk of occurrence of common infectious diseases in children and limits the risk of school day loss BACKGROUND & AIMS The aim of our study was to investigate the role of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp . lactis ( BB-12 ( ® ) ) in the prevention of common ( gastrointestinal and respiratory ) infections in healthy children who attend day care centers . METHODS We conducted a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial in 210 children who attend day care centers . They were r and omly allocated to receive placebo ( Placebo group , n = 106 ) or BB-12 ( ® ) at a dose of 10(9 ) colony-forming units ( CFU ) ( Intervention group , n = 104 ) during the 3-month intervention period . RESULTS Intention to treat analysis was used . There were overall 99 infections in Placebo group and 97 in Intervention group ( incidence rate ratio = 1.0014 , p = 0.992 , Poisson regression model ) . Overall 65 children ( 61.3 % ) in Placebo group and 67 ( 64.4 % ) in Intervention group had common infections ( p = 0.642 ) . Mean number of infections per child was 0.93 ( range 0 - 3 ) in Placebo group and 0.93 ( range 0 - 3 ) in Intervention group ( p = 0.898 ) . There was no difference in secondary ( duration of symptoms , number of children with gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections , absence from day care center due to infections , use of antibiotics ) and exploratory ( type of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infection ) endpoints between groups . CONCLUSION Results of performed study show that BB-12 ( ® ) has no effect on the prevention of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections in healthy children who attend day care centers Background : Specific probiotic bacteria have proven to be effective in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in early life in at-risk population s. The impact of administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp . lactis BB-12 ( BB-12 ) on the risk of acute infectious diseases was studied in healthy children . Methods : In this double-blind , placebo-controlled study , 109 1-mo-old infants were assigned r and omly to a probiotic group receiving a BB-12–containing tablet ( n = 55 ) or a placebo ( n = 54 ) . Test tablets were administered to the infants twice a day ( daily dose of BB-12 10 billion colony-forming units ) until the age of 2 y with a novel slow-release pacifier or a spoon . Breastfeeding habits , pacifier use , dietary habits , medications , and all signs and symptoms of acute infections were registered in diaries by parents and in question naires by trained professionals . Results : The infants receiving BB-12 were reported to have experienced fewer respiratory tract infections ( RTIs ; 87 vs. 100 % ; risk ratio : 0.87 ; 95 % confidence interval : 0.76 , 1.00 ; P = 0.033 ) than the controls . No significant differences between the groups were observed in reported gastrointestinal symptoms , otitis media , or fever . The baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar , as was the duration of breastfeeding . Conclusion : Administration of BB-12 in early childhood may reduce RTIs Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Abstract Objective : To examine whether long term consumption of a probiotic milk could reduce  gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in children in day care centres . Design : R and omised , double blind , placebo controlled study over seven months . Setting : 18 day care centres in Helsinki , Finl and . Participants : 571 healthy children aged 1 - 6 years : 282 ( mean ( SD ) age 4.6 ( 1.5 ) years ) in the intervention group and 289 ( mean ( SD ) age 4.4 ( 1.5 ) years ) in the control group . Intervention : Milk with or without Lactobacillus GG . Average daily consumption of milk in both groups was 260 ml . Main outcome measures : Number of days with respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms , absences from day care because of illness , respiratory tract infections diagnosed by a doctor , and course of antibiotics . Results : Children in the Lactobacillus group had fewer days of absence from day care because of illness ( 4.9 ( 95 % confidence interval 4.4 to 5.5 ) v 5.8 ( 5.3 to 6.4 ) days , 16 % difference , P=0.03 ; age adjusted 5.1 ( 4.6 to 5.6 ) v 5.7 ( 5.2 to 6.3 ) days , 11 % difference , P=0.09 ) . There was also a relative reduction of 17 % in the number of children suffering from respiratory infections with complications and lower respiratory tract infections ( unadjusted absolute % reduction −8.6 ( −17.2 to −0.1 ) , P=0. 
    Output:
    