human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in fracture surgery remains controversial for lack of well-documented prospect i ve studies . We report here the findings of the Dutch Trauma Trial , a prospect i ve , r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled study of antibiotic prophylaxis in the primary operative treatment of limb fractures .  Ceftriaxone was chosen because of its pharmacokinetic profile , including high serum levels , high tissue penetration , and long elimination half-life , makes it suitable for single-dose prophylaxis . METHODS Patients aged 18 years or more , attending one of fourteen Dutch centres for acute treatment of closed fractures , were r and omly allocated to a single preoperative dose of ceftriaxone 2 g or placebo , and evaluated for development of wound infection and nosocomial infection at 10 days , 30 days , and 120 days . To assess the effects of drop-outs and withdrawals , best-case and worst-case analyses were performed . FINDINGS A total of 2195 patients were included . The incidence of superficial and deep wound infections after placebo was 8.3 % , compared with 3.6 % in the ceftriaxone group ( p < 0.001 , Pearson chi 2-test ) . The rate of nosocomial infection in the first month was 10.2 % with placebo and 2.3 % with ceftriaxone ( p < 0.001 , Pearson chi 2-test ) . Gram-positive bacteria were found in 74.5 % of wound infections and 13.4 % of nosocomial infections . INTERPRETATION Adequate single-dose prophylaxis with a long-acting broad-spectrum antibiotic substantially reduces the incidence of wound infection and early nosocomial infection after surgery for closed fractures Every word to utter from the writer involves the element of this life . The writer really shows how the simple words can maximize how the impression of this book is uttered directly for the readers . Even you have known about the content of r and omization tests so much , you can easily do it for your better connection . In delivering the presence of the book concept , you can find out the boo site here Antibiotic prophylaxis in closed fractures is cost-effective if the risk of a deep infection is reduced by 0.25 % . This control study was undertaken to assess the cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis of postoperative infections after surgical  treatment of closed fractures . The costs for 16 patients with infections ( 8 with deep infections , 8 with superficial infections ) were investigated and compared with the costs for 16 similar but non-infected patients with special reference to length of hospital stay , antibiotics and surgery . The data were collected from the trauma department of the University Hospital of the Free University in Amsterdam .  Costs in the group of 8 patients with superficial wound infection were not substantially higher than those for their non-infected controls . The occurrence of a deep infection meant costs an average of DFL 35,224 higher than an uneventful postoperative course . On the basis of these results , antibiotic prophylaxis of postoperative wound infections is cost-effective if it reduces the risk of deep wound infections by about 0.25 % 
    Output:
    
agent
However , there was no real evidence supporting the second hypothesis that the relative risk of wound infection would substantially vary over different levels of surgery cleanliness .
: As well as antibiotic prophylaxis being a generally effective intervention for preventing postoperative wound infection , the level of this effectiveness would appear to be reasonably independent of what type of surgery is being considered .
In particular , perhaps a sensible philosophy would be to assume that antibiotic prophylaxis is effective in reducing the risk of wound infection for all types of surgery , even ones where no clinical trial data exists and make exceptions to this rule if , for certain types of surgery , it can be proved to the contrary
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in fracture surgery remains controversial for lack of well-documented prospect i ve studies . We report here the findings of the Dutch Trauma Trial , a prospect i ve , r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled study of antibiotic prophylaxis in the primary operative treatment of limb fractures .  Ceftriaxone was chosen because of its pharmacokinetic profile , including high serum levels , high tissue penetration , and long elimination half-life , makes it suitable for single-dose prophylaxis . METHODS Patients aged 18 years or more , attending one of fourteen Dutch centres for acute treatment of closed fractures , were r and omly allocated to a single preoperative dose of ceftriaxone 2 g or placebo , and evaluated for development of wound infection and nosocomial infection at 10 days , 30 days , and 120 days . To assess the effects of drop-outs and withdrawals , best-case and worst-case analyses were performed . FINDINGS A total of 2195 patients were included . The incidence of superficial and deep wound infections after placebo was 8.3 % , compared with 3.6 % in the ceftriaxone group ( p < 0.001 , Pearson chi 2-test ) . The rate of nosocomial infection in the first month was 10.2 % with placebo and 2.3 % with ceftriaxone ( p < 0.001 , Pearson chi 2-test ) . Gram-positive bacteria were found in 74.5 % of wound infections and 13.4 % of nosocomial infections . INTERPRETATION Adequate single-dose prophylaxis with a long-acting broad-spectrum antibiotic substantially reduces the incidence of wound infection and early nosocomial infection after surgery for closed fractures Every word to utter from the writer involves the element of this life . The writer really shows how the simple words can maximize how the impression of this book is uttered directly for the readers . Even you have known about the content of r and omization tests so much , you can easily do it for your better connection . In delivering the presence of the book concept , you can find out the boo site here Antibiotic prophylaxis in closed fractures is cost-effective if the risk of a deep infection is reduced by 0.25 % . This control study was undertaken to assess the cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis of postoperative infections after surgical  treatment of closed fractures . The costs for 16 patients with infections ( 8 with deep infections , 8 with superficial infections ) were investigated and compared with the costs for 16 similar but non-infected patients with special reference to length of hospital stay , antibiotics and surgery . The data were collected from the trauma department of the University Hospital of the Free University in Amsterdam .  Costs in the group of 8 patients with superficial wound infection were not substantially higher than those for their non-infected controls . The occurrence of a deep infection meant costs an average of DFL 35,224 higher than an uneventful postoperative course . On the basis of these results , antibiotic prophylaxis of postoperative wound infections is cost-effective if it reduces the risk of deep wound infections by about 0.25 % 
    Output:
    