human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Association between white rice intake and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases remained uncertain . Most of the previous published studies have been done in western countries with different lifestyles , and scant data are available from the Middle East region , including Iran . This cross-sectional study was conducted in the structure of Isfahan Healthy Heart Program ( IHHP ) to assess the association between white rice consumption and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases . In the present study , 3,006 men were included from three counties of Isfahan , Najafabad , and Arak by multistage cluster r and om-sampling method .  Dietary intake was assessed with a 49-item food frequency question naire ( FFQ ) . Laboratory assessment was done in a st and ardized central laboratory . Outcome variables were fasting blood glucose , serum lipid levels , and anthropometric variables . Socioeconomic and demographic data , physical activity , and body mass index ( BMI ) were considered covariates and were adjusted in analysis . In this study , Student 's t-test , chi-square test , and logistic regression were used for statistical analyses . Means of BMI among those subjects who consumed white rice less than 7 times per week and people who consumed 7 - 14 times per week were almost similar—24.8±4.3 vs 24.5±4.7 kg/m2 . There was no significant association between white rice  consumption and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases , such as fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profiles . Although whole grain consumption has undeniable effect on preventing cardiovascular disease risk , white rice consumption was not associated with cardiovascular risks among Iranian men in the present study . Further prospect i ve studies with a semi-quantitative FFQ or dietary record question naire , representing type and portion-size of rice intake as well as cooking methods and other foods consumed with rice that affect glycaemic index ( GI ) of rice , are required to support our finding and to illustrate the probable mechanism Objective To highlight the contribution of the gut microbiota to the modulation of host metabolism by dietary inulin-type fructans ( ITF prebiotics ) in obese women . Methods A double blind , placebo controlled , intervention study was performed with 30 obese women treated with ITF prebiotics ( inulin/oligofructose 50/50 mix ; n=15 ) or placebo ( maltodextrin ; n=15 ) for 3 months ( 16 g/day ) .  Blood , faeces and urine sampling , oral glucose tolerance test , homeostasis model assessment and impedancemetry were performed before and after treatment . The gut microbial composition in faeces was analysed by phylogenetic microarray and qPCR analysis of 16S rDNA . Plasma and urine metabolic profiles were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy . Results Treatment with ITF prebiotics , but not the placebo , led to an increase in Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ; both bacteria negatively correlated with serum lipopolysaccharide levels .  ITF prebiotics also decreased Bacteroides intestinalis , Bacteroides vulgatus and Propionibacterium , an effect associated with a slight decrease in fat mass and with plasma lactate and phosphatidylcholine levels . No clear treatment clustering could be detected for gut microbial analysis or plasma and urine metabolomic profile analyses . However , ITF prebiotics led to subtle changes in the gut microbiota that may importantly impact on several key metabolites implicated in obesity and /or diabetes . Conclusions ITF prebiotics selectively changed the gut microbiota composition in obese women , leading to modest changes in host metabolism , as suggested by the correlation between some bacterial species and metabolic endotoxaemia or metabolomic signatures Aims We aim ed to assess the effects of psyllium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and other parameters of the metabolic syndrome in an at risk adolescent population . Methods This study encompassed a participant-blinded , r and omized , placebo-controlled , crossover trial . Subjects were 47 healthy adolescent males aged 15–16 years , recruited from secondary schools in lower socio-economic areas with high rates of obesity . Participants received 6 g/day of psyllium or placebo for 6 weeks , with a two-week washout before crossing over . Fasting lipid profiles , ambulatory blood pressure , auxological data , body composition , activity levels , and three-day food records were collected at baseline and after each 6-week intervention . Insulin sensitivity was measured by the Matsuda method using glucose and insulin values from an oral glucose tolerance test . Results 45 subjects completed the study , and compliance was very high : 87 % of participants took > 80 % of prescribed capsules . At baseline , 44 % of subjects were overweight or obese . 28 % had decreased insulin sensitivity , but none had impaired glucose tolerance . Fibre supplementation led to a 4 % reduction in and roid fat to gynoid fat ratio ( p = 0.019 ) , as well as a 0.12 mmol/l ( 6 % ) reduction in LDL cholesterol ( p = 0.042 ) . No associated adverse events were recorded . Conclusions Dietary supplementation with 6 g/day of psyllium over 6 weeks improves fat distribution and lipid profile ( parameters of the metabolic syndrome ) in an at risk population of adolescent males . Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry Lupin kernel fiber beneficially modifies  blood lipids  because of its bile acid-binding capacity . The aim of this study was to evaluate the preventive effects of a lupin kernel fiber preparation on cardiovascular diseases and to clarify possible mechanisms . In a r and omized , double-blind , controlled crossover trial , 60 moderately hypercholesterolemic adults ( plasma total cholesterol : > 5.2 mmol/L ) passed 3 intervention periods in different orders with a 2-wk washout phase between each . Participants consumed either a high-fiber diet containing 25-g/d lupin kernel fiber ( LF ) or citrus fiber ( CF ) , or a low-fiber control diet ( CD ) for 4 wk each . Anthropometric , plasma , and fecal variables were assessed at baseline and after the interventions . Contrary to the CF period , total ( 9 % ) and LDL ( 12 % ) cholesterol as well as triacylglycerols ( 10 % ) were lower after the LF period when compared with the CD period [ P ≤ 0.02 , adjusted for baseline , age , gender , and body mass index ( BMI ) ] . HDL cholesterol remained unchanged . Moreover , the LF period reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( P = 0.02 ) and systolic blood pressure ( P = 0.01 ) when compared with baseline . Bile acid binding could not be shown because the excretion of total bile acids remained constant after the high-fiber diets . However , the LF period result ed in an enhanced formation of the main short-chain fatty acids in comparison with the CD period . During the CF period , only acetate increased significantly . Both high-fiber diets led to higher satiety and modified nutritional behavior , result ing in significantly lower body weight , BMI , and waist circumference compared with the CD period . The blood lipid-lowering effects of LF are apparently not a result of bile acid binding . Rather , we hypothesize for the first time , to our knowledge , that the blood lipid-lowering effects of LF may be mainly attributed to the formation of short-chain fatty acids , specifically propionate and acetate . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01035086 Background Fat infiltration of the liver , muscle and pancreas is associated with insulin resistance and risk of diabetes . Weight loss reduces ectopic fat deposition and risk of diabetes , but is difficult to sustain to due to compensatory increases in appetite . Fermentable carbohydrates have been shown to decrease appetite and food intake , and promote weight loss in overweight subjects . In animal studies , fermentable carbohydrate reduces ectopic fat independent of weight loss . We aim ed to investigate the effect of the fermentable carbohydrate inulin on weight maintenance , appetite and ectopic fat in subjects with prediabetes . Methods Forty-four subjects with prediabetes were r and omized to 18 weeks ’ inulin or cellulose supplementation .  During weeks 1–9 ( weight loss phase ) all subjects had four visits with a dietitian to guide them towards a 5 % weight loss . During weeks 10–18 ( weight maintenance phase ) subjects continued taking their assigned supplementation and were asked to maintain the weight they had lost but were offered no further support . All subjects attended study sessions at baseline , 9 and 18 weeks for measurement of weight ; assessment of adipose tissue and ectopic fat content by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; glucose , insulin and GLP-1 levels following a meal tolerance test ; and appetite by ad libitum meal test and visual analogue scales . Results Both groups lost approximately 5 % of their body weight by week nine ( −5.3 ± 0.1 % vs −4.3 ± 0.4 % , p = 0.13 , but the inulin group lost significantly more weight between 9 and 18 weeks ( −2.3 ± 0.5 % vs −0.6 ± 0.4 % , p = 0.012 ) . Subjects taking inulin had lower hepatic ( p = 0.02 ) and soleus muscle ( p < 0.05 ) fat content at 18 weeks compared to control even after controlling for weight loss and consumed less at the ad libitum meal test ( p = 0.027 ) . Fasting glucose significantly decreased at week nine only ( p = 0.005 ) , insulin concentrations did not change , and there was a significant increase in GLP-1 in the cellulose group at 9 and 18 weeks ( p < 0.03 , p < 0.00001 ) . Conclusion Inulin may have a two-pronged effect on the risk of diabetes by 1 ) promoting weight loss 2 ) reducing intrahepatocellular and intramyocellular lipid in people with prediabetes independent of weight loss . Trial registration Clinical trial number : NCT01841073 Improvement of insulin resistance and inflammation is a basic strategy in the management of type 2 diabetes . There is limited evidence that prebiotics improve insulin resistance and inflammation . However , the ameliorating effect of resistant dextrin , as a prebiotic , on insulin resistance and inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes has not been investigated so far . Therefore , the present study aim ed to examine the effects of resistant dextrin on insulin resistance and inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients . In a r and omised controlled clinical trial , fifty-five women with type 2 diabetes were assigned to two groups : the intervention group ( n 30 ) and the control group ( n 25 ) . The intervention group received a daily supplement of 10 g resistant dextrin and the control group received a similar amount of maltodextrin as placebo for 8 weeks . Fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , HbA1c , insulin , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , IL-6 , TNF-α , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and serum endotoxin concentrations were measured before and after the intervention . Data were analysed using SPSS ( version 13 ) . Paired and unpaired t tests and ANCOVA were used to compare quantitative variables after the intervention . Patients supplemented with resistant dextrin exhibited a significant decrease in fasting insulin ( 20.1 pmol/l , 22.8 % ) , homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( 1.3 , 24.9 % ) , quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( 0.2 , 7.2 % ) , IL-6 ( 1.4 pg/ml , 28.4 % ) , TNF-α ( 5.4 pg/ml , 18.8 % ) , MDA ( 1.2 nmol/ml , 25.6 % ) and endotoxin ( 6.2 endotoxin units/ml , 17.8 % ) concentrations than those supplemented with maltodextrin ( P < 0.05 ) . Decreases in FPG ( 0.05 mmol/l , 0.6 % ) , HbA1c ( 0.5 % , 9.6 % ) and hs-CRP ( 2.7 ng/ml , 35.1 % ) concentrations in the resistant dextrin group were not significant when compared with the maltodextrin group . In conclusion , resistant dextrin supplementation can modulate inflammation and improve insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes BACKGROUND Acute studies with alginate-based preloads suggested that these strong gelling fibers may induce increased feelings of satiety and reduce energy intakes . However , the long-term efficacy and safety of alginate supplementation on body weight regulation are lacking . OBJECTIVE The primary aim of the study was to investigate the effects in subjects of alginate supplementation  in conjunction with  energy restriction ( -300 kcal/d ) on loss of body weight and fat and , second , on metabolic risk markers in comparison with in a placebo group . DESIGN In a parallel , double-blind , placebo-controlled study , we r and omly assigned 96 obese subjects to either an energy-restricted diet plus a place 
    Output:
    
agent
RESULTS The present study indicated that the efficacy of various fiber supplements on losing weight is variable .
Several mechanisms related to physicochemical properties of fibers such as solubility , fermentability and viscosity rates can be involved in their anti-obesity effects .
Dextrin , Mannan ( gum Arabic ) and pectin-rich fiber ( lupin kernel ) with no dietary interventions indicated a reduction in body weight and energy intake , while from clinical point of view , their effects were not considerable .
Overall , findings indicated that the efficacy of fiber supplements on obesity management is dependent on their contents and physicochemical properties .
It seems that fiber supplements with no weight-loss interventions did not have considerable antiobesity effects .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Association between white rice intake and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases remained uncertain . Most of the previous published studies have been done in western countries with different lifestyles , and scant data are available from the Middle East region , including Iran . This cross-sectional study was conducted in the structure of Isfahan Healthy Heart Program ( IHHP ) to assess the association between white rice consumption and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases . In the present study , 3,006 men were included from three counties of Isfahan , Najafabad , and Arak by multistage cluster r and om-sampling method .  Dietary intake was assessed with a 49-item food frequency question naire ( FFQ ) . Laboratory assessment was done in a st and ardized central laboratory . Outcome variables were fasting blood glucose , serum lipid levels , and anthropometric variables . Socioeconomic and demographic data , physical activity , and body mass index ( BMI ) were considered covariates and were adjusted in analysis . In this study , Student 's t-test , chi-square test , and logistic regression were used for statistical analyses . Means of BMI among those subjects who consumed white rice less than 7 times per week and people who consumed 7 - 14 times per week were almost similar—24.8±4.3 vs 24.5±4.7 kg/m2 . There was no significant association between white rice  consumption and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases , such as fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profiles . Although whole grain consumption has undeniable effect on preventing cardiovascular disease risk , white rice consumption was not associated with cardiovascular risks among Iranian men in the present study . Further prospect i ve studies with a semi-quantitative FFQ or dietary record question naire , representing type and portion-size of rice intake as well as cooking methods and other foods consumed with rice that affect glycaemic index ( GI ) of rice , are required to support our finding and to illustrate the probable mechanism Objective To highlight the contribution of the gut microbiota to the modulation of host metabolism by dietary inulin-type fructans ( ITF prebiotics ) in obese women . Methods A double blind , placebo controlled , intervention study was performed with 30 obese women treated with ITF prebiotics ( inulin/oligofructose 50/50 mix ; n=15 ) or placebo ( maltodextrin ; n=15 ) for 3 months ( 16 g/day ) .  Blood , faeces and urine sampling , oral glucose tolerance test , homeostasis model assessment and impedancemetry were performed before and after treatment . The gut microbial composition in faeces was analysed by phylogenetic microarray and qPCR analysis of 16S rDNA . Plasma and urine metabolic profiles were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy . Results Treatment with ITF prebiotics , but not the placebo , led to an increase in Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ; both bacteria negatively correlated with serum lipopolysaccharide levels .  ITF prebiotics also decreased Bacteroides intestinalis , Bacteroides vulgatus and Propionibacterium , an effect associated with a slight decrease in fat mass and with plasma lactate and phosphatidylcholine levels . No clear treatment clustering could be detected for gut microbial analysis or plasma and urine metabolomic profile analyses . However , ITF prebiotics led to subtle changes in the gut microbiota that may importantly impact on several key metabolites implicated in obesity and /or diabetes . Conclusions ITF prebiotics selectively changed the gut microbiota composition in obese women , leading to modest changes in host metabolism , as suggested by the correlation between some bacterial species and metabolic endotoxaemia or metabolomic signatures Aims We aim ed to assess the effects of psyllium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and other parameters of the metabolic syndrome in an at risk adolescent population . Methods This study encompassed a participant-blinded , r and omized , placebo-controlled , crossover trial . Subjects were 47 healthy adolescent males aged 15–16 years , recruited from secondary schools in lower socio-economic areas with high rates of obesity . Participants received 6 g/day of psyllium or placebo for 6 weeks , with a two-week washout before crossing over . Fasting lipid profiles , ambulatory blood pressure , auxological data , body composition , activity levels , and three-day food records were collected at baseline and after each 6-week intervention . Insulin sensitivity was measured by the Matsuda method using glucose and insulin values from an oral glucose tolerance test . Results 45 subjects completed the study , and compliance was very high : 87 % of participants took > 80 % of prescribed capsules . At baseline , 44 % of subjects were overweight or obese . 28 % had decreased insulin sensitivity , but none had impaired glucose tolerance . Fibre supplementation led to a 4 % reduction in and roid fat to gynoid fat ratio ( p = 0.019 ) , as well as a 0.12 mmol/l ( 6 % ) reduction in LDL cholesterol ( p = 0.042 ) . No associated adverse events were recorded . Conclusions Dietary supplementation with 6 g/day of psyllium over 6 weeks improves fat distribution and lipid profile ( parameters of the metabolic syndrome ) in an at risk population of adolescent males . Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry Lupin kernel fiber beneficially modifies  blood lipids  because of its bile acid-binding capacity . The aim of this study was to evaluate the preventive effects of a lupin kernel fiber preparation on cardiovascular diseases and to clarify possible mechanisms . In a r and omized , double-blind , controlled crossover trial , 60 moderately hypercholesterolemic adults ( plasma total cholesterol : > 5.2 mmol/L ) passed 3 intervention periods in different orders with a 2-wk washout phase between each . Participants consumed either a high-fiber diet containing 25-g/d lupin kernel fiber ( LF ) or citrus fiber ( CF ) , or a low-fiber control diet ( CD ) for 4 wk each . Anthropometric , plasma , and fecal variables were assessed at baseline and after the interventions . Contrary to the CF period , total ( 9 % ) and LDL ( 12 % ) cholesterol as well as triacylglycerols ( 10 % ) were lower after the LF period when compared with the CD period [ P ≤ 0.02 , adjusted for baseline , age , gender , and body mass index ( BMI ) ] . HDL cholesterol remained unchanged . Moreover , the LF period reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( P = 0.02 ) and systolic blood pressure ( P = 0.01 ) when compared with baseline . Bile acid binding could not be shown because the excretion of total bile acids remained constant after the high-fiber diets . However , the LF period result ed in an enhanced formation of the main short-chain fatty acids in comparison with the CD period . During the CF period , only acetate increased significantly . Both high-fiber diets led to higher satiety and modified nutritional behavior , result ing in significantly lower body weight , BMI , and waist circumference compared with the CD period . The blood lipid-lowering effects of LF are apparently not a result of bile acid binding . Rather , we hypothesize for the first time , to our knowledge , that the blood lipid-lowering effects of LF may be mainly attributed to the formation of short-chain fatty acids , specifically propionate and acetate . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01035086 Background Fat infiltration of the liver , muscle and pancreas is associated with insulin resistance and risk of diabetes . Weight loss reduces ectopic fat deposition and risk of diabetes , but is difficult to sustain to due to compensatory increases in appetite . Fermentable carbohydrates have been shown to decrease appetite and food intake , and promote weight loss in overweight subjects . In animal studies , fermentable carbohydrate reduces ectopic fat independent of weight loss . We aim ed to investigate the effect of the fermentable carbohydrate inulin on weight maintenance , appetite and ectopic fat in subjects with prediabetes . Methods Forty-four subjects with prediabetes were r and omized to 18 weeks ’ inulin or cellulose supplementation .  During weeks 1–9 ( weight loss phase ) all subjects had four visits with a dietitian to guide them towards a 5 % weight loss . During weeks 10–18 ( weight maintenance phase ) subjects continued taking their assigned supplementation and were asked to maintain the weight they had lost but were offered no further support . All subjects attended study sessions at baseline , 9 and 18 weeks for measurement of weight ; assessment of adipose tissue and ectopic fat content by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; glucose , insulin and GLP-1 levels following a meal tolerance test ; and appetite by ad libitum meal test and visual analogue scales . Results Both groups lost approximately 5 % of their body weight by week nine ( −5.3 ± 0.1 % vs −4.3 ± 0.4 % , p = 0.13 , but the inulin group lost significantly more weight between 9 and 18 weeks ( −2.3 ± 0.5 % vs −0.6 ± 0.4 % , p = 0.012 ) . Subjects taking inulin had lower hepatic ( p = 0.02 ) and soleus muscle ( p < 0.05 ) fat content at 18 weeks compared to control even after controlling for weight loss and consumed less at the ad libitum meal test ( p = 0.027 ) . Fasting glucose significantly decreased at week nine only ( p = 0.005 ) , insulin concentrations did not change , and there was a significant increase in GLP-1 in the cellulose group at 9 and 18 weeks ( p < 0.03 , p < 0.00001 ) . Conclusion Inulin may have a two-pronged effect on the risk of diabetes by 1 ) promoting weight loss 2 ) reducing intrahepatocellular and intramyocellular lipid in people with prediabetes independent of weight loss . Trial registration Clinical trial number : NCT01841073 Improvement of insulin resistance and inflammation is a basic strategy in the management of type 2 diabetes . There is limited evidence that prebiotics improve insulin resistance and inflammation . However , the ameliorating effect of resistant dextrin , as a prebiotic , on insulin resistance and inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes has not been investigated so far . Therefore , the present study aim ed to examine the effects of resistant dextrin on insulin resistance and inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients . In a r and omised controlled clinical trial , fifty-five women with type 2 diabetes were assigned to two groups : the intervention group ( n 30 ) and the control group ( n 25 ) . The intervention group received a daily supplement of 10 g resistant dextrin and the control group received a similar amount of maltodextrin as placebo for 8 weeks . Fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , HbA1c , insulin , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , IL-6 , TNF-α , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and serum endotoxin concentrations were measured before and after the intervention . Data were analysed using SPSS ( version 13 ) . Paired and unpaired t tests and ANCOVA were used to compare quantitative variables after the intervention . Patients supplemented with resistant dextrin exhibited a significant decrease in fasting insulin ( 20.1 pmol/l , 22.8 % ) , homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( 1.3 , 24.9 % ) , quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( 0.2 , 7.2 % ) , IL-6 ( 1.4 pg/ml , 28.4 % ) , TNF-α ( 5.4 pg/ml , 18.8 % ) , MDA ( 1.2 nmol/ml , 25.6 % ) and endotoxin ( 6.2 endotoxin units/ml , 17.8 % ) concentrations than those supplemented with maltodextrin ( P < 0.05 ) . Decreases in FPG ( 0.05 mmol/l , 0.6 % ) , HbA1c ( 0.5 % , 9.6 % ) and hs-CRP ( 2.7 ng/ml , 35.1 % ) concentrations in the resistant dextrin group were not significant when compared with the maltodextrin group . In conclusion , resistant dextrin supplementation can modulate inflammation and improve insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes BACKGROUND Acute studies with alginate-based preloads suggested that these strong gelling fibers may induce increased feelings of satiety and reduce energy intakes . However , the long-term efficacy and safety of alginate supplementation on body weight regulation are lacking . OBJECTIVE The primary aim of the study was to investigate the effects in subjects of alginate supplementation  in conjunction with  energy restriction ( -300 kcal/d ) on loss of body weight and fat and , second , on metabolic risk markers in comparison with in a placebo group . DESIGN In a parallel , double-blind , placebo-controlled study , we r and omly assigned 96 obese subjects to either an energy-restricted diet plus a place 
    Output:
    