human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of five intracanal irrigants on bond strength of fiber posts cemented with newer self-adhesive resin cement . METHODS A total of 60 extracted , single-rooted human premolars , sectioned at 14 mm , were prepared with the ProTaper Universal system with a size F3 instrument and filled with an F3 master cone and AH Plus . The root canal filling was partially removed , leaving 4 mm of apical gutta-percha . Specimens were r and omly assigned to five groups ( n=12 ) , according to the solution used for dentin surface treatment before fiber post cementation , as follows : EDTA 17 % ( EDTA ) ; QMix ( QM ) ; SmearClear ( SC ) ; 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , and 0.9 % saline solution ( SS ) . Ultrasonic activation was performed ( three times , 20 seconds each ) , and root canals were dried with paper points . Fiber posts were cemented with RelyX U200 . In one specimen per group , rhodamine B dye was mixed with RelyX U200 to provide adequate fluorescence for confocal laser scanning microscopy ( CLSM ) assessment . Specimens were transversally sectioned and three slices were obtained , one for each root third . Next , a push-out test was performed . A stereomicroscope and CLSM were used to analyze the failure modes and to illustrate the pattern of infiltration of RelyX U200 into dentinal tubules , respectively . Bond strength means were calculated , and analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests were used for statistical analysis . RESULTS SS showed the highest mean bond strength values ( 11.5±5.3 ) , superior to QM ( 5.1±3.1 ) and SC ( 5.1±3.3 ) . NaOCl presented intermediary bond strength values ( 9.7±5.0 ) , similar to EDTA ( 7.7±2.9 ) and SS . QM and SC showed the lowest mean bond strength ( p<0.05 ) . Adhesive failures between cement/dentin were predominant ( 53.9 % ) . CONCLUSION SS and NaOCl associated with ultrasonic activation seem to be adequate solutions for root canal cleaning before fiber post cementation with self-adhesive resin cement , whereas chelating solutions , such as EDTA , QM , and SC , cause a decrease in bond strength AIM This study evaluated the effects of different root canal sealers on the bond strength of a fibreglass post cemented with self-adhesive resin cements . METHODOLOGY The root canals of 50 extracted maxillary single-rooted canine teeth were prepared with the crown-down technique and r and omly divided into five groups according to the sealer used : group 1 : control group , gutta-percha points only ( no sealer ) ; group 2 : AH Plus ( resin-based sealer ) ; group 3 : self-etch Epiphany ( resin-based sealer ) ; group 4 : Sealer 26 ( calcium hydroxide-based sealer ) ; and group 5 : Endomethasone ( zinc oxide eugenol-based sealer ) . The root canals were filled with gutta-percha , the cold lateral compaction technique , except for group 3 where Resilon was used . Post spaces were prepared , and fibreglass posts were cemented with the self-adhesive cement RelyX Unicem . Bonded specimens were sectioned into 1-mm-thick slabs , and a push-out test was performed in a universal machine . Failure modes were observed and classified into five types : ( i ) adhesive between the post and resin cement ; ( ii ) mixed , with resin cement covering 0 - 50 % of the post diameter ; ( iii ) mixed , with resin cement covering 50 - 100 % of the post surface ; ( iv ) adhesive between resin cement and root canal ; and ( v ) cohesive in dentine . Data of bond strength were su bmi tted to anova and Tukey test ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS No significant difference was detected between control group , AH Plus , Epiphany and Sealer 26 ( P > 0.05 ) . The Endomethasone group had significantly lower bond strength values than the other sealers ( P < 0.05 ) . The prevalence of mixed fractures and adhesive cement-dentine failure was verified in the eugenol-containing sealer group ; in the control group , the resin-based and calcium hydroxide-based sealer groups , the predominant mode of failure was the mixed type . CONCLUSION Endomethasone interfered negatively with the bond to root dentine ; however , AH Plus , Epiphany and Sealer 26 did not interfere in the bond strength of a fibreglass post cemented with self-adhesive resin cements INTRODUCTION This study compared the influence of different irrigants with and without ultrasound or laser irradiation on the bond strength of glass fiber posts using a self-etching adhesive in a supplementary dentin pretreatment . METHODS Ninety bovine incisor roots were divided into 3 groups according to the irrigant tested : 2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) ( n = 30 ) ; 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) ( n = 30 ) , and saline solution ( control ) ( n = 30 ) . Each group was r and omly divided into 3 subgroups according to the supplementary dentin pretreatment : ultrasound , Nd : YAG laser , and nonsupplemented ( control ) . A self-etching adhesive system ( Futurabond DC ; VOCO GmbH , Cuxhaven , Germany ) was used , and the glass fiber posts were cemented with dual-cure epoxy-based luting agent ( Bifix QM , VOCO GmbH ) . All roots were sectioned transversely , and the push-out test was performed . Failure mode analysis was also evaluated . RESULTS Bond strength decreased significantly after the use of 2.5 % NaOCl in all root thirds ( P < .05 ) . CHX showed no difference in the mean bond strength value compared with saline solution ( P > .05 ) . The supplementary dentin pretreatment using the Nd : YAG laser or ultrasound did not improve the bond strength values for both NaOCl and CHX ( P > .05 ) . Moreover , the apical third exhibited the lowest mean bond strength values ( P < .05 ) . Analysis indicated that the predominant failure mode was the mixed type . CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the irrigant used , the supplementary dentin pretreatment with ultrasound or laser irradiation showed no improvement in bond strength . Also , the use of NaOCl decreased the bond strength of glass fiber posts using a self-etching adhesive system , whereas CHX preserved it AIM To assess ex vivo , the antibacterial effectiveness of photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming ( PIPS ) of irrigants using an Er : YAG laser equipped with a newly design ed , stripped and tapered tip in extracted teeth with infected root canals . METHODOLOGY One hundred and forty-eight single-rooted extracted teeth were prepared to a size 25 , 0.06 taper . The specimens were sterilized , and all teeth except ten ( negative control group ) were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and incubated in a CO(2 ) chamber at 37 ° C for 15 days in Eppendorf tubes filled with trypticase soy broth medium changed every 2 days . Infected teeth were then r and omly divided into four test groups ( n = 32 for each ) : pulsed erbium/YAG laser at nonablative setting s for 30 s with sterile bi-distilled water ( Group A ) or 5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) ( Group B ) ; without laser-activated sterile bi-distilled water irrigation for 30 s ( Group C ) or 5 % NaOCl irrigation for 30 s ( Group D ) ; the positive control group received no treatment in infected teeth ( n = 10 ) . Colony-forming units ( CFUs ) were counted from bacteriologic sample s taken before ( S1 ) and after treatment ( S2 ) . Data were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn 's multiple comparison tests . RESULTS CFU counts were significantly lower in 5 % NaOCl groups with or without laser activation than in sterile bi-distilled water without laser activation group ( P < 0.001 ) . Moreover , there was a significant difference between bi-distilled water groups with or without laser activation ( P < 0.001 ) . Sodium hypochlorite with laser activation group had the greatest CFU reduction , which was significantly greater than that evident in bi-distilled water groups with or without laser activation ( P < 0.001 ) . There were no significant differences between 5 % NaOCl groups with or without laser activation ( P > 0.05 ) . None of the four groups generated negative sample s predictably . CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of this ex vivo study , there were no significant differences in bacterial reduction between the laser and NaOCl or NaOCl alone groups . [ Correction added after online publication , 18th April 2012 : The following statement has been deleted : ' Thus , the use of a laser did not improve microbial killing over and above use of NaOCI alone . ' ] Abstract Objective . Intra-canal post systems are commonly used to restore root-filled teeth . Bond strengths of the posts can be affected by various surface treatments of the post or the dentin . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dentin surface treatments including erbium-chromium ; yttrium-sc and ium-gallium-garnet ( Er , Cr : YSGG ) laser irradiation with different intensities on the push-out bond strength of the glass fiber posts to root dentin . Material s and methods . Forty single-rooted human maxillary incisors were filled and post spaces were prepared . After these procedures , the specimens were divided r and omly into four groups according to the dentin surface treatments , as follows : ( i ) untreated surface ( control ) , ( ii ) 1W Er , Cr : YSGG laser application , ( iii ) 2W Er , Cr : YSGG laser application and ( iv ) 3W Er , Cr : YSGG laser application . Then the posts were cemented into the root canals using dual-cured resin cement . Bonded specimens were cut into 1-mm-thick slices and push-out tests were performed using a universal testing device . All specimens were loaded until fracture and the failure modes were evaluated with a stereomicroscope at 32 × magnification . Representative specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy . Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA , Tukey and Wilcoxon tests . Results . The bond strength values ranged from 3.22–4.68 MPa . There were no statistically significant differences among the groups , regardless of the different levels . The coronal and middle levels of the post space had significantly higher bond strength values compared with the apical level ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion . Er , Cr : YSGG laser irradiation with different intensities did not increase the bond strength of the fiber posts to the root canal dentin walls The study aim ed to evaluate the effect of various final irrigant activation protocol s on push-out bond strength of fiber post . Thirty-two single-rooted human maxillar central teeth were sectioned below the cementoenamel junction , instrumented and obturated . Post-space preparation was performed , and roots were r and omly divided into eight groups ( n = 4 ) according to the final irrigant activation protocol s ; distilled water was used as an irrigant in group 1 . The other groups were treated with 2.5 % NaOCl and 17 % EDTA . Conventional syringe irrigation ( CSI , no activation ) was used in group 2 . Irrigation solutions were activated using passive ultrasonic irrigation ( PUI , group 3 ) , EndoVac apical negative pressure ( ANP , group 4 ) , diode laser ( group 5 ) , neodymium : yttrium – aluminum-garnet ( Nd : YAG ) laser ( group 6 ) , erbium : yttrium – aluminum-garnet ( Er : YAG ) laser ( group 7 ) , and Er : YAG laser using with photon-induced photoacoustic streaming ( PIPS ™ ) technique ( group 8) . In all groups , fiber posts ( White Post DC , FGM ) were luted using Panavia F 2.0 ( Kuraray , Osaka , Japan ) . The specimens were transversally sectioned , and all slices from coronal and apical regions were subjected to push-out tests . The data were calculated as megapascals and analyzed by using two-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference ( HSD ) tests . Removing the smear layer increased the bond strength to dentine when compared with the control group ( p < 0.05 ) . The highest bond strength was obtained in the PIPS laser-activated irrigation group ( p < 0.05 ) . Coronal root region presented significantly higher bond strength than the apical region ( p < 0.05 ) . PIPS laser-activated irrigation showed higher efficiency as a final irrigant activation protocol on push-out bond strength of fiber post OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that the stress distribution and bond strength of glass posts to intraradicular dentin is influenced by the mechanical testing methodology . METHODS Thirty single rooted endodontically treated teeth were prepared for luting of tapered fiber-glass posts ( Reforpost , Angelus , Londrina , PR , Brazil ) with a conventional adhesive system and resin luting cement ( Adper Scotchbond Multi- purpose , Rely X ARC , 3 M ESPE , St. Paul , MN , USA ) . The teeth were r and omly divided ( n=10 per group ) 
    Output:
    
agent
In conclusion , this review suggests that the use of NaOCl/EDTA results in the retention of FGPs and may thus be recommended as a post-space cleaning method influencing the luting procedure
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of five intracanal irrigants on bond strength of fiber posts cemented with newer self-adhesive resin cement . METHODS A total of 60 extracted , single-rooted human premolars , sectioned at 14 mm , were prepared with the ProTaper Universal system with a size F3 instrument and filled with an F3 master cone and AH Plus . The root canal filling was partially removed , leaving 4 mm of apical gutta-percha . Specimens were r and omly assigned to five groups ( n=12 ) , according to the solution used for dentin surface treatment before fiber post cementation , as follows : EDTA 17 % ( EDTA ) ; QMix ( QM ) ; SmearClear ( SC ) ; 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , and 0.9 % saline solution ( SS ) . Ultrasonic activation was performed ( three times , 20 seconds each ) , and root canals were dried with paper points . Fiber posts were cemented with RelyX U200 . In one specimen per group , rhodamine B dye was mixed with RelyX U200 to provide adequate fluorescence for confocal laser scanning microscopy ( CLSM ) assessment . Specimens were transversally sectioned and three slices were obtained , one for each root third . Next , a push-out test was performed . A stereomicroscope and CLSM were used to analyze the failure modes and to illustrate the pattern of infiltration of RelyX U200 into dentinal tubules , respectively . Bond strength means were calculated , and analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests were used for statistical analysis . RESULTS SS showed the highest mean bond strength values ( 11.5±5.3 ) , superior to QM ( 5.1±3.1 ) and SC ( 5.1±3.3 ) . NaOCl presented intermediary bond strength values ( 9.7±5.0 ) , similar to EDTA ( 7.7±2.9 ) and SS . QM and SC showed the lowest mean bond strength ( p<0.05 ) . Adhesive failures between cement/dentin were predominant ( 53.9 % ) . CONCLUSION SS and NaOCl associated with ultrasonic activation seem to be adequate solutions for root canal cleaning before fiber post cementation with self-adhesive resin cement , whereas chelating solutions , such as EDTA , QM , and SC , cause a decrease in bond strength AIM This study evaluated the effects of different root canal sealers on the bond strength of a fibreglass post cemented with self-adhesive resin cements . METHODOLOGY The root canals of 50 extracted maxillary single-rooted canine teeth were prepared with the crown-down technique and r and omly divided into five groups according to the sealer used : group 1 : control group , gutta-percha points only ( no sealer ) ; group 2 : AH Plus ( resin-based sealer ) ; group 3 : self-etch Epiphany ( resin-based sealer ) ; group 4 : Sealer 26 ( calcium hydroxide-based sealer ) ; and group 5 : Endomethasone ( zinc oxide eugenol-based sealer ) . The root canals were filled with gutta-percha , the cold lateral compaction technique , except for group 3 where Resilon was used . Post spaces were prepared , and fibreglass posts were cemented with the self-adhesive cement RelyX Unicem . Bonded specimens were sectioned into 1-mm-thick slabs , and a push-out test was performed in a universal machine . Failure modes were observed and classified into five types : ( i ) adhesive between the post and resin cement ; ( ii ) mixed , with resin cement covering 0 - 50 % of the post diameter ; ( iii ) mixed , with resin cement covering 50 - 100 % of the post surface ; ( iv ) adhesive between resin cement and root canal ; and ( v ) cohesive in dentine . Data of bond strength were su bmi tted to anova and Tukey test ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS No significant difference was detected between control group , AH Plus , Epiphany and Sealer 26 ( P > 0.05 ) . The Endomethasone group had significantly lower bond strength values than the other sealers ( P < 0.05 ) . The prevalence of mixed fractures and adhesive cement-dentine failure was verified in the eugenol-containing sealer group ; in the control group , the resin-based and calcium hydroxide-based sealer groups , the predominant mode of failure was the mixed type . CONCLUSION Endomethasone interfered negatively with the bond to root dentine ; however , AH Plus , Epiphany and Sealer 26 did not interfere in the bond strength of a fibreglass post cemented with self-adhesive resin cements INTRODUCTION This study compared the influence of different irrigants with and without ultrasound or laser irradiation on the bond strength of glass fiber posts using a self-etching adhesive in a supplementary dentin pretreatment . METHODS Ninety bovine incisor roots were divided into 3 groups according to the irrigant tested : 2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) ( n = 30 ) ; 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) ( n = 30 ) , and saline solution ( control ) ( n = 30 ) . Each group was r and omly divided into 3 subgroups according to the supplementary dentin pretreatment : ultrasound , Nd : YAG laser , and nonsupplemented ( control ) . A self-etching adhesive system ( Futurabond DC ; VOCO GmbH , Cuxhaven , Germany ) was used , and the glass fiber posts were cemented with dual-cure epoxy-based luting agent ( Bifix QM , VOCO GmbH ) . All roots were sectioned transversely , and the push-out test was performed . Failure mode analysis was also evaluated . RESULTS Bond strength decreased significantly after the use of 2.5 % NaOCl in all root thirds ( P < .05 ) . CHX showed no difference in the mean bond strength value compared with saline solution ( P > .05 ) . The supplementary dentin pretreatment using the Nd : YAG laser or ultrasound did not improve the bond strength values for both NaOCl and CHX ( P > .05 ) . Moreover , the apical third exhibited the lowest mean bond strength values ( P < .05 ) . Analysis indicated that the predominant failure mode was the mixed type . CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the irrigant used , the supplementary dentin pretreatment with ultrasound or laser irradiation showed no improvement in bond strength . Also , the use of NaOCl decreased the bond strength of glass fiber posts using a self-etching adhesive system , whereas CHX preserved it AIM To assess ex vivo , the antibacterial effectiveness of photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming ( PIPS ) of irrigants using an Er : YAG laser equipped with a newly design ed , stripped and tapered tip in extracted teeth with infected root canals . METHODOLOGY One hundred and forty-eight single-rooted extracted teeth were prepared to a size 25 , 0.06 taper . The specimens were sterilized , and all teeth except ten ( negative control group ) were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and incubated in a CO(2 ) chamber at 37 ° C for 15 days in Eppendorf tubes filled with trypticase soy broth medium changed every 2 days . Infected teeth were then r and omly divided into four test groups ( n = 32 for each ) : pulsed erbium/YAG laser at nonablative setting s for 30 s with sterile bi-distilled water ( Group A ) or 5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) ( Group B ) ; without laser-activated sterile bi-distilled water irrigation for 30 s ( Group C ) or 5 % NaOCl irrigation for 30 s ( Group D ) ; the positive control group received no treatment in infected teeth ( n = 10 ) . Colony-forming units ( CFUs ) were counted from bacteriologic sample s taken before ( S1 ) and after treatment ( S2 ) . Data were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn 's multiple comparison tests . RESULTS CFU counts were significantly lower in 5 % NaOCl groups with or without laser activation than in sterile bi-distilled water without laser activation group ( P < 0.001 ) . Moreover , there was a significant difference between bi-distilled water groups with or without laser activation ( P < 0.001 ) . Sodium hypochlorite with laser activation group had the greatest CFU reduction , which was significantly greater than that evident in bi-distilled water groups with or without laser activation ( P < 0.001 ) . There were no significant differences between 5 % NaOCl groups with or without laser activation ( P > 0.05 ) . None of the four groups generated negative sample s predictably . CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of this ex vivo study , there were no significant differences in bacterial reduction between the laser and NaOCl or NaOCl alone groups . [ Correction added after online publication , 18th April 2012 : The following statement has been deleted : ' Thus , the use of a laser did not improve microbial killing over and above use of NaOCI alone . ' ] Abstract Objective . Intra-canal post systems are commonly used to restore root-filled teeth . Bond strengths of the posts can be affected by various surface treatments of the post or the dentin . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dentin surface treatments including erbium-chromium ; yttrium-sc and ium-gallium-garnet ( Er , Cr : YSGG ) laser irradiation with different intensities on the push-out bond strength of the glass fiber posts to root dentin . Material s and methods . Forty single-rooted human maxillary incisors were filled and post spaces were prepared . After these procedures , the specimens were divided r and omly into four groups according to the dentin surface treatments , as follows : ( i ) untreated surface ( control ) , ( ii ) 1W Er , Cr : YSGG laser application , ( iii ) 2W Er , Cr : YSGG laser application and ( iv ) 3W Er , Cr : YSGG laser application . Then the posts were cemented into the root canals using dual-cured resin cement . Bonded specimens were cut into 1-mm-thick slices and push-out tests were performed using a universal testing device . All specimens were loaded until fracture and the failure modes were evaluated with a stereomicroscope at 32 × magnification . Representative specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy . Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA , Tukey and Wilcoxon tests . Results . The bond strength values ranged from 3.22–4.68 MPa . There were no statistically significant differences among the groups , regardless of the different levels . The coronal and middle levels of the post space had significantly higher bond strength values compared with the apical level ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion . Er , Cr : YSGG laser irradiation with different intensities did not increase the bond strength of the fiber posts to the root canal dentin walls The study aim ed to evaluate the effect of various final irrigant activation protocol s on push-out bond strength of fiber post . Thirty-two single-rooted human maxillar central teeth were sectioned below the cementoenamel junction , instrumented and obturated . Post-space preparation was performed , and roots were r and omly divided into eight groups ( n = 4 ) according to the final irrigant activation protocol s ; distilled water was used as an irrigant in group 1 . The other groups were treated with 2.5 % NaOCl and 17 % EDTA . Conventional syringe irrigation ( CSI , no activation ) was used in group 2 . Irrigation solutions were activated using passive ultrasonic irrigation ( PUI , group 3 ) , EndoVac apical negative pressure ( ANP , group 4 ) , diode laser ( group 5 ) , neodymium : yttrium – aluminum-garnet ( Nd : YAG ) laser ( group 6 ) , erbium : yttrium – aluminum-garnet ( Er : YAG ) laser ( group 7 ) , and Er : YAG laser using with photon-induced photoacoustic streaming ( PIPS ™ ) technique ( group 8) . In all groups , fiber posts ( White Post DC , FGM ) were luted using Panavia F 2.0 ( Kuraray , Osaka , Japan ) . The specimens were transversally sectioned , and all slices from coronal and apical regions were subjected to push-out tests . The data were calculated as megapascals and analyzed by using two-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference ( HSD ) tests . Removing the smear layer increased the bond strength to dentine when compared with the control group ( p < 0.05 ) . The highest bond strength was obtained in the PIPS laser-activated irrigation group ( p < 0.05 ) . Coronal root region presented significantly higher bond strength than the apical region ( p < 0.05 ) . PIPS laser-activated irrigation showed higher efficiency as a final irrigant activation protocol on push-out bond strength of fiber post OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that the stress distribution and bond strength of glass posts to intraradicular dentin is influenced by the mechanical testing methodology . METHODS Thirty single rooted endodontically treated teeth were prepared for luting of tapered fiber-glass posts ( Reforpost , Angelus , Londrina , PR , Brazil ) with a conventional adhesive system and resin luting cement ( Adper Scotchbond Multi- purpose , Rely X ARC , 3 M ESPE , St. Paul , MN , USA ) . The teeth were r and omly divided ( n=10 per group ) 
    Output:
    