human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE this study evaluated the effect of surface treatments ( Nd : YAG laser , CO2 laser , Al203 airborne-particle abrasion , and silica-coating ) on the  zirconia-to-resin shear bond strength ( SBS ) .  METHOD AND MATERIAL S eighty-one Lava ( 3 M ESPE ) blocks ( 13 x 4 x 2 mm ) were embedded in acrylic resin , polished , and r and omly divided into three groups , which received the following surface treatments : no abrasion , Al203 airborne-particle abrasion ( 50 Μm ) , or silica-coating ( Cojet , 3 M ESPE ) . Each group was divided into three subgroups that were treated with Nd : YAG laser , CO2 laser , or no laser irradiation . Following application of a monomer phosphate-containing primer , cylinders of resin cement ( Panavia F , Kuraray ) ( n = 18 ) were built on the surface . SBS testing was carried out after 24 hours of storage in water . Surface roughness and topography ( SEM ) after treatments were evaluated . RESULTS according to ANOVA and Tukey test ( α = 0.05 ) , mean SBS after Nd : YAG laser treatment ranged from 14.09 to 16.20 MPa and was statistically higher than CO2 laser ( 6.24 to 10.51 MPa ) and no laser treatment ( 4.65 to 8.79 MPa ) . The Nd : YAG laser created more roughness on zirconia when compared to the CO2 laser and abrasion treatments . Silica-coating increased the SBS of lased and nonlased zirconia . Significant microcracks were found on specimens treated with CO2 . CONCLUSION Nd : YAG laser pretreatment , whether associated with abrasion methods or not , created consistent roughness on the zirconia surface and significantly increased zirconia SBS to Panavia F. Silica-coating could potentially increase the SBS of lased and nonlased zirconia . Significant microcracks were found on specimens treated with the CO2 laser PURPOSE To investigate the influence of cyclic impact load and the number of load cycles on compressive shear bond strength under the three different cements . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The following material s were used : Super Bond C&B ( SB ) and Panavia Fluoro Cement ( PF ) as adhesive resin cements , Fuji Luting ( FL ) as a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement , and zirconium dioxide ceramics as adherend . Before the shear bond test , three different impact loading conditions ( compressive direction , shear direction , and no impact ) and the number of load cycles ( 1 to 106 cycles ) , were performed . A total of 189 specimens ( n = 3/group ) were r and omly assigned to groups and tested . A cyclic impact test was performed by applying a load of 98N at a distance of 40 mm and a loading cycle frequency of 1 Hz . All results were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's multiple comparison test . RESULTS Shear bond strengths of SB , PF , and FL subjected to no cyclic impact load were 21.6 to 53.8 MPa in SB , 27.0 to 63.6 MPa in PF , and 20.0 to 35.9 MPa in FL . The shear bond strength of SB and PF increased to a certain degree from one to 105 cycles , while FL did likewise from one to 104 cycles . CONCLUSION The shear bond strengths of SB , PF , and FL were greatest without cyclic impact , followed by compressive and then shear cyclic impact OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of five experimental silane monomer primers in vitro on the shear bond strength of a phosphate ester resin-composite cement bonded to a silicatized zirconia framework . METHODS A total of 144 planar zirconia ( Procera AllZircon ) specimens were subjected to tribochemical silica treatment , r and omly divided into 12 sub-groups ( n=12 ) , and silanized with 1.0%(v/v ) activated solutions of 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane , 3 glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane , 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane , styrylethyltrimethoxysilane , and 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane , which had been prepared in 95 % ethanol ( pH 4.5 ) . A ready-to-use 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane ( RelyX ™ Ceramic Primer ) was used as the control . One resincomposite cement ( RelyX ™ Unicem ) stub was bonded to each silicatized and silanized zirconia specimen . Half of the specimen groups were dry-tested and half were thermo-cycled at 6000 cycles between 5 ° C and 55 ° C , with a constant dwelling time of 30s . The shear bond strengths of the cement stubs bonded to zirconia were measured using a universal testing machine using a constant cross-head speed of 1mm/min . The silane primer activation was evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy . RESULTS The highest shear bond strength was obtained for 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane in dry storage , 11.7 MPa ( SD , 2.3 MPa ) and after thermo-cycling 17.6 ( 4.1 ) MPa for glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane . The lowest shear bond strength values were obtained with control silane : in dry storage , 4.5 ( 1.3 ) MPa , after thermo-cycling 6.5 ( 2.6 ) MPa . Thermo-cycling increased the bond strengths significantly ( ANOVA , p<0.001 ) and differently for each type of silane ( ANOVA , p<0.001 ) . SIGNIFICANCE Silanization with five experimental silane primers in vitro produced significantly greater shear bond strengths than the ready-to-use control silane The purpose of the study was to evaluate the shear bond strengths ( SBS ) of two resin cements to intaglio surfaces of zirconia from two manufacturers after three surface treatment methods . Forty zirconia specimens from one manufacturer ( Lava , 3 M ESPE ) and 40 zirconia specimens from another manufacturer ( Cercon , Dentsply ) , each with system-specific intaglio surfaces , were r and omly divided into four treatment groups ( 20 sample s per group , 10 for each manufacturer ) : no treatment ( No_T ) , s and blasting with 50microm Al2O3 ( S_50 ) , s and blasting with 110 microm al2O3 ( S_110 ) , and Rocatec silica coating and silanization ( ESPE-Sil , 3 M ESPE ) ( Roc ) . A 5-mm metal ring was fixed upon the zirconia and was filled with one of two different resin composite cements ( RelyX Unicem , 3 M ESPE and Panavia F 2.0 , Kuraray ) . Sample s were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 7 days ; SBS was evaluated using a universal testing machine . Values were calculated in MPa and the data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey HSD test ( P < .05 ) . In the Lava specimens , the three surface treatment methods tested did not increase the bond strength of Panavia compared to the control group ( P = .195 ) ; using RelyX Unicem , S_50 and Roc , mean SBS values were significantly higher than values for No_T ( S50 P = .0048 ; Roc P < .001 ) . For Lava surfaces treated with Rocatec , there was a statistically significant difference between the two luting cements used ( Unicem 11.39 + /- 2.19 ; Panavia 8.56 + /- 1.17 ; P = .002 ) . Regarding the Cercon specimens , there was a significant difference between the Unicem and the Panavia control groups ( No_T Unicem 1.48 + /- 1.19 , No_T Panavia 4.60 + /- 2.75 , P = .004 ) . In conclusion , all surface treatments increased the bond strength of RelyX Unicem resin cement to both zirconia substrates . No statistically significant changes were found using Panavia on Lava . S and blasting with 110 microm Al2O3 provided the highest bond strength for Panavia on Cercon The present study evaluated the durability of bond strength between zirconia and 3 different resin cements . Thirty stabilized tetragonal zirconium-dioxide blocks were duplicated in dual-curing resin core build-up material specimens . Resin blocks were r and omly luted to zirconium surfaces using 1 ) Clearfil Esthetic Cement ( CLF ) , 2 ) RelyX Unicem Aplicap ( RELX ) , or 3 ) Multilink Automix ( MLA ) . After 24 h , half of the specimens from each of the 3 groups were loaded in tension until fracture ( 0.5 mm/min ) . The remaining half were tested after 6,000 thermal cycles ( 5 to 55 ° C ) . Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and the Tukey test ( α = 0.05 ) . Fractographic analysis was performed using a stereomicroscope . Tensile bond strength values were significantly affected by the luting agent system employed and by thermal aging ( P < 0.001 ) . The highest tensile bond strength values in non-thermal-aged groups were observed for specimens from the RELX and CLF groups . In contrast , in the thermal-aged groups , the highest tensile bond strength values were for the MLA and RELX groups . Moreover , while thermocycling significantly affected bond strengths in the RELX and CLF groups , the mean strength of the MLA group did not significantly change after aging . There was little difference in the distribution of failure modes in any group PURPOSE This study evaluated the adhesive quality of simplified self-adhesive and conventional resin cements to Y-TZP in dry and aged conditions . METHODS  Y-TZP ceramic blocks ( N = 192 ) ( 5 x 5 x 2 mm ) were embedded in acrylic resin and r and omly divided into two groups , based on surface conditioning : 96 % isopropanol or chairside tribochemical silica coating and silanization . Conditioned ceramics were divided into four groups to receive the resin cements ( Panavia F 2.0 , Variolink II , RelyX U100 and Maxcem ) . After 24 hours , half of the specimens ( n = 12 ) from each group were su bmi tted to shear bond strength testing ( 0.5 mm/minute ) . The remaining specimens were tested after 90 days of water storage at 37 degrees C and thermocycling ( 12,000x , 5 degrees C-55 degrees C ) . Failure types were then assessed . The data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and the Tukey 's test ( alpha = 0.05 ) . RESULTS Significant effects of ceramic conditioning , cement type and storage conditions were observed ( p < 0.0001 ) . The groups cleaned using alcohol only showed low bond strength values in dry conditions and the bond strength was reduced dramatically after aging . Groups conditioned using silica coating and silanization showed higher bond strengths both in dry and aged conditions . A high number of specimens failed prematurely prior to testing when they were cleaned using 96 % isopropanol . CONCLUSION Overall , silica coating and silanization showed higher , stable bond strengths with and without aging . The durability of resin-ceramic adhesion varied , depending on the adhesive cement type Abstract Objective . The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of different power outputs of a carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) laser on shear bond strength of resin cement to zirconium dioxide-based ceramic . Material s and methods . Fifty zirconium dioxide core specimens ( 10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness ) were produced and they were embedded in the centers of auto-polymerizing acrylic resin blocks . Ten specimens served as control and no surface treatment was applied . Subsequently specimens were r and omly divided into four groups , each containing 10 specimens for surface treatment with CO2 laser with different output power ; laser treated with 2 W ( Group 2 W ) , 3 W ( Group 3 W ) , 4 W ( Group 4 W ) and finally 5 W ( Group 5 W ) . Fifty composite resin discs were fabricated and cemented with adhesive resin cement to the specimen surfaces . A universal test machine was used for shear bond strength test at a crosshead speed 1 mm/min . Data were statistically analyzed by one-way analyses of variance ( ANOVA ) with Post-Hoc Tukey tests ( α = 0.05 ) . Results . It was found that the shear bond strength values were affected by power outputs of laser ( p < 0.05 ) . Highest shear bond strength values were obtained with group 2 W ( 21.0 ± 2.7 ) . Lowest values were obtained with group 5 W ( 14.4 ± 1.6 ) . Conclusion . The current study revealed that there was a relationship between laser output power and shear bond strength for zirconium dioxide ceramics . However , output power of the laser and the energy level is a critical factor on micromechanical retention This study evaluated the influence 
    Output:
    
agent
An as-produced surface of oxide ceramic needs to be surface treated to achieve durable bond strength .
Abrasive surface treatment and /or silica-coating treatment with the use of primer treatment can provide sufficient bond strength for bonding oxide ceramics .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE this study evaluated the effect of surface treatments ( Nd : YAG laser , CO2 laser , Al203 airborne-particle abrasion , and silica-coating ) on the  zirconia-to-resin shear bond strength ( SBS ) .  METHOD AND MATERIAL S eighty-one Lava ( 3 M ESPE ) blocks ( 13 x 4 x 2 mm ) were embedded in acrylic resin , polished , and r and omly divided into three groups , which received the following surface treatments : no abrasion , Al203 airborne-particle abrasion ( 50 Μm ) , or silica-coating ( Cojet , 3 M ESPE ) . Each group was divided into three subgroups that were treated with Nd : YAG laser , CO2 laser , or no laser irradiation . Following application of a monomer phosphate-containing primer , cylinders of resin cement ( Panavia F , Kuraray ) ( n = 18 ) were built on the surface . SBS testing was carried out after 24 hours of storage in water . Surface roughness and topography ( SEM ) after treatments were evaluated . RESULTS according to ANOVA and Tukey test ( α = 0.05 ) , mean SBS after Nd : YAG laser treatment ranged from 14.09 to 16.20 MPa and was statistically higher than CO2 laser ( 6.24 to 10.51 MPa ) and no laser treatment ( 4.65 to 8.79 MPa ) . The Nd : YAG laser created more roughness on zirconia when compared to the CO2 laser and abrasion treatments . Silica-coating increased the SBS of lased and nonlased zirconia . Significant microcracks were found on specimens treated with CO2 . CONCLUSION Nd : YAG laser pretreatment , whether associated with abrasion methods or not , created consistent roughness on the zirconia surface and significantly increased zirconia SBS to Panavia F. Silica-coating could potentially increase the SBS of lased and nonlased zirconia . Significant microcracks were found on specimens treated with the CO2 laser PURPOSE To investigate the influence of cyclic impact load and the number of load cycles on compressive shear bond strength under the three different cements . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The following material s were used : Super Bond C&B ( SB ) and Panavia Fluoro Cement ( PF ) as adhesive resin cements , Fuji Luting ( FL ) as a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement , and zirconium dioxide ceramics as adherend . Before the shear bond test , three different impact loading conditions ( compressive direction , shear direction , and no impact ) and the number of load cycles ( 1 to 106 cycles ) , were performed . A total of 189 specimens ( n = 3/group ) were r and omly assigned to groups and tested . A cyclic impact test was performed by applying a load of 98N at a distance of 40 mm and a loading cycle frequency of 1 Hz . All results were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's multiple comparison test . RESULTS Shear bond strengths of SB , PF , and FL subjected to no cyclic impact load were 21.6 to 53.8 MPa in SB , 27.0 to 63.6 MPa in PF , and 20.0 to 35.9 MPa in FL . The shear bond strength of SB and PF increased to a certain degree from one to 105 cycles , while FL did likewise from one to 104 cycles . CONCLUSION The shear bond strengths of SB , PF , and FL were greatest without cyclic impact , followed by compressive and then shear cyclic impact OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of five experimental silane monomer primers in vitro on the shear bond strength of a phosphate ester resin-composite cement bonded to a silicatized zirconia framework . METHODS A total of 144 planar zirconia ( Procera AllZircon ) specimens were subjected to tribochemical silica treatment , r and omly divided into 12 sub-groups ( n=12 ) , and silanized with 1.0%(v/v ) activated solutions of 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane , 3 glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane , 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane , styrylethyltrimethoxysilane , and 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane , which had been prepared in 95 % ethanol ( pH 4.5 ) . A ready-to-use 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane ( RelyX ™ Ceramic Primer ) was used as the control . One resincomposite cement ( RelyX ™ Unicem ) stub was bonded to each silicatized and silanized zirconia specimen . Half of the specimen groups were dry-tested and half were thermo-cycled at 6000 cycles between 5 ° C and 55 ° C , with a constant dwelling time of 30s . The shear bond strengths of the cement stubs bonded to zirconia were measured using a universal testing machine using a constant cross-head speed of 1mm/min . The silane primer activation was evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy . RESULTS The highest shear bond strength was obtained for 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane in dry storage , 11.7 MPa ( SD , 2.3 MPa ) and after thermo-cycling 17.6 ( 4.1 ) MPa for glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane . The lowest shear bond strength values were obtained with control silane : in dry storage , 4.5 ( 1.3 ) MPa , after thermo-cycling 6.5 ( 2.6 ) MPa . Thermo-cycling increased the bond strengths significantly ( ANOVA , p<0.001 ) and differently for each type of silane ( ANOVA , p<0.001 ) . SIGNIFICANCE Silanization with five experimental silane primers in vitro produced significantly greater shear bond strengths than the ready-to-use control silane The purpose of the study was to evaluate the shear bond strengths ( SBS ) of two resin cements to intaglio surfaces of zirconia from two manufacturers after three surface treatment methods . Forty zirconia specimens from one manufacturer ( Lava , 3 M ESPE ) and 40 zirconia specimens from another manufacturer ( Cercon , Dentsply ) , each with system-specific intaglio surfaces , were r and omly divided into four treatment groups ( 20 sample s per group , 10 for each manufacturer ) : no treatment ( No_T ) , s and blasting with 50microm Al2O3 ( S_50 ) , s and blasting with 110 microm al2O3 ( S_110 ) , and Rocatec silica coating and silanization ( ESPE-Sil , 3 M ESPE ) ( Roc ) . A 5-mm metal ring was fixed upon the zirconia and was filled with one of two different resin composite cements ( RelyX Unicem , 3 M ESPE and Panavia F 2.0 , Kuraray ) . Sample s were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 7 days ; SBS was evaluated using a universal testing machine . Values were calculated in MPa and the data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey HSD test ( P < .05 ) . In the Lava specimens , the three surface treatment methods tested did not increase the bond strength of Panavia compared to the control group ( P = .195 ) ; using RelyX Unicem , S_50 and Roc , mean SBS values were significantly higher than values for No_T ( S50 P = .0048 ; Roc P < .001 ) . For Lava surfaces treated with Rocatec , there was a statistically significant difference between the two luting cements used ( Unicem 11.39 + /- 2.19 ; Panavia 8.56 + /- 1.17 ; P = .002 ) . Regarding the Cercon specimens , there was a significant difference between the Unicem and the Panavia control groups ( No_T Unicem 1.48 + /- 1.19 , No_T Panavia 4.60 + /- 2.75 , P = .004 ) . In conclusion , all surface treatments increased the bond strength of RelyX Unicem resin cement to both zirconia substrates . No statistically significant changes were found using Panavia on Lava . S and blasting with 110 microm Al2O3 provided the highest bond strength for Panavia on Cercon The present study evaluated the durability of bond strength between zirconia and 3 different resin cements . Thirty stabilized tetragonal zirconium-dioxide blocks were duplicated in dual-curing resin core build-up material specimens . Resin blocks were r and omly luted to zirconium surfaces using 1 ) Clearfil Esthetic Cement ( CLF ) , 2 ) RelyX Unicem Aplicap ( RELX ) , or 3 ) Multilink Automix ( MLA ) . After 24 h , half of the specimens from each of the 3 groups were loaded in tension until fracture ( 0.5 mm/min ) . The remaining half were tested after 6,000 thermal cycles ( 5 to 55 ° C ) . Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and the Tukey test ( α = 0.05 ) . Fractographic analysis was performed using a stereomicroscope . Tensile bond strength values were significantly affected by the luting agent system employed and by thermal aging ( P < 0.001 ) . The highest tensile bond strength values in non-thermal-aged groups were observed for specimens from the RELX and CLF groups . In contrast , in the thermal-aged groups , the highest tensile bond strength values were for the MLA and RELX groups . Moreover , while thermocycling significantly affected bond strengths in the RELX and CLF groups , the mean strength of the MLA group did not significantly change after aging . There was little difference in the distribution of failure modes in any group PURPOSE This study evaluated the adhesive quality of simplified self-adhesive and conventional resin cements to Y-TZP in dry and aged conditions . METHODS  Y-TZP ceramic blocks ( N = 192 ) ( 5 x 5 x 2 mm ) were embedded in acrylic resin and r and omly divided into two groups , based on surface conditioning : 96 % isopropanol or chairside tribochemical silica coating and silanization . Conditioned ceramics were divided into four groups to receive the resin cements ( Panavia F 2.0 , Variolink II , RelyX U100 and Maxcem ) . After 24 hours , half of the specimens ( n = 12 ) from each group were su bmi tted to shear bond strength testing ( 0.5 mm/minute ) . The remaining specimens were tested after 90 days of water storage at 37 degrees C and thermocycling ( 12,000x , 5 degrees C-55 degrees C ) . Failure types were then assessed . The data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and the Tukey 's test ( alpha = 0.05 ) . RESULTS Significant effects of ceramic conditioning , cement type and storage conditions were observed ( p < 0.0001 ) . The groups cleaned using alcohol only showed low bond strength values in dry conditions and the bond strength was reduced dramatically after aging . Groups conditioned using silica coating and silanization showed higher bond strengths both in dry and aged conditions . A high number of specimens failed prematurely prior to testing when they were cleaned using 96 % isopropanol . CONCLUSION Overall , silica coating and silanization showed higher , stable bond strengths with and without aging . The durability of resin-ceramic adhesion varied , depending on the adhesive cement type Abstract Objective . The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of different power outputs of a carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) laser on shear bond strength of resin cement to zirconium dioxide-based ceramic . Material s and methods . Fifty zirconium dioxide core specimens ( 10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness ) were produced and they were embedded in the centers of auto-polymerizing acrylic resin blocks . Ten specimens served as control and no surface treatment was applied . Subsequently specimens were r and omly divided into four groups , each containing 10 specimens for surface treatment with CO2 laser with different output power ; laser treated with 2 W ( Group 2 W ) , 3 W ( Group 3 W ) , 4 W ( Group 4 W ) and finally 5 W ( Group 5 W ) . Fifty composite resin discs were fabricated and cemented with adhesive resin cement to the specimen surfaces . A universal test machine was used for shear bond strength test at a crosshead speed 1 mm/min . Data were statistically analyzed by one-way analyses of variance ( ANOVA ) with Post-Hoc Tukey tests ( α = 0.05 ) . Results . It was found that the shear bond strength values were affected by power outputs of laser ( p < 0.05 ) . Highest shear bond strength values were obtained with group 2 W ( 21.0 ± 2.7 ) . Lowest values were obtained with group 5 W ( 14.4 ± 1.6 ) . Conclusion . The current study revealed that there was a relationship between laser output power and shear bond strength for zirconium dioxide ceramics . However , output power of the laser and the energy level is a critical factor on micromechanical retention This study evaluated the influence 
    Output:
    