human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: In animal studies , bone adaptation has been initiated successfully without the transient force spike associated with high impact exercises . Consequently , a 12-week bilateral hopping on the balls of the feet intervention was conducted . 25 elderly men ( age 72(SD4 ) years , height 171(6 ) cm , weight 75(9 ) kg ) were r and omly assigned into exercise and control groups . Ten subjects in each group completed the study .  Carboxyterminal propeptide of type I collagen ( CICP ) , bone-specific alkaline phosphatase ( bALP ) and carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen ( CTx ) were measured from venous blood sample s at baseline , at 2 weeks and at the end of the intervention . Maximal ground reaction force ( GRF ) , osteogenic index ( OI ) and jump height ( JH ) were determined from bilateral hopping test and balance was assessed with velocity of center of pressure ( COPvelocity ) while st and ing on the preferred leg with eyes open . The intervention consisted of 5–7 sets of 10 s timed bilateral hopping exercise at 75–90 % intensity three times/week . There was no significant group × time interaction for GRF , OI and JH ( P = 0.065 ) . GRF ( 11 % change from baseline vs. 4 % ) , OI ( 15 vs. 6 % ) and COPvelocity ( −10 vs. −1 % ) were not influenced by the intervention ( P > 0.170 ) , while the control group improved JH ( P = 0.031 ) ( 2 vs. 18 % ) . For the biomarkers , no effect was observed in MANOVA ( P = 0.536 ) or in univariate analyses ( P = 0.082 to P = 0.820 ) ( CICP −2 vs. −3 % , CTx 8 vs. −12 % , bALP 0 vs. −3.7 % ) . Allowing transient impact force spikes may be necessary to initiate a bone response in elderly men as the intervention was ineffective Objective This study aim ed to compare the effects of two frequencies of high-speed resistance training ( HSRT ) on physical performance and quality of life of older women . Methods A total of 24 older women participated in a 12-week HSRT program  composed of either two or three sessions/week ( equated for volume and intensity ) . Women were r and omized into three arms : a control group ( CG , n=8 ) , a resistance training group performing two sessions/week ( RT2 , n=8 ) , and a resistance training group performing three sessions/week ( RT3 , n=8 ) . The training program for both experimental groups included exercises that required high-speed concentric muscle actions . Results No baseline differences were observed among groups . Compared with the CG , both training groups showed similar small to moderate improvements ( P<0.05 ) in muscle strength , power , functional performance , balance , and quality of life . Conclusion These results suggest that equated for volume and intensity , two and three training sessions/week of HSRT are equally effective for improving physical performance and quality of life of older women Purpose This study compared the effect of periodised versus non-periodised ( NP ) resistance training on neuromuscular adaptions in older adults . Methods Forty-one apparently healthy untrained older adults ( female = 21 , male = 20 ; 70.9 ± 5.1 years ; 166.3 ± 8.2 cm ; 72.9 ± 13.4 kg ) were recruited and r and omly stratified to an NP , block periodised ( BP ) , or daily undulating periodised ( DUP ) training group . Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and following a 22-week resistance training intervention ( 3 day week−1 ) , including : muscle cross-sectional area ( CSA ) , vertical jump performance , isometric and isokinetic peak torque , isometric rate of force development ( RFD ) , and muscle activation . Thirty-three participants satisfied all study requirements and were included in analyses ( female = 17 , male = 16 ; 71.3 ± 5.4 years ; 166.3 ± 8.5 cm ; 72.5 ± 13.7 kg ) .  Results Block periodisation , DUP , and NP resistance training induced statistically significant improvements in muscle CSA , vertical jump peak velocity , peak power and jump height , and peak isometric and isokinetic torque of the knee extensors at 60 and 180 ° s−1 , with no between-group differences . Muscle activity and absolute RFD measures were statistically unchanged following resistance training across the entire cohort . Conclusions Periodised resistance training , specifically BP and DUP , and NP resistance training are equally effective for promoting increases in muscular hypertrophy , strength , and power among untrained older adults . Consequently , periodisation strategies are not essential for optimising neuromuscular adaptations during the initial stages of resistance training in the aging population BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The interpretation of patient scores on clinical tests of physical mobility is limited by a lack of data describing the range of performance among people without disabilities . The purpose of this study was to provide data for 4 common clinical tests in a sample of community-dwelling older adults . SUBJECTS Ninety-six community-dwelling elderly people ( 61 - 89 years of age ) with independent functioning performed 4 clinical tests . METHODS Data were collected on the  Six-Minute Walk Test ( 6MW ) , Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) , and Timed Up & Go Test ( TUG ) and during comfortable- and fast-speed walking ( CGS and FGS ) . Intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICCs ) were used to determine the test-retest reliability for the 6MW , TUG , CGS , and FGS measurements . Data were analyzed by gender and age ( 60 - 69 , 70 - 79 , and 80 - 89 years ) cohorts , similar to previous studies . Means , st and ard deviations , and 95 % confidence intervals for each measurement were calculated for each cohort . RESULTS The 6MW , TUG , CGS , and FGS measurements showed high test-retest reliability ( ICC [2,1]=.95-.97 ) . Mean test scores showed a trend of age-related declines for the 6MW , BBS , TUG , CGS , and FGS for both male and female subjects . DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Preliminary descriptive data suggest that physical therapists should use age-related data when interpreting patient data obtained for the 6MW , BBS , TUG , CGS and FGS . Further data on these clinical tests with larger sample sizes are needed to serve as a reference for patient comparisons The purpose s of this study were to analyze the impact of 24 weeks of vibratory and multicomponent training ( MT ) and to determine what type of training creates greater adaptations on body composition and isokinetic strength of the knee and ankle joints in postmenopausal women . Thirty-eight women ( 60.0 ± 6.3 years ) were r and omly assigned to whole body vibration group ( WBVG ) , multicomponent training group ( MTG ) , or a control group . A significant decrease in total fat mass was observed in experimental groups . There were no changes in total lean mass and total bone mineral density in both groups . WBVG and MTG  showed significant increases in isokinetic strength for knee extensors at 60 ° /s and at 270 ° /s . Regarding the ankle joint , there were significant increments in strength for plantar flexion at 60 ° /s in WBVG and at 120 ° /s in the two trainings groups . MTG showed a significant increase in strength for dorsiflexion at 60 ° /s . With respect to eversion and inversion , WBVG and MTG improved strength at 60 ° /s . Also , the WBVG showed increased strength in the ankle evertors at 120 ° /s and both groups showed increased strength in the ankle invertors at 120 ° /s . Twenty-four weeks of whole body vibration or MTs result in positive modifications in total fat mass . These trainings are effective in improving knee extension and stabilizer muscles of the ankle joint strength Summary This study showed that combination of strength , balance , agility and jumping training prevented functional decline and bone fragility in home-dwelling elderly women . The finding supports the idea that it is possible to maintain good physical functioning by multi-component exercise program and thus postpone the age-related functional problems . Introduction This 1-year r and omized , controlled exercise intervention trial assessed the effects of two different training programs and their combination on physical functioning and bone in home-dwelling elderly women . Methods One hundred and forty-nine healthy women aged 70–78 years were r and omly assigned into : group 1—resistance training ( RES ) , group 2—balance-jumping training ( BAL ) , group 3—combination of resistance and balance-jumping training ( COMB ) , and group 4—controls ( CON ) . Self-rated physical functioning , leg extensor force , dynamic balance , and bone mass and structure were measured . Results Self-rated physical functioning improved in the COMB group , but was reduced in the CON group ; the mean inter-group difference was 10 % ( 95 % CI : 0–22 % ) . Mean increase in the leg extensor force was higher in the RES ( 14 % ; 4–25 % ) and COMB ( 13 % ; 3–25 % ) compared with the CON groups . Dynamic balance improved in the BAL ( 6 % ; 1–11 % ) and in the COMB ( 8 % ; 3–12 % ) groups . There were no inter-group differences in BMC at the proximal femur . In those COMB women who trained at least twice a week , the tibial shaft structure weakened 2 % ( 0–4 % ) less than those in the CON group . Conclusions Strength , balance , agility , and jumping training ( especially in combination ) prevented functional decline in home-dwelling elderly women . In addition , positive effects seen in the structure of the loaded tibia indicated that exercise may also play a role in preventing bone fragility Summary This study showed that about a half of the exercise-induced  gain in dynamic balance and bone strength was maintained one year after cessation of the supervised high-intensity training  of home-dwelling elderly women . However , to maintain exercise-induced gains in lower limb muscle force and physical functioning , continued training seems necessary . Introduction Maintenance of exercise-induced benefits in physical functioning and bone structure was assessed one year after cessation of 12-month r and omized controlled exercise intervention . Methods Originally 149 healthy women 70–78 years of age participated in the 12-month exercise RCT and 120 ( 81 % ) of them completed the follow-up study .  Self-rated physical functioning , dynamic balance , leg extensor force , and bone structure were assessed . Results During the intervention , exercise  increased dynamic balance by 7 % in the combination resistance and balance-jumping training group ( COMB ) . At the follow-up , a 4 % ( 95 % CI : 1–8 % ) gain compared with the controls was still seen , while the exercise-induced isometric leg extension force and self-rated physical functioning benefits had disappeared . During the intervention , at least twice a week trained COMB subjects obtained a significant 2 % benefit in tibial shaft bone strength index compared to the controls . A half of this benefit seemed to be maintained at the follow-up . Conclusions Exercise-induced  benefits in dynamic balance and rigidity in the tibial shaft may partly be maintained one year after cessation of a supervised 12-month multi-component training in initially healthy elderly women . However , to maintain the achieved gains in muscle force and physical functioning , continued training seems necessary This r and omized , controlled trial evaluated the effects of exercise on health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) and fear of falling ( FoF ) among 149 home-dwelling older women . The 12-mo exercise program was intended to reduce the risk of falls and fractures . HRQoL was assessed by the R AND -36 Survey , and FoF , with a visual analog scale , at baseline , 12 mo , and 24 mo . On all R AND -36 scales , the scores indicated better health and well-being . The exercise had hardly any effect on HRQoL ; only the general health score improved slightly compared with controls at 12 mo ( p = .019 ) , but this gain was lost at 24 mo . FoF decreased in both groups during the intervention with no between-groups difference at 12 or 24 mo . In conclusion , despite beneficial physiological changes , the exercise intervention showed rather limited effects on HRQoL and FoF among relatively high-functioning older women . This modest result may be partly because of insufficient responsiveness of the assessment instruments used Stretching of an activated muscle prior to its shortening enhances its performance during the concentric contraction . This phenomenon has been interpreted to be primarily due to the utilization of elastic energy stored in the series elastic elements of the muscle during the stretch . However , reflex potential has also been suggested as an additional cause for performance increase . To examine this hypothesis five subjects performed maximal vertical jumps on a force platform  from two different starting positions : ( a ) maximal plantar flexion from a static position ( SJ ) ( pure concentric contraction ) , ( b ) a toe-st and ing position with preliminary counter-movement ( CMJ ) . In this condition the calf muscles were actively stretched before concentric work . In both conditions the knee and hip joints were fixed . The results indicated that the utilization of the stretch-shortening cycle enhanced the performance over that of the pure concentric contraction ( P less than 0.001 ) . Similarly , the EMG recording demonstrated that in all five subjects the myoelectrical activity of the calf muscles ( mm . gastrocnemius and soleus ) was potentiated during the concentric phase in CMJ when compared to SJ ( P less than 0.001 ) . Therefore , the 
    Output:
    
agent
Conclusion Plyometric training is a feasible and safe training option with potential for improving various performance , functional , and health-related outcomes in older persons
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: In animal studies , bone adaptation has been initiated successfully without the transient force spike associated with high impact exercises . Consequently , a 12-week bilateral hopping on the balls of the feet intervention was conducted . 25 elderly men ( age 72(SD4 ) years , height 171(6 ) cm , weight 75(9 ) kg ) were r and omly assigned into exercise and control groups . Ten subjects in each group completed the study .  Carboxyterminal propeptide of type I collagen ( CICP ) , bone-specific alkaline phosphatase ( bALP ) and carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen ( CTx ) were measured from venous blood sample s at baseline , at 2 weeks and at the end of the intervention . Maximal ground reaction force ( GRF ) , osteogenic index ( OI ) and jump height ( JH ) were determined from bilateral hopping test and balance was assessed with velocity of center of pressure ( COPvelocity ) while st and ing on the preferred leg with eyes open . The intervention consisted of 5–7 sets of 10 s timed bilateral hopping exercise at 75–90 % intensity three times/week . There was no significant group × time interaction for GRF , OI and JH ( P = 0.065 ) . GRF ( 11 % change from baseline vs. 4 % ) , OI ( 15 vs. 6 % ) and COPvelocity ( −10 vs. −1 % ) were not influenced by the intervention ( P > 0.170 ) , while the control group improved JH ( P = 0.031 ) ( 2 vs. 18 % ) . For the biomarkers , no effect was observed in MANOVA ( P = 0.536 ) or in univariate analyses ( P = 0.082 to P = 0.820 ) ( CICP −2 vs. −3 % , CTx 8 vs. −12 % , bALP 0 vs. −3.7 % ) . Allowing transient impact force spikes may be necessary to initiate a bone response in elderly men as the intervention was ineffective Objective This study aim ed to compare the effects of two frequencies of high-speed resistance training ( HSRT ) on physical performance and quality of life of older women . Methods A total of 24 older women participated in a 12-week HSRT program  composed of either two or three sessions/week ( equated for volume and intensity ) . Women were r and omized into three arms : a control group ( CG , n=8 ) , a resistance training group performing two sessions/week ( RT2 , n=8 ) , and a resistance training group performing three sessions/week ( RT3 , n=8 ) . The training program for both experimental groups included exercises that required high-speed concentric muscle actions . Results No baseline differences were observed among groups . Compared with the CG , both training groups showed similar small to moderate improvements ( P<0.05 ) in muscle strength , power , functional performance , balance , and quality of life . Conclusion These results suggest that equated for volume and intensity , two and three training sessions/week of HSRT are equally effective for improving physical performance and quality of life of older women Purpose This study compared the effect of periodised versus non-periodised ( NP ) resistance training on neuromuscular adaptions in older adults . Methods Forty-one apparently healthy untrained older adults ( female = 21 , male = 20 ; 70.9 ± 5.1 years ; 166.3 ± 8.2 cm ; 72.9 ± 13.4 kg ) were recruited and r and omly stratified to an NP , block periodised ( BP ) , or daily undulating periodised ( DUP ) training group . Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and following a 22-week resistance training intervention ( 3 day week−1 ) , including : muscle cross-sectional area ( CSA ) , vertical jump performance , isometric and isokinetic peak torque , isometric rate of force development ( RFD ) , and muscle activation . Thirty-three participants satisfied all study requirements and were included in analyses ( female = 17 , male = 16 ; 71.3 ± 5.4 years ; 166.3 ± 8.5 cm ; 72.5 ± 13.7 kg ) .  Results Block periodisation , DUP , and NP resistance training induced statistically significant improvements in muscle CSA , vertical jump peak velocity , peak power and jump height , and peak isometric and isokinetic torque of the knee extensors at 60 and 180 ° s−1 , with no between-group differences . Muscle activity and absolute RFD measures were statistically unchanged following resistance training across the entire cohort . Conclusions Periodised resistance training , specifically BP and DUP , and NP resistance training are equally effective for promoting increases in muscular hypertrophy , strength , and power among untrained older adults . Consequently , periodisation strategies are not essential for optimising neuromuscular adaptations during the initial stages of resistance training in the aging population BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The interpretation of patient scores on clinical tests of physical mobility is limited by a lack of data describing the range of performance among people without disabilities . The purpose of this study was to provide data for 4 common clinical tests in a sample of community-dwelling older adults . SUBJECTS Ninety-six community-dwelling elderly people ( 61 - 89 years of age ) with independent functioning performed 4 clinical tests . METHODS Data were collected on the  Six-Minute Walk Test ( 6MW ) , Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) , and Timed Up & Go Test ( TUG ) and during comfortable- and fast-speed walking ( CGS and FGS ) . Intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICCs ) were used to determine the test-retest reliability for the 6MW , TUG , CGS , and FGS measurements . Data were analyzed by gender and age ( 60 - 69 , 70 - 79 , and 80 - 89 years ) cohorts , similar to previous studies . Means , st and ard deviations , and 95 % confidence intervals for each measurement were calculated for each cohort . RESULTS The 6MW , TUG , CGS , and FGS measurements showed high test-retest reliability ( ICC [2,1]=.95-.97 ) . Mean test scores showed a trend of age-related declines for the 6MW , BBS , TUG , CGS , and FGS for both male and female subjects . DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Preliminary descriptive data suggest that physical therapists should use age-related data when interpreting patient data obtained for the 6MW , BBS , TUG , CGS and FGS . Further data on these clinical tests with larger sample sizes are needed to serve as a reference for patient comparisons The purpose s of this study were to analyze the impact of 24 weeks of vibratory and multicomponent training ( MT ) and to determine what type of training creates greater adaptations on body composition and isokinetic strength of the knee and ankle joints in postmenopausal women . Thirty-eight women ( 60.0 ± 6.3 years ) were r and omly assigned to whole body vibration group ( WBVG ) , multicomponent training group ( MTG ) , or a control group . A significant decrease in total fat mass was observed in experimental groups . There were no changes in total lean mass and total bone mineral density in both groups . WBVG and MTG  showed significant increases in isokinetic strength for knee extensors at 60 ° /s and at 270 ° /s . Regarding the ankle joint , there were significant increments in strength for plantar flexion at 60 ° /s in WBVG and at 120 ° /s in the two trainings groups . MTG showed a significant increase in strength for dorsiflexion at 60 ° /s . With respect to eversion and inversion , WBVG and MTG improved strength at 60 ° /s . Also , the WBVG showed increased strength in the ankle evertors at 120 ° /s and both groups showed increased strength in the ankle invertors at 120 ° /s . Twenty-four weeks of whole body vibration or MTs result in positive modifications in total fat mass . These trainings are effective in improving knee extension and stabilizer muscles of the ankle joint strength Summary This study showed that combination of strength , balance , agility and jumping training prevented functional decline and bone fragility in home-dwelling elderly women . The finding supports the idea that it is possible to maintain good physical functioning by multi-component exercise program and thus postpone the age-related functional problems . Introduction This 1-year r and omized , controlled exercise intervention trial assessed the effects of two different training programs and their combination on physical functioning and bone in home-dwelling elderly women . Methods One hundred and forty-nine healthy women aged 70–78 years were r and omly assigned into : group 1—resistance training ( RES ) , group 2—balance-jumping training ( BAL ) , group 3—combination of resistance and balance-jumping training ( COMB ) , and group 4—controls ( CON ) . Self-rated physical functioning , leg extensor force , dynamic balance , and bone mass and structure were measured . Results Self-rated physical functioning improved in the COMB group , but was reduced in the CON group ; the mean inter-group difference was 10 % ( 95 % CI : 0–22 % ) . Mean increase in the leg extensor force was higher in the RES ( 14 % ; 4–25 % ) and COMB ( 13 % ; 3–25 % ) compared with the CON groups . Dynamic balance improved in the BAL ( 6 % ; 1–11 % ) and in the COMB ( 8 % ; 3–12 % ) groups . There were no inter-group differences in BMC at the proximal femur . In those COMB women who trained at least twice a week , the tibial shaft structure weakened 2 % ( 0–4 % ) less than those in the CON group . Conclusions Strength , balance , agility , and jumping training ( especially in combination ) prevented functional decline in home-dwelling elderly women . In addition , positive effects seen in the structure of the loaded tibia indicated that exercise may also play a role in preventing bone fragility Summary This study showed that about a half of the exercise-induced  gain in dynamic balance and bone strength was maintained one year after cessation of the supervised high-intensity training  of home-dwelling elderly women . However , to maintain exercise-induced gains in lower limb muscle force and physical functioning , continued training seems necessary . Introduction Maintenance of exercise-induced benefits in physical functioning and bone structure was assessed one year after cessation of 12-month r and omized controlled exercise intervention . Methods Originally 149 healthy women 70–78 years of age participated in the 12-month exercise RCT and 120 ( 81 % ) of them completed the follow-up study .  Self-rated physical functioning , dynamic balance , leg extensor force , and bone structure were assessed . Results During the intervention , exercise  increased dynamic balance by 7 % in the combination resistance and balance-jumping training group ( COMB ) . At the follow-up , a 4 % ( 95 % CI : 1–8 % ) gain compared with the controls was still seen , while the exercise-induced isometric leg extension force and self-rated physical functioning benefits had disappeared . During the intervention , at least twice a week trained COMB subjects obtained a significant 2 % benefit in tibial shaft bone strength index compared to the controls . A half of this benefit seemed to be maintained at the follow-up . Conclusions Exercise-induced  benefits in dynamic balance and rigidity in the tibial shaft may partly be maintained one year after cessation of a supervised 12-month multi-component training in initially healthy elderly women . However , to maintain the achieved gains in muscle force and physical functioning , continued training seems necessary This r and omized , controlled trial evaluated the effects of exercise on health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) and fear of falling ( FoF ) among 149 home-dwelling older women . The 12-mo exercise program was intended to reduce the risk of falls and fractures . HRQoL was assessed by the R AND -36 Survey , and FoF , with a visual analog scale , at baseline , 12 mo , and 24 mo . On all R AND -36 scales , the scores indicated better health and well-being . The exercise had hardly any effect on HRQoL ; only the general health score improved slightly compared with controls at 12 mo ( p = .019 ) , but this gain was lost at 24 mo . FoF decreased in both groups during the intervention with no between-groups difference at 12 or 24 mo . In conclusion , despite beneficial physiological changes , the exercise intervention showed rather limited effects on HRQoL and FoF among relatively high-functioning older women . This modest result may be partly because of insufficient responsiveness of the assessment instruments used Stretching of an activated muscle prior to its shortening enhances its performance during the concentric contraction . This phenomenon has been interpreted to be primarily due to the utilization of elastic energy stored in the series elastic elements of the muscle during the stretch . However , reflex potential has also been suggested as an additional cause for performance increase . To examine this hypothesis five subjects performed maximal vertical jumps on a force platform  from two different starting positions : ( a ) maximal plantar flexion from a static position ( SJ ) ( pure concentric contraction ) , ( b ) a toe-st and ing position with preliminary counter-movement ( CMJ ) . In this condition the calf muscles were actively stretched before concentric work . In both conditions the knee and hip joints were fixed . The results indicated that the utilization of the stretch-shortening cycle enhanced the performance over that of the pure concentric contraction ( P less than 0.001 ) . Similarly , the EMG recording demonstrated that in all five subjects the myoelectrical activity of the calf muscles ( mm . gastrocnemius and soleus ) was potentiated during the concentric phase in CMJ when compared to SJ ( P less than 0.001 ) . Therefore , the 
    Output:
    