human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Hypomagnesemia occurs in 25–38 % of patients with type 2 diabetes . Several studies have suggested an association between magnesium ( Mg ) depletion and insulin resistance and /or reduction of insulin secretion in these cases . Our purpose was to evaluate if Mg supplementation ( as magnesium oxide [ MgO ] ) would improve metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 128 patients with type 2 diabetes ( 32 men , 96 women , aged 30–69 years ) , treated by diet or diet plus oral antidiabetic drugs , in the Bahia Federal University Hospital , Brazil . Patients at risk for hypomagnesemia or with reduced renal function were excluded . This study was a clinical r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial . Patients received either placebo , 20.7 mmol MgO , or 41.4 mmol MgO daily(elementary Mg ) for 30 days . Mg concentrations were measured in plasma , in mononuclear cells , and in 24-h urine sample s. Fasting blood glucose , HbA1 , and fructosamine were used as parameters of metabolic control . RESULTS Of the patients , 47.7 % had low plasma Mg , and 31.1 % had low intramononuclear Mg levels . Intracellular Mg in patients with diabetes was significantly lower than in the normal population ( 62 blood donors ; 1.4 ± 0.6 vs. 1.7 ± 0.6 μg/mg of total proteins ) . No correlation was found between plasma and intracellular Mg concentrations ( r = −0.179 ; P = 0.15 ) or between Mg concentrations and glycemic control ( r = −0.165 ; P = 0.12 ) . Intracellular Mg levels were lower in patients with peripheral neuropathy than in those without ( 1.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.5 ± 0.6 μg/mg ) . Similar findings were observed in patients with coronary disease ( 1.0 ± 0.5 vs. 1.5 ± 0.6 μg/mg ) . In the placebo and in the 20.7 mmol Mg groups , neither a change in plasma and intracellular levels nor an improvement in glycemic control were observed . Replacement with 41.4 mmol Mg tended to increase plasma , cellular , and urine Mg and caused a significant fall ( 4.1 ± 0.8 to 3.8 ± 0.7 mmol/1 ) in fructosamine ( normal , 1.87–2.87 mmol/1 ) . CONCLUSIONS Mg depletion is common in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes , especially in those with neuropathy or coronary disease . More prolonged use of Mg in doses that are higher than usual is needed toestablish its routine or selective administration in patients with type 2 diabetes to improve control or prevent chronic complications Oral magnesium ( Mg ) supplementation can improve insulin sensitivity and secretion in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( DM ) . We studied the effect of Mg supplementation on glycaemic control , blood pressure , and plasma lipids in insulin-requiring patients with Type 2 DM . Fifty moderately controlled patients were r and omized to 15 mmol Mg or placebo daily for 3 months . Plasma Mg , glucose , HbA1c , lipids , erythrocyte Mg , Mg and glucose concentrations in 24-h urine , and systolic and diastolic pressure were measured before and after 3 months treatment . Plasma Mg concentration was higher after supplementation than after placebo ( 0.82 + /- 0.07 vs 0.78 + /- 0.08 mmol l(-1 ) , p < 0.05 ) , as was Mg excretion ( 5.5 + /- 1.9 vs 3.7 + /- 1.4 mmol 24 h(-1 ) , p = 0.004 ) but erythrocyte Mg concentrations were similar . No significant differences were found in glycaemic control ( glucose : 10.7 + /- 3.8 vs 11.6 + /- 6.2 mmol l(-1 ) , p = 0.8 ; HbA1c : 8.9 + /- 1.6 vs 9.1 + /- 1.2 % , p = 0.8 ) , lipids or blood pressure . On-treatment analysis ( 34 patients : 18 on Mg , 16 on placebo ) yielded similar results . An increase in plasma Mg concentration irrespective of medication was associated with a tendency to a decrease in diastolic pressure ( increased plasma Mg vs no increase : -4.0 + /- 10.1 vs + 2.5 + /- 12.0 mmHg , p = 0.059 ) . Three months ' oral Mg supplementation of insulin-requiring patients with Type 2 DM increased plasma Mg concentration and urinary Mg excretion but had no effect on glycaemic control or plasma lipid concentrations BACKGROUND AND AIMS It has been suggested that magnesium deficiency is associated with the triggering of acute phase response , which may contribute to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk . We undertook this study to determine whether oral magnesium supplementation modifies serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) in apparently healthy subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia . METHODS A total of 62 men and non-pregnant women aged 18 - 65 year , with new diagnosis of prediabetes ( glucose 5.6 < 7.0 mmol/L and /or post-load glucose ≥7.7 < 11.1 mmol/L ) and hypomagnesemia ( serum magnesium levels < 0.74 mmol/L ) were enrolled in a clinical double-blind placebo-controlled trial and r and omly allocated to receive either magnesium chloride ( 30 mL of MgCl2 5 % solution ) or NaHCO3 0.1 % solution , once daily for 3 months . RESULTS At basal conditions , anthropometric and biochemical variables were similarly distributed in both groups . At the end of follow-up , participants who received magnesium chloride showed higher serum magnesium levels ( 0.86 ± 0.08 vs. 0.69 ± 0.16 mmol/L , p = 0.002 ) and lower hsCRP levels ( 4.8 ± 15.2 vs. 17.1 ± 21.0 nmol/L , p = 0.01 ) compared with participants in the control group . CONCLUSIONS Oral magnesium supplementation decreases hsCRP levels in apparently healthy subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia AIM This study evaluated the efficacy of oral magnesium supplementation in the reduction of plasma glucose levels in adults with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia . METHODS A total of 116 men and non-pregnant women , aged 30 to 65 years with hypomagnesaemia and newly diagnosed with prediabetes , were enrolled into a r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to receive either 30 mL of MgCl2 5 % solution ( equivalent to 382 mg of magnesium ) or an inert placebo solution once daily for four months . The primary trial endpoint was the efficacy of magnesium supplementation in reducing plasma glucose levels . RESULTS At baseline , there were no significant statistical differences in terms of anthropometric and biochemical variables between individuals in the supplement and placebo groups . At the end of follow-up , fasting ( 86.9 ± 7.9 and 98.3 ± 4.6 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.004 ) and post-load glucose ( 124.7 ± 33.4 and 136.7 ± 23.9 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.03 ) levels , HOMA-IR indices ( 2.85 ± 1.0 and 4.1 ± 2.7 , respectively ; P = 0.04 ) and triglycerides ( 166.4 ± 90.6 and 227.0 ± 89.7 , respectively ; P = 0.009 ) were significantly decreased , whereas HDL cholesterol ( 45.6 ± 10.9 and 46.8 ± 9.2 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.04 ) and serum magnesium ( 1.96 ± 0.27 and 1.60 ± 0.26 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.005 ) levels were significantly increased in those taking MgCl2 compared with the controls . A total of 34 ( 29.4 % ) people improved their glucose status ( 50.8 % and 7.0 % in the magnesium and placebo groups , respectively ; P < 0.0005 ) . CONCLUSION Our results show that magnesium supplementation reduces plasma glucose levels , and improves the glycaemic status of adults with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of oral magnesium supplementation on risk factors for end-organ disease in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) . DESIGN A 16-week r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled crossover trial . SETTING Outpatient center of an academic family medicine residency program . PATIENTS Twenty-eight patients ( age range , 28 to 84 years ; 57.1 % black ; 85.7 % women ) with NIDDM controlled by diet and /or an oral hypoglycemic , with a serum cholesterol levels over 5.20 mmol/L ( 200 mg/dL ) . INTERVENTION Following a 2-week placebo run-in period , each patient was r and omized to receive either sustained-release magnesium chloride ( Slo-Mag ) , 384 mg/d , or an identical-appearing placebo for 6 weeks . After a 2-week interim washout period , each patient was then treated with the alternative regimen for an additional 6-week period . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The systolic and diastolic blood pressure and levels of serum glucose , low-density and high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol , triglycerides , and serum and total erythrocyte magnesium were measured at the beginning , midpoint , and end of each 6-week treatment phase . RESULTS Systolic blood pressure fell an average of 7.4 mm Hg ( P < .05 ) with treatment . There was no significant change in diastolic blood pressure or levels of serum glucose , low-density and high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol , triglycerides , or serum and erythrocyte magnesium . CONCLUSIONS Oral magnesium supplementation in the doses and duration studied is modestly effective in reducing systolic blood pressure in patients with NIDDM but has little impact on other important biochemical parameters related to diabetes-associated end-organ disease We evaluated the effects of oral magnesium supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus . Twenty-six persons with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus received 4.5 g magnesium pidolate/d for one month , and 17 persons received placebo . Before and at the end of the treatment period cholesterol concentration , triglycerides , LDL cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , and plasma and erythrocyte magnesium were evaluated . Chronic magnesium supplementation produced a significant reduction of plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol , and an increase of HDL cholesterol . These results suggest that oral supplementation of magnesium may be useful in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus In eight aged non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) subjects , insulin response and action were studied before and after chronic magnesium supplementation ( 2 g/day ) to diet . Chronic magnesium supplementation to diet versus placebo produced 7 ) a significant increase in plasma ( 0.83 ± 0.05 vs. 0.78 ± 0.06 mM , P < .05 ) and erythrocyte ( 2.03 ± 0.06 vs. 1.88 ± 0.09 mM , P < .01 ) magnesium levels , 2 ) an increase in acute insulin response ( AIR ) ( 4.0 ± 0.6 vs. - 1 .6 ± 0.6 mU/L , P < .05 ) to glucose pulse , and 3 ) an increase in glucose infusion rate ( GIR ) ( 3.6 ± 0.6 vs. 2.9 ± 0.5 mg kg∼1 min−1 P < .025 ) calculated in the last 60 min of a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic ( 100U m2 · min−1 during 180 min ) glucose clamp . Net increase in AIR , glucose disappearance rate after glucose pulse , and GIR were 
    Output:
    
agent
Mg supplementation appears to have a beneficial role and improves glucose parameters in people with diabetes and also improves insulin-sensitivity parameters in those at high risk of diabetes
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Hypomagnesemia occurs in 25–38 % of patients with type 2 diabetes . Several studies have suggested an association between magnesium ( Mg ) depletion and insulin resistance and /or reduction of insulin secretion in these cases . Our purpose was to evaluate if Mg supplementation ( as magnesium oxide [ MgO ] ) would improve metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 128 patients with type 2 diabetes ( 32 men , 96 women , aged 30–69 years ) , treated by diet or diet plus oral antidiabetic drugs , in the Bahia Federal University Hospital , Brazil . Patients at risk for hypomagnesemia or with reduced renal function were excluded . This study was a clinical r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial . Patients received either placebo , 20.7 mmol MgO , or 41.4 mmol MgO daily(elementary Mg ) for 30 days . Mg concentrations were measured in plasma , in mononuclear cells , and in 24-h urine sample s. Fasting blood glucose , HbA1 , and fructosamine were used as parameters of metabolic control . RESULTS Of the patients , 47.7 % had low plasma Mg , and 31.1 % had low intramononuclear Mg levels . Intracellular Mg in patients with diabetes was significantly lower than in the normal population ( 62 blood donors ; 1.4 ± 0.6 vs. 1.7 ± 0.6 μg/mg of total proteins ) . No correlation was found between plasma and intracellular Mg concentrations ( r = −0.179 ; P = 0.15 ) or between Mg concentrations and glycemic control ( r = −0.165 ; P = 0.12 ) . Intracellular Mg levels were lower in patients with peripheral neuropathy than in those without ( 1.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.5 ± 0.6 μg/mg ) . Similar findings were observed in patients with coronary disease ( 1.0 ± 0.5 vs. 1.5 ± 0.6 μg/mg ) . In the placebo and in the 20.7 mmol Mg groups , neither a change in plasma and intracellular levels nor an improvement in glycemic control were observed . Replacement with 41.4 mmol Mg tended to increase plasma , cellular , and urine Mg and caused a significant fall ( 4.1 ± 0.8 to 3.8 ± 0.7 mmol/1 ) in fructosamine ( normal , 1.87–2.87 mmol/1 ) . CONCLUSIONS Mg depletion is common in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes , especially in those with neuropathy or coronary disease . More prolonged use of Mg in doses that are higher than usual is needed toestablish its routine or selective administration in patients with type 2 diabetes to improve control or prevent chronic complications Oral magnesium ( Mg ) supplementation can improve insulin sensitivity and secretion in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( DM ) . We studied the effect of Mg supplementation on glycaemic control , blood pressure , and plasma lipids in insulin-requiring patients with Type 2 DM . Fifty moderately controlled patients were r and omized to 15 mmol Mg or placebo daily for 3 months . Plasma Mg , glucose , HbA1c , lipids , erythrocyte Mg , Mg and glucose concentrations in 24-h urine , and systolic and diastolic pressure were measured before and after 3 months treatment . Plasma Mg concentration was higher after supplementation than after placebo ( 0.82 + /- 0.07 vs 0.78 + /- 0.08 mmol l(-1 ) , p < 0.05 ) , as was Mg excretion ( 5.5 + /- 1.9 vs 3.7 + /- 1.4 mmol 24 h(-1 ) , p = 0.004 ) but erythrocyte Mg concentrations were similar . No significant differences were found in glycaemic control ( glucose : 10.7 + /- 3.8 vs 11.6 + /- 6.2 mmol l(-1 ) , p = 0.8 ; HbA1c : 8.9 + /- 1.6 vs 9.1 + /- 1.2 % , p = 0.8 ) , lipids or blood pressure . On-treatment analysis ( 34 patients : 18 on Mg , 16 on placebo ) yielded similar results . An increase in plasma Mg concentration irrespective of medication was associated with a tendency to a decrease in diastolic pressure ( increased plasma Mg vs no increase : -4.0 + /- 10.1 vs + 2.5 + /- 12.0 mmHg , p = 0.059 ) . Three months ' oral Mg supplementation of insulin-requiring patients with Type 2 DM increased plasma Mg concentration and urinary Mg excretion but had no effect on glycaemic control or plasma lipid concentrations BACKGROUND AND AIMS It has been suggested that magnesium deficiency is associated with the triggering of acute phase response , which may contribute to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk . We undertook this study to determine whether oral magnesium supplementation modifies serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) in apparently healthy subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia . METHODS A total of 62 men and non-pregnant women aged 18 - 65 year , with new diagnosis of prediabetes ( glucose 5.6 < 7.0 mmol/L and /or post-load glucose ≥7.7 < 11.1 mmol/L ) and hypomagnesemia ( serum magnesium levels < 0.74 mmol/L ) were enrolled in a clinical double-blind placebo-controlled trial and r and omly allocated to receive either magnesium chloride ( 30 mL of MgCl2 5 % solution ) or NaHCO3 0.1 % solution , once daily for 3 months . RESULTS At basal conditions , anthropometric and biochemical variables were similarly distributed in both groups . At the end of follow-up , participants who received magnesium chloride showed higher serum magnesium levels ( 0.86 ± 0.08 vs. 0.69 ± 0.16 mmol/L , p = 0.002 ) and lower hsCRP levels ( 4.8 ± 15.2 vs. 17.1 ± 21.0 nmol/L , p = 0.01 ) compared with participants in the control group . CONCLUSIONS Oral magnesium supplementation decreases hsCRP levels in apparently healthy subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia AIM This study evaluated the efficacy of oral magnesium supplementation in the reduction of plasma glucose levels in adults with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia . METHODS A total of 116 men and non-pregnant women , aged 30 to 65 years with hypomagnesaemia and newly diagnosed with prediabetes , were enrolled into a r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to receive either 30 mL of MgCl2 5 % solution ( equivalent to 382 mg of magnesium ) or an inert placebo solution once daily for four months . The primary trial endpoint was the efficacy of magnesium supplementation in reducing plasma glucose levels . RESULTS At baseline , there were no significant statistical differences in terms of anthropometric and biochemical variables between individuals in the supplement and placebo groups . At the end of follow-up , fasting ( 86.9 ± 7.9 and 98.3 ± 4.6 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.004 ) and post-load glucose ( 124.7 ± 33.4 and 136.7 ± 23.9 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.03 ) levels , HOMA-IR indices ( 2.85 ± 1.0 and 4.1 ± 2.7 , respectively ; P = 0.04 ) and triglycerides ( 166.4 ± 90.6 and 227.0 ± 89.7 , respectively ; P = 0.009 ) were significantly decreased , whereas HDL cholesterol ( 45.6 ± 10.9 and 46.8 ± 9.2 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.04 ) and serum magnesium ( 1.96 ± 0.27 and 1.60 ± 0.26 mg/dL , respectively ; P = 0.005 ) levels were significantly increased in those taking MgCl2 compared with the controls . A total of 34 ( 29.4 % ) people improved their glucose status ( 50.8 % and 7.0 % in the magnesium and placebo groups , respectively ; P < 0.0005 ) . CONCLUSION Our results show that magnesium supplementation reduces plasma glucose levels , and improves the glycaemic status of adults with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of oral magnesium supplementation on risk factors for end-organ disease in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) . DESIGN A 16-week r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled crossover trial . SETTING Outpatient center of an academic family medicine residency program . PATIENTS Twenty-eight patients ( age range , 28 to 84 years ; 57.1 % black ; 85.7 % women ) with NIDDM controlled by diet and /or an oral hypoglycemic , with a serum cholesterol levels over 5.20 mmol/L ( 200 mg/dL ) . INTERVENTION Following a 2-week placebo run-in period , each patient was r and omized to receive either sustained-release magnesium chloride ( Slo-Mag ) , 384 mg/d , or an identical-appearing placebo for 6 weeks . After a 2-week interim washout period , each patient was then treated with the alternative regimen for an additional 6-week period . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The systolic and diastolic blood pressure and levels of serum glucose , low-density and high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol , triglycerides , and serum and total erythrocyte magnesium were measured at the beginning , midpoint , and end of each 6-week treatment phase . RESULTS Systolic blood pressure fell an average of 7.4 mm Hg ( P < .05 ) with treatment . There was no significant change in diastolic blood pressure or levels of serum glucose , low-density and high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol , triglycerides , or serum and erythrocyte magnesium . CONCLUSIONS Oral magnesium supplementation in the doses and duration studied is modestly effective in reducing systolic blood pressure in patients with NIDDM but has little impact on other important biochemical parameters related to diabetes-associated end-organ disease We evaluated the effects of oral magnesium supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus . Twenty-six persons with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus received 4.5 g magnesium pidolate/d for one month , and 17 persons received placebo . Before and at the end of the treatment period cholesterol concentration , triglycerides , LDL cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , and plasma and erythrocyte magnesium were evaluated . Chronic magnesium supplementation produced a significant reduction of plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol , and an increase of HDL cholesterol . These results suggest that oral supplementation of magnesium may be useful in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus In eight aged non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) subjects , insulin response and action were studied before and after chronic magnesium supplementation ( 2 g/day ) to diet . Chronic magnesium supplementation to diet versus placebo produced 7 ) a significant increase in plasma ( 0.83 ± 0.05 vs. 0.78 ± 0.06 mM , P < .05 ) and erythrocyte ( 2.03 ± 0.06 vs. 1.88 ± 0.09 mM , P < .01 ) magnesium levels , 2 ) an increase in acute insulin response ( AIR ) ( 4.0 ± 0.6 vs. - 1 .6 ± 0.6 mU/L , P < .05 ) to glucose pulse , and 3 ) an increase in glucose infusion rate ( GIR ) ( 3.6 ± 0.6 vs. 2.9 ± 0.5 mg kg∼1 min−1 P < .025 ) calculated in the last 60 min of a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic ( 100U m2 · min−1 during 180 min ) glucose clamp . Net increase in AIR , glucose disappearance rate after glucose pulse , and GIR were 
    Output:
    