human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: ABSTRACT : Human Lactobacillus sp strain GG ( Lactobacillus GG ) administered during acute rotavirus diarrhea has been shown to promote clinical recovery . To eluci date the immune mechanisms behind such a favorable outcome , the ELISPOT ( solid phase enzyme-linked immunospot ) assay of Ig- and specific antibody-secreting cells among circulating lymphocytes was used , giving indirect evidence of the immunologic events in the gut . After rehydration , 39 children with acute rotavirus diarrhea , mean age 16 ( SD 6 ) mo , r and omly received either a Lactobacillus GG fermented milk product ( study group ) or a pasteurized yogurt ( placebo group ) . The duration of diarrhea was significantly shorter in the study group than in the placebo group [ mean 1.1 ( SD 0.6 ) versus 2.5 ( SD 1.4 ) d , p = 0.001 ] . Lactobacillus GG therapy was associated with a significantly enhanced nonspecific humoral response during the acute phase of the infection , reflected in the IgG , IgA , and IgM Ig-secreting cell numbers . At convalescence , 90 % of the study group versus 46 % of the placebo group had developed an IgA specific antibody-secreting cell response to rotavirus ( p = 0.006 ) . The results indicate that Lactobacillus GG promotes recovery from rotavirus diarrhea via augmentation of the local immune defense . Furthermore , specific IgA response to rotavirus is endorsed , which is possibly relevant in protection against reinfections Background : Oral probiotic bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus rhamnosus has given promising results in small children with food allergy . We studied the effects of similar therapy in teenagers and young adults , who were allergic to birch pollen and apple food and had intermittent symptoms of atopic allergy and /or mild asthma Perinatal administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG ( ATCC 53103 ) , reduces incidence of atopic eczema in at-risk children during the first 2 years of life ( infancy ) . We have therefore assessed persistence of the potential to prevent atopic eczema at 4 years . Atopic disease was diagnosed on the basis of a question naire and a clinical examination . 14 of 53 children receiving lactobacillus had developed atopic eczema , compared with 25 of 54 receiving placebo  ( relative risk 0.57 , 95 % CI 0.33 - 0.97 ) . Skin prick test reactivity was the same in both groups : ten of 50 children previously given lactobacillus compared with nine of 50 given placebo tested positive . Our results suggest that the preventive effect of lactobacillus GG on atopic eczema extends beyond infancy A placebo-controlled , single-blind study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain L-92 ( L-92 ) on the symptoms of Japanese cedar-pollen allergy .  This study was carried out during the 2002 and 2003 seasons of Japanese cedar pollination . Twenty-three in-house volunteers were asked to drink 100 ml of heat-treated milk fermented with L-92 containing 5 × 1010 of the bacteria , twice a day , for 6 consecutive weeks . A similar study was carried out during the 2003 season for 10 weeks , but the daily dose of bacteria was 2 × 1010 . A significant improvement of the ocular symptom-medication score ( SMS ) was observed in 2002 and of the score of distress of life in 2003 . These data show that a daily oral intake of not less than 2 × 1010 heat-treated L-92 cells  improved the symptoms of Japanese cedar pollinosis  , thereby contributing to reduce the dose of concomitant medications . However , no blood parameter was significantly affected in these trials The effect of dietary therapy with a human Lactobacillus strain GG ( ATCC 53103 ) , bovine colostrum , or bovine immune colostrum with specific antibodies against anaerobic intestinal bacteria on gut defence mechanisms were studied in juvenile chronic arthritis . Thirty patients with juvenile chronic arthritis were r and omly allocated to receive a freeze-dried powder of Lactobacillus GG , or bovine colostrum , or bovine immune colostrum , for a two-week period . Immunologic and non-immunologic gut defence mechanisms were indirectly investigated in blood and faecal sample s. In patients receiving Lactobacillus GG , the median ( interquartile range ) frequency of immunoglobulin-secreting cells , determined by enzyme-linked immunospot assay , increased in the IgA class from 1840 ( 690–2530 ) to 3480 ( 1030–13 170)/106 cells ; p=0.02 . Likewise the median ( interquartile range ) frequency of specific antibody-secreting cells against dietary antigens increased during the Lactobacillus GG therapy in the IgM class from 3.8 ( 1.4–5.0 ) to 11.2 (5.0–30.0)/106 cells ; p=0.02 . In addition , Lactobacillus GG therapy decreased the median ( interquartile range ) activity of faecal urease , which has been associated with mucosal tissue damage , from 40.3 ( 21.7–54.3 ) to 28.6 ( 24.5–49.4 ) nmol . min−1 ( mg protein)−1 ; p=0.10 , while , in patients receiving bovine colostrum , faecal urease activity increased ( from 42.2 to 80.6 ; p=0.04 ) . All findings were transient . We suggest that gut defence mechanisms are disturbed in juvenile chronic arthritis and we further suggest that orally administered Lactobacillus GG has a potential to reinforce the mucosal barrier mechanisms in juvenile chronic arthritis Live Lactobacillus paracasi 33 ( LP33 ) may effectively improve the quality of life for patients with perennial allergic rhinitis . It has been demonstrated that heat-killed lactic acid bacteria ( LAB ) suppress specific immunoglobulin E synthesis and stimulate interleukin-12 production in animals . The aim of this study was , therefore , to evaluate the efficacy of heat-killed LP33 in the treatment of allergic rhinitis induced by house-dust-mite in human subjects . A total of 90 patients were enrolled in a r and omized , double blind , placebo-controlled trial and assigned to three treatment groups . Patients in groups A and B received two capsules per day of live or heat-killed LAB ( 5 x 10(9 ) colony-forming units/capsule ) , respectively , over a period of 30 days while those in Group C received placebo capsules . A modified question naire on pediatric rhinoconjunctivitis-related quality of life was administered to all subjects or their parents during each clinical visit . The overall quality of life score decreased for groups A and B , as compared with the placebo group , in terms of both frequency ( 9.47 + /- 2.89 , 6.30 + /- 2.19 , vs. -3.47 + /- 1.53 , respectively ; p < 0.0001 ) and level of bother ( 5.91 + /- 3.21 , 6.04 + /- 2.44 , vs. -2.80 + /- 1.64 , respectively ; p = 0.004 ) after the 30-day treatment . The efficacy of the heat-killed LP33 was not inferior to the live variant . No obvious side effects were reported for either active treatment group during the study period . Our results suggest that heat-killed LP33 can effectively improve the overall quality of life for patients with allergic rhinitis , and that it may be efficacious as an alternative treatment Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Objective To study , we examined the effect of Lactobacillus salivarius on the clinical symptoms and medication use among children with established allergic rhinitis ( AR ) . Design Double blind , r and omized , controlled trial . Setting Hualien Tzu-Chi General Hospital . Methods Atopic children with current allergic rhinitis received 4 × 109 colony forming units/g of Lactobacillus salivarius ( n=99 ) or placebo ( n=100 ) daily as a powder mixed with food or water for 12 weeks . The SCORing Allergic rhinitis index ( specific symptoms scores [ SSS ] and symptom medication scores [ SMS ] ) , which measures the extent and severity of AR , was assessed in each subject at each of the visits — 2 weeks prior to treatment initiation ( visit 0 ) , at the beginning of the treatment ( visit 1 ) , then at 4 ( visit 2 ) , 8 ( visit 3 ) and 12 weeks ( visit 4 ) after starting treatment . The WBC , RBC , platelet and , eosinophil counts as well as the IgE antibody levels of the individuals were evaluated before and after 3 months of treatment . Results The major outcome , indicating the efficacy of Lactobacillus salivarius treatment , was the reduction in rhinitis symptoms and drug scores . No significant statistical differences were found between baseline or 12 weeks in the probiotic and placebo groups for any immunological or blood cell variables . Conclusions Our study demonstrates that Lactobacillus salivarius treatment reduces rhinitis symptoms and drug usage in children with allergic rhinitis We conducted two r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind studies of Lactobacillus plantarum No. 14 ( LP14 ) in female students with seasonal allergic diseases . We also examined the mitogenic activity and cytokine inducibility of LP14 using Peyer ’s patch cells and mesenteric lymph node cells of swine . For subjects who took 8.7 × 108 of LP14  , a significant improvement in ocular symptom-medication score was observed . In the placebo group , the T helper type 1 (Th1)/T helper type 2 ( Th2 ) ratio tended to decrease after a 6-week intake period , while in the LP14 group , the percentage of Th1 cells significantly increased . Post-intake eosinophil counts significantly increased in comparison to those at intake cessation in the placebo group , but it appeared to be suppressed in the LP14 group . There were no changes in fecal microflora .  LP14  strongly induced the gene expression of Th1-type cytokines . This study indicates the clinical effects of LP14 on seasonal allergic diseases Studies in animals have suggested that lactic acid bacteria alleviate allergic diseases , however , little information is available on their clinical effect on allergy in humans . Thus , we examined the efficacy of orally administered Lactobacillus acidophilus strain L-92 ( L-92 ) on perennial allergic rhinitis . In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial , 49 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis were r and omized to receive either 100 mL of heat-treated fermented milk containing L-92 ( n = 25 ) or acidified milk without lactic acid bacteria ( placebo ; n = 24 ) for 8 wk . The severity of symptoms was evaluated based on the changes in the scores of clinical symptoms . Oral administration of milk fermented with L-92 result ed in a statistically significant improvement of nasal symptom-medication scores . Ocular symptom-medication scores of patients in the L-92 intervention group tended to improve compared with those in the placebo group . In addition , clear decreases of the scores of swelling and color of the nasal mucosa were observed in the L-92 intervention group at 6 and 8 wk after the start of ingestion of fermented milk . There were no significant differences in serum antihouse dust mite immunoglobulin E levels nor in T helper type 1/T helper type 2 ratio between the 2 groups . These results suggest that oral administration of L-92 can alleviate the symptoms of perennial allergic rhinitis , however , statistically significant changes were not shown in blood parameters Previous studies have suggested that probiotic administration may have therapeutic and /or preventive effects on atopic dermatitis in infants ; however , its role in allergic airway diseases remains controversial . To determine whether daily supplementation with specific Lactobacillus gasseri A5 for 8 weeks can improve the clinical symptoms and immunoregulatory changes in school children suffering from asthma and allergic rhinitis ( AR ) . We conducted a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study on school children ( age , 6 - 12 years ) with asthma and AR . The eligible study subjects received either L. gasseri A5 ( n = 49 ) or a placebo ( n = 56 ) daily for 2 months . Pulmonary function tests were performed , and the clinical severity of asthma and AR was evaluated by the attending physicians in the study period . Diary cards with records of the day- and nighttime peak expiratory flow rates 
    Output:
    
agent
Conclusions The current evidence is not sufficiently strong to verify a preventive role of probiotics in AR , but probiotics may improve the overall quality of life and nasal symptom scores .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: ABSTRACT : Human Lactobacillus sp strain GG ( Lactobacillus GG ) administered during acute rotavirus diarrhea has been shown to promote clinical recovery . To eluci date the immune mechanisms behind such a favorable outcome , the ELISPOT ( solid phase enzyme-linked immunospot ) assay of Ig- and specific antibody-secreting cells among circulating lymphocytes was used , giving indirect evidence of the immunologic events in the gut . After rehydration , 39 children with acute rotavirus diarrhea , mean age 16 ( SD 6 ) mo , r and omly received either a Lactobacillus GG fermented milk product ( study group ) or a pasteurized yogurt ( placebo group ) . The duration of diarrhea was significantly shorter in the study group than in the placebo group [ mean 1.1 ( SD 0.6 ) versus 2.5 ( SD 1.4 ) d , p = 0.001 ] . Lactobacillus GG therapy was associated with a significantly enhanced nonspecific humoral response during the acute phase of the infection , reflected in the IgG , IgA , and IgM Ig-secreting cell numbers . At convalescence , 90 % of the study group versus 46 % of the placebo group had developed an IgA specific antibody-secreting cell response to rotavirus ( p = 0.006 ) . The results indicate that Lactobacillus GG promotes recovery from rotavirus diarrhea via augmentation of the local immune defense . Furthermore , specific IgA response to rotavirus is endorsed , which is possibly relevant in protection against reinfections Background : Oral probiotic bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus rhamnosus has given promising results in small children with food allergy . We studied the effects of similar therapy in teenagers and young adults , who were allergic to birch pollen and apple food and had intermittent symptoms of atopic allergy and /or mild asthma Perinatal administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG ( ATCC 53103 ) , reduces incidence of atopic eczema in at-risk children during the first 2 years of life ( infancy ) . We have therefore assessed persistence of the potential to prevent atopic eczema at 4 years . Atopic disease was diagnosed on the basis of a question naire and a clinical examination . 14 of 53 children receiving lactobacillus had developed atopic eczema , compared with 25 of 54 receiving placebo  ( relative risk 0.57 , 95 % CI 0.33 - 0.97 ) . Skin prick test reactivity was the same in both groups : ten of 50 children previously given lactobacillus compared with nine of 50 given placebo tested positive . Our results suggest that the preventive effect of lactobacillus GG on atopic eczema extends beyond infancy A placebo-controlled , single-blind study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain L-92 ( L-92 ) on the symptoms of Japanese cedar-pollen allergy .  This study was carried out during the 2002 and 2003 seasons of Japanese cedar pollination . Twenty-three in-house volunteers were asked to drink 100 ml of heat-treated milk fermented with L-92 containing 5 × 1010 of the bacteria , twice a day , for 6 consecutive weeks . A similar study was carried out during the 2003 season for 10 weeks , but the daily dose of bacteria was 2 × 1010 . A significant improvement of the ocular symptom-medication score ( SMS ) was observed in 2002 and of the score of distress of life in 2003 . These data show that a daily oral intake of not less than 2 × 1010 heat-treated L-92 cells  improved the symptoms of Japanese cedar pollinosis  , thereby contributing to reduce the dose of concomitant medications . However , no blood parameter was significantly affected in these trials The effect of dietary therapy with a human Lactobacillus strain GG ( ATCC 53103 ) , bovine colostrum , or bovine immune colostrum with specific antibodies against anaerobic intestinal bacteria on gut defence mechanisms were studied in juvenile chronic arthritis . Thirty patients with juvenile chronic arthritis were r and omly allocated to receive a freeze-dried powder of Lactobacillus GG , or bovine colostrum , or bovine immune colostrum , for a two-week period . Immunologic and non-immunologic gut defence mechanisms were indirectly investigated in blood and faecal sample s. In patients receiving Lactobacillus GG , the median ( interquartile range ) frequency of immunoglobulin-secreting cells , determined by enzyme-linked immunospot assay , increased in the IgA class from 1840 ( 690–2530 ) to 3480 ( 1030–13 170)/106 cells ; p=0.02 . Likewise the median ( interquartile range ) frequency of specific antibody-secreting cells against dietary antigens increased during the Lactobacillus GG therapy in the IgM class from 3.8 ( 1.4–5.0 ) to 11.2 (5.0–30.0)/106 cells ; p=0.02 . In addition , Lactobacillus GG therapy decreased the median ( interquartile range ) activity of faecal urease , which has been associated with mucosal tissue damage , from 40.3 ( 21.7–54.3 ) to 28.6 ( 24.5–49.4 ) nmol . min−1 ( mg protein)−1 ; p=0.10 , while , in patients receiving bovine colostrum , faecal urease activity increased ( from 42.2 to 80.6 ; p=0.04 ) . All findings were transient . We suggest that gut defence mechanisms are disturbed in juvenile chronic arthritis and we further suggest that orally administered Lactobacillus GG has a potential to reinforce the mucosal barrier mechanisms in juvenile chronic arthritis Live Lactobacillus paracasi 33 ( LP33 ) may effectively improve the quality of life for patients with perennial allergic rhinitis . It has been demonstrated that heat-killed lactic acid bacteria ( LAB ) suppress specific immunoglobulin E synthesis and stimulate interleukin-12 production in animals . The aim of this study was , therefore , to evaluate the efficacy of heat-killed LP33 in the treatment of allergic rhinitis induced by house-dust-mite in human subjects . A total of 90 patients were enrolled in a r and omized , double blind , placebo-controlled trial and assigned to three treatment groups . Patients in groups A and B received two capsules per day of live or heat-killed LAB ( 5 x 10(9 ) colony-forming units/capsule ) , respectively , over a period of 30 days while those in Group C received placebo capsules . A modified question naire on pediatric rhinoconjunctivitis-related quality of life was administered to all subjects or their parents during each clinical visit . The overall quality of life score decreased for groups A and B , as compared with the placebo group , in terms of both frequency ( 9.47 + /- 2.89 , 6.30 + /- 2.19 , vs. -3.47 + /- 1.53 , respectively ; p < 0.0001 ) and level of bother ( 5.91 + /- 3.21 , 6.04 + /- 2.44 , vs. -2.80 + /- 1.64 , respectively ; p = 0.004 ) after the 30-day treatment . The efficacy of the heat-killed LP33 was not inferior to the live variant . No obvious side effects were reported for either active treatment group during the study period . Our results suggest that heat-killed LP33 can effectively improve the overall quality of life for patients with allergic rhinitis , and that it may be efficacious as an alternative treatment Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Objective To study , we examined the effect of Lactobacillus salivarius on the clinical symptoms and medication use among children with established allergic rhinitis ( AR ) . Design Double blind , r and omized , controlled trial . Setting Hualien Tzu-Chi General Hospital . Methods Atopic children with current allergic rhinitis received 4 × 109 colony forming units/g of Lactobacillus salivarius ( n=99 ) or placebo ( n=100 ) daily as a powder mixed with food or water for 12 weeks . The SCORing Allergic rhinitis index ( specific symptoms scores [ SSS ] and symptom medication scores [ SMS ] ) , which measures the extent and severity of AR , was assessed in each subject at each of the visits — 2 weeks prior to treatment initiation ( visit 0 ) , at the beginning of the treatment ( visit 1 ) , then at 4 ( visit 2 ) , 8 ( visit 3 ) and 12 weeks ( visit 4 ) after starting treatment . The WBC , RBC , platelet and , eosinophil counts as well as the IgE antibody levels of the individuals were evaluated before and after 3 months of treatment . Results The major outcome , indicating the efficacy of Lactobacillus salivarius treatment , was the reduction in rhinitis symptoms and drug scores . No significant statistical differences were found between baseline or 12 weeks in the probiotic and placebo groups for any immunological or blood cell variables . Conclusions Our study demonstrates that Lactobacillus salivarius treatment reduces rhinitis symptoms and drug usage in children with allergic rhinitis We conducted two r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind studies of Lactobacillus plantarum No. 14 ( LP14 ) in female students with seasonal allergic diseases . We also examined the mitogenic activity and cytokine inducibility of LP14 using Peyer ’s patch cells and mesenteric lymph node cells of swine . For subjects who took 8.7 × 108 of LP14  , a significant improvement in ocular symptom-medication score was observed . In the placebo group , the T helper type 1 (Th1)/T helper type 2 ( Th2 ) ratio tended to decrease after a 6-week intake period , while in the LP14 group , the percentage of Th1 cells significantly increased . Post-intake eosinophil counts significantly increased in comparison to those at intake cessation in the placebo group , but it appeared to be suppressed in the LP14 group . There were no changes in fecal microflora .  LP14  strongly induced the gene expression of Th1-type cytokines . This study indicates the clinical effects of LP14 on seasonal allergic diseases Studies in animals have suggested that lactic acid bacteria alleviate allergic diseases , however , little information is available on their clinical effect on allergy in humans . Thus , we examined the efficacy of orally administered Lactobacillus acidophilus strain L-92 ( L-92 ) on perennial allergic rhinitis . In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial , 49 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis were r and omized to receive either 100 mL of heat-treated fermented milk containing L-92 ( n = 25 ) or acidified milk without lactic acid bacteria ( placebo ; n = 24 ) for 8 wk . The severity of symptoms was evaluated based on the changes in the scores of clinical symptoms . Oral administration of milk fermented with L-92 result ed in a statistically significant improvement of nasal symptom-medication scores . Ocular symptom-medication scores of patients in the L-92 intervention group tended to improve compared with those in the placebo group . In addition , clear decreases of the scores of swelling and color of the nasal mucosa were observed in the L-92 intervention group at 6 and 8 wk after the start of ingestion of fermented milk . There were no significant differences in serum antihouse dust mite immunoglobulin E levels nor in T helper type 1/T helper type 2 ratio between the 2 groups . These results suggest that oral administration of L-92 can alleviate the symptoms of perennial allergic rhinitis , however , statistically significant changes were not shown in blood parameters Previous studies have suggested that probiotic administration may have therapeutic and /or preventive effects on atopic dermatitis in infants ; however , its role in allergic airway diseases remains controversial . To determine whether daily supplementation with specific Lactobacillus gasseri A5 for 8 weeks can improve the clinical symptoms and immunoregulatory changes in school children suffering from asthma and allergic rhinitis ( AR ) . We conducted a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study on school children ( age , 6 - 12 years ) with asthma and AR . The eligible study subjects received either L. gasseri A5 ( n = 49 ) or a placebo ( n = 56 ) daily for 2 months . Pulmonary function tests were performed , and the clinical severity of asthma and AR was evaluated by the attending physicians in the study period . Diary cards with records of the day- and nighttime peak expiratory flow rates 
    Output:
    