human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND AIMS : Fatty acids are important cellular constituents that may affect many metabolic processes relevant for the development of diabetes and its complications . We showed previously that vegetarian diet leads to greater increase in metabolic clearance rate of glucose ( MCR ) than conventional hypocaloric diet . The aim of this secondary analysis was to explore the role of changes in fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids in diet- and exercise-induced changes in MCR in subjects with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) . METHODS : Subjects with T2D ( n=74 ) were r and omly assigned into a vegetarian group ( VG , n=37 ) following vegetarian diet or a control group ( CG , n=37 ) following a conventional diet . Both diets were calorie restricted ( −500 kcal day–1 ) . Participants were examined at baseline , 12 weeks of diet intervention and 24 weeks ( subsequent 12 weeks of diet were combined with aerobic exercise ) . The fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids was measured by gas liquid chromatography . MCR was measured by hyperinsulinemic isoglycemic clamp . Visceral fat ( VF ) was measured by magnetic resonance imaging . RESULTS : Linoleic acid ( LA ; 18:2n6 ) increased in VG ( P=0.04 ) , whereas it decreased in CG ( P=0.04 ) in response to dietary interventions . It did not change significantly after the addition of exercise in either group ( group × time P<0.001 ) . In VG , changes in 18:2n6 correlated positively with changes in MCR ( r=+0.22 ; P=0.04 ) and negatively with changes in VF ( r=−0.43 ; P=0.01 ) . After adjustment for changes in body mass index , the association between 18:2n6 and MCR was no longer significant . The addition of exercise result ed in greater changes of phospholipid fatty acids composition in VG than in CG . CONCLUSION : We demonstrated that the insulin-sensitizing effect of a vegetarian diet might be related to the increased proportion of LA in serum phospholipids BACKGROUND Epidemiology associates whole-grain ( WG ) consumption with several health benefits . Mounting evidence suggests that WG wheat polyphenols play a role in mechanisms underlying health benefits . OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess circulating concentration , excretion , and the physiologic role of WG wheat polyphenols in subjects with suboptimal dietary and lifestyle behaviors . DESIGN A placebo-controlled , parallel-group r and omized trial with 80 healthy overweight/obese subjects with low intake of fruit and vegetables and sedentary lifestyle was performed . Participants replaced precise portions of refined wheat ( RW ) with a fixed amount of selected WG wheat or RW products for 8 wk . At baseline and every 4 wk , blood , urine , feces , and anthropometric and body composition measures were collected . Profiles of phenolic acids in biological sample s , plasma markers of metabolic disease and inflammation , and fecal microbiota composition were assessed . RESULTS WG consumption for 4 - 8 wk determined a 4-fold increase in serum dihydroferulic acid ( DHFA ) and a 2-fold increase in fecal ferulic acid ( FA ) compared with RW consumption ( no changes ) . Similarly , urinary FA at 8 wk doubled the baseline concentration only in WG subjects . Concomitant reduction in plasma tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) after 8 wk and increased interleukin (IL)-10 only after 4 wk with WG compared with RW ( P = 0.04 ) were observed . No significant change in plasma metabolic disease markers over the study period was observed , but a trend toward lower plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 with higher excretion of FA and DHFA in the WG group was found . Fecal FA was associated with baseline low Bifidobacteriales and Bacteroidetes abundances , whereas after WG consumption , it correlated with increased Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes but reduced Clostridium . TNF-α reduction correlated with increased Bacteroides and Lactobacillus . No effect of dietary interventions on anthropometric measurements and body composition was found . CONCLUSIONS WG wheat consumption significantly increased excreted FA and circulating DHFA . Bacterial communities influenced fecal FA and were modified by WG wheat consumption . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01293175 Frequent consumption of nuts lowers the risk of CHD . While lowering blood lipids is one of the mechanisms for cardioprotection , the present study sought to determine whether monounsaturated fat-rich almonds also influence other CHD risk factors such as inflammation and haemostasis . This was a r and omised , controlled , crossover feeding study with twenty-five healthy adults ( eleven men ; fourteen women ) , age 22 - 53 years . Following a 2 week run-in phase ( 34 % energy from fat ) , subjects were assigned in r and om order to three diets for 4 weeks each : a heart-healthy control diet with no nuts ( < 30 % energy from fat ) , low-almond diet and high-almond diet ( 10 % or 20 % isoenergetic replacement of control diet with almonds , respectively ) . Serum E-selectin was significantly lower on the high-almond diet compared with the control diet . E-selectin decreased as the percentage of energy from almonds increased ( P < 0.0001 ) . C-reactive protein ( CRP ) was lower in both the almond diets compared with the control diet . A clear dose response was not observed for either E-selectin or CRP . There was no effect of diet on IL-6 or fibrinogen . Tissue plasminogen activator antigen was significantly lower on the control and high-almond diets compared with the low-almond diet , although the values were within normal range . In conclusion , consumption of almonds influenced a few but not all of the markers of inflammation and haemostasis . A clear dose response was not observed for any of the markers studied Background Epidemiological evidence supports that a diet high in whole grains is associated with lowered risk of chronic diseases included coronary heart disease , obesity , type 2 diabetes , and some types of cancer . One potential mechanism for the protective properties of whole grains is their antioxidant content . The aim of this study was to compare differences in antioxidant measures when subjects consumed either refined or whole grain diets . Methods Twenty healthy subjects took part in a r and omized , crossover dietary intervention study . Subjects consumed either a refined grain or whole grain diet for 14 days and then the other diet for the next 14 days . Male subjects consumed 8 servings of grains per day and female subjects consumed 6 servings of grains per day . Blood and urine sample s were collected at the end of each diet . Antioxidant measures included oxygen radical absorbance capacity ( ORAC ) in blood , and isoprostanes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ( TBARS ) in urine . Results The whole grain diet was significantly higher in dietary fiber , vitamin B6 , folate , selenium , copper , zinc , iron , magnesium and cystine compared to the refined grain diet . Despite high intakes of whole grains , no significant differences were seen in any of the antioxidant measures between the refined and whole grain diets . Conclusions No differences in antioxidant measures were found when subjects consumed whole grain diets compared to refined grain diets Objective Almonds reduce cardiovascular disease risk via cholesterol reduction , anti-inflammation , glucoregulation , and antioxidation . The objective of this r and omized , controlled , cross-over trial was to determine whether the addition of 85 g almonds daily to a National Cholesterol Education Program ( NCEP ) Step 1 diet ( ALM ) for 6 weeks would improve vascular function and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease ( CAD ) . Research design and methods A r and omized , controlled , crossover trial was conducted in Boston , MA to test whether as compared to a control NCEP Step 1 diet absent nuts ( CON ) , incorporation of almonds ( 85 g/day ) into the CON diet ( ALM ) would improve vascular function and inflammation . The study duration was 22 weeks including a 6-weeks run-in period , two 6-weeks intervention phases , and a 4-weeks washout period between the intervention phases . A total of 45 CAD patients ( 27 F/18 M , 45–77 y , BMI = 20 - 41 kg/m2 ) completed the study . Drug therapies used by patients were stable throughout the duration of the trial . Results The addition of almonds to the CON diet increased plasma α-tocopherol status by a mean of 5.8 % , reflecting patient compliance ( P ≤0.05 ) . However , the ALM diet did not alter vascular function assessed by measures of flow-mediated dilation , peripheral arterial tonometry , and pulse wave velocity . Further , the ALM diet did not significantly modify the serum lipid profile , blood pressure , C-reactive protein , tumor necrosis factor-α or E-selectin . The ALM diet tended to decrease vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 by 5.3 % ( P = 0.064 ) and increase urinary nitric oxide by 17.5 % ( P = 0.112 ) . The ALM intervention improved the overall quality of the diet by increasing calcium , magnesium , choline , and fiber intakes above the Estimated Average Requirement ( EAR ) or Recommended Dietary Allowance ( RDA ) . Conclusions Thus , the addition of almonds to a NECP Step 1 diet did not significantly impact vascular function , lipid profile or systematic inflammation in CAD patients receiving good medical care and polypharmacy therapies but did improve diet quality without any untoward effect . Trial registration The trial was registered with the Clinical Trials . Gov with the identifier : NCT00782015 Background The evidence of the multiple beneficial health effects of fish consumption is strong , but physiological mechanisms behind these effects are not completely known . Little information is available on the effects of consumption of different type of fish . The aim of this study was to investigate how fatty fish or lean fish in a diet affect serum lipidomic profiles in subjects with coronary heart disease . Methodology and Principal Findings A pilot study was design ed which included altogether 33 subjects with myocardial infa rct ion or unstable ischemic attack in an 8-week parallel controlled intervention . The subjects were r and omized to either fatty fish ( n = 11 ) , lean fish ( n = 12 ) or control ( n = 10 ) groups . Subjects in the fish groups had 4 fish meals per week and subjects in the control group consumed lean beef , pork and chicken . A fish meal was allowed once a week maximum . Lipidomics analyses were performed using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and gas chromatography . Multiple bioactive lipid species , including ceramides , lysophosphatidylcholines and diacylglycerols , decreased significantly in the fatty fish group , whereas in the lean fish group cholesterol esters and specific long-chain triacylglycerols increased significantly ( False Discovery Rate q-value < 0.05 ) . Conclusions / Significance The 8-week consumption of fatty fish  decreased lipids which are potential mediators of lipid-induced insulin resistance and inflammation , and may be related to the protective effects of fatty fish on the progression of atherosclerotic vascular diseases or insulin resistance . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov OBJECTIVE First-degree relatives of patients with diabetes are at more risk for endothelial dysfunction and inflammation . The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a non-soy legume-enriched diet on inflammatory biomarkers and serum adiponectin levels among first-degree relatives of these patients . METHODS Twenty-six participants ( 14 women and 12 men ) with a family history of diabetes were recruited to this r and omized , crossover study . Participants were r and omly assigned to a legume-enriched or a habitual diet for 6 wk that was separated by a 2-wk washout . The inflammatory markers-high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , interleukin-6 , tumor necrosis factor-α , and serum levels of adiponectin-were measured at the beginning and the end of each intervention period according to the st and ard protocol . RESULTS Energy intake of participants was not statistically different between the two diets ( 1821.5 ± 100.11 versus 1788.2 ± 92.68 kcal/d , respectively ) . After consumption of a legume diet , percent change of hs-CRP reduced significantly compared with consumption of a habitual diet ( -4.86 % ± 1.86 % versus 3.55 % ± 1.97 % , P = 0.002 ) and among the women in the study ( -12.96 % ± 1.96 % versus 3.24 % ± 2.65 % , P = 0.004 ) . The percent change of other inflammatory markers and serum concentrations of adiponectin were not significantly different between the two diet groups . CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that a legume-enriched diet significantly reduced 
    Output:
    
agent
The meta- analysis provides evidence that vegetarianism is associated with lower serum concentrations of hs-CRP when individuals follow a vegetarian diet for at least 2 years .
A vegetarian diet might be a useful approach to manage inflammaging in the long term
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND AIMS : Fatty acids are important cellular constituents that may affect many metabolic processes relevant for the development of diabetes and its complications . We showed previously that vegetarian diet leads to greater increase in metabolic clearance rate of glucose ( MCR ) than conventional hypocaloric diet . The aim of this secondary analysis was to explore the role of changes in fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids in diet- and exercise-induced changes in MCR in subjects with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) . METHODS : Subjects with T2D ( n=74 ) were r and omly assigned into a vegetarian group ( VG , n=37 ) following vegetarian diet or a control group ( CG , n=37 ) following a conventional diet . Both diets were calorie restricted ( −500 kcal day–1 ) . Participants were examined at baseline , 12 weeks of diet intervention and 24 weeks ( subsequent 12 weeks of diet were combined with aerobic exercise ) . The fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids was measured by gas liquid chromatography . MCR was measured by hyperinsulinemic isoglycemic clamp . Visceral fat ( VF ) was measured by magnetic resonance imaging . RESULTS : Linoleic acid ( LA ; 18:2n6 ) increased in VG ( P=0.04 ) , whereas it decreased in CG ( P=0.04 ) in response to dietary interventions . It did not change significantly after the addition of exercise in either group ( group × time P<0.001 ) . In VG , changes in 18:2n6 correlated positively with changes in MCR ( r=+0.22 ; P=0.04 ) and negatively with changes in VF ( r=−0.43 ; P=0.01 ) . After adjustment for changes in body mass index , the association between 18:2n6 and MCR was no longer significant . The addition of exercise result ed in greater changes of phospholipid fatty acids composition in VG than in CG . CONCLUSION : We demonstrated that the insulin-sensitizing effect of a vegetarian diet might be related to the increased proportion of LA in serum phospholipids BACKGROUND Epidemiology associates whole-grain ( WG ) consumption with several health benefits . Mounting evidence suggests that WG wheat polyphenols play a role in mechanisms underlying health benefits . OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess circulating concentration , excretion , and the physiologic role of WG wheat polyphenols in subjects with suboptimal dietary and lifestyle behaviors . DESIGN A placebo-controlled , parallel-group r and omized trial with 80 healthy overweight/obese subjects with low intake of fruit and vegetables and sedentary lifestyle was performed . Participants replaced precise portions of refined wheat ( RW ) with a fixed amount of selected WG wheat or RW products for 8 wk . At baseline and every 4 wk , blood , urine , feces , and anthropometric and body composition measures were collected . Profiles of phenolic acids in biological sample s , plasma markers of metabolic disease and inflammation , and fecal microbiota composition were assessed . RESULTS WG consumption for 4 - 8 wk determined a 4-fold increase in serum dihydroferulic acid ( DHFA ) and a 2-fold increase in fecal ferulic acid ( FA ) compared with RW consumption ( no changes ) . Similarly , urinary FA at 8 wk doubled the baseline concentration only in WG subjects . Concomitant reduction in plasma tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) after 8 wk and increased interleukin (IL)-10 only after 4 wk with WG compared with RW ( P = 0.04 ) were observed . No significant change in plasma metabolic disease markers over the study period was observed , but a trend toward lower plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 with higher excretion of FA and DHFA in the WG group was found . Fecal FA was associated with baseline low Bifidobacteriales and Bacteroidetes abundances , whereas after WG consumption , it correlated with increased Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes but reduced Clostridium . TNF-α reduction correlated with increased Bacteroides and Lactobacillus . No effect of dietary interventions on anthropometric measurements and body composition was found . CONCLUSIONS WG wheat consumption significantly increased excreted FA and circulating DHFA . Bacterial communities influenced fecal FA and were modified by WG wheat consumption . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01293175 Frequent consumption of nuts lowers the risk of CHD . While lowering blood lipids is one of the mechanisms for cardioprotection , the present study sought to determine whether monounsaturated fat-rich almonds also influence other CHD risk factors such as inflammation and haemostasis . This was a r and omised , controlled , crossover feeding study with twenty-five healthy adults ( eleven men ; fourteen women ) , age 22 - 53 years . Following a 2 week run-in phase ( 34 % energy from fat ) , subjects were assigned in r and om order to three diets for 4 weeks each : a heart-healthy control diet with no nuts ( < 30 % energy from fat ) , low-almond diet and high-almond diet ( 10 % or 20 % isoenergetic replacement of control diet with almonds , respectively ) . Serum E-selectin was significantly lower on the high-almond diet compared with the control diet . E-selectin decreased as the percentage of energy from almonds increased ( P < 0.0001 ) . C-reactive protein ( CRP ) was lower in both the almond diets compared with the control diet . A clear dose response was not observed for either E-selectin or CRP . There was no effect of diet on IL-6 or fibrinogen . Tissue plasminogen activator antigen was significantly lower on the control and high-almond diets compared with the low-almond diet , although the values were within normal range . In conclusion , consumption of almonds influenced a few but not all of the markers of inflammation and haemostasis . A clear dose response was not observed for any of the markers studied Background Epidemiological evidence supports that a diet high in whole grains is associated with lowered risk of chronic diseases included coronary heart disease , obesity , type 2 diabetes , and some types of cancer . One potential mechanism for the protective properties of whole grains is their antioxidant content . The aim of this study was to compare differences in antioxidant measures when subjects consumed either refined or whole grain diets . Methods Twenty healthy subjects took part in a r and omized , crossover dietary intervention study . Subjects consumed either a refined grain or whole grain diet for 14 days and then the other diet for the next 14 days . Male subjects consumed 8 servings of grains per day and female subjects consumed 6 servings of grains per day . Blood and urine sample s were collected at the end of each diet . Antioxidant measures included oxygen radical absorbance capacity ( ORAC ) in blood , and isoprostanes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ( TBARS ) in urine . Results The whole grain diet was significantly higher in dietary fiber , vitamin B6 , folate , selenium , copper , zinc , iron , magnesium and cystine compared to the refined grain diet . Despite high intakes of whole grains , no significant differences were seen in any of the antioxidant measures between the refined and whole grain diets . Conclusions No differences in antioxidant measures were found when subjects consumed whole grain diets compared to refined grain diets Objective Almonds reduce cardiovascular disease risk via cholesterol reduction , anti-inflammation , glucoregulation , and antioxidation . The objective of this r and omized , controlled , cross-over trial was to determine whether the addition of 85 g almonds daily to a National Cholesterol Education Program ( NCEP ) Step 1 diet ( ALM ) for 6 weeks would improve vascular function and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease ( CAD ) . Research design and methods A r and omized , controlled , crossover trial was conducted in Boston , MA to test whether as compared to a control NCEP Step 1 diet absent nuts ( CON ) , incorporation of almonds ( 85 g/day ) into the CON diet ( ALM ) would improve vascular function and inflammation . The study duration was 22 weeks including a 6-weeks run-in period , two 6-weeks intervention phases , and a 4-weeks washout period between the intervention phases . A total of 45 CAD patients ( 27 F/18 M , 45–77 y , BMI = 20 - 41 kg/m2 ) completed the study . Drug therapies used by patients were stable throughout the duration of the trial . Results The addition of almonds to the CON diet increased plasma α-tocopherol status by a mean of 5.8 % , reflecting patient compliance ( P ≤0.05 ) . However , the ALM diet did not alter vascular function assessed by measures of flow-mediated dilation , peripheral arterial tonometry , and pulse wave velocity . Further , the ALM diet did not significantly modify the serum lipid profile , blood pressure , C-reactive protein , tumor necrosis factor-α or E-selectin . The ALM diet tended to decrease vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 by 5.3 % ( P = 0.064 ) and increase urinary nitric oxide by 17.5 % ( P = 0.112 ) . The ALM intervention improved the overall quality of the diet by increasing calcium , magnesium , choline , and fiber intakes above the Estimated Average Requirement ( EAR ) or Recommended Dietary Allowance ( RDA ) . Conclusions Thus , the addition of almonds to a NECP Step 1 diet did not significantly impact vascular function , lipid profile or systematic inflammation in CAD patients receiving good medical care and polypharmacy therapies but did improve diet quality without any untoward effect . Trial registration The trial was registered with the Clinical Trials . Gov with the identifier : NCT00782015 Background The evidence of the multiple beneficial health effects of fish consumption is strong , but physiological mechanisms behind these effects are not completely known . Little information is available on the effects of consumption of different type of fish . The aim of this study was to investigate how fatty fish or lean fish in a diet affect serum lipidomic profiles in subjects with coronary heart disease . Methodology and Principal Findings A pilot study was design ed which included altogether 33 subjects with myocardial infa rct ion or unstable ischemic attack in an 8-week parallel controlled intervention . The subjects were r and omized to either fatty fish ( n = 11 ) , lean fish ( n = 12 ) or control ( n = 10 ) groups . Subjects in the fish groups had 4 fish meals per week and subjects in the control group consumed lean beef , pork and chicken . A fish meal was allowed once a week maximum . Lipidomics analyses were performed using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and gas chromatography . Multiple bioactive lipid species , including ceramides , lysophosphatidylcholines and diacylglycerols , decreased significantly in the fatty fish group , whereas in the lean fish group cholesterol esters and specific long-chain triacylglycerols increased significantly ( False Discovery Rate q-value < 0.05 ) . Conclusions / Significance The 8-week consumption of fatty fish  decreased lipids which are potential mediators of lipid-induced insulin resistance and inflammation , and may be related to the protective effects of fatty fish on the progression of atherosclerotic vascular diseases or insulin resistance . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov OBJECTIVE First-degree relatives of patients with diabetes are at more risk for endothelial dysfunction and inflammation . The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a non-soy legume-enriched diet on inflammatory biomarkers and serum adiponectin levels among first-degree relatives of these patients . METHODS Twenty-six participants ( 14 women and 12 men ) with a family history of diabetes were recruited to this r and omized , crossover study . Participants were r and omly assigned to a legume-enriched or a habitual diet for 6 wk that was separated by a 2-wk washout . The inflammatory markers-high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , interleukin-6 , tumor necrosis factor-α , and serum levels of adiponectin-were measured at the beginning and the end of each intervention period according to the st and ard protocol . RESULTS Energy intake of participants was not statistically different between the two diets ( 1821.5 ± 100.11 versus 1788.2 ± 92.68 kcal/d , respectively ) . After consumption of a legume diet , percent change of hs-CRP reduced significantly compared with consumption of a habitual diet ( -4.86 % ± 1.86 % versus 3.55 % ± 1.97 % , P = 0.002 ) and among the women in the study ( -12.96 % ± 1.96 % versus 3.24 % ± 2.65 % , P = 0.004 ) . The percent change of other inflammatory markers and serum concentrations of adiponectin were not significantly different between the two diet groups . CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that a legume-enriched diet significantly reduced 
    Output:
    