human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Immune-modulating effects of CLA have been reported in animals , but results are inconsistent . In humans , CLA has shown no effects or only minor effects on immune function . The objective of this study was to evaluate the immune-modulating effects of 3 g cis-9,trans-11 ( c9,t11 ) vs. trans-10,cis-12 ( t10,c12 ) CLA isomers in a population with a high risk of coronary heart disease characterized by moderate overweight ( body-mass index , 25–32.5 kg/m2 ) in combination with LDL-phenotype B ( ≥35 % small LDL cholesterol , density≥1.040 g/mL ) . After a run-in period of 1 wk , 42 men and women were r and omly allocated to the c9,t11 CLA group , the t10,c12 CLA group , or the placebo group . Effects of 13 wk of consumption of 3 g of CLA isomers on cytokine production by ex vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC ) and whole blood , and on plasma C-remononuclear protein ( CRP ) concentrations were evaluated . To generate hypotheses for future studies , protein expression patterns of 42 cytokines , chemokines , and growth factors were evaluated with an antibody array in pooled , nonstimulated , fasting plasma sample s. LPS induced interleukin (IL)-6 , IL-8 , and tumor necrosis factor-α production by P BMC , and whole blood as well as plasma CRP concentrations were not significantly changed by the c9,t11 , and the t10,c12 CLA isomers . The cytokine expression profile in nonstimulated plasma suggested that both CLA isomers induced a specific inflammatory signature , in which the c9,t11 CLA group showed more activity in terms of numbers of proteins regulated . We conclude that daily consumption of 3 g of c9,t11 or t10,c12 CLA isomer did not affect LPS-stimulated cytokine production by P BMC or whole blood and plasma CRP levels . Inflammatory signatures in fasting , nonstimulated plasma as determined by an antibody array may indicate enhanced immune function by both CLA isomers After 12 mo in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) supplementation ( 2 groups received CLA as part of a triglyceride or as the free fatty acid , and 1 group received olive oil as placebo ) , 134 of the 157 participants who concluded the study were included in an open study for another 12 mo . The goals of the extension study were to evaluate the safety [ with clinical chemistry analyses and reported adverse events ( AEs ) ] and assess the effects of  CLA on body composition [ body fat mass ( BFM ) , lean body mass ( LBM ) , bone mineral mass ( BMM ) ] , body weight , and BMI . All subjects were supplemented with 3.4 g CLA/d in the triglyceride form . Circulating lipoprotein(a ) and thrombocytes increased in all groups . There was no change in fasting blood glucose . Aspartate amino transferase , but not alanine amino transferase , increased significantly . Plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were reduced , whereas HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were unchanged . The AE rate decreased compared with the first 12 mo of the study . Body weight and BFM were reduced in the subjects administered the placebo during the initial 12 mo study ( -1.6 + /- 3.2 and -1.7 + /- 2.8 kg , respectively ) . No fat or body weight changes occurred in the 2 groups given CLA during the initial 12 mo . LBM and BMM were not affected in any of the groups . Changes in body composition were not related to diet and /or training . In conclusion , this study shows that CLA supplementation for 24 mo in healthy , overweight adults was well tolerated . It confirms also that CLA decreases BFM in overweight humans , and may help maintain initial reductions in BFM and weight in the long term BACKGROUND The intake of trans fatty acids ( TFA ) from industrially hydrogenated vegetable oils ( iTFA ) is known to have a deleterious effect on cardiovascular health , the effects of TFA from ruminants ( rTFA ) are virtually unknown . OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of rTFA and iTFA on plasma LDL concentrations and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy subjects . DESIGN In a double-blind , r and omized crossover controlled study , 38 healthy men were fed each of 4 experimental isoenergetic diets lasting 4 wk each . The 4 diets were high in rTFA ( 10.2 g/2500 kcal ) , moderate in rTFA ( 4.2 g/2500 kcal ) , high in iTFA ( 10.2 g/2500 kcal ) , and low in TFA from any source ( 2.2 g/2500 kcal ) ( control diet ) . RESULTS Plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher after the high- rTFA diet than after the control ( P = 0.03 ) or the moderate- rTFA ( P = 0.002 ) diet . Plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations also were significantly ( P = 0.02 ) higher after the iTFA diet than after the moderate-rTFA diet . Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly ( P = 0.02 ) lower after the high-rTFA diet than after the moderate-rTFA diet . Finally , all risk factors were comparable between the control and the moderate-rTFA diets . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that , whereas a high dietary intake of TFA from ruminants may adversely affect cholesterol homeostasis , moderate intakes of rTFA that are well above the upper limit of current human consumption have neutral effects on plasma lipids and other cardiovascular disease risk factors A mixture of trans-10 , cis-12 ( t10,c12 ) and cis-9 , trans-11 ( c9,t11 ) conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA mixture ) reduced atherosclerosis in animals , thus the effect of these isomers on endothelial dysfunctions leading to inflammation and atherosclerosis is of interest . We gave 75 healthy postmenopausal women a daily supplement of 5.5 g of oil rich in either CLA mixture , an oil rich in the naturally occurring c9,t11 CLA ( CLA milk ) , respectively , or olive oil for 16 wk in a double-blind , r and omized , parallel intervention study . We sample d blood and urine before and after the intervention . The ratios of total cholesterol : HDL cholesterol and concentrations of C-reactive protein , fibrinogen , and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were significantly higher in women supplemented with the CLA mixture than in those supplemented with CLA milk .  Plasma triacylglycerol was significantly higher and HDL cholesterol was lower in women supplemented with the CLA mixture than with olive oil . Both CLA supplements increased lipid peroxidation , a marker of in vivo oxidative stress measured as urinary free 8-iso-prostagl and in F(2alpha ) . However , the CLA mixture increased lipid peroxidation more than the CLA milk did . The plasma cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were not affected by the treatments , nor were any of the other variables measured . In conclusion , oil containing trans-10,cis-12 CLA has several adverse effects on classical and novel markers of coronary vascular disease , whereas the c9,t11 CLA isomer is more neutral , except for a small but significant increase in lipid peroxidation compared with olive oil BACKGROUND Animal studies have suggested that conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) , a natural component of ruminant meat and dairy products , may confer beneficial effects on health . However , little information on the effects of CLA on immune function is available , especially in humans . Furthermore , the effects of individual isomers of CLA have not been adequately investigated . OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of supplementing the diet with 3 doses of highly enriched cis-9,trans-11 CLA ( 0.59 , 1.19 , and 2.38 g/d ) or trans-10,cis-12 CLA ( 0.63 , 1.26 , and 2.52 g/d ) on immune outcomes in healthy humans . DESIGN The study had a r and omized , double-blind , crossover design . Healthy men consumed 1 , 2 , and 4 capsules sequentially that contained 80 % of either cis-9,trans-11 CLA or trans-10,cis-12 CLA for consecutive 8-wk periods . This regimen was followed by a 6-wk washout and a crossover to the other isomer . RESULTS Both CLA isomers decreased mitogen-induced T lymphocyte activation in a dose-dependent manner . There was a significant negative correlation between mitogen-induced T lymphocyte activation and the proportions of both cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-12 CLA in peripheral blood mononuclear cell lipids . However , CLA did not affect lymphocyte sub population s or serum concentrations of C-reactive protein and did not have any consistent effects on ex vivo cytokine production . CONCLUSION CLA supplementation results in a dose-dependent reduction in the mitogen-induced activation of T lymphocytes . The effects of cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-12 CLA were similar , and there was a negative correlation between mitogen-induced T lymphocyte activation and the cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-12 CLA contents of mononuclear cells Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) has been shown to reduce body fat mass ( BFM ) in animals . To investigate the dose-response relationships of conjugated linoleic acid with regard to BFM in humans , a r and omized , double-blind study including 60 overweight or obese volunteers ( body mass index 25 - 35 kg/m(2 ) ) was performed . The subjects were divided into five groups receiving placebo ( 9 g olive oil ) , 1.7 , 3.4 , 5.1 or 6.8 g conjugated linoleic acid per day for 12 wk , respectively . Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body composition [ measurements at wk 0 ( baseline ) , 6 and 12 ] . Of the 60 subjects , 47 completed the study . Eight subjects withdrew from the study due to adverse events ; however , no differences among treatment groups were found regarding adverse events . Repeated- measures analysis showed that a significantly higher reduction in BFM was found in the conjugated linoleic acid groups compared with the placebo group ( P : = 0.03 ) . The reduction of body fat within the groups was significant for the 3.4 and 6.8 g CLA groups ( P : = 0.05 and P : = 0.02 , respectively ) . No significant differences among the groups were observed in lean body mass , body mass index , blood safety variables or blood lipids . The data suggest that conjugated linoleic acid may reduce BFM in humans and that no additional effect on BFM is achieved with doses > 3.4 g CLA/d Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) alters body composition in animal models , but few studies have examined the effects of CLA supplementation on body composition and clinical safety measures in obese humans . In the present study , we performed a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial to examine the changes in body composition and clinical laboratory values following CLA ( 50:50 ratio of cis-9 , trans-11 and trans-10 , cis-12 isomers ) supplementation for 12 wk in otherwise healthy obese humans . Forty-eight participants ( 13 males and 35 females ) were r and omized to receive placebo ( 8 g safflower oil/d ) , 3.2 g/d CLA , or 6.4 g/d CLA for 12 wk . Changes in body fat mass and lean body mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Resting energy expenditure was assessed by indirect calorimetry . Clinical laboratory values and adverse-event reporting were used to monitor safety . Lean body mass increased by 0.64 kg in the 6.4 g/d CLA group ( P < 0.05 ) after 12 wk of intervention . Significant decreases in serum HDL-cholesterol and sodium , hemoglobin , and hematocrit , and significant increases in serum alkaline phosphatase , C-reactive protein , and IL-6 , and white blood cells occurred in the 6.4 g/d CLA group , although all values remained within normal limits . The intervention was well tolerated and no severe adverse events were reported , although mild gastrointestinal adverse events were reported in all treatment groups . In conclusion , whereas CLA may increase lean body mass in obese humans , it may also increase markers of inflammation in the short term BACKGROUND Short-term trials showed that conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) may reduce body fat mass ( BFM ) and increase lean body mass ( LBM ) , but the long-term effect of CLA was not examined . OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to ascertain the 1-y effect of CLA on body composition and safety in healthy overweight adults consuming 
    Output:
    
agent
Conclusion The current systematic review and meta- analysis showed that the long-term consumption of CLA increases the levels of CRP and Lp(a )
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Immune-modulating effects of CLA have been reported in animals , but results are inconsistent . In humans , CLA has shown no effects or only minor effects on immune function . The objective of this study was to evaluate the immune-modulating effects of 3 g cis-9,trans-11 ( c9,t11 ) vs. trans-10,cis-12 ( t10,c12 ) CLA isomers in a population with a high risk of coronary heart disease characterized by moderate overweight ( body-mass index , 25–32.5 kg/m2 ) in combination with LDL-phenotype B ( ≥35 % small LDL cholesterol , density≥1.040 g/mL ) . After a run-in period of 1 wk , 42 men and women were r and omly allocated to the c9,t11 CLA group , the t10,c12 CLA group , or the placebo group . Effects of 13 wk of consumption of 3 g of CLA isomers on cytokine production by ex vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC ) and whole blood , and on plasma C-remononuclear protein ( CRP ) concentrations were evaluated . To generate hypotheses for future studies , protein expression patterns of 42 cytokines , chemokines , and growth factors were evaluated with an antibody array in pooled , nonstimulated , fasting plasma sample s. LPS induced interleukin (IL)-6 , IL-8 , and tumor necrosis factor-α production by P BMC , and whole blood as well as plasma CRP concentrations were not significantly changed by the c9,t11 , and the t10,c12 CLA isomers . The cytokine expression profile in nonstimulated plasma suggested that both CLA isomers induced a specific inflammatory signature , in which the c9,t11 CLA group showed more activity in terms of numbers of proteins regulated . We conclude that daily consumption of 3 g of c9,t11 or t10,c12 CLA isomer did not affect LPS-stimulated cytokine production by P BMC or whole blood and plasma CRP levels . Inflammatory signatures in fasting , nonstimulated plasma as determined by an antibody array may indicate enhanced immune function by both CLA isomers After 12 mo in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) supplementation ( 2 groups received CLA as part of a triglyceride or as the free fatty acid , and 1 group received olive oil as placebo ) , 134 of the 157 participants who concluded the study were included in an open study for another 12 mo . The goals of the extension study were to evaluate the safety [ with clinical chemistry analyses and reported adverse events ( AEs ) ] and assess the effects of  CLA on body composition [ body fat mass ( BFM ) , lean body mass ( LBM ) , bone mineral mass ( BMM ) ] , body weight , and BMI . All subjects were supplemented with 3.4 g CLA/d in the triglyceride form . Circulating lipoprotein(a ) and thrombocytes increased in all groups . There was no change in fasting blood glucose . Aspartate amino transferase , but not alanine amino transferase , increased significantly . Plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were reduced , whereas HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were unchanged . The AE rate decreased compared with the first 12 mo of the study . Body weight and BFM were reduced in the subjects administered the placebo during the initial 12 mo study ( -1.6 + /- 3.2 and -1.7 + /- 2.8 kg , respectively ) . No fat or body weight changes occurred in the 2 groups given CLA during the initial 12 mo . LBM and BMM were not affected in any of the groups . Changes in body composition were not related to diet and /or training . In conclusion , this study shows that CLA supplementation for 24 mo in healthy , overweight adults was well tolerated . It confirms also that CLA decreases BFM in overweight humans , and may help maintain initial reductions in BFM and weight in the long term BACKGROUND The intake of trans fatty acids ( TFA ) from industrially hydrogenated vegetable oils ( iTFA ) is known to have a deleterious effect on cardiovascular health , the effects of TFA from ruminants ( rTFA ) are virtually unknown . OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of rTFA and iTFA on plasma LDL concentrations and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy subjects . DESIGN In a double-blind , r and omized crossover controlled study , 38 healthy men were fed each of 4 experimental isoenergetic diets lasting 4 wk each . The 4 diets were high in rTFA ( 10.2 g/2500 kcal ) , moderate in rTFA ( 4.2 g/2500 kcal ) , high in iTFA ( 10.2 g/2500 kcal ) , and low in TFA from any source ( 2.2 g/2500 kcal ) ( control diet ) . RESULTS Plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher after the high- rTFA diet than after the control ( P = 0.03 ) or the moderate- rTFA ( P = 0.002 ) diet . Plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations also were significantly ( P = 0.02 ) higher after the iTFA diet than after the moderate-rTFA diet . Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly ( P = 0.02 ) lower after the high-rTFA diet than after the moderate-rTFA diet . Finally , all risk factors were comparable between the control and the moderate-rTFA diets . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that , whereas a high dietary intake of TFA from ruminants may adversely affect cholesterol homeostasis , moderate intakes of rTFA that are well above the upper limit of current human consumption have neutral effects on plasma lipids and other cardiovascular disease risk factors A mixture of trans-10 , cis-12 ( t10,c12 ) and cis-9 , trans-11 ( c9,t11 ) conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA mixture ) reduced atherosclerosis in animals , thus the effect of these isomers on endothelial dysfunctions leading to inflammation and atherosclerosis is of interest . We gave 75 healthy postmenopausal women a daily supplement of 5.5 g of oil rich in either CLA mixture , an oil rich in the naturally occurring c9,t11 CLA ( CLA milk ) , respectively , or olive oil for 16 wk in a double-blind , r and omized , parallel intervention study . We sample d blood and urine before and after the intervention . The ratios of total cholesterol : HDL cholesterol and concentrations of C-reactive protein , fibrinogen , and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were significantly higher in women supplemented with the CLA mixture than in those supplemented with CLA milk .  Plasma triacylglycerol was significantly higher and HDL cholesterol was lower in women supplemented with the CLA mixture than with olive oil . Both CLA supplements increased lipid peroxidation , a marker of in vivo oxidative stress measured as urinary free 8-iso-prostagl and in F(2alpha ) . However , the CLA mixture increased lipid peroxidation more than the CLA milk did . The plasma cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were not affected by the treatments , nor were any of the other variables measured . In conclusion , oil containing trans-10,cis-12 CLA has several adverse effects on classical and novel markers of coronary vascular disease , whereas the c9,t11 CLA isomer is more neutral , except for a small but significant increase in lipid peroxidation compared with olive oil BACKGROUND Animal studies have suggested that conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) , a natural component of ruminant meat and dairy products , may confer beneficial effects on health . However , little information on the effects of CLA on immune function is available , especially in humans . Furthermore , the effects of individual isomers of CLA have not been adequately investigated . OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of supplementing the diet with 3 doses of highly enriched cis-9,trans-11 CLA ( 0.59 , 1.19 , and 2.38 g/d ) or trans-10,cis-12 CLA ( 0.63 , 1.26 , and 2.52 g/d ) on immune outcomes in healthy humans . DESIGN The study had a r and omized , double-blind , crossover design . Healthy men consumed 1 , 2 , and 4 capsules sequentially that contained 80 % of either cis-9,trans-11 CLA or trans-10,cis-12 CLA for consecutive 8-wk periods . This regimen was followed by a 6-wk washout and a crossover to the other isomer . RESULTS Both CLA isomers decreased mitogen-induced T lymphocyte activation in a dose-dependent manner . There was a significant negative correlation between mitogen-induced T lymphocyte activation and the proportions of both cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-12 CLA in peripheral blood mononuclear cell lipids . However , CLA did not affect lymphocyte sub population s or serum concentrations of C-reactive protein and did not have any consistent effects on ex vivo cytokine production . CONCLUSION CLA supplementation results in a dose-dependent reduction in the mitogen-induced activation of T lymphocytes . The effects of cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-12 CLA were similar , and there was a negative correlation between mitogen-induced T lymphocyte activation and the cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-12 CLA contents of mononuclear cells Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) has been shown to reduce body fat mass ( BFM ) in animals . To investigate the dose-response relationships of conjugated linoleic acid with regard to BFM in humans , a r and omized , double-blind study including 60 overweight or obese volunteers ( body mass index 25 - 35 kg/m(2 ) ) was performed . The subjects were divided into five groups receiving placebo ( 9 g olive oil ) , 1.7 , 3.4 , 5.1 or 6.8 g conjugated linoleic acid per day for 12 wk , respectively . Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body composition [ measurements at wk 0 ( baseline ) , 6 and 12 ] . Of the 60 subjects , 47 completed the study . Eight subjects withdrew from the study due to adverse events ; however , no differences among treatment groups were found regarding adverse events . Repeated- measures analysis showed that a significantly higher reduction in BFM was found in the conjugated linoleic acid groups compared with the placebo group ( P : = 0.03 ) . The reduction of body fat within the groups was significant for the 3.4 and 6.8 g CLA groups ( P : = 0.05 and P : = 0.02 , respectively ) . No significant differences among the groups were observed in lean body mass , body mass index , blood safety variables or blood lipids . The data suggest that conjugated linoleic acid may reduce BFM in humans and that no additional effect on BFM is achieved with doses > 3.4 g CLA/d Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) alters body composition in animal models , but few studies have examined the effects of CLA supplementation on body composition and clinical safety measures in obese humans . In the present study , we performed a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial to examine the changes in body composition and clinical laboratory values following CLA ( 50:50 ratio of cis-9 , trans-11 and trans-10 , cis-12 isomers ) supplementation for 12 wk in otherwise healthy obese humans . Forty-eight participants ( 13 males and 35 females ) were r and omized to receive placebo ( 8 g safflower oil/d ) , 3.2 g/d CLA , or 6.4 g/d CLA for 12 wk . Changes in body fat mass and lean body mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Resting energy expenditure was assessed by indirect calorimetry . Clinical laboratory values and adverse-event reporting were used to monitor safety . Lean body mass increased by 0.64 kg in the 6.4 g/d CLA group ( P < 0.05 ) after 12 wk of intervention . Significant decreases in serum HDL-cholesterol and sodium , hemoglobin , and hematocrit , and significant increases in serum alkaline phosphatase , C-reactive protein , and IL-6 , and white blood cells occurred in the 6.4 g/d CLA group , although all values remained within normal limits . The intervention was well tolerated and no severe adverse events were reported , although mild gastrointestinal adverse events were reported in all treatment groups . In conclusion , whereas CLA may increase lean body mass in obese humans , it may also increase markers of inflammation in the short term BACKGROUND Short-term trials showed that conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) may reduce body fat mass ( BFM ) and increase lean body mass ( LBM ) , but the long-term effect of CLA was not examined . OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to ascertain the 1-y effect of CLA on body composition and safety in healthy overweight adults consuming 
    Output:
    