human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE US general population norms for mail administration of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Version 2 ( SF-36v2 ) were established in 1998 . This article reports SF-36v2 telephone-administered norms collected in 2005 - 2006 for adults aged 35 - 89 years . STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING The SF-36v2  was administered to 3,844 adults in the National Health Measurement Study ( NHMS ) , a r and om-digit dial telephone survey . Scale scores and physical and mental component summary ( PCS and MCS ) scores were computed . RESULTS When compared with 1998 norms ( mean=50.00 , st and ard deviation [SD]=10.00 ) , SF-36v2 scores for the 2005 - 2006 general population tended to be higher : physical functioning ( mean=50.68 , SD=14.48 ) ; role limitations due to physical health problems ( mean=49.47 , SD=14.71 ) ; bodily pain ( mean=50.66 , SD=16.28 ) ; general health perceptions ( mean=50.10 , SD=16.87 ) ; vitality ( mean=53.71 , SD=15.35 ) ; social functioning ( mean=51.37 , SD=13.93 ) ; role limitations due to emotional problems ( mean=51.44 , SD=13.93 ) ; mental health ( mean=54.27 , SD=13.28 ) ; PCS ( mean=49.22 , SD=15.13 ) ; MCS ( mean=53.78 , SD=13.14 ) . PCS and MCS factor scoring coefficients were similar to those previously reported for the 1998 norms . SF-36v2 norms for telephone administration were created . CONCLUSION The higher scores for NHMS data are likely due to the effect of telephone administration . The 2005 - 2006 norms can be used as a reference to interpret scale and component summary scores for telephone-administered surveys with the SF-36v2 OBJECTIVE To prospect ively examine the effect of weight loss 1 year after  laparoscopic adjustable gastric b and surgery on a broad range of health outcomes in 50 diabetic subjects . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 50 ( 17 men , 33 women ) of 51 patients with type 2 diabetes , from a total of 500 consecutive patients , were studied preoperatively and again 1 year after surgery . RESULTS Preoperative weight and BMI ( means + /- SD ) were 137 + /- 30 kg and 48.2 + /- 8 kg/m(2 ) , respectively ; at 1 year , weight and BMI were 110 + /- 24 kg and 38.7 + /- 6 kg/m(2 ) , respectively . There was significant improvement in all measures of glucose metabolism . Remission of diabetes occurred in 32 patients ( 64 % ) , and major improvement of glucose control occurred in 13 patients ( 26 % ) ; glucose metabolism was unchanged in 5 patients ( 10 % ) . HbA(1c ) was 7.8 + /- 3.2 % preoperatively and 6.2 + /- 2.7 % at 1 year ( P < 0.001 ) . Remission of diabetes was predicted by greater weight loss and a shorter history of diabetes ( pseudo r(2 ) = 0.44 , P < 0.001 ) . Improvement in diabetes was related to increased insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function . Weight loss was associated with significant improvements in fasting triglyceride level , HDL cholesterol level , hypertension , sleep , depression , appearance evaluation , and health-related quality of life . Early complications occurred in 6 % of patients ( wound infections in 4 % , respiratory support in 2 % ) , and late complications occurred in 30 % of patients ( gastric prolapse in 20 % , b and erosion in 6 % , and tubing leaks in 4 % ) . All late complications were successfully revised surgically . CONCLUSIONS Modern laparoscopic weight-loss surgery is effective in managing the broad range of health problems experienced by severely obese individuals with type 2 diabetes . Surgery should be considered as an early intervention BACKGROUND We analyzed the health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) and its determinants in the first year after laparoscopic adjustable gastric b and ing ( LAGB ) .  The setting was 10 Italian public and private bariatric surgery centers . METHODS Data collected in an ongoing , prospect i ve , 3-year multicenter Italian study on the changes in HRQOL after LAGB were used . HRQOL was investigated using the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 question naire . Hunger , satiety , and the self-perceived effects of LAGB  were recorded . RESULTS A total of 334 patients were enrolled . The follow-up rate was 92.2 % . The percentage of excess weight loss was 39.6 % ± 25.8 % , with very few side effects or complications . Hunger in the morning ( 0 - 10 scale ) was 4.5 ± 2.7 before surgery and 3.8 ± 2.4 after 1 year ( P < .001 ) . Satiety after a meal ( 0 - 10 scale ) was 7.1 ± 2.7 before surgery and 8.2 ± 1.9 at 1 year ( P < .001 ) . The self-perceived effect of LAGB on caloric intake ( 0 - 10 scale ) was 8.4 ± 1.9 after 1 year . The scores for the 8 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 subscales were significantly improved after surgery . The physical component summary score was 52.6 ± 11.9 at baseline and 79.1 ± 15.6 after 1 year ( P < .001 ) . The corresponding mental component summary scores were 52.2 ± 12.3 and 76.5 ± 17.2 ( P < .001 ) . Greater physical component summary improvement was independently associated with a low initial physical component summary ( P < .001 ) , high satiety ( P = .002 ) , a high percentage of excess weight loss ( P = .013 ) , and a high self-perceived effect of the LAGB ( P = .026 ) . Greater mental component summary improvement was associated with a low initial mental component summary ( P < .001 ) , high satiety ( P < .001 ) , a low frequency of heartburn ( P = .004 ) , and a high percentage of excess weight loss ( P = .012 ) . CONCLUSIONS Significant improvements in HRQOL were observed in the first year after LAGB . A poor baseline HRQOL , a high efficacy of the b and ing in eating control , and better weight loss might influence HRQOL changes Quality of life improves after  bariatric surgery .  However , long-term results and the influence of reoperations are not well known . A prospect i ve quality of life assessment before , 1 and 7 years after  laparoscopic adjustable gastric b and ing ( LAGB ) and vertical b and ed gastroplasty ( VBG )  was performed in order to determine the influence of reoperations during follow-up . One hundred patients were included in the study . Fifty patients underwent VBG and 50 LAGB .  Patients completed the  quality of life question  naires prior to surgery and two times during follow-up . Health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) question naires included the Nottingham Health Profile I and II and the Sickness Impact Profile 68 . Follow-up was 84 % with a mean duration of 84 months ( 7 years ) . During follow-up , 65 % of VBG patients underwent conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass while 44 % of LAGB patients underwent a reoperation or conversion . One year after the procedure , nearly all quality -of-life parameters significantly improved . After 7 years , the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP)-I domain “ physical ability ” , the NHP-II and the SIP-68 domains “ mobility control ” , “ social behavior ” , and “ mobility range ” were still significantly improved in both groups . The domains “ emotional reaction ” , “ social isolation ” ( NHP-I ) , and “ emotional stability ” ( SIP-68 ) remained significantly improved in the VBG group while this was true for the domain “ energy level ” ( NHP-I ) in the LAGB group . Both the type of procedure and reoperations during follow-up were not of significant influence on the HRQoL results . Weight loss and decrease in comorbidities were the only significant factors influencing quality of life . Restrictive bariatric surgery improves quality of life . Although results are most impressive 1 year after surgery , the improvement remains significant after long-term follow-up . Postoperative quality of life is mainly dependent on weight loss and decrease in comorbidities and not on the type of procedure or surgical complications Background : The objective of this study was to determine the weight loss , changes in co-morbidities , medication usage and general health status at 1 year after laparoscopic adjustable gastric b and ing ( LAGB ) .  Methods : Prospect i ve data were obtained from all subjects undergoing LAGB .  These measurements included a medical history and review of systems , medications , height and weight and the SF-36 general health survey . Patients were seen for b and adjustments as needed throughout the year . At the 1-year follow-up visit , patients were weighed and interviewed about the status of their health conditions and their current medications , and the SF-36 was repeated . Results : Between November 2002 and November 2003 , 195 patients had LAGB . The majority of subjects were female ( 82.8 % ) , married ( 65.1 % ) , and white ( 94.9 % ) .  Complications occurred in 18 subjects ( 9.2 % ) . These included 3 slipped b and s ( 1.5 % ) , 4 port problems ( 2.1 % ) , 8 patients with temporary stoma occlusion ( 4.1 % ) , 1 explantation ( 0.5 % ) , and 1 mortality ( 0.5 % ) . Mean BMI decreased from 45.8 kg/m2 ( ± 7.7 ) to 32.3 kg/m2 ( ± 7.0 ) . Mean percent excess body weight lost was 45.7 % ( ± 17.1 ) during the first year . Major improvements occurred in arthritis , asthma , depression , diabetes , gastro-esophageal reflux disease , hyperlipidemia , hypertension , joint and back pain , sleep apnea and stress incontinence . Medication usage declined remarkably . Quality of life ( QoL ) by the SF-36 showed highly significant improvements . Conclusions : At 1 year after LAGB , patients had experienced significant weight loss , resolution of comorbidities , decreases in medication usage , and improvements in The study objectives were to assess 2-year changes in health-related quality of life ( HRQL ) after gastric bypass in patients with severe obesity and to analyze HRQL improvements in relation to weight loss after bariatric surgery . This was a prospect i ve intervention study with consecutive patients referred to two bariatric surgical units in the Basque Country . We used both generic ( Short Form Health Survey , SF-36 and EuroQol , EQ-5D ) , and specific question naires ( Moorehead-Ardelt , MA II and Obesity-related Problems Scale , OP ) . Effect sizes and receiver operating characteristic ( ROC ) curves were calculated to assess the change in quality of life . Spearman ’s correlation coefficient was calculated to assess whether there was an association between changes in body mass index ( BMI ) and HRQL . Of 82 patients who underwent surgery , 79 were followed-up for 2 years . Mean weight loss was 37 % of body weight ( 49 kg ) and BMI fell from 50.6 to 31.8 . The initial problems and final improvements were greater in the physical dimensions . Considerable benefits were observed in assessment s with all the instruments used . However , the changes in weight/ BMI and HRQL were not linear . The comparison with general population showed a similar profile in SF-36 dimensions after surgery . Severely obese patients have lower perceived health across all dimensions of quality of life . Moreover , the impact on functioning is so important that severe obesity can be described as a cause of disability that disappears 2 years after surgical treatment . ROC curves indicate that most of the HRQL measures are poor predictors of change in terms of reduction in body weight or BMI Background Obesity is a risk factor for female pelvic floor disorders . The study objective was to determine whether there was a difference in the subjective reporting of pelvic symptoms before and after bariatric surgery . Methods This was a prospect i ve cohort study of female patients that underwent bariatric surgery .  Patients completed a demographic question naire , the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 ( PFDI-20 ) , and the Pelvic Floor Impact Question naire-7 ( PFIQ-7 ) before surgery and at 6 and 12 months following surgery . Body mass index ( BMI ) was compared between time points using Student ’s t tests ( P < 0.05 significant ) . Symptom and impact on quality of life prevalence were compared using McNemar ’s test and question naire scores were compared using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test ( P < 0.025 significant ) . Results At 12 months after surgery , 63 patients had completed the study . Even with significant weight loss ( BMI , 43.7 kg/m2 to BMI , 29 kg/m2 ; P < 0.001 ) , there was no significant difference in the prevalence of pel 
    Output:
    
agent
The average impact of bariatric surgery on quality of life corresponded to an effect size of 0.88 ( 95 % CI : 0.80 - 0.96 ) , indicating that bariatric surgery has a significant positive influence on quality of life in general .
The impact varied considerably across studies with bariatric surgery showing a significantly greater positive influence on physical quality of life compared to mental quality of life .
Bariatric surgery is effective in improving quality of life , especially when looking at physical well-being .
Greater focus on the psychological well-being of the person undergoing surgery for obesity may lead to a better post-surgery prognosis for more people
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE US general population norms for mail administration of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Version 2 ( SF-36v2 ) were established in 1998 . This article reports SF-36v2 telephone-administered norms collected in 2005 - 2006 for adults aged 35 - 89 years . STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING The SF-36v2  was administered to 3,844 adults in the National Health Measurement Study ( NHMS ) , a r and om-digit dial telephone survey . Scale scores and physical and mental component summary ( PCS and MCS ) scores were computed . RESULTS When compared with 1998 norms ( mean=50.00 , st and ard deviation [SD]=10.00 ) , SF-36v2 scores for the 2005 - 2006 general population tended to be higher : physical functioning ( mean=50.68 , SD=14.48 ) ; role limitations due to physical health problems ( mean=49.47 , SD=14.71 ) ; bodily pain ( mean=50.66 , SD=16.28 ) ; general health perceptions ( mean=50.10 , SD=16.87 ) ; vitality ( mean=53.71 , SD=15.35 ) ; social functioning ( mean=51.37 , SD=13.93 ) ; role limitations due to emotional problems ( mean=51.44 , SD=13.93 ) ; mental health ( mean=54.27 , SD=13.28 ) ; PCS ( mean=49.22 , SD=15.13 ) ; MCS ( mean=53.78 , SD=13.14 ) . PCS and MCS factor scoring coefficients were similar to those previously reported for the 1998 norms . SF-36v2 norms for telephone administration were created . CONCLUSION The higher scores for NHMS data are likely due to the effect of telephone administration . The 2005 - 2006 norms can be used as a reference to interpret scale and component summary scores for telephone-administered surveys with the SF-36v2 OBJECTIVE To prospect ively examine the effect of weight loss 1 year after  laparoscopic adjustable gastric b and surgery on a broad range of health outcomes in 50 diabetic subjects . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 50 ( 17 men , 33 women ) of 51 patients with type 2 diabetes , from a total of 500 consecutive patients , were studied preoperatively and again 1 year after surgery . RESULTS Preoperative weight and BMI ( means + /- SD ) were 137 + /- 30 kg and 48.2 + /- 8 kg/m(2 ) , respectively ; at 1 year , weight and BMI were 110 + /- 24 kg and 38.7 + /- 6 kg/m(2 ) , respectively . There was significant improvement in all measures of glucose metabolism . Remission of diabetes occurred in 32 patients ( 64 % ) , and major improvement of glucose control occurred in 13 patients ( 26 % ) ; glucose metabolism was unchanged in 5 patients ( 10 % ) . HbA(1c ) was 7.8 + /- 3.2 % preoperatively and 6.2 + /- 2.7 % at 1 year ( P < 0.001 ) . Remission of diabetes was predicted by greater weight loss and a shorter history of diabetes ( pseudo r(2 ) = 0.44 , P < 0.001 ) . Improvement in diabetes was related to increased insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function . Weight loss was associated with significant improvements in fasting triglyceride level , HDL cholesterol level , hypertension , sleep , depression , appearance evaluation , and health-related quality of life . Early complications occurred in 6 % of patients ( wound infections in 4 % , respiratory support in 2 % ) , and late complications occurred in 30 % of patients ( gastric prolapse in 20 % , b and erosion in 6 % , and tubing leaks in 4 % ) . All late complications were successfully revised surgically . CONCLUSIONS Modern laparoscopic weight-loss surgery is effective in managing the broad range of health problems experienced by severely obese individuals with type 2 diabetes . Surgery should be considered as an early intervention BACKGROUND We analyzed the health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) and its determinants in the first year after laparoscopic adjustable gastric b and ing ( LAGB ) .  The setting was 10 Italian public and private bariatric surgery centers . METHODS Data collected in an ongoing , prospect i ve , 3-year multicenter Italian study on the changes in HRQOL after LAGB were used . HRQOL was investigated using the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 question naire . Hunger , satiety , and the self-perceived effects of LAGB  were recorded . RESULTS A total of 334 patients were enrolled . The follow-up rate was 92.2 % . The percentage of excess weight loss was 39.6 % ± 25.8 % , with very few side effects or complications . Hunger in the morning ( 0 - 10 scale ) was 4.5 ± 2.7 before surgery and 3.8 ± 2.4 after 1 year ( P < .001 ) . Satiety after a meal ( 0 - 10 scale ) was 7.1 ± 2.7 before surgery and 8.2 ± 1.9 at 1 year ( P < .001 ) . The self-perceived effect of LAGB on caloric intake ( 0 - 10 scale ) was 8.4 ± 1.9 after 1 year . The scores for the 8 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 subscales were significantly improved after surgery . The physical component summary score was 52.6 ± 11.9 at baseline and 79.1 ± 15.6 after 1 year ( P < .001 ) . The corresponding mental component summary scores were 52.2 ± 12.3 and 76.5 ± 17.2 ( P < .001 ) . Greater physical component summary improvement was independently associated with a low initial physical component summary ( P < .001 ) , high satiety ( P = .002 ) , a high percentage of excess weight loss ( P = .013 ) , and a high self-perceived effect of the LAGB ( P = .026 ) . Greater mental component summary improvement was associated with a low initial mental component summary ( P < .001 ) , high satiety ( P < .001 ) , a low frequency of heartburn ( P = .004 ) , and a high percentage of excess weight loss ( P = .012 ) . CONCLUSIONS Significant improvements in HRQOL were observed in the first year after LAGB . A poor baseline HRQOL , a high efficacy of the b and ing in eating control , and better weight loss might influence HRQOL changes Quality of life improves after  bariatric surgery .  However , long-term results and the influence of reoperations are not well known . A prospect i ve quality of life assessment before , 1 and 7 years after  laparoscopic adjustable gastric b and ing ( LAGB ) and vertical b and ed gastroplasty ( VBG )  was performed in order to determine the influence of reoperations during follow-up . One hundred patients were included in the study . Fifty patients underwent VBG and 50 LAGB .  Patients completed the  quality of life question  naires prior to surgery and two times during follow-up . Health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) question naires included the Nottingham Health Profile I and II and the Sickness Impact Profile 68 . Follow-up was 84 % with a mean duration of 84 months ( 7 years ) . During follow-up , 65 % of VBG patients underwent conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass while 44 % of LAGB patients underwent a reoperation or conversion . One year after the procedure , nearly all quality -of-life parameters significantly improved . After 7 years , the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP)-I domain “ physical ability ” , the NHP-II and the SIP-68 domains “ mobility control ” , “ social behavior ” , and “ mobility range ” were still significantly improved in both groups . The domains “ emotional reaction ” , “ social isolation ” ( NHP-I ) , and “ emotional stability ” ( SIP-68 ) remained significantly improved in the VBG group while this was true for the domain “ energy level ” ( NHP-I ) in the LAGB group . Both the type of procedure and reoperations during follow-up were not of significant influence on the HRQoL results . Weight loss and decrease in comorbidities were the only significant factors influencing quality of life . Restrictive bariatric surgery improves quality of life . Although results are most impressive 1 year after surgery , the improvement remains significant after long-term follow-up . Postoperative quality of life is mainly dependent on weight loss and decrease in comorbidities and not on the type of procedure or surgical complications Background : The objective of this study was to determine the weight loss , changes in co-morbidities , medication usage and general health status at 1 year after laparoscopic adjustable gastric b and ing ( LAGB ) .  Methods : Prospect i ve data were obtained from all subjects undergoing LAGB .  These measurements included a medical history and review of systems , medications , height and weight and the SF-36 general health survey . Patients were seen for b and adjustments as needed throughout the year . At the 1-year follow-up visit , patients were weighed and interviewed about the status of their health conditions and their current medications , and the SF-36 was repeated . Results : Between November 2002 and November 2003 , 195 patients had LAGB . The majority of subjects were female ( 82.8 % ) , married ( 65.1 % ) , and white ( 94.9 % ) .  Complications occurred in 18 subjects ( 9.2 % ) . These included 3 slipped b and s ( 1.5 % ) , 4 port problems ( 2.1 % ) , 8 patients with temporary stoma occlusion ( 4.1 % ) , 1 explantation ( 0.5 % ) , and 1 mortality ( 0.5 % ) . Mean BMI decreased from 45.8 kg/m2 ( ± 7.7 ) to 32.3 kg/m2 ( ± 7.0 ) . Mean percent excess body weight lost was 45.7 % ( ± 17.1 ) during the first year . Major improvements occurred in arthritis , asthma , depression , diabetes , gastro-esophageal reflux disease , hyperlipidemia , hypertension , joint and back pain , sleep apnea and stress incontinence . Medication usage declined remarkably . Quality of life ( QoL ) by the SF-36 showed highly significant improvements . Conclusions : At 1 year after LAGB , patients had experienced significant weight loss , resolution of comorbidities , decreases in medication usage , and improvements in The study objectives were to assess 2-year changes in health-related quality of life ( HRQL ) after gastric bypass in patients with severe obesity and to analyze HRQL improvements in relation to weight loss after bariatric surgery . This was a prospect i ve intervention study with consecutive patients referred to two bariatric surgical units in the Basque Country . We used both generic ( Short Form Health Survey , SF-36 and EuroQol , EQ-5D ) , and specific question naires ( Moorehead-Ardelt , MA II and Obesity-related Problems Scale , OP ) . Effect sizes and receiver operating characteristic ( ROC ) curves were calculated to assess the change in quality of life . Spearman ’s correlation coefficient was calculated to assess whether there was an association between changes in body mass index ( BMI ) and HRQL . Of 82 patients who underwent surgery , 79 were followed-up for 2 years . Mean weight loss was 37 % of body weight ( 49 kg ) and BMI fell from 50.6 to 31.8 . The initial problems and final improvements were greater in the physical dimensions . Considerable benefits were observed in assessment s with all the instruments used . However , the changes in weight/ BMI and HRQL were not linear . The comparison with general population showed a similar profile in SF-36 dimensions after surgery . Severely obese patients have lower perceived health across all dimensions of quality of life . Moreover , the impact on functioning is so important that severe obesity can be described as a cause of disability that disappears 2 years after surgical treatment . ROC curves indicate that most of the HRQL measures are poor predictors of change in terms of reduction in body weight or BMI Background Obesity is a risk factor for female pelvic floor disorders . The study objective was to determine whether there was a difference in the subjective reporting of pelvic symptoms before and after bariatric surgery . Methods This was a prospect i ve cohort study of female patients that underwent bariatric surgery .  Patients completed a demographic question naire , the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 ( PFDI-20 ) , and the Pelvic Floor Impact Question naire-7 ( PFIQ-7 ) before surgery and at 6 and 12 months following surgery . Body mass index ( BMI ) was compared between time points using Student ’s t tests ( P < 0.05 significant ) . Symptom and impact on quality of life prevalence were compared using McNemar ’s test and question naire scores were compared using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test ( P < 0.025 significant ) . Results At 12 months after surgery , 63 patients had completed the study . Even with significant weight loss ( BMI , 43.7 kg/m2 to BMI , 29 kg/m2 ; P < 0.001 ) , there was no significant difference in the prevalence of pel 
    Output:
    