human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We examined the prevent effect of a whey hydrolyzed formula ( NAN H.A. ) on the development of  allergic disease from new born infants . A hundred thirty three pregnant women were divided into the  NAN H.A.  group and the  control group . Mothers , who agreed to use the whey hydrolyzed formula to their infant , were classified into the NAN H.A. group . We examined laboratory date such as IgE levels of these infants as well as clinical symptoms for evaluating of the preventive effect of NAN H.A. The serum IgE levels from infants of the NAN H.A. group were lower than those of the control group . The incidance of the infants who showed allergic clinical symptoms was significant lower in the NAN H.A. group . The odds ratio to skin symptom at 3 years of age with multiple logistic regression was 5.32 between the control group and the NAN H.A. group ( p < 0.05 ) . It was 6.68 between mother 's history of allergy was positive and negative ( p < 0.02 ) . These results suggest that NAN H.A. can prevent the development of allergic symptoms in infants Vomiting , large gastric residuals and abdominal distension are common in very immature infants on formula feeding . The present trial investigated whether a protein hydrolysate formula reduces the gastrointestinal transit time in preterm infants . Fifteen preterm infants ( median gestational age 29 ( 24–32 ) wk , birthweight 1241 ( 660–1900 ) g , postnatal age 18 ( 5–54 ) d ) on full enteral feeds ( > 150 ml/kg*d ) were enrolled . It was hypothesized that the gastrointestinal transit time is at least 2 h shorter when protein hydrolysate formula is fed compared with st and ard preterm formula . In a r and omized cross‐over design study , each formula was fed for 5 d. On days 4 and 9 the gastrointestinal transit time was estimated using carmine red . The protein hydrolysate formula had a markedly shorter gastrointestinal transit time ( 9.8 h ) than the st and ard formula ( 19 h ) ( p= 0.0022 , two‐sided Mann‐Whitney U test ) OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of brief early exposure to cows ’ milk on  atopy in the first 2 years of life . DESIGN Double blind , placebo controlled , r and omised feeding intervention trial ( Bokaal study ) . SETTING Dutch midwifery practice s. PARTICIPANTS 1533 breast fed neonates . INTERVENTION Exposure to cows ’ milk protein ( n = 758 ) or a protein free placebo ( n = 775 ) during the first 3 days of life . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical atopic disease and any positive radioallergosorbent ( RAST ) tests at 1 year of age . RESULTS Atopic disease in the first year was found in 10.0 % ( cows ’ milk)v 9.3 % ( placebo ) of the children , with a relative risk of 1.07 ; in the second year , atopic disease was found in 9.6 % v 10.2 % , respectively , with a relative risk of 0.94 . Per protocol analysis showed similar results . Any RAST positive test was found in 9.4 % ( cows ’ milk)v 7.9 % ( placebo ) of children , with a relative risk of 1.19 . Stratified analysis for high family risk of allergy showed a doubled incidence of atopic disease but no effect from the intervention . CONCLUSION Early and brief exposure to cows ’ milk in breast fed children does not increase the risk of atopic disease in the first 2 years A group of 130 healthy term infants were r and omly assigned at birth to one of three feeding regimens for the first 3 days of life : human milk ( HM ) , cow-milk formula ( CMF ) , or a casein hydrolysate formula ( CHF ) . The formula-fed infants received no human milk during the study days . After day 3 , all infants were exclusively breast-fed . Blood sample s were taken at 4 days and at 2 and 4 months of age during outpatient visits . Macromolecular absorption was analyzed 60 min after a feed of human milk by measuring the serum α-lactalbumin ( S-αLA ) concentrations by a competitive radioimmunoassay . Total serum IgE ( S-lgE ) was assayed by radioimmu-noassay . The median S-IgE value was significantly lower at 2 months of age in the CHF group than in the HM group . The values remained significantly lower , even at 4 months of age , in the CHF group than in either the HM or the CMF group . The median S-αLA concentration at 2 months of age was significantly higher in the CHF group than in either the HM group or the CMF group . No significant differences could be found between the CMF and HM groups at any time . One infant in the HM group and one infant in the CMF group developed infantile colic . Two infants in the CHF group developed symptoms of cow-milk allergy . All other infants were healthy at 4 months of age AIM AND OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of massage , sucrose solution , herbal tea or hydrolysed formula , each used individually in the treatment of infantile colic . BACKGROUND The term colic describes a group of symptoms that occur frequently in infants , consisting of paroxysmal abdominal pain and severe crying . Infant colic is of importance for both parents and the community health services that provide families with care , and is therefore an important clinical problem that is amenable to nursing interventions . DESIGN This prospect i ve and r and omised-controlled study involved 175 infants in Turkey . METHODS Data were gathered by using Wessel criteria ; parents wrote a daily structured diary , recording the onset and duration of crying . Patients were assigned r and omly into four different intervention groups ( massage , sucrose solution , herbal tea and hydrolysed formula ) and control group .  Duration of crying following each intervention was recorded in the diary by parents for a one week period . RESULTS There was a significant reduction in crying hours per day in all intervention groups . The difference between mean duration of total crying ( hours/day ) before and after the intervention infants in hydrolysed formula group was found higher than massage , sucrose and herbal tea group . The difference between mean duration of total crying(hours/day ) before and after the intervention infants in massage group was found lower than other intervention groups and all groups . CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that varied interventions such as administration of massage , sucrose solution , herbal tea and hydrolysed formula are effective in the treatment of colic . The difference between mean duration of total crying ( hours/day ) before and after the intervention in hydrolysed formula group was found higher than other intervention groups . Hydrolysed formula was the most effective in reducing the duration of crying ( hours/day ) when compared with the other intervention groups . Massage intervention yielded the least symptomatic improvement among all the interventions . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Colic treatment models used in this study can be used by nurses in neonatal and primary healthcare setting s as an aid to families for the treatment of infantile colic Background : Recent increases in the prevalence of asthma and atopy emphasise the need for devising effective methods for primary prevention in children at high risk of atopy . Method : A birth cohort of genetically at risk infants was recruited in 1990 to a r and omised controlled study . Allergen avoidance measures were instituted from birth in the prophylactic group ( n=58 ) . Infants were either breast fed with mother on a low allergen diet or given an extensively hydrolysed formula . Exposure to house dust mite was reduced by the use of an acaricide and mattress covers . The control group ( n=62 ) followed st and ard advice as normally given by the health visitors . At age 8 , all 120 children completed a question naire and 110 ( 92 % ) had all assessment s ( skin prick test , spirometry , and bronchial challenges ) . Results : In the prophylactic group eight children ( 13.8 % ) had current wheeze compared with 17 ( 27.4 % ) in the control group ( p=0.08 ) . Respective figures were eight ( 13.8 % ) and 20 ( 32.3 % ) for nocturnal cough ( p=0.02 ) and 11 of 55 ( 20.0 % ) and 29 of 62 ( 46.8 % ) for atopy ( p=0.003 ) . After adjusting for confounding variables , the prophylactic group was found to be at a significantly reduced risk for current wheeze ( odds ratio ( OR ) 0.26 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.07 to 0.96 ) ) , nocturnal cough ( OR 0.22 ( 95 % CI 0.06 to 0.83 ) ) , asthma as defined by wheeze and bronchial hyperresponsiveness ( OR 0.11 ( 95 % CI 0.01 to 1.02 ) ) , and atopy ( OR 0.21 ( 95 % CI 0.07 to 0.62 ) ) . Conclusion : Strict allergen avoidance in infancy in high risk children reduces the development of allergic sensitisation to house dust mite . Our results suggest that this may prevent some cases of childhood asthma A total of 105 “ high‐risk ” infants born in 1988 were studied prospect ively from birth to 18 months of age . The infants were recommended breastfeeding and /or hypoallergenic formula ( Nutramigen or Profylac ) combined with avoidance of solid foods during the first 6 months of life . All mothers had unrestricted diet . Avoidance of daily exposure to tobacco smoke , furred pets and dust‐collecting material s in the bedroom were advised . This prevention group was compared with a control group consisting of 54 identically defined “ high‐risk ” infants born in 1985 in the same area . All infants had either severe single atopic predisposition combined with cord blood IgE ≥ 0.5 KU/1 or biparental atopic predisposition . The control group had unrestricted diet and was not advised about environmental factors . Apart from the prevention programme and year of birth the prevention group and the control group were comparable . The parents were highly motivated and compliance was good . The rate of participation was 97 % , and 85 % followed the dietary measures strictly . The cumulative prevalence of atopic symptoms was significantly lower at 18 months in the prevention group ( 32 % ) , as compared with the control group ( 74 % ) ( p<0.01 ) , due to reduced prevalence of recurrent wheezing ( 13 % , versus 37 % ; p<0.01 ) , atopic dermatitis ( 14 % versus 31 % ; p<0.01 ) , vomiting/diarrhoea ( 5 % versus 20 % ; p<0.01 ) and infantile colic ( 9 % versus 24 % ; p<0.01 ) . The cumulative prevalence of food allergy was significantly lower in the prevention group ( 6 % versus 17 % ; p<0.05 ) . In both high‐risk groups daily exposure to tobacco smoke increased the risk of recurrent wheezing significantly ( p<0.01 ) . The main difference between the prevention group and the control group was the diet . Thus , feeding with breastmilk and /or hypoallergenic formula combined with avoidance of solid foods until the age of 6 months appeared to reduce the cumulative prevalence of atopic symptoms during the first 18 months of life A total of 105 infants at " high risk " for developing allergy born in 1988 were studied prospect ively from birth to 18 months of age . The infants were recommended breastfeeding and /or hypoallergenic formula ( Nutramigen or Profylac ) combined with avoidance of solid foods the first six months of life . All mothers had unrestricted diet . Avoidance of daily exposure to tobacco smoking , furred pets and dust collecting material s in the bedroom was advised . This prevention group was compared to a control group consisting of 54 identically defined " high-risk " infants born in 1985 in the same area . All the infants had either severe single atopic predisposition combined with cord blood IgE > or = 0.5 KU/l or biparental atopic predisposition . The control group had unrestricted diet and was not advised about environmental factors . The cumulative incidence of atopic symptoms was significantly lower at 18 months in the prevention group ( 32 % ) compared with the control group ( 74 % ) ( p < 0.01 ) , due to reduced incidence of recurrent wheezing ( 13 % versus 37 % ; p < 0.01 ) , atopic dermatitis ( 14 % versus 31 % ; p < 0.01 ) , vomiting/diarrhoea ( 5 % versus 20 % ; p < 0.01 ) and infantile colic ( 9 % versus 24 % ; p < 0.01 ) . The cumulative incidence of food-allergy was significantly lower in the prevention group ( 6 % versus 17 % ; p < 0.05 ) . In both high-risk groups exposure to daily tobacco smoking increased the risk of recurrent wheezing significantly ( p < 0.01 ) . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS Abstract Objectives : To investigate the association between the duration of exclusive breast feeding and the development of  asthma related outcomes in children at age 6 years . 
    Output:
    
agent
We found no evidence to support short-term or prolonged feeding with a hydrolysed formula compared with exclusive breast feeding for prevention of allergic disease .
Very low- quality evidence indicates that short-term use of an EHF compared with a CMF may prevent infant CMA .
Further trials are recommended before implementation of this practice .We found no evidence to support prolonged feeding with a hydrolysed formula compared with a CMF for prevention of allergic disease in infants unable to be exclusively breast fed
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We examined the prevent effect of a whey hydrolyzed formula ( NAN H.A. ) on the development of  allergic disease from new born infants . A hundred thirty three pregnant women were divided into the  NAN H.A.  group and the  control group . Mothers , who agreed to use the whey hydrolyzed formula to their infant , were classified into the NAN H.A. group . We examined laboratory date such as IgE levels of these infants as well as clinical symptoms for evaluating of the preventive effect of NAN H.A. The serum IgE levels from infants of the NAN H.A. group were lower than those of the control group . The incidance of the infants who showed allergic clinical symptoms was significant lower in the NAN H.A. group . The odds ratio to skin symptom at 3 years of age with multiple logistic regression was 5.32 between the control group and the NAN H.A. group ( p < 0.05 ) . It was 6.68 between mother 's history of allergy was positive and negative ( p < 0.02 ) . These results suggest that NAN H.A. can prevent the development of allergic symptoms in infants Vomiting , large gastric residuals and abdominal distension are common in very immature infants on formula feeding . The present trial investigated whether a protein hydrolysate formula reduces the gastrointestinal transit time in preterm infants . Fifteen preterm infants ( median gestational age 29 ( 24–32 ) wk , birthweight 1241 ( 660–1900 ) g , postnatal age 18 ( 5–54 ) d ) on full enteral feeds ( > 150 ml/kg*d ) were enrolled . It was hypothesized that the gastrointestinal transit time is at least 2 h shorter when protein hydrolysate formula is fed compared with st and ard preterm formula . In a r and omized cross‐over design study , each formula was fed for 5 d. On days 4 and 9 the gastrointestinal transit time was estimated using carmine red . The protein hydrolysate formula had a markedly shorter gastrointestinal transit time ( 9.8 h ) than the st and ard formula ( 19 h ) ( p= 0.0022 , two‐sided Mann‐Whitney U test ) OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of brief early exposure to cows ’ milk on  atopy in the first 2 years of life . DESIGN Double blind , placebo controlled , r and omised feeding intervention trial ( Bokaal study ) . SETTING Dutch midwifery practice s. PARTICIPANTS 1533 breast fed neonates . INTERVENTION Exposure to cows ’ milk protein ( n = 758 ) or a protein free placebo ( n = 775 ) during the first 3 days of life . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical atopic disease and any positive radioallergosorbent ( RAST ) tests at 1 year of age . RESULTS Atopic disease in the first year was found in 10.0 % ( cows ’ milk)v 9.3 % ( placebo ) of the children , with a relative risk of 1.07 ; in the second year , atopic disease was found in 9.6 % v 10.2 % , respectively , with a relative risk of 0.94 . Per protocol analysis showed similar results . Any RAST positive test was found in 9.4 % ( cows ’ milk)v 7.9 % ( placebo ) of children , with a relative risk of 1.19 . Stratified analysis for high family risk of allergy showed a doubled incidence of atopic disease but no effect from the intervention . CONCLUSION Early and brief exposure to cows ’ milk in breast fed children does not increase the risk of atopic disease in the first 2 years A group of 130 healthy term infants were r and omly assigned at birth to one of three feeding regimens for the first 3 days of life : human milk ( HM ) , cow-milk formula ( CMF ) , or a casein hydrolysate formula ( CHF ) . The formula-fed infants received no human milk during the study days . After day 3 , all infants were exclusively breast-fed . Blood sample s were taken at 4 days and at 2 and 4 months of age during outpatient visits . Macromolecular absorption was analyzed 60 min after a feed of human milk by measuring the serum α-lactalbumin ( S-αLA ) concentrations by a competitive radioimmunoassay . Total serum IgE ( S-lgE ) was assayed by radioimmu-noassay . The median S-IgE value was significantly lower at 2 months of age in the CHF group than in the HM group . The values remained significantly lower , even at 4 months of age , in the CHF group than in either the HM or the CMF group . The median S-αLA concentration at 2 months of age was significantly higher in the CHF group than in either the HM group or the CMF group . No significant differences could be found between the CMF and HM groups at any time . One infant in the HM group and one infant in the CMF group developed infantile colic . Two infants in the CHF group developed symptoms of cow-milk allergy . All other infants were healthy at 4 months of age AIM AND OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of massage , sucrose solution , herbal tea or hydrolysed formula , each used individually in the treatment of infantile colic . BACKGROUND The term colic describes a group of symptoms that occur frequently in infants , consisting of paroxysmal abdominal pain and severe crying . Infant colic is of importance for both parents and the community health services that provide families with care , and is therefore an important clinical problem that is amenable to nursing interventions . DESIGN This prospect i ve and r and omised-controlled study involved 175 infants in Turkey . METHODS Data were gathered by using Wessel criteria ; parents wrote a daily structured diary , recording the onset and duration of crying . Patients were assigned r and omly into four different intervention groups ( massage , sucrose solution , herbal tea and hydrolysed formula ) and control group .  Duration of crying following each intervention was recorded in the diary by parents for a one week period . RESULTS There was a significant reduction in crying hours per day in all intervention groups . The difference between mean duration of total crying ( hours/day ) before and after the intervention infants in hydrolysed formula group was found higher than massage , sucrose and herbal tea group . The difference between mean duration of total crying(hours/day ) before and after the intervention infants in massage group was found lower than other intervention groups and all groups . CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that varied interventions such as administration of massage , sucrose solution , herbal tea and hydrolysed formula are effective in the treatment of colic . The difference between mean duration of total crying ( hours/day ) before and after the intervention in hydrolysed formula group was found higher than other intervention groups . Hydrolysed formula was the most effective in reducing the duration of crying ( hours/day ) when compared with the other intervention groups . Massage intervention yielded the least symptomatic improvement among all the interventions . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Colic treatment models used in this study can be used by nurses in neonatal and primary healthcare setting s as an aid to families for the treatment of infantile colic Background : Recent increases in the prevalence of asthma and atopy emphasise the need for devising effective methods for primary prevention in children at high risk of atopy . Method : A birth cohort of genetically at risk infants was recruited in 1990 to a r and omised controlled study . Allergen avoidance measures were instituted from birth in the prophylactic group ( n=58 ) . Infants were either breast fed with mother on a low allergen diet or given an extensively hydrolysed formula . Exposure to house dust mite was reduced by the use of an acaricide and mattress covers . The control group ( n=62 ) followed st and ard advice as normally given by the health visitors . At age 8 , all 120 children completed a question naire and 110 ( 92 % ) had all assessment s ( skin prick test , spirometry , and bronchial challenges ) . Results : In the prophylactic group eight children ( 13.8 % ) had current wheeze compared with 17 ( 27.4 % ) in the control group ( p=0.08 ) . Respective figures were eight ( 13.8 % ) and 20 ( 32.3 % ) for nocturnal cough ( p=0.02 ) and 11 of 55 ( 20.0 % ) and 29 of 62 ( 46.8 % ) for atopy ( p=0.003 ) . After adjusting for confounding variables , the prophylactic group was found to be at a significantly reduced risk for current wheeze ( odds ratio ( OR ) 0.26 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.07 to 0.96 ) ) , nocturnal cough ( OR 0.22 ( 95 % CI 0.06 to 0.83 ) ) , asthma as defined by wheeze and bronchial hyperresponsiveness ( OR 0.11 ( 95 % CI 0.01 to 1.02 ) ) , and atopy ( OR 0.21 ( 95 % CI 0.07 to 0.62 ) ) . Conclusion : Strict allergen avoidance in infancy in high risk children reduces the development of allergic sensitisation to house dust mite . Our results suggest that this may prevent some cases of childhood asthma A total of 105 “ high‐risk ” infants born in 1988 were studied prospect ively from birth to 18 months of age . The infants were recommended breastfeeding and /or hypoallergenic formula ( Nutramigen or Profylac ) combined with avoidance of solid foods during the first 6 months of life . All mothers had unrestricted diet . Avoidance of daily exposure to tobacco smoke , furred pets and dust‐collecting material s in the bedroom were advised . This prevention group was compared with a control group consisting of 54 identically defined “ high‐risk ” infants born in 1985 in the same area . All infants had either severe single atopic predisposition combined with cord blood IgE ≥ 0.5 KU/1 or biparental atopic predisposition . The control group had unrestricted diet and was not advised about environmental factors . Apart from the prevention programme and year of birth the prevention group and the control group were comparable . The parents were highly motivated and compliance was good . The rate of participation was 97 % , and 85 % followed the dietary measures strictly . The cumulative prevalence of atopic symptoms was significantly lower at 18 months in the prevention group ( 32 % ) , as compared with the control group ( 74 % ) ( p<0.01 ) , due to reduced prevalence of recurrent wheezing ( 13 % , versus 37 % ; p<0.01 ) , atopic dermatitis ( 14 % versus 31 % ; p<0.01 ) , vomiting/diarrhoea ( 5 % versus 20 % ; p<0.01 ) and infantile colic ( 9 % versus 24 % ; p<0.01 ) . The cumulative prevalence of food allergy was significantly lower in the prevention group ( 6 % versus 17 % ; p<0.05 ) . In both high‐risk groups daily exposure to tobacco smoke increased the risk of recurrent wheezing significantly ( p<0.01 ) . The main difference between the prevention group and the control group was the diet . Thus , feeding with breastmilk and /or hypoallergenic formula combined with avoidance of solid foods until the age of 6 months appeared to reduce the cumulative prevalence of atopic symptoms during the first 18 months of life A total of 105 infants at " high risk " for developing allergy born in 1988 were studied prospect ively from birth to 18 months of age . The infants were recommended breastfeeding and /or hypoallergenic formula ( Nutramigen or Profylac ) combined with avoidance of solid foods the first six months of life . All mothers had unrestricted diet . Avoidance of daily exposure to tobacco smoking , furred pets and dust collecting material s in the bedroom was advised . This prevention group was compared to a control group consisting of 54 identically defined " high-risk " infants born in 1985 in the same area . All the infants had either severe single atopic predisposition combined with cord blood IgE > or = 0.5 KU/l or biparental atopic predisposition . The control group had unrestricted diet and was not advised about environmental factors . The cumulative incidence of atopic symptoms was significantly lower at 18 months in the prevention group ( 32 % ) compared with the control group ( 74 % ) ( p < 0.01 ) , due to reduced incidence of recurrent wheezing ( 13 % versus 37 % ; p < 0.01 ) , atopic dermatitis ( 14 % versus 31 % ; p < 0.01 ) , vomiting/diarrhoea ( 5 % versus 20 % ; p < 0.01 ) and infantile colic ( 9 % versus 24 % ; p < 0.01 ) . The cumulative incidence of food-allergy was significantly lower in the prevention group ( 6 % versus 17 % ; p < 0.05 ) . In both high-risk groups exposure to daily tobacco smoking increased the risk of recurrent wheezing significantly ( p < 0.01 ) . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS Abstract Objectives : To investigate the association between the duration of exclusive breast feeding and the development of  asthma related outcomes in children at age 6 years . 
    Output:
    