human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: ObjectiveS uicidal ideation has been related to cognitive rigidity whereas suicidal behaviour itself was associated with specific executive deficits . Yet it remains unclear if a distinct cognitive suicidal phenotype does exist . The aim of the present study was to further investigate the role of suicidal thinking for the neuropsychological performance in depressive suicide attempters . Method Depressive in patients after a recent suicide attempt , who either had present suicidal ideation ( n = 14 ) or not ( n = 15 ) and healthy controls ( n = 29 ) were recruited . The groups were assessed by means of executive tasks design ed to capture impulsive decision-making , and with verbal memory and attention tests . Self-rating measures of impulsivity and aggression  were further applied . Results Only patients with current suicidal ideation showed executive dysfunctions with impaired decision-making being the most salient . Verbal memory and attention were reasonably intact in all patients . All patients reported increased aggression . ConclusionS uicidal ideation is clearly associated with impaired cognitive performance . Our results suggest that executive deficits seen in depressive suicide attempters have a state-dependent component PURPOSE Dysfunctions of auditory-verbal declarative and working memory are observed in patients with depressive disorders ( DD ) . The authors wanted to see , whether antidepressive therapy improved the efficiency of cognitive processes among patients suffering from DD and determine possible associations between auditory-verbal declarative and working memory performance , evaluated before treatment vs. remission degree after treatment . MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was carried out in 87 subjects , patients with depressive disorders ( n=30 , DD ) and healthy subjects ( n=57 , CG , control group ) . The  AVLT ( Auditory Verbal Learning Test )  and the  Stroop Test  were used . RESULTS CG obtained higher results vs. DD-I ( the evaluation started on the therapy onset ) in the Stroop Test-RCNb ( Reading Colour Names in Black)/time , NCWd ( Naming Colour of Word - Different)/time , NCWd/errors , AVLT : the number of words after 30 minutes . CG demonstrated higher results than DD-II ( following eight weeks of pharmacological treatment ) in RCNb/time , NCWd/time , AVLT : the number of words in the first trial , the number of words after 30 minutes . Compared to DD-I , DD-II achieved better results in NCWd/errors . No statistically significant differences were observed in both tests between the patients with remission and without remission . Statistical analysis revealed the lack of significant dependences among HDRS after treatment and cognitive functions before treatment . CONCLUSIONS Depressive disorders are associated with deteriorated efficiency of auditory-verbal declarative and working memory . No improvement was observed in the efficiency of auditory-verbal declarative or working memory after 8-week therapy . The performance level of cognitive processes before pharmacotherapy has no effect on the intensity of depression symptoms after therapy The respective effects of three antidepressant drugs ( moclobemide , 450 mg/j ; viloxazine , 300 mg/j ; maprotiline , 150 mg/j ) on vigilance , attention , and memory were compared . Young depressed out patients ( n=46 ) entered a double-blind , r and omised , monocentre clinical trial lasting for 6 weeks . Drug actions were assessed through the regular determination of critical flicker fusion point ( CFF ) , reaction times ( SRT ) , and a battery to measure memory components . None of the three drugs caused deterioration in cognitive functions . On the other h and , moclobemide improved both vigilance and attention ( CFF , SRT ) and some crucial components of memory ( general memory scores , delayed word recall , recognition of familiar faces ) . This effect was rapid , stable , and superior to those of viloxazine and maprotiline . It may be explained by moclobemide 's selective and reversible inhibition of monoamine oxidase A , as well as by the lack of any anticholinergic action Depression is a common disorder in the elderly h and icapping patients with affective and cognitive symptoms . Because of their good tolerability relative to the older tricyclic compounds , selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) are increasingly used for the treatment of depression in the elderly . Little is known about their effects on cognition in elderly patients . In the present 4-wk , single-centre , r and omized , open-label trial we investigated the antidepressive effects of escitalopram , an SSRI , in 18 elderly depressed patients [ mean age ( + /-s.e.m . ) 76.2+/-1.8 yr ] compared to 22 healthy age-matched controls ( mean age 76.9+/-1.8 yr ) . Affective and cognitive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale ( GDS ) , Mini-Mental State Examination ( MMSE ) , and a face portrait recognition test to assess memory for happy and angry faces .  Depressed patients prior to treatment had markedly reduced memory performance . Treatment with escitalopram improved affective and cognitive symptoms significantly . Furthermore , escitalopram treatment improved memory for negative facial stimuli .  Control subjects confirmed the well- established memory bias favouring recognition of identities acquired with happy expressions . Importantly , this bias was absent in depressed patients prior to , but also after treatment . In conclusion , escitalopram , even after a relatively short treatment period , was effective in treating  depression in the elderly and may help improve cognitive performance for social stimuli Cognitive functions are impaired in Major Depression . Studies on the effects of Yoga on cognitive functions have shown improvement in memory , vigilance and anxiety levels . 30 patients suffering from Major depression ( age 18 to 45 years ) were r and omly divided into two groups : Group 1 : ( 10 males and 5 Females ) Patients who practised Sahaj Yoga meditation and also received conventional anti-depressant medication . Group 2 : ( 9 males and 6 Females ) Patients who only received conventional antidepressant medication .  Group 1 patients were administered Sahaj Yoga practice for 8 weeks . Neuro-cognitive test battery consisting of Letter cancellation test ( LCT ) , Trail making test ' A ' ( TTA ) , Trail making test ' B ' ( TTB ) , Ruff figural fluency test ( RFFT ) , Forward digit span ( FDS ) & Reverse digit span test ( RDS ) was used to assess following cognitive domains : Attention span , visuo-motor speed , short-term memory , working memory and executive functions . After 8 weeks , both Group 1 and Group 2 subjects showed significant improvement in LCT , TTA & TTB but improvement in LCT was more marked in Group 1 subjects . Also , there was significant improvement in RDS scores in only Group 1 subjects ( P < 0.05 ) . The results thereby , demonstrate that Sahaj Yoga practice in addition to the improvement in various other cognitive domains seen with conventional anti-depressants , can lead to additional improvement in executive functions like manipulation of information in the verbal working memory and added improvement in attention span and visuo-motor speed of the depressives Patients with schizophrenia have consistently been found to exhibit cognitive deficits , particularly in memory , which have been suggested to mediate functional outcomes . Several recent review s of cognitive retraining have concluded that these deficits respond to training , although the sustainability of cognitive improvement following completion of training has not been adequately evaluated . Most studies had small sample s and very short follow-up periods . As part of a larger study , we examined performance on two memory tasks in two groups of participants : those who received computerized cognitive remediation training in addition to work therapy ( n=45 ) , vs. those who only received work therapy ( n=49 ) .  Computerized cognitive remediation included hierarchical training on a computerized digit span task and a computerized words serial position task . Assessment s using the same computerized tasks were made at three time points : baseline , end of active intervention , and 6-month follow-up . Compared to the active control condition ( work therapy only ) , the group receiving computerized cognitive remediation in addition to work therapy showed significantly greater improvements on the trained digit span task following training . These improvements were maintained at the 6-month follow-up . There were no significant group differences on the word serial position task at any time point . Results indicate that computerized training can lead to sustained improvements on some , but not all , training tasks BACKGROUND Tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered to be equally effective , but differences may have been obscured by internally inconsistent measurement scales and inefficient statistical analyses . AIMS To test the hypothesis that escitalopram and nortriptyline differ in their effects on observed mood , cognitive and neurovegetative symptoms of depression . METHOD In a multicentre part-r and omised open-label design ( the Genome Based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression ( GENDEP ) study ) 811 adults with moderate to severe unipolar depression were allocated to flexible dosage escitalopram or nortriptyline for 12 weeks . The weekly Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale , Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression , and Beck Depression Inventory were scored both conventionally and in a more novel way according to dimensions of observed mood , cognitive symptoms and neurovegetative symptoms . RESULTS Mixed-effect linear regression showed no difference between escitalopram and nortriptyline on the three original scales , but symptom dimensions revealed drug-specific advantages . Observed mood and cognitive symptoms improved more with escitalopram than with nortriptyline .  Neurovegetative symptoms improved more with nortriptyline than with escitalopram . CONCLUSIONS The three symptom dimensions provided sensitive descriptors of differential antidepressant response and enabled identification of drug-specific effects Background Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) are popular medications for anxiety and depression , but their effectiveness , particularly in patients with prominent symptoms of loss of motivation and pleasure , has been question ed . There are few studies of the effect of SSRIs on neural reward mechanisms in humans . Methods We studied 45 healthy participants who were r and omly allocated to receive the SSRI citalopram , the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor reboxetine , or placebo for 7 days in a double-blind , parallel group design . We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure the neural response to rewarding ( sight and /or flavor of chocolate ) and aversive stimuli ( sight of moldy strawberries and /or an unpleasant strawberry taste ) on the final day of drug treatment . Results Citalopram reduced activation to the chocolate stimuli in the ventral striatum and the ventral medial/orbitofrontal cortex . In contrast , reboxetine did not suppress ventral striatal activity and in fact increased neural responses within medial orbitofrontal cortex to reward . Citalopram also decreased neural responses to the aversive stimuli conditions in key “ punishment ” areas such as the lateral orbitofrontal cortex . Reboxetine produced a similar , although weaker effect . Conclusions Our findings are the first to show that treatment with SSRIs can diminish the neural processing of both rewarding and aversive stimuli . The ability of SSRIs to decrease neural responses to reward might underlie the question ed efficacy of SSRIs in depressive conditions characterized by decreased motivation and anhedonia and could also account for the experience of emotional blunting described by some patients during SSRI treatment Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) are widely used as effective pharmacological agents to treat depressive disorders . In contrast to the SSRIs , which block the presynaptic serotonin ( 5-HT ) transporter and by this route increase the concentration of serotonin in the synaptic cleft , the antidepressant tianeptine enhances the presynaptic neuronal reuptake of 5-HT and thus decreases serotonergic neurotransmission . Both SSRIs and tianeptine are clinical ly effective ; however , their opposite modes of action challenge the prevailing concepts on the need of enhancement of serotonergic neurotransmission . To better underst and the differences between these two opposite pharmacological modes of action , we compared the changes induced by tianeptine and paroxetine on psychopathology , the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical ( HPA ) system , and cognitive functions in a double-blind , r and omized , controlled trial including 44 depressed in patients over a period of 42 days .  Depressive symptomatology significantly improved in all efficacy measures , with no significant differences between tianeptine and paroxetine . There was a trend toward better response to the SSRI among women . Assessment of the HPA system showed marked hyperactivity before the beginning of treatment , which then normalized in most of the patients , without significant differences between the two antidepressants . Cognitive assessment s showed no significant differences between the two drugs investigated . The results of the current study suggest that the initial effect , i.e. , enhancement or decrease of 5-HT release , is only indirectly responsible for antidepressant efficacy , and they support the notion that downstream adaptations within and between nerve cells are crucial . The normalization of the HPA system as a common mode of action of different antidepressants seems to be of special interest Accumulating evidence suggests that noradrenergic and serotonergic drugs are equally effective in ameliorating the depressive symptoms of major depression . Major depression is associated also with memory impairments , but the comparative effects of the antidepressant drugs on memory are not clear . We previously found that serotonergic neurotransmission is of particular importance for some aspects of episodic memory . We set out to test whether treatment with the selective serotonergic drug Fluoxetine ( Prozac ) would be advantageous in this respect over treatment with the selective noradrenergic tricyclic antidepressant drug Desipramine ( Deprexan ) .  Seventeen patients with major depressive episode , r and omly assigned for treatment with either Fluoxetine ( n = 8) or Desipramine ( n = 9 ) , were assessed for their clinical situation and for memory performance 
    Output:
    
agent
Results show that various classes of antidepressants exert improving effects on cognitive function across several cognitive domains .
Specifically , studies suggest that SSRIs , the SSRE tianeptine , the SNRI duloxetine , vortioxetine and other antidepressants such as bupropion and moclobemide may exert certain improving effects on cognitive function in depression , such as in learning and memory and executive function .
The few non-pharmacological studies conducted employing cognitive orientated treatments and cognitive remediation therapy show promising results for the improvement of cognitive impairment in depression .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: ObjectiveS uicidal ideation has been related to cognitive rigidity whereas suicidal behaviour itself was associated with specific executive deficits . Yet it remains unclear if a distinct cognitive suicidal phenotype does exist . The aim of the present study was to further investigate the role of suicidal thinking for the neuropsychological performance in depressive suicide attempters . Method Depressive in patients after a recent suicide attempt , who either had present suicidal ideation ( n = 14 ) or not ( n = 15 ) and healthy controls ( n = 29 ) were recruited . The groups were assessed by means of executive tasks design ed to capture impulsive decision-making , and with verbal memory and attention tests . Self-rating measures of impulsivity and aggression  were further applied . Results Only patients with current suicidal ideation showed executive dysfunctions with impaired decision-making being the most salient . Verbal memory and attention were reasonably intact in all patients . All patients reported increased aggression . ConclusionS uicidal ideation is clearly associated with impaired cognitive performance . Our results suggest that executive deficits seen in depressive suicide attempters have a state-dependent component PURPOSE Dysfunctions of auditory-verbal declarative and working memory are observed in patients with depressive disorders ( DD ) . The authors wanted to see , whether antidepressive therapy improved the efficiency of cognitive processes among patients suffering from DD and determine possible associations between auditory-verbal declarative and working memory performance , evaluated before treatment vs. remission degree after treatment . MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was carried out in 87 subjects , patients with depressive disorders ( n=30 , DD ) and healthy subjects ( n=57 , CG , control group ) . The  AVLT ( Auditory Verbal Learning Test )  and the  Stroop Test  were used . RESULTS CG obtained higher results vs. DD-I ( the evaluation started on the therapy onset ) in the Stroop Test-RCNb ( Reading Colour Names in Black)/time , NCWd ( Naming Colour of Word - Different)/time , NCWd/errors , AVLT : the number of words after 30 minutes . CG demonstrated higher results than DD-II ( following eight weeks of pharmacological treatment ) in RCNb/time , NCWd/time , AVLT : the number of words in the first trial , the number of words after 30 minutes . Compared to DD-I , DD-II achieved better results in NCWd/errors . No statistically significant differences were observed in both tests between the patients with remission and without remission . Statistical analysis revealed the lack of significant dependences among HDRS after treatment and cognitive functions before treatment . CONCLUSIONS Depressive disorders are associated with deteriorated efficiency of auditory-verbal declarative and working memory . No improvement was observed in the efficiency of auditory-verbal declarative or working memory after 8-week therapy . The performance level of cognitive processes before pharmacotherapy has no effect on the intensity of depression symptoms after therapy The respective effects of three antidepressant drugs ( moclobemide , 450 mg/j ; viloxazine , 300 mg/j ; maprotiline , 150 mg/j ) on vigilance , attention , and memory were compared . Young depressed out patients ( n=46 ) entered a double-blind , r and omised , monocentre clinical trial lasting for 6 weeks . Drug actions were assessed through the regular determination of critical flicker fusion point ( CFF ) , reaction times ( SRT ) , and a battery to measure memory components . None of the three drugs caused deterioration in cognitive functions . On the other h and , moclobemide improved both vigilance and attention ( CFF , SRT ) and some crucial components of memory ( general memory scores , delayed word recall , recognition of familiar faces ) . This effect was rapid , stable , and superior to those of viloxazine and maprotiline . It may be explained by moclobemide 's selective and reversible inhibition of monoamine oxidase A , as well as by the lack of any anticholinergic action Depression is a common disorder in the elderly h and icapping patients with affective and cognitive symptoms . Because of their good tolerability relative to the older tricyclic compounds , selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) are increasingly used for the treatment of depression in the elderly . Little is known about their effects on cognition in elderly patients . In the present 4-wk , single-centre , r and omized , open-label trial we investigated the antidepressive effects of escitalopram , an SSRI , in 18 elderly depressed patients [ mean age ( + /-s.e.m . ) 76.2+/-1.8 yr ] compared to 22 healthy age-matched controls ( mean age 76.9+/-1.8 yr ) . Affective and cognitive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale ( GDS ) , Mini-Mental State Examination ( MMSE ) , and a face portrait recognition test to assess memory for happy and angry faces .  Depressed patients prior to treatment had markedly reduced memory performance . Treatment with escitalopram improved affective and cognitive symptoms significantly . Furthermore , escitalopram treatment improved memory for negative facial stimuli .  Control subjects confirmed the well- established memory bias favouring recognition of identities acquired with happy expressions . Importantly , this bias was absent in depressed patients prior to , but also after treatment . In conclusion , escitalopram , even after a relatively short treatment period , was effective in treating  depression in the elderly and may help improve cognitive performance for social stimuli Cognitive functions are impaired in Major Depression . Studies on the effects of Yoga on cognitive functions have shown improvement in memory , vigilance and anxiety levels . 30 patients suffering from Major depression ( age 18 to 45 years ) were r and omly divided into two groups : Group 1 : ( 10 males and 5 Females ) Patients who practised Sahaj Yoga meditation and also received conventional anti-depressant medication . Group 2 : ( 9 males and 6 Females ) Patients who only received conventional antidepressant medication .  Group 1 patients were administered Sahaj Yoga practice for 8 weeks . Neuro-cognitive test battery consisting of Letter cancellation test ( LCT ) , Trail making test ' A ' ( TTA ) , Trail making test ' B ' ( TTB ) , Ruff figural fluency test ( RFFT ) , Forward digit span ( FDS ) & Reverse digit span test ( RDS ) was used to assess following cognitive domains : Attention span , visuo-motor speed , short-term memory , working memory and executive functions . After 8 weeks , both Group 1 and Group 2 subjects showed significant improvement in LCT , TTA & TTB but improvement in LCT was more marked in Group 1 subjects . Also , there was significant improvement in RDS scores in only Group 1 subjects ( P < 0.05 ) . The results thereby , demonstrate that Sahaj Yoga practice in addition to the improvement in various other cognitive domains seen with conventional anti-depressants , can lead to additional improvement in executive functions like manipulation of information in the verbal working memory and added improvement in attention span and visuo-motor speed of the depressives Patients with schizophrenia have consistently been found to exhibit cognitive deficits , particularly in memory , which have been suggested to mediate functional outcomes . Several recent review s of cognitive retraining have concluded that these deficits respond to training , although the sustainability of cognitive improvement following completion of training has not been adequately evaluated . Most studies had small sample s and very short follow-up periods . As part of a larger study , we examined performance on two memory tasks in two groups of participants : those who received computerized cognitive remediation training in addition to work therapy ( n=45 ) , vs. those who only received work therapy ( n=49 ) .  Computerized cognitive remediation included hierarchical training on a computerized digit span task and a computerized words serial position task . Assessment s using the same computerized tasks were made at three time points : baseline , end of active intervention , and 6-month follow-up . Compared to the active control condition ( work therapy only ) , the group receiving computerized cognitive remediation in addition to work therapy showed significantly greater improvements on the trained digit span task following training . These improvements were maintained at the 6-month follow-up . There were no significant group differences on the word serial position task at any time point . Results indicate that computerized training can lead to sustained improvements on some , but not all , training tasks BACKGROUND Tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered to be equally effective , but differences may have been obscured by internally inconsistent measurement scales and inefficient statistical analyses . AIMS To test the hypothesis that escitalopram and nortriptyline differ in their effects on observed mood , cognitive and neurovegetative symptoms of depression . METHOD In a multicentre part-r and omised open-label design ( the Genome Based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression ( GENDEP ) study ) 811 adults with moderate to severe unipolar depression were allocated to flexible dosage escitalopram or nortriptyline for 12 weeks . The weekly Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale , Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression , and Beck Depression Inventory were scored both conventionally and in a more novel way according to dimensions of observed mood , cognitive symptoms and neurovegetative symptoms . RESULTS Mixed-effect linear regression showed no difference between escitalopram and nortriptyline on the three original scales , but symptom dimensions revealed drug-specific advantages . Observed mood and cognitive symptoms improved more with escitalopram than with nortriptyline .  Neurovegetative symptoms improved more with nortriptyline than with escitalopram . CONCLUSIONS The three symptom dimensions provided sensitive descriptors of differential antidepressant response and enabled identification of drug-specific effects Background Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) are popular medications for anxiety and depression , but their effectiveness , particularly in patients with prominent symptoms of loss of motivation and pleasure , has been question ed . There are few studies of the effect of SSRIs on neural reward mechanisms in humans . Methods We studied 45 healthy participants who were r and omly allocated to receive the SSRI citalopram , the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor reboxetine , or placebo for 7 days in a double-blind , parallel group design . We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure the neural response to rewarding ( sight and /or flavor of chocolate ) and aversive stimuli ( sight of moldy strawberries and /or an unpleasant strawberry taste ) on the final day of drug treatment . Results Citalopram reduced activation to the chocolate stimuli in the ventral striatum and the ventral medial/orbitofrontal cortex . In contrast , reboxetine did not suppress ventral striatal activity and in fact increased neural responses within medial orbitofrontal cortex to reward . Citalopram also decreased neural responses to the aversive stimuli conditions in key “ punishment ” areas such as the lateral orbitofrontal cortex . Reboxetine produced a similar , although weaker effect . Conclusions Our findings are the first to show that treatment with SSRIs can diminish the neural processing of both rewarding and aversive stimuli . The ability of SSRIs to decrease neural responses to reward might underlie the question ed efficacy of SSRIs in depressive conditions characterized by decreased motivation and anhedonia and could also account for the experience of emotional blunting described by some patients during SSRI treatment Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) are widely used as effective pharmacological agents to treat depressive disorders . In contrast to the SSRIs , which block the presynaptic serotonin ( 5-HT ) transporter and by this route increase the concentration of serotonin in the synaptic cleft , the antidepressant tianeptine enhances the presynaptic neuronal reuptake of 5-HT and thus decreases serotonergic neurotransmission . Both SSRIs and tianeptine are clinical ly effective ; however , their opposite modes of action challenge the prevailing concepts on the need of enhancement of serotonergic neurotransmission . To better underst and the differences between these two opposite pharmacological modes of action , we compared the changes induced by tianeptine and paroxetine on psychopathology , the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical ( HPA ) system , and cognitive functions in a double-blind , r and omized , controlled trial including 44 depressed in patients over a period of 42 days .  Depressive symptomatology significantly improved in all efficacy measures , with no significant differences between tianeptine and paroxetine . There was a trend toward better response to the SSRI among women . Assessment of the HPA system showed marked hyperactivity before the beginning of treatment , which then normalized in most of the patients , without significant differences between the two antidepressants . Cognitive assessment s showed no significant differences between the two drugs investigated . The results of the current study suggest that the initial effect , i.e. , enhancement or decrease of 5-HT release , is only indirectly responsible for antidepressant efficacy , and they support the notion that downstream adaptations within and between nerve cells are crucial . The normalization of the HPA system as a common mode of action of different antidepressants seems to be of special interest Accumulating evidence suggests that noradrenergic and serotonergic drugs are equally effective in ameliorating the depressive symptoms of major depression . Major depression is associated also with memory impairments , but the comparative effects of the antidepressant drugs on memory are not clear . We previously found that serotonergic neurotransmission is of particular importance for some aspects of episodic memory . We set out to test whether treatment with the selective serotonergic drug Fluoxetine ( Prozac ) would be advantageous in this respect over treatment with the selective noradrenergic tricyclic antidepressant drug Desipramine ( Deprexan ) .  Seventeen patients with major depressive episode , r and omly assigned for treatment with either Fluoxetine ( n = 8) or Desipramine ( n = 9 ) , were assessed for their clinical situation and for memory performance 
    Output:
    