human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: It has been postulated that platelet function plays an important role in the initiation of atherosclerosis . Currently there are no definitive data on the longer-term effects of regular physical exercise on platelet function in humans . We assessed the influence of regular moderate-intensity physical exercise ( brisk walking to slow jogging ) on platelet aggregation in a population -based sample of middle-aged , overweight , mildly hypertensive men in eastern Finl and . In this controlled study , we evaluated the net effect of exercise on platelet aggregation by study ing changes in optical density and ATP release in platelet-rich plasma . A significant inhibition of secondary platelet aggregation from 27 % to 36 % was observed in the men taking regular exercise .  These findings give new insight into the possible protective effects of exercise against the risk of ischemic heart disease Background —In stable coronary artery disease ( CAD ) , exercise training has well-documented positive effects on arterial endothelial function . NO derived from endothelial NO synthase ( eNOS ) is regarded as a protective factor against atherosclerosis . The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on the endothelial function in relation to the expression of eNOS and Akt-dependent eNOS phosphorylation in the left internal mammary artery ( LIMA ) of patients with stable CAD . Methods and Results —In 17 training patients ( T ) and 18 control patients ( C ) , endothelium-dependent vasodilation and average peak flow velocity ( APV ) in response to  acetylcholine  were measured invasively at study beginning and after 4 weeks in the LIMA . In LIMA tissue sample d during bypass surgery , eNOS expression and content of pospho-eNOS-Ser1177 , Akt , and phospho-Akt were determined by Western blot and quantitative reverse transcriptase – polymerase chain reaction . After exercise training , LIMA APV in response to acetylcholine was increased by 56±8 % ( from + 48±8 % at beginning to + 104±11 % after 4 weeks , P < 0.001 ) . Patients in T had a 2-fold higher eNOS protein expression ( T 1.0±0.7 versus C 0.5±0.3 arbitrary units , P < 0.05 ) and 4-fold higher eNOS Ser1177-phosphorylation levels in LIMA-endothelium ( 1.2±0.9 versus 0.3±0.2 arbitrary units , P < 0.01 ) . A linear correlation was confirmed between Akt phosphorylation and phospho-eNOS levels ( R = 0.80 , P < 0.05 ) and between phospho-eNOS and & Dgr ; APV ( R = 0.59 , P < 0.05 ) . Conclusions —Exercise training in stable CAD leads to an improved agonist-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilatory capacity . The change in acetylcholine-induced vasodilatation was closely related to a shear stress – induced/Akt-dependent phosphorylation of eNOS on Ser1177 OBJECTIVE To test whether weight loss may improve endothelial dysfunction in human obesity , we recruited 28 healthy obese subjects , aged 30 - 46 years , with BMI 30 - 43 kg/m(2 ) . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation were investigated by intra-arterial infusion of increasing doses of acetylcholine ( ACh ; 7.5 , 15 , and 30 microg x ml(-1 ) x min(-1 ) ) and sodium nitroprusside ( 0.8 , 1.6 , and 3.2 microg x ml(-1 ) x min(-1 ) ) . Insulin resistance was estimated by homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA ) . Weight loss was obtained by caloric restriction and physical activity . RESULTS We observed a significant reduction in BMI ( from 33.1 + /- 4.2 to 27.5 + /- 4.5 kg/m(2 ) , -16.9 % , P < 0.0001 ) and in waist circumference ( from 108.2 + /- 12.1 to 96.8 + /- 12.9 cm , -10.5 % , P < 0.0001 ) . Weight loss was also associated with a significant increase in ACh-stimulated forearm blood flow ( FBF ) , from 7.4 + /- 2.8 to 12.9 + /- 3.4 ml . 100 ml(-1 ) of tissue x min(-1 ) kg/m(2 ) ( P < 0.0001 ) . Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that the only independent predictor of FBF was HOMA , accounting for 44.5 % of the variation , whereas the addition of BMI explained another 2.3 % of the variation . CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that energy-restricted diet associated with physical activity induce a significant and clinical ly relevant improvement in ACh-stimulated vasodilation in obese healthy subjects Abstract — Prospect i ve studies on physical activity in relation to the risk for hypertension are scant , particularly in women . This study aim ed at finding out whether regular physical activity can reduce the risk of hypertension in both men and women , and in subjects with and without overweight . We prospect ively followed 8302 Finnish men and 9139 women aged 25 to 64 years without a history of antihypertensive drug use , coronary heart disease , stroke , and heart failure at baseline . Both single and joint associations of physical activity and body mass index with the risk of hypertension were examined using Cox proportional hazard models . During a mean followup of 11 years , there were 1600 incident cases of drug-treated hypertension . Multivariate-adjusted hazards ratios of hypertension associated with light , moderate , and high physical activity were 1.00 , 0.63 , and 0.59 in men ( Ptrend<0.001 ) , and 1.00 , 0.82 , and 0.71 in women ( Ptrend=0.005 ) , respectively . This association persisted both in subjects who were overweight and in those who were not . Multivariate-adjusted hazards ratios of hypertension based at different levels of body mass index ( < 25 , 25 to 29.9 , and ≥30 ) were 1.00 , 1.18 , and 1.66 for men ( Ptrend<0.001 ) , and 1.00 , 1.24 , and 1.32 for women ( Ptrend=0.007 ) , respectively . Further adjustment for baseline systolic blood pressure did not affect the protective effect associated with physical activity , but it weakened markedly the association between body mass index and hypertension . The present study indicates that regular physical activity and weight control  can reduce the risk of hypertension . The protective effect of physical activity was observed in both sexes regardless of the level of obesity BACKGROUND Physical activity is associated with low mortality in men , but little is known about the association in women , different age groups , and everyday activity . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between levels of physical activity during work , leisure time , cycling to work , and sports participation and all-cause mortality . DESIGN Prospect i ve study to assess different types of physical activity associated with risk of mortality during follow-up after the subsequent examination . Mean follow-up from examination was 14.5 years . SETTING Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark . PARTICIPANTS Participants were 13,375 women and 17,265 men , 20 to 93 years of age , who were r and omly selected .  Physical activity was assessed by self-report , and health status , including  blood pressure , total cholesterol level , triglyceride levels , body mass index , smoking , and educational level  , was evaluated . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE All-cause mortality . RESULTS A total of 2,881 women and 5,668 men died . Compared with the sedentary , age- and sex-adjusted mortality rates in leisure time physical activity groups 2 to 4 were 0.68 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.64 - 0.71 ) , 0.61 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.57 - 0.66 ) , and 0.53 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.41 - 0.68 ) , respectively , with no difference between sexes and age groups . Within the moderately and highly active persons , sports participants experienced only half the mortality of non participants . Bicycling to work decreased risk of mortality in approximately 40 % after multivariate adjustment , including leisure time physical activity . CONCLUSIONS Leisure time physical activity was inversely associated with  all-cause mortality in both men and women in all age groups . Benefit was found from moderate leisure time physical activity , with further benefit from sports activity and bicycling as transportation OBJECTIVES Physical activity ( PA ) is a preventive strategy for cardiovascular disease and for managing cardiovascular risk factors . There is little information on the effectiveness of PA for the prevention of cardiovascular outcomes once cardiovascular disease is present . Thus , we studied the relationship between PA at baseline and cardiovascular events in a high-risk population . DESIGN A prespecified analyses of observational data in a prospect i ve , r and omized hypertension study . SETTING Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension ( LIFE ) study . SUBJECTS Hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy ( LVH ) ( n = 9,193 ) . INTERVENTIONS Losartan versus atenolol . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Reported level of PA : never exercise , exercise < or=30 min twice per week , or exercise > 30 min twice per week at baseline and after a mean of 4.8 years of treatment with losartan- versus atenolol-based therapy . Risk reductions were calculated by level of PA for the primary composite end-point and its components cardiovascular death , stroke and myocardial infa rct ion , and also all-cause mortality and new-onset diabetes . RESULTS A modest level of PA ( > 30 min twice per week ) was associated with significant reductions in risk for the primary composite end-point [ adjusted hazard ratio ( aHR ) 0.70 , P < 0.001 ) and its components , all-cause mortality ( aHR 0.65 , P < 0.001 ) , and new-onset diabetes ( aHR 0.66 , P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION A modest level of self-reported PA ( > 30 min twice per week ) in patients with hypertension and LVH in the LIFE study was associated with significant reductions in risk for the primary composite end-point and its components of cardiovascular death , stroke , and myocardial infa rct ion , all-cause mortality , and new-onset diabetes OBJECTIVE To ascertain the relationship of physical inactivity and short-term all-cause mortality in a prospect i ve cohort of r and omly selected managed care organization members aged 40 years and older who have multiple chronic diseases . METHODS Clinical data bases were used to identify all health plan members aged 40 years and older with 2 or more chronic health conditions ( hypertension , coronary heart disease , diabetes mellitus , or dyslipemia ) in 1994 . A r and om sample of 2336 members was surveyed by mail and telephone interview regarding their health-related behaviors .  Survey data were linked to mortality data from the 1995 to 1997 Minnesota Death Index . Cox proportional hazards regression was used to ascertain the association between physical inactivity and subsequent all-cause mortality , adjusting for potential confounders . RESULTS Members who reported less than 30 minutes a week of physical activity at baseline had a subsequent mortality risk ratio of 2.82 ( P<.001 ) vs those with 30 or more minutes of physical activity a week . Increased mortality risk persisted ( mortality risk ratio , 2.15 ; P<.001 ) after adjustments for age , sex , current smoking , functional impairment , and comorbidity score . CONCLUSIONS In adults with chronic diseases , the physically inactive had higher observed mortality within a 42-month period . If physical inactivity reflects an independent mortality risk , efforts to maintain physical activity in such patients may yield significant clinical benefits within a short period . By contrast , if inactivity is primarily a proxy for other factors that elevate mortality risks , a simple physician inquiry regarding inactivity may help to identify patients at risk of death The benefits of aerobic exercise ( AE ) training on  blood pressure ( BP ) and arterial stiffness are well established , but the effects of resistance training are less well delineated . The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of resistance vs aerobic training on haemodynamics and arterial stiffness . Thirty pre- or stage-1 essential hypertensives ( 20 men and 10 women ) , not on any medications , were recruited ( age : 48.2±1.3 years ) and r and omly assigned to 4 weeks of either resistance ( RE ) or AE training . Before and after training , BP , arterial stiffness ( pulse wave velocity ( PWV ) ) and vasodilatory capacity ( VC ) were measured . Resting systolic BP ( SBP ) decreased following both training modes ( SBP : RE , pre 136±2.9 vs post 132±3.4 ; AE , pre 141±3.8 vs post 136±3.4 mm Hg , P=0.005 ; diastolic BP : RE , pre 78±1.3 vs post 
    Output:
    
agent
Regular physical activity is beneficial for reducing mortality in patients with high BP .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: It has been postulated that platelet function plays an important role in the initiation of atherosclerosis . Currently there are no definitive data on the longer-term effects of regular physical exercise on platelet function in humans . We assessed the influence of regular moderate-intensity physical exercise ( brisk walking to slow jogging ) on platelet aggregation in a population -based sample of middle-aged , overweight , mildly hypertensive men in eastern Finl and . In this controlled study , we evaluated the net effect of exercise on platelet aggregation by study ing changes in optical density and ATP release in platelet-rich plasma . A significant inhibition of secondary platelet aggregation from 27 % to 36 % was observed in the men taking regular exercise .  These findings give new insight into the possible protective effects of exercise against the risk of ischemic heart disease Background —In stable coronary artery disease ( CAD ) , exercise training has well-documented positive effects on arterial endothelial function . NO derived from endothelial NO synthase ( eNOS ) is regarded as a protective factor against atherosclerosis . The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on the endothelial function in relation to the expression of eNOS and Akt-dependent eNOS phosphorylation in the left internal mammary artery ( LIMA ) of patients with stable CAD . Methods and Results —In 17 training patients ( T ) and 18 control patients ( C ) , endothelium-dependent vasodilation and average peak flow velocity ( APV ) in response to  acetylcholine  were measured invasively at study beginning and after 4 weeks in the LIMA . In LIMA tissue sample d during bypass surgery , eNOS expression and content of pospho-eNOS-Ser1177 , Akt , and phospho-Akt were determined by Western blot and quantitative reverse transcriptase – polymerase chain reaction . After exercise training , LIMA APV in response to acetylcholine was increased by 56±8 % ( from + 48±8 % at beginning to + 104±11 % after 4 weeks , P < 0.001 ) . Patients in T had a 2-fold higher eNOS protein expression ( T 1.0±0.7 versus C 0.5±0.3 arbitrary units , P < 0.05 ) and 4-fold higher eNOS Ser1177-phosphorylation levels in LIMA-endothelium ( 1.2±0.9 versus 0.3±0.2 arbitrary units , P < 0.01 ) . A linear correlation was confirmed between Akt phosphorylation and phospho-eNOS levels ( R = 0.80 , P < 0.05 ) and between phospho-eNOS and & Dgr ; APV ( R = 0.59 , P < 0.05 ) . Conclusions —Exercise training in stable CAD leads to an improved agonist-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilatory capacity . The change in acetylcholine-induced vasodilatation was closely related to a shear stress – induced/Akt-dependent phosphorylation of eNOS on Ser1177 OBJECTIVE To test whether weight loss may improve endothelial dysfunction in human obesity , we recruited 28 healthy obese subjects , aged 30 - 46 years , with BMI 30 - 43 kg/m(2 ) . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation were investigated by intra-arterial infusion of increasing doses of acetylcholine ( ACh ; 7.5 , 15 , and 30 microg x ml(-1 ) x min(-1 ) ) and sodium nitroprusside ( 0.8 , 1.6 , and 3.2 microg x ml(-1 ) x min(-1 ) ) . Insulin resistance was estimated by homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA ) . Weight loss was obtained by caloric restriction and physical activity . RESULTS We observed a significant reduction in BMI ( from 33.1 + /- 4.2 to 27.5 + /- 4.5 kg/m(2 ) , -16.9 % , P < 0.0001 ) and in waist circumference ( from 108.2 + /- 12.1 to 96.8 + /- 12.9 cm , -10.5 % , P < 0.0001 ) . Weight loss was also associated with a significant increase in ACh-stimulated forearm blood flow ( FBF ) , from 7.4 + /- 2.8 to 12.9 + /- 3.4 ml . 100 ml(-1 ) of tissue x min(-1 ) kg/m(2 ) ( P < 0.0001 ) . Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that the only independent predictor of FBF was HOMA , accounting for 44.5 % of the variation , whereas the addition of BMI explained another 2.3 % of the variation . CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that energy-restricted diet associated with physical activity induce a significant and clinical ly relevant improvement in ACh-stimulated vasodilation in obese healthy subjects Abstract — Prospect i ve studies on physical activity in relation to the risk for hypertension are scant , particularly in women . This study aim ed at finding out whether regular physical activity can reduce the risk of hypertension in both men and women , and in subjects with and without overweight . We prospect ively followed 8302 Finnish men and 9139 women aged 25 to 64 years without a history of antihypertensive drug use , coronary heart disease , stroke , and heart failure at baseline . Both single and joint associations of physical activity and body mass index with the risk of hypertension were examined using Cox proportional hazard models . During a mean followup of 11 years , there were 1600 incident cases of drug-treated hypertension . Multivariate-adjusted hazards ratios of hypertension associated with light , moderate , and high physical activity were 1.00 , 0.63 , and 0.59 in men ( Ptrend<0.001 ) , and 1.00 , 0.82 , and 0.71 in women ( Ptrend=0.005 ) , respectively . This association persisted both in subjects who were overweight and in those who were not . Multivariate-adjusted hazards ratios of hypertension based at different levels of body mass index ( < 25 , 25 to 29.9 , and ≥30 ) were 1.00 , 1.18 , and 1.66 for men ( Ptrend<0.001 ) , and 1.00 , 1.24 , and 1.32 for women ( Ptrend=0.007 ) , respectively . Further adjustment for baseline systolic blood pressure did not affect the protective effect associated with physical activity , but it weakened markedly the association between body mass index and hypertension . The present study indicates that regular physical activity and weight control  can reduce the risk of hypertension . The protective effect of physical activity was observed in both sexes regardless of the level of obesity BACKGROUND Physical activity is associated with low mortality in men , but little is known about the association in women , different age groups , and everyday activity . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between levels of physical activity during work , leisure time , cycling to work , and sports participation and all-cause mortality . DESIGN Prospect i ve study to assess different types of physical activity associated with risk of mortality during follow-up after the subsequent examination . Mean follow-up from examination was 14.5 years . SETTING Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark . PARTICIPANTS Participants were 13,375 women and 17,265 men , 20 to 93 years of age , who were r and omly selected .  Physical activity was assessed by self-report , and health status , including  blood pressure , total cholesterol level , triglyceride levels , body mass index , smoking , and educational level  , was evaluated . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE All-cause mortality . RESULTS A total of 2,881 women and 5,668 men died . Compared with the sedentary , age- and sex-adjusted mortality rates in leisure time physical activity groups 2 to 4 were 0.68 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.64 - 0.71 ) , 0.61 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.57 - 0.66 ) , and 0.53 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.41 - 0.68 ) , respectively , with no difference between sexes and age groups . Within the moderately and highly active persons , sports participants experienced only half the mortality of non participants . Bicycling to work decreased risk of mortality in approximately 40 % after multivariate adjustment , including leisure time physical activity . CONCLUSIONS Leisure time physical activity was inversely associated with  all-cause mortality in both men and women in all age groups . Benefit was found from moderate leisure time physical activity , with further benefit from sports activity and bicycling as transportation OBJECTIVES Physical activity ( PA ) is a preventive strategy for cardiovascular disease and for managing cardiovascular risk factors . There is little information on the effectiveness of PA for the prevention of cardiovascular outcomes once cardiovascular disease is present . Thus , we studied the relationship between PA at baseline and cardiovascular events in a high-risk population . DESIGN A prespecified analyses of observational data in a prospect i ve , r and omized hypertension study . SETTING Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension ( LIFE ) study . SUBJECTS Hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy ( LVH ) ( n = 9,193 ) . INTERVENTIONS Losartan versus atenolol . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Reported level of PA : never exercise , exercise < or=30 min twice per week , or exercise > 30 min twice per week at baseline and after a mean of 4.8 years of treatment with losartan- versus atenolol-based therapy . Risk reductions were calculated by level of PA for the primary composite end-point and its components cardiovascular death , stroke and myocardial infa rct ion , and also all-cause mortality and new-onset diabetes . RESULTS A modest level of PA ( > 30 min twice per week ) was associated with significant reductions in risk for the primary composite end-point [ adjusted hazard ratio ( aHR ) 0.70 , P < 0.001 ) and its components , all-cause mortality ( aHR 0.65 , P < 0.001 ) , and new-onset diabetes ( aHR 0.66 , P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION A modest level of self-reported PA ( > 30 min twice per week ) in patients with hypertension and LVH in the LIFE study was associated with significant reductions in risk for the primary composite end-point and its components of cardiovascular death , stroke , and myocardial infa rct ion , all-cause mortality , and new-onset diabetes OBJECTIVE To ascertain the relationship of physical inactivity and short-term all-cause mortality in a prospect i ve cohort of r and omly selected managed care organization members aged 40 years and older who have multiple chronic diseases . METHODS Clinical data bases were used to identify all health plan members aged 40 years and older with 2 or more chronic health conditions ( hypertension , coronary heart disease , diabetes mellitus , or dyslipemia ) in 1994 . A r and om sample of 2336 members was surveyed by mail and telephone interview regarding their health-related behaviors .  Survey data were linked to mortality data from the 1995 to 1997 Minnesota Death Index . Cox proportional hazards regression was used to ascertain the association between physical inactivity and subsequent all-cause mortality , adjusting for potential confounders . RESULTS Members who reported less than 30 minutes a week of physical activity at baseline had a subsequent mortality risk ratio of 2.82 ( P<.001 ) vs those with 30 or more minutes of physical activity a week . Increased mortality risk persisted ( mortality risk ratio , 2.15 ; P<.001 ) after adjustments for age , sex , current smoking , functional impairment , and comorbidity score . CONCLUSIONS In adults with chronic diseases , the physically inactive had higher observed mortality within a 42-month period . If physical inactivity reflects an independent mortality risk , efforts to maintain physical activity in such patients may yield significant clinical benefits within a short period . By contrast , if inactivity is primarily a proxy for other factors that elevate mortality risks , a simple physician inquiry regarding inactivity may help to identify patients at risk of death The benefits of aerobic exercise ( AE ) training on  blood pressure ( BP ) and arterial stiffness are well established , but the effects of resistance training are less well delineated . The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of resistance vs aerobic training on haemodynamics and arterial stiffness . Thirty pre- or stage-1 essential hypertensives ( 20 men and 10 women ) , not on any medications , were recruited ( age : 48.2±1.3 years ) and r and omly assigned to 4 weeks of either resistance ( RE ) or AE training . Before and after training , BP , arterial stiffness ( pulse wave velocity ( PWV ) ) and vasodilatory capacity ( VC ) were measured . Resting systolic BP ( SBP ) decreased following both training modes ( SBP : RE , pre 136±2.9 vs post 132±3.4 ; AE , pre 141±3.8 vs post 136±3.4 mm Hg , P=0.005 ; diastolic BP : RE , pre 78±1.3 vs post 
    Output:
    