human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE To determine whether isokinetic training can improve the strength of the hemiparetic knee musculature , functional mobility , and physical activity and to evaluate its effect on spasticity in long-term stroke survivors . DESIGN Nonr and omized self-controlled trial . SUBJECTS A volunteer sample of 15 community-dwelling stroke survivors of at least 6 months . INTERVENTION A 6-week ( 3 days/week , 40 minutes/day ) program consisting of warm-up , stretches , reciprocal knee extension and flexion isokinetic strengthening , and cool-down for the paretic limb . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Peak isokinetic hamstring and quadriceps torque , quadriceps spasticity , gait velocity , timed Up and Go , timed stair climb , and the Human Activity Profile ( HAP ) scores were recorded at baseline , after training , and 4 weeks after training cessation ( follow-up ) . RESULTS Paretic muscle strength improved after training ( p < .05 ) while tone remained consistent ( p > .87 ) . Gait velocity increased after training ( p < .05 ) and at follow-up ( p < .05 ) . Changes in stair climbing and timed Up and Go were not significant ( p > .37 ; p > .91 ) , although subjects perceived gains in their physical abilities at follow-up ( p < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Gains in strength and gait velocity without concomitant increases in muscle tone are possible after a short-term strengthening program for stroke survivors . The psychological benefit associated with physical activity is significant OBJECTIVE To test the effects of a high intensity home-based progressive strength training program on the clinical signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis ( OA ) of the knee . METHODS Forty-six community dwelling patients , aged 55 years or older with knee pain and radiographic evidence of knee OA , were r and omized to a 4 month home based progressive strength training program or a nutrition education program ( attention control ) .  Thirty-eight patients completed the trial with an adherence of 84 % to the intervention and 65 % to the attention control . The primary outcome was the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis ( WOMAC ) index pain and physical function subscales . Secondary outcomes included clinical knee examination , muscle strength , physical performance measures , and question naires to measure quality of life variables . RESULTS Patients in the strength training group who completed the trial had a 71 % improvement in knee extension strength in the leg reported as most painful versus a 3 % improvement in the control group ( p < 0.01 ) . In a modified intent to treat analysis , self-reported pain improved by 36 % and physical function by 38 % in the strength training group versus 11 and 21 % , respectively , in the control group ( p = 0.01 for between group comparison ) . In addition , those patients in the strength training group who completed the trial had a 43 % mean reduction in pain ( p = 0.01 vs controls ) , a 44 % mean improvement in self-reported physical function ( p < 0.01 vs controls ) , and improvements in physical performance , quality of life , and self-efficacy when compared to the control group . CONCLUSION High intensity , home based strength training can produce substantial improvements in strength , pain , physical function and quality of life in patients with knee OA BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many stroke survivors have minimal to moderate neurological deficits but are physically deconditioned and have a high prevalence of cardiovascular problems ; all of these are potentially modifiable with exercise . The purpose s of this r and omized , controlled pilot study were ( 1 ) to develop a home-based balance , strength , and endurance program ; ( 2 ) to evaluate the ability to recruit and retain stroke subjects ; and ( 3 ) to assess the effects of the interventions used . METHODS Twenty minimally and moderately impaired stroke patients who had completed inpatient rehabilitation and who were 30 to 90 days after stroke onset were r and omized to a  control group or to an experimental group that received a therapist-supervised , 8-week , 3-times-per-week , home-based exercise program . The control group received usual care as prescribed by the patients ' physicians . Baseline and postintervention assessment s included the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment , the Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living ( ADL ) , the Lawton Scale of Instrumental ADL , and the Medical Outcomes Study -36 Health Status Measurement . Functional assessment s of balance and gait included a 10-m walk , 6-Minute Walk , and the Berg Balance Scale . Upper extremity function was evaluated by the Jebsen Test of H and Function . RESULTS Of 22 patients who met study criteria , 20 completed the study and 2 refused to participate . The experimental group tended to improve more than the control group in motor function ( Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity : mean change in score , 8 . 4 versus 2.2 ; Fugl-Meyer Lower Extremity : 4.7 versus -0.9 ; gait velocity : median change , 0.25 versus .09 m/s ; 6-Minute Walk : 195 versus 114 ft ; Berg Balance Score : 7.8 versus 5 ; and Medical Outcomes Study -36 Health Status Measurement of Physical Function : 15 . 5 versus 9 ) . There were no trends in differences in change scores by the Jebsen Test of H and Function , Barthel Index , and Lawton Instrumental ADL Scale . CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that a r and omized , controlled clinical trial of a poststroke exercise program is feasible . Measures of neurological impairments and lower extremity function showed the most benefit . Effects of the intervention on upper extremity dexterity and functional health status were equivocal . The lasting effects of the intervention were not assessed Bourbonnais D , Bilodeau S , Lepage Y , Beaudoin N , Gravel D , Forget R : Effect of force-feedback treatments in patients with chronic motor deficits after a stroke . Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2002;81:890–897 . Objective To assess the effects a motor reeducation approach based on static dynamometers used to provide feedback on the force produced . Design The study design was a single-blind , r and omized , controlled trial . Chronic stroke subjects participated in a 6-wk , thrice-weekly , force-feedback program of either the upper paretic limb ( n = 13 ) or the  lower paretic limb ( n = 12 ) . Baseline and postintervention assessment s of the performance of both the upper and the lower limb were measured for each subject , the untreated paretic limb  of each group serving as a control for the other group . Results With the exception of the h and grip force , strength measurements of the treated limb increased after completion of the treatment . The outcome measurements of the upper limb of the subjects included in the upper paretic limb were not significantly different after treatment from those measured in the lower paretic limb . In contrast , gait velocity and the distance walked in 2 min increased after treatment in the lower paretic limb as compared with the upper paretic limb , whereas the scores in the Fugl-Meyer test for the lower limb and the timed up- and -go test did not increase for either group after treatment . Conclusion The results indicate that treatment of the lower limb based on force feedback produces an improvement of gait velocity The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of isokinetic training on the rate of movement during ambulation in hemiparetic patients . Ten male and 10 female subjects , aged 40 to 75 years , participated in the study . The 20 hemiparetic subjects were assigned r and omly to either a control group or an experimental group . All of the subjects participated in a conventional therapeutic exercise program and gait training . The experimental group also received isokinetic training on the Kinetron exercise machine as part of their program .  Functional ambulation profile tests were administered to each subject before and after the five-week experimental period . All of the subjects showed improvement in the rate of ambulation and in overall ambulation performance . The differences in ambulation times and functional ambulation profile scores between the two groups were shown to be insignificant A Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly ( PASE ) was evaluated in a sample of community-dwelling , older adults . Respondents were r and omly assigned to complete the PASE by mail or telephone before or after a home visit assessment . Item weights for the PASE were derived by regressing a physical activity principal component score on responses to the PASE . The component score was based on 3-day motion sensor counts , a 3-day physical activity dairy and a global activity self- assessment . Test-retest reliability , assessed over a 3 - 7 week interval , was 0.75 ( 95 % CI = 0.69 - 0.80 ) . Reliability for mail administration ( r = 0.84 ) was higher than for telephone administration ( r = 0.68 ) . Construct validity was established by correlating PASE scores with health status and physiologic measures . As hypothesized , PASE scores were positively associated with grip strength ( r = 0.37 ) , static balance ( r = + 0.33 ) , leg strength ( r = 0.25 ) and negatively correlated with resting heart rate ( r = -0.13 ) , age ( r = -0.34 ) and perceived health status ( r = -0.34 ) ; and overall Sickness Impact Profile score ( r = -0.42 ) . The PASE is a brief , easily scored , reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of physical activity in epidemiologic studies of older people OBJECTIVE To evaluate the immediate and retention effects of a 4-week training program on the performance of locomotor-related tasks in chronic stroke . DESIGN R and omized , controlled pilot study with 2-month follow-up . SETTING Rehabilitation center . SUBJECTS A convenience sample consisting of 12 chronic stroke subjects was used . Subjects were r and omly assigned to the experimental or the control group . Three subjects withdrew from the study . INTERVENTION Both experimental and control groups participated in exercise classes three times a week for 4 weeks . The exercise class for the experimental group focused on strengthening the affected lower limb and practicing functional tasks involving the lower limbs , while the control group practice d upper-limb tasks . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Lower-limb function was evaluated by measuring walking speed and endurance , peak vertical ground reaction force through the affected foot during sit-to-st and , and the step test . RESULTS The experimental group demonstrated significant immediate and retained ( 2-month follow-up ) improvement ( p < or = .05 ) compared with the control group in walking speed and endurance , force production through the affected leg during sit-to-st and , and the number of repetitions of the step test . CONCLUSION The pilot study provides evidence for the efficacy of a task-related circuit class at improving locomotor function in chronic stroke Most systematic review s rely substantially on the assessment of the method ological quality of the individual trials . The aim of this study was to obtain consensus among experts about a set of generic core items for quality assessment of r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) . The invited participants were experts in the field of quality assessment of RCTs . The initial item pool contained all items from existing criteria lists . Subsequently , we reduced the number of items by using the Delphi consensus technique . Each Delphi round comprised a question naire , an analysis , and a feedback report . The feedback report included staff team decisions made on the basis of the analysis and their justification . A total of 33 international experts agreed to participate , of whom 21 completed all question naires . The initial item pool of 206 items was reduced to 9 items in three Delphi rounds . The final criteria list ( the Delphi list ) was satisfactory to all participants . It is a starting point on the way to a minimum reference st and ard for RCTs on many different research topics . This list is not intended to replace , but rather to be used alongside , existing criteria lists OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a progressive resistance strength training program on changes in muscle strength , gait , and balance in older individuals 1 yr after stroke , seven individuals were recruited who were greater than 60-yr-old , 1 yr after stroke , living at home , and able to follow verbal comm and s. DESIGN Subjects participated in a 12-wk 2x per wk resistance training program at 70 % of 1 repetition maximum . RESULTS Lower limb strength improved 68 % on the affected side and 48 % on the intact side during training , with the largest increases observed for hip extension ( affected side : 88 % , P < 0.01 ; intact side : 103 % , P < 0.001 ) . Repeated chair st and time decreased 21 % ( P < 0.02 ) . Motor performance assessed by the Motor Assessment Scale improved 9 % ( P < 0.04 ) and static and dynamic balance ( Berg balance scale ) improved 12 % ( P < 0.004 ) . Progressive resistance training in individuals 1 yr after stroke improves affected and intact side lower limb strength and was associated with gains in chair st and time , balance , and motor performance . CONCLUSIONS These results support the concept that strength training is an appropriate intervention to improve the quality of physical function in older community dwelling stroke survivors The effects of training with isokinetic maximal voluntary knee extensions were studied in stroke patients . Two groups of 10 patients each trained twice a week for 6 weeks . One group trained exclusively eccentric movements and the other exclusively concentric movements . The effects were evaluated from the following tests before and after the training period . The maximal voluntary strength in concentric and eccentric actions of the knee extensor and flexor muscles was recorded together with surface electromyography at constant velocities of 60 , 120 , and 180 deg.s-1 on three different days . The body weight distribution on the legs while rising and sitting down was measured with two force plates . The self-selected and maximal walking speeds and the swing to stride ratio of the paretic leg were measured . After the 
    Output:
    
agent
Conclusions : There is preliminary evidence that progressive resistance strength training programmes reduce musculoskeletal impairment after stroke .
Whether strengthening enhances the performance of functional activities or participation in societal roles remains unknown
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE To determine whether isokinetic training can improve the strength of the hemiparetic knee musculature , functional mobility , and physical activity and to evaluate its effect on spasticity in long-term stroke survivors . DESIGN Nonr and omized self-controlled trial . SUBJECTS A volunteer sample of 15 community-dwelling stroke survivors of at least 6 months . INTERVENTION A 6-week ( 3 days/week , 40 minutes/day ) program consisting of warm-up , stretches , reciprocal knee extension and flexion isokinetic strengthening , and cool-down for the paretic limb . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Peak isokinetic hamstring and quadriceps torque , quadriceps spasticity , gait velocity , timed Up and Go , timed stair climb , and the Human Activity Profile ( HAP ) scores were recorded at baseline , after training , and 4 weeks after training cessation ( follow-up ) . RESULTS Paretic muscle strength improved after training ( p < .05 ) while tone remained consistent ( p > .87 ) . Gait velocity increased after training ( p < .05 ) and at follow-up ( p < .05 ) . Changes in stair climbing and timed Up and Go were not significant ( p > .37 ; p > .91 ) , although subjects perceived gains in their physical abilities at follow-up ( p < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Gains in strength and gait velocity without concomitant increases in muscle tone are possible after a short-term strengthening program for stroke survivors . The psychological benefit associated with physical activity is significant OBJECTIVE To test the effects of a high intensity home-based progressive strength training program on the clinical signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis ( OA ) of the knee . METHODS Forty-six community dwelling patients , aged 55 years or older with knee pain and radiographic evidence of knee OA , were r and omized to a 4 month home based progressive strength training program or a nutrition education program ( attention control ) .  Thirty-eight patients completed the trial with an adherence of 84 % to the intervention and 65 % to the attention control . The primary outcome was the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis ( WOMAC ) index pain and physical function subscales . Secondary outcomes included clinical knee examination , muscle strength , physical performance measures , and question naires to measure quality of life variables . RESULTS Patients in the strength training group who completed the trial had a 71 % improvement in knee extension strength in the leg reported as most painful versus a 3 % improvement in the control group ( p < 0.01 ) . In a modified intent to treat analysis , self-reported pain improved by 36 % and physical function by 38 % in the strength training group versus 11 and 21 % , respectively , in the control group ( p = 0.01 for between group comparison ) . In addition , those patients in the strength training group who completed the trial had a 43 % mean reduction in pain ( p = 0.01 vs controls ) , a 44 % mean improvement in self-reported physical function ( p < 0.01 vs controls ) , and improvements in physical performance , quality of life , and self-efficacy when compared to the control group . CONCLUSION High intensity , home based strength training can produce substantial improvements in strength , pain , physical function and quality of life in patients with knee OA BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many stroke survivors have minimal to moderate neurological deficits but are physically deconditioned and have a high prevalence of cardiovascular problems ; all of these are potentially modifiable with exercise . The purpose s of this r and omized , controlled pilot study were ( 1 ) to develop a home-based balance , strength , and endurance program ; ( 2 ) to evaluate the ability to recruit and retain stroke subjects ; and ( 3 ) to assess the effects of the interventions used . METHODS Twenty minimally and moderately impaired stroke patients who had completed inpatient rehabilitation and who were 30 to 90 days after stroke onset were r and omized to a  control group or to an experimental group that received a therapist-supervised , 8-week , 3-times-per-week , home-based exercise program . The control group received usual care as prescribed by the patients ' physicians . Baseline and postintervention assessment s included the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment , the Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living ( ADL ) , the Lawton Scale of Instrumental ADL , and the Medical Outcomes Study -36 Health Status Measurement . Functional assessment s of balance and gait included a 10-m walk , 6-Minute Walk , and the Berg Balance Scale . Upper extremity function was evaluated by the Jebsen Test of H and Function . RESULTS Of 22 patients who met study criteria , 20 completed the study and 2 refused to participate . The experimental group tended to improve more than the control group in motor function ( Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity : mean change in score , 8 . 4 versus 2.2 ; Fugl-Meyer Lower Extremity : 4.7 versus -0.9 ; gait velocity : median change , 0.25 versus .09 m/s ; 6-Minute Walk : 195 versus 114 ft ; Berg Balance Score : 7.8 versus 5 ; and Medical Outcomes Study -36 Health Status Measurement of Physical Function : 15 . 5 versus 9 ) . There were no trends in differences in change scores by the Jebsen Test of H and Function , Barthel Index , and Lawton Instrumental ADL Scale . CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that a r and omized , controlled clinical trial of a poststroke exercise program is feasible . Measures of neurological impairments and lower extremity function showed the most benefit . Effects of the intervention on upper extremity dexterity and functional health status were equivocal . The lasting effects of the intervention were not assessed Bourbonnais D , Bilodeau S , Lepage Y , Beaudoin N , Gravel D , Forget R : Effect of force-feedback treatments in patients with chronic motor deficits after a stroke . Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2002;81:890–897 . Objective To assess the effects a motor reeducation approach based on static dynamometers used to provide feedback on the force produced . Design The study design was a single-blind , r and omized , controlled trial . Chronic stroke subjects participated in a 6-wk , thrice-weekly , force-feedback program of either the upper paretic limb ( n = 13 ) or the  lower paretic limb ( n = 12 ) . Baseline and postintervention assessment s of the performance of both the upper and the lower limb were measured for each subject , the untreated paretic limb  of each group serving as a control for the other group . Results With the exception of the h and grip force , strength measurements of the treated limb increased after completion of the treatment . The outcome measurements of the upper limb of the subjects included in the upper paretic limb were not significantly different after treatment from those measured in the lower paretic limb . In contrast , gait velocity and the distance walked in 2 min increased after treatment in the lower paretic limb as compared with the upper paretic limb , whereas the scores in the Fugl-Meyer test for the lower limb and the timed up- and -go test did not increase for either group after treatment . Conclusion The results indicate that treatment of the lower limb based on force feedback produces an improvement of gait velocity The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of isokinetic training on the rate of movement during ambulation in hemiparetic patients . Ten male and 10 female subjects , aged 40 to 75 years , participated in the study . The 20 hemiparetic subjects were assigned r and omly to either a control group or an experimental group . All of the subjects participated in a conventional therapeutic exercise program and gait training . The experimental group also received isokinetic training on the Kinetron exercise machine as part of their program .  Functional ambulation profile tests were administered to each subject before and after the five-week experimental period . All of the subjects showed improvement in the rate of ambulation and in overall ambulation performance . The differences in ambulation times and functional ambulation profile scores between the two groups were shown to be insignificant A Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly ( PASE ) was evaluated in a sample of community-dwelling , older adults . Respondents were r and omly assigned to complete the PASE by mail or telephone before or after a home visit assessment . Item weights for the PASE were derived by regressing a physical activity principal component score on responses to the PASE . The component score was based on 3-day motion sensor counts , a 3-day physical activity dairy and a global activity self- assessment . Test-retest reliability , assessed over a 3 - 7 week interval , was 0.75 ( 95 % CI = 0.69 - 0.80 ) . Reliability for mail administration ( r = 0.84 ) was higher than for telephone administration ( r = 0.68 ) . Construct validity was established by correlating PASE scores with health status and physiologic measures . As hypothesized , PASE scores were positively associated with grip strength ( r = 0.37 ) , static balance ( r = + 0.33 ) , leg strength ( r = 0.25 ) and negatively correlated with resting heart rate ( r = -0.13 ) , age ( r = -0.34 ) and perceived health status ( r = -0.34 ) ; and overall Sickness Impact Profile score ( r = -0.42 ) . The PASE is a brief , easily scored , reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of physical activity in epidemiologic studies of older people OBJECTIVE To evaluate the immediate and retention effects of a 4-week training program on the performance of locomotor-related tasks in chronic stroke . DESIGN R and omized , controlled pilot study with 2-month follow-up . SETTING Rehabilitation center . SUBJECTS A convenience sample consisting of 12 chronic stroke subjects was used . Subjects were r and omly assigned to the experimental or the control group . Three subjects withdrew from the study . INTERVENTION Both experimental and control groups participated in exercise classes three times a week for 4 weeks . The exercise class for the experimental group focused on strengthening the affected lower limb and practicing functional tasks involving the lower limbs , while the control group practice d upper-limb tasks . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Lower-limb function was evaluated by measuring walking speed and endurance , peak vertical ground reaction force through the affected foot during sit-to-st and , and the step test . RESULTS The experimental group demonstrated significant immediate and retained ( 2-month follow-up ) improvement ( p < or = .05 ) compared with the control group in walking speed and endurance , force production through the affected leg during sit-to-st and , and the number of repetitions of the step test . CONCLUSION The pilot study provides evidence for the efficacy of a task-related circuit class at improving locomotor function in chronic stroke Most systematic review s rely substantially on the assessment of the method ological quality of the individual trials . The aim of this study was to obtain consensus among experts about a set of generic core items for quality assessment of r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) . The invited participants were experts in the field of quality assessment of RCTs . The initial item pool contained all items from existing criteria lists . Subsequently , we reduced the number of items by using the Delphi consensus technique . Each Delphi round comprised a question naire , an analysis , and a feedback report . The feedback report included staff team decisions made on the basis of the analysis and their justification . A total of 33 international experts agreed to participate , of whom 21 completed all question naires . The initial item pool of 206 items was reduced to 9 items in three Delphi rounds . The final criteria list ( the Delphi list ) was satisfactory to all participants . It is a starting point on the way to a minimum reference st and ard for RCTs on many different research topics . This list is not intended to replace , but rather to be used alongside , existing criteria lists OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a progressive resistance strength training program on changes in muscle strength , gait , and balance in older individuals 1 yr after stroke , seven individuals were recruited who were greater than 60-yr-old , 1 yr after stroke , living at home , and able to follow verbal comm and s. DESIGN Subjects participated in a 12-wk 2x per wk resistance training program at 70 % of 1 repetition maximum . RESULTS Lower limb strength improved 68 % on the affected side and 48 % on the intact side during training , with the largest increases observed for hip extension ( affected side : 88 % , P < 0.01 ; intact side : 103 % , P < 0.001 ) . Repeated chair st and time decreased 21 % ( P < 0.02 ) . Motor performance assessed by the Motor Assessment Scale improved 9 % ( P < 0.04 ) and static and dynamic balance ( Berg balance scale ) improved 12 % ( P < 0.004 ) . Progressive resistance training in individuals 1 yr after stroke improves affected and intact side lower limb strength and was associated with gains in chair st and time , balance , and motor performance . CONCLUSIONS These results support the concept that strength training is an appropriate intervention to improve the quality of physical function in older community dwelling stroke survivors The effects of training with isokinetic maximal voluntary knee extensions were studied in stroke patients . Two groups of 10 patients each trained twice a week for 6 weeks . One group trained exclusively eccentric movements and the other exclusively concentric movements . The effects were evaluated from the following tests before and after the training period . The maximal voluntary strength in concentric and eccentric actions of the knee extensor and flexor muscles was recorded together with surface electromyography at constant velocities of 60 , 120 , and 180 deg.s-1 on three different days . The body weight distribution on the legs while rising and sitting down was measured with two force plates . The self-selected and maximal walking speeds and the swing to stride ratio of the paretic leg were measured . After the 
    Output:
    