human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Of 22 r and omized trials of rehabilitation with exercise  after myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) , one trial had results that achieved conventional statistical significance . To determine whether or not these studies , in the aggregate , show a significant benefit of rehabilitation after myocardial infa rct ion , we performed an overview of all r and omized trials , involving 4,554 patients ; we evaluated total and cardiovascular mortality , sudden death , and fatal and nonfatal reinfa rct ion . For each endpoint , we calculated an odds ratio ( OR ) and 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) for the trials combined . After an average of 3 years of follow-up , the ORs were significantly lower in the rehabilitation than in the comparison group : specifically , total mortality ( OR = 0.80 [ 0.66 , 0.96 ] ) , cardiovascular mortality ( OR = 0.78 [ 0.63 , 0.96 ] ) , and fatal reinfa rct ion ( OR = 0.75 [ 0.59 , 0.95 ] ) . The OR for sudden death was significantly lower in the rehabilitation than in the comparison group at 1 year ( OR = 0.63 [ 0.41 , 0.97 ] ) . The data were compatible with a benefit at 2 ( OR = 0.76 [ 0.54 , 1.06 ] ) and 3 years ( OR = 0.92 [ 0.69 , 1.23 ] ) , but these findings were not statistically significant . For nonfatal reinfa rct ion , there were no significant differences between the two groups after 1 ( OR = 1.09 [ 0.76 , 1.57 ] ) , 2 ( OR = 1.10 [ 0.82 , 1.47 ] ) , or 3 years ( OR = 1.09 [ 0.88 , 1.34 ] ) of follow-up . The observed 20 % reduction in overall mortality reflects a decreased risk of cardiovascular mortality and fatal reinfa rct ion throughout at least 3 years and a reduction in sudden death during the 1st year after infa rct ion and possibly for 2 - 3 years . With respect to the independent effects of the physical exercise component of cardiac rehabilitation , the relatively small number of " exercise only " trials , combined with the possibility that they may have had a formal or informal nonexercise component precludes the possibility of reaching any definitive conclusion . To do so would require a r and omized trial of sufficient size to distinguish between no effect and the most plausible effect based on the results of this overview BACKGROUND Recent clinical trials have shown that modification of plasma lipoprotein concentrations can favorably alter progression of coronary atherosclerosis , but no data exist on the effects of a comprehensive program of risk reduction involving both changes in lifestyle and medications . This study tested the hypothesis that intensive multiple risk factor reduction over 4 years would significantly reduce the rate of progression of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries of men and women compared with subjects r and omly assigned to the usual care of their physician .  METHODS AND RESULTS Three hundred men ( n = 259 ) and women ( n = 41 ) ( mean age , 56 + /- 7.4 years ) with angiographically defined coronary atherosclerosis were r and omly assigned to usual care ( n = 155 ) or multifactor risk reduction ( n = 145 ) . Patients assigned to risk reduction were provided individualized programs involving a low-fat and -cholesterol diet , exercise , weight loss , smoking cessation , and medications to favorably alter lipoprotein profiles . Computer-assisted quantitative coronary arteriography was performed at baseline and after 4 years . The main angiographic outcome was the rate of change in the minimal diameter of diseased segments . All subjects underwent medical and risk factor evaluations at baseline and yearly for 4 years , and reasons for all hospitalizations and deaths were documented . Of the 300 subjects r and omized , 274 ( 91.3 % ) completed a follow-up arteriogram , and 246 ( 82 % ) had comparative measurements of segments with visible disease at baseline and follow-up . Intensive risk reduction result ed in highly significant improvements in various risk factors , including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B ( both , 22 % ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( + 12 % ) , plasma triglycerides ( -20 % ) , body weight ( -4 % ) , exercise capacity ( + 20 % ) , and intake of dietary fat ( -24 % ) and cholesterol ( -40 % ) compared with relatively small changes in the usual-care group . No change was observed in lipoprotein(a ) in either group . The risk-reduction group showed a rate of narrowing of diseased coronary artery segments that was 47 % less than that for subjects in the usual-care group ( change in minimal diameter , -0.024 + /- 0.066 mm/y versus -0.045 + /- 0.073 mm/y ; P < .02 , two-tailed ) . Three deaths occurred in each group . There were 25 hospitalizations in the risk-reduction group initiated by clinical cardiac events compared with 44 in the usual-care group ( rate ratio , 0.61 ; P = .05 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.4 to 0.9 ) . CONCLUSIONS Intensive multifactor risk reduction conducted over 4 years favorably altered the rate of luminal narrowing in coronary arteries of men and women with coronary artery disease and decreased hospitalizations for clinical cardiac events Background Significant regression of coronary and femoral atherosclerotic lesions has been documented by angiographic studies using aggressive lipid-lowering treatment . This study tested the applicability and effects of intensive physical exercise and low-fat diet on coronary morphology and myocardial perfusion in nonselected patients with stable angina pectoris . Methods and Results Patients were recruited after routine coronary angiography for stable angina pectoris ; they were r and omized to an  intervention group ( n = 56 ) and a  control group on “ usual care ” ( n = 57 ) . Treatment comprised intensive physical exercise in group training sessions ( minimum , 2 hr/wk ) , daily home exercise periods ( 20 min/d ) , and low-fat , low-cholesterol diet ( American Heart Association recommendation , phase 3 ) . No lipid-lowering agents were prescribed . After 12 months of participation , repeat coronary angiography was performed ; relative and minimal diameter reductions of coronary lesions were measured by digital image processing . Change in myocardial perfusion was assessed by 201TI scintigraphy . In patients participating in the intervention group , body weight decreased by 5 % ( p<0.001 ) , total cholesterol by 10 % ( p<0.001 ) , and triglycerides by 24 % ( p<0.001 ) ; high density lipoproteins increased by 3 % ( p = NS ) . Physical work capacity improved by 23 % ( p<0.0001 ) , and myocardial oxygen consumption , as estimated from maximal rate-pressure product , by 10 % , ( p<0.05 ) . Stress-induced myocardial ischemia decreased concurrently , indicating improvement of myocardial perfusion . Based on minimal lesion diameter , progression of coronary lesions was noted in nine patients ( 23 % ) , no change in 18 patients ( 45 % ) , and regression in 13 patients ( 32 % ) . In the control group , metabolic and hemodynamic variables remained essentially unchanged , whereas progression of coronary lesions was noted in 25 patients ( 48 % ) , no change in 18 patients ( 35 % ) , and regression in nine patients ( 17 % ) . These changes were significantly different from the intervention group ( p<0.05 ) . Conclusions In patients participating in regular physical exercise and low-fat diet , coronary artery disease progresses at a slower pace compared with a control group on usual care Background —Whether cardiac rehabilitation ( CR ) is effective in patients older than 75 years , who have been excluded from most trials , remains unclear . We enrolled patients 46 to 86 years old in a r and omized trial and assessed the effects of 2 months of post-myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) CR  on total work capacity ( TWC , in kilograms per meter ) and health-related quality of life ( HRQL ) . Methods and Results —Of 773 screened patients , 270 without cardiac failure , dementia , disability , or contraindications to exercise were r and omized to outpatient , hospital-based CR ( Hosp-CR ) , home-based CR ( Home-CR ) , or no CR within 3 predefined age groups ( middle-aged , 45 to 65 years ; old , 66 to 75 years ; and very old , > 75 years ) of 90 patients each .  TWC and HRQL were determined with cycle ergometry and Sickness Impact Profile at baseline , after CR , and 6 and 12 months later . Within each age group , TWC improved with Hosp-CR and Home-CR and was unchanged with no CR . The improvement was similar in middle-aged and old persons but smaller , although still significant , in very old patients . TWC reverted toward baseline by 12 months with Hosp-CR but not with Home-CR .  HRQL improved in middle-aged and old CR and control patients but only with CR in very old patients . Complications were similar across treatment and age groups . Costs were lower for Home-CR than for Hosp-CR . Conclusions —Post-MI Hosp-CR and Home-CR are similarly effective in the short term and improve TWC and HRQL in each age group . However , with lower costs and more prolonged positive effects , Home-CR may be the treatment of choice in low-risk older patients BACKGROUND Increases in life stress have been linked to poor prognosis , after myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) . Previous research suggested that a programme of monthly screening for psychological distress , combined with supportive and educational home nursing interventions for distressed patients , may improve post-MI survival among men . Our study assessed this approach for both men and women . We aim ed to find out whether the programme would reduce 1-year cardiac mortality for women and men . METHODS We carried out a r and omised , controlled trial of 1376 post-MI patients ( 903 men , 473 women ) assigned to the intervention programme ( n = 692 ) or usual care ( n = 684 ) for 1 year . All patients completed a baseline interview that included assessment of depression and anxiety . Survivors were also interviewed at 1 year . FINDINGS The programme had no overall survival impact . Preplanned analyses showed higher cardiac ( 9.4 vs 5.0 % , p = 0.064 ) and all-cause mortality ( 10.3 vs 5.4 % , p = 0.051 ) among women in the intervention group . There was no evidence of either benefit or harm among men ( cardiac mortality 2.4 vs 2.5 % , p = 0.94 ; all-cause mortality 3.1 vs 3.1 % , p = 0.93 ) . The programme 's impact on depression and anxiety among survivors was small . INTERPRETATION Our results do not warrant the routine implementation of programmes that involve psychological-distress screening and home nursing intervention for patients recovering from MI . The poorer overall outcome for women , and the possible harmful impact of the intervention on women , underline the need for further research and the inclusion of adequate numbers of women in future post-MI trials Abstract Objective : To evaluate the effects of secondary prevention clinics run by nurses in general practice on the health of patients with coronary heart disease . Design : R and omised controlled trial of clinics over one year with assessment by self completed postal question naires and audit of medical records at the start and end of the trial . Setting : R and om sample of 19 general practice s in northeast Scotl and . Subjects : 1173 patients ( 685 men and 488 women ) under 80 years with working diagnoses of coronary heart disease who did not have terminal illness or dementia and were not housebound . Intervention : Clinic staff promoted medical and lifestyle aspects of secondary prevention and offered regular follow up . Main outcome measures : Health status measured by the SF-36 question naire , chest pain by the angina type specification , and anxiety and depression by the hospital anxiety and depression scale . Use of health services before and during the study . Results : There were significant improvements in six of eight health status domains ( all functioning scales , pain , and general health ) among patients attending the clinic . Role limitations attributed to physical problems improved most ( adjusted difference 8.52 , 95 % confidence interval 4.16 to 12.9 ) . Fewer patients reported worsening chest pain ( odds ratio 0.59 , 95 % confidence interval 0.37 to 0.94 ) . There were no significant effects on anxiety or depression . Fewer intervention group patients required hospital admissions ( 0.64 , 0.48 to 0.86 ) , but general practitioner consultation rates did not alter . Conclusions : Within their first year secondary prevention clinics improved patients ' health and reduced hospital admissions . Key messages Nurse led clinics in general practice were used to promote secondary prevention to patients with coronary heart disease Within the first year the health of patients invited to the clinics improved Most benefit was in functional status , but chest pain improved too There was no effects on anxiety or depression There were significant reductions in hospital admissions in the first The Women ’s Lifestyle Heart Trial was a small ( N=28 ) r and omized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of a comprehensive lifestyle self-management program ( very low-fat vegetarian 
    Output:
    
agent
Other characteristics , including specialist versus generalist provision , did not appreciably impact programme effectiveness .
Conclusions Shorter secondary prevention programmes , those based in general practice , and those staffed by generalists are at least as effective in reducing all cause mortality in patients with coronary heart disease as longer programmes , hospital-based programmes , and programmes staffed by specialists
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Of 22 r and omized trials of rehabilitation with exercise  after myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) , one trial had results that achieved conventional statistical significance . To determine whether or not these studies , in the aggregate , show a significant benefit of rehabilitation after myocardial infa rct ion , we performed an overview of all r and omized trials , involving 4,554 patients ; we evaluated total and cardiovascular mortality , sudden death , and fatal and nonfatal reinfa rct ion . For each endpoint , we calculated an odds ratio ( OR ) and 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) for the trials combined . After an average of 3 years of follow-up , the ORs were significantly lower in the rehabilitation than in the comparison group : specifically , total mortality ( OR = 0.80 [ 0.66 , 0.96 ] ) , cardiovascular mortality ( OR = 0.78 [ 0.63 , 0.96 ] ) , and fatal reinfa rct ion ( OR = 0.75 [ 0.59 , 0.95 ] ) . The OR for sudden death was significantly lower in the rehabilitation than in the comparison group at 1 year ( OR = 0.63 [ 0.41 , 0.97 ] ) . The data were compatible with a benefit at 2 ( OR = 0.76 [ 0.54 , 1.06 ] ) and 3 years ( OR = 0.92 [ 0.69 , 1.23 ] ) , but these findings were not statistically significant . For nonfatal reinfa rct ion , there were no significant differences between the two groups after 1 ( OR = 1.09 [ 0.76 , 1.57 ] ) , 2 ( OR = 1.10 [ 0.82 , 1.47 ] ) , or 3 years ( OR = 1.09 [ 0.88 , 1.34 ] ) of follow-up . The observed 20 % reduction in overall mortality reflects a decreased risk of cardiovascular mortality and fatal reinfa rct ion throughout at least 3 years and a reduction in sudden death during the 1st year after infa rct ion and possibly for 2 - 3 years . With respect to the independent effects of the physical exercise component of cardiac rehabilitation , the relatively small number of " exercise only " trials , combined with the possibility that they may have had a formal or informal nonexercise component precludes the possibility of reaching any definitive conclusion . To do so would require a r and omized trial of sufficient size to distinguish between no effect and the most plausible effect based on the results of this overview BACKGROUND Recent clinical trials have shown that modification of plasma lipoprotein concentrations can favorably alter progression of coronary atherosclerosis , but no data exist on the effects of a comprehensive program of risk reduction involving both changes in lifestyle and medications . This study tested the hypothesis that intensive multiple risk factor reduction over 4 years would significantly reduce the rate of progression of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries of men and women compared with subjects r and omly assigned to the usual care of their physician .  METHODS AND RESULTS Three hundred men ( n = 259 ) and women ( n = 41 ) ( mean age , 56 + /- 7.4 years ) with angiographically defined coronary atherosclerosis were r and omly assigned to usual care ( n = 155 ) or multifactor risk reduction ( n = 145 ) . Patients assigned to risk reduction were provided individualized programs involving a low-fat and -cholesterol diet , exercise , weight loss , smoking cessation , and medications to favorably alter lipoprotein profiles . Computer-assisted quantitative coronary arteriography was performed at baseline and after 4 years . The main angiographic outcome was the rate of change in the minimal diameter of diseased segments . All subjects underwent medical and risk factor evaluations at baseline and yearly for 4 years , and reasons for all hospitalizations and deaths were documented . Of the 300 subjects r and omized , 274 ( 91.3 % ) completed a follow-up arteriogram , and 246 ( 82 % ) had comparative measurements of segments with visible disease at baseline and follow-up . Intensive risk reduction result ed in highly significant improvements in various risk factors , including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B ( both , 22 % ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( + 12 % ) , plasma triglycerides ( -20 % ) , body weight ( -4 % ) , exercise capacity ( + 20 % ) , and intake of dietary fat ( -24 % ) and cholesterol ( -40 % ) compared with relatively small changes in the usual-care group . No change was observed in lipoprotein(a ) in either group . The risk-reduction group showed a rate of narrowing of diseased coronary artery segments that was 47 % less than that for subjects in the usual-care group ( change in minimal diameter , -0.024 + /- 0.066 mm/y versus -0.045 + /- 0.073 mm/y ; P < .02 , two-tailed ) . Three deaths occurred in each group . There were 25 hospitalizations in the risk-reduction group initiated by clinical cardiac events compared with 44 in the usual-care group ( rate ratio , 0.61 ; P = .05 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.4 to 0.9 ) . CONCLUSIONS Intensive multifactor risk reduction conducted over 4 years favorably altered the rate of luminal narrowing in coronary arteries of men and women with coronary artery disease and decreased hospitalizations for clinical cardiac events Background Significant regression of coronary and femoral atherosclerotic lesions has been documented by angiographic studies using aggressive lipid-lowering treatment . This study tested the applicability and effects of intensive physical exercise and low-fat diet on coronary morphology and myocardial perfusion in nonselected patients with stable angina pectoris . Methods and Results Patients were recruited after routine coronary angiography for stable angina pectoris ; they were r and omized to an  intervention group ( n = 56 ) and a  control group on “ usual care ” ( n = 57 ) . Treatment comprised intensive physical exercise in group training sessions ( minimum , 2 hr/wk ) , daily home exercise periods ( 20 min/d ) , and low-fat , low-cholesterol diet ( American Heart Association recommendation , phase 3 ) . No lipid-lowering agents were prescribed . After 12 months of participation , repeat coronary angiography was performed ; relative and minimal diameter reductions of coronary lesions were measured by digital image processing . Change in myocardial perfusion was assessed by 201TI scintigraphy . In patients participating in the intervention group , body weight decreased by 5 % ( p<0.001 ) , total cholesterol by 10 % ( p<0.001 ) , and triglycerides by 24 % ( p<0.001 ) ; high density lipoproteins increased by 3 % ( p = NS ) . Physical work capacity improved by 23 % ( p<0.0001 ) , and myocardial oxygen consumption , as estimated from maximal rate-pressure product , by 10 % , ( p<0.05 ) . Stress-induced myocardial ischemia decreased concurrently , indicating improvement of myocardial perfusion . Based on minimal lesion diameter , progression of coronary lesions was noted in nine patients ( 23 % ) , no change in 18 patients ( 45 % ) , and regression in 13 patients ( 32 % ) . In the control group , metabolic and hemodynamic variables remained essentially unchanged , whereas progression of coronary lesions was noted in 25 patients ( 48 % ) , no change in 18 patients ( 35 % ) , and regression in nine patients ( 17 % ) . These changes were significantly different from the intervention group ( p<0.05 ) . Conclusions In patients participating in regular physical exercise and low-fat diet , coronary artery disease progresses at a slower pace compared with a control group on usual care Background —Whether cardiac rehabilitation ( CR ) is effective in patients older than 75 years , who have been excluded from most trials , remains unclear . We enrolled patients 46 to 86 years old in a r and omized trial and assessed the effects of 2 months of post-myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) CR  on total work capacity ( TWC , in kilograms per meter ) and health-related quality of life ( HRQL ) . Methods and Results —Of 773 screened patients , 270 without cardiac failure , dementia , disability , or contraindications to exercise were r and omized to outpatient , hospital-based CR ( Hosp-CR ) , home-based CR ( Home-CR ) , or no CR within 3 predefined age groups ( middle-aged , 45 to 65 years ; old , 66 to 75 years ; and very old , > 75 years ) of 90 patients each .  TWC and HRQL were determined with cycle ergometry and Sickness Impact Profile at baseline , after CR , and 6 and 12 months later . Within each age group , TWC improved with Hosp-CR and Home-CR and was unchanged with no CR . The improvement was similar in middle-aged and old persons but smaller , although still significant , in very old patients . TWC reverted toward baseline by 12 months with Hosp-CR but not with Home-CR .  HRQL improved in middle-aged and old CR and control patients but only with CR in very old patients . Complications were similar across treatment and age groups . Costs were lower for Home-CR than for Hosp-CR . Conclusions —Post-MI Hosp-CR and Home-CR are similarly effective in the short term and improve TWC and HRQL in each age group . However , with lower costs and more prolonged positive effects , Home-CR may be the treatment of choice in low-risk older patients BACKGROUND Increases in life stress have been linked to poor prognosis , after myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) . Previous research suggested that a programme of monthly screening for psychological distress , combined with supportive and educational home nursing interventions for distressed patients , may improve post-MI survival among men . Our study assessed this approach for both men and women . We aim ed to find out whether the programme would reduce 1-year cardiac mortality for women and men . METHODS We carried out a r and omised , controlled trial of 1376 post-MI patients ( 903 men , 473 women ) assigned to the intervention programme ( n = 692 ) or usual care ( n = 684 ) for 1 year . All patients completed a baseline interview that included assessment of depression and anxiety . Survivors were also interviewed at 1 year . FINDINGS The programme had no overall survival impact . Preplanned analyses showed higher cardiac ( 9.4 vs 5.0 % , p = 0.064 ) and all-cause mortality ( 10.3 vs 5.4 % , p = 0.051 ) among women in the intervention group . There was no evidence of either benefit or harm among men ( cardiac mortality 2.4 vs 2.5 % , p = 0.94 ; all-cause mortality 3.1 vs 3.1 % , p = 0.93 ) . The programme 's impact on depression and anxiety among survivors was small . INTERPRETATION Our results do not warrant the routine implementation of programmes that involve psychological-distress screening and home nursing intervention for patients recovering from MI . The poorer overall outcome for women , and the possible harmful impact of the intervention on women , underline the need for further research and the inclusion of adequate numbers of women in future post-MI trials Abstract Objective : To evaluate the effects of secondary prevention clinics run by nurses in general practice on the health of patients with coronary heart disease . Design : R and omised controlled trial of clinics over one year with assessment by self completed postal question naires and audit of medical records at the start and end of the trial . Setting : R and om sample of 19 general practice s in northeast Scotl and . Subjects : 1173 patients ( 685 men and 488 women ) under 80 years with working diagnoses of coronary heart disease who did not have terminal illness or dementia and were not housebound . Intervention : Clinic staff promoted medical and lifestyle aspects of secondary prevention and offered regular follow up . Main outcome measures : Health status measured by the SF-36 question naire , chest pain by the angina type specification , and anxiety and depression by the hospital anxiety and depression scale . Use of health services before and during the study . Results : There were significant improvements in six of eight health status domains ( all functioning scales , pain , and general health ) among patients attending the clinic . Role limitations attributed to physical problems improved most ( adjusted difference 8.52 , 95 % confidence interval 4.16 to 12.9 ) . Fewer patients reported worsening chest pain ( odds ratio 0.59 , 95 % confidence interval 0.37 to 0.94 ) . There were no significant effects on anxiety or depression . Fewer intervention group patients required hospital admissions ( 0.64 , 0.48 to 0.86 ) , but general practitioner consultation rates did not alter . Conclusions : Within their first year secondary prevention clinics improved patients ' health and reduced hospital admissions . Key messages Nurse led clinics in general practice were used to promote secondary prevention to patients with coronary heart disease Within the first year the health of patients invited to the clinics improved Most benefit was in functional status , but chest pain improved too There was no effects on anxiety or depression There were significant reductions in hospital admissions in the first The Women ’s Lifestyle Heart Trial was a small ( N=28 ) r and omized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of a comprehensive lifestyle self-management program ( very low-fat vegetarian 
    Output:
    