human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) is a common condition in women that represents an imbalance of the vaginal microflora , lactobacilli depletion , and excess growth of mainly anaerobic Gram-negative pathogens . Diagnosis is made using a series of tests or a Gram stain of a vaginal smear . Treatment with antibiotics is quite effective , but recurrences are common . A study of 55 vaginal sample s from 11 postmenopausal women showed the presence of BV by the Gram stain-based Nugent scoring system , and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that Bacteroides or Prevotella species were the most common isolates recovered ( 24 of 25 ) , with Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and Streptococcus agalactiae also found in some sample s. In one case , only Gardnerella vaginalis was found . These findings illustrate that BV remains common even among otherwise healthy women , but it is not caused solely by either Gardnerella or Mobiluncus . Use of a FemExam system ( Cooper Surgical , Shelton , CT ) , based upon elevated pH and trimethylamine levels , to screen vaginal smears from 59 healthy women showed poor correlation with the Gram stain method . A r and omized , placebo-controlled trial of these subjects showed that the lactobacilli-dominant microbiota was restored in subjects with BV but not in controls , following 2 months of daily oral intake of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14 . These studies show that nucleic acid-based methods are effective at identifying bacteria responsible for BV . If such methods could be used to develop a commercially available , self-use kit , women would be much better placed to take control of their own health , for example , using medicinal food or dietary supplement products such as the clinical ly proven probiotic strains L. rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 This prospect i ve cohort study examined the health-seeking behaviour of patients diagnosed with genital warts and vulvodynia who presented to Manly Sexual Health Service from March to June 2000 . A self-administered question naire was used to assess patients ' perceptions of their condition and their use of complementary therapies .  Thirty-seven patients with genital warts and 26 patients with vulvodynia participated in the study . The use of at least one  complementary health product or method  was reported by 59 % of patients with genital warts and 96 % of vulvodynia patients ( P < 0.001 ) . Having received conflicting information and being worried about the condition was significantly associated with visits to complementary health providers . Acknowledgement of this search for complementary therapies and open discussion can help patients make informed decisions and to avoid drug interactions , and should ultimately lead to better patient care 60 women with bacterial vaginosis were entered into a double blind , placebo-controlled treatment trial with lyophilized Lactobacillus acidophilus . The lactobacilli used were producing H2O2 . Immediately after completion of treatment , 16 out of 28 women who were treated with lactobacilli had normal vaginal wet smear results , in comparison to none of the 29 women treated with placebo . All women harboured Bacteroides at inclusion . Bacteroides was eliminated from the vagina of 12 out of 16 healthy women after treatment . Only three of the women who received the Lactobacillus suppository were free of bacterial vaginosis after the subsequent menstruation This study enrolled 125 premenopausal women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) by presence of vaginal irritation , discharge and ' fishy ' odor , and Nugent criteria and detection of sialidase enzyme . The subjects were treated with oral metronidazole ( 500 mg ) twice daily from days 1 to 7 , and r and omized to receive oral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 ( 1 x 10(9 ) ) and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 ( 1 x 10(9 ) ) or placebo twice daily from days 1 to 30 . Primary outcome was cure of BV as determined by normal Nugent score , negative sialidase test and no symptoms or signs of BV at day 30 . A total of 106 subjects returned for 30-day follow-up , of which 88 % were cured in the antibiotic/probiotic group compared to 40 % in the antibiotic/placebo group ( p<0.001 ) . Of the remaining subjects , 30 % subjects in the placebo group and none in the probiotic group had BV , while 30 % in the placebo and 12 % in the probiotic group fell into the intermediate category based upon Nugent score , sialidase result and clinical findings . High counts of Lactobacillus sp. ( > 10(5 ) CFU/ml ) were recovered from the vagina of 96 % probiotic-treated subjects compared to 53 % controls at day 30 . In summary , this study showed efficacious use of lactobacilli and antibiotic in the eradication of BV in black African women To compare and assess ingestion of yogurt that contained live Lactobacillus acidophilus with pasteurized yogurt as prophylaxis for  recurrent bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) and c and idal vaginitis  , we design ed a crossover trial during which patients were examined monthly for  c and idal infection and BV while they were receiving either a pasteurized yogurt or a yogurt that contained live L acidophilus .  Forty-six patients in 2 groups of 23 were r and omly assigned to each of the study groups . At least 28 ( 61 % ) participated during the first 4 months of the study . Seven patients completed the entire study protocol . We concluded that daily ingestion of 150 mL of yogurt , enriched with live L acidophilus , was associated with an increased prevalence of colonization of the rectum and vagina by the bacteria , and this ingestion of yogurt may have reduced episodes of BV Objective : The aim of this study was investigate the impact of vaginal flora and vaginal inflammation on conception and early pregnancy loss following  in-vitro fertilization ( IVF ) . Methods : We enrolled 91 women who were undergoing IVF .  At embryo transfer  ( ET ) , all of the women had quantitative vaginal culture , ET catheter-tip culture , and vaginal Gram stain scored for bacterial vaginosis and quantitated for polymorphonuclear leukocytes ( PMNs ) . Conception and early pregnancy loss were compared with culture and Gram stain results . Statistical analyses included the Chi-square test , Fisher 's exact test and the Mann – Whitney U-test . Results : The overall live birth rate ( LBR ) was 30 % ( 27/91 ) , and the rate of early pregnancy loss was 34 % ( 14/41 ) . In women with bacterial vaginosis , intermediate flora and normal flora , the conception rates were 30 % ( 3/10 ) , 39 % ( 12/31 ) and 52 % ( 26/50 ) , respectively ( p = 0.06 for trend ) . Early pregnancy loss occurred in 33 % ( 1/3 ) , 42 % ( 5/12 ) and 31 % ( 8/26 ) of women , respectively ( p = 0.06 , comparing intermediate and normal flora ) . The vaginal log concentration of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli was 7.3 ± 1.7 in women with a live birth ( n = 27 ) and 4.9 ± 2.5 in those with early pregnancy loss ( n = 14 ) ( p = 0.1 ) . Conclusions : IVF patients with bacterial vaginosis and with a decreased vaginal log concentration of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli may have decreased conception rates and increased rates of early pregnancy loss . A larger prospect i ve treatment trial design ed to evaluate the impact on IVF outcomes of optimizing the vaginal flora prior to IVF may be warranted Forty-two healthy women were r and omized to receive one of three encapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 plus Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14 probiotic dosage regimens or L. rhamnosus GG by mouth each day for 28 days . However , the vaginal flora , assessed by Nugent scoring , was only normal in 40 % of the cases , and 14 patients had asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis . Treatment with L. rhamnosus GR-1/L. fermentum RC-14 once and twice daily correlated with a healthy vaginal flora in up to 90 % of patients , and 7/11 patients with bacterial vaginosis converted to normal or intermediate scores within 1 month . Ingestion of L. rhamnosus GG failed to have an effect . This study confirms the potential efficacy of orally administered lactobacilli as a non-chemotherapeutic means to restore and maintain a normal urogenital flora , and shows that over 10(8 ) viable organisms per day is the required dose Objective To assess whether the rate of bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) is higher in women with tubal factor infertility compared with those with other causes of infertility Bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) is particularly common in black women , and in Nigeria it is often caused by Mycoplasma , as well as Atopobium , Prevotella and Gardnerella sp. Antimicrobial metronidazole oral therapy is poorly effective in eradicating the condition and restoring the Lactobacillus microbiota in the vagina . In this study , 40 women diagnosed with BV by discharge , fishy odor , sialidase positive test and Nugent Gram stain scoring , were r and omized to receive either two dried capsules containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 each night for 5 days , or 0.75 % metronidazole gel , applied vaginally twice a day ( in the morning and evening ) . Follow-up at day 6 , 15 and 30 showed cure of BV in significantly more probiotic treated subjects ( 16 , 17 and 18/20 , respectively ) compared to metronidazole treatment ( 9 , 9 and 11/20 : P=0.016 at day 6 , P=0.002 at day 15 and P=0.056 at day 30 ) . This is the first report of an effective ( 90 % ) cure of BV using probiotic lactobacilli . Given the correlation between BV and HIV , and the high risk of the latter in Nigeria , intravaginal use of lactobacilli could provide women with a self-use therapy , similar to over-the-counter anti-yeast medication , for treatment of urogenital infections BACKGROUND The relationship between lactobacilli and other microbes and the association with  vaginal pH  in the female genital tract were examined . The study also included evaluation of the possibility of supplying probiotics to the genital tract by using panty liners impregnated with the probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum LB931 . METHODS This was a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , multicenter study involving 191 healthy fertile women . Specified microbes were counted and vaginal pH was measured once a month for five consecutive months . RESULTS Major individual variations in the genital microflora composition and the vaginal pH were found among the women . The number of lactobacilli was significantly related to vaginal pH ( p<0.001 ) and approximately 70 % of the women were permanent carriers of individual lactobacilli strains . Women with high numbers of lactobacilli were less prevalent with Group B streptococci than women with low numbers ( p=0.036 ) , and these women had a lower mean vaginal pH. The number of lactobacilli also correlated with the prevalence of yeast . LB931 could be found in 86 % of the labial sample s and 54 % of the vaginal sample s. CONCLUSIONS High numbers of lactobacilli may contribute to a low vaginal pH and seem to have a negative influence on Group B streptococci . LB931 could be transferred from the panty liners to both the vagina and the labial fold The efficacy of vaginal tablets ( Gynoflor ) containing 50 mg of a lyophilisate of viable , H2O2-producing Lactobacillus acidophilus ( at least 10(7 ) colony forming units/tablet ) and 0.03 mg estriol ( CAS 50 - 27 - 1 ) for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) was tested in a multicentric , r and omised , placebo-controlled clinical trial with parallel-group design . 32 non-menopausal women with positive diagnoses for BV , including intermediate cases , participated in the trial . Patients were diagnosed using the classical clinical parameters of BV according to Amsel and using microscopic analysis of the Gram-stained vaginal smear . A positive clinical diagnosis of BV required at least 2 of the following 4 clinical criteria to be positive ; greyish-white , homogeneous leukorrhea ; vaginal pH > 4.5 ; KOH test for volatile amines ; presence of clue cells . Microscopic diagnosis of BV , on the other h and 
    Output:
    
agent
The results do not provide sufficient evidence for or against recommending probiotics for the treatment of BV .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) is a common condition in women that represents an imbalance of the vaginal microflora , lactobacilli depletion , and excess growth of mainly anaerobic Gram-negative pathogens . Diagnosis is made using a series of tests or a Gram stain of a vaginal smear . Treatment with antibiotics is quite effective , but recurrences are common . A study of 55 vaginal sample s from 11 postmenopausal women showed the presence of BV by the Gram stain-based Nugent scoring system , and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that Bacteroides or Prevotella species were the most common isolates recovered ( 24 of 25 ) , with Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and Streptococcus agalactiae also found in some sample s. In one case , only Gardnerella vaginalis was found . These findings illustrate that BV remains common even among otherwise healthy women , but it is not caused solely by either Gardnerella or Mobiluncus . Use of a FemExam system ( Cooper Surgical , Shelton , CT ) , based upon elevated pH and trimethylamine levels , to screen vaginal smears from 59 healthy women showed poor correlation with the Gram stain method . A r and omized , placebo-controlled trial of these subjects showed that the lactobacilli-dominant microbiota was restored in subjects with BV but not in controls , following 2 months of daily oral intake of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14 . These studies show that nucleic acid-based methods are effective at identifying bacteria responsible for BV . If such methods could be used to develop a commercially available , self-use kit , women would be much better placed to take control of their own health , for example , using medicinal food or dietary supplement products such as the clinical ly proven probiotic strains L. rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 This prospect i ve cohort study examined the health-seeking behaviour of patients diagnosed with genital warts and vulvodynia who presented to Manly Sexual Health Service from March to June 2000 . A self-administered question naire was used to assess patients ' perceptions of their condition and their use of complementary therapies .  Thirty-seven patients with genital warts and 26 patients with vulvodynia participated in the study . The use of at least one  complementary health product or method  was reported by 59 % of patients with genital warts and 96 % of vulvodynia patients ( P < 0.001 ) . Having received conflicting information and being worried about the condition was significantly associated with visits to complementary health providers . Acknowledgement of this search for complementary therapies and open discussion can help patients make informed decisions and to avoid drug interactions , and should ultimately lead to better patient care 60 women with bacterial vaginosis were entered into a double blind , placebo-controlled treatment trial with lyophilized Lactobacillus acidophilus . The lactobacilli used were producing H2O2 . Immediately after completion of treatment , 16 out of 28 women who were treated with lactobacilli had normal vaginal wet smear results , in comparison to none of the 29 women treated with placebo . All women harboured Bacteroides at inclusion . Bacteroides was eliminated from the vagina of 12 out of 16 healthy women after treatment . Only three of the women who received the Lactobacillus suppository were free of bacterial vaginosis after the subsequent menstruation This study enrolled 125 premenopausal women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) by presence of vaginal irritation , discharge and ' fishy ' odor , and Nugent criteria and detection of sialidase enzyme . The subjects were treated with oral metronidazole ( 500 mg ) twice daily from days 1 to 7 , and r and omized to receive oral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 ( 1 x 10(9 ) ) and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 ( 1 x 10(9 ) ) or placebo twice daily from days 1 to 30 . Primary outcome was cure of BV as determined by normal Nugent score , negative sialidase test and no symptoms or signs of BV at day 30 . A total of 106 subjects returned for 30-day follow-up , of which 88 % were cured in the antibiotic/probiotic group compared to 40 % in the antibiotic/placebo group ( p<0.001 ) . Of the remaining subjects , 30 % subjects in the placebo group and none in the probiotic group had BV , while 30 % in the placebo and 12 % in the probiotic group fell into the intermediate category based upon Nugent score , sialidase result and clinical findings . High counts of Lactobacillus sp. ( > 10(5 ) CFU/ml ) were recovered from the vagina of 96 % probiotic-treated subjects compared to 53 % controls at day 30 . In summary , this study showed efficacious use of lactobacilli and antibiotic in the eradication of BV in black African women To compare and assess ingestion of yogurt that contained live Lactobacillus acidophilus with pasteurized yogurt as prophylaxis for  recurrent bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) and c and idal vaginitis  , we design ed a crossover trial during which patients were examined monthly for  c and idal infection and BV while they were receiving either a pasteurized yogurt or a yogurt that contained live L acidophilus .  Forty-six patients in 2 groups of 23 were r and omly assigned to each of the study groups . At least 28 ( 61 % ) participated during the first 4 months of the study . Seven patients completed the entire study protocol . We concluded that daily ingestion of 150 mL of yogurt , enriched with live L acidophilus , was associated with an increased prevalence of colonization of the rectum and vagina by the bacteria , and this ingestion of yogurt may have reduced episodes of BV Objective : The aim of this study was investigate the impact of vaginal flora and vaginal inflammation on conception and early pregnancy loss following  in-vitro fertilization ( IVF ) . Methods : We enrolled 91 women who were undergoing IVF .  At embryo transfer  ( ET ) , all of the women had quantitative vaginal culture , ET catheter-tip culture , and vaginal Gram stain scored for bacterial vaginosis and quantitated for polymorphonuclear leukocytes ( PMNs ) . Conception and early pregnancy loss were compared with culture and Gram stain results . Statistical analyses included the Chi-square test , Fisher 's exact test and the Mann – Whitney U-test . Results : The overall live birth rate ( LBR ) was 30 % ( 27/91 ) , and the rate of early pregnancy loss was 34 % ( 14/41 ) . In women with bacterial vaginosis , intermediate flora and normal flora , the conception rates were 30 % ( 3/10 ) , 39 % ( 12/31 ) and 52 % ( 26/50 ) , respectively ( p = 0.06 for trend ) . Early pregnancy loss occurred in 33 % ( 1/3 ) , 42 % ( 5/12 ) and 31 % ( 8/26 ) of women , respectively ( p = 0.06 , comparing intermediate and normal flora ) . The vaginal log concentration of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli was 7.3 ± 1.7 in women with a live birth ( n = 27 ) and 4.9 ± 2.5 in those with early pregnancy loss ( n = 14 ) ( p = 0.1 ) . Conclusions : IVF patients with bacterial vaginosis and with a decreased vaginal log concentration of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli may have decreased conception rates and increased rates of early pregnancy loss . A larger prospect i ve treatment trial design ed to evaluate the impact on IVF outcomes of optimizing the vaginal flora prior to IVF may be warranted Forty-two healthy women were r and omized to receive one of three encapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 plus Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14 probiotic dosage regimens or L. rhamnosus GG by mouth each day for 28 days . However , the vaginal flora , assessed by Nugent scoring , was only normal in 40 % of the cases , and 14 patients had asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis . Treatment with L. rhamnosus GR-1/L. fermentum RC-14 once and twice daily correlated with a healthy vaginal flora in up to 90 % of patients , and 7/11 patients with bacterial vaginosis converted to normal or intermediate scores within 1 month . Ingestion of L. rhamnosus GG failed to have an effect . This study confirms the potential efficacy of orally administered lactobacilli as a non-chemotherapeutic means to restore and maintain a normal urogenital flora , and shows that over 10(8 ) viable organisms per day is the required dose Objective To assess whether the rate of bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) is higher in women with tubal factor infertility compared with those with other causes of infertility Bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) is particularly common in black women , and in Nigeria it is often caused by Mycoplasma , as well as Atopobium , Prevotella and Gardnerella sp. Antimicrobial metronidazole oral therapy is poorly effective in eradicating the condition and restoring the Lactobacillus microbiota in the vagina . In this study , 40 women diagnosed with BV by discharge , fishy odor , sialidase positive test and Nugent Gram stain scoring , were r and omized to receive either two dried capsules containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 each night for 5 days , or 0.75 % metronidazole gel , applied vaginally twice a day ( in the morning and evening ) . Follow-up at day 6 , 15 and 30 showed cure of BV in significantly more probiotic treated subjects ( 16 , 17 and 18/20 , respectively ) compared to metronidazole treatment ( 9 , 9 and 11/20 : P=0.016 at day 6 , P=0.002 at day 15 and P=0.056 at day 30 ) . This is the first report of an effective ( 90 % ) cure of BV using probiotic lactobacilli . Given the correlation between BV and HIV , and the high risk of the latter in Nigeria , intravaginal use of lactobacilli could provide women with a self-use therapy , similar to over-the-counter anti-yeast medication , for treatment of urogenital infections BACKGROUND The relationship between lactobacilli and other microbes and the association with  vaginal pH  in the female genital tract were examined . The study also included evaluation of the possibility of supplying probiotics to the genital tract by using panty liners impregnated with the probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum LB931 . METHODS This was a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , multicenter study involving 191 healthy fertile women . Specified microbes were counted and vaginal pH was measured once a month for five consecutive months . RESULTS Major individual variations in the genital microflora composition and the vaginal pH were found among the women . The number of lactobacilli was significantly related to vaginal pH ( p<0.001 ) and approximately 70 % of the women were permanent carriers of individual lactobacilli strains . Women with high numbers of lactobacilli were less prevalent with Group B streptococci than women with low numbers ( p=0.036 ) , and these women had a lower mean vaginal pH. The number of lactobacilli also correlated with the prevalence of yeast . LB931 could be found in 86 % of the labial sample s and 54 % of the vaginal sample s. CONCLUSIONS High numbers of lactobacilli may contribute to a low vaginal pH and seem to have a negative influence on Group B streptococci . LB931 could be transferred from the panty liners to both the vagina and the labial fold The efficacy of vaginal tablets ( Gynoflor ) containing 50 mg of a lyophilisate of viable , H2O2-producing Lactobacillus acidophilus ( at least 10(7 ) colony forming units/tablet ) and 0.03 mg estriol ( CAS 50 - 27 - 1 ) for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis ( BV ) was tested in a multicentric , r and omised , placebo-controlled clinical trial with parallel-group design . 32 non-menopausal women with positive diagnoses for BV , including intermediate cases , participated in the trial . Patients were diagnosed using the classical clinical parameters of BV according to Amsel and using microscopic analysis of the Gram-stained vaginal smear . A positive clinical diagnosis of BV required at least 2 of the following 4 clinical criteria to be positive ; greyish-white , homogeneous leukorrhea ; vaginal pH > 4.5 ; KOH test for volatile amines ; presence of clue cells . Microscopic diagnosis of BV , on the other h and 
    Output:
    