human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The study was carried out in 10 females with type 2 diabetes aged 32 - 60 yrs . All of them were receiving weight-maintaining diets composed of 12 per cent protein , 30 per cent fat and 58 per cent carbohydrate . The only difference among all study -diets was the types of complex carbohydrate used . High-glycemic diet ( HG ) or low glycemic diet ( LG ) consisted mainly of glutinous rice or mungbean noodles and the intermediate-glycemic diet ( DM ) was solely white rice . After the metabolic evaluation of the baseline diet ( BL ) , each subject was placed on DM and followed r and omly by HG and LG or vice versa for 4 weeks each . The diurnal plasma glucose levels tended to be lowest after LG . The integrated plasma glucose levels among all diets were not different . The integrated insulin levels after DM and LG did not differ but they were lower than HG and BL . Long-term ingestion of all test-diets spilt less urinary glucose than BL , the lowest was LG . HbA1 levels and nitrogen balance after all diets were better than BL , the best was LG . It was concluded that in addition to strict dietary control , ingestion of mungbean noodles ( a low glycemic diet ) without increasing fiber intake , can improve diabetic control and protein conservation in type 2 diabetes Our objective was to evaluate whether isocaloric replacement of refined rice with whole grains and other plant products as a form of powder reduces coronary artery disease ( CAD ) risk factors , such as insulin dem and and lipid peroxidation in CAD patients . Seventy-six male patients with CAD were r and omly assigned to either a group ingesting a whole-grain meal daily or a control group for 16 weeks . In the whole-grain group , serum concentrations of glucose and insulin decreased by 24 % and 14 % , respectively , without altering body weight and energy intake , whereas daily intakes of fiber and vitamin E increased by 25 % and 41 % , respectively . Consumption of whole grains and legume powder in CAD patients without diabetes decreased fasting levels of glucose and insulin . The areas under the curve for insulin and glucose during the oral glucose tolerance test were also decreased . CAD patients with diabetes in the whole-grain group also showed reductions in fasting glucose and in the area under the curve for glucose . In the whole-grain group , plasma malondialdehyde and homocysteine and urinary 8-epi-prostagl and in F2&agr ; concentrations decreased by ≈28 % . Also , lipid-corrected concentrations of & agr;-carotene , retinol , tocopherols , and lycopene increased by 11 % to 40 % , and the percentage composition of n-6 fatty acids of serum phospholipid increased by 14 % in the whole-grain group . The replacement of refined rice with whole grain and legume powder as a source of carbohydrate in a meal showed significant beneficial effects on glucose , insulin , and homocysteine concentrations and lipid peroxidation in CAD patients . These effects are likely to substantially reduce the risk factors for CAD and diabetes Abstract Objective : To examine the effect of a diet containing a novel legume food ingredient , Australian sweet lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius ) kernel fibre ( LKFibre ) , compared to a control diet without the addition of LKFibre , on  serum lipids in men . Design : R and omized crossover dietary intervention study . Setting : Melbourne , Australia — Free-living men . Subjects : A total of 38 healthy males between the ages of 24 and 64 y completed the intervention . Intervention : Subjects consumed an LKFibre and a control diet for 1 month each . Both diets had the same background menus with seven additional experimental foods that either contained LKFibre or did not . Depending on energy intake , the LKFibre diet was design ed to contain an additional 17 to 30 g/day fibre beyond that of the control diet . Results : Compared to the control diet , the LKFibre diet reduced total cholesterol ( TC ) ( mean±s.e.m . ; 4.5±1.7 % ; P=0.001 ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) ( 5.4±2.2 % ; P=0.001 ) , TC : high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) ( 3.0±2.0 % ; P=0.006 ) and LDL-C : HDL-C ( 3.8±2.6 % ; P=0.003 ) . No effects on HDL-C , triacylglycerols , glucose or insulin were observed . Conclusions : Addition of LKFibre to the diet provided favourable changes to some serum lipid measures in men , which , combined with its high palatability , suggest this novel ingredient may be useful in the dietary reduction of coronary heart disease risk . Sponsorship : Grains Research and Development Corporation , Australian Research Council and the Department of Agriculture Western Australia Breakfasts of lentils or wholemeal bread of identical carbohydrate content were taken by seven healthy volunteers . The lentils produced a significant 71 % ( p less than 0.001 ) reduction in the blood glucose area and flattened the plasma insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide responses by comparison with the bread . In addition , the lentil breakfast was followed by a significantly flatter blood glucose response to the st and ard bread lunch which followed 4 h later ( by 38 % , p less than 0.01 ) . The blood glucose pattern was mimicked by feeding the bread breakfast slowly over the 4 h before lunch . Giving a bread breakfast containing a quarter of the carbohydrate reduced the breakfast glucose profile but result ed in a significantly impaired blood glucose response to lunch ( 168 % of control , p less than 0.01 ) . These results , together with breath hydrogen studies , performed on a separate group of four volunteers , indicate that the flattened response to lentils is not due to carbohydrate malabsorption . Slow release or " lente " carbohydrate foods such as lentils may form a useful part of the diets of those with impaired carbohydrate tolerance This study examined the hypocholesterolemic effect and hormonal changes result ing from 30 d of supplementation with Vicia faba L. ( field bean ) flour of diets of young men ( aged 18 - 21 y ; n = 40 ) with borderline-high or high serum cholesterol values . All subjects ( groups A-D ) consumed the same basic diet . Additionally , volunteers in the control group ( A ) consumed 90 g control flour/d whereas those in the three bean groups received either 90 g cooked field bean flour ( groups B and C ) or 90 g raw field bean flour ( group D ) daily . Groups A and B included volunteers with borderline-high cholesterol values [ 5.2 - 6.2 mmol total cholesterol/L and 3.4 - 4.1 mmol low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol/L ] . Subjects in groups C and D had high serum cholesterol concentrations ( total cholesterol > 6.2 mmol/L and LDL cholesterol > 4.1 mmol/L ) . After 30 d , serum glucose , insulin , triacylglycerol , total , LDL-cholesterol , and very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol values were significantly lower than initial values in all subjects who consumed diets containing field bean flour ( P < or = 0.0001 , except for LDL-cholesterol concentrations in group C , for which P < or = 0.0007 ) . Legume intake also result ed in a significant increase ( P < or = 0.0001 ) in glucagon and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol . Neither cortisol nor thyroid hormone values changed significantly . The results suggest that the hypocholesterolemic effect of field bean intake depends at least partly on a concomitant increase in glucagon and decrease in insulin values . The more marked reduction in triacylglycerol and VLDL-cholesterol concentrations in subjects who consumed raw field beans indicates a coparticipation of their thermolabile components BACKGROUND Legumes are recommended for better glucose control in persons with diabetes . Whether subjects with normal insulin sensitivity would also benefit from legume consumption is not clear . OBJECTIVE Our goal was to compare the effects on insulin sensitivity of chickpea-based and wheat-based foods when eaten as single meals or over 6 wk . DESIGN Acute and long-term studies were conducted in healthy middle-aged men and women . In the acute study ( n = 19 ) , plasma glucose , insulin , and calculated homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA ; an index of insulin sensitivity ) were measured on 3 separated days over 3 h after the subjects consumed 50-g available carbohydrate loads from either chickpeas , wheat-based foods , or white bread . The long-term comparison ( n = 20 ) was a r and omized , crossover study in which chickpea-based and wheat-based foods were eaten for 6 wk each . Plasma glucose , insulin , and HOMA were measured in the fasting state and 2 h after a 75-g glucose load . RESULTS After single meals , plasma glucose was substantially lower 30 and 60 min after the chickpea meal than after the other 2 meals ( P < 0.05 ) , and plasma insulin and HOMA were lower at 120 min ( P < 0.05 for both ) . Despite this , the long-term study failed to show significant differences in plasma glucose , insulin , or HOMA either in the fasting state or after a glucose load . CONCLUSION Compared with a wheat-based meal , a single chickpea-based meal led to a lesser response in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations , but this was not translated into long-term improvement in insulin sensitivity over 6 wk , at least in healthy subjects Reliable tables of glycemic index ( GI ) compiled from the scientific literature are instrumental in improving the quality of research examining the relation between GI , glycemic load , and health . The GI has proven to be a more useful nutritional concept than is the chemical classification of carbohydrate ( as simple or complex , as sugars or starches , or as available or unavailable ) , permitting new insights into the relation between the physiologic effects of carbohydrate-rich foods and health . Several prospect i ve observational studies have shown that the chronic consumption of a diet with a high glycemic load ( GI x dietary carbohydrate content ) is independently associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes , cardiovascular disease , and certain cancers . This revised table contains almost 3 times the number of foods listed in the original table ( first published in this Journal in 1995 ) and contains nearly 1300 data entries derived from published and unpublished verified sources , representing > 750 different types of foods tested with the use of st and ard methods . The revised table also lists the glycemic load associated with the consumption of specified serving sizes of different foods The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of repeated consumption of two high-fiber diets on postpr and ial glucose and insulin responses .  Two mixed-food breakfast meals composed predominantly of either red kidney beans or bran cereal were fed to six healthy young men . The meals provided equivalent levels of digestible carbohydrate , protein , fat , and fiber . Insulin responses measured after breakfast were lower with the bean diet than with the bran cereal diet but higher when measured after a st and ard lunch . No significant interactions were found between the diets and the length of the time the subjects were on the diets ( days 1 vs 7 ) . In comparison to the postpr and ial responses on day 1 of the diet periods , postpr and ial responses on day 7 showed reduced glucose and insulin responses to breakfast and reduced insulin responses to lunch . Responses to an oral glucose tolerance test were not affected by repeated consumption of these diets Eight patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes underwent two 2-wk study periods in r and om order during which they were provided with carbohydrate foods with either a high or low glycemic index ( GI ) . Over both high-GI and low-GI periods there were significant reductions in body weight , serum fructosamine , and cholesterol . Reductions in fasting blood glucose , HbA1c , and urinary c-peptide-to-creatinine ratio were significant only over the low-GI period despite a smaller mean weight loss . Reductions in triglyceride were significant only over the high-GI diet . Inclusion of low-GI foods into diets of patients with diabetes may be an additional measure that favorably influences carbohydrate metabolism without increasing insulin dem and BACKGROUND The optimal source and amount of dietary carbohydrate for managing type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) are unknown . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to compare the effects of altering the glycemic index or the amount of carbohydrate on glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , plasma glucose , lipids , and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) in T2 
    Output:
    
agent
Conclusions /interpretationPooled analyses demonstrated that pulses , alone or in low-GI or high-fibre diets , improve markers of longer term glycaemic control in humans , with the extent of the improvements subject to significant inter- study heterogeneity .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The study was carried out in 10 females with type 2 diabetes aged 32 - 60 yrs . All of them were receiving weight-maintaining diets composed of 12 per cent protein , 30 per cent fat and 58 per cent carbohydrate . The only difference among all study -diets was the types of complex carbohydrate used . High-glycemic diet ( HG ) or low glycemic diet ( LG ) consisted mainly of glutinous rice or mungbean noodles and the intermediate-glycemic diet ( DM ) was solely white rice . After the metabolic evaluation of the baseline diet ( BL ) , each subject was placed on DM and followed r and omly by HG and LG or vice versa for 4 weeks each . The diurnal plasma glucose levels tended to be lowest after LG . The integrated plasma glucose levels among all diets were not different . The integrated insulin levels after DM and LG did not differ but they were lower than HG and BL . Long-term ingestion of all test-diets spilt less urinary glucose than BL , the lowest was LG . HbA1 levels and nitrogen balance after all diets were better than BL , the best was LG . It was concluded that in addition to strict dietary control , ingestion of mungbean noodles ( a low glycemic diet ) without increasing fiber intake , can improve diabetic control and protein conservation in type 2 diabetes Our objective was to evaluate whether isocaloric replacement of refined rice with whole grains and other plant products as a form of powder reduces coronary artery disease ( CAD ) risk factors , such as insulin dem and and lipid peroxidation in CAD patients . Seventy-six male patients with CAD were r and omly assigned to either a group ingesting a whole-grain meal daily or a control group for 16 weeks . In the whole-grain group , serum concentrations of glucose and insulin decreased by 24 % and 14 % , respectively , without altering body weight and energy intake , whereas daily intakes of fiber and vitamin E increased by 25 % and 41 % , respectively . Consumption of whole grains and legume powder in CAD patients without diabetes decreased fasting levels of glucose and insulin . The areas under the curve for insulin and glucose during the oral glucose tolerance test were also decreased . CAD patients with diabetes in the whole-grain group also showed reductions in fasting glucose and in the area under the curve for glucose . In the whole-grain group , plasma malondialdehyde and homocysteine and urinary 8-epi-prostagl and in F2&agr ; concentrations decreased by ≈28 % . Also , lipid-corrected concentrations of & agr;-carotene , retinol , tocopherols , and lycopene increased by 11 % to 40 % , and the percentage composition of n-6 fatty acids of serum phospholipid increased by 14 % in the whole-grain group . The replacement of refined rice with whole grain and legume powder as a source of carbohydrate in a meal showed significant beneficial effects on glucose , insulin , and homocysteine concentrations and lipid peroxidation in CAD patients . These effects are likely to substantially reduce the risk factors for CAD and diabetes Abstract Objective : To examine the effect of a diet containing a novel legume food ingredient , Australian sweet lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius ) kernel fibre ( LKFibre ) , compared to a control diet without the addition of LKFibre , on  serum lipids in men . Design : R and omized crossover dietary intervention study . Setting : Melbourne , Australia — Free-living men . Subjects : A total of 38 healthy males between the ages of 24 and 64 y completed the intervention . Intervention : Subjects consumed an LKFibre and a control diet for 1 month each . Both diets had the same background menus with seven additional experimental foods that either contained LKFibre or did not . Depending on energy intake , the LKFibre diet was design ed to contain an additional 17 to 30 g/day fibre beyond that of the control diet . Results : Compared to the control diet , the LKFibre diet reduced total cholesterol ( TC ) ( mean±s.e.m . ; 4.5±1.7 % ; P=0.001 ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) ( 5.4±2.2 % ; P=0.001 ) , TC : high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) ( 3.0±2.0 % ; P=0.006 ) and LDL-C : HDL-C ( 3.8±2.6 % ; P=0.003 ) . No effects on HDL-C , triacylglycerols , glucose or insulin were observed . Conclusions : Addition of LKFibre to the diet provided favourable changes to some serum lipid measures in men , which , combined with its high palatability , suggest this novel ingredient may be useful in the dietary reduction of coronary heart disease risk . Sponsorship : Grains Research and Development Corporation , Australian Research Council and the Department of Agriculture Western Australia Breakfasts of lentils or wholemeal bread of identical carbohydrate content were taken by seven healthy volunteers . The lentils produced a significant 71 % ( p less than 0.001 ) reduction in the blood glucose area and flattened the plasma insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide responses by comparison with the bread . In addition , the lentil breakfast was followed by a significantly flatter blood glucose response to the st and ard bread lunch which followed 4 h later ( by 38 % , p less than 0.01 ) . The blood glucose pattern was mimicked by feeding the bread breakfast slowly over the 4 h before lunch . Giving a bread breakfast containing a quarter of the carbohydrate reduced the breakfast glucose profile but result ed in a significantly impaired blood glucose response to lunch ( 168 % of control , p less than 0.01 ) . These results , together with breath hydrogen studies , performed on a separate group of four volunteers , indicate that the flattened response to lentils is not due to carbohydrate malabsorption . Slow release or " lente " carbohydrate foods such as lentils may form a useful part of the diets of those with impaired carbohydrate tolerance This study examined the hypocholesterolemic effect and hormonal changes result ing from 30 d of supplementation with Vicia faba L. ( field bean ) flour of diets of young men ( aged 18 - 21 y ; n = 40 ) with borderline-high or high serum cholesterol values . All subjects ( groups A-D ) consumed the same basic diet . Additionally , volunteers in the control group ( A ) consumed 90 g control flour/d whereas those in the three bean groups received either 90 g cooked field bean flour ( groups B and C ) or 90 g raw field bean flour ( group D ) daily . Groups A and B included volunteers with borderline-high cholesterol values [ 5.2 - 6.2 mmol total cholesterol/L and 3.4 - 4.1 mmol low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol/L ] . Subjects in groups C and D had high serum cholesterol concentrations ( total cholesterol > 6.2 mmol/L and LDL cholesterol > 4.1 mmol/L ) . After 30 d , serum glucose , insulin , triacylglycerol , total , LDL-cholesterol , and very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol values were significantly lower than initial values in all subjects who consumed diets containing field bean flour ( P < or = 0.0001 , except for LDL-cholesterol concentrations in group C , for which P < or = 0.0007 ) . Legume intake also result ed in a significant increase ( P < or = 0.0001 ) in glucagon and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol . Neither cortisol nor thyroid hormone values changed significantly . The results suggest that the hypocholesterolemic effect of field bean intake depends at least partly on a concomitant increase in glucagon and decrease in insulin values . The more marked reduction in triacylglycerol and VLDL-cholesterol concentrations in subjects who consumed raw field beans indicates a coparticipation of their thermolabile components BACKGROUND Legumes are recommended for better glucose control in persons with diabetes . Whether subjects with normal insulin sensitivity would also benefit from legume consumption is not clear . OBJECTIVE Our goal was to compare the effects on insulin sensitivity of chickpea-based and wheat-based foods when eaten as single meals or over 6 wk . DESIGN Acute and long-term studies were conducted in healthy middle-aged men and women . In the acute study ( n = 19 ) , plasma glucose , insulin , and calculated homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA ; an index of insulin sensitivity ) were measured on 3 separated days over 3 h after the subjects consumed 50-g available carbohydrate loads from either chickpeas , wheat-based foods , or white bread . The long-term comparison ( n = 20 ) was a r and omized , crossover study in which chickpea-based and wheat-based foods were eaten for 6 wk each . Plasma glucose , insulin , and HOMA were measured in the fasting state and 2 h after a 75-g glucose load . RESULTS After single meals , plasma glucose was substantially lower 30 and 60 min after the chickpea meal than after the other 2 meals ( P < 0.05 ) , and plasma insulin and HOMA were lower at 120 min ( P < 0.05 for both ) . Despite this , the long-term study failed to show significant differences in plasma glucose , insulin , or HOMA either in the fasting state or after a glucose load . CONCLUSION Compared with a wheat-based meal , a single chickpea-based meal led to a lesser response in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations , but this was not translated into long-term improvement in insulin sensitivity over 6 wk , at least in healthy subjects Reliable tables of glycemic index ( GI ) compiled from the scientific literature are instrumental in improving the quality of research examining the relation between GI , glycemic load , and health . The GI has proven to be a more useful nutritional concept than is the chemical classification of carbohydrate ( as simple or complex , as sugars or starches , or as available or unavailable ) , permitting new insights into the relation between the physiologic effects of carbohydrate-rich foods and health . Several prospect i ve observational studies have shown that the chronic consumption of a diet with a high glycemic load ( GI x dietary carbohydrate content ) is independently associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes , cardiovascular disease , and certain cancers . This revised table contains almost 3 times the number of foods listed in the original table ( first published in this Journal in 1995 ) and contains nearly 1300 data entries derived from published and unpublished verified sources , representing > 750 different types of foods tested with the use of st and ard methods . The revised table also lists the glycemic load associated with the consumption of specified serving sizes of different foods The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of repeated consumption of two high-fiber diets on postpr and ial glucose and insulin responses .  Two mixed-food breakfast meals composed predominantly of either red kidney beans or bran cereal were fed to six healthy young men . The meals provided equivalent levels of digestible carbohydrate , protein , fat , and fiber . Insulin responses measured after breakfast were lower with the bean diet than with the bran cereal diet but higher when measured after a st and ard lunch . No significant interactions were found between the diets and the length of the time the subjects were on the diets ( days 1 vs 7 ) . In comparison to the postpr and ial responses on day 1 of the diet periods , postpr and ial responses on day 7 showed reduced glucose and insulin responses to breakfast and reduced insulin responses to lunch . Responses to an oral glucose tolerance test were not affected by repeated consumption of these diets Eight patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes underwent two 2-wk study periods in r and om order during which they were provided with carbohydrate foods with either a high or low glycemic index ( GI ) . Over both high-GI and low-GI periods there were significant reductions in body weight , serum fructosamine , and cholesterol . Reductions in fasting blood glucose , HbA1c , and urinary c-peptide-to-creatinine ratio were significant only over the low-GI period despite a smaller mean weight loss . Reductions in triglyceride were significant only over the high-GI diet . Inclusion of low-GI foods into diets of patients with diabetes may be an additional measure that favorably influences carbohydrate metabolism without increasing insulin dem and BACKGROUND The optimal source and amount of dietary carbohydrate for managing type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) are unknown . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to compare the effects of altering the glycemic index or the amount of carbohydrate on glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , plasma glucose , lipids , and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) in T2 
    Output:
    