human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Sedentary adults ( N = 379 ) were r and omly assigned in a 2 x 2 design to walk 30 min per day at a frequency of either 3 - 4 or 5 - 7 days per week , at an intensity of either 45%-55 % or 65%-75 % of maximum heart rate reserve . Analyses of exercise accumulated over 6 months showed greater amounts completed in the higher frequency ( p = .0001 ) and moderate intensity ( p = .021 ) conditions . Analyses of percentage of prescribed exercise completed showed greater adherence in the moderate intensity(p = .02 ) condition . Prescribing a higher frequency increased the accumulation of exercise without a decline in adherence , whereas prescribing a higher intensity decreased adherence and result ed in the completion of less exercise As the world 's population ages , the occurrence of osteoporosis-related fractures is projected to increase . Low areal bone mineral density ( aBMD ) , a well-known risk factor for fractures , may be influenced by physical activity ( PA ) . In this cross-sectional study , we aim ed to investigate potential associations between objective measures of PA and bone properties , in a population -based cohort of 1228 70-year-old men and women . We measured volumetric BMD ( vBMD , mg/cm(3 ) ) together with cross-sectional area ( CSA , mm(2 ) ) by peripheral quantitative computed tomography at sites located 4 % and 66 % in the distal-proximal trajectory at the tibia and radius . We also measured aBMD ( g/cm(2 ) ) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at the femoral neck , lumbar spine ( L1-L4 ) and radius . Participants wore triaxial accelerometers for 7 consecutive days to obtain objective estimates of PA . The intensity of the objective PA was divided into light ( 100 - 1951 counts/min [ CPM ] ) , moderate ( 1952 - 5724 cpm ) and vigorous ( ≥ 5725 cpm ) . Maximal accelerations for the anterior-posterior ( z ) , medio-lateral ( x ) , and vertical ( y ) axes were also separately assessed . Associations were investigated using bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression , adjusted for height , weight and sex . Vigorous PA showed the strongest association with femoral neck aBMD ( β=0.09 , p<0.001 ) , while both moderate and vigorous PAs were associated with cortical area and trabecular vBMD in the weight-bearing tibia ( all p<0.05 ) . Peak vertical accelerations were associated significantly with cortical area ( β=0.09 , p<0.001 ) and trabecular vBMD ( β=0.09 , p=0.001 ) of the tibia , whereas peak anterior-posterior accelerations showed no correlation with these properties . No positive association was found between objective ly measured PA and bone parameters of the radius . In conclusion , vertical accelerations and moderate to vigorous PA  independently predict bone properties , especially in the weight-bearing tibia , in 70-year-old men and women Objectives : We have a limited underst and ing of the epidemiological association between objective ly measured physical activity and  depression among older adults . Therefore , the purpose of this study was to examine the association between accelerometer-assessed physical activity and depression symptoms among a nationally representative sample of US older adults . Methods : Data from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used . 708 older adults ( 65 + years ) wore an ActiGraph 7164 accelerometer for at least 4 days , and completed data on the study covariates along with depression , as assessed by the Patient Health Question naire-9 . Results : After controlling for age , gender , race-ethnicity , body mass index , marital status , education , comorbidity index , and physical functioning , for every 60-minute increase in light-intensity physical activity , participants were 20 % ( OR = 0.80 ; 95 % CI : 0.67–0.95 ; p = 0.01 ) less likely to be depressed . Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was also inversely associated with depression ( OR = 0.78 ; 95 % CI : 0.64–0.94 ; p = 0.01 ) . Conclusion : These findings suggest that promoting physical activity , even light-intensity physical activity , may have positive mental health effects  among older adults . Future prospect i ve and experimental studies are warranted Physical activity enhances insulin action in obese/overweight individuals . However , the exercise prescription required for the optimal enhancement is not known . The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that exercise training consisting of vigorous-intensity activity would enhance insulin sensitivity more substantially than moderate-intensity activity . Sedentary , overweight/obese subjects ( n = 154 ) were r and omly assigned to either control or an exercise group for 6 mo : 1 ) low-volume/moderate-intensity group [ approximately 12 miles walking/wk at 40 - 55 % peak O2 consumption ( Vo2 peak ) ] , 2 ) low-volume/high-intensity group ( approximately 12 miles jogging/wk at 65 - 80 % Vo2 peak ) , and 3 ) high-volume/high-intensity group ( approximately 20 miles jogging/wk at 65 - 80 % Vo2 peak ) . Training volume ( miles/wk ) was achieved by exercising approximately 115 min/wk ( low-volume/high-intensity group ) or approximately 170 min/wk ( low-volume/moderate-intensity and high-volume/high-intensity groups ) . Insulin action was measured with an insulin sensitivity index ( SI ) from an intravenous glucose tolerance test . In the control group , there was a decrement ( P < 0.05 ) in SI . In contrast , all the exercise groups significantly ( P < 0.05 ) increased SI ; the relative increment in the low-volume/moderate-intensity and high-volume/high-intensity groups ( approximately 85 % ) were greater than in the low-volume/high-intensity group ( approximately 40 % ) . In conclusion , physical activity encompassing a wide range of intensity and volume minimizes the insulin resistance that develops with a sedentary lifestyle . However , an exercise prescription that incorporated approximately 170 min of exercise/wk improved insulin sensitivity more substantially than a program utilizing approximately 115 min of exercise/wk , regardless of exercise intensity and volume . Total exercise duration should thus be considered when design ing training programs with the intent of improving insulin action UNLABELLED The elevation of postpr and ial  plasma triglycerides ( PPTG ) in the blood is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis . Although acute exercise typically attenuates PPTG , the effect of exercise intensity on PPTG is less well established , particularly in well-controlled conditions for physical activities and diet . PURPOSE We sought to determine the efficacy of exercise at 65 % V˙O2max with an extended sitting time and isoenergetic intermittent walking exercise at a self-selected walking speed ( approximately 25 % V˙O2max ) on PPTG compared with that of a sitting control condition . In a r and omized crossover design , nine healthy young men completed three trials with a > 1-wk interval between trials . After 2 d of activity and diet normalization , participants performed prolonged sitting nonexercise control ( CON ) , prolonged sitting with subsequent 1-h running at 65 % V˙O2max ( MOD ) , or isoenergetic intermittent walking at approximately 25 % V˙O2max ( LOW ) on day 3 . This was followed on day 4 by a 6-h high-fat tolerance test . RESULTS MOD and LOW reduced incremental triglyceride ( TG ) area under the curve ( TG AUCI ) compared with that in CON by 33.6 % ( P < 0.005 ) and 19.8 % ( P < 0.05 ) , respectively . MOD also reduced TG AUCI compared with that in LOW by 17.2 % ( P < 0.03 ) . The reduced TG AUCI in MOD was accompanied by reduced plasma glucose response and enhanced fat oxidation compared with those in LOW and CON ( for all , P < 0.05 ) , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Both MOD and LOW were effective in reducing PPTG compared with CON . However , MOD was more effective in reducing PPTG compared with LOW BACKGROUND The health benefits of leisure-time physical activity are well known , but whether less exercise than the recommended 150 min a week can have life expectancy benefits is unclear . We assessed the health benefits of a range of volumes of physical activity in a Taiwanese population . METHODS In this prospect i ve cohort study , 416,175 individuals ( 199,265 men and 216,910 women ) participated in a st and ard medical screening programme in Taiwan between 1996 and 2008 , with an average follow-up of 8·05 years ( SD 4·21 ) . On the basis of the amount of weekly exercise indicated in a self-administered question naire , participants were placed into one of five categories of exercise volumes : inactive , or low , medium , high , or very high activity . We calculated hazard ratios ( HR ) for mortality risks for every group compared with the inactive group , and calculated life expectancy for every group . FINDINGS Compared with individuals in the inactive group , those in the low-volume activity group , who exercised for an average of 92 min per week ( 95 % CI 71 - 112 ) or 15 min a day ( SD 1·8 ) , had a 14 % reduced risk of all-cause mortality ( 0·86 , 0·81 - 0·91 ) , and had a 3 year longer life expectancy . Every additional 15 min of daily exercise beyond the minimum amount of 15 min a day further reduced all-cause mortality by 4 % ( 95 % CI 2·5 - 7·0 ) and all-cancer mortality by 1 % ( 0·3 - 4·5 ) . These benefits were applicable to all age groups and both sexes , and to those with cardiovascular disease risks . Individuals who were inactive had a 17 % ( HR 1·17 , 95 % CI 1·10 - 1·24 ) increased risk of mortality compared with individuals in the low-volume group . INTERPRETATION 15 min a day or 90 min a week of moderate-intensity exercise might be of benefit , even for individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease . FUNDING Taiwan Department of Health Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence and National Health Research Institutes BACKGROUND Obesity is a major health problem due , in part , to physical inactivity . The amount of activity needed to prevent weight gain is unknown . OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of different amounts and intensities of exercise training . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial ( February 1999-July 2002 ) . SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Sedentary , overweight men and women ( aged 40 - 65 years ) with mild to moderate dyslipidemia were recruited from Durham , NC , and surrounding communities . INTERVENTIONS Eight-month exercise program with 3 groups : ( 1 ) high amount/vigorous intensity ( calorically equivalent to approximately 20 miles [ 32.0 km ] of jogging per week at 65%-80 % peak oxygen consumption ) ; ( 2 ) low amount/vigorous intensity ( equivalent to approximately 12 miles [ 19.2 km ] of jogging per week at 65%-80 % ) , and ( 3 ) low amount/moderate intensity ( equivalent to approximately 12 miles [ 19.2 km ] of walking per week at 40%-55 % ) . Subjects were counseled not to change their diet and were encouraged to maintain body weight . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Body weight , body composition ( via skinfolds ) , and waist circumference . RESULTS Of 302 subjects screened , 182 met criteria and were r and omized and 120 completed the study . There was a significant ( P<.05 ) dose-response relationship between amount of exercise and amount of weight loss and fat mass loss . The high-amount/vigorous-intensity group lost significantly more body mass ( in mean [ SD ] kilograms ) and fat mass ( in mean [ SD ] kilograms ) ( -2.9 [ 2.8 ] and -4.8 [ 3.0 ] , respectively ) than the low-amount/moderate-intensity group ( -0.9 [ 1.8 ] and -2.0 [ 2.6 ] , respectively ) , the low-amount/vigorous-intensity group ( -0.6 [ 2.0 ] and -2.5 [ 3.4 ] , respectively ) , and the controls ( + 1.0 [ 2.1 ] and + 0.4 [ 3.0 ] , respectively ) . Both low-amount groups had significantly greater improvements than controls but were not different from each other . Compared with controls , all exercise groups significantly decreased abdominal , minimal waist , and hip circumference measurements . There were no significant changes in dietary intake for any group . CONCLUSIONS In nondieting , overweight subjects , the controls gained weight , both low-amount exercise groups lost weight and fat , and the high-amount group lost more of each in a dose-response manner . These findings strongly suggest that , absent changes in diet , a higher amount of activity is necessary for weight maintenance and that the positive caloric imbalance observed in the overweight controls is small and can be reversed by a modest amount of exercise . Most individuals can accomplish this by walking 30 minutes every day OBJECTIVE To describe the 1 ) l 
    Output:
    
agent
Light-intensity PA was found to be beneficially associated with obesity , markers of lipid and glucose metabolism , and mortality .
Conclusions Observational evidence that light-intensity PA can confer health benefits is accumulating .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Sedentary adults ( N = 379 ) were r and omly assigned in a 2 x 2 design to walk 30 min per day at a frequency of either 3 - 4 or 5 - 7 days per week , at an intensity of either 45%-55 % or 65%-75 % of maximum heart rate reserve . Analyses of exercise accumulated over 6 months showed greater amounts completed in the higher frequency ( p = .0001 ) and moderate intensity ( p = .021 ) conditions . Analyses of percentage of prescribed exercise completed showed greater adherence in the moderate intensity(p = .02 ) condition . Prescribing a higher frequency increased the accumulation of exercise without a decline in adherence , whereas prescribing a higher intensity decreased adherence and result ed in the completion of less exercise As the world 's population ages , the occurrence of osteoporosis-related fractures is projected to increase . Low areal bone mineral density ( aBMD ) , a well-known risk factor for fractures , may be influenced by physical activity ( PA ) . In this cross-sectional study , we aim ed to investigate potential associations between objective measures of PA and bone properties , in a population -based cohort of 1228 70-year-old men and women . We measured volumetric BMD ( vBMD , mg/cm(3 ) ) together with cross-sectional area ( CSA , mm(2 ) ) by peripheral quantitative computed tomography at sites located 4 % and 66 % in the distal-proximal trajectory at the tibia and radius . We also measured aBMD ( g/cm(2 ) ) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at the femoral neck , lumbar spine ( L1-L4 ) and radius . Participants wore triaxial accelerometers for 7 consecutive days to obtain objective estimates of PA . The intensity of the objective PA was divided into light ( 100 - 1951 counts/min [ CPM ] ) , moderate ( 1952 - 5724 cpm ) and vigorous ( ≥ 5725 cpm ) . Maximal accelerations for the anterior-posterior ( z ) , medio-lateral ( x ) , and vertical ( y ) axes were also separately assessed . Associations were investigated using bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression , adjusted for height , weight and sex . Vigorous PA showed the strongest association with femoral neck aBMD ( β=0.09 , p<0.001 ) , while both moderate and vigorous PAs were associated with cortical area and trabecular vBMD in the weight-bearing tibia ( all p<0.05 ) . Peak vertical accelerations were associated significantly with cortical area ( β=0.09 , p<0.001 ) and trabecular vBMD ( β=0.09 , p=0.001 ) of the tibia , whereas peak anterior-posterior accelerations showed no correlation with these properties . No positive association was found between objective ly measured PA and bone parameters of the radius . In conclusion , vertical accelerations and moderate to vigorous PA  independently predict bone properties , especially in the weight-bearing tibia , in 70-year-old men and women Objectives : We have a limited underst and ing of the epidemiological association between objective ly measured physical activity and  depression among older adults . Therefore , the purpose of this study was to examine the association between accelerometer-assessed physical activity and depression symptoms among a nationally representative sample of US older adults . Methods : Data from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used . 708 older adults ( 65 + years ) wore an ActiGraph 7164 accelerometer for at least 4 days , and completed data on the study covariates along with depression , as assessed by the Patient Health Question naire-9 . Results : After controlling for age , gender , race-ethnicity , body mass index , marital status , education , comorbidity index , and physical functioning , for every 60-minute increase in light-intensity physical activity , participants were 20 % ( OR = 0.80 ; 95 % CI : 0.67–0.95 ; p = 0.01 ) less likely to be depressed . Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was also inversely associated with depression ( OR = 0.78 ; 95 % CI : 0.64–0.94 ; p = 0.01 ) . Conclusion : These findings suggest that promoting physical activity , even light-intensity physical activity , may have positive mental health effects  among older adults . Future prospect i ve and experimental studies are warranted Physical activity enhances insulin action in obese/overweight individuals . However , the exercise prescription required for the optimal enhancement is not known . The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that exercise training consisting of vigorous-intensity activity would enhance insulin sensitivity more substantially than moderate-intensity activity . Sedentary , overweight/obese subjects ( n = 154 ) were r and omly assigned to either control or an exercise group for 6 mo : 1 ) low-volume/moderate-intensity group [ approximately 12 miles walking/wk at 40 - 55 % peak O2 consumption ( Vo2 peak ) ] , 2 ) low-volume/high-intensity group ( approximately 12 miles jogging/wk at 65 - 80 % Vo2 peak ) , and 3 ) high-volume/high-intensity group ( approximately 20 miles jogging/wk at 65 - 80 % Vo2 peak ) . Training volume ( miles/wk ) was achieved by exercising approximately 115 min/wk ( low-volume/high-intensity group ) or approximately 170 min/wk ( low-volume/moderate-intensity and high-volume/high-intensity groups ) . Insulin action was measured with an insulin sensitivity index ( SI ) from an intravenous glucose tolerance test . In the control group , there was a decrement ( P < 0.05 ) in SI . In contrast , all the exercise groups significantly ( P < 0.05 ) increased SI ; the relative increment in the low-volume/moderate-intensity and high-volume/high-intensity groups ( approximately 85 % ) were greater than in the low-volume/high-intensity group ( approximately 40 % ) . In conclusion , physical activity encompassing a wide range of intensity and volume minimizes the insulin resistance that develops with a sedentary lifestyle . However , an exercise prescription that incorporated approximately 170 min of exercise/wk improved insulin sensitivity more substantially than a program utilizing approximately 115 min of exercise/wk , regardless of exercise intensity and volume . Total exercise duration should thus be considered when design ing training programs with the intent of improving insulin action UNLABELLED The elevation of postpr and ial  plasma triglycerides ( PPTG ) in the blood is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis . Although acute exercise typically attenuates PPTG , the effect of exercise intensity on PPTG is less well established , particularly in well-controlled conditions for physical activities and diet . PURPOSE We sought to determine the efficacy of exercise at 65 % V˙O2max with an extended sitting time and isoenergetic intermittent walking exercise at a self-selected walking speed ( approximately 25 % V˙O2max ) on PPTG compared with that of a sitting control condition . In a r and omized crossover design , nine healthy young men completed three trials with a > 1-wk interval between trials . After 2 d of activity and diet normalization , participants performed prolonged sitting nonexercise control ( CON ) , prolonged sitting with subsequent 1-h running at 65 % V˙O2max ( MOD ) , or isoenergetic intermittent walking at approximately 25 % V˙O2max ( LOW ) on day 3 . This was followed on day 4 by a 6-h high-fat tolerance test . RESULTS MOD and LOW reduced incremental triglyceride ( TG ) area under the curve ( TG AUCI ) compared with that in CON by 33.6 % ( P < 0.005 ) and 19.8 % ( P < 0.05 ) , respectively . MOD also reduced TG AUCI compared with that in LOW by 17.2 % ( P < 0.03 ) . The reduced TG AUCI in MOD was accompanied by reduced plasma glucose response and enhanced fat oxidation compared with those in LOW and CON ( for all , P < 0.05 ) , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Both MOD and LOW were effective in reducing PPTG compared with CON . However , MOD was more effective in reducing PPTG compared with LOW BACKGROUND The health benefits of leisure-time physical activity are well known , but whether less exercise than the recommended 150 min a week can have life expectancy benefits is unclear . We assessed the health benefits of a range of volumes of physical activity in a Taiwanese population . METHODS In this prospect i ve cohort study , 416,175 individuals ( 199,265 men and 216,910 women ) participated in a st and ard medical screening programme in Taiwan between 1996 and 2008 , with an average follow-up of 8·05 years ( SD 4·21 ) . On the basis of the amount of weekly exercise indicated in a self-administered question naire , participants were placed into one of five categories of exercise volumes : inactive , or low , medium , high , or very high activity . We calculated hazard ratios ( HR ) for mortality risks for every group compared with the inactive group , and calculated life expectancy for every group . FINDINGS Compared with individuals in the inactive group , those in the low-volume activity group , who exercised for an average of 92 min per week ( 95 % CI 71 - 112 ) or 15 min a day ( SD 1·8 ) , had a 14 % reduced risk of all-cause mortality ( 0·86 , 0·81 - 0·91 ) , and had a 3 year longer life expectancy . Every additional 15 min of daily exercise beyond the minimum amount of 15 min a day further reduced all-cause mortality by 4 % ( 95 % CI 2·5 - 7·0 ) and all-cancer mortality by 1 % ( 0·3 - 4·5 ) . These benefits were applicable to all age groups and both sexes , and to those with cardiovascular disease risks . Individuals who were inactive had a 17 % ( HR 1·17 , 95 % CI 1·10 - 1·24 ) increased risk of mortality compared with individuals in the low-volume group . INTERPRETATION 15 min a day or 90 min a week of moderate-intensity exercise might be of benefit , even for individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease . FUNDING Taiwan Department of Health Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence and National Health Research Institutes BACKGROUND Obesity is a major health problem due , in part , to physical inactivity . The amount of activity needed to prevent weight gain is unknown . OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of different amounts and intensities of exercise training . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial ( February 1999-July 2002 ) . SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Sedentary , overweight men and women ( aged 40 - 65 years ) with mild to moderate dyslipidemia were recruited from Durham , NC , and surrounding communities . INTERVENTIONS Eight-month exercise program with 3 groups : ( 1 ) high amount/vigorous intensity ( calorically equivalent to approximately 20 miles [ 32.0 km ] of jogging per week at 65%-80 % peak oxygen consumption ) ; ( 2 ) low amount/vigorous intensity ( equivalent to approximately 12 miles [ 19.2 km ] of jogging per week at 65%-80 % ) , and ( 3 ) low amount/moderate intensity ( equivalent to approximately 12 miles [ 19.2 km ] of walking per week at 40%-55 % ) . Subjects were counseled not to change their diet and were encouraged to maintain body weight . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Body weight , body composition ( via skinfolds ) , and waist circumference . RESULTS Of 302 subjects screened , 182 met criteria and were r and omized and 120 completed the study . There was a significant ( P<.05 ) dose-response relationship between amount of exercise and amount of weight loss and fat mass loss . The high-amount/vigorous-intensity group lost significantly more body mass ( in mean [ SD ] kilograms ) and fat mass ( in mean [ SD ] kilograms ) ( -2.9 [ 2.8 ] and -4.8 [ 3.0 ] , respectively ) than the low-amount/moderate-intensity group ( -0.9 [ 1.8 ] and -2.0 [ 2.6 ] , respectively ) , the low-amount/vigorous-intensity group ( -0.6 [ 2.0 ] and -2.5 [ 3.4 ] , respectively ) , and the controls ( + 1.0 [ 2.1 ] and + 0.4 [ 3.0 ] , respectively ) . Both low-amount groups had significantly greater improvements than controls but were not different from each other . Compared with controls , all exercise groups significantly decreased abdominal , minimal waist , and hip circumference measurements . There were no significant changes in dietary intake for any group . CONCLUSIONS In nondieting , overweight subjects , the controls gained weight , both low-amount exercise groups lost weight and fat , and the high-amount group lost more of each in a dose-response manner . These findings strongly suggest that , absent changes in diet , a higher amount of activity is necessary for weight maintenance and that the positive caloric imbalance observed in the overweight controls is small and can be reversed by a modest amount of exercise . Most individuals can accomplish this by walking 30 minutes every day OBJECTIVE To describe the 1 ) l 
    Output:
    