human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Context A majority of women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) have metabolic abnormalities that result in an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and heart disease . Correlative studies have shown an association between changes in the gut microbiome and metabolic disorders . Two recent studies reported a decrease in α diversity of the gut microbiome in women with PCOS compared with healthy women . Objective We investigated whether changes in the gut microbiome correlated with specific clinical parameters in women with PCOS compared with healthy women . We also investigated whether there were changes in the gut microbiome in women with polycystic ovarian morphology ( PCOM ) who lacked the other diagnostic criteria of PCOS . Participants Subjects were recruited at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences .  Fecal microbial diversity profiles of healthy women ( n = 48 ) , women with PCOM ( n = 42 ) , and women diagnosed with PCOS using the Rotterdam criteria ( n = 73 ) were analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing . Results Lower α diversity was observed in women with PCOS compared with healthy women . Women with PCOM had a change in α diversity that was intermediate between that of the other two groups . Regression analyses showed that hyper and rogenism , total testosterone , and hirsutism were negatively correlated with α diversity . Permutational multivariate analysis of variance in UniFrac distances showed that hyper and rogenism was also correlated with β diversity . A r and om forest identified bacteria that discriminated between healthy women and women with PCOS . Conclusion These results suggest that hyper and rogenism may play a critical role in altering the gut microbiome in women with PCOS Background To our knowledge , no reports are available indicating the effects of synbiotic supplementation on hormonal status , biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . This research was done to assess the effects of synbiotic supplementation on hormonal status , biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in subjects with PCOS . Methods This r and omized double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 60 subjects diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria . Subjects were r and omly assigned into two groups to take either synbiotic ( n = 30 ) or placebo ( n = 30 ) for 12 weeks . Endocrine , inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers were quantified at baseline and after the 12-week intervention . Results After the 12-week intervention , compared with the placebo , synbiotic supplementation significantly increased serum sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG ) ( changes from baseline in synbiotic group : + 19.8 ± 47.3 vs. in placebo group : + 0.5 ± 5.4 nmol/L , p = 0.01 ) , plasma nitric oxide ( NO ) ( changes from baseline in synbiotic group : + 5.5 ± 4.8 vs. in placebo group : + 0.3 ± 9.1 μmol/L , p = 0.006 ) , and decreased modified Ferriman Gallwey ( mF-G ) scores ( changes from baseline in synbiotic group : − 1.3 ± 2.5 vs. in placebo group : − 0.1 ± 0.5 , p = 0.01 ) and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) ( changes from baseline in synbiotic group : − 950.0 ± 2246.6 vs. in placebo group : + 335.3 ± 2466.9 ng/mL , p = 0.02 ) . We did not observe any significant effect of synbiotic supplementation on other hormonal status and biomarkers of oxidative stress . Conclusions Overall , synbiotic supplementation for 12 weeks in PCOS women had beneficial effects on SHBG , mFG scores , hs-CRP and NO levels , but did not affect other hormonal status and biomarkers of oxidative stress . Trial registration This study was retrospectively registered in the Iranian website ( www.i rct .ir ) for registration of clinical trials ( I RCT 201509115623N53 ) , on 2015–09 - 27 Many studies have been done on the hypocholesterolaemic effect of probiotic yoghurt . The results , however , are not conclusive . The aim of the present study was to test the effect of probiotic and conventional yoghurt on the lipid profile in women . In a r and omised trial , ninety female volunteers aged 19 - 49 years were assigned to three groups . Subjects consumed daily 300 g probiotic yoghurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 or 300 g conventional yoghurt or no yoghurt for 6 weeks . Fasting blood sample s , 3 d dietary records and anthropometric measurements were collected at baseline ( T1 ) , end of week 3 ( T2 ) and end of week 6 ( T3 ) . Lipid profile parameters were determined by enzymic methods . Results showed no significant difference in lipid profile within any group throughout the study . Comparing mean differences ( T1 - T3 ) among the three groups showed : no difference in TAG and LDL-cholesterol , a decrease in cholesterol in both conventional ( P < 0.05 ) and probiotic yoghurt groups ( P < 0.005 ) compared with the control group , a decrease in total : HDL-cholesterol ratio for conventional ( P < 0.05 ) and probiotic yoghurt groups ( P < 0.001 ) compared with the control group , and an increase in HDL-cholesterol in the probiotic yoghurt group ( P < 0.05 ) compared with the control group . Positive changes in lipid profile were observed in both yoghurt groups . Any added effect , therefore , is due to the consumption of fermented milk products The present study investigated the impact of a Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 ( LPR ) supplementation on weight loss and maintenance in obese men and women over 24 weeks . In a double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omised trial , each subject consumed two capsules per d of either a placebo or a LPR formulation ( 1.6 × 10(8 ) colony-forming units of LPR/capsule with oligofructose and inulin ) . Each group was su bmi tted to moderate energy restriction for the first 12 weeks followed by 12 weeks of weight maintenance . Body weight and composition were measured at baseline , at week 12 and at week 24 . The intention-to-treat analysis showed that after the first 12 weeks and after 24 weeks , mean weight loss was not significantly different between the LPR and placebo groups when all the subjects were considered . However , a significant treatment × sex interaction was observed . The mean weight loss in women in the LPR group was significantly higher than that in women in the placebo group ( P = 0.02 ) after the first 12 weeks , whereas it was similar in men in the two groups ( P= 0.53 ) . Women in the LPR group continued to lose body weight and fat mass during the weight-maintenance period , whereas opposite changes were observed in the placebo group . Changes in body weight and fat mass during the weight-maintenance period were similar in men in both the groups . LPR-induced  weight loss in women was associated not only with significant reductions in fat mass and circulating leptin concentrations but also with the relative abundance of bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family in faeces . The present study shows that the Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 formulation helps obese women to achieve sustainable weight loss Abstract The aim of the current study was to assess the effects of probiotic supplementation on weight loss , glycaemia and lipid profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , 60 women with PCOS were r and omized to receive probiotic capsule ( n = 30 ) or placebo ( n = 30 ) for 12 weeks . Consumption of probiotic supplements result ed in a significant reduction in weight ( −0.5 ± 0.4 vs. + 0.1 ± 1.0 kg , p = 0.004 ) and BMI ( −0.2 ± 0.2 vs. + 0.03 ± 0.4 kg/m2 , p = 0.004 ) compared with the placebo . In addition , compared with the placebo , probiotic administration was associated with a significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose ( −2.4 ± 8.4 vs. + 2.1 ± 7.0 mg/dL , p = 0.02 ) , serum insulin concentrations ( −2.0 ± 5.8 vs. + 1.6 ± 5.0 μIU/mL , p = 0.01 ) , homoeostasis model of assessment -insulin resistance ( −0.5 ± 1.4 vs. + 0.3 ± 1.1 , p = 0.01 ) , homoeostatic model assessment -beta cell function ( −7.5 ± 22.3 vs. + 6.3 ± 21.7 , p = 0.01 ) , serum triglycerides ( −13.3 ± 51.3 vs. + 13.6 ± 37.1 mg/dL , p= 0.02 ) and a significant increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( QUICKI ) ( + 0.006 ± 0.01 vs. −0.005 ± 0.02 , p = 0.01 ) . When we adjusted the analysis for baseline values of biochemical parameters , age and baseline BMI , except for QUICKI ( p = 0.08 ) , other findings did not alter . We found that probiotic supplementation among PCOS women for 12 weeks had favourable effects on weight loss , markers of insulin resistance , triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol concentrations Background : Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) is a polygenic endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age that lead to infertility . The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of probiotic on pancreatic β-cell function and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) in PCOS patients . Methods : This r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted among 72 women aged 15–40 years old diagnosed with PCOS . Participants were r and omly assigned to two groups receiving : ( 1 ) Probiotic supplements ( n = 36 ) , ( 2 ) placebo ( n = 36 ) for 8-week . Fasting blood sample s were taken at baseline and after 8-week of intervention . Results : Probiotic supplementation , compare with placebo , reduced fasting blood sugar ( −4.15 ± 2.87 vs. 2.57 ± 5.66 mg/dL , respectively P = 0.7 ) , serum insulin levels in crude model ( −0.49 ± 0.67 vs. 0.34 ± 0.82 μIU/mL , respectively , P = 0.09 ) , homeostasis model of assessment -insulin resistance score ( −0.25 ± 0.18 vs. −0.05 ± 0.18 , respectively , P = 0.14 ) nonsignificantly . Serum insulin levels after adjustment with covariates reduced significantly in probiotic group ( P = 0.02 ) . We did not found any significant differences in mean changes of CRP between groups ( −0.25 ± 0.18 vs. −0.05 ± 0.18 , respectively , P = 0.14 ) . Conclusions : A 8-week multispecies probiotics supplementation had nonsignificantly beneficial effect on pancreatic β-cell function and CRP in PCOS patients . After adjustment for some covariates , serum insulin changes were significantly different between groups Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the co-administration of probiotic and selenium on parameters of mental health , hormonal profiles , and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with PCOS . Data on the effects of selenium and probiotic co-supplementation on mental health , hormonal and inflammatory parameters of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) are scarce . This investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of selenium and probiotic co-supplementation on mental health , hormonal and inflammatory parameters in women with PCOS . Methods This r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 subjects , aged 18–40 years old . Participants were r and omly allocated into two groups to intake 8 × 109 CFU/day probiotic plus 200 μg/day selenium supplements ( n = 30 ) or placebo ( n = 30 ) for 12 weeks . Hormonal and inflammatory parameters were measured at baseline and after the 12-week intervention . Results Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation result ed in a significant improvement in beck depression inventory ( β − 0.76 ; 95 % CI , − 1.26 , − 0.26 ; P = 0.003 ) , general health question naire scores ( β − 1.15 ; 95 % CI , − 1.97 , − 0.32 ; P = 0.0 
    Output:
    
agent
The administration of probiotic/synbiotic were associated with a significant improvement in FPG , FBI , HOMA I-R , BMI .
It also modified Ferriman-Gallway , serum triglycerides , serum testosterone , hs-CRP , NO , TAC , GSH , and MDA .
Subgroup analysis of the type of intervention showed that probiotics were associated with greater testosterone and FPG reduction ;  synbiotics administration result ed in a more pronounced decrease of the FBI .
Subgroup analyses on the duration of therapy showed that , probiotic/synbiotic administration had a significantly greater effect on QUICK-I in the case of women with 12-weeks of therapy than in the 8-weeks therapy group .
Nevertheless , we did not observe any significant difference was observed in terms of FBI , HOMA-IR , and FPG .
Probiotics and synbiotics seem to either an effect on/influence metabolic , hormonal and inflammatory parameters , or can influence them .
Consequently , it could lead to an improvement of fertility in PCOS
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Context A majority of women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) have metabolic abnormalities that result in an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and heart disease . Correlative studies have shown an association between changes in the gut microbiome and metabolic disorders . Two recent studies reported a decrease in α diversity of the gut microbiome in women with PCOS compared with healthy women . Objective We investigated whether changes in the gut microbiome correlated with specific clinical parameters in women with PCOS compared with healthy women . We also investigated whether there were changes in the gut microbiome in women with polycystic ovarian morphology ( PCOM ) who lacked the other diagnostic criteria of PCOS . Participants Subjects were recruited at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences .  Fecal microbial diversity profiles of healthy women ( n = 48 ) , women with PCOM ( n = 42 ) , and women diagnosed with PCOS using the Rotterdam criteria ( n = 73 ) were analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing . Results Lower α diversity was observed in women with PCOS compared with healthy women . Women with PCOM had a change in α diversity that was intermediate between that of the other two groups . Regression analyses showed that hyper and rogenism , total testosterone , and hirsutism were negatively correlated with α diversity . Permutational multivariate analysis of variance in UniFrac distances showed that hyper and rogenism was also correlated with β diversity . A r and om forest identified bacteria that discriminated between healthy women and women with PCOS . Conclusion These results suggest that hyper and rogenism may play a critical role in altering the gut microbiome in women with PCOS Background To our knowledge , no reports are available indicating the effects of synbiotic supplementation on hormonal status , biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . This research was done to assess the effects of synbiotic supplementation on hormonal status , biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in subjects with PCOS . Methods This r and omized double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 60 subjects diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria . Subjects were r and omly assigned into two groups to take either synbiotic ( n = 30 ) or placebo ( n = 30 ) for 12 weeks . Endocrine , inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers were quantified at baseline and after the 12-week intervention . Results After the 12-week intervention , compared with the placebo , synbiotic supplementation significantly increased serum sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG ) ( changes from baseline in synbiotic group : + 19.8 ± 47.3 vs. in placebo group : + 0.5 ± 5.4 nmol/L , p = 0.01 ) , plasma nitric oxide ( NO ) ( changes from baseline in synbiotic group : + 5.5 ± 4.8 vs. in placebo group : + 0.3 ± 9.1 μmol/L , p = 0.006 ) , and decreased modified Ferriman Gallwey ( mF-G ) scores ( changes from baseline in synbiotic group : − 1.3 ± 2.5 vs. in placebo group : − 0.1 ± 0.5 , p = 0.01 ) and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) ( changes from baseline in synbiotic group : − 950.0 ± 2246.6 vs. in placebo group : + 335.3 ± 2466.9 ng/mL , p = 0.02 ) . We did not observe any significant effect of synbiotic supplementation on other hormonal status and biomarkers of oxidative stress . Conclusions Overall , synbiotic supplementation for 12 weeks in PCOS women had beneficial effects on SHBG , mFG scores , hs-CRP and NO levels , but did not affect other hormonal status and biomarkers of oxidative stress . Trial registration This study was retrospectively registered in the Iranian website ( www.i rct .ir ) for registration of clinical trials ( I RCT 201509115623N53 ) , on 2015–09 - 27 Many studies have been done on the hypocholesterolaemic effect of probiotic yoghurt . The results , however , are not conclusive . The aim of the present study was to test the effect of probiotic and conventional yoghurt on the lipid profile in women . In a r and omised trial , ninety female volunteers aged 19 - 49 years were assigned to three groups . Subjects consumed daily 300 g probiotic yoghurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 or 300 g conventional yoghurt or no yoghurt for 6 weeks . Fasting blood sample s , 3 d dietary records and anthropometric measurements were collected at baseline ( T1 ) , end of week 3 ( T2 ) and end of week 6 ( T3 ) . Lipid profile parameters were determined by enzymic methods . Results showed no significant difference in lipid profile within any group throughout the study . Comparing mean differences ( T1 - T3 ) among the three groups showed : no difference in TAG and LDL-cholesterol , a decrease in cholesterol in both conventional ( P < 0.05 ) and probiotic yoghurt groups ( P < 0.005 ) compared with the control group , a decrease in total : HDL-cholesterol ratio for conventional ( P < 0.05 ) and probiotic yoghurt groups ( P < 0.001 ) compared with the control group , and an increase in HDL-cholesterol in the probiotic yoghurt group ( P < 0.05 ) compared with the control group . Positive changes in lipid profile were observed in both yoghurt groups . Any added effect , therefore , is due to the consumption of fermented milk products The present study investigated the impact of a Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 ( LPR ) supplementation on weight loss and maintenance in obese men and women over 24 weeks . In a double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omised trial , each subject consumed two capsules per d of either a placebo or a LPR formulation ( 1.6 × 10(8 ) colony-forming units of LPR/capsule with oligofructose and inulin ) . Each group was su bmi tted to moderate energy restriction for the first 12 weeks followed by 12 weeks of weight maintenance . Body weight and composition were measured at baseline , at week 12 and at week 24 . The intention-to-treat analysis showed that after the first 12 weeks and after 24 weeks , mean weight loss was not significantly different between the LPR and placebo groups when all the subjects were considered . However , a significant treatment × sex interaction was observed . The mean weight loss in women in the LPR group was significantly higher than that in women in the placebo group ( P = 0.02 ) after the first 12 weeks , whereas it was similar in men in the two groups ( P= 0.53 ) . Women in the LPR group continued to lose body weight and fat mass during the weight-maintenance period , whereas opposite changes were observed in the placebo group . Changes in body weight and fat mass during the weight-maintenance period were similar in men in both the groups . LPR-induced  weight loss in women was associated not only with significant reductions in fat mass and circulating leptin concentrations but also with the relative abundance of bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family in faeces . The present study shows that the Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 formulation helps obese women to achieve sustainable weight loss Abstract The aim of the current study was to assess the effects of probiotic supplementation on weight loss , glycaemia and lipid profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , 60 women with PCOS were r and omized to receive probiotic capsule ( n = 30 ) or placebo ( n = 30 ) for 12 weeks . Consumption of probiotic supplements result ed in a significant reduction in weight ( −0.5 ± 0.4 vs. + 0.1 ± 1.0 kg , p = 0.004 ) and BMI ( −0.2 ± 0.2 vs. + 0.03 ± 0.4 kg/m2 , p = 0.004 ) compared with the placebo . In addition , compared with the placebo , probiotic administration was associated with a significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose ( −2.4 ± 8.4 vs. + 2.1 ± 7.0 mg/dL , p = 0.02 ) , serum insulin concentrations ( −2.0 ± 5.8 vs. + 1.6 ± 5.0 μIU/mL , p = 0.01 ) , homoeostasis model of assessment -insulin resistance ( −0.5 ± 1.4 vs. + 0.3 ± 1.1 , p = 0.01 ) , homoeostatic model assessment -beta cell function ( −7.5 ± 22.3 vs. + 6.3 ± 21.7 , p = 0.01 ) , serum triglycerides ( −13.3 ± 51.3 vs. + 13.6 ± 37.1 mg/dL , p= 0.02 ) and a significant increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( QUICKI ) ( + 0.006 ± 0.01 vs. −0.005 ± 0.02 , p = 0.01 ) . When we adjusted the analysis for baseline values of biochemical parameters , age and baseline BMI , except for QUICKI ( p = 0.08 ) , other findings did not alter . We found that probiotic supplementation among PCOS women for 12 weeks had favourable effects on weight loss , markers of insulin resistance , triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol concentrations Background : Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) is a polygenic endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age that lead to infertility . The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of probiotic on pancreatic β-cell function and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) in PCOS patients . Methods : This r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted among 72 women aged 15–40 years old diagnosed with PCOS . Participants were r and omly assigned to two groups receiving : ( 1 ) Probiotic supplements ( n = 36 ) , ( 2 ) placebo ( n = 36 ) for 8-week . Fasting blood sample s were taken at baseline and after 8-week of intervention . Results : Probiotic supplementation , compare with placebo , reduced fasting blood sugar ( −4.15 ± 2.87 vs. 2.57 ± 5.66 mg/dL , respectively P = 0.7 ) , serum insulin levels in crude model ( −0.49 ± 0.67 vs. 0.34 ± 0.82 μIU/mL , respectively , P = 0.09 ) , homeostasis model of assessment -insulin resistance score ( −0.25 ± 0.18 vs. −0.05 ± 0.18 , respectively , P = 0.14 ) nonsignificantly . Serum insulin levels after adjustment with covariates reduced significantly in probiotic group ( P = 0.02 ) . We did not found any significant differences in mean changes of CRP between groups ( −0.25 ± 0.18 vs. −0.05 ± 0.18 , respectively , P = 0.14 ) . Conclusions : A 8-week multispecies probiotics supplementation had nonsignificantly beneficial effect on pancreatic β-cell function and CRP in PCOS patients . After adjustment for some covariates , serum insulin changes were significantly different between groups Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the co-administration of probiotic and selenium on parameters of mental health , hormonal profiles , and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with PCOS . Data on the effects of selenium and probiotic co-supplementation on mental health , hormonal and inflammatory parameters of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) are scarce . This investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of selenium and probiotic co-supplementation on mental health , hormonal and inflammatory parameters in women with PCOS . Methods This r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 subjects , aged 18–40 years old . Participants were r and omly allocated into two groups to intake 8 × 109 CFU/day probiotic plus 200 μg/day selenium supplements ( n = 30 ) or placebo ( n = 30 ) for 12 weeks . Hormonal and inflammatory parameters were measured at baseline and after the 12-week intervention . Results Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation result ed in a significant improvement in beck depression inventory ( β − 0.76 ; 95 % CI , − 1.26 , − 0.26 ; P = 0.003 ) , general health question naire scores ( β − 1.15 ; 95 % CI , − 1.97 , − 0.32 ; P = 0.0 
    Output:
    