human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective To compare the efficacy of five probiotic preparations recommended to parents in the treatment of acute diarrhoea in children . Design R and omised controlled clinical trial in collaboration with family paediatricians over 12 months . Setting Primary care . Participants Children aged 3 - 36 months visiting a family paediatrician for acute diarrhoea . Intervention Children 's parents were r and omly assigned to receive written instructions to purchase a specific probiotic product : oral rehydration solution ( control group ) ; Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG ; Saccharomyces boulardii ; Bacillus clausii ; mix of L delbrueckii var bulgaricus , Streptococcus thermophilus , L acidophilus , and Bifidobacterium bifidum ; or Enterococcus faecium SF68 . Main outcome measures Primary outcomes were duration of diarrhoea and daily number and consistency of stools . Secondary outcomes were duration of vomiting and fever and rate of admission to hospital . Safety and tolerance were also recorded . Results 571 children were allocated to intervention .  Median duration of diarrhoea was significantly shorter ( P<0.001 ) in children who received L rhamnosus strain GG ( 78.5 hours ) and the mix of four bacterial strains ( 70.0 hours ) than in children who received oral rehydration solution alone ( 115.0 hours ) . One day after the first probiotic administration , the daily number of stools was significantly lower ( P<0.001 ) in children who received L rhamnosus strain GG and in those who received the probiotic mix than in the other groups . The remaining preparations did not affect primary outcomes . Secondary outcomes were similar in all groups . Conclusions Not all commercially available probiotic preparations are effective in children with acute diarrhoea . Paediatricians should choose bacterial preparations based on effectiveness data . Trial registration number Current Controlled Trials IS RCT N56067537 In a controlled trial in Petrozavodsk , Karelia , the effects of oral rehydration and Lactobacillus strain GG ( LGG ) on  recovery  from  acute diarrhoea ( 27 % rotavirus , 21 % bacterial aetiology ) were studied in 123 children aged between 1 and 36 months of age . On admission to hospital , the patients were first r and omized to receive either isotonic oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) with osmolality 311mosmol/l and sodium 90mmol/l ( WHO‐ORS ) , or a hypotonic ORS with osmolality 224mosmol/l and sodium 60mmol/l ( Light‐ORS ) , and thereafter r and omized to receive either 5 × 109 colony forming units of LGG or a matching placebo . The two ORS performed equally for acute rehydration , and oral rehydration with either ORS was associated with a shorter duration of diarrhoea than intravenous rehydration ( p= 0.036 ) . Patients receiving LGG had a significantly shorter duration of watery diarrhoea [ mean ( SD ) 2.7 ( 2.2 ) days ] than those receiving the placebo [ 3.7 ( 2.8 ) days , p= 0.03 ] . LGG significantly shortened the duration of rotavirus diarrhoea but not diarrhoea with confirmed bacterial aetiology Background Evidence suggests that probiotics reduce  rotavirus diarrhoea duration . Although there are several probiotic strains potentially useful , daily practice is often limited by the type and number of products locally available . In general , information about combined products is scarce . In this study we compare the effect of two probiotic products in the treatment of diarrhoea in children less than 2 years of age . Methods A R and omized double-blind controlled clinical trial in children hospitalized for acute rotavirus diarrhoea , in the Paediatric Centre Albina Patino , Cochabamba , Bolivia . Participants were children aged 1 - 23 months , who were r and omly assigned to receive one of three treatments : Oral rehydration therapy plus placebo ; Oral rehydration solution plus Saccharomyces boulardii ; or Oral rehydration solution plus a compound containing Lactobacillus acidophilus , Lactobacillus rhamnosus , Bifidobacterium longum and Saccharomyces boulardii . Sample size was 20 per group and the outcomes were duration of diarrhoea , of fever , of vomiting and of hospitalization . Results 64 cases finished the protocol . On admission , patients ' characteristics were similar . Median duration of diarrhoea ( p = 0.04 ) in children who received the single species product ( 58 hours ) was shorter than in controls ( 84.5 hrs ) . Comparing children that received the single probiotic product and controls showed shorter duration of fever ( 18 vs 67 hrs ) ( p = 0.0042 ) and the mixed probiotic of vomiting ( 0 vs 42.5 hrs ) ( p = 0.041 ) . There was no effect on duration of hospitalization ( p = 0.31 ) . When experimental groups were merged , statistical significance of changes increased ( total duration of diarrhoea , fever and vomiting P = 0.025 , P = 0.025 and P = 0.014 , respectively ) . Conclusions Both products decreased the duration of diarrhoea compared to oral rehydration solution alone . This decrease was significant only for the single species product which also decreased the duration of fever . With the multiple species product there was no vomiting subsequent to the initiation of treatment . The quantity of probiotic bacteria needed for optimum treatment of gastroenteritis remains to be determined , particularly when multiple species are included in the product . Trial Registration Clinical Trials ( NCT ) : BACKGROUND Oral administration of live Lactobacillus casei strain GG is associated with the reduction of duration of diarrhea in children admitted to the hospital because of diarrhea . The purpose s of this work were to investigate the clinical efficacy of oral administration of Lactobacillus in children with mild diarrhea who were observed as out patients , and to see whether Lactobacillus GG can reduce the duration of rotavirus excretion . METHODS Duration of diarrhea was recorded in 100 children seen by family pediatricians and r and omly assigned to receive oral rehydration or oral rehydration followed by the administration of lyophilized Lactobacillus casei , strain GG .  Rotavirus was looked for in the stools of all children and in those in whom results were positive , stools were examined again 6 days after the onset of diarrhea . RESULTS In 61 children results were positive for rotavirus and in 39 results were negative . Duration of diarrhea was reduced from 6 to 3 days in children receiving Lactobacillus GG , with a similar pattern in rotavirus-positive and -negative children . Six days after the onset of diarrhea , stools in only 4 out of 31 children that received Lactobacillus GG were positive for rotavirus compared with positive findings in 25 out of 30 control subjects . CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of Lactobacillus GG is effective in rotavirus-positive and rotavirus-negative ambulatory children with diarrhea . Furthermore , it reduces the duration of rotavirus excretion Background . Previous studies have shown that selected strains of lactobacilli that are administered orally result in a modest reduction of diarrhea duration . However , duration alone is not considered optimal for therapeutic evaluation of any agent in diarrhea . Objective . To examine the effect of a new probiotic , Lactobacillus paracasei strain ST11 ( ST11 ) , in acute childhood diarrhea by using evaluation criteria recommended by the World Health Organization . Methods . In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial , 230 male infants and young children , 4 to 24 months of age , presenting with diarrhea of < 2 days ' duration were admitted to the metabolic research ward of the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research , Bangladesh , and fed 1010 colony-forming units of lyophilized ST11 or placebo daily for 5 days . Stool output and frequency , oral rehydration solution intake , and excretion of rotavirus were monitored daily . Results . No effect of ST11 treatment on severe rotavirus diarrhea was observed . However , the probiotic treatment did significantly reduce cumulative stool output ( 225 ± 218 vs 381 ± 240 mL/kg ) , stool frequency ( 27.9 ± 17 vs 42.5 ± 26 ) , and oral rehydration solution intake ( 180 ± 207 vs 331 ± 236 mL/kg ) in children with less-severe nonrotavirus diarrhea compared with those receiving placebo treatment . A significantly higher proportion of nonrotavirus children receiving ST11 had their diarrhea resolve within 6 days of therapy ( ST11 versus placebo : 76 % vs 49 % ) . Conclusions . ST11 has a clinical ly significant benefit in the management of children with nonrotavirus-induced diarrhea , but it is ineffective in those with rotavirus diarrhea The effect of viable or heat inactivated human Lactobacillus casei strain GG on rotavirus immune responses in patients with rotavirus diarrhoea was assessed . Rotavirus serum IgA enzyme immunoassay antibody responses were higher in infants treated with viable L casei strain GG than in those treated with inactivated L casei strain GG . There was a significant difference at convalescence with rotavirus specific IgA secreting cells found in 10/12 infants receiving viable but only 2/13 infants receiving inactivated L casei strain GG . The results indicate that viable L casei strain GG stimulate rotavirus specific IgA antibody responses , theoretically significant in the prevention of reinfections BACKGROUND Probiotic dairy products are increasingly gaining popularity . Although the role of probiotic bacteria in the prevention and treatment of pediatric and antibiotic associated diarrhea is fairly well established , their role in the prevention of adult infectious diarrhea has not been well investigated . METHODS Five hundred forty-one , young male military recruits were enrolled and r and omly assigned to receive a yogurt containing Lactobacillus casei ( n = 275 ) or a nonprobiotic yogurt ( n = 266 ) . The incidence and duration of diarrhea were documented and stool sample s examined for bacteria and parasites . RESULTS Five hundred and two participants were eligible for final analysis , 254 receiving probiotic yogurt and 248 in the control group . Seventy-one participants ( 14.14 % ) experienced diarrhea during the study period . The incidence of diarrhea in the probiotic group and the control group was 12.2 % and 16.1 % , respectively ( P = .207 ) . The mean duration of diarrhea was 3 + /- 1.95 days in the probiotic group and 2.6 + /- 1.08 days in the control group ( P = .276 ) . CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated a nonsignificant trend for reduction of the incidence of diarrhea among healthy young adults consuming yogurt containing Lactobacillus casei . Further study is needed to evaluate the role of probiotics in adults OBJECTIVE : The incidence of nosocomial infections , predominantly gastrointestinal and respiratory , in children in developed countries is high , ranging from 5 % to 44 % . There is no effective strategy for preventing these infections . The objective of our study was to investigate the role of Lactobacillus GG ( LGG ) in preventing nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections at a pediatric hospital . METHODS : We conducted a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of 742 hospitalized children . They were r and omly allocated to receive for their hospitalization LGG at a dose of 109 colony-forming units in 100 mL of a fermented milk product ( LGG group , n = 376 ) or placebo that was the same postpasteurized fermented milk product without LGG ( placebo group , n = 366 ) . RESULTS : In the LGG group , compared with the placebo group , we found a significantly reduced risk for gastrointestinal infections ( relative risk [ RR ] : 0.40 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 0.25–0.70 ] ; number needed to treat : 15 [ 95 % CI : 9–34 ) ] , respiratory tract infections ( RR : 0.38 [ 95 % CI : 0.18–0.85 ] ; number needed to treat : 30 [ 95 % CI : 16–159 ] ) , vomiting episodes ( RR : 0.5 [ 95 % CI : 0.3–0.9 ] ) , diarrheal episodes ( RR : 0.24 [ 95 % CI : 0.10–0.50 ] ) , episodes of gastrointestinal infections that lasted > 2 days ( RR : 0.40 [ 95 % CI : 0.25–0.70 ] ) , and episodes of respiratory tract infections that lasted > 3 days ( RR : 0.4 [ 95 % CI : 0. 
    Output:
    
agent
The pooled estimate of efficacy of lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and other probiotics significantly reduced the duration of diarrhea .
In conclusion , probiotics exert positive effect in reducing the duration of acute rotavirus diarrhea  compared with control
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective To compare the efficacy of five probiotic preparations recommended to parents in the treatment of acute diarrhoea in children . Design R and omised controlled clinical trial in collaboration with family paediatricians over 12 months . Setting Primary care . Participants Children aged 3 - 36 months visiting a family paediatrician for acute diarrhoea . Intervention Children 's parents were r and omly assigned to receive written instructions to purchase a specific probiotic product : oral rehydration solution ( control group ) ; Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG ; Saccharomyces boulardii ; Bacillus clausii ; mix of L delbrueckii var bulgaricus , Streptococcus thermophilus , L acidophilus , and Bifidobacterium bifidum ; or Enterococcus faecium SF68 . Main outcome measures Primary outcomes were duration of diarrhoea and daily number and consistency of stools . Secondary outcomes were duration of vomiting and fever and rate of admission to hospital . Safety and tolerance were also recorded . Results 571 children were allocated to intervention .  Median duration of diarrhoea was significantly shorter ( P<0.001 ) in children who received L rhamnosus strain GG ( 78.5 hours ) and the mix of four bacterial strains ( 70.0 hours ) than in children who received oral rehydration solution alone ( 115.0 hours ) . One day after the first probiotic administration , the daily number of stools was significantly lower ( P<0.001 ) in children who received L rhamnosus strain GG and in those who received the probiotic mix than in the other groups . The remaining preparations did not affect primary outcomes . Secondary outcomes were similar in all groups . Conclusions Not all commercially available probiotic preparations are effective in children with acute diarrhoea . Paediatricians should choose bacterial preparations based on effectiveness data . Trial registration number Current Controlled Trials IS RCT N56067537 In a controlled trial in Petrozavodsk , Karelia , the effects of oral rehydration and Lactobacillus strain GG ( LGG ) on  recovery  from  acute diarrhoea ( 27 % rotavirus , 21 % bacterial aetiology ) were studied in 123 children aged between 1 and 36 months of age . On admission to hospital , the patients were first r and omized to receive either isotonic oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) with osmolality 311mosmol/l and sodium 90mmol/l ( WHO‐ORS ) , or a hypotonic ORS with osmolality 224mosmol/l and sodium 60mmol/l ( Light‐ORS ) , and thereafter r and omized to receive either 5 × 109 colony forming units of LGG or a matching placebo . The two ORS performed equally for acute rehydration , and oral rehydration with either ORS was associated with a shorter duration of diarrhoea than intravenous rehydration ( p= 0.036 ) . Patients receiving LGG had a significantly shorter duration of watery diarrhoea [ mean ( SD ) 2.7 ( 2.2 ) days ] than those receiving the placebo [ 3.7 ( 2.8 ) days , p= 0.03 ] . LGG significantly shortened the duration of rotavirus diarrhoea but not diarrhoea with confirmed bacterial aetiology Background Evidence suggests that probiotics reduce  rotavirus diarrhoea duration . Although there are several probiotic strains potentially useful , daily practice is often limited by the type and number of products locally available . In general , information about combined products is scarce . In this study we compare the effect of two probiotic products in the treatment of diarrhoea in children less than 2 years of age . Methods A R and omized double-blind controlled clinical trial in children hospitalized for acute rotavirus diarrhoea , in the Paediatric Centre Albina Patino , Cochabamba , Bolivia . Participants were children aged 1 - 23 months , who were r and omly assigned to receive one of three treatments : Oral rehydration therapy plus placebo ; Oral rehydration solution plus Saccharomyces boulardii ; or Oral rehydration solution plus a compound containing Lactobacillus acidophilus , Lactobacillus rhamnosus , Bifidobacterium longum and Saccharomyces boulardii . Sample size was 20 per group and the outcomes were duration of diarrhoea , of fever , of vomiting and of hospitalization . Results 64 cases finished the protocol . On admission , patients ' characteristics were similar . Median duration of diarrhoea ( p = 0.04 ) in children who received the single species product ( 58 hours ) was shorter than in controls ( 84.5 hrs ) . Comparing children that received the single probiotic product and controls showed shorter duration of fever ( 18 vs 67 hrs ) ( p = 0.0042 ) and the mixed probiotic of vomiting ( 0 vs 42.5 hrs ) ( p = 0.041 ) . There was no effect on duration of hospitalization ( p = 0.31 ) . When experimental groups were merged , statistical significance of changes increased ( total duration of diarrhoea , fever and vomiting P = 0.025 , P = 0.025 and P = 0.014 , respectively ) . Conclusions Both products decreased the duration of diarrhoea compared to oral rehydration solution alone . This decrease was significant only for the single species product which also decreased the duration of fever . With the multiple species product there was no vomiting subsequent to the initiation of treatment . The quantity of probiotic bacteria needed for optimum treatment of gastroenteritis remains to be determined , particularly when multiple species are included in the product . Trial Registration Clinical Trials ( NCT ) : BACKGROUND Oral administration of live Lactobacillus casei strain GG is associated with the reduction of duration of diarrhea in children admitted to the hospital because of diarrhea . The purpose s of this work were to investigate the clinical efficacy of oral administration of Lactobacillus in children with mild diarrhea who were observed as out patients , and to see whether Lactobacillus GG can reduce the duration of rotavirus excretion . METHODS Duration of diarrhea was recorded in 100 children seen by family pediatricians and r and omly assigned to receive oral rehydration or oral rehydration followed by the administration of lyophilized Lactobacillus casei , strain GG .  Rotavirus was looked for in the stools of all children and in those in whom results were positive , stools were examined again 6 days after the onset of diarrhea . RESULTS In 61 children results were positive for rotavirus and in 39 results were negative . Duration of diarrhea was reduced from 6 to 3 days in children receiving Lactobacillus GG , with a similar pattern in rotavirus-positive and -negative children . Six days after the onset of diarrhea , stools in only 4 out of 31 children that received Lactobacillus GG were positive for rotavirus compared with positive findings in 25 out of 30 control subjects . CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of Lactobacillus GG is effective in rotavirus-positive and rotavirus-negative ambulatory children with diarrhea . Furthermore , it reduces the duration of rotavirus excretion Background . Previous studies have shown that selected strains of lactobacilli that are administered orally result in a modest reduction of diarrhea duration . However , duration alone is not considered optimal for therapeutic evaluation of any agent in diarrhea . Objective . To examine the effect of a new probiotic , Lactobacillus paracasei strain ST11 ( ST11 ) , in acute childhood diarrhea by using evaluation criteria recommended by the World Health Organization . Methods . In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial , 230 male infants and young children , 4 to 24 months of age , presenting with diarrhea of < 2 days ' duration were admitted to the metabolic research ward of the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research , Bangladesh , and fed 1010 colony-forming units of lyophilized ST11 or placebo daily for 5 days . Stool output and frequency , oral rehydration solution intake , and excretion of rotavirus were monitored daily . Results . No effect of ST11 treatment on severe rotavirus diarrhea was observed . However , the probiotic treatment did significantly reduce cumulative stool output ( 225 ± 218 vs 381 ± 240 mL/kg ) , stool frequency ( 27.9 ± 17 vs 42.5 ± 26 ) , and oral rehydration solution intake ( 180 ± 207 vs 331 ± 236 mL/kg ) in children with less-severe nonrotavirus diarrhea compared with those receiving placebo treatment . A significantly higher proportion of nonrotavirus children receiving ST11 had their diarrhea resolve within 6 days of therapy ( ST11 versus placebo : 76 % vs 49 % ) . Conclusions . ST11 has a clinical ly significant benefit in the management of children with nonrotavirus-induced diarrhea , but it is ineffective in those with rotavirus diarrhea The effect of viable or heat inactivated human Lactobacillus casei strain GG on rotavirus immune responses in patients with rotavirus diarrhoea was assessed . Rotavirus serum IgA enzyme immunoassay antibody responses were higher in infants treated with viable L casei strain GG than in those treated with inactivated L casei strain GG . There was a significant difference at convalescence with rotavirus specific IgA secreting cells found in 10/12 infants receiving viable but only 2/13 infants receiving inactivated L casei strain GG . The results indicate that viable L casei strain GG stimulate rotavirus specific IgA antibody responses , theoretically significant in the prevention of reinfections BACKGROUND Probiotic dairy products are increasingly gaining popularity . Although the role of probiotic bacteria in the prevention and treatment of pediatric and antibiotic associated diarrhea is fairly well established , their role in the prevention of adult infectious diarrhea has not been well investigated . METHODS Five hundred forty-one , young male military recruits were enrolled and r and omly assigned to receive a yogurt containing Lactobacillus casei ( n = 275 ) or a nonprobiotic yogurt ( n = 266 ) . The incidence and duration of diarrhea were documented and stool sample s examined for bacteria and parasites . RESULTS Five hundred and two participants were eligible for final analysis , 254 receiving probiotic yogurt and 248 in the control group . Seventy-one participants ( 14.14 % ) experienced diarrhea during the study period . The incidence of diarrhea in the probiotic group and the control group was 12.2 % and 16.1 % , respectively ( P = .207 ) . The mean duration of diarrhea was 3 + /- 1.95 days in the probiotic group and 2.6 + /- 1.08 days in the control group ( P = .276 ) . CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated a nonsignificant trend for reduction of the incidence of diarrhea among healthy young adults consuming yogurt containing Lactobacillus casei . Further study is needed to evaluate the role of probiotics in adults OBJECTIVE : The incidence of nosocomial infections , predominantly gastrointestinal and respiratory , in children in developed countries is high , ranging from 5 % to 44 % . There is no effective strategy for preventing these infections . The objective of our study was to investigate the role of Lactobacillus GG ( LGG ) in preventing nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections at a pediatric hospital . METHODS : We conducted a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of 742 hospitalized children . They were r and omly allocated to receive for their hospitalization LGG at a dose of 109 colony-forming units in 100 mL of a fermented milk product ( LGG group , n = 376 ) or placebo that was the same postpasteurized fermented milk product without LGG ( placebo group , n = 366 ) . RESULTS : In the LGG group , compared with the placebo group , we found a significantly reduced risk for gastrointestinal infections ( relative risk [ RR ] : 0.40 [ 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 0.25–0.70 ] ; number needed to treat : 15 [ 95 % CI : 9–34 ) ] , respiratory tract infections ( RR : 0.38 [ 95 % CI : 0.18–0.85 ] ; number needed to treat : 30 [ 95 % CI : 16–159 ] ) , vomiting episodes ( RR : 0.5 [ 95 % CI : 0.3–0.9 ] ) , diarrheal episodes ( RR : 0.24 [ 95 % CI : 0.10–0.50 ] ) , episodes of gastrointestinal infections that lasted > 2 days ( RR : 0.40 [ 95 % CI : 0.25–0.70 ] ) , and episodes of respiratory tract infections that lasted > 3 days ( RR : 0.4 [ 95 % CI : 0. 
    Output:
    