human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The effects of dietary supplementation with coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles  of women presenting waist circumferences ( WC ) > 88 cm ( abdominal obesity ) were investigated . The r and omised , double-blind , clinical trial involved 40 women aged 20–40 years . Groups received daily dietary supplements comprising 30 mL of either soy bean oil ( group S ; n = 20 ) or coconut oil ( group C ; n = 20 ) over a 12-week period , during which all subjects were instructed to follow a balanced hypocaloric diet and to walk for 50 min per day . Data were collected 1 week before ( T1 ) and 1 week after ( T2 ) dietary intervention . Energy intake and amount of carbohydrate ingested by both groups diminished over the trial , whereas the consumption of protein and fibre increased and lipid ingestion remained unchanged . At T1 there were no differences in biochemical or anthropometric characteristics between the groups , whereas at T2 group C presented a higher level of HDL ( 48.7 ± 2.4 vs. 45.00 ± 5.6 ; P = 0.01 ) and a lower LDL : HDL ratio ( 2.41 ± 0.8 vs. 3.1 ± 0.8 ; P = 0.04 ) . Reductions in BMI were observed in both groups at T2 ( P < 0.05 ) , but only group C exhibited a reduction in WC ( P = 0.005 ) . Group S presented an increase ( P < 0.05 ) in total cholesterol , LDL and LDL : HDL ratio , whilst HDL diminished ( P = 0.03 ) . Such alterations were not observed in group C. It appears that dietetic supplementation with coconut oil does not cause dyslipidemia and seems to promote a reduction in abdominal obesity Introduction High dietary saturated fat intake is associated with higher blood concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , an established risk factor for coronary heart disease . However , there is increasing interest in whether various dietary oils or fats with different fatty acid profiles such as extra virgin coconut oil may have different metabolic effects but trials have reported inconsistent results . We aim ed to compare changes in blood lipid profile , weight , fat distribution and metabolic markers after four weeks consumption of 50 g daily of one of three different dietary fats , extra virgin coconut oil , butter or extra virgin olive oil , in healthy men and women in the general population . Design R and omised clinical trial conducted over June and July 2017 . Setting General community in Cambridgeshire , UK . Participants Volunteer adults were recruited by the British Broadcasting Corporation through their websites . Eligibility criteria were men and women aged 50–75 years , with no known history of cancer , cardiovascular disease or diabetes , not on lipid lowering medication , no contraindications to a high-fat diet and willingness to be r and omised to consume one of the three dietary fats for 4 weeks . Of 160 individuals initially expressing an interest and assessed for eligibility , 96 were r and omised to one of three interventions ; 2 individuals subsequently withdrew and 94 men and women attended a baseline assessment . Their mean age was 60 years , 67 % were women and 98 % were European Caucasian . Of these , 91 men and women attended a follow-up assessment 4 weeks later . Intervention Participants were r and omised to extra virgin coconut oil , extra virgin olive oil or unsalted butter and asked to consume 50 g daily of one of these fats for 4 weeks , which they could incorporate into their usual diet or consume as a supplement . Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome was change in serum LDL-C ; secondary outcomes were change in total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( TC and HDL-C ) , TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C ; change in weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , per cent body fat , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , fasting plasma glucose and C reactive protein . Results LDL-C concentrations were significantly increased on butter compared with coconut oil ( + 0.42 , 95 % CI 0.19 to 0.65 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) and with olive oil ( + 0.38 , 95 % CI 0.16 to 0.60 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) , with no differences in change of LDL-C in coconut oil compared with olive oil ( −0.04 , 95 % CI −0.27 to 0.19 mmol/L , P=0.74 ) . Coconut oil significantly increased HDL-C compared with butter ( + 0.18 , 95 % CI 0.06 to 0.30 mmol/L ) or olive oil ( + 0.16 , 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.28 mmol/L ) . Butter significantly increased TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C compared with coconut oil but coconut oil did not significantly differ from olive oil  for TC/HDL-C and non-HDL-C. There were no significant differences in changes in weight , BMI , central adiposity , fasting blood glucose , systolic or diastolic blood pressure among any of the three intervention groups . Conclusions and relevance Two different dietary fats ( butter and coconut oil ) which are predominantly saturated fats , appear to have different effects on blood lipids compared with olive oil , a predominantly monounsaturated fat with coconut oil more comparable to olive oil with respect to LDL-C. The effects of different dietary fats on lipid profiles , metabolic markers and health outcomes may vary not just according to the general classification of their main component fatty acids as saturated or unsaturated but possibly according to different profiles in individual fatty acids , processing methods as well as the foods in which they are consumed or dietary patterns . These findings do not alter current dietary recommendations to reduce saturated fat intake in general but highlight the need for further elucidation of the more nuanced relationships between different dietary fats and health . Trial registration number NCT03105947 ; Results This study 's purpose was to evaluate the fasting human plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary beef fat ( BF ) by comparison with coconut oil ( CO ) and safflower oil ( SO ) , fats customarily classified as saturated and polyunsaturated .  Nineteen free-living normolipidemic men aged 25.6 + /- 3.5 yr consumed central ly-prepared lunches and dinners of common foods having 35 % fat calories , 60 % of which was the test fat . The test fats were isocalorically substituted , and each fed for five weeks in r and om sequences with intervening five weeks of habitual diets .  Plasma total cholesterol ( TC ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) concentrations among individuals follows the same relative rank regardless of diet . Triglycerides ( TG ) concentrations among individuals also maintain their relative rank regardless of diet but in a different order from that of the cholesterols . Plasma TC , HDL-C , and LDL-C responses to BF were significantly lower and TG higher than to CO . As compared to SO , BF produced equivalent levels of TG , HDL-C , and LDL-C and marginally higher TC . Thus , the customary consideration of BF as " saturated " and grouping it with CO appears unwarranted The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid composition of chylomicron triglycerides isolated from subjects fed liquid-formula diets containing 40 % of total energy as medium- ( C8:0 and C10:0 ) or long-chain ( C16-C18 ) triglycerides ( MCT , LCT )  for 6 d. Medium-chain fatty acids ( MCFA ) comprised 8 % of total chylomicron triglyceride fatty acids after the first MCT meal . After 6 d of continued MCT feeding , chylomicron triglyceride MCFA content increased to 13 % . When subjects were fed the LCT ( soybean oil ) diet , C16:0 , C18:1 , and C18:2 comprised nearly 90 % of the chylomicron triglyceride fatty acids . The mass of triglyceride transported in chylomicrons isolated from subjects fed the MCT diet was approximately 20 % of that found when subjects consumed the LCT diet . We conclude that although total triglyceride production during MCT ingestion is low , the chylomicron triglycerides that are synthesized contain significant amounts of MCFA The effects of lauric acid ( C12:0 ) on plasma lipids and lipoproteins were compared with the effects of palmitic acid ( C16:0 ) and oleic acid ( C18:1 ) in a metabolic-diet study of 14 men by using liquid-formula diets fed for 3 wk each in r and om order . Lauric acid was supplied in a synthetic high-lauric oil , palmitic acid was provided by palm oil and oleic acid in oleic-rich sunflower seed oil . The high-lauric oil result ed in higher concentrations of plasma total cholesterol ( 4.94 + /- 0.75 mmol/L [ mean + /- SE ] ) and LDL cholesterol ( 3.70 + /- 0.57 mmol/L ) when compared with high-oleic sunflower oil ( 4.44 + /- 0.54 and 3.31 + /- 0.44 mmol/L , respectively ) , but did not raise total and LDL cholesterol concentrations as much as did palm oil ( 5.17 + /- 0.65 and 3.93 + /- 0.51 mmol/L , respectively ) . No differences were noted in plasma triglycerides or HDL cholesterol .  Lauric acid raises total and LDL cholesterol concentrations compared with oleic acid , but is not as potent for increasing cholesterol concentrations as is palmitic acid The present paper reports the influence on plasma lipids of isoenergetic diets containing 30 % of energy as fat , with a polyunsaturated : saturated fat ratio of 4.00 or 0.25 , consumed for 8 weeks by twenty-five young normolipidaemic males . Approximately 70 % of the fat energy was provided by the test fats : soya-bean fat and coconut fat . During the soya-bean-fat-eating period the total plasma cholesterol level fell significantly compared with baseline values ( P less than 0.001 ) and during the coconut-fat-eating phase total plasma cholesterol level increased significantly compared with the soya-bean-eating period ( P less than 0.001 ) . On the soya-bean-fat diet , high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol decreased by 15 % ( range 6 - 35 % ) and plasma triacylglycerols decreased by 25 % ( range 13 - 37 % ) . Results of the present study show that even when the proportion of total fat in the diet is low , a high intake of linoleic acid lowers both total plasma cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol , while a high intake of saturated fat elevates both these lipid fractions . Application of regression formulas to the present findings indicates that short-chain saturated fatty acids have a neutral effect on serum cholesterol Background / objectives : Effects of high-protein diets that are rich in saturated fats on cell adhesion molecules , thrombogenicity and other nonlipid markers of atherosclerosis in humans have not been firmly established . We aim to investigate the effects of high-protein Malaysian diets prepared separately with virgin olive oil ( OO ) , palm olein ( PO ) and coconut oil ( CO ) on cell adhesion molecules , lipid inflammatory mediators and thromobogenicity indices in healthy adults . Methods : A r and omized cross-over intervention with three dietary sequences , using virgin OO , PO and CO as test fats , was carried out for 5 weeks on each group consisting of 45 men and women . These test fats were incorporated separately at two-thirds of 30 % fat calories into high-protein Malaysian diets . Results : For fasting and nonfasting blood sample s , no significant differences were observed on the effects of the three test-fat diets on thrombaxane B2 ( TXB2 ) , TXB2/PGF1α ratios and soluble intracellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules . The OO diet induced significantly lower ( P<0.05 ) plasma leukotriene B4 ( LTB4 ) compared with the other two test diets , whereas PGF1α concentrations were significantly higher ( P<0.05 ) at the end of the PO diet compared with the OO diet . Conclusion : Diets rich in saturated fatty acids from either PO or CO and high in monounsaturated oleic acid from virgin OO do not alter the thrombogenicity indices — cellular adhesion molecules , thromboxane B2 ( TXB2 ) and TXB2/prostacyclin ( PGF1α ) ratios . However , the OO diet lowered plasma proinflammatory LTB4 , whereas the PO diet raised the antiaggregatory plasma PGF1α in healthy Malaysian adults . This trial 
    Output:
    
agent
Coconut oil consumption did not significantly affect markers of glycemia , inflammation , and adiposity as compared with nontropical vegetable oils .
Conclusions : Coconut oil consumption results in significantly higher LDL-cholesterol than nontropical vegetable oils .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The effects of dietary supplementation with coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles  of women presenting waist circumferences ( WC ) > 88 cm ( abdominal obesity ) were investigated . The r and omised , double-blind , clinical trial involved 40 women aged 20–40 years . Groups received daily dietary supplements comprising 30 mL of either soy bean oil ( group S ; n = 20 ) or coconut oil ( group C ; n = 20 ) over a 12-week period , during which all subjects were instructed to follow a balanced hypocaloric diet and to walk for 50 min per day . Data were collected 1 week before ( T1 ) and 1 week after ( T2 ) dietary intervention . Energy intake and amount of carbohydrate ingested by both groups diminished over the trial , whereas the consumption of protein and fibre increased and lipid ingestion remained unchanged . At T1 there were no differences in biochemical or anthropometric characteristics between the groups , whereas at T2 group C presented a higher level of HDL ( 48.7 ± 2.4 vs. 45.00 ± 5.6 ; P = 0.01 ) and a lower LDL : HDL ratio ( 2.41 ± 0.8 vs. 3.1 ± 0.8 ; P = 0.04 ) . Reductions in BMI were observed in both groups at T2 ( P < 0.05 ) , but only group C exhibited a reduction in WC ( P = 0.005 ) . Group S presented an increase ( P < 0.05 ) in total cholesterol , LDL and LDL : HDL ratio , whilst HDL diminished ( P = 0.03 ) . Such alterations were not observed in group C. It appears that dietetic supplementation with coconut oil does not cause dyslipidemia and seems to promote a reduction in abdominal obesity Introduction High dietary saturated fat intake is associated with higher blood concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , an established risk factor for coronary heart disease . However , there is increasing interest in whether various dietary oils or fats with different fatty acid profiles such as extra virgin coconut oil may have different metabolic effects but trials have reported inconsistent results . We aim ed to compare changes in blood lipid profile , weight , fat distribution and metabolic markers after four weeks consumption of 50 g daily of one of three different dietary fats , extra virgin coconut oil , butter or extra virgin olive oil , in healthy men and women in the general population . Design R and omised clinical trial conducted over June and July 2017 . Setting General community in Cambridgeshire , UK . Participants Volunteer adults were recruited by the British Broadcasting Corporation through their websites . Eligibility criteria were men and women aged 50–75 years , with no known history of cancer , cardiovascular disease or diabetes , not on lipid lowering medication , no contraindications to a high-fat diet and willingness to be r and omised to consume one of the three dietary fats for 4 weeks . Of 160 individuals initially expressing an interest and assessed for eligibility , 96 were r and omised to one of three interventions ; 2 individuals subsequently withdrew and 94 men and women attended a baseline assessment . Their mean age was 60 years , 67 % were women and 98 % were European Caucasian . Of these , 91 men and women attended a follow-up assessment 4 weeks later . Intervention Participants were r and omised to extra virgin coconut oil , extra virgin olive oil or unsalted butter and asked to consume 50 g daily of one of these fats for 4 weeks , which they could incorporate into their usual diet or consume as a supplement . Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome was change in serum LDL-C ; secondary outcomes were change in total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( TC and HDL-C ) , TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C ; change in weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , per cent body fat , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , fasting plasma glucose and C reactive protein . Results LDL-C concentrations were significantly increased on butter compared with coconut oil ( + 0.42 , 95 % CI 0.19 to 0.65 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) and with olive oil ( + 0.38 , 95 % CI 0.16 to 0.60 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) , with no differences in change of LDL-C in coconut oil compared with olive oil ( −0.04 , 95 % CI −0.27 to 0.19 mmol/L , P=0.74 ) . Coconut oil significantly increased HDL-C compared with butter ( + 0.18 , 95 % CI 0.06 to 0.30 mmol/L ) or olive oil ( + 0.16 , 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.28 mmol/L ) . Butter significantly increased TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C compared with coconut oil but coconut oil did not significantly differ from olive oil  for TC/HDL-C and non-HDL-C. There were no significant differences in changes in weight , BMI , central adiposity , fasting blood glucose , systolic or diastolic blood pressure among any of the three intervention groups . Conclusions and relevance Two different dietary fats ( butter and coconut oil ) which are predominantly saturated fats , appear to have different effects on blood lipids compared with olive oil , a predominantly monounsaturated fat with coconut oil more comparable to olive oil with respect to LDL-C. The effects of different dietary fats on lipid profiles , metabolic markers and health outcomes may vary not just according to the general classification of their main component fatty acids as saturated or unsaturated but possibly according to different profiles in individual fatty acids , processing methods as well as the foods in which they are consumed or dietary patterns . These findings do not alter current dietary recommendations to reduce saturated fat intake in general but highlight the need for further elucidation of the more nuanced relationships between different dietary fats and health . Trial registration number NCT03105947 ; Results This study 's purpose was to evaluate the fasting human plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary beef fat ( BF ) by comparison with coconut oil ( CO ) and safflower oil ( SO ) , fats customarily classified as saturated and polyunsaturated .  Nineteen free-living normolipidemic men aged 25.6 + /- 3.5 yr consumed central ly-prepared lunches and dinners of common foods having 35 % fat calories , 60 % of which was the test fat . The test fats were isocalorically substituted , and each fed for five weeks in r and om sequences with intervening five weeks of habitual diets .  Plasma total cholesterol ( TC ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) concentrations among individuals follows the same relative rank regardless of diet . Triglycerides ( TG ) concentrations among individuals also maintain their relative rank regardless of diet but in a different order from that of the cholesterols . Plasma TC , HDL-C , and LDL-C responses to BF were significantly lower and TG higher than to CO . As compared to SO , BF produced equivalent levels of TG , HDL-C , and LDL-C and marginally higher TC . Thus , the customary consideration of BF as " saturated " and grouping it with CO appears unwarranted The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid composition of chylomicron triglycerides isolated from subjects fed liquid-formula diets containing 40 % of total energy as medium- ( C8:0 and C10:0 ) or long-chain ( C16-C18 ) triglycerides ( MCT , LCT )  for 6 d. Medium-chain fatty acids ( MCFA ) comprised 8 % of total chylomicron triglyceride fatty acids after the first MCT meal . After 6 d of continued MCT feeding , chylomicron triglyceride MCFA content increased to 13 % . When subjects were fed the LCT ( soybean oil ) diet , C16:0 , C18:1 , and C18:2 comprised nearly 90 % of the chylomicron triglyceride fatty acids . The mass of triglyceride transported in chylomicrons isolated from subjects fed the MCT diet was approximately 20 % of that found when subjects consumed the LCT diet . We conclude that although total triglyceride production during MCT ingestion is low , the chylomicron triglycerides that are synthesized contain significant amounts of MCFA The effects of lauric acid ( C12:0 ) on plasma lipids and lipoproteins were compared with the effects of palmitic acid ( C16:0 ) and oleic acid ( C18:1 ) in a metabolic-diet study of 14 men by using liquid-formula diets fed for 3 wk each in r and om order . Lauric acid was supplied in a synthetic high-lauric oil , palmitic acid was provided by palm oil and oleic acid in oleic-rich sunflower seed oil . The high-lauric oil result ed in higher concentrations of plasma total cholesterol ( 4.94 + /- 0.75 mmol/L [ mean + /- SE ] ) and LDL cholesterol ( 3.70 + /- 0.57 mmol/L ) when compared with high-oleic sunflower oil ( 4.44 + /- 0.54 and 3.31 + /- 0.44 mmol/L , respectively ) , but did not raise total and LDL cholesterol concentrations as much as did palm oil ( 5.17 + /- 0.65 and 3.93 + /- 0.51 mmol/L , respectively ) . No differences were noted in plasma triglycerides or HDL cholesterol .  Lauric acid raises total and LDL cholesterol concentrations compared with oleic acid , but is not as potent for increasing cholesterol concentrations as is palmitic acid The present paper reports the influence on plasma lipids of isoenergetic diets containing 30 % of energy as fat , with a polyunsaturated : saturated fat ratio of 4.00 or 0.25 , consumed for 8 weeks by twenty-five young normolipidaemic males . Approximately 70 % of the fat energy was provided by the test fats : soya-bean fat and coconut fat . During the soya-bean-fat-eating period the total plasma cholesterol level fell significantly compared with baseline values ( P less than 0.001 ) and during the coconut-fat-eating phase total plasma cholesterol level increased significantly compared with the soya-bean-eating period ( P less than 0.001 ) . On the soya-bean-fat diet , high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol decreased by 15 % ( range 6 - 35 % ) and plasma triacylglycerols decreased by 25 % ( range 13 - 37 % ) . Results of the present study show that even when the proportion of total fat in the diet is low , a high intake of linoleic acid lowers both total plasma cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol , while a high intake of saturated fat elevates both these lipid fractions . Application of regression formulas to the present findings indicates that short-chain saturated fatty acids have a neutral effect on serum cholesterol Background / objectives : Effects of high-protein diets that are rich in saturated fats on cell adhesion molecules , thrombogenicity and other nonlipid markers of atherosclerosis in humans have not been firmly established . We aim to investigate the effects of high-protein Malaysian diets prepared separately with virgin olive oil ( OO ) , palm olein ( PO ) and coconut oil ( CO ) on cell adhesion molecules , lipid inflammatory mediators and thromobogenicity indices in healthy adults . Methods : A r and omized cross-over intervention with three dietary sequences , using virgin OO , PO and CO as test fats , was carried out for 5 weeks on each group consisting of 45 men and women . These test fats were incorporated separately at two-thirds of 30 % fat calories into high-protein Malaysian diets . Results : For fasting and nonfasting blood sample s , no significant differences were observed on the effects of the three test-fat diets on thrombaxane B2 ( TXB2 ) , TXB2/PGF1α ratios and soluble intracellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules . The OO diet induced significantly lower ( P<0.05 ) plasma leukotriene B4 ( LTB4 ) compared with the other two test diets , whereas PGF1α concentrations were significantly higher ( P<0.05 ) at the end of the PO diet compared with the OO diet . Conclusion : Diets rich in saturated fatty acids from either PO or CO and high in monounsaturated oleic acid from virgin OO do not alter the thrombogenicity indices — cellular adhesion molecules , thromboxane B2 ( TXB2 ) and TXB2/prostacyclin ( PGF1α ) ratios . However , the OO diet lowered plasma proinflammatory LTB4 , whereas the PO diet raised the antiaggregatory plasma PGF1α in healthy Malaysian adults . This trial 
    Output:
    