human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We examined the effects of an 8-week exercise intervention on aerobic fitness , and roid and gynoid fat mass , and blood lipids in overweight and obese participants . Twenty-four sedentary participants ( average BMI = 30 ± 2 kg/m2 ; 18 females , 6 males ) were r and omized into either interval training and diet education ( INT group ) , continuous aerobic exercise and diet education ( CON group ) , or diet education only ( DIET group ) . Duration s of exercise sessions were similar ( ∼30 minutes ) , with both exercise groups completing the same amount of work . The INT and CON groups demonstrated significant improvements over time for ( p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 , ES = 1.1 and 1.2 , respectively ) and time to exhaustion on a grade d exercise test ( p < 0.01 and ES = 0.8 for both groups ) . Further , a large effect size ( 0.7 ) was recorded for the loss in and roid fat mass over time in the INT group only Regular exercise training is recognized as a powerful tool to improve work capacity , endothelial function and the cardiovascular risk profile in obesity , but it is unknown which of high-intensity aerobic exercise , moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or strength training is the optimal mode of exercise . In the present study , a total of 40 subjects were r and omized to high-intensity interval aerobic training , continuous moderate-intensity aerobic training or maximal strength training programmes for 12 weeks , three times/week . The high-intensity group performed aerobic interval walking/running at 85 - 95 % of maximal heart rate , whereas the moderate-intensity group exercised continuously at 60 - 70 % of maximal heart rate ; protocol s were isocaloric . The strength training group performed ' high-intensity ' leg press , abdominal and back strength training .  Maximal oxygen uptake and endothelial function improved in all groups ; the greatest improvement was observed after high-intensity training , and an equal improvement was observed after moderate-intensity aerobic training and strength training . High-intensity aerobic training and strength training were associated with increased PGC-1alpha ( peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1alpha ) levels and improved Ca(2 + ) transport in the skeletal muscle , whereas only strength training improved antioxidant status . Both strength training and moderate-intensity aerobic training decreased oxidized LDL ( low-density lipoprotein ) levels . Only aerobic training decreased body weight and diastolic blood pressure . In conclusion , high-intensity aerobic interval training was better than moderate-intensity aerobic training in improving aerobic work capacity and endothelial function . An important contribution towards improved aerobic work capacity , endothelial function and cardiovascular health originates from strength training , which may serve as a substitute when whole-body aerobic exercise is contra-indicated or difficult to perform BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Exercise training is commonly prescribed for individuals diagnosed with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) ; however , consensus regarding the volume and intensity of exercise for optimal benefits is lacking . Thus , we determined whether high intensity interval exercise training ( HIIT ) produced greater reductions in intrahepatic lipid ( IHL ) content and NAFLD risk factors compared with energy-matched moderate intensity continuous exercise training ( MICT ) in obese adults with liver steatosis . METHODS Eighteen obese adults were r and omized to either 4weeks of HIIT ( 4min 80 % VO2peak/3min , 50 % VO2peak ) or MICT ( 55 % VO2peak , ~60min ) , matched for energy expenditure ( ~400kcal/session ) and compared to five non-exercising age-matched control subjects .  IHL was measured by 1H-MRS and frequent blood sample s were analyzed for glucose , insulin , c-peptide , and NEFA levels during a liquid meal test ( 180min ) to characterize metabolic phenotype . RESULTS Baseline body weight , visceral abdominal adiposity , and fasting insulin concentrations were greater in the MICT vs HIIT group ( P<0.05 ) , while IHL was tightly matched between MICT and HIIT subjects ( P>0.05 ) , albeit higher than control subjects ( P<0.01 ) . Visceral abdominal adiposity , body mass , liver aminotransferases ( ALT , AST ) , and hepatic apoptotic/inflammatory markers ( cytokeratin 18 and fetuin a ) were not reduced with either exercise training intervention ( P>0.05 ) . Both HIIT and MICT lowered IHL ( HIIT , -37.0±12.4 % ; MICT , -20.1±6.6 % , P<0.05 ) ; however , the reduction in IHL was not statistically different between exercise intensities ( P=0.25 ) . Furthermore , exercise training decreased postpr and ial insulin , c-peptide , and lipid peroxidation levels ( iAUC , P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Collectively , these findings indicate that energy-matched high intensity and moderate intensity exercise are effective at decreasing IHL and NAFLD risk that is not contingent upon reductions in abdominal adiposity or body mass Aging is associated with decreased aerobic fitness and cardiac remodeling leading to increased risk for cardiovascular disease . High-intensity interval training ( HIIT ) on the treadmill has been reported to be more effective in ameliorating these risk factors compared with moderate-intensity continuous training ( MICT ) in patients with cardiometabolic disease . In older adults , however , weight-bearing activities are frequently limited due to musculoskeletal and balance problems . The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and safety of non-weight-bearing all-extremity HIIT in older adults . In addition , we tested the hypothesis that all-extremity HIIT will be more effective in improving aerobic fitness , cardiac function , and metabolic risk factors compared with all-extremity MICT .  Fifty-one healthy sedentary older adults ( age : 65±1years ) were r and omized to HIIT ( n=17 ) , MICT ( n=18 ) or non-exercise control ( CONT ; n=16 ) . HIIT ( 4 × 4min 90 % of peak heart rate ; HRpeak ) and isocaloric MICT ( 70 % of HRpeak ) were performed on a non-weight-bearing all-extremity ergometer , 4 × /week for 8weeks under supervision . All-extremity HIIT was feasible in older adults and result ed in no adverse events . Aerobic fitness ( peak oxygen consumption ; VO2peak ) and ejection fraction ( echocardiography ) improved by 11 % ( P<0.0001 ) and 4 % ( P=0.001 ) , respectively in HIIT , while no changes were observed in MICT and CONT ( P≥0.1 ) . Greater improvements in ejection fraction were associated with greater improvements in VO2peak ( r=0.57 ; P<0.0001 ) . Insulin resistance ( homeostatic model assessment ) decreased only in HIIT by 26 % ( P=0.016 ) . Diastolic function , body composition , glucose and lipids were unaffected ( P≥0.1 ) . In conclusion , all-extremity HIIT  is feasible and safe  in older  adults  . HIIT , but not MICT  , improved aerobic fitness , ejection fraction , and insulin resistance Musa , DI , Adeniran , SA , Dikko , AU , and Sayers , SP . The effect of a high-intensity interval training program on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in young men . J Strength Cond Res 23(2 ) : 587 - 592 , 2009-This study examined the impact of an 8-week program of high-intensity interval training on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , and the atherogenic index ( TC/HDL-C ) in 36 untrained men ages 21 - 36 years . Participants were r and omly assigned to an interval training group ( n = 20 ) or a control group ( n = 16 ) . Participants in the experimental group performed 3.2 km of interval running ( 1:1 work : rest ratio ) 3 times a week for 8 weeks at an intensity of 90 % of maximal heart rate ( ∼423 kcal per session ) . Results indicated significant pre- to posttraining changes in HDL-C ( 1.1 vs. 1.3 mmol·L−1 , p < 0.0001 ) and TC/HDL-C ( 3.8 vs. 3.1 , p < 0.0001 ) but no significant changes in TC ( 3.9 vs. 3.8 mmol·L−1 , p > 0.05 ) with interval training . It was concluded that an 8-week program of high-intensity interval training is effective in eliciting favorable changes in HDL-C and TC/HDL-C but not TC in young adult men with normal TC levels . Our findings support the recommendations of high-intensity interval training as an alternative mode of exercise to improve blood lipid profiles for individuals with acceptable physical fitness levels Purpose It remains to be established how high-intensity aerobic interval training ( HAIT ) affects risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes ( TD2 ) . This study investigated effects of HAIT on maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ) , glycated Hemoglobin type A1C ( HbA1c ) , insulin resistance ( IR ) , fat oxidation ( FatOx ) , body weight ( BW ) , percent body fat ( % BF ) , lactate threshold ( LT ) , blood pressure ( BP ) , and blood lipid profile ( BLP ) among persons with T2D . Results were compared to the effects after a moderate-intensity training ( MIT ) program . Methods Thirty-eight individuals with T2D completed 12 weeks of supervised training . HAIT consisted of 4 × 4 min of walking or running uphill at 85–95 % of maximal heart rate , and MIT consisted of continuous walking at 70–75 % of maximal heart rate . Results A 21 % increase in VO2max ( from 25.6 to 30.9 ml kg−1 min−1 , p < 0.001 ) , and a reduction in HbA1c by −0.58 % points ( from 7.78 to 7.20 % , p < 0.001 ) was found in HAIT . BW and body mass index ( BMI ) was reduced by 1.9 % ( p < 0.01 ) . There was a tendency towards an improved FatOx at 60 % VO2max ( 14 % , p = 0.065 ) . These improvements were significant different from MIT . Both HAIT and MIT  increased velocity at LT , and reduced % BF , waist circumference , hip circumference , and BP , with no significant differences between the two groups . Correlations were found between change in VO2max and change in HbA1c when the two intervention groups were combined ( R = −0.52 , p < 0.01 ) . Conclusion HAIT is an effective exercise strategy to improve aerobic fitness and reduce risk factors associated with T2D Introduction : Several established tools are available to assess study quality and reporting of r and omized controlled trials ; however , these tools were design ed with clinical intervention trials in mind . In exercise training intervention trials some of the traditional study quality criteria , such as participant or research er blinding , are extremely difficult to implement . Methods : We developed the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise ( TESTEX ) – a study quality and reporting assessment tool , design ed specifically for use in exercise training studies . Our tool is a 15-point scale ( 5 points for study quality and 10 points for reporting ) and addresses previously unmentioned quality assessment criteria specific to exercise training studies . Results : There were no systematic differences between the summated TESTEX scores of each observer [ H(2 ) = 0.392 , P = 0.822 ] . There was a significant association between the summated TESTEX scores of the three observers , with almost perfect agreement between observers 1 and 2 [ intra-class correlation coefficient ( ICC ) = 0.93 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.82–0.97 , P < 0.001 ] , observers 1 and 3 ( ICC = 0.96 , 95 % CI 0.89–0.98 , P < 0.001 ) and observers 2 and 3 ( ICC = 0.91 , 95 % CI 0.75–0.96 , P < 0.001 ) . Conclusions : The TESTEX scale is a new , reliable tool , specific to exercise scientists , that facilitates a comprehensive review of exercise training trials The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of interval and continuous exercise programs on plasma lipoproteins , apoproteins , and lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase ( LCAT ) .  Thirty-six college male students ( age 18 - 25 yrs . ) were r and omly assigned to a 5 mile continuous exercise group , 4 minute interval ( 1:1 , work : rest ) , 2 minute interval ( 1:1 - 1/2 , work : rest ) , or control . Workloads were equated by kcal expenditure/workout . The training groups exercised for one hour three times a 
    Output:
    
agent
Conclusion Neither HIIT nor MICT is superior for altering TC , TRG , or LDL-C , or TC-HDL-C ratio .
To raise HDL-C , HIIT may result in a larger effect size compared with MICT .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We examined the effects of an 8-week exercise intervention on aerobic fitness , and roid and gynoid fat mass , and blood lipids in overweight and obese participants . Twenty-four sedentary participants ( average BMI = 30 ± 2 kg/m2 ; 18 females , 6 males ) were r and omized into either interval training and diet education ( INT group ) , continuous aerobic exercise and diet education ( CON group ) , or diet education only ( DIET group ) . Duration s of exercise sessions were similar ( ∼30 minutes ) , with both exercise groups completing the same amount of work . The INT and CON groups demonstrated significant improvements over time for ( p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 , ES = 1.1 and 1.2 , respectively ) and time to exhaustion on a grade d exercise test ( p < 0.01 and ES = 0.8 for both groups ) . Further , a large effect size ( 0.7 ) was recorded for the loss in and roid fat mass over time in the INT group only Regular exercise training is recognized as a powerful tool to improve work capacity , endothelial function and the cardiovascular risk profile in obesity , but it is unknown which of high-intensity aerobic exercise , moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or strength training is the optimal mode of exercise . In the present study , a total of 40 subjects were r and omized to high-intensity interval aerobic training , continuous moderate-intensity aerobic training or maximal strength training programmes for 12 weeks , three times/week . The high-intensity group performed aerobic interval walking/running at 85 - 95 % of maximal heart rate , whereas the moderate-intensity group exercised continuously at 60 - 70 % of maximal heart rate ; protocol s were isocaloric . The strength training group performed ' high-intensity ' leg press , abdominal and back strength training .  Maximal oxygen uptake and endothelial function improved in all groups ; the greatest improvement was observed after high-intensity training , and an equal improvement was observed after moderate-intensity aerobic training and strength training . High-intensity aerobic training and strength training were associated with increased PGC-1alpha ( peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1alpha ) levels and improved Ca(2 + ) transport in the skeletal muscle , whereas only strength training improved antioxidant status . Both strength training and moderate-intensity aerobic training decreased oxidized LDL ( low-density lipoprotein ) levels . Only aerobic training decreased body weight and diastolic blood pressure . In conclusion , high-intensity aerobic interval training was better than moderate-intensity aerobic training in improving aerobic work capacity and endothelial function . An important contribution towards improved aerobic work capacity , endothelial function and cardiovascular health originates from strength training , which may serve as a substitute when whole-body aerobic exercise is contra-indicated or difficult to perform BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Exercise training is commonly prescribed for individuals diagnosed with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) ; however , consensus regarding the volume and intensity of exercise for optimal benefits is lacking . Thus , we determined whether high intensity interval exercise training ( HIIT ) produced greater reductions in intrahepatic lipid ( IHL ) content and NAFLD risk factors compared with energy-matched moderate intensity continuous exercise training ( MICT ) in obese adults with liver steatosis . METHODS Eighteen obese adults were r and omized to either 4weeks of HIIT ( 4min 80 % VO2peak/3min , 50 % VO2peak ) or MICT ( 55 % VO2peak , ~60min ) , matched for energy expenditure ( ~400kcal/session ) and compared to five non-exercising age-matched control subjects .  IHL was measured by 1H-MRS and frequent blood sample s were analyzed for glucose , insulin , c-peptide , and NEFA levels during a liquid meal test ( 180min ) to characterize metabolic phenotype . RESULTS Baseline body weight , visceral abdominal adiposity , and fasting insulin concentrations were greater in the MICT vs HIIT group ( P<0.05 ) , while IHL was tightly matched between MICT and HIIT subjects ( P>0.05 ) , albeit higher than control subjects ( P<0.01 ) . Visceral abdominal adiposity , body mass , liver aminotransferases ( ALT , AST ) , and hepatic apoptotic/inflammatory markers ( cytokeratin 18 and fetuin a ) were not reduced with either exercise training intervention ( P>0.05 ) . Both HIIT and MICT lowered IHL ( HIIT , -37.0±12.4 % ; MICT , -20.1±6.6 % , P<0.05 ) ; however , the reduction in IHL was not statistically different between exercise intensities ( P=0.25 ) . Furthermore , exercise training decreased postpr and ial insulin , c-peptide , and lipid peroxidation levels ( iAUC , P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Collectively , these findings indicate that energy-matched high intensity and moderate intensity exercise are effective at decreasing IHL and NAFLD risk that is not contingent upon reductions in abdominal adiposity or body mass Aging is associated with decreased aerobic fitness and cardiac remodeling leading to increased risk for cardiovascular disease . High-intensity interval training ( HIIT ) on the treadmill has been reported to be more effective in ameliorating these risk factors compared with moderate-intensity continuous training ( MICT ) in patients with cardiometabolic disease . In older adults , however , weight-bearing activities are frequently limited due to musculoskeletal and balance problems . The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and safety of non-weight-bearing all-extremity HIIT in older adults . In addition , we tested the hypothesis that all-extremity HIIT will be more effective in improving aerobic fitness , cardiac function , and metabolic risk factors compared with all-extremity MICT .  Fifty-one healthy sedentary older adults ( age : 65±1years ) were r and omized to HIIT ( n=17 ) , MICT ( n=18 ) or non-exercise control ( CONT ; n=16 ) . HIIT ( 4 × 4min 90 % of peak heart rate ; HRpeak ) and isocaloric MICT ( 70 % of HRpeak ) were performed on a non-weight-bearing all-extremity ergometer , 4 × /week for 8weeks under supervision . All-extremity HIIT was feasible in older adults and result ed in no adverse events . Aerobic fitness ( peak oxygen consumption ; VO2peak ) and ejection fraction ( echocardiography ) improved by 11 % ( P<0.0001 ) and 4 % ( P=0.001 ) , respectively in HIIT , while no changes were observed in MICT and CONT ( P≥0.1 ) . Greater improvements in ejection fraction were associated with greater improvements in VO2peak ( r=0.57 ; P<0.0001 ) . Insulin resistance ( homeostatic model assessment ) decreased only in HIIT by 26 % ( P=0.016 ) . Diastolic function , body composition , glucose and lipids were unaffected ( P≥0.1 ) . In conclusion , all-extremity HIIT  is feasible and safe  in older  adults  . HIIT , but not MICT  , improved aerobic fitness , ejection fraction , and insulin resistance Musa , DI , Adeniran , SA , Dikko , AU , and Sayers , SP . The effect of a high-intensity interval training program on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in young men . J Strength Cond Res 23(2 ) : 587 - 592 , 2009-This study examined the impact of an 8-week program of high-intensity interval training on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , and the atherogenic index ( TC/HDL-C ) in 36 untrained men ages 21 - 36 years . Participants were r and omly assigned to an interval training group ( n = 20 ) or a control group ( n = 16 ) . Participants in the experimental group performed 3.2 km of interval running ( 1:1 work : rest ratio ) 3 times a week for 8 weeks at an intensity of 90 % of maximal heart rate ( ∼423 kcal per session ) . Results indicated significant pre- to posttraining changes in HDL-C ( 1.1 vs. 1.3 mmol·L−1 , p < 0.0001 ) and TC/HDL-C ( 3.8 vs. 3.1 , p < 0.0001 ) but no significant changes in TC ( 3.9 vs. 3.8 mmol·L−1 , p > 0.05 ) with interval training . It was concluded that an 8-week program of high-intensity interval training is effective in eliciting favorable changes in HDL-C and TC/HDL-C but not TC in young adult men with normal TC levels . Our findings support the recommendations of high-intensity interval training as an alternative mode of exercise to improve blood lipid profiles for individuals with acceptable physical fitness levels Purpose It remains to be established how high-intensity aerobic interval training ( HAIT ) affects risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes ( TD2 ) . This study investigated effects of HAIT on maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ) , glycated Hemoglobin type A1C ( HbA1c ) , insulin resistance ( IR ) , fat oxidation ( FatOx ) , body weight ( BW ) , percent body fat ( % BF ) , lactate threshold ( LT ) , blood pressure ( BP ) , and blood lipid profile ( BLP ) among persons with T2D . Results were compared to the effects after a moderate-intensity training ( MIT ) program . Methods Thirty-eight individuals with T2D completed 12 weeks of supervised training . HAIT consisted of 4 × 4 min of walking or running uphill at 85–95 % of maximal heart rate , and MIT consisted of continuous walking at 70–75 % of maximal heart rate . Results A 21 % increase in VO2max ( from 25.6 to 30.9 ml kg−1 min−1 , p < 0.001 ) , and a reduction in HbA1c by −0.58 % points ( from 7.78 to 7.20 % , p < 0.001 ) was found in HAIT . BW and body mass index ( BMI ) was reduced by 1.9 % ( p < 0.01 ) . There was a tendency towards an improved FatOx at 60 % VO2max ( 14 % , p = 0.065 ) . These improvements were significant different from MIT . Both HAIT and MIT  increased velocity at LT , and reduced % BF , waist circumference , hip circumference , and BP , with no significant differences between the two groups . Correlations were found between change in VO2max and change in HbA1c when the two intervention groups were combined ( R = −0.52 , p < 0.01 ) . Conclusion HAIT is an effective exercise strategy to improve aerobic fitness and reduce risk factors associated with T2D Introduction : Several established tools are available to assess study quality and reporting of r and omized controlled trials ; however , these tools were design ed with clinical intervention trials in mind . In exercise training intervention trials some of the traditional study quality criteria , such as participant or research er blinding , are extremely difficult to implement . Methods : We developed the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise ( TESTEX ) – a study quality and reporting assessment tool , design ed specifically for use in exercise training studies . Our tool is a 15-point scale ( 5 points for study quality and 10 points for reporting ) and addresses previously unmentioned quality assessment criteria specific to exercise training studies . Results : There were no systematic differences between the summated TESTEX scores of each observer [ H(2 ) = 0.392 , P = 0.822 ] . There was a significant association between the summated TESTEX scores of the three observers , with almost perfect agreement between observers 1 and 2 [ intra-class correlation coefficient ( ICC ) = 0.93 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.82–0.97 , P < 0.001 ] , observers 1 and 3 ( ICC = 0.96 , 95 % CI 0.89–0.98 , P < 0.001 ) and observers 2 and 3 ( ICC = 0.91 , 95 % CI 0.75–0.96 , P < 0.001 ) . Conclusions : The TESTEX scale is a new , reliable tool , specific to exercise scientists , that facilitates a comprehensive review of exercise training trials The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of interval and continuous exercise programs on plasma lipoproteins , apoproteins , and lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase ( LCAT ) .  Thirty-six college male students ( age 18 - 25 yrs . ) were r and omly assigned to a 5 mile continuous exercise group , 4 minute interval ( 1:1 , work : rest ) , 2 minute interval ( 1:1 - 1/2 , work : rest ) , or control . Workloads were equated by kcal expenditure/workout . The training groups exercised for one hour three times a 
    Output:
    