human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] have been associated with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes . OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to compare the effects of daily intake of vitamin D- or vitamin D(3 ) + calcium-fortified yogurt drink on glycemic status in subjects with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) . DESIGN Ninety diabetic subjects were r and omly allocated to 3 groups to consume plain yogurt drink ( PY ; containing no vitamin D and 150 mg Ca/250 mL ) , vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink ( DY ; containing 500 IU vitamin D(3 ) and 150 mg Ca/250 mL ) , or vitamin D + calcium-fortified yogurt drink ( DCY ; containing 500 IU vitamin D(3 ) and 250 mg Ca/250 mL ) twice per day for 12 wk . Fasting serum glucose ( FSG ) , glycated hemoglobin ( Hb A(1c ) ) , homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , serum lipid profile , and percentage fat mass ( FM ) were assessed before ( baseline ) and after the intervention . RESULTS In both the DY and DCY groups , mean serum 25(OH)D(3 ) improved ( + 32.8 ± 28.4 and + 28.8 ± 16.1 nmol/L , respectively ; P < 0.001 for both ) , but FSG [ -12.9 ± 33.7 mg/dL ( P = 0.015 ) and -9.6 ± 46.9 mg/dL ( P = 0.035 ) ] , Hb A(1c ) [ -0.4 ± 1.2 % ( P < 0.001 ) and -0.4 ± 1.9 % ( P < 0.001 ) ] , HOMA-IR [ -0.6 ± 1.4 ( P = 0.001 ) and -0.6 ± 3.2 ( P < 0.001 ) ] , waist circumference ( -3.6 ± 2.7 and -2.9 ± 3.3 ; P < 0.001 for both ) , and body mass index [ in kg/m(2 ) ; -0.9 ± 0.6 ( P < 0.001 ) and -0.4 ± 0.7 ( P = 0.005 ) ] decreased significantly more than in the PY group . An inverse correlation was observed between changes in serum 25(OH)D(3 ) and FSG ( r = -0.208 , P = 0.049 ) , FM ( r = -0.219 , P = 0.038 ) , and HOMA-IR ( r = -0.219 , P = 0.005 ) . CONCLUSION Daily intake of a vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink , either with or without added calcium , improved glycemic status  in T2D patients . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01229891 This study aim ed to investigate the effects of daily intake of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink ( doogh ) on central obesity indicators in subjects with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) and the possible modulation of this effect by vitamin D receptor ( VDR ) Cdx-2 genotypes . A total of sixty T2D subjects were r and omly allocated to two groups to receive either plain doogh ( PD ; n 29 , containing 170 mg Ca and no vitamin D/250 ml ) or vitamin D3-fortified doogh ( FD ; n 31 , containing 170 mg Ca and 12·5 μg/250 ml ) twice a day for 12 weeks . 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) , glycaemic as well as adiposity indicators were evaluated before and after the intervention . VDR-Cdx-2 genotypes in extended number of T2D subjects in the FD group ( n 60 ) were determined as AA , GA and GG . After 12 weeks , in FD compared with PD , serum 25(OH)D increased ( + 35·4 v. -4·8 nmol/l ; P<0·001 ) and mean changes of waist circumference ( WC ; -1·3 v. + 1·6 cm ; P=0·02 ) , body fat mass ( FM ; -1·9 v. + 0·60 % ; P=0·008 ) , truncal fat ( TF ; -1·1 v. 0·13 % ; P=0·003 ) and visceral adipose tissue ( -0·80 v. + 0·37 AU ; P<0·001 ) decreased significantly . Circulating 25(OH)D was raised only in the AA group ( 34·8 nmo/l in AA group v. -6·4 nmol/l in AG and -1·6 nmol/l in GG groups ; P<0·001 ) , which was accompanied by a significant decrease in changes of WC ( P=0·004 ) , FM% ( P=0·01 ) and TF% ( P<0·001 ) in the AA genotype . Daily intake of vitamin D-FD for 12 weeks improved the central obesity indices in T2D subjects , and the improvement was more pronounced in the carriers of the AA genotype of VDR-Cdx-2 Background : Peripheral neuropathy is a common complaint of diabetes . This study aim ed to determine the effects of 12 weeks combined training with Vitamin D supplement on improvement of sensory-motor neuropathy in women with diabetic neuropathy . Material s and Methods : This clinical trial study conducted on 90 patients were selected and r and omly divided into two groups . Finally , 81 adult females with diabetes type II ( 20–55 years old ) were interred in this study . The control group had no training , but received Vitamin D. The experimental group received Vitamin D and 12 weeks training program ( 3 days a week , 60 min/session ) including aerobic exercises , strength , and flexibility . Aerobic exercise intensity was set at 60–70 % maximum heart rate and resistance training intensity was determined by 10 R.M. Michigan neuropathy question naire , reflex hammer and tuning fork 128 Hz used to screening tense of neuropathy ( Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument ) that were used for pretest and posttest . Results : Following 3 months combined training and supplementation with Vitamin D , had observed a significant reduction in numbness ( P = 0.001 ) , pain ( 0.002 ) , tingling ( P = 0.001 ) , and weakness ( P = 0.002 ) in the lower limb and also increases in sense of touch intervention ( P = 0.005 ) , detects the position of the fingers ( P = 0.001 ) and vibration perception ( P = 0.001 ) in tissues . Knee reflexes ( P = 0.77 ) and ankles reflexes ( P = 0.47 ) did not significantly change after interventions . Conclusion : It seems that taking part in combined training and supplementation with Vitamin D can improve the symptoms of sensory-motor neuropathy Abstract Limited data are available assessing the effects of vitamin D and evening primrose oil ( EPO ) administration on markers of insulin resistance and lipid concentrations in gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) . This study was design ed to evaluate the effects of vitamin D and EPO administration on insulin resistance and lipid concentrations among women with GDM . In this prospect i ve r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial , 60 participants with GDM were divided into 2 groups of either 1000 IU vitamin D3 and 1000 mg EPO or placebo for 6 weeks . At the beginning and end of the study , fasting blood sample s were obtained from the participants to measure related variables . After 6 weeks of intervention , changes in fasting plasma glucose ( −3.6 ± 7.5 vs. + 1.5 ± 11.4 mg/dL , P = 0.04 ) , serum insulin concentrations ( −2.0 ± 5.3 vs. + 4.6 ± 10.7 µIU/mL , P = 0.004 ) , homeostasis model of assessment ( HOMA ) insulin resistance ( −0.5 ± 1.1 vs. + 1.1 ± 2.5 , P = 0.003 ) , HOMA-B cell function ( −7.7 ± 23.3 vs. + 17.4 ± 42.9 , P = 0.007 ) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( + 0.01 ± 0.02 vs. −0.01 ± 0.02 , P = 0.007 ) in the vitamin D plus EPO group were significantly different from the placebo group . In addition , compared with the placebo , vitamin D and EPO supplementation result ed in significant reductions in serum TAG ( −20.0 ± 54.3 vs. + 34.3 ± 38.2 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) , VLDL ( −4.0 ± 10.9 vs. + 6.9 ± 7.6 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) , TC ( −22.1 ± 32.6 vs. + 5.3 ± 20.1 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) , LDL concentrations ( −18.0 ± 25.5 vs. + 1.8 ± 15.7 mg/dL , P = 0.001 ) and TC/HDL ( −0.3 ± 0.4 vs. + 0.3 ± 0.5 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) . We did not observe any significant effect of vitamin D and EPO supplementation on serum HDL concentrations . Clinical trial registration number : http://www.i rct .ir : I RCT 201509115623N52 BACKGROUND & AIMS Low levels of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) are common in type 2 diabetic patients and cause several complications particularly , in postmenopausal women due to their senile and physiological conditions . This study aim ed to assess the effects of vitamin D-fortified low fat yogurt on glycemic status , anthropometric indexes , inflammation , and bone turnover in diabetic postmenopausal women . METHODS In a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind parallel-group clinical trial , 59 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes received fortified yogurt ( FY ; 2000 IU vitamin D in 100 g/day ) or plain yogurt  ( PY ) for 12 weeks . Glycemic markers , anthropometric indexes , inflammatory , and bone turnover markers were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks . RESULTS After intervention , in FY group ( vs PY group ) , were observed : significant increase in serum 25(OH)D and decrease of PTH ( stable values in PY ) ; significant improvement in serum fasting insulin , HOMA-IR , HOMA-B , QUICKI , and no changes in serum fasting glucose and HbA1c ( significant worsening of all indexes in PY ) ; significant improvement in WC , WHR , FM , and no change in weight and BMI ( stable values in PY ) ; significant increase of omentin ( stable in PY ) and decrease of sNTX ( significant increase in PY ) . Final values of glycemic markers ( except HbA1c ) , omentin , and bone turnover markers significantly improved in FY group compared to PY group . Regarding final values of serum 25(OH)D in FY group , subjects were classified in insufficient and sufficient categories . Glycemic status improved more significantly in the insufficient rather than sufficient category ; whereas the other parameters had more amelioration in the sufficient category . CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of 2000 IU vitamin D-fortified yogurt for 12 weeks improved glycemic markers ( except HbA1c ) , anthropometric indexes , inflammation , and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes . TRIAL REGISTRATION www.i rct .ir ( I RCT 2013110515294N1 ) Background : Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy has been supposed to defend against adverse gestational outcomes . Objective : This r and omized clinical trial study was conducted to assess the effects of 50,000 IU of vitamin D every two weeks supplementation on the incidence of  gestational diabetes ( GDM ) , gestational hypertension , preeclampsia and preterm labor , vitamin D status at term and neonatal outcomes contrasted with pregnant women that received 400 IU vitamin D daily . Material s and Methods : 500 women with gestational age 12 - 16 weeks and serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D ( 25 ( OH ) D ) less than 30 ng/ml r and omly categorized in two groups . Group A received 400 IU vitamin D daily and group B 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks orally 
    Output:
    
agent
This meta- analysis suggests that vitamin D supplementation improves indices of glycemic control ( FBG , HOMA-IR , and HbA1C ) in patients with diabetes mellitus .
Hence , vitamin D supplements may be of potential therapeutic value in diabetic patients , as an adjuvant therapy along with other treatments
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] have been associated with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes . OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to compare the effects of daily intake of vitamin D- or vitamin D(3 ) + calcium-fortified yogurt drink on glycemic status in subjects with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) . DESIGN Ninety diabetic subjects were r and omly allocated to 3 groups to consume plain yogurt drink ( PY ; containing no vitamin D and 150 mg Ca/250 mL ) , vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink ( DY ; containing 500 IU vitamin D(3 ) and 150 mg Ca/250 mL ) , or vitamin D + calcium-fortified yogurt drink ( DCY ; containing 500 IU vitamin D(3 ) and 250 mg Ca/250 mL ) twice per day for 12 wk . Fasting serum glucose ( FSG ) , glycated hemoglobin ( Hb A(1c ) ) , homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , serum lipid profile , and percentage fat mass ( FM ) were assessed before ( baseline ) and after the intervention . RESULTS In both the DY and DCY groups , mean serum 25(OH)D(3 ) improved ( + 32.8 ± 28.4 and + 28.8 ± 16.1 nmol/L , respectively ; P < 0.001 for both ) , but FSG [ -12.9 ± 33.7 mg/dL ( P = 0.015 ) and -9.6 ± 46.9 mg/dL ( P = 0.035 ) ] , Hb A(1c ) [ -0.4 ± 1.2 % ( P < 0.001 ) and -0.4 ± 1.9 % ( P < 0.001 ) ] , HOMA-IR [ -0.6 ± 1.4 ( P = 0.001 ) and -0.6 ± 3.2 ( P < 0.001 ) ] , waist circumference ( -3.6 ± 2.7 and -2.9 ± 3.3 ; P < 0.001 for both ) , and body mass index [ in kg/m(2 ) ; -0.9 ± 0.6 ( P < 0.001 ) and -0.4 ± 0.7 ( P = 0.005 ) ] decreased significantly more than in the PY group . An inverse correlation was observed between changes in serum 25(OH)D(3 ) and FSG ( r = -0.208 , P = 0.049 ) , FM ( r = -0.219 , P = 0.038 ) , and HOMA-IR ( r = -0.219 , P = 0.005 ) . CONCLUSION Daily intake of a vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink , either with or without added calcium , improved glycemic status  in T2D patients . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01229891 This study aim ed to investigate the effects of daily intake of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink ( doogh ) on central obesity indicators in subjects with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) and the possible modulation of this effect by vitamin D receptor ( VDR ) Cdx-2 genotypes . A total of sixty T2D subjects were r and omly allocated to two groups to receive either plain doogh ( PD ; n 29 , containing 170 mg Ca and no vitamin D/250 ml ) or vitamin D3-fortified doogh ( FD ; n 31 , containing 170 mg Ca and 12·5 μg/250 ml ) twice a day for 12 weeks . 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) , glycaemic as well as adiposity indicators were evaluated before and after the intervention . VDR-Cdx-2 genotypes in extended number of T2D subjects in the FD group ( n 60 ) were determined as AA , GA and GG . After 12 weeks , in FD compared with PD , serum 25(OH)D increased ( + 35·4 v. -4·8 nmol/l ; P<0·001 ) and mean changes of waist circumference ( WC ; -1·3 v. + 1·6 cm ; P=0·02 ) , body fat mass ( FM ; -1·9 v. + 0·60 % ; P=0·008 ) , truncal fat ( TF ; -1·1 v. 0·13 % ; P=0·003 ) and visceral adipose tissue ( -0·80 v. + 0·37 AU ; P<0·001 ) decreased significantly . Circulating 25(OH)D was raised only in the AA group ( 34·8 nmo/l in AA group v. -6·4 nmol/l in AG and -1·6 nmol/l in GG groups ; P<0·001 ) , which was accompanied by a significant decrease in changes of WC ( P=0·004 ) , FM% ( P=0·01 ) and TF% ( P<0·001 ) in the AA genotype . Daily intake of vitamin D-FD for 12 weeks improved the central obesity indices in T2D subjects , and the improvement was more pronounced in the carriers of the AA genotype of VDR-Cdx-2 Background : Peripheral neuropathy is a common complaint of diabetes . This study aim ed to determine the effects of 12 weeks combined training with Vitamin D supplement on improvement of sensory-motor neuropathy in women with diabetic neuropathy . Material s and Methods : This clinical trial study conducted on 90 patients were selected and r and omly divided into two groups . Finally , 81 adult females with diabetes type II ( 20–55 years old ) were interred in this study . The control group had no training , but received Vitamin D. The experimental group received Vitamin D and 12 weeks training program ( 3 days a week , 60 min/session ) including aerobic exercises , strength , and flexibility . Aerobic exercise intensity was set at 60–70 % maximum heart rate and resistance training intensity was determined by 10 R.M. Michigan neuropathy question naire , reflex hammer and tuning fork 128 Hz used to screening tense of neuropathy ( Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument ) that were used for pretest and posttest . Results : Following 3 months combined training and supplementation with Vitamin D , had observed a significant reduction in numbness ( P = 0.001 ) , pain ( 0.002 ) , tingling ( P = 0.001 ) , and weakness ( P = 0.002 ) in the lower limb and also increases in sense of touch intervention ( P = 0.005 ) , detects the position of the fingers ( P = 0.001 ) and vibration perception ( P = 0.001 ) in tissues . Knee reflexes ( P = 0.77 ) and ankles reflexes ( P = 0.47 ) did not significantly change after interventions . Conclusion : It seems that taking part in combined training and supplementation with Vitamin D can improve the symptoms of sensory-motor neuropathy Abstract Limited data are available assessing the effects of vitamin D and evening primrose oil ( EPO ) administration on markers of insulin resistance and lipid concentrations in gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) . This study was design ed to evaluate the effects of vitamin D and EPO administration on insulin resistance and lipid concentrations among women with GDM . In this prospect i ve r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial , 60 participants with GDM were divided into 2 groups of either 1000 IU vitamin D3 and 1000 mg EPO or placebo for 6 weeks . At the beginning and end of the study , fasting blood sample s were obtained from the participants to measure related variables . After 6 weeks of intervention , changes in fasting plasma glucose ( −3.6 ± 7.5 vs. + 1.5 ± 11.4 mg/dL , P = 0.04 ) , serum insulin concentrations ( −2.0 ± 5.3 vs. + 4.6 ± 10.7 µIU/mL , P = 0.004 ) , homeostasis model of assessment ( HOMA ) insulin resistance ( −0.5 ± 1.1 vs. + 1.1 ± 2.5 , P = 0.003 ) , HOMA-B cell function ( −7.7 ± 23.3 vs. + 17.4 ± 42.9 , P = 0.007 ) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( + 0.01 ± 0.02 vs. −0.01 ± 0.02 , P = 0.007 ) in the vitamin D plus EPO group were significantly different from the placebo group . In addition , compared with the placebo , vitamin D and EPO supplementation result ed in significant reductions in serum TAG ( −20.0 ± 54.3 vs. + 34.3 ± 38.2 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) , VLDL ( −4.0 ± 10.9 vs. + 6.9 ± 7.6 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) , TC ( −22.1 ± 32.6 vs. + 5.3 ± 20.1 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) , LDL concentrations ( −18.0 ± 25.5 vs. + 1.8 ± 15.7 mg/dL , P = 0.001 ) and TC/HDL ( −0.3 ± 0.4 vs. + 0.3 ± 0.5 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) . We did not observe any significant effect of vitamin D and EPO supplementation on serum HDL concentrations . Clinical trial registration number : http://www.i rct .ir : I RCT 201509115623N52 BACKGROUND & AIMS Low levels of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) are common in type 2 diabetic patients and cause several complications particularly , in postmenopausal women due to their senile and physiological conditions . This study aim ed to assess the effects of vitamin D-fortified low fat yogurt on glycemic status , anthropometric indexes , inflammation , and bone turnover in diabetic postmenopausal women . METHODS In a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind parallel-group clinical trial , 59 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes received fortified yogurt ( FY ; 2000 IU vitamin D in 100 g/day ) or plain yogurt  ( PY ) for 12 weeks . Glycemic markers , anthropometric indexes , inflammatory , and bone turnover markers were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks . RESULTS After intervention , in FY group ( vs PY group ) , were observed : significant increase in serum 25(OH)D and decrease of PTH ( stable values in PY ) ; significant improvement in serum fasting insulin , HOMA-IR , HOMA-B , QUICKI , and no changes in serum fasting glucose and HbA1c ( significant worsening of all indexes in PY ) ; significant improvement in WC , WHR , FM , and no change in weight and BMI ( stable values in PY ) ; significant increase of omentin ( stable in PY ) and decrease of sNTX ( significant increase in PY ) . Final values of glycemic markers ( except HbA1c ) , omentin , and bone turnover markers significantly improved in FY group compared to PY group . Regarding final values of serum 25(OH)D in FY group , subjects were classified in insufficient and sufficient categories . Glycemic status improved more significantly in the insufficient rather than sufficient category ; whereas the other parameters had more amelioration in the sufficient category . CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of 2000 IU vitamin D-fortified yogurt for 12 weeks improved glycemic markers ( except HbA1c ) , anthropometric indexes , inflammation , and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes . TRIAL REGISTRATION www.i rct .ir ( I RCT 2013110515294N1 ) Background : Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy has been supposed to defend against adverse gestational outcomes . Objective : This r and omized clinical trial study was conducted to assess the effects of 50,000 IU of vitamin D every two weeks supplementation on the incidence of  gestational diabetes ( GDM ) , gestational hypertension , preeclampsia and preterm labor , vitamin D status at term and neonatal outcomes contrasted with pregnant women that received 400 IU vitamin D daily . Material s and Methods : 500 women with gestational age 12 - 16 weeks and serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D ( 25 ( OH ) D ) less than 30 ng/ml r and omly categorized in two groups . Group A received 400 IU vitamin D daily and group B 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks orally 
    Output:
    