human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The survival rates of  restorations in primary molars were calculated after a retrospective examination of patients ' dental records from a study population of 1,065 children . A r and om sample of 128 records showing information for 604 dental restorations  was examined , coded , and analyzed by the life table method of survival analysis . The order of the survival rate of restorations from higher to lower success was preformed crowns , amalgam , composite resin , and glass ionomer restorations . A highly statistically significant difference ( P = 0.0001 ) was found among the survival success rates of different material restorations . For preformed crowns and amalgam restorations , the median survival time was more than 5 years . The 5-year survival estimate for preformed crowns was 68 % and for amalgam restorations was 60 % . For composite resin the median survival time was 32 months and the 4-year survival estimate was 40 % . For glass ionomer restorations , the median survival time was 12 months and the 4-year survival estimate was 5 % BACKGROUND AND AIM This paper review s three published papers and adds results from a fourth study which aim ed to determine which restorative material would be the best alternative(s ) to amalgam ( AM )  in primary teeth . DESIGN All studies had a practice -based design and were part of the routine treatment of children and adolescents . The clinicians were assigned which material s to use in a r and omised matter in the first three studies which lasted for 7 - 8 years . In the fourth study conducted 4 years after the initial studies , the clinicians were free to select the restorative material s. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Resin modified glass ionomer ( RMGI ) and compomer ( COM ) restorations showed similar longevity compared with AM , whereas conventional GI restorations showed significantly shorter longevity . The studies indicated that the ' new and improved ' material s based on in vitro tests did not always show enhanced clinical properties . In the last study , where clinicians freely selected the restorative material s they used in their practice s , seven used COM , one used conventional GI material s and one used a combination of the two types of material OBJECTIVE To determine the examiner 's accuracy in selecting proximal carious lesions in primary molars for restoration using the atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) approach . BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN Intervention study . CLINICAL SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS : A total of 804 six to eight year-olds from 30 rural schools in Kenya participated in the study . INTERVENTION Three examiners selected a total of 1,280 suitable proximal carious lesions in primary molars after examining 6,002 children from 30 schools r and omly selected out of 142 schools in two divisions . Seven operators r and omly paired on a daily basis with eight assistants restored the lesions . An explanation was provided for any cavity that was not restored . Pre- and post-operative  radiographs of the cavities were also taken for evaluation . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The examiner 's choice of suitable proximal cavities restorable using the ART approach  was related to the decision made to either restore or not during the operative stage . The radiographic findings of the selected cavities were also compared to the decision made by the operator . The results obtained were used to determine the examiner 's accuracy in selecting suitable proximal cavities for restoration using the ART approach . RESULTS The majority of the children recruited in the study were excluded due to absenteeism , pulpal-exposure or anxiety during the operative stage . Only 804 children received one restoration in their primary molars . The examiner 's accuracy in selecting suitable ART-restorable cavities  clinical ly was 94.9 % and based on radiographic analysis was 91.7 % . CONCLUSIONS A trained and diligent examiner has a very good chance of selecting proximal carious lesions restorable with the use of ART approach , without the threat of dental pulpal-involvement during the excavation of caries PURPOSE The objectives of this clinical study were to : evaluate the survival of  occlusal atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) restorations  , on a longitudinal basis , in the primary molars of children in Mosul/Iraq ; and compare the success rate of ART restorations placed with and without cavity conditioning . METHODS One dentist placed 96 ART restorations in 48 6- to 7-year-olds who had bilateral matched pairs of carious primary molars . A split-mouth design was used to place restorations with and without cavity conditioning , which were assigned r and omly to contralateral sides . Restorations were evaluated after 6 and 12 months using the ART criteria . RESULTS The survival rate of ART restorations  placed with cavity conditioner was 89 % at the 6-month assessment and 74 % at the 12-month assessment . The success rates of ART restorations  placed without cavity conditioning in the 2 assessment s were 84 % and 67 % , respectively . There was no statistically significant difference between the ART restorations placed with and without cavity conditioner in both assessment s ( P>0.05 ) . The main cause of failure was the loss of restoration . CONCLUSIONS The 1-year success rate of occlusal ART restorations in primary molars was moderately successful . The ART technique 's cavity conditioning step was not proven to be better than not using it for Class I lesions PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of a chlorhexidine-gluconate-based cavity disinfectant on the clinical performance of high viscosity glass-ionomer cement following the ART approach under field conditions after 24 months . METHODS 126 school children 6 - 8 years old who had bilateral matched pairs of carious Class I and II primary molars were included . A split mouth design was used in which Ketac Molar was r and omly placed with or without the use of chlorhexidine-gluconate-based cavity disinfectant on contralateral sides by three dentists . The restorations were evaluated after 6 , 12 and 24 months by two experienced examiners using USPHS-Ryge criteria . RESULTS The 24-month mean cumulative survival rates of Ketac Molar without the use of disinfectant were 97.7 % and 69.4 % while in the disinfectant group , the survival rates were 95.2 % and 63.9 % in Class I and II restorations , respectively with no significant difference between the groups in both class types . In the non-disinfected group , large Class II cavities had significantly better survival rates than did small Class II cavities ( P = 0.023 ) . In the disinfected group , the failure rates in mean cumulative survivals from 6 to 12 months and 12 to 24 months significantly increased with time ( P = 0.004 and P = 0.016 respectively ) PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of two different glass ionomer cements using the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment ( ART ) technique in permanent teeth . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 473 ART restorations were placed in 208 schoolchildren ( 7 - 12 years of age ) by two previously trained operators , using high density and resin-modified glass ionomer cements . All the restorations were photographed at baseline and the patients were asked about postoperative sensitivity . After a period of 8 months , 193 patients were present after recall and 428 restorations were evaluated and photographed . Two independent examiners carried out the evaluation . RESULTS The results showed a success rate of 86.2 % for occlusal restorations with Fuji IX and 88.4 % for those restored with Fuji Plus . A total of 86.7 % of the approximal restorations with Fuji Plus were also judged to be successful after 8 months . No association was found between the material s and the clinical performance of the ART restorations in class I cavities . CONCLUSION The type of restorative material did not influence the success or failure rates in class I cavities within this period . Fuji IX showed promising performance for occlusal ART restorations and Fuji Plus is also a promising material for occlusal and approximal ART restorations BACKGROUND Limited information is available from r and omized clinical trials comparing the longevity of  amalgam and resin-based compomer/composite restorations . The authors compared replacement rates of these types of restorations in posterior teeth during the five-year follow-up of the New Engl and Children 's Amalgam Trial . METHODS The authors r and omized children aged 6 to 10 years who had two or more posterior occlusal carious lesions into groups that received amalgam ( n=267 ) or compomer ( primary teeth)/composite ( permanent teeth ) ( n=267 ) restorations  and followed them up semiannually . They compared the longevity of restorations placed on all posterior surfaces using r and om effects survival analysis . RESULTS The average+/-st and ard deviation follow-up was 2.8+/-1.4 years for primary tooth restorations and 3.4+/-1.9 years for permanent tooth restorations . In primary teeth , the replacement rate was 5.8 percent of compomers versus 4.0 percent of amalgams ( P=.10 ) , with 3.0 percent versus 0.5 percent ( P=.002 ) , respectively , due to recurrent caries . In permanent teeth , the replacement rate was 14.9 percent of composites versus 10.8 percent of amalgams ( P=.45 ) , and the repair rate was 2.8 percent of composites versus 0.4 percent of amalgams ( P=.02 ) . CONCLUSION Although the overall difference in longevity was not statistically significant , compomer was replaced significantly more frequently owing to recurrent caries , and composite restorations required seven times as many repairs as did amalgam restorations . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S Compomer/composite restorations on posterior tooth surfaces in children may require replacement or repair at higher rates than amalgam restorations , even within five years of placement The purpose of the study was to evaluate , in a clinical study over 2 years , the deterioration of two glass ionomer cements used with the atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) technique or approach . Fifty-five Fuji IX and 45 ChemFil Superior restorations were placed r and omly in 23 adult patients , mainly in small occlusal preparations in molar teeth . The restorations were placed in a dental hospital by one dentist using the ART technique . Photographs , radiographs and replicas were obtained at baseline and subsequent recalls . Both cements were easy to mix and place , but the radiolucency of ChemFil Superior was a disadvantage . Both cements also showed early high losses of sealant and restorative material . After 2 years , 34.5 % of the sealants appeared to be completely lost , with caries recorded in 5.3 % of the exposed fissures . In some instances , these small lesions may have been present , but not detected clinical ly , at the time of sealing . Restoration failures of 7.0 % were from wear and fracture of the cements and recurrent caries . Mean cumulative wear was 83.1 microm for Fuji IX and 104.0 microm for ChemFil Superior , which was not statistically significant . The cements became darker after their placement to more closely match the restored teeth , but there were few exact matches . There was no surface staining and only minor marginal discrepancies and staining associated with the restorations . Although the short-term clinical performance of the two glass ionomer cements was reasonable , the material s require further improvements in their mechanical properties , to reduce sealant losses and wear . The cements evaluated appear suitable for restricted use only , in posterior teeth AIM This was to evaluate the influence of two methods of tooth-isolation on the survival rate of proximal ART restorations in the primary molars . METHODS The study was conducted in two rural divisions in Kenya , with 7 operators r and omly paired to a group of 8 assistants . A total of 804 children each had one proximal cavity in a primary molar restored using the ART approach .  During restorations 2 isolation methods , rubber dam or cotton wool rolls , and 3 br and s of glass ionomer cements were used by the operators . The restorations were then followed for a period of 2 years . STATISTICS SPSS 14.0 was used to analyse and relate the data obtained to the method of isolation used . RESULTS After 2 years 30.8 % of the ART restorations had survived . Higher survival rates of the restorations were obtained when using rubber dam irrespective of the GIC material or the operator . CONCLUSION Generally the survival rate of the proximal restorations in the present study was very low , but the use of rubber dam result ed in a higher survival rate of the restorations Successful use of atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) in children has been reported , but little information is available regarding its use in older adults . The hypothesis of this study was that survival rates of root restorations placed by both ART and the conventional technique were similar . Root-surface caries lesions in 103 institutionalized elders in Hong Kong were treated r and omly by either : ( 1 ) the conventional approach — caries removed by dental burs , and the cavity filled with light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer ; or ( 2 ) the ART approach — caries removed by h and instruments , and the cavity filled with chemically cured high-strength glass ionomer . In total , 84 conventional and 78 ART restorations were placed . After 12 months , 63 conventional and 59 ART restorations were review ed , and the respective 12-month survival rates were 91.7 % and 87.0 % ( p > 0.05 ) . It is concluded that the survival rates of both types of root restorations were high 
    Output:
    
agent
Atraumatic restorative treatment restorations performed with high-viscous GIC present similar survival/success rates to conventional approach using composite resin or amalgam for occlusoproximal restorations in primary teeth and can be suggested as a good option for occlusoproximal cavities in primary molars .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The survival rates of  restorations in primary molars were calculated after a retrospective examination of patients ' dental records from a study population of 1,065 children . A r and om sample of 128 records showing information for 604 dental restorations  was examined , coded , and analyzed by the life table method of survival analysis . The order of the survival rate of restorations from higher to lower success was preformed crowns , amalgam , composite resin , and glass ionomer restorations . A highly statistically significant difference ( P = 0.0001 ) was found among the survival success rates of different material restorations . For preformed crowns and amalgam restorations , the median survival time was more than 5 years . The 5-year survival estimate for preformed crowns was 68 % and for amalgam restorations was 60 % . For composite resin the median survival time was 32 months and the 4-year survival estimate was 40 % . For glass ionomer restorations , the median survival time was 12 months and the 4-year survival estimate was 5 % BACKGROUND AND AIM This paper review s three published papers and adds results from a fourth study which aim ed to determine which restorative material would be the best alternative(s ) to amalgam ( AM )  in primary teeth . DESIGN All studies had a practice -based design and were part of the routine treatment of children and adolescents . The clinicians were assigned which material s to use in a r and omised matter in the first three studies which lasted for 7 - 8 years . In the fourth study conducted 4 years after the initial studies , the clinicians were free to select the restorative material s. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Resin modified glass ionomer ( RMGI ) and compomer ( COM ) restorations showed similar longevity compared with AM , whereas conventional GI restorations showed significantly shorter longevity . The studies indicated that the ' new and improved ' material s based on in vitro tests did not always show enhanced clinical properties . In the last study , where clinicians freely selected the restorative material s they used in their practice s , seven used COM , one used conventional GI material s and one used a combination of the two types of material OBJECTIVE To determine the examiner 's accuracy in selecting proximal carious lesions in primary molars for restoration using the atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) approach . BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN Intervention study . CLINICAL SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS : A total of 804 six to eight year-olds from 30 rural schools in Kenya participated in the study . INTERVENTION Three examiners selected a total of 1,280 suitable proximal carious lesions in primary molars after examining 6,002 children from 30 schools r and omly selected out of 142 schools in two divisions . Seven operators r and omly paired on a daily basis with eight assistants restored the lesions . An explanation was provided for any cavity that was not restored . Pre- and post-operative  radiographs of the cavities were also taken for evaluation . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The examiner 's choice of suitable proximal cavities restorable using the ART approach  was related to the decision made to either restore or not during the operative stage . The radiographic findings of the selected cavities were also compared to the decision made by the operator . The results obtained were used to determine the examiner 's accuracy in selecting suitable proximal cavities for restoration using the ART approach . RESULTS The majority of the children recruited in the study were excluded due to absenteeism , pulpal-exposure or anxiety during the operative stage . Only 804 children received one restoration in their primary molars . The examiner 's accuracy in selecting suitable ART-restorable cavities  clinical ly was 94.9 % and based on radiographic analysis was 91.7 % . CONCLUSIONS A trained and diligent examiner has a very good chance of selecting proximal carious lesions restorable with the use of ART approach , without the threat of dental pulpal-involvement during the excavation of caries PURPOSE The objectives of this clinical study were to : evaluate the survival of  occlusal atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) restorations  , on a longitudinal basis , in the primary molars of children in Mosul/Iraq ; and compare the success rate of ART restorations placed with and without cavity conditioning . METHODS One dentist placed 96 ART restorations in 48 6- to 7-year-olds who had bilateral matched pairs of carious primary molars . A split-mouth design was used to place restorations with and without cavity conditioning , which were assigned r and omly to contralateral sides . Restorations were evaluated after 6 and 12 months using the ART criteria . RESULTS The survival rate of ART restorations  placed with cavity conditioner was 89 % at the 6-month assessment and 74 % at the 12-month assessment . The success rates of ART restorations  placed without cavity conditioning in the 2 assessment s were 84 % and 67 % , respectively . There was no statistically significant difference between the ART restorations placed with and without cavity conditioner in both assessment s ( P>0.05 ) . The main cause of failure was the loss of restoration . CONCLUSIONS The 1-year success rate of occlusal ART restorations in primary molars was moderately successful . The ART technique 's cavity conditioning step was not proven to be better than not using it for Class I lesions PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of a chlorhexidine-gluconate-based cavity disinfectant on the clinical performance of high viscosity glass-ionomer cement following the ART approach under field conditions after 24 months . METHODS 126 school children 6 - 8 years old who had bilateral matched pairs of carious Class I and II primary molars were included . A split mouth design was used in which Ketac Molar was r and omly placed with or without the use of chlorhexidine-gluconate-based cavity disinfectant on contralateral sides by three dentists . The restorations were evaluated after 6 , 12 and 24 months by two experienced examiners using USPHS-Ryge criteria . RESULTS The 24-month mean cumulative survival rates of Ketac Molar without the use of disinfectant were 97.7 % and 69.4 % while in the disinfectant group , the survival rates were 95.2 % and 63.9 % in Class I and II restorations , respectively with no significant difference between the groups in both class types . In the non-disinfected group , large Class II cavities had significantly better survival rates than did small Class II cavities ( P = 0.023 ) . In the disinfected group , the failure rates in mean cumulative survivals from 6 to 12 months and 12 to 24 months significantly increased with time ( P = 0.004 and P = 0.016 respectively ) PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of two different glass ionomer cements using the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment ( ART ) technique in permanent teeth . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 473 ART restorations were placed in 208 schoolchildren ( 7 - 12 years of age ) by two previously trained operators , using high density and resin-modified glass ionomer cements . All the restorations were photographed at baseline and the patients were asked about postoperative sensitivity . After a period of 8 months , 193 patients were present after recall and 428 restorations were evaluated and photographed . Two independent examiners carried out the evaluation . RESULTS The results showed a success rate of 86.2 % for occlusal restorations with Fuji IX and 88.4 % for those restored with Fuji Plus . A total of 86.7 % of the approximal restorations with Fuji Plus were also judged to be successful after 8 months . No association was found between the material s and the clinical performance of the ART restorations in class I cavities . CONCLUSION The type of restorative material did not influence the success or failure rates in class I cavities within this period . Fuji IX showed promising performance for occlusal ART restorations and Fuji Plus is also a promising material for occlusal and approximal ART restorations BACKGROUND Limited information is available from r and omized clinical trials comparing the longevity of  amalgam and resin-based compomer/composite restorations . The authors compared replacement rates of these types of restorations in posterior teeth during the five-year follow-up of the New Engl and Children 's Amalgam Trial . METHODS The authors r and omized children aged 6 to 10 years who had two or more posterior occlusal carious lesions into groups that received amalgam ( n=267 ) or compomer ( primary teeth)/composite ( permanent teeth ) ( n=267 ) restorations  and followed them up semiannually . They compared the longevity of restorations placed on all posterior surfaces using r and om effects survival analysis . RESULTS The average+/-st and ard deviation follow-up was 2.8+/-1.4 years for primary tooth restorations and 3.4+/-1.9 years for permanent tooth restorations . In primary teeth , the replacement rate was 5.8 percent of compomers versus 4.0 percent of amalgams ( P=.10 ) , with 3.0 percent versus 0.5 percent ( P=.002 ) , respectively , due to recurrent caries . In permanent teeth , the replacement rate was 14.9 percent of composites versus 10.8 percent of amalgams ( P=.45 ) , and the repair rate was 2.8 percent of composites versus 0.4 percent of amalgams ( P=.02 ) . CONCLUSION Although the overall difference in longevity was not statistically significant , compomer was replaced significantly more frequently owing to recurrent caries , and composite restorations required seven times as many repairs as did amalgam restorations . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S Compomer/composite restorations on posterior tooth surfaces in children may require replacement or repair at higher rates than amalgam restorations , even within five years of placement The purpose of the study was to evaluate , in a clinical study over 2 years , the deterioration of two glass ionomer cements used with the atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) technique or approach . Fifty-five Fuji IX and 45 ChemFil Superior restorations were placed r and omly in 23 adult patients , mainly in small occlusal preparations in molar teeth . The restorations were placed in a dental hospital by one dentist using the ART technique . Photographs , radiographs and replicas were obtained at baseline and subsequent recalls . Both cements were easy to mix and place , but the radiolucency of ChemFil Superior was a disadvantage . Both cements also showed early high losses of sealant and restorative material . After 2 years , 34.5 % of the sealants appeared to be completely lost , with caries recorded in 5.3 % of the exposed fissures . In some instances , these small lesions may have been present , but not detected clinical ly , at the time of sealing . Restoration failures of 7.0 % were from wear and fracture of the cements and recurrent caries . Mean cumulative wear was 83.1 microm for Fuji IX and 104.0 microm for ChemFil Superior , which was not statistically significant . The cements became darker after their placement to more closely match the restored teeth , but there were few exact matches . There was no surface staining and only minor marginal discrepancies and staining associated with the restorations . Although the short-term clinical performance of the two glass ionomer cements was reasonable , the material s require further improvements in their mechanical properties , to reduce sealant losses and wear . The cements evaluated appear suitable for restricted use only , in posterior teeth AIM This was to evaluate the influence of two methods of tooth-isolation on the survival rate of proximal ART restorations in the primary molars . METHODS The study was conducted in two rural divisions in Kenya , with 7 operators r and omly paired to a group of 8 assistants . A total of 804 children each had one proximal cavity in a primary molar restored using the ART approach .  During restorations 2 isolation methods , rubber dam or cotton wool rolls , and 3 br and s of glass ionomer cements were used by the operators . The restorations were then followed for a period of 2 years . STATISTICS SPSS 14.0 was used to analyse and relate the data obtained to the method of isolation used . RESULTS After 2 years 30.8 % of the ART restorations had survived . Higher survival rates of the restorations were obtained when using rubber dam irrespective of the GIC material or the operator . CONCLUSION Generally the survival rate of the proximal restorations in the present study was very low , but the use of rubber dam result ed in a higher survival rate of the restorations Successful use of atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) in children has been reported , but little information is available regarding its use in older adults . The hypothesis of this study was that survival rates of root restorations placed by both ART and the conventional technique were similar . Root-surface caries lesions in 103 institutionalized elders in Hong Kong were treated r and omly by either : ( 1 ) the conventional approach — caries removed by dental burs , and the cavity filled with light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer ; or ( 2 ) the ART approach — caries removed by h and instruments , and the cavity filled with chemically cured high-strength glass ionomer . In total , 84 conventional and 78 ART restorations were placed . After 12 months , 63 conventional and 59 ART restorations were review ed , and the respective 12-month survival rates were 91.7 % and 87.0 % ( p > 0.05 ) . It is concluded that the survival rates of both types of root restorations were high 
    Output:
    