human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Sedentary activities , such as watching television , may disrupt habituation to food cues , thereby increasing motivation to eat and energy intake . OBJECTIVE These experiments were design ed to examine the effect of television watching on habituation of ingestive behavior in children . DESIGN In experiment 1 , all children worked for access to cheeseburgers in trials 1 - 7 ( habituating stimulus ) . In trials 8 - 10 , children in the control group continued to work for cheeseburgers without any dishabituating stimuli , whereas children in the other groups received either a novel food ( French fries ) or television as dishabituating stimuli . Responding for food and amount of food eaten were measured . In experiment 2 , all children had access to 1000 kcal of a preferred snack food . One group watched a continuous television show , and the control groups either watched no television or watched a repeated segment of a television show , which controls for the television stimulus but requires reduced allocation of attention . RESULTS In experiment 1 , both the novel food and the television watching groups reinstated responding for food ( P = 0.009 ) and increased the amount of energy earned ( P = 0.018 ) above the level of the control subjects . In experiment 2 , the continuous television group spent more time eating ( P < 0.0001 ) and consumed more energy than the no television and the repeated segment groups ( P = 0.007 ) . CONCLUSION These experiments show that television watching can dishabituate eating or disrupt the development of habituation , which may provide a mechanism for increased energy intake associated with watching television PURPOSE Although moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is related to premature mortality , the relationship between sedentary behaviors and mortality has not been fully explored and may represent a different paradigm than that associated with lack of exercise . We prospect ively examined  sitting time  and mortality in a representative sample of 17,013 Canadians 18 - 90 yr of age . METHODS Evaluation of  daily sitting time  ( almost none of the time , one fourth of the time , half of the time , three fourths of the time , almost all of the time ) ,  leisure time physical activity , smoking status , and alcohol consumption  was conducted at baseline . Participants were followed prospect ively for an average of 12.0 yr for the ascertainment of mortality status . RESULTS There were 1832 deaths  ( 759 of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and 547 of cancer ) during 204,732 person-yr of follow-up . After adjustment for potential confounders , there was a progressively higher risk of mortality across higher levels of sitting time from all causes ( hazard ratios ( HR ) : 1.00 , 1.00 , 1.11 , 1.36 , 1.54 ; P for trend < 0.0001 ) and CVD ( HR:1.00 , 1.01 , 1.22 , 1.47 , 1.54 ; P for trend < 0.0001 ) but not cancer . Similar results were obtained when stratified by sex , age , smoking status , and body mass index . Age-adjusted all-cause mortality rates per 10,000 person-yr of follow-up were 87 , 86 , 105 , 130 , and 161 ( P for trend < 0.0001 ) in physically inactive participants and 75 , 69 , 76 , 98 , 105 ( P for trend = 0.008 ) in active participants across sitting time categories . CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a dose-response association between  sitting time  and mortality from all causes and CVD , independent of leisure time physical activity . In addition to the promotion of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and a healthy weight , physicians should discourage sitting for extended periods Background In developed countries , regular breakfast consumption is inversely associated with excess weight and directly associated with better dietary and improved physical activity behaviors . Our objective was to describe the frequency of breakfast consumption among school-going adolescents in Delhi and evaluate its association with overweight and obesity as well as other dietary , physical activity , and sedentary behaviors . Methods Design : Cross-sectional study . Setting : Eight schools ( Private and Government ) of Delhi in the year 2006 . Participants : 1814 students from 8th and 10th grade s ; response rate was 87.2 % ; 55 % were 8th grade rs , 60 % were boys and 52 % attended Private schools . Main outcome measures : Body mass index , self-reported breakfast consumption , diet and physical activity related behaviors , and psychosocial factors . Data analysis : Mixed effects regression models were employed , adjusting for age , gender , grade level and school type ( SES ) . Results Significantly more Government school ( lower SES ) students consumed  breakfast  daily as compared to Private school ( higher SES ) students ( 73.8 % vs. 66.3 % ; p<0.01 ) . More 8th grade rs consumed breakfast daily vs.10th grade rs ( 72.3 % vs. 67.0 % ; p<0.05 ) . A dose – response relationship was observed such that overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents who consumed breakfast daily ( 14.6 % ) was significantly lower vs. those who only sometimes ( 15.2 % ) or never ( 22.9 % ) consumed breakfast ( p<0.05 for trend ) . This relationship was statistically significant for boys ( 15.4 % vs. 16.5 % vs. 26.0 ; p<0.05 for trend ) but not for girls . Intake of dairy products , fruits and vegetables was 5.5 ( 95 % CI 2.4 - 12.5 ) , 1.7 ( 95 % CI 1.1 - 2.5 ) and 2.2 ( 95 % CI 1.3 - 3.5 ) times higher among those who consumed breakfast daily vs. those who never consumed breakfast . Breakfast consumption was associated with greater physical activity vs. those who never consumed breakfast . Positive values and beliefs about healthy eating ; body image satisfaction ; and positive peer and parental influence were positively associated with daily breakfast consumption , while depression was negatively associated . Conclusion Daily breakfast consumption is associated with less overweight and obesity and with healthier dietary- and physical activity-related behaviors among urban Indian students . Although prospect i ve studies should confirm the present results , intervention programs to prevent or treat childhood obesity in India should consider emphasizing regular breakfast consumption OBJECTIVE To assess prevailing food patterns among Balearic Isl and s ' adolescents , and socio-economic and lifestyle determinants . DESIGN Cross-sectional nutritional survey carried out ( 2007 - 2008 ) in the Balearic Isl and s , a Mediterranean region . Dietary assessment was based on a 145-item semi-quantitative FFQ and two non-consecutive 24 h recalls .  Anthropometric measurements and questions related to socio-economic , lifestyle , physical activity and body image were assessed . SETTING Data obtained from a representative sample of all inhabitants living in the Balearic Isl and s aged 12 - 17 years . SUBJECTS A r and om sample ( n 1231 ) of the adolescent population ( 12 - 17 years old ) was interviewed . RESULTS Factor analysis identified two major dietary food patterns : ' Western ' and ' Mediterranean ' . The ' Western ' dietary pattern was higher among boys than girls , associated with spending ≥4 h/d on media screen time , but less prevalent among those adolescents who desired a thinner body and those girls who desired to remain the same weight . The ' Mediterranean ' dietary pattern was mainly followed by girls , and also boys who spent < 2 h/d on media screen time and girls with high parental socio-economic status . CONCLUSIONS The present study shows the existence of two major dietary patterns among Balearic Isl and s ' adolescents : ' Western ' and ' Mediterranean ' , but girls are more ' Mediterranean ' than boys . This evidence supports that the food pattern of Balearic Isl and s ' adolescents is in a transitional state characterised by the loss of the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern towards a Western dietary pattern . Low parental socio-economic status , much leisure-time on sedentary behaviours such as media screen time and body image are factors associated with the ' Western ' dietary pattern The association of television viewing and obesity in data collected during cycles II and III of the National Health Examination Survey was examined . Cycle II examined 6,965 children aged 6 to 11 years and cycle III examined 6,671 children aged 12 to 17 years . Included in the cycle III sample were 2,153 subjects previously studied during cycle II . These surveys , therefore , provided two cross-sectional sample s and one prospect i ve sample . In all three sample s , significant associations of the time spent watching television and the prevalence of obesity were observed . In 12- to 17-year-old adolescents , the prevalence of obesity increased by 2 % for each additional hour of television viewed . The associations persisted when controlled for prior obesity , region , season , population density , race , socioeconomic class , and a variety of other family variables . The consistency , temporal sequence , strength , and specificity of the associations suggest that television viewing may cause obesity in at least some children and adolescents . The potential effects of obesity on activity and the consumption of calorically dense foods are consistent with this hypothesis CONTEXT Current public health campaigns to reduce obesity and type 2 diabetes have largely focused on increasing exercise , but have paid little attention to the reduction of sedentary behaviors . OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between various sedentary behaviors , especially prolonged television ( TV ) watching , and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in women . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Prospect i ve cohort study conducted from 1992 to 1998 among women from 11 states in the Nurses ' Health Study . The obesity analysis included 50 277 women who had a body mass index ( BMI ) of less than 30 and were free from diagnosed cardiovascular disease , diabetes , or cancer and completed questions on physical activity and sedentary behaviors at baseline . The diabetes analysis included 68 497 women who at baseline were free from diagnosed diabetes mellitus , cardiovascular disease , or cancer . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Onset of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus . RESULTS During 6 years of follow-up , 3757 ( 7.5 % ) of 50 277 women who had a BMI of less than 30 in 1992 became obese ( BMI > or = 30 ) . Overall , we documented 1515 new cases of type 2 diabetes .  Time spent watching TV was positively associated with risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes . In the multivariate analyses adjusting for age , smoking , exercise levels , dietary factors , and other covariates , each 2-h/d increment in TV watching was associated with a 23 % ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 17%-30 % ) increase in obesity and a 14 % ( 95 % CI , 5%-23 % ) increase in risk of diabetes ; each 2-h/d increment in sitting at work was associated with a 5 % ( 95 % CI , 0%-10 % ) increase in obesity and a 7 % ( 95 % CI , 0%-16 % ) increase in diabetes . In contrast , st and ing or walking around at home ( 2 h/d ) was associated with a 9 % ( 95 % CI , 6%-12 % ) reduction in obesity and a 12 % ( 95 % CI , 7%-16 % ) reduction in diabetes . Each 1 hour per day of brisk walking was associated with a 24 % ( 95 % CI , 19%-29 % ) reduction in obesity and a 34 % ( 95 % CI , 27%-41 % ) reduction in diabetes . We estimated that in our cohort , 30 % ( 95 % CI , 24%-36 % ) of new cases of obesity and 43 % ( 95 % CI , 32%-52 % ) of new cases of diabetes could be prevented by adopting a relatively active lifestyle ( < 10 h/wk of TV watching and > or = 30 min/d of brisk walking ) . CONCLUSIONS Independent of exercise levels , sedentary behaviors , especially TV watching , were associated with significantly elevated risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes , whereas even light to moderate activity was associated with substantially lower risk . This study emphasizes the importance of reducing prolonged TV watching and other sedentary behaviors for preventing obesity and diabetes Alarm about the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity has focussed attention on individual lifestyle behaviours that may contribute to unhealthy weight . More distal predictors such as maternal employment may also be implicated since working mothers have less time to supervise children 's daily activities . The research reported here used two waves of data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children to investigate whether  mothers ' hours in paid work  shape young children 's  television viewing , snacking and physical activity , and through those lifestyle behaviours , children 's weight at ages 4 - 5 years and 6 - 7 years . At both ages , children 's lifestyle behaviours were interrelated and associated with weight status . Cross-sectional analysis confirmed small , direct associations between longer hours of maternal employment and child weight at age 4 - 5 years , but not with child 's weight measured two years later . In both the cross-sectional and prospect 
    Output:
    
agent
Sedentary behaviour continues to be associated with unhealthy diet in young people in mostly cross-sectional studies .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Sedentary activities , such as watching television , may disrupt habituation to food cues , thereby increasing motivation to eat and energy intake . OBJECTIVE These experiments were design ed to examine the effect of television watching on habituation of ingestive behavior in children . DESIGN In experiment 1 , all children worked for access to cheeseburgers in trials 1 - 7 ( habituating stimulus ) . In trials 8 - 10 , children in the control group continued to work for cheeseburgers without any dishabituating stimuli , whereas children in the other groups received either a novel food ( French fries ) or television as dishabituating stimuli . Responding for food and amount of food eaten were measured . In experiment 2 , all children had access to 1000 kcal of a preferred snack food . One group watched a continuous television show , and the control groups either watched no television or watched a repeated segment of a television show , which controls for the television stimulus but requires reduced allocation of attention . RESULTS In experiment 1 , both the novel food and the television watching groups reinstated responding for food ( P = 0.009 ) and increased the amount of energy earned ( P = 0.018 ) above the level of the control subjects . In experiment 2 , the continuous television group spent more time eating ( P < 0.0001 ) and consumed more energy than the no television and the repeated segment groups ( P = 0.007 ) . CONCLUSION These experiments show that television watching can dishabituate eating or disrupt the development of habituation , which may provide a mechanism for increased energy intake associated with watching television PURPOSE Although moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is related to premature mortality , the relationship between sedentary behaviors and mortality has not been fully explored and may represent a different paradigm than that associated with lack of exercise . We prospect ively examined  sitting time  and mortality in a representative sample of 17,013 Canadians 18 - 90 yr of age . METHODS Evaluation of  daily sitting time  ( almost none of the time , one fourth of the time , half of the time , three fourths of the time , almost all of the time ) ,  leisure time physical activity , smoking status , and alcohol consumption  was conducted at baseline . Participants were followed prospect ively for an average of 12.0 yr for the ascertainment of mortality status . RESULTS There were 1832 deaths  ( 759 of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and 547 of cancer ) during 204,732 person-yr of follow-up . After adjustment for potential confounders , there was a progressively higher risk of mortality across higher levels of sitting time from all causes ( hazard ratios ( HR ) : 1.00 , 1.00 , 1.11 , 1.36 , 1.54 ; P for trend < 0.0001 ) and CVD ( HR:1.00 , 1.01 , 1.22 , 1.47 , 1.54 ; P for trend < 0.0001 ) but not cancer . Similar results were obtained when stratified by sex , age , smoking status , and body mass index . Age-adjusted all-cause mortality rates per 10,000 person-yr of follow-up were 87 , 86 , 105 , 130 , and 161 ( P for trend < 0.0001 ) in physically inactive participants and 75 , 69 , 76 , 98 , 105 ( P for trend = 0.008 ) in active participants across sitting time categories . CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a dose-response association between  sitting time  and mortality from all causes and CVD , independent of leisure time physical activity . In addition to the promotion of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and a healthy weight , physicians should discourage sitting for extended periods Background In developed countries , regular breakfast consumption is inversely associated with excess weight and directly associated with better dietary and improved physical activity behaviors . Our objective was to describe the frequency of breakfast consumption among school-going adolescents in Delhi and evaluate its association with overweight and obesity as well as other dietary , physical activity , and sedentary behaviors . Methods Design : Cross-sectional study . Setting : Eight schools ( Private and Government ) of Delhi in the year 2006 . Participants : 1814 students from 8th and 10th grade s ; response rate was 87.2 % ; 55 % were 8th grade rs , 60 % were boys and 52 % attended Private schools . Main outcome measures : Body mass index , self-reported breakfast consumption , diet and physical activity related behaviors , and psychosocial factors . Data analysis : Mixed effects regression models were employed , adjusting for age , gender , grade level and school type ( SES ) . Results Significantly more Government school ( lower SES ) students consumed  breakfast  daily as compared to Private school ( higher SES ) students ( 73.8 % vs. 66.3 % ; p<0.01 ) . More 8th grade rs consumed breakfast daily vs.10th grade rs ( 72.3 % vs. 67.0 % ; p<0.05 ) . A dose – response relationship was observed such that overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents who consumed breakfast daily ( 14.6 % ) was significantly lower vs. those who only sometimes ( 15.2 % ) or never ( 22.9 % ) consumed breakfast ( p<0.05 for trend ) . This relationship was statistically significant for boys ( 15.4 % vs. 16.5 % vs. 26.0 ; p<0.05 for trend ) but not for girls . Intake of dairy products , fruits and vegetables was 5.5 ( 95 % CI 2.4 - 12.5 ) , 1.7 ( 95 % CI 1.1 - 2.5 ) and 2.2 ( 95 % CI 1.3 - 3.5 ) times higher among those who consumed breakfast daily vs. those who never consumed breakfast . Breakfast consumption was associated with greater physical activity vs. those who never consumed breakfast . Positive values and beliefs about healthy eating ; body image satisfaction ; and positive peer and parental influence were positively associated with daily breakfast consumption , while depression was negatively associated . Conclusion Daily breakfast consumption is associated with less overweight and obesity and with healthier dietary- and physical activity-related behaviors among urban Indian students . Although prospect i ve studies should confirm the present results , intervention programs to prevent or treat childhood obesity in India should consider emphasizing regular breakfast consumption OBJECTIVE To assess prevailing food patterns among Balearic Isl and s ' adolescents , and socio-economic and lifestyle determinants . DESIGN Cross-sectional nutritional survey carried out ( 2007 - 2008 ) in the Balearic Isl and s , a Mediterranean region . Dietary assessment was based on a 145-item semi-quantitative FFQ and two non-consecutive 24 h recalls .  Anthropometric measurements and questions related to socio-economic , lifestyle , physical activity and body image were assessed . SETTING Data obtained from a representative sample of all inhabitants living in the Balearic Isl and s aged 12 - 17 years . SUBJECTS A r and om sample ( n 1231 ) of the adolescent population ( 12 - 17 years old ) was interviewed . RESULTS Factor analysis identified two major dietary food patterns : ' Western ' and ' Mediterranean ' . The ' Western ' dietary pattern was higher among boys than girls , associated with spending ≥4 h/d on media screen time , but less prevalent among those adolescents who desired a thinner body and those girls who desired to remain the same weight . The ' Mediterranean ' dietary pattern was mainly followed by girls , and also boys who spent < 2 h/d on media screen time and girls with high parental socio-economic status . CONCLUSIONS The present study shows the existence of two major dietary patterns among Balearic Isl and s ' adolescents : ' Western ' and ' Mediterranean ' , but girls are more ' Mediterranean ' than boys . This evidence supports that the food pattern of Balearic Isl and s ' adolescents is in a transitional state characterised by the loss of the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern towards a Western dietary pattern . Low parental socio-economic status , much leisure-time on sedentary behaviours such as media screen time and body image are factors associated with the ' Western ' dietary pattern The association of television viewing and obesity in data collected during cycles II and III of the National Health Examination Survey was examined . Cycle II examined 6,965 children aged 6 to 11 years and cycle III examined 6,671 children aged 12 to 17 years . Included in the cycle III sample were 2,153 subjects previously studied during cycle II . These surveys , therefore , provided two cross-sectional sample s and one prospect i ve sample . In all three sample s , significant associations of the time spent watching television and the prevalence of obesity were observed . In 12- to 17-year-old adolescents , the prevalence of obesity increased by 2 % for each additional hour of television viewed . The associations persisted when controlled for prior obesity , region , season , population density , race , socioeconomic class , and a variety of other family variables . The consistency , temporal sequence , strength , and specificity of the associations suggest that television viewing may cause obesity in at least some children and adolescents . The potential effects of obesity on activity and the consumption of calorically dense foods are consistent with this hypothesis CONTEXT Current public health campaigns to reduce obesity and type 2 diabetes have largely focused on increasing exercise , but have paid little attention to the reduction of sedentary behaviors . OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between various sedentary behaviors , especially prolonged television ( TV ) watching , and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in women . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Prospect i ve cohort study conducted from 1992 to 1998 among women from 11 states in the Nurses ' Health Study . The obesity analysis included 50 277 women who had a body mass index ( BMI ) of less than 30 and were free from diagnosed cardiovascular disease , diabetes , or cancer and completed questions on physical activity and sedentary behaviors at baseline . The diabetes analysis included 68 497 women who at baseline were free from diagnosed diabetes mellitus , cardiovascular disease , or cancer . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Onset of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus . RESULTS During 6 years of follow-up , 3757 ( 7.5 % ) of 50 277 women who had a BMI of less than 30 in 1992 became obese ( BMI > or = 30 ) . Overall , we documented 1515 new cases of type 2 diabetes .  Time spent watching TV was positively associated with risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes . In the multivariate analyses adjusting for age , smoking , exercise levels , dietary factors , and other covariates , each 2-h/d increment in TV watching was associated with a 23 % ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 17%-30 % ) increase in obesity and a 14 % ( 95 % CI , 5%-23 % ) increase in risk of diabetes ; each 2-h/d increment in sitting at work was associated with a 5 % ( 95 % CI , 0%-10 % ) increase in obesity and a 7 % ( 95 % CI , 0%-16 % ) increase in diabetes . In contrast , st and ing or walking around at home ( 2 h/d ) was associated with a 9 % ( 95 % CI , 6%-12 % ) reduction in obesity and a 12 % ( 95 % CI , 7%-16 % ) reduction in diabetes . Each 1 hour per day of brisk walking was associated with a 24 % ( 95 % CI , 19%-29 % ) reduction in obesity and a 34 % ( 95 % CI , 27%-41 % ) reduction in diabetes . We estimated that in our cohort , 30 % ( 95 % CI , 24%-36 % ) of new cases of obesity and 43 % ( 95 % CI , 32%-52 % ) of new cases of diabetes could be prevented by adopting a relatively active lifestyle ( < 10 h/wk of TV watching and > or = 30 min/d of brisk walking ) . CONCLUSIONS Independent of exercise levels , sedentary behaviors , especially TV watching , were associated with significantly elevated risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes , whereas even light to moderate activity was associated with substantially lower risk . This study emphasizes the importance of reducing prolonged TV watching and other sedentary behaviors for preventing obesity and diabetes Alarm about the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity has focussed attention on individual lifestyle behaviours that may contribute to unhealthy weight . More distal predictors such as maternal employment may also be implicated since working mothers have less time to supervise children 's daily activities . The research reported here used two waves of data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children to investigate whether  mothers ' hours in paid work  shape young children 's  television viewing , snacking and physical activity , and through those lifestyle behaviours , children 's weight at ages 4 - 5 years and 6 - 7 years . At both ages , children 's lifestyle behaviours were interrelated and associated with weight status . Cross-sectional analysis confirmed small , direct associations between longer hours of maternal employment and child weight at age 4 - 5 years , but not with child 's weight measured two years later . In both the cross-sectional and prospect 
    Output:
    