human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Green tea consumption has been associated with favorable changes in body weight and obesity-related hormones , although it is not known whether these changes result from green tea polyphenols or caffeine . OBJECTIVE We examined the impact of decaffeinated green tea extract ( GTE ) containing 843 mg of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on anthropometric variables , obesity-associated hormones , and glucose homeostasis . METHODS The Minnesota Green Tea Trial was a 12-mo r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial of 937 healthy postmenopausal women assigned to either decaffeinated GTE ( 1315 mg total catechins/d ) or a placebo  , stratified by catechol-O-methyltransferase ( COMT ) genotype . This study was conducted in a subset of 237 overweight and obese participants [ body mass index ( BMI ) ≥25 kg/m(2 ) ] . RESULTS No changes in energy intake , body weight , BMI , or waist circumference ( WC ) were observed over 12 mo in women taking GTE ( n = 117 ) or placebo ( n = 120 ) . No differences were seen in circulating leptin , ghrelin , adiponectin , or glucose concentrations at month 12 . Participants r and omly assigned to GTE with baseline insulin ≥10 μIU/mL ( n = 23 ) had a decrease in fasting serum insulin from baseline to month 12 ( -1.43 ± 0.59 μIU/mL ) , whereas those r and omly assigned to placebo with baseline insulin ≥10 μIU/mL ( n = 19 ) had an increase in insulin over 12 mo ( 0.55 ± 0.64 μIU/mL , P < 0.01 ) . Participants with the homozygous high-activity ( G/G ) form of COMT had significantly lower adiponectin ( 5.97 ± 0.50 compared with 7.58 ± 0.53 μg/mL , P = 0.03 ) and greater insulin concentrations ( 7.63 ± 0.53 compared with 6.18 ± 0.36 μIU/mL , P = 0.02 ) at month 12 compared with those with the low-activity ( A/A ) genotype , regardless of treatment group . CONCLUSIONS Decaffeinated GTE was not associated with reductions in body weight , BMI , or WC and did not alter energy intake or mean hormone concentrations in healthy postmenopausal women over 12 mo . GTE decreased fasting insulin concentrations in those with elevated baseline fasting concentrations . The high-activity form of the COMT enzyme may be associated with elevations in insulin and a reduction in adiponectin concentrations over time . This trial was registered at http://www . clinical trials.gov as NCT00917735 BACKGROUND Green tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world . It is believed to have beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of many diseases , one of which is type 2 diabetes . The aim of the study is to examine the effect of a decaffeinated green tea extract ( GTE ) providing a daily dose of 856 mg of epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG ) on obese individuals with type 2 diabetes . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The clinical trial was a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted from December 2007 through November 2008 . The subjects were r and omly assigned to either receive 1,500 mg of a decaffeinated GTE or placebo daily for 16 weeks . Sixty-eight of 80 subjects , ages 20 - 65 years with BMI > 25 kg/m2 and type 2 diabetes for more than one year , completed this study .  Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) was used as the major outcome measurement . At baseline and after 16 weeks of treatment , anthropometric measurements , fasting glucose , hemoglobin A1C percent ( HbA1C ) , hormone peptides , and plasma lipoproteins were measured from both groups . RESULTS No statistically significant differences were detected between the decaffeinated GTE and placebo groups in any measured variable . A statistically significant within-group 0.4-percent reduction in HbA1C ( from 8.4 to 8.0 % ) was observed after GTE treatment compared to baseline . Within-group comparison also revealed that the GTE group had significant reductions in waist circumference ( WC ) , HOMA-IR index , and insulin level , and a significant increase in the level of ghrelin . Within-group comparison of those in the placebo group showed a significant increase in the level of ghrelin . CONCLUSIONS This study found no statistical difference in any measured variable between the decaffeinated GTE and placebo groups ; however , there were some statistically significant within-group changes detected . More research is required to determine whether a decaffeinated GTE st and ardized for EGCG content will provide any clinical benefits in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes . Clinical Trial Registration NO : NCT00567905 Elevated postpr and ial hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress increase the risks of type 2 diabetes and CVD . Green tea catechin possesses antidiabetic properties and antioxidant capacity . In the present study , we examined the acute and continuous effects of ingestion of catechin-rich green tea on postpr and ial hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress in healthy postmenopausal women . Participants were r and omly assigned into the  placebo ( P , n 11 ) or green tea ( GT , n 11 ) group . The GT group consumed a catechin-rich green tea ( catechins 615 mg/350 ml ) beverage per d for 4 weeks . The P group consumed a placebo ( catechins 92 mg/350 ml ) beverage per d for 4 weeks . At baseline and after 4 weeks , participants of each group consumed their design ated beverages with breakfast and consumed lunch 3 h after breakfast . Venous blood sample s were collected in the fasted state ( 0 h ) and at 2 , 4 and 6 h after breakfast . Postpr and ial glucose concentrations were 3 % lower in the GT group than in the P group ( three-factor ANOVA , group × time interaction , P < 0·05 ) . Serum concentrations of the derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites increased after meals ( P < 0·05 ) , but no effect of catechin-rich green tea intake was observed . Conversely , serum postpr and ial thioredoxin concentrations were 5 % higher in the GT group than in the P group ( three-factor ANOVA , group × time interaction , P < 0·05 ) . These findings indicate that an acute ingestion of catechin-rich green tea has beneficial effects on postpr and ial glucose and redox homeostasis in postmenopausal women The aim of the study was to investigate the antidiabetic effect of the traditional Vietnamese herb Gynostemma pentaphyllum in 24 drug-naïve type 2 diabetic patients . All patients were r and omized to authenticated Gynostemma pentaphyllum tea or placebo tea , 6 g daily , during twelve weeks and received information regarding diet and exercise .  Fasting plasma glucose , insulin levels , and glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA(1C ) ) were measured before , during , and after the treatment . Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed every four weeks . After 12-week treatment , fasting plasma glucose levels totally decreased to an extent of 3.0+/-1.8 mmol/l in the Gynostemma pentaphyllum tea group as compared to a decrease of 0.6+/-2.2 mmol/l in the control group ( p<0.01 ) . HbA(1C ) levels after 12 weeks decreased approximately 2 % units in the Gynostemma pentaphyllum group compared to 0.2 % unit in the controls ( p<0.001 ) . Change in Homeostasis Model Assessment -Insulin Resistance between baseline and twelfth week indicated that insulin resistance decreased significantly in the Gynostemma pentaphyllum group ( -2.1+/-3.0 ) compared with that ( + 1.1+/-3.3 ) in the control group ( p<0.05 ) . There were no hypoglycemias , or adverse effects regarding kidney and liver parameters or gastrointestinal function . In addition , lipid profiles , glucagon , cortisol levels , body measurements , and blood pressure were not different between the groups . This study shows a prompt improvement of glycemia and insulin sensitivity , and thereby provides a basis for a novel , effective , and safe approach , using Gynostemma pentaphyllum tea , to treat type 2 diabetic patients Recent evidence suggests that tea from Camellia sinensis ( eg , green , oolong , and black tea ) may have a hypoglycemic effect . We evaluated the ability of an extract of green and black tea to improve glucose control over a 3-month period . A double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized multiple-dose ( 0 , 375 , or 750 mg per day for 3 months ) study in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus not taking insulin was performed . The primary end point was change in glycosylated hemoglobin at 3 months . The 49 subjects who completed this study were predominantly white with an average age of 65 years and a median duration of diabetes of 6 years , and 80 % of them reported using hypoglycemic medication .  After 3 months , the mean changes in glycosylated hemoglobin were + 0.4 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.2 - 0.6 ) , + 0.3 ( 0.1 - 0.5 ) , and + 0.5 ( 0.1 - 0.9 ) in the placebo , 375-mg , and 750-mg arms , respectively . The changes were not significantly different between study arms . We did not find a hypoglycemic effect of extract of green and black tea in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus BACKGROUND Green tea is believed to have beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of acne . OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of a decaffeinated green tea extract ( GTE ) , providing a daily dose of 856 mg of epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG ) upon women with post-adolescent acne . METHODS A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted from May 2012 through October 2013 . A final group of 80 subjects were r and omly assigned to receive either 1500 mg of decaffeinated GTE or placebo ( cellulose ) daily for 4 weeks . Inflammatory lesion counts were used as the major outcome measurement . At baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment , anthropometric measurements , fasting glucose levels and a lipid profile were measured from both groups . RESULTS Sixty-four of 80 women , from 25 to 45 years of age with moderate-to-severe acne completed the study . Statistically significant differences were noted in inflammatory lesion counts distributed on the nose , periorally and on the chin between the two groups . However , there were no significant differences between groups for total lesion counts . Within-group comparison revealed that the GTE group had significant reductions in inflammatory lesions distributed on the forehead and cheek , and significant reductions in total lesion counts . GTE result ed in significant reductions in total cholesterol levels within the GTE group . CONCLUSIONS GTE result ed in significant reductions in lesions located on the nose , perioral area and chin . More research is required to determine whether a decaffeinated GTE st and ardized for EGCG content will provide clinical benefits in women with post-adolescent acne Background Green tea was suggested as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetes more than 70 years ago , but the mechanisms behind its antidiabetic effect remains elusive . In this work , we address this issue by feeding a green tea extract ( TEAVIGO ™ ) with a high content of epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG ) or the thiazolidinedione PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone , as positive control , to db/db mice , an animal model for diabetes . Methods Young ( 7 week-old ) db/db mice were r and omized and assigned to receive diets supplemented with or without EGCG or rosiglitazone for 10 weeks . Fasting blood glucose , body weight and food intake was measured along the treatment . Glucose and insulin levels were determined during an oral glucose tolerance test after 10 weeks of treatment . Pancreata were sample d at the end of the study for blinded histomorphometric analysis . Islets were isolated and their mRNA expression analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR . Results The results show that , in db/db mice , EGCG  improves glucose tolerance and increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion . EGCG supplementation reduces the number of pathologically changed islets of Langerhans , increases the number and the size of islets , and heightens pancreatic endocrine area . These effects occurred in parallel with a reduction in islet endoplasmic reticulum stress markers , possibly linked to the antioxidative capacity of EGCG . Conclusions This study shows that the green tea extract EGCG markedly preserves islet structure and 
    Output:
    
agent
No evidence support the consumption of GT/GTE could reduce the levels of HbA1c , HOMA-IR , fasting insulin , or fasting glucose in people with pre-diabetes/T2DM .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Green tea consumption has been associated with favorable changes in body weight and obesity-related hormones , although it is not known whether these changes result from green tea polyphenols or caffeine . OBJECTIVE We examined the impact of decaffeinated green tea extract ( GTE ) containing 843 mg of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on anthropometric variables , obesity-associated hormones , and glucose homeostasis . METHODS The Minnesota Green Tea Trial was a 12-mo r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial of 937 healthy postmenopausal women assigned to either decaffeinated GTE ( 1315 mg total catechins/d ) or a placebo  , stratified by catechol-O-methyltransferase ( COMT ) genotype . This study was conducted in a subset of 237 overweight and obese participants [ body mass index ( BMI ) ≥25 kg/m(2 ) ] . RESULTS No changes in energy intake , body weight , BMI , or waist circumference ( WC ) were observed over 12 mo in women taking GTE ( n = 117 ) or placebo ( n = 120 ) . No differences were seen in circulating leptin , ghrelin , adiponectin , or glucose concentrations at month 12 . Participants r and omly assigned to GTE with baseline insulin ≥10 μIU/mL ( n = 23 ) had a decrease in fasting serum insulin from baseline to month 12 ( -1.43 ± 0.59 μIU/mL ) , whereas those r and omly assigned to placebo with baseline insulin ≥10 μIU/mL ( n = 19 ) had an increase in insulin over 12 mo ( 0.55 ± 0.64 μIU/mL , P < 0.01 ) . Participants with the homozygous high-activity ( G/G ) form of COMT had significantly lower adiponectin ( 5.97 ± 0.50 compared with 7.58 ± 0.53 μg/mL , P = 0.03 ) and greater insulin concentrations ( 7.63 ± 0.53 compared with 6.18 ± 0.36 μIU/mL , P = 0.02 ) at month 12 compared with those with the low-activity ( A/A ) genotype , regardless of treatment group . CONCLUSIONS Decaffeinated GTE was not associated with reductions in body weight , BMI , or WC and did not alter energy intake or mean hormone concentrations in healthy postmenopausal women over 12 mo . GTE decreased fasting insulin concentrations in those with elevated baseline fasting concentrations . The high-activity form of the COMT enzyme may be associated with elevations in insulin and a reduction in adiponectin concentrations over time . This trial was registered at http://www . clinical trials.gov as NCT00917735 BACKGROUND Green tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world . It is believed to have beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of many diseases , one of which is type 2 diabetes . The aim of the study is to examine the effect of a decaffeinated green tea extract ( GTE ) providing a daily dose of 856 mg of epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG ) on obese individuals with type 2 diabetes . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The clinical trial was a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted from December 2007 through November 2008 . The subjects were r and omly assigned to either receive 1,500 mg of a decaffeinated GTE or placebo daily for 16 weeks . Sixty-eight of 80 subjects , ages 20 - 65 years with BMI > 25 kg/m2 and type 2 diabetes for more than one year , completed this study .  Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) was used as the major outcome measurement . At baseline and after 16 weeks of treatment , anthropometric measurements , fasting glucose , hemoglobin A1C percent ( HbA1C ) , hormone peptides , and plasma lipoproteins were measured from both groups . RESULTS No statistically significant differences were detected between the decaffeinated GTE and placebo groups in any measured variable . A statistically significant within-group 0.4-percent reduction in HbA1C ( from 8.4 to 8.0 % ) was observed after GTE treatment compared to baseline . Within-group comparison also revealed that the GTE group had significant reductions in waist circumference ( WC ) , HOMA-IR index , and insulin level , and a significant increase in the level of ghrelin . Within-group comparison of those in the placebo group showed a significant increase in the level of ghrelin . CONCLUSIONS This study found no statistical difference in any measured variable between the decaffeinated GTE and placebo groups ; however , there were some statistically significant within-group changes detected . More research is required to determine whether a decaffeinated GTE st and ardized for EGCG content will provide any clinical benefits in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes . Clinical Trial Registration NO : NCT00567905 Elevated postpr and ial hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress increase the risks of type 2 diabetes and CVD . Green tea catechin possesses antidiabetic properties and antioxidant capacity . In the present study , we examined the acute and continuous effects of ingestion of catechin-rich green tea on postpr and ial hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress in healthy postmenopausal women . Participants were r and omly assigned into the  placebo ( P , n 11 ) or green tea ( GT , n 11 ) group . The GT group consumed a catechin-rich green tea ( catechins 615 mg/350 ml ) beverage per d for 4 weeks . The P group consumed a placebo ( catechins 92 mg/350 ml ) beverage per d for 4 weeks . At baseline and after 4 weeks , participants of each group consumed their design ated beverages with breakfast and consumed lunch 3 h after breakfast . Venous blood sample s were collected in the fasted state ( 0 h ) and at 2 , 4 and 6 h after breakfast . Postpr and ial glucose concentrations were 3 % lower in the GT group than in the P group ( three-factor ANOVA , group × time interaction , P < 0·05 ) . Serum concentrations of the derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites increased after meals ( P < 0·05 ) , but no effect of catechin-rich green tea intake was observed . Conversely , serum postpr and ial thioredoxin concentrations were 5 % higher in the GT group than in the P group ( three-factor ANOVA , group × time interaction , P < 0·05 ) . These findings indicate that an acute ingestion of catechin-rich green tea has beneficial effects on postpr and ial glucose and redox homeostasis in postmenopausal women The aim of the study was to investigate the antidiabetic effect of the traditional Vietnamese herb Gynostemma pentaphyllum in 24 drug-naïve type 2 diabetic patients . All patients were r and omized to authenticated Gynostemma pentaphyllum tea or placebo tea , 6 g daily , during twelve weeks and received information regarding diet and exercise .  Fasting plasma glucose , insulin levels , and glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA(1C ) ) were measured before , during , and after the treatment . Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed every four weeks . After 12-week treatment , fasting plasma glucose levels totally decreased to an extent of 3.0+/-1.8 mmol/l in the Gynostemma pentaphyllum tea group as compared to a decrease of 0.6+/-2.2 mmol/l in the control group ( p<0.01 ) . HbA(1C ) levels after 12 weeks decreased approximately 2 % units in the Gynostemma pentaphyllum group compared to 0.2 % unit in the controls ( p<0.001 ) . Change in Homeostasis Model Assessment -Insulin Resistance between baseline and twelfth week indicated that insulin resistance decreased significantly in the Gynostemma pentaphyllum group ( -2.1+/-3.0 ) compared with that ( + 1.1+/-3.3 ) in the control group ( p<0.05 ) . There were no hypoglycemias , or adverse effects regarding kidney and liver parameters or gastrointestinal function . In addition , lipid profiles , glucagon , cortisol levels , body measurements , and blood pressure were not different between the groups . This study shows a prompt improvement of glycemia and insulin sensitivity , and thereby provides a basis for a novel , effective , and safe approach , using Gynostemma pentaphyllum tea , to treat type 2 diabetic patients Recent evidence suggests that tea from Camellia sinensis ( eg , green , oolong , and black tea ) may have a hypoglycemic effect . We evaluated the ability of an extract of green and black tea to improve glucose control over a 3-month period . A double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized multiple-dose ( 0 , 375 , or 750 mg per day for 3 months ) study in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus not taking insulin was performed . The primary end point was change in glycosylated hemoglobin at 3 months . The 49 subjects who completed this study were predominantly white with an average age of 65 years and a median duration of diabetes of 6 years , and 80 % of them reported using hypoglycemic medication .  After 3 months , the mean changes in glycosylated hemoglobin were + 0.4 ( 95 % confidence interval , 0.2 - 0.6 ) , + 0.3 ( 0.1 - 0.5 ) , and + 0.5 ( 0.1 - 0.9 ) in the placebo , 375-mg , and 750-mg arms , respectively . The changes were not significantly different between study arms . We did not find a hypoglycemic effect of extract of green and black tea in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus BACKGROUND Green tea is believed to have beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of acne . OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of a decaffeinated green tea extract ( GTE ) , providing a daily dose of 856 mg of epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG ) upon women with post-adolescent acne . METHODS A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted from May 2012 through October 2013 . A final group of 80 subjects were r and omly assigned to receive either 1500 mg of decaffeinated GTE or placebo ( cellulose ) daily for 4 weeks . Inflammatory lesion counts were used as the major outcome measurement . At baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment , anthropometric measurements , fasting glucose levels and a lipid profile were measured from both groups . RESULTS Sixty-four of 80 women , from 25 to 45 years of age with moderate-to-severe acne completed the study . Statistically significant differences were noted in inflammatory lesion counts distributed on the nose , periorally and on the chin between the two groups . However , there were no significant differences between groups for total lesion counts . Within-group comparison revealed that the GTE group had significant reductions in inflammatory lesions distributed on the forehead and cheek , and significant reductions in total lesion counts . GTE result ed in significant reductions in total cholesterol levels within the GTE group . CONCLUSIONS GTE result ed in significant reductions in lesions located on the nose , perioral area and chin . More research is required to determine whether a decaffeinated GTE st and ardized for EGCG content will provide clinical benefits in women with post-adolescent acne Background Green tea was suggested as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetes more than 70 years ago , but the mechanisms behind its antidiabetic effect remains elusive . In this work , we address this issue by feeding a green tea extract ( TEAVIGO ™ ) with a high content of epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG ) or the thiazolidinedione PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone , as positive control , to db/db mice , an animal model for diabetes . Methods Young ( 7 week-old ) db/db mice were r and omized and assigned to receive diets supplemented with or without EGCG or rosiglitazone for 10 weeks . Fasting blood glucose , body weight and food intake was measured along the treatment . Glucose and insulin levels were determined during an oral glucose tolerance test after 10 weeks of treatment . Pancreata were sample d at the end of the study for blinded histomorphometric analysis . Islets were isolated and their mRNA expression analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR . Results The results show that , in db/db mice , EGCG  improves glucose tolerance and increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion . EGCG supplementation reduces the number of pathologically changed islets of Langerhans , increases the number and the size of islets , and heightens pancreatic endocrine area . These effects occurred in parallel with a reduction in islet endoplasmic reticulum stress markers , possibly linked to the antioxidative capacity of EGCG . Conclusions This study shows that the green tea extract EGCG markedly preserves islet structure and 
    Output:
    