human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES To inform the debate over whether human sleep can be chronically reduced without consequences , we conducted a dose-response chronic sleep restriction experiment in which waking neurobehavioral and sleep physiological functions were monitored and compared to those for total sleep deprivation . DESIGN The chronic sleep restriction experiment involved r and omization to one of three sleep doses ( 4 h , 6 h , or 8 h time in bed per night ) , which were maintained for 14 consecutive days . The total sleep deprivation experiment involved 3 nights without sleep ( 0 h time in bed ) . Each study also involved 3 baseline ( pre-deprivation ) days and 3 recovery days . SETTING Both experiments were conducted under st and ardized laboratory conditions with continuous behavioral , physiological and medical monitoring . PARTICIPANTS A total of n = 48 healthy adults ( ages 21 - 38 ) participated in the experiments . INTERVENTIONS Noctumal sleep periods were restricted to 8 h , 6 h or 4 h per day for 14 days , or to 0 h for 3 days . All other sleep was prohibited . RESULTS Chronic restriction of sleep periods to 4 h or 6 h per night over 14 consecutive days result ed in significant cumulative , dose-dependent deficits in cognitive performance on all tasks . Subjective sleepiness ratings showed an acute response to sleep restriction but only small further increases on subsequent days , and did not significantly differentiate the 6 h and 4 h conditions . Polysomnographic variables and delta power in the non-REM sleep EEG-a putative marker of sleep homeostasis -- displayed an acute response to sleep restriction with negligible further changes across the 14 restricted nights . Comparison of chronic sleep restriction to total sleep deprivation showed that the latter result ed in disproportionately large waking neurobehavioral and sleep delta power responses relative to how much sleep was lost . A statistical model revealed that , regardless of the mode of sleep deprivation , lapses in behavioral alertness were near-linearly related to the cumulative duration of wakefulness in excess of 15.84 h ( s.e . 0.73 h ) . CONCLUSIONS Since chronic restriction of sleep to 6 h or less per night produced cognitive performance deficits equivalent to up to 2 nights of total sleep deprivation , it appears that even relatively moderate sleep restriction can seriously impair waking neurobehavioral functions in healthy adults . Sleepiness ratings suggest that subjects were largely unaware of these increasing cognitive deficits , which may explain why the impact of chronic sleep restriction on waking cognitive functions is often assumed to be benign . Physiological sleep responses to chronic restriction did not mirror waking neurobehavioral responses , but cumulative wakefulness in excess of a 15.84 h predicted performance lapses across all four experimental conditions . This suggests that sleep debt is perhaps best understood as result ing in additional wakefulness that has a neurobiological " cost " which accumulates over time The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on impulsive behavior .  Patients with impulse control disorders often report sleep problems , and sleep deprivation even in healthy individuals impairs cognition , decision-making , and perhaps impulse control . To characterize the effects of sleep loss on specific forms of impulsive behavior , we tested the effects of overnight , monitored sleep deprivation on measures of impulsivity and cognition in healthy volunteers . Ten men and ten women completed two 24 h sessions in r and om order , in which they were either allowed to sleep normally or remained awake all night . At 8:30 am and 6:15 pm on the day after sleep or no sleep , participants were tested on the  Balloon Analogue Risk Task ( BART ) , the Experiential Discounting Task , the Adjusting Amount Delay and Probability Discounting Task , and the Stop Task .  Participants also completed mood question naires and the  Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Matrix ( ANAM ) throughout the course of the day . Sleep deprivation did not affect most of the measures of impulsive behavior . However , on the BART , sleep deprivation decreased risk taking in women , but not men . Sleep deprivation produced expected increases in subjective fatigue , and impaired performance on measures of attention and cognitive efficiency on the ANAM . The results indicate that sleep deprivation does not specifically increase impulsive behaviors but may differentially affect risk taking in men and women BACKGROUND Slow oscillations ( < 1 Hz ) during slow wave sleep ( SWS ) promote the consolidation of declarative memory .  Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) have been shown to display deficits in sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memory supposedly due to dysfunctional slow brain rhythms during SWS . OBJECTIVE Using transcranial oscillating direct current stimulation ( toDCS ) at 0.75 Hz , we investigated whether an externally triggered increase in slow oscillations during early SWS elevates memory performance in children with ADHD . METHODS 12 children with ADHD underwent a toDCS and a sham condition in a double-blind crossover study design conducted in a sleep laboratory . Memory was tested using a 2D object-location task . In addition , 12 healthy children performed the same memory task in their home environment . RESULTS Stimulation enhanced slow oscillation power in children with ADHD and boosted memory performance to the same level as in healthy children . CONCLUSION These data indicate that increasing slow oscillation power during sleep by toDCS can alleviate declarative memory deficits in children with ADHD This study examined the effects of acute sleep restriction on the daytime behavior and performance of healthy children and adolescents . 82 participants ( 8 to 15 years of age ) completed 5 nights of baseline sleep and were r and omly assigned to Optimized ( 10 hr . ) or Restricted ( 4 hr . ) sleep for an overnight lab visit . Behavior , performance , and sleepiness were assessed the following day . Sleep restriction was associated with shorter daytime sleep latency , increased subjective sleepiness , and increased sleepy and inattentive behaviors but was not associated with increased hyperactive-impulsive behavior or impaired performance on tests of response inhibition and sustained attention . Results are discussed in terms of current theories regarding effects of inadequate or disturbed sleep among children and adolescents 
    Output:
    
agent
RESULTS Conjunction analyses revealed overlapping hypoactivations between ADHD and sleep loss in executive function regions , notably the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex .
Sleep deprivation , however , was associated with significantly exaggerated hyperactivation in the thalamus .
Our study indicates that ADHD and sleep deprivation share a common neural signature : hypoactivation of executive function neuroanatomy .
In contrast , sleep loss , but not ADHD , was associated with thalamic hyperactivations , intimating a potential compensatory response in sleep loss not present in ADHD .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVES To inform the debate over whether human sleep can be chronically reduced without consequences , we conducted a dose-response chronic sleep restriction experiment in which waking neurobehavioral and sleep physiological functions were monitored and compared to those for total sleep deprivation . DESIGN The chronic sleep restriction experiment involved r and omization to one of three sleep doses ( 4 h , 6 h , or 8 h time in bed per night ) , which were maintained for 14 consecutive days . The total sleep deprivation experiment involved 3 nights without sleep ( 0 h time in bed ) . Each study also involved 3 baseline ( pre-deprivation ) days and 3 recovery days . SETTING Both experiments were conducted under st and ardized laboratory conditions with continuous behavioral , physiological and medical monitoring . PARTICIPANTS A total of n = 48 healthy adults ( ages 21 - 38 ) participated in the experiments . INTERVENTIONS Noctumal sleep periods were restricted to 8 h , 6 h or 4 h per day for 14 days , or to 0 h for 3 days . All other sleep was prohibited . RESULTS Chronic restriction of sleep periods to 4 h or 6 h per night over 14 consecutive days result ed in significant cumulative , dose-dependent deficits in cognitive performance on all tasks . Subjective sleepiness ratings showed an acute response to sleep restriction but only small further increases on subsequent days , and did not significantly differentiate the 6 h and 4 h conditions . Polysomnographic variables and delta power in the non-REM sleep EEG-a putative marker of sleep homeostasis -- displayed an acute response to sleep restriction with negligible further changes across the 14 restricted nights . Comparison of chronic sleep restriction to total sleep deprivation showed that the latter result ed in disproportionately large waking neurobehavioral and sleep delta power responses relative to how much sleep was lost . A statistical model revealed that , regardless of the mode of sleep deprivation , lapses in behavioral alertness were near-linearly related to the cumulative duration of wakefulness in excess of 15.84 h ( s.e . 0.73 h ) . CONCLUSIONS Since chronic restriction of sleep to 6 h or less per night produced cognitive performance deficits equivalent to up to 2 nights of total sleep deprivation , it appears that even relatively moderate sleep restriction can seriously impair waking neurobehavioral functions in healthy adults . Sleepiness ratings suggest that subjects were largely unaware of these increasing cognitive deficits , which may explain why the impact of chronic sleep restriction on waking cognitive functions is often assumed to be benign . Physiological sleep responses to chronic restriction did not mirror waking neurobehavioral responses , but cumulative wakefulness in excess of a 15.84 h predicted performance lapses across all four experimental conditions . This suggests that sleep debt is perhaps best understood as result ing in additional wakefulness that has a neurobiological " cost " which accumulates over time The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on impulsive behavior .  Patients with impulse control disorders often report sleep problems , and sleep deprivation even in healthy individuals impairs cognition , decision-making , and perhaps impulse control . To characterize the effects of sleep loss on specific forms of impulsive behavior , we tested the effects of overnight , monitored sleep deprivation on measures of impulsivity and cognition in healthy volunteers . Ten men and ten women completed two 24 h sessions in r and om order , in which they were either allowed to sleep normally or remained awake all night . At 8:30 am and 6:15 pm on the day after sleep or no sleep , participants were tested on the  Balloon Analogue Risk Task ( BART ) , the Experiential Discounting Task , the Adjusting Amount Delay and Probability Discounting Task , and the Stop Task .  Participants also completed mood question naires and the  Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Matrix ( ANAM ) throughout the course of the day . Sleep deprivation did not affect most of the measures of impulsive behavior . However , on the BART , sleep deprivation decreased risk taking in women , but not men . Sleep deprivation produced expected increases in subjective fatigue , and impaired performance on measures of attention and cognitive efficiency on the ANAM . The results indicate that sleep deprivation does not specifically increase impulsive behaviors but may differentially affect risk taking in men and women BACKGROUND Slow oscillations ( < 1 Hz ) during slow wave sleep ( SWS ) promote the consolidation of declarative memory .  Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) have been shown to display deficits in sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memory supposedly due to dysfunctional slow brain rhythms during SWS . OBJECTIVE Using transcranial oscillating direct current stimulation ( toDCS ) at 0.75 Hz , we investigated whether an externally triggered increase in slow oscillations during early SWS elevates memory performance in children with ADHD . METHODS 12 children with ADHD underwent a toDCS and a sham condition in a double-blind crossover study design conducted in a sleep laboratory . Memory was tested using a 2D object-location task . In addition , 12 healthy children performed the same memory task in their home environment . RESULTS Stimulation enhanced slow oscillation power in children with ADHD and boosted memory performance to the same level as in healthy children . CONCLUSION These data indicate that increasing slow oscillation power during sleep by toDCS can alleviate declarative memory deficits in children with ADHD This study examined the effects of acute sleep restriction on the daytime behavior and performance of healthy children and adolescents . 82 participants ( 8 to 15 years of age ) completed 5 nights of baseline sleep and were r and omly assigned to Optimized ( 10 hr . ) or Restricted ( 4 hr . ) sleep for an overnight lab visit . Behavior , performance , and sleepiness were assessed the following day . Sleep restriction was associated with shorter daytime sleep latency , increased subjective sleepiness , and increased sleepy and inattentive behaviors but was not associated with increased hyperactive-impulsive behavior or impaired performance on tests of response inhibition and sustained attention . Results are discussed in terms of current theories regarding effects of inadequate or disturbed sleep among children and adolescents 
    Output:
    