human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of foods enriched with vegetable oils varying in their n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids profile on  cardiovascular risk factors for hypertriglyceridemic subjects . Methods Fifty-nine hypertriglyceridemic subjects ( triglycerides ≥ 1.5 mmol/L ) were included in the r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover study . The placebo group received sunflower oil [ linoleic acid ( LA ) group ; 10 g LA/day ] . The intervention groups received linseed oil [ α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) group ; 7 g ALA/day ] , echium oil [ stearidonic acid ( SDA ) group ; 2 g SDA/day ] or microalgae oil [ docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) group ; 2 g DHA/day ] over 10 weeks . Blood sample s were collected at baseline and at the end of each period . Results Total cholesterol ( TC ) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly in the LA and ALA groups ( LA : P ≤ 0.01 , ALA : P ≤ 0.05 ) . No changes in blood lipids were observed in the SDA group . Significant increases in TC and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol occurred in the DHA group ( P ≤ 0.05 ) . In the ALA and SDA groups , the content of eicosapentaenoic acid in erythrocyte lipids increased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05 ) after 10 weeks ( ALA group : 38 ± 37 % , SDA group : 73 ± 59 % ) . Conclusion Foods enriched with different vegetable oils rich in ALA or SDA are able to increase the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids content in erythrocyte lipids ; echium oil is more potent in comparison with linseed oil . Blood lipids were beneficially modified through the consumption of food products enriched with sunflower , linseed and microalgae oils , whereas echium oil did not affect blood lipids . Clinical Trials.gov : NCT01437930 Consumption of diets high in hydrogenated fat/trans fatty acids has been shown to have an adverse affect on lipoprotein profiles with respect to cardiovascular disease risk . Dietary fat and cholesterol play an important role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses shown to be involved in atherogenesis . We investigated the effects of diets containing hydrogenated fat on cellular immune response and production of inflammatory cytokines in human subjects with moderately elevated cholesterol levels ( LDL cholesterol > 130 mg/dl ) . In a double blind cross-over study , 19 subjects consumed three diets  , 30 % of calories as fat , of which two thirds were provided as soybean oil , soybean oil-based stick margarine , or butter for 32 days , each in a r and omized order . Production of proinflammatory mediators , prostagl and in (PG)E(2 ) , interleukin (IL)-1beta , IL-6 , and tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-alpha ) ; delayed type hypersensitivity ( DTH ) response , in vitro lymphocyte proliferation , and production of IL-2 were determined . Production of IL-6 and TNF-alpha was significantly higher after consumption of stick margarine diet compared with soybean oil diet .  IL-1beta and TNF-alpha production correlated positively with ratios of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ( r = 0.499 , P < 0.001 and r = 0.291 , P = 0.04 , respectively ) . There was no significant difference in DTH response , lymphocyte proliferation , or levels of IL-2 and PGE(2 ) produced among three groups . Our results indicate that consumption of a diet high in hydrogenated fat does not adversely affect cellular immunity but increases production of inflammatory cytokines that have been associated with the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis The effects of dietary supplementation with coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles  of women presenting waist circumferences ( WC ) > 88 cm ( abdominal obesity ) were investigated . The r and omised , double-blind , clinical trial involved 40 women aged 20–40 years . Groups received daily dietary supplements comprising 30 mL of either soy bean oil ( group S ; n = 20 ) or coconut oil ( group C ; n = 20 ) over a 12-week period , during which all subjects were instructed to follow a balanced hypocaloric diet and to walk for 50 min per day . Data were collected 1 week before ( T1 ) and 1 week after ( T2 ) dietary intervention . Energy intake and amount of carbohydrate ingested by both groups diminished over the trial , whereas the consumption of protein and fibre increased and lipid ingestion remained unchanged . At T1 there were no differences in biochemical or anthropometric characteristics between the groups , whereas at T2 group C presented a higher level of HDL ( 48.7 ± 2.4 vs. 45.00 ± 5.6 ; P = 0.01 ) and a lower LDL : HDL ratio ( 2.41 ± 0.8 vs. 3.1 ± 0.8 ; P = 0.04 ) . Reductions in BMI were observed in both groups at T2 ( P < 0.05 ) , but only group C exhibited a reduction in WC ( P = 0.005 ) . Group S presented an increase ( P < 0.05 ) in total cholesterol , LDL and LDL : HDL ratio , whilst HDL diminished ( P = 0.03 ) . Such alterations were not observed in group C. It appears that dietetic supplementation with coconut oil does not cause dyslipidemia and seems to promote a reduction in abdominal obesity Introduction High dietary saturated fat intake is associated with higher blood concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , an established risk factor for coronary heart disease . However , there is increasing interest in whether various dietary oils or fats with different fatty acid profiles such as extra virgin coconut oil may have different metabolic effects but trials have reported inconsistent results . We aim ed to compare changes in blood lipid profile , weight , fat distribution and metabolic markers after four weeks consumption of 50 g daily of one of three different dietary fats , extra virgin coconut oil , butter or extra virgin olive oil , in healthy men and women in the general population . Design R and omised clinical trial conducted over June and July 2017 . Setting General community in Cambridgeshire , UK . Participants Volunteer adults were recruited by the British Broadcasting Corporation through their websites . Eligibility criteria were men and women aged 50–75 years , with no known history of cancer , cardiovascular disease or diabetes , not on lipid lowering medication , no contraindications to a high-fat diet and willingness to be r and omised to consume one of the three dietary fats for 4 weeks . Of 160 individuals initially expressing an interest and assessed for eligibility , 96 were r and omised to one of three interventions ; 2 individuals subsequently withdrew and 94 men and women attended a baseline assessment . Their mean age was 60 years , 67 % were women and 98 % were European Caucasian . Of these , 91 men and women attended a follow-up assessment 4 weeks later . Intervention Participants were r and omised to extra virgin coconut oil , extra virgin olive oil or unsalted butter and asked to consume 50 g daily of one of these fats for 4 weeks , which they could incorporate into their usual diet or consume as a supplement . Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome was change in serum LDL-C ; secondary outcomes were change in total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( TC and HDL-C ) , TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C ; change in weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , per cent body fat , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , fasting plasma glucose and C reactive protein . Results LDL-C concentrations were significantly increased on butter compared with coconut oil ( + 0.42 , 95 % CI 0.19 to 0.65 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) and with olive oil ( + 0.38 , 95 % CI 0.16 to 0.60 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) , with no differences in change of LDL-C in coconut oil compared with olive oil ( −0.04 , 95 % CI −0.27 to 0.19 mmol/L , P=0.74 ) . Coconut oil significantly increased HDL-C compared with butter ( + 0.18 , 95 % CI 0.06 to 0.30 mmol/L ) or olive oil ( + 0.16 , 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.28 mmol/L ) . Butter significantly increased TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C compared with coconut oil but coconut oil did not significantly differ from olive oil  for TC/HDL-C and non-HDL-C. There were no significant differences in changes in weight , BMI , central adiposity , fasting blood glucose , systolic or diastolic blood pressure among any of the three intervention groups . Conclusions and relevance Two different dietary fats ( butter and coconut oil ) which are predominantly saturated fats , appear to have different effects on blood lipids compared with olive oil , a predominantly monounsaturated fat with coconut oil more comparable to olive oil with respect to LDL-C. The effects of different dietary fats on lipid profiles , metabolic markers and health outcomes may vary not just according to the general classification of their main component fatty acids as saturated or unsaturated but possibly according to different profiles in individual fatty acids , processing methods as well as the foods in which they are consumed or dietary patterns . These findings do not alter current dietary recommendations to reduce saturated fat intake in general but highlight the need for further elucidation of the more nuanced relationships between different dietary fats and health . Trial registration number NCT03105947 ; Results Purpose Despite the fact that extra virgin olive oil ( EVOO ) is widely used in obese individuals to treat cardiovascular diseases , the role of EVOO on weight/fat reduction remains unclear . We investigated the effects of energy-restricted diet containing EVOO on body composition and metabolic disruptions related to obesity . Methods This is a r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled clinical trial in which 41 adult women with excess body fat ( mean ± SD 27.0 ± 0.9 year old , 46.8 ± 0.6 % of total body fat ) received daily high-fat breakfasts containing 25 mL of soybean oil ( control group , n = 20 ) or EVOO ( EVOO group , n = 21 ) during nine consecutive weeks . Breakfasts were part of an energy-restricted normal-fat diets ( −2090 kJ , ~32%E from fat ) . Anthropometric and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were assessed , and fasting blood was collected on the first and last day of the experiment . Results Fat loss was ~80 % higher on EVOO compared to the control group ( mean ± SE : −2.4 ± 0.3 kg vs. −1.3 ± 0.4 kg , P = 0.037 ) . EVOO  also reduced diastolic blood pressure when compared to control ( –5.1 ± 1.6 mmHg vs. + 0.3 ± 1.2 mmHg , P = 0.011 ) . Within-group differences ( P < 0.050 ) were observed for HDL-c ( −2.9 ± 1.2 mmol/L ) and IL-10 ( + 0.9 ± 0.1 pg/mL ) in control group , and for serum creatinine ( + 0.04 ± 0.01 µmol/L ) and alkaline phosphatase ( −3.3 ± 1.8 IU/L ) in the EVOO group . There was also a trend for IL-1β  EVOO reduction ( −0.3 ± 0.1 pg/mL , P = 0.060 ) . Conclusion EVOO  consumption reduced body fat and improved blood pressure . Our results indicate that EVOO should be included into energy-restricted programs for obesity treatment Knowledge about the effects of dietary fats on sub clinical inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk are mainly derived from studies conducted in Western population s. Little information is available on South East Asian countries . This current study investigated the chronic effects on serum inflammatory markers , lipids , and lipoproteins of three vegetable oils . Healthy , normolipidemic subjects ( n = 41 ; 33 females , 8 males ) completed a r and omized , single-blind , crossover study . The subjects consumed high oleic palm olein ( HOPO diet : 15 % of energy 18:1n-9 , 9 % of energy 16:0 ) , partially hydrogenated soybean oil ( PHSO diet : 7 % of energy 18:1n-9 , 10 % of energy 18:1 trans ) and an unhydrogenated palm stearin ( PST diet : 11 % of energy 18:1n- 
    Output:
    
agent
Despite limitations in these data , our NMA findings are in line with existing evidence on the metabolic effects of fat and support current recommendations to replace high saturated-fat food with unsaturated oils
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of foods enriched with vegetable oils varying in their n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids profile on  cardiovascular risk factors for hypertriglyceridemic subjects . Methods Fifty-nine hypertriglyceridemic subjects ( triglycerides ≥ 1.5 mmol/L ) were included in the r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover study . The placebo group received sunflower oil [ linoleic acid ( LA ) group ; 10 g LA/day ] . The intervention groups received linseed oil [ α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) group ; 7 g ALA/day ] , echium oil [ stearidonic acid ( SDA ) group ; 2 g SDA/day ] or microalgae oil [ docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) group ; 2 g DHA/day ] over 10 weeks . Blood sample s were collected at baseline and at the end of each period . Results Total cholesterol ( TC ) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly in the LA and ALA groups ( LA : P ≤ 0.01 , ALA : P ≤ 0.05 ) . No changes in blood lipids were observed in the SDA group . Significant increases in TC and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol occurred in the DHA group ( P ≤ 0.05 ) . In the ALA and SDA groups , the content of eicosapentaenoic acid in erythrocyte lipids increased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05 ) after 10 weeks ( ALA group : 38 ± 37 % , SDA group : 73 ± 59 % ) . Conclusion Foods enriched with different vegetable oils rich in ALA or SDA are able to increase the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids content in erythrocyte lipids ; echium oil is more potent in comparison with linseed oil . Blood lipids were beneficially modified through the consumption of food products enriched with sunflower , linseed and microalgae oils , whereas echium oil did not affect blood lipids . Clinical Trials.gov : NCT01437930 Consumption of diets high in hydrogenated fat/trans fatty acids has been shown to have an adverse affect on lipoprotein profiles with respect to cardiovascular disease risk . Dietary fat and cholesterol play an important role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses shown to be involved in atherogenesis . We investigated the effects of diets containing hydrogenated fat on cellular immune response and production of inflammatory cytokines in human subjects with moderately elevated cholesterol levels ( LDL cholesterol > 130 mg/dl ) . In a double blind cross-over study , 19 subjects consumed three diets  , 30 % of calories as fat , of which two thirds were provided as soybean oil , soybean oil-based stick margarine , or butter for 32 days , each in a r and omized order . Production of proinflammatory mediators , prostagl and in (PG)E(2 ) , interleukin (IL)-1beta , IL-6 , and tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-alpha ) ; delayed type hypersensitivity ( DTH ) response , in vitro lymphocyte proliferation , and production of IL-2 were determined . Production of IL-6 and TNF-alpha was significantly higher after consumption of stick margarine diet compared with soybean oil diet .  IL-1beta and TNF-alpha production correlated positively with ratios of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ( r = 0.499 , P < 0.001 and r = 0.291 , P = 0.04 , respectively ) . There was no significant difference in DTH response , lymphocyte proliferation , or levels of IL-2 and PGE(2 ) produced among three groups . Our results indicate that consumption of a diet high in hydrogenated fat does not adversely affect cellular immunity but increases production of inflammatory cytokines that have been associated with the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis The effects of dietary supplementation with coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles  of women presenting waist circumferences ( WC ) > 88 cm ( abdominal obesity ) were investigated . The r and omised , double-blind , clinical trial involved 40 women aged 20–40 years . Groups received daily dietary supplements comprising 30 mL of either soy bean oil ( group S ; n = 20 ) or coconut oil ( group C ; n = 20 ) over a 12-week period , during which all subjects were instructed to follow a balanced hypocaloric diet and to walk for 50 min per day . Data were collected 1 week before ( T1 ) and 1 week after ( T2 ) dietary intervention . Energy intake and amount of carbohydrate ingested by both groups diminished over the trial , whereas the consumption of protein and fibre increased and lipid ingestion remained unchanged . At T1 there were no differences in biochemical or anthropometric characteristics between the groups , whereas at T2 group C presented a higher level of HDL ( 48.7 ± 2.4 vs. 45.00 ± 5.6 ; P = 0.01 ) and a lower LDL : HDL ratio ( 2.41 ± 0.8 vs. 3.1 ± 0.8 ; P = 0.04 ) . Reductions in BMI were observed in both groups at T2 ( P < 0.05 ) , but only group C exhibited a reduction in WC ( P = 0.005 ) . Group S presented an increase ( P < 0.05 ) in total cholesterol , LDL and LDL : HDL ratio , whilst HDL diminished ( P = 0.03 ) . Such alterations were not observed in group C. It appears that dietetic supplementation with coconut oil does not cause dyslipidemia and seems to promote a reduction in abdominal obesity Introduction High dietary saturated fat intake is associated with higher blood concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , an established risk factor for coronary heart disease . However , there is increasing interest in whether various dietary oils or fats with different fatty acid profiles such as extra virgin coconut oil may have different metabolic effects but trials have reported inconsistent results . We aim ed to compare changes in blood lipid profile , weight , fat distribution and metabolic markers after four weeks consumption of 50 g daily of one of three different dietary fats , extra virgin coconut oil , butter or extra virgin olive oil , in healthy men and women in the general population . Design R and omised clinical trial conducted over June and July 2017 . Setting General community in Cambridgeshire , UK . Participants Volunteer adults were recruited by the British Broadcasting Corporation through their websites . Eligibility criteria were men and women aged 50–75 years , with no known history of cancer , cardiovascular disease or diabetes , not on lipid lowering medication , no contraindications to a high-fat diet and willingness to be r and omised to consume one of the three dietary fats for 4 weeks . Of 160 individuals initially expressing an interest and assessed for eligibility , 96 were r and omised to one of three interventions ; 2 individuals subsequently withdrew and 94 men and women attended a baseline assessment . Their mean age was 60 years , 67 % were women and 98 % were European Caucasian . Of these , 91 men and women attended a follow-up assessment 4 weeks later . Intervention Participants were r and omised to extra virgin coconut oil , extra virgin olive oil or unsalted butter and asked to consume 50 g daily of one of these fats for 4 weeks , which they could incorporate into their usual diet or consume as a supplement . Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome was change in serum LDL-C ; secondary outcomes were change in total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( TC and HDL-C ) , TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C ; change in weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , per cent body fat , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , fasting plasma glucose and C reactive protein . Results LDL-C concentrations were significantly increased on butter compared with coconut oil ( + 0.42 , 95 % CI 0.19 to 0.65 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) and with olive oil ( + 0.38 , 95 % CI 0.16 to 0.60 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) , with no differences in change of LDL-C in coconut oil compared with olive oil ( −0.04 , 95 % CI −0.27 to 0.19 mmol/L , P=0.74 ) . Coconut oil significantly increased HDL-C compared with butter ( + 0.18 , 95 % CI 0.06 to 0.30 mmol/L ) or olive oil ( + 0.16 , 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.28 mmol/L ) . Butter significantly increased TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C compared with coconut oil but coconut oil did not significantly differ from olive oil  for TC/HDL-C and non-HDL-C. There were no significant differences in changes in weight , BMI , central adiposity , fasting blood glucose , systolic or diastolic blood pressure among any of the three intervention groups . Conclusions and relevance Two different dietary fats ( butter and coconut oil ) which are predominantly saturated fats , appear to have different effects on blood lipids compared with olive oil , a predominantly monounsaturated fat with coconut oil more comparable to olive oil with respect to LDL-C. The effects of different dietary fats on lipid profiles , metabolic markers and health outcomes may vary not just according to the general classification of their main component fatty acids as saturated or unsaturated but possibly according to different profiles in individual fatty acids , processing methods as well as the foods in which they are consumed or dietary patterns . These findings do not alter current dietary recommendations to reduce saturated fat intake in general but highlight the need for further elucidation of the more nuanced relationships between different dietary fats and health . Trial registration number NCT03105947 ; Results Purpose Despite the fact that extra virgin olive oil ( EVOO ) is widely used in obese individuals to treat cardiovascular diseases , the role of EVOO on weight/fat reduction remains unclear . We investigated the effects of energy-restricted diet containing EVOO on body composition and metabolic disruptions related to obesity . Methods This is a r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled clinical trial in which 41 adult women with excess body fat ( mean ± SD 27.0 ± 0.9 year old , 46.8 ± 0.6 % of total body fat ) received daily high-fat breakfasts containing 25 mL of soybean oil ( control group , n = 20 ) or EVOO ( EVOO group , n = 21 ) during nine consecutive weeks . Breakfasts were part of an energy-restricted normal-fat diets ( −2090 kJ , ~32%E from fat ) . Anthropometric and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were assessed , and fasting blood was collected on the first and last day of the experiment . Results Fat loss was ~80 % higher on EVOO compared to the control group ( mean ± SE : −2.4 ± 0.3 kg vs. −1.3 ± 0.4 kg , P = 0.037 ) . EVOO  also reduced diastolic blood pressure when compared to control ( –5.1 ± 1.6 mmHg vs. + 0.3 ± 1.2 mmHg , P = 0.011 ) . Within-group differences ( P < 0.050 ) were observed for HDL-c ( −2.9 ± 1.2 mmol/L ) and IL-10 ( + 0.9 ± 0.1 pg/mL ) in control group , and for serum creatinine ( + 0.04 ± 0.01 µmol/L ) and alkaline phosphatase ( −3.3 ± 1.8 IU/L ) in the EVOO group . There was also a trend for IL-1β  EVOO reduction ( −0.3 ± 0.1 pg/mL , P = 0.060 ) . Conclusion EVOO  consumption reduced body fat and improved blood pressure . Our results indicate that EVOO should be included into energy-restricted programs for obesity treatment Knowledge about the effects of dietary fats on sub clinical inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk are mainly derived from studies conducted in Western population s. Little information is available on South East Asian countries . This current study investigated the chronic effects on serum inflammatory markers , lipids , and lipoproteins of three vegetable oils . Healthy , normolipidemic subjects ( n = 41 ; 33 females , 8 males ) completed a r and omized , single-blind , crossover study . The subjects consumed high oleic palm olein ( HOPO diet : 15 % of energy 18:1n-9 , 9 % of energy 16:0 ) , partially hydrogenated soybean oil ( PHSO diet : 7 % of energy 18:1n-9 , 10 % of energy 18:1 trans ) and an unhydrogenated palm stearin ( PST diet : 11 % of energy 18:1n- 
    Output:
    