human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of the present study was to compare intraindividually a type III fissure-sealant , glass ionomer cement with a resin-based sealant .  One hundred and forty-eight first permanent molars were sealed in forty-seven children . After three years 20.8 percent of the resin and 34.7 percent of the glass ionomer cement sealants were partially lost , and 0 percent and 37.5 percent , respectively , were totally lost . One tooth ( 1.4 percent ) in the glass ionomer cement group and three teeth ( 4.2 percent ) in the resin group developed caries The aim of the present trial was to ( 1 ) compare the caries-preventive effect of glass ionomer sealants , placed according to the atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) procedure , with composite resin sealants over time and ( 2 ) investigate the caries-preventive effect after complete disappearance of sealant material . Forty-six boys and 57 girls , mean age 7.8 years , were r and omly divided into two treatment groups in a parallel-group study design . A light-polymerized composite resin sealant material and a high-viscosity glass ionomer were each placed in 180 fully erupted first molars in their respective treatment groups . Evaluation took place annually for 5 years by calibrated examiners . After 5 years , 86 % composite resin and 88 % glass ionomer sealants did not survive . Three categories of re-exposure periods for caries development in pits and fissures after complete loss of sealants were distinguished : 0–1 , 1–2 and 2–3 years . In the 2- to 3-year group , 13 and 3 % of pits and fissures previously sealed with composite resin and glass ionomer , respectively , were diagnosed as having developed a dentine lesion . The relative risks ( 95 % CI ) of dentine lesion development in surfaces sealed with glass ionomer compared to those sealed with composite resin after 3 , 4 and 5 years were 0.22 ( 0.06–0.82 ) , 0.32 ( 0.14–0.73 ) and 0.28 ( 0.13–0.61 ) , respectively . The relative risks of dentine lesion development in pits and fissures previously sealed with glass ionomer compared with composite resin over re-exposure periods of 1–2 and 2–3 years were 0.26 ( 0.14–0.48 ) and 0.25 ( 0.09–0.68 ) , respectively . We conclude that the caries-preventive effect of high-viscosity glass ionomer sealants , placed using the ART procedure , was between 3.1 and 4.5 times higher than that of composite resin sealants after 3–5 years . Furthermore , high-viscosity ( ART ) glass ionomer sealants appear to have a four times higher chance of preventing caries development in re-exposed pits and fissures of occlusal surfaces in first molars than light-cured composite resin sealant material over a 1- to 3-year period . A well- design ed clinical trial using different types of oral health personnel should be implemented to confirm these initial results OBJECTIVE To compare the retention and the caries preventive effect of a glass-ionomer developed for fissure sealing ( Fuji III ) and a chemically polymerized resin-based fissure sealant ( Delton ) . DESIGN A split mouth r and omized design using contralateral teeth . SETTING WHO Regional Demonstration , Training and Research Center for Oral Health , Damascus , Syrian Arab Republic . SAMPLE AND METHODS 179 children , 7 years old at the start of the study , were recruited from schools close to the Center . Only children with at least one pair of permanent first molars that were caries free or only had incipient lesions were included in the study . Follow-up examinations for sealant retention were done after 6 months , 1 year , 2 years and 3 years . The number of children available for reexamination was 129 ( after 6 months ) ; 121 ( after 1 year ) ; 115 ( after 2 years ) and 116 ( after 3 years ) . Four dental hygienists were trained in the sealant procedures and did approximately one fourth of the sealants each . RESULTS After 3 years the  glass-ionomer sealant was completely lost in almost 90 % of the teeth compared to less than 10 % of the resin sealed teeth . After 3 years the relative risk of a tooth sealed with glass-ionomer over that of a tooth sealed with resin was 3.38 ( 95 % CL : 1.98 ; 5.79 ) . This finding was consistent over type of tooth . CONCLUSIONS The glass-ionomer sealant tested in the present study had poorer retention and less caries protective effect than the resin-based sealant used OBJECTIVE In this in vitro study we evaluated the enamel mineral loss effect of  fluoride-containing and non-fluoride-containing material s at different distances from the sealant margin , and verified the fluoride-releasing capability of these material s. MATERIAL AND METHODS Extracted molars were r and omly assigned into nine groups ( n = 12 ) :  Concise ( C ) , FluroShield ( F ) , Helioseal Clear Chroma ( H ) , Vitremer ( V ) , Fuji II-LC ( FII ) , Ketac Molar ( KM ) , Fuji IX ( FIX ) , Single Bond ( SB ) , and Clearfil Protect Bond ( CF ) . All groups were subjected to thermo and pH cycling . Enamel mineral loss was evaluated by cross-section micro-hardness analysis at distances : -100 microm , 0 microm , 100 microm , 200 microm . The mineral loss data were analyzed using a multi-factor ANOVA with split-plot design , and fluoride-released data were su bmi tted to ANOVA and Tukey tests . RESULTS FIX demonstrated a lower mineral loss than C , F , and H , but did not differ from the SB , CF , V , FII , and KM groups , which also demonstrated no difference among them . C , F , H , and V presented the highest mineral loss , with no difference among them . V did not differ from the other groups ( p > 0.05 ) . Regarding the different distances from the sealant margin , -100 microm presented the lowest mineral loss . FIX showed the highest fluoride release on the 7th and 14th days of evaluation , while CF showed high fluoride release only on the 7th day . CONCLUSION Resin sealant did not prevent enamel mineral loss , contrary to glass-ionomer cement , which showed the highest capacity for fluoride release . It is not exclusively the presence of fluoride in a material 's composition that indicates its capability to interfere with the development of enamel caries-like lesions Abstract Fissure sealing using partially filled resins is an established caries preventive practice . Glass ionomer cement ( GIC ) sealants may offer additional advantages due to their ability to bond chemically to enamel and release fluoride . The aim of this study was to compare the caries preventive effect and retention of a GIC and a resin-based sealant . Ketac-fil ® was tested against a chemically cured resin-based material ( Delton ® ) using a split mouth design . Perth ( Western Australia ) schoolchildren ( n= 465 ) , mean age 7 yr±0.72 ( S.D. ) , received sealants  on the occlusal surfaces of sound homologous permanent first molar pairs .  Test ( GIC ) and control ( resin ) sealants were systematic ally allocated to left and right sides based on the child 's month of birth , and were placed by dental therapists . After 3.64±0.11 yr , 415 children were examined by different clinicians , and the clinical status of the teeth and the extent of sealant retention recorded . Sealants were deemed retained when at least 2/3 of the fissure pattern was still sealed . In 252 tooth pairs , neither sealant was retained to this extent . In 71 pairs , the GIC was not retained and the resin sealant retained . In 40 pairs the reverse occurred ( McNemar 's test , χ2= 8.66 , P < 0.005 ) . Net gain ( additional lesions prevented by the test agent per 100 treatments ) was 6.1%(95 % CI 3.3 % , 8.9 % ) . Effectiveness of the GIC was 80.6 % ( 95 % CI 59.6 % , 90.7 % ) . The relative risk of caries in test teeth was 0.19 ( 95 % CI 0.09 , 0.40 ) . The study suggests that complete retention of GIC sealant is not necessary for caries prevention in newly erupted permanent first molars OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to investigate the clinical use of two fluoride-releasing fissure sealants and to study fluoride release under laboratory conditions . METHODS In the clinical part of the study the two material s , FluroShield and Baseline , were applied to matched contralateral caries-free first permanent molars in 86 children aged 7 - 8 years . In the laboratory study fluoride release from each material was measured using a model cavity system . RESULTS After 3 years FluroShield was intact on 70 % of teeth . Retention was significantly better on lower molars than upper molars . Baseline was lost from all except two teeth within 6 months . After 3 years , caries had affected four teeth sealed with FluroShield and 24 teeth sealed with Baseline ; this difference was highly significant . The laboratory study showed that FluroShield released twice as much fluoride over 9 days than did Baseline . Long term studies using FluroShield showed a small steady fluoride release over 6 months . CONCLUSIONS The conclusion of the study was that FluroShield was a much more effective fissure sealant than Baseline . The clinical performance of FluroShield was comparable to that of other inert composite resin sealants and superior to that of fluoride-releasing sealants used previously The aim of this community-oriented study was to evaluate different methods to prevent fissure caries . The following products and measures were tested : 1 ) glass ionomer cement ( GIC ) applied by dentist ; 2 ) same material applied by short term ( 3 days ) trained personnel ( teachers ) ; 3 ) application of a 0.5 % HF solution three times ; 4 ) an established autopolymerized resin based sealant ( Delton ) . The study was performed in Bangkok , Thail and , a city in a developing country experiencing increasing caries prevalence . Children with at least three sound permanent molars from two age groups , 7 - 8 and 12 - 13-yr-olds respectively were chosen from very low to medium socioeconomic level families . 1264 children were systematic ally assigned to experiment or control groups based on school and DMFT . For the younger age group , the 2 yr mean DFS occlusal increment in the Control group was 0.66 surfaces . Significantly lower increments were observed in the GIC experimental group : 0.17 surfaces applied by the teachers and 0.32 applied by dentist , corresponding to 74 % and 52 % reductions , respectively . The mean increment in the HF group was 0.44 surfaces , a 33 % reduction in relation to the Control group . For the 12 - 13-yr-olds , the mean occlusal surface DF increment was 0.70 surfaces in the Control group . Almost no occlusal increment was found in the Delton group , 0.05 DFS , a 93 % reduction . In the GIC Dentist group , the DFS increment was 0.48 and in the Teacher group 0.56 , corresponding to 31 % and 20 % reduction , respectively . A slight and nonsignificant increase of caries in relation to the Control group was observed in the HF group . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS PURPOSE To evaluate the retention and caries-preventive effectiveness of two ionomeric material s ( conventional and resin-modified ) , used as fissure sealants . MATERIAL S AND METHODS 100 children ( 6 - 8 years old ) with a total of 400 permanent first molars received  200 conventional glass-ionomer ( Ketac Bond ) and 200 resin-modified glass-ionomer ( Vitremer ) sealants .  Additionally , 108 children constituted the control group ( 432 teeth ) . Two dentists assisted by dental hygienists performed the sealant application . Clinical evaluations were carried out 6 , 12 , 24 , and 36 months after the sealant application by two other dentists , not carrying out clinical procedures , previously calibrated ( Kappa > 0.75 ) . RESULTS Total retention rates of 26 % , 12 % , 3 % , and 4 % for Ketac Bond and 61 % , 31 % , 14 % , and 13 % for Vitremer , being 6 , 12 , 24 , and 36 months after clinical evaluation , respectively . The differences between the two material s were statistically significant . The experimental groups showed a caries incidence of 93 % , 78 % , 49 % , and 56 % lower than the control group ( P < 0.01 ) for the four evaluation periods , respectively . In conclusion , the retention rates of ionomeric material s were low . Nevertheless , these material s showed a cariostatic effect , supported by statistically lower caries incidence in experimental groups compared to control group . Presence of active incipient caries was statistically associated with caries incidence in the first molars after 36 months , in relation to either experimental or control group The aim of this study was to compare the 
    Output:
    
agent
This systematic review with meta- analysis found no evidence that either material was superior to the other in the prevention of dental caries .
Thus , both material s appear equally suitable for clinical application as a fissure sealant material
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of the present study was to compare intraindividually a type III fissure-sealant , glass ionomer cement with a resin-based sealant .  One hundred and forty-eight first permanent molars were sealed in forty-seven children . After three years 20.8 percent of the resin and 34.7 percent of the glass ionomer cement sealants were partially lost , and 0 percent and 37.5 percent , respectively , were totally lost . One tooth ( 1.4 percent ) in the glass ionomer cement group and three teeth ( 4.2 percent ) in the resin group developed caries The aim of the present trial was to ( 1 ) compare the caries-preventive effect of glass ionomer sealants , placed according to the atraumatic restorative treatment ( ART ) procedure , with composite resin sealants over time and ( 2 ) investigate the caries-preventive effect after complete disappearance of sealant material . Forty-six boys and 57 girls , mean age 7.8 years , were r and omly divided into two treatment groups in a parallel-group study design . A light-polymerized composite resin sealant material and a high-viscosity glass ionomer were each placed in 180 fully erupted first molars in their respective treatment groups . Evaluation took place annually for 5 years by calibrated examiners . After 5 years , 86 % composite resin and 88 % glass ionomer sealants did not survive . Three categories of re-exposure periods for caries development in pits and fissures after complete loss of sealants were distinguished : 0–1 , 1–2 and 2–3 years . In the 2- to 3-year group , 13 and 3 % of pits and fissures previously sealed with composite resin and glass ionomer , respectively , were diagnosed as having developed a dentine lesion . The relative risks ( 95 % CI ) of dentine lesion development in surfaces sealed with glass ionomer compared to those sealed with composite resin after 3 , 4 and 5 years were 0.22 ( 0.06–0.82 ) , 0.32 ( 0.14–0.73 ) and 0.28 ( 0.13–0.61 ) , respectively . The relative risks of dentine lesion development in pits and fissures previously sealed with glass ionomer compared with composite resin over re-exposure periods of 1–2 and 2–3 years were 0.26 ( 0.14–0.48 ) and 0.25 ( 0.09–0.68 ) , respectively . We conclude that the caries-preventive effect of high-viscosity glass ionomer sealants , placed using the ART procedure , was between 3.1 and 4.5 times higher than that of composite resin sealants after 3–5 years . Furthermore , high-viscosity ( ART ) glass ionomer sealants appear to have a four times higher chance of preventing caries development in re-exposed pits and fissures of occlusal surfaces in first molars than light-cured composite resin sealant material over a 1- to 3-year period . A well- design ed clinical trial using different types of oral health personnel should be implemented to confirm these initial results OBJECTIVE To compare the retention and the caries preventive effect of a glass-ionomer developed for fissure sealing ( Fuji III ) and a chemically polymerized resin-based fissure sealant ( Delton ) . DESIGN A split mouth r and omized design using contralateral teeth . SETTING WHO Regional Demonstration , Training and Research Center for Oral Health , Damascus , Syrian Arab Republic . SAMPLE AND METHODS 179 children , 7 years old at the start of the study , were recruited from schools close to the Center . Only children with at least one pair of permanent first molars that were caries free or only had incipient lesions were included in the study . Follow-up examinations for sealant retention were done after 6 months , 1 year , 2 years and 3 years . The number of children available for reexamination was 129 ( after 6 months ) ; 121 ( after 1 year ) ; 115 ( after 2 years ) and 116 ( after 3 years ) . Four dental hygienists were trained in the sealant procedures and did approximately one fourth of the sealants each . RESULTS After 3 years the  glass-ionomer sealant was completely lost in almost 90 % of the teeth compared to less than 10 % of the resin sealed teeth . After 3 years the relative risk of a tooth sealed with glass-ionomer over that of a tooth sealed with resin was 3.38 ( 95 % CL : 1.98 ; 5.79 ) . This finding was consistent over type of tooth . CONCLUSIONS The glass-ionomer sealant tested in the present study had poorer retention and less caries protective effect than the resin-based sealant used OBJECTIVE In this in vitro study we evaluated the enamel mineral loss effect of  fluoride-containing and non-fluoride-containing material s at different distances from the sealant margin , and verified the fluoride-releasing capability of these material s. MATERIAL AND METHODS Extracted molars were r and omly assigned into nine groups ( n = 12 ) :  Concise ( C ) , FluroShield ( F ) , Helioseal Clear Chroma ( H ) , Vitremer ( V ) , Fuji II-LC ( FII ) , Ketac Molar ( KM ) , Fuji IX ( FIX ) , Single Bond ( SB ) , and Clearfil Protect Bond ( CF ) . All groups were subjected to thermo and pH cycling . Enamel mineral loss was evaluated by cross-section micro-hardness analysis at distances : -100 microm , 0 microm , 100 microm , 200 microm . The mineral loss data were analyzed using a multi-factor ANOVA with split-plot design , and fluoride-released data were su bmi tted to ANOVA and Tukey tests . RESULTS FIX demonstrated a lower mineral loss than C , F , and H , but did not differ from the SB , CF , V , FII , and KM groups , which also demonstrated no difference among them . C , F , H , and V presented the highest mineral loss , with no difference among them . V did not differ from the other groups ( p > 0.05 ) . Regarding the different distances from the sealant margin , -100 microm presented the lowest mineral loss . FIX showed the highest fluoride release on the 7th and 14th days of evaluation , while CF showed high fluoride release only on the 7th day . CONCLUSION Resin sealant did not prevent enamel mineral loss , contrary to glass-ionomer cement , which showed the highest capacity for fluoride release . It is not exclusively the presence of fluoride in a material 's composition that indicates its capability to interfere with the development of enamel caries-like lesions Abstract Fissure sealing using partially filled resins is an established caries preventive practice . Glass ionomer cement ( GIC ) sealants may offer additional advantages due to their ability to bond chemically to enamel and release fluoride . The aim of this study was to compare the caries preventive effect and retention of a GIC and a resin-based sealant . Ketac-fil ® was tested against a chemically cured resin-based material ( Delton ® ) using a split mouth design . Perth ( Western Australia ) schoolchildren ( n= 465 ) , mean age 7 yr±0.72 ( S.D. ) , received sealants  on the occlusal surfaces of sound homologous permanent first molar pairs .  Test ( GIC ) and control ( resin ) sealants were systematic ally allocated to left and right sides based on the child 's month of birth , and were placed by dental therapists . After 3.64±0.11 yr , 415 children were examined by different clinicians , and the clinical status of the teeth and the extent of sealant retention recorded . Sealants were deemed retained when at least 2/3 of the fissure pattern was still sealed . In 252 tooth pairs , neither sealant was retained to this extent . In 71 pairs , the GIC was not retained and the resin sealant retained . In 40 pairs the reverse occurred ( McNemar 's test , χ2= 8.66 , P < 0.005 ) . Net gain ( additional lesions prevented by the test agent per 100 treatments ) was 6.1%(95 % CI 3.3 % , 8.9 % ) . Effectiveness of the GIC was 80.6 % ( 95 % CI 59.6 % , 90.7 % ) . The relative risk of caries in test teeth was 0.19 ( 95 % CI 0.09 , 0.40 ) . The study suggests that complete retention of GIC sealant is not necessary for caries prevention in newly erupted permanent first molars OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to investigate the clinical use of two fluoride-releasing fissure sealants and to study fluoride release under laboratory conditions . METHODS In the clinical part of the study the two material s , FluroShield and Baseline , were applied to matched contralateral caries-free first permanent molars in 86 children aged 7 - 8 years . In the laboratory study fluoride release from each material was measured using a model cavity system . RESULTS After 3 years FluroShield was intact on 70 % of teeth . Retention was significantly better on lower molars than upper molars . Baseline was lost from all except two teeth within 6 months . After 3 years , caries had affected four teeth sealed with FluroShield and 24 teeth sealed with Baseline ; this difference was highly significant . The laboratory study showed that FluroShield released twice as much fluoride over 9 days than did Baseline . Long term studies using FluroShield showed a small steady fluoride release over 6 months . CONCLUSIONS The conclusion of the study was that FluroShield was a much more effective fissure sealant than Baseline . The clinical performance of FluroShield was comparable to that of other inert composite resin sealants and superior to that of fluoride-releasing sealants used previously The aim of this community-oriented study was to evaluate different methods to prevent fissure caries . The following products and measures were tested : 1 ) glass ionomer cement ( GIC ) applied by dentist ; 2 ) same material applied by short term ( 3 days ) trained personnel ( teachers ) ; 3 ) application of a 0.5 % HF solution three times ; 4 ) an established autopolymerized resin based sealant ( Delton ) . The study was performed in Bangkok , Thail and , a city in a developing country experiencing increasing caries prevalence . Children with at least three sound permanent molars from two age groups , 7 - 8 and 12 - 13-yr-olds respectively were chosen from very low to medium socioeconomic level families . 1264 children were systematic ally assigned to experiment or control groups based on school and DMFT . For the younger age group , the 2 yr mean DFS occlusal increment in the Control group was 0.66 surfaces . Significantly lower increments were observed in the GIC experimental group : 0.17 surfaces applied by the teachers and 0.32 applied by dentist , corresponding to 74 % and 52 % reductions , respectively . The mean increment in the HF group was 0.44 surfaces , a 33 % reduction in relation to the Control group . For the 12 - 13-yr-olds , the mean occlusal surface DF increment was 0.70 surfaces in the Control group . Almost no occlusal increment was found in the Delton group , 0.05 DFS , a 93 % reduction . In the GIC Dentist group , the DFS increment was 0.48 and in the Teacher group 0.56 , corresponding to 31 % and 20 % reduction , respectively . A slight and nonsignificant increase of caries in relation to the Control group was observed in the HF group . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS PURPOSE To evaluate the retention and caries-preventive effectiveness of two ionomeric material s ( conventional and resin-modified ) , used as fissure sealants . MATERIAL S AND METHODS 100 children ( 6 - 8 years old ) with a total of 400 permanent first molars received  200 conventional glass-ionomer ( Ketac Bond ) and 200 resin-modified glass-ionomer ( Vitremer ) sealants .  Additionally , 108 children constituted the control group ( 432 teeth ) . Two dentists assisted by dental hygienists performed the sealant application . Clinical evaluations were carried out 6 , 12 , 24 , and 36 months after the sealant application by two other dentists , not carrying out clinical procedures , previously calibrated ( Kappa > 0.75 ) . RESULTS Total retention rates of 26 % , 12 % , 3 % , and 4 % for Ketac Bond and 61 % , 31 % , 14 % , and 13 % for Vitremer , being 6 , 12 , 24 , and 36 months after clinical evaluation , respectively . The differences between the two material s were statistically significant . The experimental groups showed a caries incidence of 93 % , 78 % , 49 % , and 56 % lower than the control group ( P < 0.01 ) for the four evaluation periods , respectively . In conclusion , the retention rates of ionomeric material s were low . Nevertheless , these material s showed a cariostatic effect , supported by statistically lower caries incidence in experimental groups compared to control group . Presence of active incipient caries was statistically associated with caries incidence in the first molars after 36 months , in relation to either experimental or control group The aim of this study was to compare the 
    Output:
    