human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective To highlight the contribution of the gut microbiota to the modulation of host metabolism by dietary inulin-type fructans ( ITF prebiotics ) in obese women . Methods A double blind , placebo controlled , intervention study was performed with 30 obese women treated with ITF prebiotics ( inulin/oligofructose 50/50 mix ; n=15 ) or placebo ( maltodextrin ; n=15 ) for 3 months ( 16 g/day ) .  Blood , faeces and urine sampling , oral glucose tolerance test , homeostasis model assessment and impedancemetry were performed before and after treatment . The gut microbial composition in faeces was analysed by phylogenetic microarray and qPCR analysis of 16S rDNA . Plasma and urine metabolic profiles were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy . Results Treatment with ITF prebiotics , but not the placebo , led to an increase in Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ; both bacteria negatively correlated with serum lipopolysaccharide levels .  ITF prebiotics also decreased Bacteroides intestinalis , Bacteroides vulgatus and Propionibacterium , an effect associated with a slight decrease in fat mass and with plasma lactate and phosphatidylcholine levels . No clear treatment clustering could be detected for gut microbial analysis or plasma and urine metabolomic profile analyses . However , ITF prebiotics led to subtle changes in the gut microbiota that may importantly impact on several key metabolites implicated in obesity and /or diabetes . Conclusions ITF prebiotics selectively changed the gut microbiota composition in obese women , leading to modest changes in host metabolism , as suggested by the correlation between some bacterial species and metabolic endotoxaemia or metabolomic signatures Abstract Background and aims Freeze-dried powdered yacon ( FDY ) can be considered a prebiotic product due to its fructooligosaccharides ( FOS ) content . The effect of 9 weeks of daily intake of FDY containing 7.4 g of FOS on glucose , lipid metabolism and intestinal transit in a group of elderly people was investigated . Methods Seventy-two elderly ( mean age 67.11 ± 6.11 ) men and women were studied for 9 weeks in a double-blind , placebo-controlled experiment . They were r and omly assigned to the supplement group ( which received 7.4 g of FOS as FDY ) or the control group . At the beginning and end of the study , anthropometric measurements , blood sampling , clinical analyses and dietary intake were assessed . Results A daily intake of FDY containing 7.4 g of FOS for 9 weeks was associated with a mean decrease in serum glucose ( p = 0.013 ) , but supplementation did not reduce serum lipids in the study group . The administered dose did not adversely affect intestinal transit . It did not cause bloating , flatulence or intestinal discomfort . Conclusion Freeze-dried powdered yacon is a good source of FOS , and daily consumption can have a favourable effect on serum glucose in the elderly . It is also practical , easy and safe to use and store The primary aim of this study was to estimate the relation between cholesterol reduction and total mortality and coronary heart disease ( CHD ) incidence . Secondarily , the clinical issues of whether the efficacy of cholesterol lowering is dependent on the treatment modality , presence of CHD at baseline , or the simultaneous introduction of other interventions was explored . All r and omized clinical intervention trials of cholesterol reduction were used in an overview analysis of total mortality rate and CHD incidence ; analysis was performed with weighted linear regression . The trials include those that used primary and secondary intervention , diet and drugs , and single or multifactor design .  Nineteen trials were analyzed for total mortality , and of the 19 , 16 were analyzed for CHD incidence rate .  Net difference in cholesterol change between study groups was used as the independent variable , and the three previously mentioned dichotomous design characteristics were used as additional independent variables . For every 1 % reduction in cholesterol , an estimated 2.5 % reduction in CHD incidence is indicated ( 95 % CL : 1.1 , 3.9 ) . With regard to CHD drug trials tended toward better efficiency in cholesterol lowering than did dietary trials . With regard to total mortality , this efficiency was higher in secondary than in primary preventive trials . The efficiency was also somewhat dependent on the baseline cholesterol level . This study shows that cholesterol reduction is effective in lowering CHD incidence , but cholesterol reduction must be at least 8 - 9 % to be effective in lowering total mortality BACKGROUND Experimental studies suggest that gut microbiota deviations predispose toward energy storage and obesity . OBJECTIVE We wanted to establish whether early gut microbiota composition can guide weight development throughout early childhood . DESIGN Overweight and obese children ( n = 25 ) were selected from a prospect i ve follow-up study at the age of 7 y and identified according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria . Normal-weight children ( n = 24 ) were selected from the same cohort and matched for gestational age and body mass index at birth , mode of delivery , probiotic supplementation  , duration of breastfeeding , use of antibiotics during infancy , and frequencies of atopic diseases and atopic sensitization . Early fecal microbiota composition was analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization ( FISH ) with microscopic and flow cytometry detection and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction ( qRT-PCR ) . RESULTS The bifidobacterial numbers in fecal sample s during infancy , as assessed by the FISH with flow cytometry , were higher in children remaining normal weight , [ median : 2.19 x 10(9 ) cells/g ( interquartile range : 1.10 - 5.28 x 10(9 ) cells/g ) ] than in children becoming overweight [ 1.20 x 10(9 ) cells/g ( 0.48 - 1.59x 10(9 ) cells/g ) ; P = 0.02 ] . A similar tendency was found by FISH with microscopic detection and qRT-PCR . The microbiota aberrancy during infancy in children becoming overweight was also associated with a greater number of Staphylococcus aureus [ 0.64 x 10(6 ) cells/g ( 0.33 - 1.00 x 10(6 ) cells/g ) ] than in children remaining normal weight [ 0.27 x 10(6 ) cells/g ( 0.17 - 0.50 x 10(6 ) cells/g ) ; P = 0.013 ] . CONCLUSION Aberrant compositional development of the gut microbiota precedes overweight , offering new possibilities for preventive and therapeutic applications in weight management BACKGROUND A high-carbohydrate , low-fat diet is recommended for the prevention of atherosclerosis , because it reduces plasma cholesterol concentrations . However , such a diet can increase plasma triacylglycerol concentrations -- an undesirable side effect . The addition of nondigestible carbohydrate could reduce the risk of elevated triacylglycerol concentrations . OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether the addition of a moderate dose of inulin to a moderately high-carbohydrate diet would decrease hepatic lipogenesis and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and have a cholesterol-lowering action . DESIGN Eight healthy subjects were studied twice in a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled crossover study after consuming for 3 wk a moderately high-carbohydrate , low-fat diet ( 55 % of total energy ) plus an oral placebo or 10 g high-performance inulin/d .  Hepatic lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis ( deuterated water method ) , plasma lipid concentrations , fatty acid synthase , acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 , and sterol responsive element binding protein 1c messenger RNA concentrations were measured in adipose tissue at the end of the 2 diet periods . RESULTS Plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and hepatic lipogenesis were lower after inulin than after placebo ingestion ( P < 0.05 ) , but cholesterol synthesis and plasma cholesterol concentrations were not significantly different between the 2 groups . None of the adipose tissue messenger RNA concentrations changed significantly after inulin ingestion . CONCLUSIONS The addition of high-performance inulin to a moderately high-carbohydrate , low-fat diet has a beneficial effect on plasma lipids by decreasing hepatic lipogenesis and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations . These results support the use of nondigestible carbohydrate for reducing risk factors for atherosclerosis BACKGROUND Fructooligosaccharides have been cl aim ed to lower fasting glycemia and serum total cholesterol concentrations , possibly via effects of short-chain fatty acids produced during fermentation . OBJECTIVE We studied the effects of fructooligosaccharides on blood glucose , serum lipids , and serum acetate in 20 patients with type 2 diabetes . DESIGN In a r and omized , single-blind , crossover design , patients consumed either glucose as a placebo ( 4 g/d ) or fructooligosaccharides ( 15 g/d ) for 20 d each . Average daily intakes of energy , macronutrients , and dietary fiber were similar with both treatments . RESULTS Compliance , expressed as the proportion of supplements not returned , was near 100 % during both treatments . Fructooligosaccharides did not significantly affect fasting concentrations ( mmol/L ) of serum total cholesterol ( 95 % CI : -0.07 , 0.48 ) , HDL cholesterol ( -0.04 , 0.04 ) , LDL cholesterol ( -0.06 , 0.34 ) , serum triacylglycerols ( -0.21 , 0.44 ) , serum free fatty acids ( -0.08 , 0.04 ) , serum acetate ( -0.01 , 0.01 ) , or blood glucose ( -0.37 , 0.40 ) . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 20 d of dietary supplementation with fructooligosaccharides had no major effect on blood glucose , serum lipids , or serum acetate in patients with type 2 diabetes . This lack of effect was not due to changes in dietary intake , insufficient statistical power , or noncompliance of the patients Short-chain fructooligosaccharides ( FOS ) are prebiotics , which escape digestion in the small intestine and are fermented by the colonic microflora into short-chain fatty acids . Recently , we found that the daily consumption of 20 g FOS decreased basal hepatic glucose production in healthy subjects without any effect on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism . In this study , we evaluated the effects of the chronic ingestion of FOS on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations , hepatic glucose production and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetics . Type 2 diabetic volunteers ( n = 10 ; 6 men , 4 women ) received either 20 g/d FOS or sucrose for 4 wk in a double-blind crossover design . FOS did not modify fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations or basal hepatic glucose production . The plasma glucose response to a fixed exogenous insulin bolus did not differ at the end of the two periods . Erythrocyte insulin binding also did not differ . Serum triacylglycerol , total and HDL cholesterol , free fatty acid , apolipoproteins A1 and B and lipoprotein ( a ) concentrations were not modified by the chronic ingestion of FOS . We conclude that 4 wk of 20 g/d of FOS had no effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetics Background Inulin has been suggested to have beneficial effects on lipids , especially on triglyceridemia . Few data are available about the effects of inulin on Lipoprotein(a ) , a low-density lipoprotein-like particle considered as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis . Adding inulin to pasta could be a preventive strategy for delaying the onset of atherosclerosis . Aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of inulin-enriched pasta on lipid profile and on Lipoprotein(a ) in young healthy subjects . Methods Twenty-two young healthy male volunteers entered a r and omized double blind cross-over study consisting of a 2-weeks run-in period , a baseline assessment , two 5-weeks study periods ( 11 % inulin-enriched or control pasta ) , and an 8-weeks wash-out period in between . Serum lipid concentrations were evaluated by routine biochemical analyses and plasma Lipoprotein(a ) concentrations by ELISA . The size of apolipoprotein(a ) isoforms was determined by Western blot and immunodetection . Results Significant differences at baseline and in the treatment groups were found for HDL-cholesterol ( P = 0.004 ) , total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio ( P = 0.006 ) , triglycerides ( P = 0.04 ) , and Lipoprotein(a ) ( 
    Output:
    
agent
Conclusions : In summary , the use of ITF may have benefits for LDL-c reduction across all study population s , whereas HDL-c improvement and glucose control were demonstrated only in the T2DM subgroup .
Overall , ITF supplementation may provide a novel direction for improving the lipid profile and glucose metabolism
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective To highlight the contribution of the gut microbiota to the modulation of host metabolism by dietary inulin-type fructans ( ITF prebiotics ) in obese women . Methods A double blind , placebo controlled , intervention study was performed with 30 obese women treated with ITF prebiotics ( inulin/oligofructose 50/50 mix ; n=15 ) or placebo ( maltodextrin ; n=15 ) for 3 months ( 16 g/day ) .  Blood , faeces and urine sampling , oral glucose tolerance test , homeostasis model assessment and impedancemetry were performed before and after treatment . The gut microbial composition in faeces was analysed by phylogenetic microarray and qPCR analysis of 16S rDNA . Plasma and urine metabolic profiles were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy . Results Treatment with ITF prebiotics , but not the placebo , led to an increase in Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ; both bacteria negatively correlated with serum lipopolysaccharide levels .  ITF prebiotics also decreased Bacteroides intestinalis , Bacteroides vulgatus and Propionibacterium , an effect associated with a slight decrease in fat mass and with plasma lactate and phosphatidylcholine levels . No clear treatment clustering could be detected for gut microbial analysis or plasma and urine metabolomic profile analyses . However , ITF prebiotics led to subtle changes in the gut microbiota that may importantly impact on several key metabolites implicated in obesity and /or diabetes . Conclusions ITF prebiotics selectively changed the gut microbiota composition in obese women , leading to modest changes in host metabolism , as suggested by the correlation between some bacterial species and metabolic endotoxaemia or metabolomic signatures Abstract Background and aims Freeze-dried powdered yacon ( FDY ) can be considered a prebiotic product due to its fructooligosaccharides ( FOS ) content . The effect of 9 weeks of daily intake of FDY containing 7.4 g of FOS on glucose , lipid metabolism and intestinal transit in a group of elderly people was investigated . Methods Seventy-two elderly ( mean age 67.11 ± 6.11 ) men and women were studied for 9 weeks in a double-blind , placebo-controlled experiment . They were r and omly assigned to the supplement group ( which received 7.4 g of FOS as FDY ) or the control group . At the beginning and end of the study , anthropometric measurements , blood sampling , clinical analyses and dietary intake were assessed . Results A daily intake of FDY containing 7.4 g of FOS for 9 weeks was associated with a mean decrease in serum glucose ( p = 0.013 ) , but supplementation did not reduce serum lipids in the study group . The administered dose did not adversely affect intestinal transit . It did not cause bloating , flatulence or intestinal discomfort . Conclusion Freeze-dried powdered yacon is a good source of FOS , and daily consumption can have a favourable effect on serum glucose in the elderly . It is also practical , easy and safe to use and store The primary aim of this study was to estimate the relation between cholesterol reduction and total mortality and coronary heart disease ( CHD ) incidence . Secondarily , the clinical issues of whether the efficacy of cholesterol lowering is dependent on the treatment modality , presence of CHD at baseline , or the simultaneous introduction of other interventions was explored . All r and omized clinical intervention trials of cholesterol reduction were used in an overview analysis of total mortality rate and CHD incidence ; analysis was performed with weighted linear regression . The trials include those that used primary and secondary intervention , diet and drugs , and single or multifactor design .  Nineteen trials were analyzed for total mortality , and of the 19 , 16 were analyzed for CHD incidence rate .  Net difference in cholesterol change between study groups was used as the independent variable , and the three previously mentioned dichotomous design characteristics were used as additional independent variables . For every 1 % reduction in cholesterol , an estimated 2.5 % reduction in CHD incidence is indicated ( 95 % CL : 1.1 , 3.9 ) . With regard to CHD drug trials tended toward better efficiency in cholesterol lowering than did dietary trials . With regard to total mortality , this efficiency was higher in secondary than in primary preventive trials . The efficiency was also somewhat dependent on the baseline cholesterol level . This study shows that cholesterol reduction is effective in lowering CHD incidence , but cholesterol reduction must be at least 8 - 9 % to be effective in lowering total mortality BACKGROUND Experimental studies suggest that gut microbiota deviations predispose toward energy storage and obesity . OBJECTIVE We wanted to establish whether early gut microbiota composition can guide weight development throughout early childhood . DESIGN Overweight and obese children ( n = 25 ) were selected from a prospect i ve follow-up study at the age of 7 y and identified according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria . Normal-weight children ( n = 24 ) were selected from the same cohort and matched for gestational age and body mass index at birth , mode of delivery , probiotic supplementation  , duration of breastfeeding , use of antibiotics during infancy , and frequencies of atopic diseases and atopic sensitization . Early fecal microbiota composition was analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization ( FISH ) with microscopic and flow cytometry detection and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction ( qRT-PCR ) . RESULTS The bifidobacterial numbers in fecal sample s during infancy , as assessed by the FISH with flow cytometry , were higher in children remaining normal weight , [ median : 2.19 x 10(9 ) cells/g ( interquartile range : 1.10 - 5.28 x 10(9 ) cells/g ) ] than in children becoming overweight [ 1.20 x 10(9 ) cells/g ( 0.48 - 1.59x 10(9 ) cells/g ) ; P = 0.02 ] . A similar tendency was found by FISH with microscopic detection and qRT-PCR . The microbiota aberrancy during infancy in children becoming overweight was also associated with a greater number of Staphylococcus aureus [ 0.64 x 10(6 ) cells/g ( 0.33 - 1.00 x 10(6 ) cells/g ) ] than in children remaining normal weight [ 0.27 x 10(6 ) cells/g ( 0.17 - 0.50 x 10(6 ) cells/g ) ; P = 0.013 ] . CONCLUSION Aberrant compositional development of the gut microbiota precedes overweight , offering new possibilities for preventive and therapeutic applications in weight management BACKGROUND A high-carbohydrate , low-fat diet is recommended for the prevention of atherosclerosis , because it reduces plasma cholesterol concentrations . However , such a diet can increase plasma triacylglycerol concentrations -- an undesirable side effect . The addition of nondigestible carbohydrate could reduce the risk of elevated triacylglycerol concentrations . OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether the addition of a moderate dose of inulin to a moderately high-carbohydrate diet would decrease hepatic lipogenesis and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and have a cholesterol-lowering action . DESIGN Eight healthy subjects were studied twice in a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled crossover study after consuming for 3 wk a moderately high-carbohydrate , low-fat diet ( 55 % of total energy ) plus an oral placebo or 10 g high-performance inulin/d .  Hepatic lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis ( deuterated water method ) , plasma lipid concentrations , fatty acid synthase , acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 , and sterol responsive element binding protein 1c messenger RNA concentrations were measured in adipose tissue at the end of the 2 diet periods . RESULTS Plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and hepatic lipogenesis were lower after inulin than after placebo ingestion ( P < 0.05 ) , but cholesterol synthesis and plasma cholesterol concentrations were not significantly different between the 2 groups . None of the adipose tissue messenger RNA concentrations changed significantly after inulin ingestion . CONCLUSIONS The addition of high-performance inulin to a moderately high-carbohydrate , low-fat diet has a beneficial effect on plasma lipids by decreasing hepatic lipogenesis and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations . These results support the use of nondigestible carbohydrate for reducing risk factors for atherosclerosis BACKGROUND Fructooligosaccharides have been cl aim ed to lower fasting glycemia and serum total cholesterol concentrations , possibly via effects of short-chain fatty acids produced during fermentation . OBJECTIVE We studied the effects of fructooligosaccharides on blood glucose , serum lipids , and serum acetate in 20 patients with type 2 diabetes . DESIGN In a r and omized , single-blind , crossover design , patients consumed either glucose as a placebo ( 4 g/d ) or fructooligosaccharides ( 15 g/d ) for 20 d each . Average daily intakes of energy , macronutrients , and dietary fiber were similar with both treatments . RESULTS Compliance , expressed as the proportion of supplements not returned , was near 100 % during both treatments . Fructooligosaccharides did not significantly affect fasting concentrations ( mmol/L ) of serum total cholesterol ( 95 % CI : -0.07 , 0.48 ) , HDL cholesterol ( -0.04 , 0.04 ) , LDL cholesterol ( -0.06 , 0.34 ) , serum triacylglycerols ( -0.21 , 0.44 ) , serum free fatty acids ( -0.08 , 0.04 ) , serum acetate ( -0.01 , 0.01 ) , or blood glucose ( -0.37 , 0.40 ) . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 20 d of dietary supplementation with fructooligosaccharides had no major effect on blood glucose , serum lipids , or serum acetate in patients with type 2 diabetes . This lack of effect was not due to changes in dietary intake , insufficient statistical power , or noncompliance of the patients Short-chain fructooligosaccharides ( FOS ) are prebiotics , which escape digestion in the small intestine and are fermented by the colonic microflora into short-chain fatty acids . Recently , we found that the daily consumption of 20 g FOS decreased basal hepatic glucose production in healthy subjects without any effect on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism . In this study , we evaluated the effects of the chronic ingestion of FOS on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations , hepatic glucose production and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetics . Type 2 diabetic volunteers ( n = 10 ; 6 men , 4 women ) received either 20 g/d FOS or sucrose for 4 wk in a double-blind crossover design . FOS did not modify fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations or basal hepatic glucose production . The plasma glucose response to a fixed exogenous insulin bolus did not differ at the end of the two periods . Erythrocyte insulin binding also did not differ . Serum triacylglycerol , total and HDL cholesterol , free fatty acid , apolipoproteins A1 and B and lipoprotein ( a ) concentrations were not modified by the chronic ingestion of FOS . We conclude that 4 wk of 20 g/d of FOS had no effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetics Background Inulin has been suggested to have beneficial effects on lipids , especially on triglyceridemia . Few data are available about the effects of inulin on Lipoprotein(a ) , a low-density lipoprotein-like particle considered as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis . Adding inulin to pasta could be a preventive strategy for delaying the onset of atherosclerosis . Aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of inulin-enriched pasta on lipid profile and on Lipoprotein(a ) in young healthy subjects . Methods Twenty-two young healthy male volunteers entered a r and omized double blind cross-over study consisting of a 2-weeks run-in period , a baseline assessment , two 5-weeks study periods ( 11 % inulin-enriched or control pasta ) , and an 8-weeks wash-out period in between . Serum lipid concentrations were evaluated by routine biochemical analyses and plasma Lipoprotein(a ) concentrations by ELISA . The size of apolipoprotein(a ) isoforms was determined by Western blot and immunodetection . Results Significant differences at baseline and in the treatment groups were found for HDL-cholesterol ( P = 0.004 ) , total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio ( P = 0.006 ) , triglycerides ( P = 0.04 ) , and Lipoprotein(a ) ( 
    Output:
    