human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study examined the relationship between health utility and psychometric health status measures . Utility scores derived by st and ard gamble and categorical rating methods were also compared to determine if they produce equivalent preference scales . Health status and utility was assessed in 73 chronic renal disease patients with anemia ( hematocrit less than or equal to 30 ) participating in a 48-week clinical study .  Patient preferences for current health and three hypothetical states were assessed using st and ard gamble and categorical rating procedures . St and ard gamble utility was related to home management ( P less than .05 ) ; categorical rating utility was related to home management ( P less than .05 ) , energy ( P less than .05 ) , alertness behavior ( P less than .05 ) , social interaction ( P less than .05 ) , and life satisfaction scale scores ( P less than .05 ) . Only 25 - 27 % of the variance in utility scores was explained by the health status measures . St and ard gamble utilities were consistently higher than categorical rating values for end-stage renal disease with hemodialysis ( P less than .0001 ) and severe anemia requiring blood transfusions ( P less than .0001 ) . Patient preferences for current health may be influenced in part by their functional status and well-being , risk aversion or risk-taking attitudes , and the cognitive evaluation processes involved in making judgments necessary for the measurement task , as well as their actual preferences To assess the health values of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) and examine the relationships between their health values and health status at two points in time , the authors sought to determine whether patients ' physical and mental health statuses were good predictors of how they valued their current state of health . One hundred thirty-nine patients with various stages of HIV infection were interviewed in a prospect i ve cohort study based in a primary care practice of a community-based teaching hospital . Patients were interviewed twice at 6-month intervals using three  health value measures --the time trade off , rating scale , and Quality of Well-being Scale--  and three health status measures : the  18-item Mental Health Inventory , the Dyspnea-Fatigue Index , and the Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 Health Survey .  The health status of HIV-infected patients was compromised and , with the exception of mental health , generally was worse among patients with more advanced HIV-infection . Rating scale and Quality of Well-being Scale scores were related inversely to disease stage , but time-trade off scores generally were higher regardless of disease stage . Health value measures showed moderate relationships with measures of physical functioning ( r = 0.34 - 0.68 ) but only a fair relationship with mental health ( r = 0.00 - 0.48 ) . The health status of HIV-infected patients who remained asymptomatic or remained symptomatic but without developing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) changed little over 6 months , whereas the health status of patients with AIDS and of patients manifesting progression of HIV-infection deteriorated over time . In contrast , health values , particularly time-tradeoff scores , remained stable even in the face of changes in health status and disease progression . With the exception of mental health , the impact of HIV infection on health status tends to parallel the clinical stage of disease . Health values of HIV-infected patients , however , generally are high and correlate better with physical functioning than with mental health The Health Utilities Index Mark 3 ( HUI3 ) and the EuroQol EQ-5D ( EQ-5D ) were compared to each other and to other quality -of-life ( QoL ) measures in patients treated for intermittent claudication . A total of 88 patients with intermittent claudication completed the HUI3 , EQ-5D , R AND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0 , time tradeoff , st and ard gamble , and rating scale before revascularization and at follow-up at 1 month , 3 months , and 1 year . The effect of treatment on the HUI3 and EQ-5D dimensions and the overall scores , calculated using published formulas based on societal preferences , were compared . After 1 month of treatment , the majority of patients showed improvement on the HUI3 dimensions ambulation and pain and on the EQ-5D dimensions mobility , usual activities , and pain/discomfort . The mean HUI3 score was significantly higher than the mean EQ-5D score ( 0.66 and 0.57 , respectively , p < 0.01 ) before treatment . After treatment , however , they were not significantly different from each other ( e.g. , 12 months after treatment : 0.77 and 0.75 , respectively ( p > 0.05 ) . After 1 month , the scores did not change significantly over time ( p > 0.05 ) . The intraclass correlation coefficient between changes over time in the HUI3 and EQ-5D scores was 0.30 , with other health-related quality -of-life ( HRQoL ) measures the correlations for HUI3 and EQ-5D were very similar . In conclusion , both the HUI3 and EQ-5D demonstrated an effect of treatment in patients with intermittent claudication ; in addition , they showed similar relationships with other ( HRQoL ) measures . To demonstrate the effect of revascularization in patients with intermittent claudication , however , clinicians and research ers should be aware of the differences in the mean HUI3 and EQ-5D scores Despite the perception of many people that lasers represent the cutting edge of high-technology medicine , this form of medical technology has been subject to relatively little rigorous evaluation . This dearth of research relates particularly to economic evaluation , where there have been few attempts to justify the high cost of laser equipment . This paper details an economic evaluation of the use of laser technology as a secondary adjunct to angioplasty to treat peripheral arterial occlusions . Using data from a range of sources , including a published r and omized trial , a cost-utility model is developed to estimate the costs and benefits of the laser , relative to st and ard angioplasty . The best available data indicate a cost-effective role for the laser , but important areas of uncertainty exist , including the  laser 's secondary recanalization rate , which has been estimated on the basis of limited numbers of patients . This uncertainty suggests that further research is required before widespread diffusion of the laser for use in this clinical context 
    Output:
    
agent
The results of this study do not support the common view that RS values are lower than TTO values , may suggest that TTO biases largely cancel , and support the validity of formulas for correcting SG bias
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: This study examined the relationship between health utility and psychometric health status measures . Utility scores derived by st and ard gamble and categorical rating methods were also compared to determine if they produce equivalent preference scales . Health status and utility was assessed in 73 chronic renal disease patients with anemia ( hematocrit less than or equal to 30 ) participating in a 48-week clinical study .  Patient preferences for current health and three hypothetical states were assessed using st and ard gamble and categorical rating procedures . St and ard gamble utility was related to home management ( P less than .05 ) ; categorical rating utility was related to home management ( P less than .05 ) , energy ( P less than .05 ) , alertness behavior ( P less than .05 ) , social interaction ( P less than .05 ) , and life satisfaction scale scores ( P less than .05 ) . Only 25 - 27 % of the variance in utility scores was explained by the health status measures . St and ard gamble utilities were consistently higher than categorical rating values for end-stage renal disease with hemodialysis ( P less than .0001 ) and severe anemia requiring blood transfusions ( P less than .0001 ) . Patient preferences for current health may be influenced in part by their functional status and well-being , risk aversion or risk-taking attitudes , and the cognitive evaluation processes involved in making judgments necessary for the measurement task , as well as their actual preferences To assess the health values of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) and examine the relationships between their health values and health status at two points in time , the authors sought to determine whether patients ' physical and mental health statuses were good predictors of how they valued their current state of health . One hundred thirty-nine patients with various stages of HIV infection were interviewed in a prospect i ve cohort study based in a primary care practice of a community-based teaching hospital . Patients were interviewed twice at 6-month intervals using three  health value measures --the time trade off , rating scale , and Quality of Well-being Scale--  and three health status measures : the  18-item Mental Health Inventory , the Dyspnea-Fatigue Index , and the Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 Health Survey .  The health status of HIV-infected patients was compromised and , with the exception of mental health , generally was worse among patients with more advanced HIV-infection . Rating scale and Quality of Well-being Scale scores were related inversely to disease stage , but time-trade off scores generally were higher regardless of disease stage . Health value measures showed moderate relationships with measures of physical functioning ( r = 0.34 - 0.68 ) but only a fair relationship with mental health ( r = 0.00 - 0.48 ) . The health status of HIV-infected patients who remained asymptomatic or remained symptomatic but without developing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) changed little over 6 months , whereas the health status of patients with AIDS and of patients manifesting progression of HIV-infection deteriorated over time . In contrast , health values , particularly time-tradeoff scores , remained stable even in the face of changes in health status and disease progression . With the exception of mental health , the impact of HIV infection on health status tends to parallel the clinical stage of disease . Health values of HIV-infected patients , however , generally are high and correlate better with physical functioning than with mental health The Health Utilities Index Mark 3 ( HUI3 ) and the EuroQol EQ-5D ( EQ-5D ) were compared to each other and to other quality -of-life ( QoL ) measures in patients treated for intermittent claudication . A total of 88 patients with intermittent claudication completed the HUI3 , EQ-5D , R AND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0 , time tradeoff , st and ard gamble , and rating scale before revascularization and at follow-up at 1 month , 3 months , and 1 year . The effect of treatment on the HUI3 and EQ-5D dimensions and the overall scores , calculated using published formulas based on societal preferences , were compared . After 1 month of treatment , the majority of patients showed improvement on the HUI3 dimensions ambulation and pain and on the EQ-5D dimensions mobility , usual activities , and pain/discomfort . The mean HUI3 score was significantly higher than the mean EQ-5D score ( 0.66 and 0.57 , respectively , p < 0.01 ) before treatment . After treatment , however , they were not significantly different from each other ( e.g. , 12 months after treatment : 0.77 and 0.75 , respectively ( p > 0.05 ) . After 1 month , the scores did not change significantly over time ( p > 0.05 ) . The intraclass correlation coefficient between changes over time in the HUI3 and EQ-5D scores was 0.30 , with other health-related quality -of-life ( HRQoL ) measures the correlations for HUI3 and EQ-5D were very similar . In conclusion , both the HUI3 and EQ-5D demonstrated an effect of treatment in patients with intermittent claudication ; in addition , they showed similar relationships with other ( HRQoL ) measures . To demonstrate the effect of revascularization in patients with intermittent claudication , however , clinicians and research ers should be aware of the differences in the mean HUI3 and EQ-5D scores Despite the perception of many people that lasers represent the cutting edge of high-technology medicine , this form of medical technology has been subject to relatively little rigorous evaluation . This dearth of research relates particularly to economic evaluation , where there have been few attempts to justify the high cost of laser equipment . This paper details an economic evaluation of the use of laser technology as a secondary adjunct to angioplasty to treat peripheral arterial occlusions . Using data from a range of sources , including a published r and omized trial , a cost-utility model is developed to estimate the costs and benefits of the laser , relative to st and ard angioplasty . The best available data indicate a cost-effective role for the laser , but important areas of uncertainty exist , including the  laser 's secondary recanalization rate , which has been estimated on the basis of limited numbers of patients . This uncertainty suggests that further research is required before widespread diffusion of the laser for use in this clinical context 
    Output:
    