human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Fibres which are soluble or insoluble in water have different physiochemical properties and may therefore be expected to exert different effects on post-ingestive satiety signals . This study compared the effects on short-term ( 24 h ) appetite of two equienergetic high ( 22 g ) fibre breakfasts , an equienergetic low fibre breakfast and a low energy , ' light ' breakfast . Psyllium gum ( the soluble fibre ) and wheat bran ( the insoluble fibre ) were incorporated into breakfast cereals and consumed at breakfast by sixteen healthy , normal weight males after an overnight fast using a repeated measures , counterbalanced design . Ad libitum energy intake was assessed at a test snack 1.5 h after breakfast , later in the day using food boxes and the following day using food diaries . Motivation to eat and gastrointestinal sensations were tracked for the next 24 h. Hunger ratings showed a trend towards the subjects being less hungry and they consumed significantly less energy at snack time after the high insoluble than after the high soluble fibre breakfast cereal . The soluble fibre breakfast produced a greater suppression of snack intake than the light breakfast , but smaller suppression than the other breakfasts . Interestingly there was a trend toward reduced hunger and voluntary energy consumption following the soluble fibre compared with the insoluble fibre much later in the day ( 9.5 - 13.5 h after breakfast ) although this was not significant . There was no significant effect of breakfast type on total day energy intake . The results suggest that different types of fibre modulate the timecourse of appetite control and may produce alterations in the experience of motivation and patterns of eating without necessarily effecting total energy intake Health benefits of Kochujang ( KCJ ) and its bioactive compounds have been reported in several in vitro and animal studies . Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of KCJ supplementation on body composition and blood lipid profiles in overweight adults . Methods Sixty overweight men and women with BMI ≥23 kg/m2 and waist-hip-ratio ( WHR ) ≥0.90 for men and ≥0.85 for women were r and omly assigned to a KCJ supplement ( n=30 , 32 g/day ) or placebo ( n=30 , 32 g/day ) group for a 12-week , double-blind , placebo controlled study . We measured anthropometric parameters , serum lipid profiles , abdominal fat distribution by computerized tomography and calculated the atherosclerosis indices in 53 subjects ( n=26 in KCJ group , n=27 in placebo group ) who completed the study . Results After 12 weeks , the KCJ group showed a significant reduction in visceral fat ( cm2 ) ( p<0.05 ) , although body weight ( kg ) and WHR did not change . Serum concentration of triglycerides and ApoB were decreased when compared to those of the placebo group . Conclusion KCJ supplementation ( 32 g/day ) for 12 weeks in overweight adults showed anti-atherosclerotic and anti-obesogenic effects . Trial registration Clinical trials.gov Identifier : BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies that directly examine changes in whole-grain consumption in relation to weight gain are sparse , and characterization of this association has been obscured by method ologic inconsistencies in the assessment of whole grains . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to ascertain the associations between changes in new quantitative estimates of whole-grain intake and 8-y  weight gain among US men . DESIGN The study was conducted in a prospect i ve cohort of 27 082 men aged 40 - 75 y at baseline in 1986 . Data on lifestyle factors were obtained periodically by using self-reported question naires , and participants measured and reported their body weight in 1986 and 1994 . RESULTS In multivariate analyses , an increase in whole-grain intake was inversely associated with long-term weight gain ( P for trend < 0.0001 ) . A dose-response relation was observed , and for every 40-g/d increment in whole-grain intake from all foods , weight gain was reduced by 0.49 kg . Bran that was added to the diet or obtained from fortified-grain foods further reduced the risk of weight gain ( P for trend = 0.01 ) , and , for every 20 g/d increase in intake , weight gain was reduced by 0.36 kg . Changes in cereal and fruit fiber were inversely related to weight gain . No associations were observed between changes in refined-grain or added germ consumption and body weight . CONCLUSIONS The increased consumption of whole grains was inversely related to weight gain , and the associations persisted after changes in added bran or fiber intakes were accounted for . This suggests that additional components in whole grains may contribute to favorable metabolic alterations that may reduce long-term weight gain BACKGROUND Although increased consumption of dietary fiber and grain products is widely recommended to maintain healthy body weight , little is known about the relation of whole grains to body weight and long-term weight changes . OBJECTIVE We examined the associations between the intakes of dietary fiber and whole- or refined-grain products and weight gain over time . DESIGN In a prospect i ve cohort study , 74,091 US female nurses , aged 38 - 63 y in 1984 and free of known cardiovascular disease , cancer , and diabetes at baseline , were followed from 1984 to 1996 ; their dietary habits were assessed in 1984 , 1986 , 1990 , and 1994 with vali date d food-frequency question naires . Using multiple models to adjust for covariates , we calculated average weight , body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m(2 ) ) , long-term weight changes , and the odds ratio of developing obesity ( BMI > or = 30 ) according to change in dietary intake . RESULTS Women who consumed more whole grains consistently weighed less than did women who consumed less whole grains ( P for trend < 0.0001 ) . Over 12 y , those with the greatest increase in intake of dietary fiber  gained an average of 1.52 kg less than did those with the smallest increase in intake of dietary fiber  ( P for trend < 0.0001 ) independent of body weight at baseline , age , and changes in covariate status . Women in the highest quintile of dietary fiber intake had a 49 % lower risk of major weight gain than did women in the highest quintile ( OR = 0.51 ; 95 % CI : 0.39 , 0.67 ; P < 0.0001 for trend ) . CONCLUSION Weight gain was inversely associated with the intake of high-fiber , whole-grain foods but positively related to the intake of refined-grain foods , which indicated the importance of distinguishing whole-grain products from refined-grain products to aid in weight control Background Single-nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) , which are located in the first intron of the FTO gene , are reported to be associated with body weight and the body mass index ( BMI ) . However , their effects on anthropometric measurements in adolescents are poorly understood . Objective This study aim ed to investigate the association of three adjacent polymorphisms ( rs9930506 , rs9930501 , & rs9932754 ) in the FTO gene with anthropometric indices in Iranian adolescent males . Design The participants comprised a total of 237 adolescent males who were recruited r and omly from two high schools in Tehran , Iran . The DNA sample s were genotyped for the FTO gene polymorphisms by DNA sequencing .  BMI , body fat percentage ( BF% ) , and body muscle percentage ( BM% ) were determined using a vali date d bioelectrical impedance analysis scale . The association of the FTO polymorphisms with weight , height , BMI , BF% , and BM% was investigated . Results A haplotype of rs9930506 , rs9930501 , and rs9932754 ( GGT ) in the first intron of the FTO with complete linkage disequilibrium ( LD ) was found to be significantly associated with higher weight ( OR = 1.32 ) , BMI ( OR = 5.36 ) and BF% ( OR = 1.46 ) , and lower BM% ( OR = 3.59 ) ( all P<0.001 ) . None of the students with GGC genotypes were underweight , while all of the students with AAT genotypes had high muscle mass . Conclusions A haplotype in the first intron of the FTO gene had a strong association with obesity indices in Iranian adolescent males . The FTO gene polymorphisms might have greater effects on anthropometric indices than what was previously imagined . Moreover , we suggested that the FTO gene exerted their effects on anthropometric measurements through haplotypes ( and not single SNPs ) OBJECTIVE To examine demographic , socioeconomic , and biological risk factors for all-cause , cardiovascular , and noncardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes over 8 years and to construct mortality prediction equations . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Beginning in 2000 , survey and medical record information was obtained from 8,334 participants in Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes ( TRIAD ) , a multicenter prospect i ve observational study of diabetes care in managed care . The National Death Index was search ed annually to obtain data on deaths over an 8-year follow-up period ( 2000–2007 ) . Predictors examined included age , sex , race , education , income , smoking , age at diagnosis of diabetes , duration and treatment of diabetes , BMI , complications , comorbidities , and medication use . RESULTS There were 1,616 ( 19 % ) deaths over the 8-year period . In the most parsimonious equation , the predictors of all-cause mortality included older age , male sex , white race , lower income , smoking , insulin treatment , nephropathy , history of dyslipidemia , higher LDL cholesterol , angina/myocardial infa rct ion/other coronary disease/coronary angioplasty/bypass , congestive heart failure , aspirin , β-blocker , and diuretic use , and higher Charlson Index . CONCLUSIONS Risk of death can be predicted in people with type 2 diabetes using simple demographic , socioeconomic , and biological risk factors with fair reliability . Such prediction equations are essential for computer simulation models of diabetes progression and may , with further validation , be useful for patient management Objective : The phytoestrogen genistein has been shown to be the most efficacious in clinical and experimental studies . We studied whether genistein treatment affects some cardiovascular risk markers in postmenopausal women . Design : Sixty healthy postmenopausal women , who were 52 to 60 years of age , were enrolled in a 6-month double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized study . After a 4-week stabilization on a st and ard fat-reduced diet , participants were r and omly assigned to receive either genistein ( n = 30 ; 54 mg/d ) or placebo ( n = 30 ) . At baseline and after a 6-month treatment , we measured fasting glucose , insulin , insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , osteoprotegerin ( OPG ) , fibrinogen , and sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG ) . Results : By comparison with placebo , genistein treatment decreased significantly fasting glucose  ( genistein = −8.7 ± 2.3 % ; placebo = 3.2 ± 2.3 % ; P < 0.001 ) , fasting insulin ( genistein = −12 ± 3.33 % ; placebo = 36 ± 3.29 % ; P < 0.001 ) , and HOMA-IR  ( genistein = −14 ± 5.8 % ; placebo = 42 ± 0.6 % ; P < 0.001 ) . After genistein-treatment , fibrinogen decreased ( genistein = 3.18 ± 0.12 g/L ; placebo = 3.83 ± 0.04 g/L ; P < 0.001 ) with respect to placebo . In the genistein group , serum OPG was lower ( −2 ± 0.3 % ) than in placebo ( 9 ± 1.5 % ; P < 0.001 ) , and serum SHBG was higher ( 63 ± 3.8 nmol/L ) compared with placebo ( 53 ± 2.9 nmol/L ; P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : Our study suggests that genistein may have a favorable effect on some cardiovascular markers BACKGROUND Higher dietary energy as protein during weight loss results in a greater loss of fat mass and retention of muscle mass ; however , the impact of protein quality on the rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis ( MPS ) and lipolysis , processes that are important in the maintenance of muscle and loss of fat , respectively , are unknown . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to determine how the consumption of different sources of proteins ( soy or whey ) during a controlled short-term ( 14-d ) hypoenergetic diet affected MPS and lipolysis . METHODS Men ( n = 19 ) and women ( n = 21 ) ( age 35 - 65 y ; body mass index 28 - 50 kg/m(2 ) ) completed a 14-d controlled hypoenergetic diet ( -750 kcal/d ) . Part 
    Output:
    
agent
Analysis showed that soy products significantly reduced body weight , BMI , body fat percent and waist circumference in overweight or obese Asian population s ( −0.37 kg , P = 0.010 ; −0.27 kg/m2 , P = 0.042 ; −0.36 % , P = 0.032 ; −0.35 cm , P = 0.049 ) and more significant effects were observed in non-menopausal women reduced body weight ( −0.59 kg , P = 0.041 ) , BMI ( −0.59 , P = 0.041 ) and waist circumference ( −0.59 cm , P = 0.041 ) in overweight or obese population s. Conclusion : This meta- analysis showed that soy products  have weight loss effects , mainly due to soy protein , isoflavone and soy fiber
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Fibres which are soluble or insoluble in water have different physiochemical properties and may therefore be expected to exert different effects on post-ingestive satiety signals . This study compared the effects on short-term ( 24 h ) appetite of two equienergetic high ( 22 g ) fibre breakfasts , an equienergetic low fibre breakfast and a low energy , ' light ' breakfast . Psyllium gum ( the soluble fibre ) and wheat bran ( the insoluble fibre ) were incorporated into breakfast cereals and consumed at breakfast by sixteen healthy , normal weight males after an overnight fast using a repeated measures , counterbalanced design . Ad libitum energy intake was assessed at a test snack 1.5 h after breakfast , later in the day using food boxes and the following day using food diaries . Motivation to eat and gastrointestinal sensations were tracked for the next 24 h. Hunger ratings showed a trend towards the subjects being less hungry and they consumed significantly less energy at snack time after the high insoluble than after the high soluble fibre breakfast cereal . The soluble fibre breakfast produced a greater suppression of snack intake than the light breakfast , but smaller suppression than the other breakfasts . Interestingly there was a trend toward reduced hunger and voluntary energy consumption following the soluble fibre compared with the insoluble fibre much later in the day ( 9.5 - 13.5 h after breakfast ) although this was not significant . There was no significant effect of breakfast type on total day energy intake . The results suggest that different types of fibre modulate the timecourse of appetite control and may produce alterations in the experience of motivation and patterns of eating without necessarily effecting total energy intake Health benefits of Kochujang ( KCJ ) and its bioactive compounds have been reported in several in vitro and animal studies . Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of KCJ supplementation on body composition and blood lipid profiles in overweight adults . Methods Sixty overweight men and women with BMI ≥23 kg/m2 and waist-hip-ratio ( WHR ) ≥0.90 for men and ≥0.85 for women were r and omly assigned to a KCJ supplement ( n=30 , 32 g/day ) or placebo ( n=30 , 32 g/day ) group for a 12-week , double-blind , placebo controlled study . We measured anthropometric parameters , serum lipid profiles , abdominal fat distribution by computerized tomography and calculated the atherosclerosis indices in 53 subjects ( n=26 in KCJ group , n=27 in placebo group ) who completed the study . Results After 12 weeks , the KCJ group showed a significant reduction in visceral fat ( cm2 ) ( p<0.05 ) , although body weight ( kg ) and WHR did not change . Serum concentration of triglycerides and ApoB were decreased when compared to those of the placebo group . Conclusion KCJ supplementation ( 32 g/day ) for 12 weeks in overweight adults showed anti-atherosclerotic and anti-obesogenic effects . Trial registration Clinical trials.gov Identifier : BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies that directly examine changes in whole-grain consumption in relation to weight gain are sparse , and characterization of this association has been obscured by method ologic inconsistencies in the assessment of whole grains . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to ascertain the associations between changes in new quantitative estimates of whole-grain intake and 8-y  weight gain among US men . DESIGN The study was conducted in a prospect i ve cohort of 27 082 men aged 40 - 75 y at baseline in 1986 . Data on lifestyle factors were obtained periodically by using self-reported question naires , and participants measured and reported their body weight in 1986 and 1994 . RESULTS In multivariate analyses , an increase in whole-grain intake was inversely associated with long-term weight gain ( P for trend < 0.0001 ) . A dose-response relation was observed , and for every 40-g/d increment in whole-grain intake from all foods , weight gain was reduced by 0.49 kg . Bran that was added to the diet or obtained from fortified-grain foods further reduced the risk of weight gain ( P for trend = 0.01 ) , and , for every 20 g/d increase in intake , weight gain was reduced by 0.36 kg . Changes in cereal and fruit fiber were inversely related to weight gain . No associations were observed between changes in refined-grain or added germ consumption and body weight . CONCLUSIONS The increased consumption of whole grains was inversely related to weight gain , and the associations persisted after changes in added bran or fiber intakes were accounted for . This suggests that additional components in whole grains may contribute to favorable metabolic alterations that may reduce long-term weight gain BACKGROUND Although increased consumption of dietary fiber and grain products is widely recommended to maintain healthy body weight , little is known about the relation of whole grains to body weight and long-term weight changes . OBJECTIVE We examined the associations between the intakes of dietary fiber and whole- or refined-grain products and weight gain over time . DESIGN In a prospect i ve cohort study , 74,091 US female nurses , aged 38 - 63 y in 1984 and free of known cardiovascular disease , cancer , and diabetes at baseline , were followed from 1984 to 1996 ; their dietary habits were assessed in 1984 , 1986 , 1990 , and 1994 with vali date d food-frequency question naires . Using multiple models to adjust for covariates , we calculated average weight , body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m(2 ) ) , long-term weight changes , and the odds ratio of developing obesity ( BMI > or = 30 ) according to change in dietary intake . RESULTS Women who consumed more whole grains consistently weighed less than did women who consumed less whole grains ( P for trend < 0.0001 ) . Over 12 y , those with the greatest increase in intake of dietary fiber  gained an average of 1.52 kg less than did those with the smallest increase in intake of dietary fiber  ( P for trend < 0.0001 ) independent of body weight at baseline , age , and changes in covariate status . Women in the highest quintile of dietary fiber intake had a 49 % lower risk of major weight gain than did women in the highest quintile ( OR = 0.51 ; 95 % CI : 0.39 , 0.67 ; P < 0.0001 for trend ) . CONCLUSION Weight gain was inversely associated with the intake of high-fiber , whole-grain foods but positively related to the intake of refined-grain foods , which indicated the importance of distinguishing whole-grain products from refined-grain products to aid in weight control Background Single-nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) , which are located in the first intron of the FTO gene , are reported to be associated with body weight and the body mass index ( BMI ) . However , their effects on anthropometric measurements in adolescents are poorly understood . Objective This study aim ed to investigate the association of three adjacent polymorphisms ( rs9930506 , rs9930501 , & rs9932754 ) in the FTO gene with anthropometric indices in Iranian adolescent males . Design The participants comprised a total of 237 adolescent males who were recruited r and omly from two high schools in Tehran , Iran . The DNA sample s were genotyped for the FTO gene polymorphisms by DNA sequencing .  BMI , body fat percentage ( BF% ) , and body muscle percentage ( BM% ) were determined using a vali date d bioelectrical impedance analysis scale . The association of the FTO polymorphisms with weight , height , BMI , BF% , and BM% was investigated . Results A haplotype of rs9930506 , rs9930501 , and rs9932754 ( GGT ) in the first intron of the FTO with complete linkage disequilibrium ( LD ) was found to be significantly associated with higher weight ( OR = 1.32 ) , BMI ( OR = 5.36 ) and BF% ( OR = 1.46 ) , and lower BM% ( OR = 3.59 ) ( all P<0.001 ) . None of the students with GGC genotypes were underweight , while all of the students with AAT genotypes had high muscle mass . Conclusions A haplotype in the first intron of the FTO gene had a strong association with obesity indices in Iranian adolescent males . The FTO gene polymorphisms might have greater effects on anthropometric indices than what was previously imagined . Moreover , we suggested that the FTO gene exerted their effects on anthropometric measurements through haplotypes ( and not single SNPs ) OBJECTIVE To examine demographic , socioeconomic , and biological risk factors for all-cause , cardiovascular , and noncardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes over 8 years and to construct mortality prediction equations . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Beginning in 2000 , survey and medical record information was obtained from 8,334 participants in Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes ( TRIAD ) , a multicenter prospect i ve observational study of diabetes care in managed care . The National Death Index was search ed annually to obtain data on deaths over an 8-year follow-up period ( 2000–2007 ) . Predictors examined included age , sex , race , education , income , smoking , age at diagnosis of diabetes , duration and treatment of diabetes , BMI , complications , comorbidities , and medication use . RESULTS There were 1,616 ( 19 % ) deaths over the 8-year period . In the most parsimonious equation , the predictors of all-cause mortality included older age , male sex , white race , lower income , smoking , insulin treatment , nephropathy , history of dyslipidemia , higher LDL cholesterol , angina/myocardial infa rct ion/other coronary disease/coronary angioplasty/bypass , congestive heart failure , aspirin , β-blocker , and diuretic use , and higher Charlson Index . CONCLUSIONS Risk of death can be predicted in people with type 2 diabetes using simple demographic , socioeconomic , and biological risk factors with fair reliability . Such prediction equations are essential for computer simulation models of diabetes progression and may , with further validation , be useful for patient management Objective : The phytoestrogen genistein has been shown to be the most efficacious in clinical and experimental studies . We studied whether genistein treatment affects some cardiovascular risk markers in postmenopausal women . Design : Sixty healthy postmenopausal women , who were 52 to 60 years of age , were enrolled in a 6-month double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized study . After a 4-week stabilization on a st and ard fat-reduced diet , participants were r and omly assigned to receive either genistein ( n = 30 ; 54 mg/d ) or placebo ( n = 30 ) . At baseline and after a 6-month treatment , we measured fasting glucose , insulin , insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , osteoprotegerin ( OPG ) , fibrinogen , and sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG ) . Results : By comparison with placebo , genistein treatment decreased significantly fasting glucose  ( genistein = −8.7 ± 2.3 % ; placebo = 3.2 ± 2.3 % ; P < 0.001 ) , fasting insulin ( genistein = −12 ± 3.33 % ; placebo = 36 ± 3.29 % ; P < 0.001 ) , and HOMA-IR  ( genistein = −14 ± 5.8 % ; placebo = 42 ± 0.6 % ; P < 0.001 ) . After genistein-treatment , fibrinogen decreased ( genistein = 3.18 ± 0.12 g/L ; placebo = 3.83 ± 0.04 g/L ; P < 0.001 ) with respect to placebo . In the genistein group , serum OPG was lower ( −2 ± 0.3 % ) than in placebo ( 9 ± 1.5 % ; P < 0.001 ) , and serum SHBG was higher ( 63 ± 3.8 nmol/L ) compared with placebo ( 53 ± 2.9 nmol/L ; P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : Our study suggests that genistein may have a favorable effect on some cardiovascular markers BACKGROUND Higher dietary energy as protein during weight loss results in a greater loss of fat mass and retention of muscle mass ; however , the impact of protein quality on the rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis ( MPS ) and lipolysis , processes that are important in the maintenance of muscle and loss of fat , respectively , are unknown . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to determine how the consumption of different sources of proteins ( soy or whey ) during a controlled short-term ( 14-d ) hypoenergetic diet affected MPS and lipolysis . METHODS Men ( n = 19 ) and women ( n = 21 ) ( age 35 - 65 y ; body mass index 28 - 50 kg/m(2 ) ) completed a 14-d controlled hypoenergetic diet ( -750 kcal/d ) . Part 
    Output:
    