human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: There was a need to design a question naire that could accurately assess the activity patterns of Native Americans to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and diabetes . Such a question naire was developed and implemented into the data collection scheme of the prospect i ve Pima Indian Study of Arizona . The question naire , which assesses historical , past-year , and past-week leisure and occupational activity , was examined in 29 Pima individuals aged 21–36 yr and was shown to be reliable with test-retest correlations ( rank-order correlations ranged from 0.62 to 0.96 for leisure and occupational activity ) . Reproducibility of the past-year leisure physical-activity estimate was determined in 69 participants aged 10 - 59 yr and was found to be reliable in all age-groups with the exception of the 10- to 14-yr-old age-group ( rank-order correlations were 0.31 in the 10- to 14-yr-old age-group compared to 0.88 to 0.92 in those > 20 yr of age ) . Validity of the current-activity section of the question naire was demonstrated indirectly through comparisons with activity monitors . The past-week leisure-activity estimate was related to the Caltrac activity monitor counts per hour ( p = 0.62 , P > 0.05 , n = 17 ) . In summary , a physical-activity question naire has been developed that is both reliable and feasible to use in the Pima Indian population to evaluate the relationship of physical activity to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus BACKGROUND Quantifying lifetime physical activity using self-reported measures is challenging due to reliance on recall , especially in older population s. The purpose of this study was to determine the 1-year reproducibility of the Veterans Physical Activity Question naire ( VAPAQ ) in a cohort of patients with documented abdominal aortic aneurysm disease ( AAA ) . METHODS Subjects included men ( n = 52 ) and women ( n = 3 ) enrolled in AAA STOP , a r and omized trial design ed to test the ability of supervised exercise training to modify AAA biology and early disease progression . RESULTS The overall correlation coefficient for lifetime recreational energy expenditure between the 2 examinations was 0.93 ( P < .001 ) , with an overall difference of 26 kcal/week , a typical error ( st and ard deviation of the differences ) of 171 kcals/week , and a coefficient of variation ( CV ) of 15.5 % . CONCLUSIONS The VAPAQ is a reproducible tool to quantify lifetime energy expenditure in older adults with documented vascular disease Objective The Global Physical Activity Question naire ( GPAQ ) was originally design ed to be interviewer-administered by the World Health Organization in assessing physical activity . The main aim of this study was to compare the psychometric properties of a self-administered GPAQ with the original interviewer-administered approach . Additionally , this study explored whether using different accelerometry-based physical activity bout definitions might affect the question naire ’s validity . Methods A total of 110 participants were recruited and r and omly allocated to an interviewer- ( n = 56 ) or a self-administered ( n = 54 ) group for test-retest reliability , of which 108 participants who met the wear time criteria were included in the validity study . Reliability was assessed by administration of question naires twice with a one-week interval . Criterion validity was assessed by comparing against seven-day accelerometer measures . Two definitions for accelerometry- data scoring were employed : ( 1 ) total-min of activity , and ( 2 ) 10-min bout . Results Participants had similar baseline characteristics in both administration groups and no significant difference was found between the two formats in terms of validity ( correlations between the GPAQ and accelerometer ) . For validity , the GPAQ demonstrated fair-to-moderate correlations for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) for self-administration ( r s = 0.30 ) and interviewer-administration ( r s = 0.46 ) . Findings were similar when considering 10-min activity bouts in the accelerometer analysis for MVPA ( r s = 0.29 vs. 0.42 for self vs. interviewer ) . Within each mode of administration , the strongest correlations were observed for vigorous-intensity activity . However , Bl and -Altman plots illustrated bias toward overestimation for higher levels of MVPA , vigorous- and moderate-intensity activities , and underestimation for lower levels of these measures . Reliability for MVPA revealed moderate correlations ( r s = 0.61 vs. 0.63 for self vs. interviewer ) . Conclusions Our findings showed comparability between both self- and interviewer-administration modes of the GPAQ . The GPAQ in general but especially the self-administered version may offer a relatively inexpensive method for measuring physical activity of various types and at different domains . However , there may be bias in the GPAQ measurements depending on the overall physical activity . It is advisable to incorporate accelerometers in future studies , particularly when measuring different intensities of physical activity PURPOSE To evaluate the criterion validity of the 7-Day Physical Activity Recall ( 7D-PAR ) and factors associated with reporting error , in a sample of moderately overweight , young adult men and women . METHODS Average total daily energy expenditure ( TDEE ) and physical activity energy expenditure ( PAEE ) from the 7D-PAR were compared with the same parameters assessed by doubly labeled water in 17 men , age = 23.9 + /- 3.8 yr , and 29 women , age = 23.3 + /- 4.6 yr , who volunteered to participate in a 16-month supervised aerobic exercise trial .  PAEE was estimated from the 7D-PAR and from DLW [ 0.9 * TDEE -resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) ( indirect calorimetry ) ] . In addition , peak oxygen uptake and percent body fat were obtained . RESULTS No significant differences in TDEE ( kJ.d-1 ) were noted between the 7D-PAR ( 11825 + /- 1779 ) and DLW ( 11922 + /- 2516 ) for the complete sample ( N = 46 ) or for men ( 7D-PAR = 13198 + /- 1638 , DLW = 13885 + /- 2754 ) or women ( 7D-PAR = 11018 + /- 1323 , DLW = 10771 + /- 1457 . The mean PAEE from the 7D-PAR was not different from DLW in the total sample ( 7D-PAR = 3286 + /- 502 , DLW = 3508 + /- 1863 ) as well as in men ( 7D-PAR = 3650 + /- 490 , DLW = 3989 + /- 2461 ) and women ( 3073 + /- 377 , DLW = 3223 + /- 1360 ) . In a regression model , PAEE , peak oxygen uptake , gender and percent fat accounted for 86 % of the reporting error in total daily energy expenditure when using the 7D-PAR . CONCLUSION The 7D-PAR provided a reasonable estimate of both the mean TDEE and PAEE in this sample ; however , estimates of energy expenditure on an individual basis using the PAR were subject to considerable error The effects of detraining subsequent to strength training on neuromuscular function were examined in 39 recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) patients . Eighteen age- and sex-matched healthy people ( H ) served as controls . Patients were r and omly allocated either to the experimental group ( PE ) , who carried out progressive strength training for 6 months , or to the control group ( PC ) , who maintained only their habitual physical activities . After 6 months , PE returned to their earlier physical activities and strength training was terminated . At baseline , the maximal strength of the trunk extensors ( not significant ) , grip strength and maximal dynamic strength and the shape of the force-time curve of the knee extensors were lower in PE and PC ( P < 0.05 - 0.001 ) than in H. Strength training in PE led to remarkable increases ( P < 0.05 - 0.001 ) in the maximal strength of all muscle groups without changes in the shape of the force-time curve . The increases in muscle strength in PE obtained by strength training were lost to a great degree during the detraining period for the isometric trunk extension ( P < 0.01 ) and flexion ( P < 0.01 ) strength and for the dynamic knee extension strength ( P < 0.05 ) , but not for the grip strength . In PC , trunk extension and flexion strength decreased significantly throughout the study period . At the post-test , all the strength values in both patient groups were much lower than in H. RA is a chronic disease which seems to need continuous physical exercise with sufficient intensity to minimize/prevent the loss of muscle strength and functional capacity A Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly ( PASE ) was evaluated in a sample of community-dwelling , older adults . Respondents were r and omly assigned to complete the PASE by mail or telephone before or after a home visit assessment . Item weights for the PASE were derived by regressing a physical activity principal component score on responses to the PASE . The component score was based on 3-day motion sensor counts , a 3-day physical activity dairy and a global activity self- assessment . Test-retest reliability , assessed over a 3 - 7 week interval , was 0.75 ( 95 % CI = 0.69 - 0.80 ) . Reliability for mail administration ( r = 0.84 ) was higher than for telephone administration ( r = 0.68 ) . Construct validity was established by correlating PASE scores with health status and physiologic measures . As hypothesized , PASE scores were positively associated with grip strength ( r = 0.37 ) , static balance ( r = + 0.33 ) , leg strength ( r = 0.25 ) and negatively correlated with resting heart rate ( r = -0.13 ) , age ( r = -0.34 ) and perceived health status ( r = -0.34 ) ; and overall Sickness Impact Profile score ( r = -0.42 ) . The PASE is a brief , easily scored , reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of physical activity in epidemiologic studies of older people Assessment of habitual physical activity in epidemiologic and health education studies has been difficult . A seven-day physical activity recall interview was developed and administered in a community health survey , a r and omized clinical trial , and two worksite health promotion programs during 1979 - 1982 . These studies were conducted in several population s in California , Texas , Pennsylvania , and New Jersey . Energy expenditure estimates from the physical activity recall conformed to expected age- and sex-specific values in the cross-sectional community survey . Estimates of energy expenditure were also congruent with other questions on physical activity and job classification . In a r and omized , one-year exercise trial , the physical activity recall detected increases in energy expenditure in the treated group and was positively associated with miles run during training ( p less than 0.05 ) . Changes in energy expenditure were associated with changes in maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ( r = 0.33 , p less than 0.05 ) and body fatness ( r = -0.50 , p less than 0.01 ) at six months , and in high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( r = 0.31 , p less than 0.05 ) and triglyceride ( r = -0.41 , p less than 0.01 ) at one year . The physical activity recall detected significant ( p less than 0.01 ) increases in energy expenditure in treatment groups in two worksite health promotion projects . These data suggest that the physical activity recall provides useful estimates of habitual physical activity for research in epidemiologic and health education studies The aim of the present study was to determine the extent to which respondents provided the same answers to a health-related lifestyle question naire in self- and interviewer-administered forms . A total of 234 subjects completed a 110-item question naire  in both interviewer and self-administered forms . Modes of administration were separated by a 2-week interval . The order was determined by r and om allocation . The presence and the extent of the tendency to give socially acceptable responses were evaluated using percentage of bias calculated as the ratio of the difference in proportion of positive responses or the mean between interviews and question naires and those in question naires . All percentages of bias were in the positive direction , ranging from 1.4 % ( physical exercise ) to 26.1 % ( general life stress ) . The average percentage of bias was higher in women than in men and were stronger for younger respondents . The age differences between interviewer and respondent were inversely and most strongly related to percentage of bias . Self- and interviewer-administered question naires yield very similar results in discriminating between subjects , but the interviewer-administered question naire showed systematic ally more desirable responses to questions related to lifestyle factors . The differences in characteristics between interviewer and respondent may be important determinants of the socially desirability bias in the interview PURPOSE The Modifiable Activity Question naire ( MAQ ) is a physical activity question naire shown to be both valid and reliable and was initially design ed to be interviewer-administered . After translation and adaptation into French , the objective of the study was to compare past-year physical activity data obtained by self-administration of this question naire and by interviewer-administration . METHODS 84 subjects ( 22 men , 62 women , age 36 - 63 yr ) enrolled in an ongoing prospect i ve study in France ( the SUpplementation en VItamines et Minéraux AntioXydants or SU.VI. 
    Output:
    
agent
For convergent validity ( i.e. , the relationship between PAQs and other measures ) , similar overall associations were found between Past-week PAQs and Usual-week PAQs .
However , PAQs were more strongly associated with direct measures of physical activity ( e.g. , accelerometer ) than indirect measures of physical activity ( i.e. , physical fitness ) , irrespective of recall methods .
Only a few interview-administered PAQs exhibited positive ratings for a single psychometric property , although the other properties were either rated as poor or question able , demonstrating the limitations of current PAQs .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: There was a need to design a question naire that could accurately assess the activity patterns of Native Americans to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and diabetes . Such a question naire was developed and implemented into the data collection scheme of the prospect i ve Pima Indian Study of Arizona . The question naire , which assesses historical , past-year , and past-week leisure and occupational activity , was examined in 29 Pima individuals aged 21–36 yr and was shown to be reliable with test-retest correlations ( rank-order correlations ranged from 0.62 to 0.96 for leisure and occupational activity ) . Reproducibility of the past-year leisure physical-activity estimate was determined in 69 participants aged 10 - 59 yr and was found to be reliable in all age-groups with the exception of the 10- to 14-yr-old age-group ( rank-order correlations were 0.31 in the 10- to 14-yr-old age-group compared to 0.88 to 0.92 in those > 20 yr of age ) . Validity of the current-activity section of the question naire was demonstrated indirectly through comparisons with activity monitors . The past-week leisure-activity estimate was related to the Caltrac activity monitor counts per hour ( p = 0.62 , P > 0.05 , n = 17 ) . In summary , a physical-activity question naire has been developed that is both reliable and feasible to use in the Pima Indian population to evaluate the relationship of physical activity to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus BACKGROUND Quantifying lifetime physical activity using self-reported measures is challenging due to reliance on recall , especially in older population s. The purpose of this study was to determine the 1-year reproducibility of the Veterans Physical Activity Question naire ( VAPAQ ) in a cohort of patients with documented abdominal aortic aneurysm disease ( AAA ) . METHODS Subjects included men ( n = 52 ) and women ( n = 3 ) enrolled in AAA STOP , a r and omized trial design ed to test the ability of supervised exercise training to modify AAA biology and early disease progression . RESULTS The overall correlation coefficient for lifetime recreational energy expenditure between the 2 examinations was 0.93 ( P < .001 ) , with an overall difference of 26 kcal/week , a typical error ( st and ard deviation of the differences ) of 171 kcals/week , and a coefficient of variation ( CV ) of 15.5 % . CONCLUSIONS The VAPAQ is a reproducible tool to quantify lifetime energy expenditure in older adults with documented vascular disease Objective The Global Physical Activity Question naire ( GPAQ ) was originally design ed to be interviewer-administered by the World Health Organization in assessing physical activity . The main aim of this study was to compare the psychometric properties of a self-administered GPAQ with the original interviewer-administered approach . Additionally , this study explored whether using different accelerometry-based physical activity bout definitions might affect the question naire ’s validity . Methods A total of 110 participants were recruited and r and omly allocated to an interviewer- ( n = 56 ) or a self-administered ( n = 54 ) group for test-retest reliability , of which 108 participants who met the wear time criteria were included in the validity study . Reliability was assessed by administration of question naires twice with a one-week interval . Criterion validity was assessed by comparing against seven-day accelerometer measures . Two definitions for accelerometry- data scoring were employed : ( 1 ) total-min of activity , and ( 2 ) 10-min bout . Results Participants had similar baseline characteristics in both administration groups and no significant difference was found between the two formats in terms of validity ( correlations between the GPAQ and accelerometer ) . For validity , the GPAQ demonstrated fair-to-moderate correlations for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) for self-administration ( r s = 0.30 ) and interviewer-administration ( r s = 0.46 ) . Findings were similar when considering 10-min activity bouts in the accelerometer analysis for MVPA ( r s = 0.29 vs. 0.42 for self vs. interviewer ) . Within each mode of administration , the strongest correlations were observed for vigorous-intensity activity . However , Bl and -Altman plots illustrated bias toward overestimation for higher levels of MVPA , vigorous- and moderate-intensity activities , and underestimation for lower levels of these measures . Reliability for MVPA revealed moderate correlations ( r s = 0.61 vs. 0.63 for self vs. interviewer ) . Conclusions Our findings showed comparability between both self- and interviewer-administration modes of the GPAQ . The GPAQ in general but especially the self-administered version may offer a relatively inexpensive method for measuring physical activity of various types and at different domains . However , there may be bias in the GPAQ measurements depending on the overall physical activity . It is advisable to incorporate accelerometers in future studies , particularly when measuring different intensities of physical activity PURPOSE To evaluate the criterion validity of the 7-Day Physical Activity Recall ( 7D-PAR ) and factors associated with reporting error , in a sample of moderately overweight , young adult men and women . METHODS Average total daily energy expenditure ( TDEE ) and physical activity energy expenditure ( PAEE ) from the 7D-PAR were compared with the same parameters assessed by doubly labeled water in 17 men , age = 23.9 + /- 3.8 yr , and 29 women , age = 23.3 + /- 4.6 yr , who volunteered to participate in a 16-month supervised aerobic exercise trial .  PAEE was estimated from the 7D-PAR and from DLW [ 0.9 * TDEE -resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) ( indirect calorimetry ) ] . In addition , peak oxygen uptake and percent body fat were obtained . RESULTS No significant differences in TDEE ( kJ.d-1 ) were noted between the 7D-PAR ( 11825 + /- 1779 ) and DLW ( 11922 + /- 2516 ) for the complete sample ( N = 46 ) or for men ( 7D-PAR = 13198 + /- 1638 , DLW = 13885 + /- 2754 ) or women ( 7D-PAR = 11018 + /- 1323 , DLW = 10771 + /- 1457 . The mean PAEE from the 7D-PAR was not different from DLW in the total sample ( 7D-PAR = 3286 + /- 502 , DLW = 3508 + /- 1863 ) as well as in men ( 7D-PAR = 3650 + /- 490 , DLW = 3989 + /- 2461 ) and women ( 3073 + /- 377 , DLW = 3223 + /- 1360 ) . In a regression model , PAEE , peak oxygen uptake , gender and percent fat accounted for 86 % of the reporting error in total daily energy expenditure when using the 7D-PAR . CONCLUSION The 7D-PAR provided a reasonable estimate of both the mean TDEE and PAEE in this sample ; however , estimates of energy expenditure on an individual basis using the PAR were subject to considerable error The effects of detraining subsequent to strength training on neuromuscular function were examined in 39 recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) patients . Eighteen age- and sex-matched healthy people ( H ) served as controls . Patients were r and omly allocated either to the experimental group ( PE ) , who carried out progressive strength training for 6 months , or to the control group ( PC ) , who maintained only their habitual physical activities . After 6 months , PE returned to their earlier physical activities and strength training was terminated . At baseline , the maximal strength of the trunk extensors ( not significant ) , grip strength and maximal dynamic strength and the shape of the force-time curve of the knee extensors were lower in PE and PC ( P < 0.05 - 0.001 ) than in H. Strength training in PE led to remarkable increases ( P < 0.05 - 0.001 ) in the maximal strength of all muscle groups without changes in the shape of the force-time curve . The increases in muscle strength in PE obtained by strength training were lost to a great degree during the detraining period for the isometric trunk extension ( P < 0.01 ) and flexion ( P < 0.01 ) strength and for the dynamic knee extension strength ( P < 0.05 ) , but not for the grip strength . In PC , trunk extension and flexion strength decreased significantly throughout the study period . At the post-test , all the strength values in both patient groups were much lower than in H. RA is a chronic disease which seems to need continuous physical exercise with sufficient intensity to minimize/prevent the loss of muscle strength and functional capacity A Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly ( PASE ) was evaluated in a sample of community-dwelling , older adults . Respondents were r and omly assigned to complete the PASE by mail or telephone before or after a home visit assessment . Item weights for the PASE were derived by regressing a physical activity principal component score on responses to the PASE . The component score was based on 3-day motion sensor counts , a 3-day physical activity dairy and a global activity self- assessment . Test-retest reliability , assessed over a 3 - 7 week interval , was 0.75 ( 95 % CI = 0.69 - 0.80 ) . Reliability for mail administration ( r = 0.84 ) was higher than for telephone administration ( r = 0.68 ) . Construct validity was established by correlating PASE scores with health status and physiologic measures . As hypothesized , PASE scores were positively associated with grip strength ( r = 0.37 ) , static balance ( r = + 0.33 ) , leg strength ( r = 0.25 ) and negatively correlated with resting heart rate ( r = -0.13 ) , age ( r = -0.34 ) and perceived health status ( r = -0.34 ) ; and overall Sickness Impact Profile score ( r = -0.42 ) . The PASE is a brief , easily scored , reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of physical activity in epidemiologic studies of older people Assessment of habitual physical activity in epidemiologic and health education studies has been difficult . A seven-day physical activity recall interview was developed and administered in a community health survey , a r and omized clinical trial , and two worksite health promotion programs during 1979 - 1982 . These studies were conducted in several population s in California , Texas , Pennsylvania , and New Jersey . Energy expenditure estimates from the physical activity recall conformed to expected age- and sex-specific values in the cross-sectional community survey . Estimates of energy expenditure were also congruent with other questions on physical activity and job classification . In a r and omized , one-year exercise trial , the physical activity recall detected increases in energy expenditure in the treated group and was positively associated with miles run during training ( p less than 0.05 ) . Changes in energy expenditure were associated with changes in maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ( r = 0.33 , p less than 0.05 ) and body fatness ( r = -0.50 , p less than 0.01 ) at six months , and in high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( r = 0.31 , p less than 0.05 ) and triglyceride ( r = -0.41 , p less than 0.01 ) at one year . The physical activity recall detected significant ( p less than 0.01 ) increases in energy expenditure in treatment groups in two worksite health promotion projects . These data suggest that the physical activity recall provides useful estimates of habitual physical activity for research in epidemiologic and health education studies The aim of the present study was to determine the extent to which respondents provided the same answers to a health-related lifestyle question naire in self- and interviewer-administered forms . A total of 234 subjects completed a 110-item question naire  in both interviewer and self-administered forms . Modes of administration were separated by a 2-week interval . The order was determined by r and om allocation . The presence and the extent of the tendency to give socially acceptable responses were evaluated using percentage of bias calculated as the ratio of the difference in proportion of positive responses or the mean between interviews and question naires and those in question naires . All percentages of bias were in the positive direction , ranging from 1.4 % ( physical exercise ) to 26.1 % ( general life stress ) . The average percentage of bias was higher in women than in men and were stronger for younger respondents . The age differences between interviewer and respondent were inversely and most strongly related to percentage of bias . Self- and interviewer-administered question naires yield very similar results in discriminating between subjects , but the interviewer-administered question naire showed systematic ally more desirable responses to questions related to lifestyle factors . The differences in characteristics between interviewer and respondent may be important determinants of the socially desirability bias in the interview PURPOSE The Modifiable Activity Question naire ( MAQ ) is a physical activity question naire shown to be both valid and reliable and was initially design ed to be interviewer-administered . After translation and adaptation into French , the objective of the study was to compare past-year physical activity data obtained by self-administration of this question naire and by interviewer-administration . METHODS 84 subjects ( 22 men , 62 women , age 36 - 63 yr ) enrolled in an ongoing prospect i ve study in France ( the SUpplementation en VItamines et Minéraux AntioXydants or SU.VI. 
    Output:
    