human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Recent studies have demonstrated that dyslexia is associated with deficits in the temporal encoding of sensory information . While most previous studies have focused on information processing within a single sensory modality , it is clear that the deficits seen in dyslexia span multiple sensory systems . Surprisingly , although the development of linguistic proficiency involves the rapid and accurate integration of auditory and visual cues , the capacity of dyslexic individuals to integrate information between the different senses has not been systematic ally examined . To test this , we studied the effects of task-irrelevant auditory information on the performance of a  visual temporal-order-judgment ( TOJ ) task .  Dyslexic subjects ’ performance differed significantly from that of control subjects , specifically in that they integrated the auditory and visual information over longer temporal intervals . Such a result suggests an extended temporal “ window ” for binding visual and auditory cues in dyslexic individuals . The potential deleterious effects of this finding for rapid multisensory processes such as reading are discussed OBJECTIVE To highlight emerging evidence for clinical and biological links between autism/pervasive developmental disorder ( PDD ) and schizophrenia , with particular attention to childhood-onset schizophrenia ( COS ) . METHOD Clinical , demographic , and brain developmental data from the National Institute of Mental Health ( and other ) COS studies and selected family , imaging , and genetic data from studies of autism , PDD , and schizophrenia were review ed . RESULTS In the two large studies that have examined this systematic ally , COS is preceded by and comorbid with PDD in 30 % to 50 % of cases . Epidemiological and family studies find association between the disorders . Both disorders have evidence of accelerated trajectories of anatomic brain development at ages near disorder onset . A growing number of risk genes and /or rare small chromosomal variants ( microdeletions or duplications ) are shared by schizophrenia and autism . CONCLUSIONS Biological risk does not closely follow DSM phenotypes , and core neurobiological processes are likely common for subsets of these two heterogeneous clinical groups . Long-term prospect i ve follow-up of autistic population s and greater diagnostic distinction between schizophrenia spectrum and autism spectrum disorders in adult relatives are needed BACKGROUND This project examined the intermodal perception of temporal synchrony in 16 young children ( ages 4 to 6 years ) with autism compared to a group of children without impairments matched on adaptive age , and a group of children with other developmental disabilities matched on chronological and adaptive age . METHOD A preferential looking paradigm was used , where participants viewed non-linguistic , simple linguistic or complex linguistic events on two screens displaying identical video tracks , but one offset from the other by 3 seconds , and with the single audio track matched to only one of the displays . RESULTS As predicted , both comparison groups demonstrated significant non-r and om preferential looking to violations of temporal synchrony with linguistic and non-linguistic stimuli . However , the group with autism showed an impaired , chance level of responding , except when presented with non-linguistic stimuli . CONCLUSIONS Several explanations are offered for this apparently autism-specific , language -specific pattern of responding to temporal synchrony , and potential developmental sequelae are discussed BACKGROUND Recent research has indicated that autism is not a discrete disorder and that family members of autistic prob and s have an increased likelihood of exhibiting autistic symptoms with a wide range of severity , often below the threshold for a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder . OBJECTIVE To examine the distribution and genetic structure of autistic traits in the general population using a newly established quantitative measure of autistic traits , the Social Responsiveness Scale ( formerly known as the Social Reciprocity Scale ) . METHODS The sample consisted of 788 pairs of twins aged 7 to 15 years , r and omly selected from the pool of participants in a large epidemiologic study ( the Missouri Twin Study ) . One parent of each pair of twins completed the  Social Responsiveness Scale on each child . The data were subjected to structural equation modeling . RESULTS Autistic traits as measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale were continuously distributed and moderately to highly heritable . Levels of severity of autistic traits at or above the previously published mean for patients with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified were found in 1.4 % of boys and 0.3 % of girls . Structural equation modeling revealed no evidence for the existence of sex-specific genetic influences , and suggested specific mechanisms by which females may be relatively protected from vulnerability to autistic traits . CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the social deficits characteristic of autism spectrum disorders are common . Given the continuous distribution of these traits , it may be arbitrary where cutoffs are made between research design ations of being " affected " vs " unaffected " with a pervasive developmental disorder . The genes influencing autistic traits appear to be the same for boys and girls . Lower prevalence ( and severity ) of autistic traits in girls may be the result of increased sensitivity to early environmental influences that operate to promote social competency 
    Output:
    
agent
By further separating studies into unisensory and multisensory ( bimodal : audiovisual ) ones , subgroup analysis indicated heterogeneous and unstable effects for unisensory temporal binding in the ASD group , but a more consistent and severe impairment in multisensory temporal integration represented by an enlarged temporal binding window in both clinical groups .
Such multisensory dysfunction is associated with symptoms like hallucinations and impaired social communications .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Recent studies have demonstrated that dyslexia is associated with deficits in the temporal encoding of sensory information . While most previous studies have focused on information processing within a single sensory modality , it is clear that the deficits seen in dyslexia span multiple sensory systems . Surprisingly , although the development of linguistic proficiency involves the rapid and accurate integration of auditory and visual cues , the capacity of dyslexic individuals to integrate information between the different senses has not been systematic ally examined . To test this , we studied the effects of task-irrelevant auditory information on the performance of a  visual temporal-order-judgment ( TOJ ) task .  Dyslexic subjects ’ performance differed significantly from that of control subjects , specifically in that they integrated the auditory and visual information over longer temporal intervals . Such a result suggests an extended temporal “ window ” for binding visual and auditory cues in dyslexic individuals . The potential deleterious effects of this finding for rapid multisensory processes such as reading are discussed OBJECTIVE To highlight emerging evidence for clinical and biological links between autism/pervasive developmental disorder ( PDD ) and schizophrenia , with particular attention to childhood-onset schizophrenia ( COS ) . METHOD Clinical , demographic , and brain developmental data from the National Institute of Mental Health ( and other ) COS studies and selected family , imaging , and genetic data from studies of autism , PDD , and schizophrenia were review ed . RESULTS In the two large studies that have examined this systematic ally , COS is preceded by and comorbid with PDD in 30 % to 50 % of cases . Epidemiological and family studies find association between the disorders . Both disorders have evidence of accelerated trajectories of anatomic brain development at ages near disorder onset . A growing number of risk genes and /or rare small chromosomal variants ( microdeletions or duplications ) are shared by schizophrenia and autism . CONCLUSIONS Biological risk does not closely follow DSM phenotypes , and core neurobiological processes are likely common for subsets of these two heterogeneous clinical groups . Long-term prospect i ve follow-up of autistic population s and greater diagnostic distinction between schizophrenia spectrum and autism spectrum disorders in adult relatives are needed BACKGROUND This project examined the intermodal perception of temporal synchrony in 16 young children ( ages 4 to 6 years ) with autism compared to a group of children without impairments matched on adaptive age , and a group of children with other developmental disabilities matched on chronological and adaptive age . METHOD A preferential looking paradigm was used , where participants viewed non-linguistic , simple linguistic or complex linguistic events on two screens displaying identical video tracks , but one offset from the other by 3 seconds , and with the single audio track matched to only one of the displays . RESULTS As predicted , both comparison groups demonstrated significant non-r and om preferential looking to violations of temporal synchrony with linguistic and non-linguistic stimuli . However , the group with autism showed an impaired , chance level of responding , except when presented with non-linguistic stimuli . CONCLUSIONS Several explanations are offered for this apparently autism-specific , language -specific pattern of responding to temporal synchrony , and potential developmental sequelae are discussed BACKGROUND Recent research has indicated that autism is not a discrete disorder and that family members of autistic prob and s have an increased likelihood of exhibiting autistic symptoms with a wide range of severity , often below the threshold for a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder . OBJECTIVE To examine the distribution and genetic structure of autistic traits in the general population using a newly established quantitative measure of autistic traits , the Social Responsiveness Scale ( formerly known as the Social Reciprocity Scale ) . METHODS The sample consisted of 788 pairs of twins aged 7 to 15 years , r and omly selected from the pool of participants in a large epidemiologic study ( the Missouri Twin Study ) . One parent of each pair of twins completed the  Social Responsiveness Scale on each child . The data were subjected to structural equation modeling . RESULTS Autistic traits as measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale were continuously distributed and moderately to highly heritable . Levels of severity of autistic traits at or above the previously published mean for patients with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified were found in 1.4 % of boys and 0.3 % of girls . Structural equation modeling revealed no evidence for the existence of sex-specific genetic influences , and suggested specific mechanisms by which females may be relatively protected from vulnerability to autistic traits . CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the social deficits characteristic of autism spectrum disorders are common . Given the continuous distribution of these traits , it may be arbitrary where cutoffs are made between research design ations of being " affected " vs " unaffected " with a pervasive developmental disorder . The genes influencing autistic traits appear to be the same for boys and girls . Lower prevalence ( and severity ) of autistic traits in girls may be the result of increased sensitivity to early environmental influences that operate to promote social competency 
    Output:
    