human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives Occupational groups exposed to high occupational physical activity have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . This may be explained by the high relative aerobic workload . Enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness reduces the relative aerobic workload . Thus , the aim was to evaluate the 12-months effects of worksite aerobic exercise on risk factors for CVD among cleaners . Methods One hundred and sixteen cleaners aged 18–65 years were r and omized to a group performing aerobic exercise and a reference group receiving lectures . Outcomes were collected at baseline and after 12-months . A repeated measures 2 × 2 multi-adjusted mixed-model design was applied to compare the between-group differences using intention-to-treat analysis . Results Between-group differences ( p<0.05 ) were found favouring the aerobic exercise group : cardiorespiratory fitness 2.15 ( SE 1.03 ) mlO2/min/kg , aerobic workload -2.15 ( SE 1.06 ) % HRR , resting HR -5.31 ( SE 1.61 ) beats/min , high sensitive C-reactive protein -0.65 ( SE 0.24 ) μg/ml . The blood pressure was unaltered . Stratified analyses on relative aerobic workload at baseline revealed that those with relative aerobic workloads ≥30 % of HRR seems to impose a notable adverse effect on resting and ambulatory blood pressure . Conclusion This long-term worksite aerobic exercise intervention among cleaners led to several beneficial effects , but also potential adverse effects among those with high relative aerobic workloads . Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com IS RCT Objective : To investigate the effect of two contrasting physical activity worksite interventions versus a reference intervention ( REF ) on various health outcomes . Methods : A 1-year r and omized controlled trial was conducted with specific resistance training ( SRT ) , all-round physical exercise ( APE ) , and REF . Results : SRT and APE compared with REF showed significant reductions in systolic blood pressure ( ∼6 mm Hg ) , body fat percentage ( ∼2.2 body fat% ) , as well as shoulder and back pain ( ∼30 % reduction in duration ) . Muscle strength ( APE and SRT ) and maximal oxygen uptake ( APE ) increased approximately 10 % . Conclusions : Worksite intervention with both SRT as well as APE is recommended , since these activities compared with REF result ed in clinical ly relevant reductions of cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome-related risk factors as well as musculoskeletal pain symptoms , in combination with minor increases in physical capacity Objective : This pilot study questions the effects of a worksite physical activity program on health and fitness in tertiary employees . Methods : Ninety-five employees were r and omly assigned to Control ( CON ) ; Novice ( NOV ) ; Experienced group ( EXP ) . The NOV and EXP groups followed a 5-month worksite physical activity program ( at least two sessions/week ) . Body composition , physical activity level and physical fitness , eating habits , health perception , sleep quality , pain , and quality of life were assessed . Results : Fat mass decreased in NOV and EXP ; the distance covered during the 6-minute walking test , push-ups , squat jump increased for NOV and EXP group . Physical activity level , health perception , quality of sleep , and eating habits were improved in NOV . Conclusion : This study underlines for the first time the beneficial effects of such worksite programs among tertiary employees on overall health and the feasibility of its design Purpose This study assessed the effects of a worksite aerobic exercise intervention among cleaners on :  work ability , need for recovery , productivity , and rating of exertion . Methods In a monocentric r and omised controlled trial in Denmark , 116 , of 250 invited , cleaners were cluster-r and omised ( work location ; sex ; age ; length of service ) to aerobic exercise [ N = 57 , 44.9 years , 75.4 % female , body mass index ( BMI ) 26.2 ] , receiving 2 weekly aerobic exercise sessions during 12 months , or a  reference group ( N = 59 , 45.7 years , 76.3 % female , BMI 27.1 ) , receiving health-promoting lectures .  Self-reported data on outcomes and sociodemographic information were collected at baseline , and at 4 and 12 month follow-up . All outcomes were analysed in a linear repeated- measures 2 × 2 mixed-model by an intention-to-treat analysis approach . Results Drop-out was 26 and 33 % at 4 and 12 months , respectively  . Aerobic exercise adherence was 51 % during the first 4 months . At 4 month follow-up no effects were found . At 12 month follow-up , work ability significantly increased by 0.59 on a 0–10 scale ( 95 % CI 0.05–1.13 ) and need for recovery significantly decreased by − 11.0 on a 0–100 scale ( 95 % CI − 19.8 to − 2.2 ) in the aerobic exercise group compared to the reference group . Productivity and rating of exertion were unaltered . Analysis stratified on age showed significant effects only among the participants aged ≤ 45 years . Conclusions After 12 months work ability improved and need for recovery decreased . A period of 4 months was insufficient to affect these outcomes emphasising that longer interventions may be needed to induce effects on work ability and need for recovery Effects of age , sex , race , and initial fitness on training responses of maximal O(2 ) uptake ( VO(2 max ) ) are unclear . Data were available on 435 whites and 198 blacks ( 287 men and 346 women ) , aged 17 - 65 yr , before and after st and ardized cycle ergometer training .  Individual responses varied widely , but VO(2 max ) increased significantly for all groups . Responses by men and women and by blacks and whites of all ages varied widely . There was no sex difference for change ( Delta ) in VO(2 max ) ( ml . kg(-1 ) . min(-1 ) ) ; women had lower initial values and greater relative ( % ) increases . Blacks began with lower values but had similar responses . Older subjects had a lower Delta but a similar percent change . Baseline VO(2 max ) correlated nonsignificantly with DeltaVO(2 max ) but significantly with percent change . There were high , medium , and low responders in all age groups , both sexes , both races , and all levels of initial fitness . Age , sex , race , and initial fitness have little influence on VO(2 max ) response to st and ardized training in a large heterogeneous sample of sedentary black and white men and women BACKGROUND It is a common belief that physical exercise at the workplace decreases subjective health complaints and reduces sickness absence , but this is not supported by previous r and omized studies . AIMS To evaluate the effectiveness of physical exercise at the workplace . METHODS One hundred and twenty-nine employees in a community-based nursing home for the elderly were r and omized into physical exercise or control groups . A weekly exercise class consisting of light aerobic exercise , muscle strengthening and stretching was held for a 6-month period . The control group was told to continue their ordinary activity . The main outcome measures were aerobic fitness ( UKK , walking test ) , health-related quality of life ( COOP/WONCA ) and sickness absence . Blinded assessment s were carried out at baseline and following the 6-month intervention . Complete sickness absence data were collected from a community register for two comparable 7-month periods . RESULTS The average number of exercise sessions was 12 ( 0 - 26 ) . Self-reported physical activity increased in the intervention group compared with the control group ( P < 0.01 ) . Aerobic fitness improved in both groups ( P < 0.01 ) . Mean sickness absence increased from 6.8 to 15.6 days in the exercise group and from 10.4 to 14.5 in the control group . No differences between groups were found for aerobic fitness , health-related quality of life or sickness absence . CONCLUSION The intervention neither improved health-related quality of life nor reduced sickness absence Background Up-to- date research on musculoskeletal- and neuromotor fitness ( MSMF ) is lacking . The aims of the present paper were to a ) establish normative values of MSMF by gender and age , and b ) to assess how much of the variance in MSMF can be explained by obesity in adults . Methods A r and om selection of 726 Norwegians ( 20–65 years ) participated in a national cross-sectional study . Muscular endurance , muscular strength , explosive power , flexibility and balance were assessed in addition to  waist circumference ( WC ) . Results Females displayed significantly higher scores compared to males on muscular endurance of the back extensors and on the flexibility tests ( p < 0.001 ) . Males displayed significantly higher scores than females ( p < 0.001 ) on h and grip strength , modified push-ups , and explosive power . An inverse association was found between age and all MSMF scores for females ( Beta:−0.06–(−0.92 ) , p ≤ 0.044 ) and males ( Beta:−0.15–(0.91 ) , p ≤ 0.006 ) , where younger participants displayed higher test scores on all MSMF tests , compared to older participants . Furthermore , participants showing higher scores on WC displayed lower scores on the following MSMF tests for both females and males : muscular endurance of the back extensors , balance , flexibility of the shoulder , and explosive power ( p < 0.001 ) . Additionally , male participants with higher WC scores showed lower scores on muscular endurance of the upper body and flexibility of the hamstrings compared to males with lower WC scores ( p < 0.001 ) . Conclusions The data provide normative values of MSMF for adults based on age and gender , and support an inverse relationship of MSMF to age and WC Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a worksite vitality intervention on vigorous physical activity ( VPA ) , fruit intake , aerobic capacity , mental health and need for recovery after work among older hospital workers ( ie , 45 years and older ) . Methods The 6-month intervention was evaluated using a r and omised controlled trial design . Workers who were r and omised to the intervention group ( n=367 ; control : n=363 ) received the Vital@Work intervention containing ( 1 ) a Vitality Exercise Program ( VEP ) combined with ( 2 ) three visits to Personal Vitality Coach . The VEP consisted of a weekly yoga session , a weekly workout session and weekly unsupervised aerobic exercising . Free fruit was provided at the VEP . Data on the outcome measures were collected ( ie , year 2009–2010 ) at baseline ( n=730 ) and 6 months of follow-up after baseline ( n=575 ) using question naires , accelerometers and 2 km walk tests . Effects were analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle with complete cases ( n=575 ) and imputed data ( n=730 ) using linear regression analyses . Additional analyses were performed for high yoga and workout compliance ( ie , > mean number of sessions ) . Results Effects were found for sports activities ( β=40.4 min/week , 95 % CI 13.0 to 67.7 ) and fruit intake ( β=2.7 pieces/week , 95 % CI 0.07 to 4.7 ) and were stronger for workers with high compliance to yoga ( sport : β=49.6 min/week , 95 % CI 13.9 to 85.2 ; fruit : β=3.8 pieces/week , 95 % CI 1.1 to 6.4 ) and workout sessions ( sport : β=72.9 min/week , 95 % CI 36.1 to 109.8 ; fruit : β=4.0 pieces/week , 95 % CI 1.1 to 6.4 ) . The intervention group lowered their need for recovery , when compared to controls ( β=−3.5 , 95 % CI −6.4 to −0.54 ) , with stronger effects for high workout compliance ( β=−5.3 , 95 % CI −9.3 to −1.3 ) . No effects were found on VPA , aerobic capacity or mental health . Conclusions Implementation of worksite yoga and workout facilities and minimal fruit interventions should be considered by employers to promote transitions into healthier lifestyles and thereby health The aim was to determine the effect of one weekly hour of specific strength training within working hours , performed with the same total training volume but with different training frequencies and duration s , or with different levels of supervision , on compliance , muscle health and performance , behavior and work performance . In total , 573 office workers were cluster-r and omized to : 1 WS : one 60-min supervised session/week , 3 WS : three 20-min supervised sessions/week , 9 WS : nine 7-min supervised sessions/week , 3 MS : three 20-min sessions/week with minimal supervision , or REF : a reference group without training . Outcomes were diary-based compliance , total training volume , muscle performance and question naire-based health , behavior and work performance . Comparisons were made among the WS training groups and between 3 WS and 3 MS . If no difference , training groups were collapsed ( TG ) and compared with REF . Results demonstrated similar degrees of compliance , mean(range ) of 39(33 - 44)% , and total training volume , 13.266(11.977 - 15.096)kg . Musculoskeletal pain in neck and shoulders were reduced with approx . 50 % in TG , which was significant compared with REF . Only the training groups improved significantly their muscle strength 8(4 - 13) 
    Output:
    
agent
PET effects on physical fitness in  healthy workers  are moderated by age ( CRF ) and occupation type ( muscular endurance ) .
Further , independently computed subgroup analyses indicated that the training period of the PET programs may play an important role in improving CRF in workers
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives Occupational groups exposed to high occupational physical activity have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . This may be explained by the high relative aerobic workload . Enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness reduces the relative aerobic workload . Thus , the aim was to evaluate the 12-months effects of worksite aerobic exercise on risk factors for CVD among cleaners . Methods One hundred and sixteen cleaners aged 18–65 years were r and omized to a group performing aerobic exercise and a reference group receiving lectures . Outcomes were collected at baseline and after 12-months . A repeated measures 2 × 2 multi-adjusted mixed-model design was applied to compare the between-group differences using intention-to-treat analysis . Results Between-group differences ( p<0.05 ) were found favouring the aerobic exercise group : cardiorespiratory fitness 2.15 ( SE 1.03 ) mlO2/min/kg , aerobic workload -2.15 ( SE 1.06 ) % HRR , resting HR -5.31 ( SE 1.61 ) beats/min , high sensitive C-reactive protein -0.65 ( SE 0.24 ) μg/ml . The blood pressure was unaltered . Stratified analyses on relative aerobic workload at baseline revealed that those with relative aerobic workloads ≥30 % of HRR seems to impose a notable adverse effect on resting and ambulatory blood pressure . Conclusion This long-term worksite aerobic exercise intervention among cleaners led to several beneficial effects , but also potential adverse effects among those with high relative aerobic workloads . Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com IS RCT Objective : To investigate the effect of two contrasting physical activity worksite interventions versus a reference intervention ( REF ) on various health outcomes . Methods : A 1-year r and omized controlled trial was conducted with specific resistance training ( SRT ) , all-round physical exercise ( APE ) , and REF . Results : SRT and APE compared with REF showed significant reductions in systolic blood pressure ( ∼6 mm Hg ) , body fat percentage ( ∼2.2 body fat% ) , as well as shoulder and back pain ( ∼30 % reduction in duration ) . Muscle strength ( APE and SRT ) and maximal oxygen uptake ( APE ) increased approximately 10 % . Conclusions : Worksite intervention with both SRT as well as APE is recommended , since these activities compared with REF result ed in clinical ly relevant reductions of cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome-related risk factors as well as musculoskeletal pain symptoms , in combination with minor increases in physical capacity Objective : This pilot study questions the effects of a worksite physical activity program on health and fitness in tertiary employees . Methods : Ninety-five employees were r and omly assigned to Control ( CON ) ; Novice ( NOV ) ; Experienced group ( EXP ) . The NOV and EXP groups followed a 5-month worksite physical activity program ( at least two sessions/week ) . Body composition , physical activity level and physical fitness , eating habits , health perception , sleep quality , pain , and quality of life were assessed . Results : Fat mass decreased in NOV and EXP ; the distance covered during the 6-minute walking test , push-ups , squat jump increased for NOV and EXP group . Physical activity level , health perception , quality of sleep , and eating habits were improved in NOV . Conclusion : This study underlines for the first time the beneficial effects of such worksite programs among tertiary employees on overall health and the feasibility of its design Purpose This study assessed the effects of a worksite aerobic exercise intervention among cleaners on :  work ability , need for recovery , productivity , and rating of exertion . Methods In a monocentric r and omised controlled trial in Denmark , 116 , of 250 invited , cleaners were cluster-r and omised ( work location ; sex ; age ; length of service ) to aerobic exercise [ N = 57 , 44.9 years , 75.4 % female , body mass index ( BMI ) 26.2 ] , receiving 2 weekly aerobic exercise sessions during 12 months , or a  reference group ( N = 59 , 45.7 years , 76.3 % female , BMI 27.1 ) , receiving health-promoting lectures .  Self-reported data on outcomes and sociodemographic information were collected at baseline , and at 4 and 12 month follow-up . All outcomes were analysed in a linear repeated- measures 2 × 2 mixed-model by an intention-to-treat analysis approach . Results Drop-out was 26 and 33 % at 4 and 12 months , respectively  . Aerobic exercise adherence was 51 % during the first 4 months . At 4 month follow-up no effects were found . At 12 month follow-up , work ability significantly increased by 0.59 on a 0–10 scale ( 95 % CI 0.05–1.13 ) and need for recovery significantly decreased by − 11.0 on a 0–100 scale ( 95 % CI − 19.8 to − 2.2 ) in the aerobic exercise group compared to the reference group . Productivity and rating of exertion were unaltered . Analysis stratified on age showed significant effects only among the participants aged ≤ 45 years . Conclusions After 12 months work ability improved and need for recovery decreased . A period of 4 months was insufficient to affect these outcomes emphasising that longer interventions may be needed to induce effects on work ability and need for recovery Effects of age , sex , race , and initial fitness on training responses of maximal O(2 ) uptake ( VO(2 max ) ) are unclear . Data were available on 435 whites and 198 blacks ( 287 men and 346 women ) , aged 17 - 65 yr , before and after st and ardized cycle ergometer training .  Individual responses varied widely , but VO(2 max ) increased significantly for all groups . Responses by men and women and by blacks and whites of all ages varied widely . There was no sex difference for change ( Delta ) in VO(2 max ) ( ml . kg(-1 ) . min(-1 ) ) ; women had lower initial values and greater relative ( % ) increases . Blacks began with lower values but had similar responses . Older subjects had a lower Delta but a similar percent change . Baseline VO(2 max ) correlated nonsignificantly with DeltaVO(2 max ) but significantly with percent change . There were high , medium , and low responders in all age groups , both sexes , both races , and all levels of initial fitness . Age , sex , race , and initial fitness have little influence on VO(2 max ) response to st and ardized training in a large heterogeneous sample of sedentary black and white men and women BACKGROUND It is a common belief that physical exercise at the workplace decreases subjective health complaints and reduces sickness absence , but this is not supported by previous r and omized studies . AIMS To evaluate the effectiveness of physical exercise at the workplace . METHODS One hundred and twenty-nine employees in a community-based nursing home for the elderly were r and omized into physical exercise or control groups . A weekly exercise class consisting of light aerobic exercise , muscle strengthening and stretching was held for a 6-month period . The control group was told to continue their ordinary activity . The main outcome measures were aerobic fitness ( UKK , walking test ) , health-related quality of life ( COOP/WONCA ) and sickness absence . Blinded assessment s were carried out at baseline and following the 6-month intervention . Complete sickness absence data were collected from a community register for two comparable 7-month periods . RESULTS The average number of exercise sessions was 12 ( 0 - 26 ) . Self-reported physical activity increased in the intervention group compared with the control group ( P < 0.01 ) . Aerobic fitness improved in both groups ( P < 0.01 ) . Mean sickness absence increased from 6.8 to 15.6 days in the exercise group and from 10.4 to 14.5 in the control group . No differences between groups were found for aerobic fitness , health-related quality of life or sickness absence . CONCLUSION The intervention neither improved health-related quality of life nor reduced sickness absence Background Up-to- date research on musculoskeletal- and neuromotor fitness ( MSMF ) is lacking . The aims of the present paper were to a ) establish normative values of MSMF by gender and age , and b ) to assess how much of the variance in MSMF can be explained by obesity in adults . Methods A r and om selection of 726 Norwegians ( 20–65 years ) participated in a national cross-sectional study . Muscular endurance , muscular strength , explosive power , flexibility and balance were assessed in addition to  waist circumference ( WC ) . Results Females displayed significantly higher scores compared to males on muscular endurance of the back extensors and on the flexibility tests ( p < 0.001 ) . Males displayed significantly higher scores than females ( p < 0.001 ) on h and grip strength , modified push-ups , and explosive power . An inverse association was found between age and all MSMF scores for females ( Beta:−0.06–(−0.92 ) , p ≤ 0.044 ) and males ( Beta:−0.15–(0.91 ) , p ≤ 0.006 ) , where younger participants displayed higher test scores on all MSMF tests , compared to older participants . Furthermore , participants showing higher scores on WC displayed lower scores on the following MSMF tests for both females and males : muscular endurance of the back extensors , balance , flexibility of the shoulder , and explosive power ( p < 0.001 ) . Additionally , male participants with higher WC scores showed lower scores on muscular endurance of the upper body and flexibility of the hamstrings compared to males with lower WC scores ( p < 0.001 ) . Conclusions The data provide normative values of MSMF for adults based on age and gender , and support an inverse relationship of MSMF to age and WC Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a worksite vitality intervention on vigorous physical activity ( VPA ) , fruit intake , aerobic capacity , mental health and need for recovery after work among older hospital workers ( ie , 45 years and older ) . Methods The 6-month intervention was evaluated using a r and omised controlled trial design . Workers who were r and omised to the intervention group ( n=367 ; control : n=363 ) received the Vital@Work intervention containing ( 1 ) a Vitality Exercise Program ( VEP ) combined with ( 2 ) three visits to Personal Vitality Coach . The VEP consisted of a weekly yoga session , a weekly workout session and weekly unsupervised aerobic exercising . Free fruit was provided at the VEP . Data on the outcome measures were collected ( ie , year 2009–2010 ) at baseline ( n=730 ) and 6 months of follow-up after baseline ( n=575 ) using question naires , accelerometers and 2 km walk tests . Effects were analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle with complete cases ( n=575 ) and imputed data ( n=730 ) using linear regression analyses . Additional analyses were performed for high yoga and workout compliance ( ie , > mean number of sessions ) . Results Effects were found for sports activities ( β=40.4 min/week , 95 % CI 13.0 to 67.7 ) and fruit intake ( β=2.7 pieces/week , 95 % CI 0.07 to 4.7 ) and were stronger for workers with high compliance to yoga ( sport : β=49.6 min/week , 95 % CI 13.9 to 85.2 ; fruit : β=3.8 pieces/week , 95 % CI 1.1 to 6.4 ) and workout sessions ( sport : β=72.9 min/week , 95 % CI 36.1 to 109.8 ; fruit : β=4.0 pieces/week , 95 % CI 1.1 to 6.4 ) . The intervention group lowered their need for recovery , when compared to controls ( β=−3.5 , 95 % CI −6.4 to −0.54 ) , with stronger effects for high workout compliance ( β=−5.3 , 95 % CI −9.3 to −1.3 ) . No effects were found on VPA , aerobic capacity or mental health . Conclusions Implementation of worksite yoga and workout facilities and minimal fruit interventions should be considered by employers to promote transitions into healthier lifestyles and thereby health The aim was to determine the effect of one weekly hour of specific strength training within working hours , performed with the same total training volume but with different training frequencies and duration s , or with different levels of supervision , on compliance , muscle health and performance , behavior and work performance . In total , 573 office workers were cluster-r and omized to : 1 WS : one 60-min supervised session/week , 3 WS : three 20-min supervised sessions/week , 9 WS : nine 7-min supervised sessions/week , 3 MS : three 20-min sessions/week with minimal supervision , or REF : a reference group without training . Outcomes were diary-based compliance , total training volume , muscle performance and question naire-based health , behavior and work performance . Comparisons were made among the WS training groups and between 3 WS and 3 MS . If no difference , training groups were collapsed ( TG ) and compared with REF . Results demonstrated similar degrees of compliance , mean(range ) of 39(33 - 44)% , and total training volume , 13.266(11.977 - 15.096)kg . Musculoskeletal pain in neck and shoulders were reduced with approx . 50 % in TG , which was significant compared with REF . Only the training groups improved significantly their muscle strength 8(4 - 13) 
    Output:
    