human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: CONTEXT The Functional Movement Screen ( FMS ) has been found to be a valid preparticipation screening tool in the prediction of injury among various athletes in different sports . The validity thereof in the prediction of injury among adolescent cricketers is yet to be established . OBJECTIVE To determine if a preseason FMS total score is a valid predictor of in-season injury among adolescent pace bowlers . DESIGN Prospect i ve observational quantitative study . SETTING Bowlers performed the FMS before the start of the season . Injury incidence was monitored monthly throughout the season . The student t test and Fisher 's exact test were used to compare the FMS scores of the injured and noninjured bowlers as well as the injured and noninjured bowlers who scored ≤ 14 . PARTICIPANTS 27 injury-free , male , adolescent pace bowlers . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The FMS ( scoring criteria and score sheet ) and st and ardized self-administered injury question naire . RESULTS There was no difference between the noninjured group ( 16.55 ± 2.57 ) and the injured ( 16.1 ± 2.07 ) group in terms of FMS scores . There was no significant difference between injured and noninjured bowlers who scored ≤ 14 . A total FMS score of 14 does not provide the sensitivity needed to assess injury risk among adolescent pace bowlers and no other accurate cut-off score could be calculated . CONCLUSION Preseason observed total FMS score is a poor predictor of in-season injury among adolescent pace bowlers . Further research should be conducted to determine if a specific FMS test will be a more valid predictor of injury Talent identification ( TID ) is a pertinent component of the sports sciences , affording practitioners the opportunity to target developmental interventions to a select few ; optimising financial investments . However , TID is multi-componential , requiring the recognition of immediate and prospect i ve performance . The measurement of athletic movement skill may afford practitioners insight into the latter component given its augmented relationship with functional sport specific qualities . It is currently unknown whether athletic movement skill is a discriminant quality in junior Australian football ( AF ) . This study aim ed to discriminate talent identified junior AF players from their non-talent identified counterparts using a fundamental gross athletic movement assessment .  From a total of 50 under 18 ( U18 ) AF players ; two groups were classified a priori based on selection level ; talent identified ( n = 25 ; state academy representatives ) and non-talent identified ( n = 25 ; state-based competition representatives ) . Players performed a fundamental gross athletic movement assessment based on the Athletic Ability Assessment ( AAA ) , consisting of an overhead squat , double lunge ( left and right legs ) , single leg Romanian deadlift ( left and right legs ) , and a push up ( six movement criterions ) . Movements were scored across three assessment points using a three-point scale ( result ing in a possible score of nine for each movement ) . A multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant between group effects on four of the six movement criterions ( d = 0.56 - 0.87 ; p = 0.01 - 0.02 ) . Binary logistic regression models and a receiver operating characteristic curve inspection revealed that the overhead squat score provided the greatest group discrimination ( β(SE ) = -0.89(0.44 ) ; p < 0.05 ) , with a score of 4.5 classifying 64 % and 88 % of the talent identified and non-talent identified groups , respectively . Results support the integration of this assessment into contemporary talent identification approaches in junior AF , as it may provide coaches with insight into a juniors developmental potential Abstract Hotta , T , Nishiguchi , S , Fukutani , N , Tashiro , Y , Adachi , D , Morino , S , Shirooka , H , Nozaki , Y , Hirata , H , Yamaguchi , M , and Aoyama , T. Functional movement screen for predicting running injuries in 18- to 24-year-old competitive male runners . J Strength Cond Res 29(10 ) : 2808–2815 , 2015—The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the functional movement screen ( FMS ) could predict running injuries in competitive runners . Eighty-four competitive male runners ( average age = 20.0 ± 1.1 years ) participated . Each subject performed the FMS , which consisted of 7 movement tests ( each score range : 0–3 , total score range : 0–21 ) , during the preseason . The incidence of running injuries ( time lost because of injury ⩽ 4 weeks ) was investigated through a follow-up survey during the 6-month season . Mann-Whitney U-tests  were used to investigate which movement tests were significantly associated with running injuries . The receiver-operator characteristic ( ROC ) analysis was used to determine the cutoff . The mean FMS composite score was 14.1 ± 2.3 . The ROC analysis determined the cutoff at 14/15 ( sensitivity = 0.73 , specificity = 0.54 ) , suggesting that the composite score had a low predictability for running injuries . However , the total scores ( 0–6 ) from the deep squat ( DS ) and active straight leg raise ( ASLR ) tests ( DS and ASLR ) , which were significant with the U-test , had relatively high predictability at the cutoff of 3/4 ( sensitivity = 0.73 , specificity = 0.74 ) . Furthermore , the multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the DS and ASLR scores of ⩽3 significantly influenced the incidence of running injuries after adjusting for subjects ' characteristics ( odds ratio = 9.7 , 95 % confidence interval = 2.1–44.4 ) . Thus , the current study identified the DS and ASLR score as a more effective method than the composite score to screen the risk of running injuries in competitive male runners BACKGROUND Knee valgus load during sports movement is viewed as an important predictor of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury risk , particularly in females . Formulating movement strategies that can reduce valgus loading during these movements therefore appears pertinent to reducing anterior cruciate ligament injury rates . With this in mind , the current study examined the relationship between peak valgus moment and lower extremity postures at impact during a sidestep cutting task . METHODS Ten male and ten female NCAA athletes had initial contact three-dimensional hip , knee and ankle angles and subsequent knee valgus moment quantified  during the execution of ( n=10 trials ) sidesteps .  Peak valgus data were normalized to mass and height and tested for the main effect of gender ( ANOVA , P<0.05 ) . Intra-subject correlations between the eight initial joint angles and the normalized valgus moment were then conducted across the ten sidestepping trials . The ensuing slopes of regression were su bmi tted to a two- sample t-test to determine whether mean slope values were significantly different from zero and for the main effect of gender ( P<0.05 ) . FINDINGS Females had significantly larger normalized knee valgus moments than males . A greater peak valgus moment was associated with larger initial hip flexion and internal rotation , and with larger initial knee valgus angle . Peak knee valgus moment was more sensitive to initial hip internal rotation and knee valgus position in females . INTERPRETATION Training of neuromuscular control at the hip joint may reduce the likelihood of anterior cruciate ligament injury via a valgus loading mechanism during sidestepping , especially in females STUDY DESIGN Nonexperimental method ological study . OBJECTIVES To determine the interrater and intrarater reliability and validity of using observational risk-screening guidelines to evaluate dynamic knee valgus . BACKGROUND A deficiency in the neuromuscular control of the hip has been identified as a key risk factor for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) injury in postpubescent females . This deficiency can manifest itself as a valgus knee alignment during tasks involving hip and knee flexion . There are currently no scientifically tested methods to screen for dynamic knee valgus in the clinic or on the field . METHODS Three physiotherapists used  observational risk-screening guidelines  to rate 40 adolescent female soccer players according to their risk of ACL injury . The rating was based on the amount of dynamic knee valgus observed on a drop-jump l and ing . Ratings were evaluated for intrarater and interrater agreement using kappa coefficients . Sensitivity and specificity of ratings were evaluated by comparing observational ratings , with measurements obtained using 3-dimensional ( 3-D ) motion analysis . RESULTS Kappa coefficients for intrarater and interrater agreement ranged from 0.75 to 0.85 , indicating that ratings were reasonably consistent over time and between physiotherapists . Sensitivity values were inadequate , ranging from 67 % to 87 % . This indicated that raters failed to detect up to a third of " truly high-risk " individuals . Specificity values ranged from 60 % to 72 % , which was considered adequate for the purpose s of the screening . CONCLUSION Observational risk screening is a practical and cost-effective method of screening for ACL injury risk . Rater agreement and specificity were acceptable for this method , but sensitivity was not . To detect a greater proportion of individuals at risk of ACL injury , coaches and clinicians should ensure that they include additional tests for other high-risk characteristics in their screening protocol Abstract Gaudion , SL , Doma , K , Sinclair , W , Banyard , HG , and Woods , CT . Identifying the physical fitness , anthropometric and athletic movement qualities discriminant of developmental level in elite junior Australian football : implication s for the development of talent . J Strength Cond Res 31(7 ) : 1830–1839 , 2017—This study aim ed to identify the physical fitness , anthropometric and athletic movement qualities discriminant of developmental level in elite junior Australian football ( AF ) . From a total of 77 players , 2 groups were defined according to their developmental level ; under 16 ( U16 ) ( n = 40 , 15.6 to 15.9 years ) , and U18 ( n = 37 , 17.1 to 17.9 years ) . Players performed a test battery consisting of 7 physical fitness assessment s , 2 anthropometric measurements , and a fundamental athletic movement assessment . A multivariate analysis of variance tested the main effect of developmental level ( 2 levels : U16 and U18 ) on the assessment criterions , whilst binary logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic ( ROC ) curves were built to identify the qualities most discriminant of developmental level . A significant effect of developmental level was evident on 9 of the assessment s ( d = 0.27–0.88 ; p ⩽ 0.05 ) . However , it was a combination of body mass , dynamic vertical jump height ( nondominant leg ) , repeat sprint time , and the score on the 20-m multistage fitness test that provided the greatest association with developmental level ( Akaike 's information criterion = 80.84 ) . The ROC curve was maximized with a combined score of 180.7 , successfully discriminating 89 and 60 % of the U18 and U16 players , respectively ( area under the curve = 79.3 % ) . These results indicate that there are distinctive physical fitness and anthropometric qualities discriminant of developmental level within the junior AF talent pathway . Coaches should consider these differences when design ing training interventions at the U16 level to assist with the development of prospect i ve U18 AF players Background Detailed injury epidemiology is an invaluable tool for reducing risks associated with sporting injuries . Very little accurate injury surveillance data exist regarding knee injuries in professional rugby . Hypotheses ( 1 ) Knee injuries have a greater impact on the game than injuries to other body locations . ( 2 ) Anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injuries cause the greatest days absent from training and match play . Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study . Methods Medical personnel prospect ively reported time-loss injuries sustained by 546 professional rugby union players from 12 clubs in Engl and over 2 seasons , and the knee injuries were evaluated . Results Injuries to the knee accounted for the highest number of days absent due to injury ( 7776 days , 21 % ) and were characteristically severe , with a disproportionately high number of days missed per injury ( 37 days ) . Anterior cruciate ligament injuries accounted for the greatest proportion of days missed of all knee injuries ( 29 % ) , followed by medial collateral ligament injuries ( 25 % ) . Most severe injuries occurred during contact , mostly during a tackle , and most commonly in the final 20 minutes of a match . Injuries tended to be more common in backs . Injuries sustained during training accounted for 16 % of all knee injuries . Each club studied had a mean of 10 knee injuries per season result ing in a total of 353 days absent . Conclusions The incidence of knee injuries sustained during matches was higher than that reported in all other football codes , surpassed only by rugby union at the international level . Knee injuries accounted for the highest player absence due to injury ; 5 % of an average playing squad were absent at any one time due to knee injuries Background Serratus anterior strengthening is used in prevention and treatment programs for poor scapular control . In certain clinical cases , exercises substantially activating the serratus with minimal upper trapezius activation are preferred . Hypothesis The st and ard push-up plus would show both the highest serratus anterior activation and lowest upper trapezius/ serratus ratios for both groups and all phases . Study Design Controlled laboratory study . Methods Thirty subjects , grouped as healthy or with mild shoulder dysfunction , were evaluated performing st and ard push-up plus exercises and modifications on elbows , knees , and against a wall .  Surface electromyography of the serratus anterior and upper trapezius was compared between exercises . Results Both groups responded similarly across exercises . The st and ard push 
    Output:
    
agent
On appraisal , the MCS , M4-MS , and SIMS seem to provide the most practical value for assessing movement quality as they provide the strongest reports of developmental rigor and an identifiable evidence base .
In addition , considering the evidence provided , these tools may have the strongest potential for identifying performance capabilities and guiding exercise prescription in athletic and sport-specific population
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: CONTEXT The Functional Movement Screen ( FMS ) has been found to be a valid preparticipation screening tool in the prediction of injury among various athletes in different sports . The validity thereof in the prediction of injury among adolescent cricketers is yet to be established . OBJECTIVE To determine if a preseason FMS total score is a valid predictor of in-season injury among adolescent pace bowlers . DESIGN Prospect i ve observational quantitative study . SETTING Bowlers performed the FMS before the start of the season . Injury incidence was monitored monthly throughout the season . The student t test and Fisher 's exact test were used to compare the FMS scores of the injured and noninjured bowlers as well as the injured and noninjured bowlers who scored ≤ 14 . PARTICIPANTS 27 injury-free , male , adolescent pace bowlers . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The FMS ( scoring criteria and score sheet ) and st and ardized self-administered injury question naire . RESULTS There was no difference between the noninjured group ( 16.55 ± 2.57 ) and the injured ( 16.1 ± 2.07 ) group in terms of FMS scores . There was no significant difference between injured and noninjured bowlers who scored ≤ 14 . A total FMS score of 14 does not provide the sensitivity needed to assess injury risk among adolescent pace bowlers and no other accurate cut-off score could be calculated . CONCLUSION Preseason observed total FMS score is a poor predictor of in-season injury among adolescent pace bowlers . Further research should be conducted to determine if a specific FMS test will be a more valid predictor of injury Talent identification ( TID ) is a pertinent component of the sports sciences , affording practitioners the opportunity to target developmental interventions to a select few ; optimising financial investments . However , TID is multi-componential , requiring the recognition of immediate and prospect i ve performance . The measurement of athletic movement skill may afford practitioners insight into the latter component given its augmented relationship with functional sport specific qualities . It is currently unknown whether athletic movement skill is a discriminant quality in junior Australian football ( AF ) . This study aim ed to discriminate talent identified junior AF players from their non-talent identified counterparts using a fundamental gross athletic movement assessment .  From a total of 50 under 18 ( U18 ) AF players ; two groups were classified a priori based on selection level ; talent identified ( n = 25 ; state academy representatives ) and non-talent identified ( n = 25 ; state-based competition representatives ) . Players performed a fundamental gross athletic movement assessment based on the Athletic Ability Assessment ( AAA ) , consisting of an overhead squat , double lunge ( left and right legs ) , single leg Romanian deadlift ( left and right legs ) , and a push up ( six movement criterions ) . Movements were scored across three assessment points using a three-point scale ( result ing in a possible score of nine for each movement ) . A multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant between group effects on four of the six movement criterions ( d = 0.56 - 0.87 ; p = 0.01 - 0.02 ) . Binary logistic regression models and a receiver operating characteristic curve inspection revealed that the overhead squat score provided the greatest group discrimination ( β(SE ) = -0.89(0.44 ) ; p < 0.05 ) , with a score of 4.5 classifying 64 % and 88 % of the talent identified and non-talent identified groups , respectively . Results support the integration of this assessment into contemporary talent identification approaches in junior AF , as it may provide coaches with insight into a juniors developmental potential Abstract Hotta , T , Nishiguchi , S , Fukutani , N , Tashiro , Y , Adachi , D , Morino , S , Shirooka , H , Nozaki , Y , Hirata , H , Yamaguchi , M , and Aoyama , T. Functional movement screen for predicting running injuries in 18- to 24-year-old competitive male runners . J Strength Cond Res 29(10 ) : 2808–2815 , 2015—The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the functional movement screen ( FMS ) could predict running injuries in competitive runners . Eighty-four competitive male runners ( average age = 20.0 ± 1.1 years ) participated . Each subject performed the FMS , which consisted of 7 movement tests ( each score range : 0–3 , total score range : 0–21 ) , during the preseason . The incidence of running injuries ( time lost because of injury ⩽ 4 weeks ) was investigated through a follow-up survey during the 6-month season . Mann-Whitney U-tests  were used to investigate which movement tests were significantly associated with running injuries . The receiver-operator characteristic ( ROC ) analysis was used to determine the cutoff . The mean FMS composite score was 14.1 ± 2.3 . The ROC analysis determined the cutoff at 14/15 ( sensitivity = 0.73 , specificity = 0.54 ) , suggesting that the composite score had a low predictability for running injuries . However , the total scores ( 0–6 ) from the deep squat ( DS ) and active straight leg raise ( ASLR ) tests ( DS and ASLR ) , which were significant with the U-test , had relatively high predictability at the cutoff of 3/4 ( sensitivity = 0.73 , specificity = 0.74 ) . Furthermore , the multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the DS and ASLR scores of ⩽3 significantly influenced the incidence of running injuries after adjusting for subjects ' characteristics ( odds ratio = 9.7 , 95 % confidence interval = 2.1–44.4 ) . Thus , the current study identified the DS and ASLR score as a more effective method than the composite score to screen the risk of running injuries in competitive male runners BACKGROUND Knee valgus load during sports movement is viewed as an important predictor of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury risk , particularly in females . Formulating movement strategies that can reduce valgus loading during these movements therefore appears pertinent to reducing anterior cruciate ligament injury rates . With this in mind , the current study examined the relationship between peak valgus moment and lower extremity postures at impact during a sidestep cutting task . METHODS Ten male and ten female NCAA athletes had initial contact three-dimensional hip , knee and ankle angles and subsequent knee valgus moment quantified  during the execution of ( n=10 trials ) sidesteps .  Peak valgus data were normalized to mass and height and tested for the main effect of gender ( ANOVA , P<0.05 ) . Intra-subject correlations between the eight initial joint angles and the normalized valgus moment were then conducted across the ten sidestepping trials . The ensuing slopes of regression were su bmi tted to a two- sample t-test to determine whether mean slope values were significantly different from zero and for the main effect of gender ( P<0.05 ) . FINDINGS Females had significantly larger normalized knee valgus moments than males . A greater peak valgus moment was associated with larger initial hip flexion and internal rotation , and with larger initial knee valgus angle . Peak knee valgus moment was more sensitive to initial hip internal rotation and knee valgus position in females . INTERPRETATION Training of neuromuscular control at the hip joint may reduce the likelihood of anterior cruciate ligament injury via a valgus loading mechanism during sidestepping , especially in females STUDY DESIGN Nonexperimental method ological study . OBJECTIVES To determine the interrater and intrarater reliability and validity of using observational risk-screening guidelines to evaluate dynamic knee valgus . BACKGROUND A deficiency in the neuromuscular control of the hip has been identified as a key risk factor for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) injury in postpubescent females . This deficiency can manifest itself as a valgus knee alignment during tasks involving hip and knee flexion . There are currently no scientifically tested methods to screen for dynamic knee valgus in the clinic or on the field . METHODS Three physiotherapists used  observational risk-screening guidelines  to rate 40 adolescent female soccer players according to their risk of ACL injury . The rating was based on the amount of dynamic knee valgus observed on a drop-jump l and ing . Ratings were evaluated for intrarater and interrater agreement using kappa coefficients . Sensitivity and specificity of ratings were evaluated by comparing observational ratings , with measurements obtained using 3-dimensional ( 3-D ) motion analysis . RESULTS Kappa coefficients for intrarater and interrater agreement ranged from 0.75 to 0.85 , indicating that ratings were reasonably consistent over time and between physiotherapists . Sensitivity values were inadequate , ranging from 67 % to 87 % . This indicated that raters failed to detect up to a third of " truly high-risk " individuals . Specificity values ranged from 60 % to 72 % , which was considered adequate for the purpose s of the screening . CONCLUSION Observational risk screening is a practical and cost-effective method of screening for ACL injury risk . Rater agreement and specificity were acceptable for this method , but sensitivity was not . To detect a greater proportion of individuals at risk of ACL injury , coaches and clinicians should ensure that they include additional tests for other high-risk characteristics in their screening protocol Abstract Gaudion , SL , Doma , K , Sinclair , W , Banyard , HG , and Woods , CT . Identifying the physical fitness , anthropometric and athletic movement qualities discriminant of developmental level in elite junior Australian football : implication s for the development of talent . J Strength Cond Res 31(7 ) : 1830–1839 , 2017—This study aim ed to identify the physical fitness , anthropometric and athletic movement qualities discriminant of developmental level in elite junior Australian football ( AF ) . From a total of 77 players , 2 groups were defined according to their developmental level ; under 16 ( U16 ) ( n = 40 , 15.6 to 15.9 years ) , and U18 ( n = 37 , 17.1 to 17.9 years ) . Players performed a test battery consisting of 7 physical fitness assessment s , 2 anthropometric measurements , and a fundamental athletic movement assessment . A multivariate analysis of variance tested the main effect of developmental level ( 2 levels : U16 and U18 ) on the assessment criterions , whilst binary logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic ( ROC ) curves were built to identify the qualities most discriminant of developmental level . A significant effect of developmental level was evident on 9 of the assessment s ( d = 0.27–0.88 ; p ⩽ 0.05 ) . However , it was a combination of body mass , dynamic vertical jump height ( nondominant leg ) , repeat sprint time , and the score on the 20-m multistage fitness test that provided the greatest association with developmental level ( Akaike 's information criterion = 80.84 ) . The ROC curve was maximized with a combined score of 180.7 , successfully discriminating 89 and 60 % of the U18 and U16 players , respectively ( area under the curve = 79.3 % ) . These results indicate that there are distinctive physical fitness and anthropometric qualities discriminant of developmental level within the junior AF talent pathway . Coaches should consider these differences when design ing training interventions at the U16 level to assist with the development of prospect i ve U18 AF players Background Detailed injury epidemiology is an invaluable tool for reducing risks associated with sporting injuries . Very little accurate injury surveillance data exist regarding knee injuries in professional rugby . Hypotheses ( 1 ) Knee injuries have a greater impact on the game than injuries to other body locations . ( 2 ) Anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injuries cause the greatest days absent from training and match play . Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study . Methods Medical personnel prospect ively reported time-loss injuries sustained by 546 professional rugby union players from 12 clubs in Engl and over 2 seasons , and the knee injuries were evaluated . Results Injuries to the knee accounted for the highest number of days absent due to injury ( 7776 days , 21 % ) and were characteristically severe , with a disproportionately high number of days missed per injury ( 37 days ) . Anterior cruciate ligament injuries accounted for the greatest proportion of days missed of all knee injuries ( 29 % ) , followed by medial collateral ligament injuries ( 25 % ) . Most severe injuries occurred during contact , mostly during a tackle , and most commonly in the final 20 minutes of a match . Injuries tended to be more common in backs . Injuries sustained during training accounted for 16 % of all knee injuries . Each club studied had a mean of 10 knee injuries per season result ing in a total of 353 days absent . Conclusions The incidence of knee injuries sustained during matches was higher than that reported in all other football codes , surpassed only by rugby union at the international level . Knee injuries accounted for the highest player absence due to injury ; 5 % of an average playing squad were absent at any one time due to knee injuries Background Serratus anterior strengthening is used in prevention and treatment programs for poor scapular control . In certain clinical cases , exercises substantially activating the serratus with minimal upper trapezius activation are preferred . Hypothesis The st and ard push-up plus would show both the highest serratus anterior activation and lowest upper trapezius/ serratus ratios for both groups and all phases . Study Design Controlled laboratory study . Methods Thirty subjects , grouped as healthy or with mild shoulder dysfunction , were evaluated performing st and ard push-up plus exercises and modifications on elbows , knees , and against a wall .  Surface electromyography of the serratus anterior and upper trapezius was compared between exercises . Results Both groups responded similarly across exercises . The st and ard push 
    Output:
    