human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Numerous studies has shown that regular physical exercise can reduce musculoskeletal pain , but the optimal setting to achieve high adherence and effectiveness remains unknown . This study investigated the effect of workplace versus home-based physical exercise on musculoskeletal pain among healthcare workers . METHODS The r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) comprised 200 female healthcare workers from 18 departments at 3 hospitals . Participants were r and omly allocated at the cluster level to ten weeks of : ( i ) workplace physical exercise ( WORK ) performed during working hours for 5 × 10 minutes per week and up to 5 group-based coaching sessions on motivation for regular physical exercise , or ( ii ) home-based physical exercise ( HOME ) performed during leisure time for 5 × 10 minutes per week . Both groups received ergonomic counseling on patient h and ling and use of lifting aides . Average pain intensity ( 0 - 10 scale ) in the low back and neck/shoulder was the primary outcome . RESULTS Per week , 2.2 ( SD 1.1 ) and 1.0 ( SD 1.2 ) training sessions were performed in WORK and HOME groups , respectively . Pain intensity , back muscle strength and use of analgesics improved more following WORK than HOME ( P<0.05 ) . Between-group differences at follow-up ( WORK versus HOME ) was -0.7 points for pain intensity [ 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) -1.0- -0.3 ] , 5.5 Nm for back muscle strength ( 95 % CI 2.0 - 9.0 ) , and -0.4 days per week for use of analgesics ( 95 % CI -0.7- -0.2 ) . The effect size for between-group differences in pain intensity was small ( Cohen 's d=0.31 ) . CONCLUSIONS Workplace physical exercise is more effective than home-based exercise in reducing musculoskeletal pain , increasing muscle strength and reducing the use of analgesics among healthcare workers The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of increased aerobic capacity versus muscle strength rehabilitation of female hospital staff with long-lasting musculoskeletal back pain . Seventy-nine women agreed to participate in the intervention study . After a medical examination , 65 individuals were assigned to one of three balanced groups : Endurance training ( aerobic capacity promoting training : ET : n = 22 ) , strength promotion exercise ( SP : n = 24 ) or a control group ( CON : n = 19 ) . The active groups met twice a week for 60 minutes of exercise over 15 weeks . Aerobic capacity ( VO2max ) and musculoskeletal pain were measured immediately before ( T1 ) and after the intervention period ( T2 ) . Aerobic capacity significantly increased in the ET group , whereas no change was observed in the SP group , and a significant reduction was found in the CON group from T1 to T2 . Musculoskeletal pain was significantly reduced in both intervention groups , whereas minor changes were observed in the control group . Results from a 7-month follow-up ( T3 ) survey confirmed the beneficial effects of interventions on musculoskeletal pain . In conclusion , improved aerobic capacity appeared not to be a necessary mechanism in musculoskeletal back pain reduction Objective : To examine the effects of a new wearable type of lumbosacral support on low back pain . Methods : A total of 121 healthcare workers participated in this study . They were r and omly allocated into the experimental and control groups and the former wore the support with signals of compression on the back by poor posture for the first 3 months . The control group remained on a waiting list for the first 3 months . Medical history , musculoskeletal symptoms , feeling in good posture , sleep habits , psychological distress , Rol and -Morris Disability Question naire , and Somatosensory Amplification Scale ( SSAS ) were evaluated . The range of motion ( ROM ) in the shoulder and hip joints as well as spinal alignment were evaluated . Our primary concern was the difference in the change of low back pain measured by visual analog scale ( VAS ) between the two groups . Results : A total of 54 participants in the experimental and 53 participants in the control groups were analyzed . VAS and SSAS scores as well as lumbar spinal ROM in the experimental group significantly decreased . Low back pain ( OR=0.401 , 95 % CI=0.168 - 0.954 ) and neck pain in the experimental group ( OR=0.198 , 95 % CI=0.052 - 0.748 ) significantly decreased . Conclusions : The new lumbar support reduced VAS and SSAS scores , lumbar spinal ROM , low back pain , and neck pain . This new type of lumbar support reduced low back pain among healthcare workers AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ( i ) To examine patient lifting techniques used by nurses , and ( ii ) to evaluate an effectiveness of the Spine Care for Nurses programme in chronic nonspecific low back pain syndrome reduction and the execution of proper patient lifting techniques . BACKGROUND Millions of nurses around the world suffer from occupational-related chronic nonspecific low back pain ( chronic nonspecific low back pain syndrome ) . Generally , low back pain in nurses is a result of increased pressure on the spine and can be associated with improperly conducted patient lifting techniques . METHODS A r and omised controlled trial was conducted among 137 nurses with chronic nonspecific low back pain syndrome . Participants were r and omised into an experimental and control group ( experimental group n = 67 , control group n = 70 ) . Nurses in the experimental group attended the Spine Care for Nurses programme for 3 months . The programme consisted of didactic education , spine-strengthening exercises and education on safe patient h and ling techniques . The control group only received a brief written lifestyle guidance . The Zebris WinSpine Triple Lumbar examination was used to analyse nurses ' patient lifting techniques ( horizontal and vertical lifting ) . The lumbar pain intensity was measured with a 0 - 100 visual analogue scale . RESULTS The pre-intervention average chronic nonspecific low back pain syndrome intensity score on visual analogue scale decreased from 49.3 to the postintervention score of 7.5 . The correct execution of vertical lifting techniques in the experimental group increased from 8.91%-97.01 % ( control group : 8.57 % pre-intervention test and postintervention test 11.42 % ) . The  horizontal patient lifting technique pre-intervention increased from 10.44%-100 % correct execution in the experimental group ( control group : pre-intervention test 10.00 % and postintervention test 11.42 % ) . CONCLUSION The Spine Care for Nurses programme significantly reduced chronic nonspecific low back pain syndrome and increased the number of properly executed horizontal and vertical patient lifting techniques in nurses . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE We recommend that healthcare organisations should consider the implementation of regular Spine Care for Nurses programmes as successful low back injury prevention programmes OBJECTIVES To evaluate effects of a PRECEDE-PROCEED Model based , nurse-delivered Ergonomic Risk Management Program ( ERMP ) in the aim of reducing musculoskeletal symptoms of intensive care unit ( ICU ) nurses . METHODS This pre-test post-test design for non-equivalent control groups study comprised 72 ICU nurses from two hospitals . A r and omised sampling was done through the study population . The ERMP was delivered as an intervention including 26weeks of follow-up . Data was collected by " Descriptives of Nurses and Ergonomic Risk Reporting Form " , " Rapid Upper Risk Assessment Form ( RULA ) " , " ICU Environment Assessment Form " and " Personal interviews form " . RESULTS There was no difference between sociodemographic characteristics , work and general health conditions within intervention and control group . One month after the intervention , nurses had significant decrease in their total RULA scores during bending down and patient repositioning movements as 1.40 and 0.82 , respectively . Six months after the ERMP , the mean total RULA scores of nurses during the patient repositioning was 4.39±1.49 which meant " immediate further analyses and modifications recommended " . After all , pain intensity scores , medication use due to pain , and RULA ergonomic risk scores were significantly decreased , while exercise frequency was increased . CONCLUSIONS The ERMP was effective to increase exercise frequency and to decrease musculoskeletal pain and ergonomic risk levels of ICU nurses Background Construction work frequently involves heavy physical work , and a reduction of the physical workload should have high priority . Technological development has made it possible to obtain field measurements with surface electromyography ( sEMG ) , kinematics measured with inertial measurement units ( IMUs ) , and video recordings . However , no studies have used these methods simultaneously to detect situations with excessive physical workload ( events ) during a working day . Thus , knowledge about these specific events may combat work-related risk factors . Participatory ergonomics ( PE ) has shown promising results , but whether it can be used as a tool to reduce the physical workload during construction work remains unknown . Objective This cluster r and omized controlled trial investigated whether a PE intervention with technical measurements consisting of IMUs , sEMG , heart rate monitoring , and video recordings of physical workload could reduce the number of events with excessive physical workload during a working day . Furthermore , other outcomes were obtained from question naires . Methods A total of 80 male full-time construction workers ( aged 19 to 67 years ) were r and omized at the cluster level ( gang ) to a PE intervention consisting of 3 workshops ( 7 gangs and 32 workers ) or to a control group ( 8 gangs and 48 workers ) . The physical workload was recorded by technical measurements , that is , IMUs ,  sEMG  , heart rate monitoring , and video recordings during a full working day at baseline and 3 and 6 months ’ follow-up . On the basis of the technical measurements , a custom-made computer program detected the situations ( events ) where the construction workers were exposed to excessive physical workload and used in the intervention . Differences in the number of events from baseline to follow-up between intervention and control were evaluated using linear mixed models ( intention-to-treat ) , with individual nested in cluster as a r and om factor . Furthermore , question naires were filled out on test days . Results The results of the primary outcome showed no change in the number of events with excessive physical workload . However , compared with the control group , the other outcomes showed decreased general fatigue after a typical working day ( P=.001 ) and increased influence on own work ( P=.04 ) . Conclusions This PE intervention with technical measurements did not reduce the number of events with excessive physical workload during construction work . However , the intervention led to decreased general fatigue and increased influence on own work . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT02498197 ; https:// clinical trials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02498197 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/74SZ3DIWS Objective : To investigate whether an exercise intervention shown to increase aerobic capacity , would also lead to less musculoskeletal pain ; improved work ability , productivity , and perceived physical exertion ; and less sick leave . Methods : Sixty-seven construction workers were r and omized into an exercise group training 3 × 20 minutes per week and a control group . Question naires and text messages were completed before and after the 12-week intervention . Results : No significant changes were found in musculoskeletal pain , work ability , productivity , perceived physical exertion , and sick leave with the intervention . Question naires and text messages provided similar results of pain and work ability . Conclusions : Although the intervention improved aerobic capacity , it was not successful in improving musculoskeletal pain and other work-related factors . A detectable improvement presumably requires a more multifaceted intervention , larger sample size , or longer follow-up . Text messages may be a convenient data - collection method in future studies OBJECTIVE Low-back pain ( LBP ) is a common and recurrent condition , but the evidence is scarce about effective strategies to prevent recurrence and disability in the longer term . This study investigated the effect of a light exercise program , initiated in the workplace and continued at home , in reducing recurrence of  LBP  episodes  among healthcare workers . METHODS A total of 353 healthcare workers from ten hospitals were enrolled in a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) and were r and omized to the intervention or control groups , the latter of which received usual care . The intervention comprised three steps : ( i ) a 2-hour education session , ( ii ) five weekly 90-minutes exercise training sessions in the workplace , and ( iii ) a home-based self-managed exercise program . The main outcome was recurrence of LBP with sick-leave at 24-months follow-up . RESULTS At two-year follow-up , 35 workers ( 24 % ) in the intervention group and 31 workers ( 21 % ) in the control group had at least one LBP recurrence with sick leave . No effect was observed between groups [ odds ratio ( OR ) 1.22 , 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) 0.67 - 2.23 , P=0.516 ] . The intervention was effective in reducing fear avoidance with a mean reduction of -3.6 ( 95 % CI -4.8- -2.4 ) points on the fear-avoidance beliefs question naire score for physical activity ( FABQ-P ) in the intervention group compared with -1.3 ( 95 % CI -2.2- -0.3 ) points in the control group ( P<0.05 ) . It was also effective in improving muscle endurance with a mean increase of 13.9 ( 95 % CI 3.3 - 24.5 ) minutes on the Sorensen test in the intervention group compared with -8.3 ( 95 % CI-17.5 - 0.9 ) minutes in the control group ( 
    Output:
    
agent
Results Level of evidence from 54 high and medium quality studies showed moderate evidence of a positive effect of physical exercise .
Within this domain , there was strong evidence of a positive effect of workplace strength training .
There was limited evidence for ergonomics and strong evidence for no benefit of participatory ergonomics , multifaceted interventions , and stress management .
No intervention domains were associated with “ negative effects ” .
Conclusions The evidence synthesis recommends that implementing strength training at the workplace can reduce MSD  among workers with physically dem and ing work .
In regard to workplace ergonomics , there was not enough evidence from the scientific literature to guide current practice s. Based on the scientific literature , participatory ergonomics and multifaceted workplace interventions seem to have no beneficial effect on reducing MSD among this group of workers .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE Numerous studies has shown that regular physical exercise can reduce musculoskeletal pain , but the optimal setting to achieve high adherence and effectiveness remains unknown . This study investigated the effect of workplace versus home-based physical exercise on musculoskeletal pain among healthcare workers . METHODS The r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) comprised 200 female healthcare workers from 18 departments at 3 hospitals . Participants were r and omly allocated at the cluster level to ten weeks of : ( i ) workplace physical exercise ( WORK ) performed during working hours for 5 × 10 minutes per week and up to 5 group-based coaching sessions on motivation for regular physical exercise , or ( ii ) home-based physical exercise ( HOME ) performed during leisure time for 5 × 10 minutes per week . Both groups received ergonomic counseling on patient h and ling and use of lifting aides . Average pain intensity ( 0 - 10 scale ) in the low back and neck/shoulder was the primary outcome . RESULTS Per week , 2.2 ( SD 1.1 ) and 1.0 ( SD 1.2 ) training sessions were performed in WORK and HOME groups , respectively . Pain intensity , back muscle strength and use of analgesics improved more following WORK than HOME ( P<0.05 ) . Between-group differences at follow-up ( WORK versus HOME ) was -0.7 points for pain intensity [ 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) -1.0- -0.3 ] , 5.5 Nm for back muscle strength ( 95 % CI 2.0 - 9.0 ) , and -0.4 days per week for use of analgesics ( 95 % CI -0.7- -0.2 ) . The effect size for between-group differences in pain intensity was small ( Cohen 's d=0.31 ) . CONCLUSIONS Workplace physical exercise is more effective than home-based exercise in reducing musculoskeletal pain , increasing muscle strength and reducing the use of analgesics among healthcare workers The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of increased aerobic capacity versus muscle strength rehabilitation of female hospital staff with long-lasting musculoskeletal back pain . Seventy-nine women agreed to participate in the intervention study . After a medical examination , 65 individuals were assigned to one of three balanced groups : Endurance training ( aerobic capacity promoting training : ET : n = 22 ) , strength promotion exercise ( SP : n = 24 ) or a control group ( CON : n = 19 ) . The active groups met twice a week for 60 minutes of exercise over 15 weeks . Aerobic capacity ( VO2max ) and musculoskeletal pain were measured immediately before ( T1 ) and after the intervention period ( T2 ) . Aerobic capacity significantly increased in the ET group , whereas no change was observed in the SP group , and a significant reduction was found in the CON group from T1 to T2 . Musculoskeletal pain was significantly reduced in both intervention groups , whereas minor changes were observed in the control group . Results from a 7-month follow-up ( T3 ) survey confirmed the beneficial effects of interventions on musculoskeletal pain . In conclusion , improved aerobic capacity appeared not to be a necessary mechanism in musculoskeletal back pain reduction Objective : To examine the effects of a new wearable type of lumbosacral support on low back pain . Methods : A total of 121 healthcare workers participated in this study . They were r and omly allocated into the experimental and control groups and the former wore the support with signals of compression on the back by poor posture for the first 3 months . The control group remained on a waiting list for the first 3 months . Medical history , musculoskeletal symptoms , feeling in good posture , sleep habits , psychological distress , Rol and -Morris Disability Question naire , and Somatosensory Amplification Scale ( SSAS ) were evaluated . The range of motion ( ROM ) in the shoulder and hip joints as well as spinal alignment were evaluated . Our primary concern was the difference in the change of low back pain measured by visual analog scale ( VAS ) between the two groups . Results : A total of 54 participants in the experimental and 53 participants in the control groups were analyzed . VAS and SSAS scores as well as lumbar spinal ROM in the experimental group significantly decreased . Low back pain ( OR=0.401 , 95 % CI=0.168 - 0.954 ) and neck pain in the experimental group ( OR=0.198 , 95 % CI=0.052 - 0.748 ) significantly decreased . Conclusions : The new lumbar support reduced VAS and SSAS scores , lumbar spinal ROM , low back pain , and neck pain . This new type of lumbar support reduced low back pain among healthcare workers AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ( i ) To examine patient lifting techniques used by nurses , and ( ii ) to evaluate an effectiveness of the Spine Care for Nurses programme in chronic nonspecific low back pain syndrome reduction and the execution of proper patient lifting techniques . BACKGROUND Millions of nurses around the world suffer from occupational-related chronic nonspecific low back pain ( chronic nonspecific low back pain syndrome ) . Generally , low back pain in nurses is a result of increased pressure on the spine and can be associated with improperly conducted patient lifting techniques . METHODS A r and omised controlled trial was conducted among 137 nurses with chronic nonspecific low back pain syndrome . Participants were r and omised into an experimental and control group ( experimental group n = 67 , control group n = 70 ) . Nurses in the experimental group attended the Spine Care for Nurses programme for 3 months . The programme consisted of didactic education , spine-strengthening exercises and education on safe patient h and ling techniques . The control group only received a brief written lifestyle guidance . The Zebris WinSpine Triple Lumbar examination was used to analyse nurses ' patient lifting techniques ( horizontal and vertical lifting ) . The lumbar pain intensity was measured with a 0 - 100 visual analogue scale . RESULTS The pre-intervention average chronic nonspecific low back pain syndrome intensity score on visual analogue scale decreased from 49.3 to the postintervention score of 7.5 . The correct execution of vertical lifting techniques in the experimental group increased from 8.91%-97.01 % ( control group : 8.57 % pre-intervention test and postintervention test 11.42 % ) . The  horizontal patient lifting technique pre-intervention increased from 10.44%-100 % correct execution in the experimental group ( control group : pre-intervention test 10.00 % and postintervention test 11.42 % ) . CONCLUSION The Spine Care for Nurses programme significantly reduced chronic nonspecific low back pain syndrome and increased the number of properly executed horizontal and vertical patient lifting techniques in nurses . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE We recommend that healthcare organisations should consider the implementation of regular Spine Care for Nurses programmes as successful low back injury prevention programmes OBJECTIVES To evaluate effects of a PRECEDE-PROCEED Model based , nurse-delivered Ergonomic Risk Management Program ( ERMP ) in the aim of reducing musculoskeletal symptoms of intensive care unit ( ICU ) nurses . METHODS This pre-test post-test design for non-equivalent control groups study comprised 72 ICU nurses from two hospitals . A r and omised sampling was done through the study population . The ERMP was delivered as an intervention including 26weeks of follow-up . Data was collected by " Descriptives of Nurses and Ergonomic Risk Reporting Form " , " Rapid Upper Risk Assessment Form ( RULA ) " , " ICU Environment Assessment Form " and " Personal interviews form " . RESULTS There was no difference between sociodemographic characteristics , work and general health conditions within intervention and control group . One month after the intervention , nurses had significant decrease in their total RULA scores during bending down and patient repositioning movements as 1.40 and 0.82 , respectively . Six months after the ERMP , the mean total RULA scores of nurses during the patient repositioning was 4.39±1.49 which meant " immediate further analyses and modifications recommended " . After all , pain intensity scores , medication use due to pain , and RULA ergonomic risk scores were significantly decreased , while exercise frequency was increased . CONCLUSIONS The ERMP was effective to increase exercise frequency and to decrease musculoskeletal pain and ergonomic risk levels of ICU nurses Background Construction work frequently involves heavy physical work , and a reduction of the physical workload should have high priority . Technological development has made it possible to obtain field measurements with surface electromyography ( sEMG ) , kinematics measured with inertial measurement units ( IMUs ) , and video recordings . However , no studies have used these methods simultaneously to detect situations with excessive physical workload ( events ) during a working day . Thus , knowledge about these specific events may combat work-related risk factors . Participatory ergonomics ( PE ) has shown promising results , but whether it can be used as a tool to reduce the physical workload during construction work remains unknown . Objective This cluster r and omized controlled trial investigated whether a PE intervention with technical measurements consisting of IMUs , sEMG , heart rate monitoring , and video recordings of physical workload could reduce the number of events with excessive physical workload during a working day . Furthermore , other outcomes were obtained from question naires . Methods A total of 80 male full-time construction workers ( aged 19 to 67 years ) were r and omized at the cluster level ( gang ) to a PE intervention consisting of 3 workshops ( 7 gangs and 32 workers ) or to a control group ( 8 gangs and 48 workers ) . The physical workload was recorded by technical measurements , that is , IMUs ,  sEMG  , heart rate monitoring , and video recordings during a full working day at baseline and 3 and 6 months ’ follow-up . On the basis of the technical measurements , a custom-made computer program detected the situations ( events ) where the construction workers were exposed to excessive physical workload and used in the intervention . Differences in the number of events from baseline to follow-up between intervention and control were evaluated using linear mixed models ( intention-to-treat ) , with individual nested in cluster as a r and om factor . Furthermore , question naires were filled out on test days . Results The results of the primary outcome showed no change in the number of events with excessive physical workload . However , compared with the control group , the other outcomes showed decreased general fatigue after a typical working day ( P=.001 ) and increased influence on own work ( P=.04 ) . Conclusions This PE intervention with technical measurements did not reduce the number of events with excessive physical workload during construction work . However , the intervention led to decreased general fatigue and increased influence on own work . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT02498197 ; https:// clinical trials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02498197 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/74SZ3DIWS Objective : To investigate whether an exercise intervention shown to increase aerobic capacity , would also lead to less musculoskeletal pain ; improved work ability , productivity , and perceived physical exertion ; and less sick leave . Methods : Sixty-seven construction workers were r and omized into an exercise group training 3 × 20 minutes per week and a control group . Question naires and text messages were completed before and after the 12-week intervention . Results : No significant changes were found in musculoskeletal pain , work ability , productivity , perceived physical exertion , and sick leave with the intervention . Question naires and text messages provided similar results of pain and work ability . Conclusions : Although the intervention improved aerobic capacity , it was not successful in improving musculoskeletal pain and other work-related factors . A detectable improvement presumably requires a more multifaceted intervention , larger sample size , or longer follow-up . Text messages may be a convenient data - collection method in future studies OBJECTIVE Low-back pain ( LBP ) is a common and recurrent condition , but the evidence is scarce about effective strategies to prevent recurrence and disability in the longer term . This study investigated the effect of a light exercise program , initiated in the workplace and continued at home , in reducing recurrence of  LBP  episodes  among healthcare workers . METHODS A total of 353 healthcare workers from ten hospitals were enrolled in a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) and were r and omized to the intervention or control groups , the latter of which received usual care . The intervention comprised three steps : ( i ) a 2-hour education session , ( ii ) five weekly 90-minutes exercise training sessions in the workplace , and ( iii ) a home-based self-managed exercise program . The main outcome was recurrence of LBP with sick-leave at 24-months follow-up . RESULTS At two-year follow-up , 35 workers ( 24 % ) in the intervention group and 31 workers ( 21 % ) in the control group had at least one LBP recurrence with sick leave . No effect was observed between groups [ odds ratio ( OR ) 1.22 , 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) 0.67 - 2.23 , P=0.516 ] . The intervention was effective in reducing fear avoidance with a mean reduction of -3.6 ( 95 % CI -4.8- -2.4 ) points on the fear-avoidance beliefs question naire score for physical activity ( FABQ-P ) in the intervention group compared with -1.3 ( 95 % CI -2.2- -0.3 ) points in the control group ( P<0.05 ) . It was also effective in improving muscle endurance with a mean increase of 13.9 ( 95 % CI 3.3 - 24.5 ) minutes on the Sorensen test in the intervention group compared with -8.3 ( 95 % CI-17.5 - 0.9 ) minutes in the control group ( 
    Output:
    