human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate surface finish and gloss of a two-step  composite finishing/polishing ( F/P ) disc system compared with two multistep systems on five composites . METHODS Seventy-five disc-shaped composite specimens ( D=10.0 mm , 2 mm thick , n=15 per composite ) were made of microfill ( Durafill-D ) , nanofill ( Filtek Supreme-FS ) , nanohybrid ( Premise-PR ) , and microhybrids ( Filtek Z250-FZ , Esthet-EX ) . One side of each specimen was initially finished with a carbide bur . Five specimens of each resin composite were r and omly assigned to receive full F/P by each of the disc systems : two-step ( Enhance Flex NST-EF ) and four-step ( Sof-Lex-SL , Super-Snap-SS ) . Surface gloss was measured with a glossmeter and surface roughness was measured with a profilometer . Results were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)/Tukey 's ( α<0.05 ) . RESULTS No difference in gloss was noted among the three F/P systems when used with D and EX ; no difference between SL and EF when used with any composite , except for FS ; and no difference between SL and SS when used with any composite . SL and EF showed similar surface roughness when used on all composites , except for EX . EF and SS showed similar surface roughness on PR . SL and SS showed similar surface roughness values on every composite , except for FZ . CONCLUSIONS EF was capable of providing similar gloss and surface roughness to SL on four composites evaluated but was not able to produce as glossy or as smooth a surface as SS for three of the five composites OBJECTIVES The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of different finishing and polishing techniques on the surface roughness and color stability of nanocomposites . METHODS Two  nanohybrid  ( Gr and io , Aelite Aesthetic Enamel ) , two nanofill ( Filtek Supreme XT Dentin and Translucent ) , and a microhybrid ( Filtek Z250 ) composites were used . Two hundred and eighty disc-shaped specimens were cured under a mylar strip . Seven specimens of each resin composite were r and omly assigned to one of the seven polishing systems . A profilometer was used for assessing surface roughness . ΔE was calculated with a colorimeter at baseline and 48 h after storage in a coffee solution . The results were analysed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's HSD test ( α=0.05 ) . Regression analysis was used to examine the correlation between surface roughness and color stability ( α=0.01 ) . RESULTS There was no significant difference in R(a ) values between mylar strips and Sof-Lex polishing discs ( p>0.05 ) . The highest ΔE and R(a ) values were obtained from Gr and io ( p<0.05 ) , and Aelite Aesthetic Enamel had the lowest ΔE values ( p<0.05 ) . The Enhance system showed the lowest color differences among all the finishing systems . The highest ΔE values were found in the composite resin groups under mylar strips and finished with diamond burs ( p<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS While the Sof-Lex discs provided the lowest surface roughness , the Enhance Polishing system provided the most stain-resistant groups . Gr and io presented the highest surface roughness and staining susceptibility after storage in coffee solution . Aelite Aesthetic Enamel , which did not include TEGDMA in its composition , showed the least discoloration . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The composites with smaller filler size did not necessarily show low surface roughness and discoloration . Staining of composite resins was dependent on monomer structure , as well as surface irregularities Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the superficial texture of composite restorations after different bleaching protocol s. Methods : Filtek Supreme ( S ) , Filtek Z350 ( F ) , and Gr and io ( G ) were compared to Opallis ( O ) and Filtek Z250 ( Z ) ( control microhybrid composites ) and to bovine enamel using three different bleaching agents : 35 % hydrogen peroxide Whiteness HP ( WHP ) , 35 % Whiteness HP MAXX ( WMAXX ) and 16 % carbamide peroxide Whiteness St and ard ( WS ) .  Six specimens from each composite were treated using each bleaching agent , according to the manufacturers ’ instructions . Three r and om sites were measured for superficial roughness ( Hommel Tester T 1000 ) weekly for each sample . Data were analyzed for each bleaching system using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests at 5 % significance level . Results : WHP treatment significantly altered the Filtek Supreme composite over time . When WMAXX was used , Gr and io displayed the most significant alterations in surface roughness throughout the evaluation period , which was not observed for the other nanocomposites . Using WS , Filtek Z250 presented significant surface alterations over time , which was not seen in the nanofilled material s. Conclusions : Surface roughness alteration was material and time-dependent . The bleaching gels affected nanofilled and microhybrid composite resins . Enamel was the surface less affected by bleaching This study evaluated the effects of acidic medicines ( Dimetapp ® and Claritin ® ) , under pH-cycling conditions , on the surface degradation of four composite resins ( microhybrid : TPH , Concept , Opallis and Nanofilled : Supreme ) . Thirty disc-shaped specimens ( Ø = 5.0 mm / thickness = 2.0 mm ) of each composite were r and omly assigned to 3 groups ( n = 10 ) : a control and two experimental groups , according to the acidic medicines evaluated . The specimens were finished and polished with aluminum oxide discs , and the surface roughness was measured by using a profilometer . After the specimens were su bmi tted to a pH-cycling regimen and immersion in acidic medicines for 12 days , the surface roughness was measured again . Two specimens for each material and group were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) before and after pH-cycling . Data were analyzed by the Student's-t test , ANOVA , Duncan 's multiple range test and paired t-test ( α=0.05 ) . Significant increase in roughness was found only for TPH in the control group and TPH and Supreme immersed in Claritin ® ( p<0.05 ) . SEM analyses showed that the 4 composite resins underwent erosion and surface degradation after being subjected to the experimental conditions . In conclusion , although the roughness was slightly affected , the pH-cycling and acidic medicines caused surface degradation of the composite resins evaluated . Titratable acidity seemed to play a more crucial role on surface degradation of composite resins than AIMS The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of various finishing and polishing procedures on the surface roughness of six different composite resin material s ( Artemis Enamel , TPH Spectrum , Filtek A-110 , Filtek Supreme Enamel , Solitaire 2 , and Filtek P-60 ) as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of the surface sealant application ( BisCover ) on the surface roughness after finishing and polishing procedures of tested composites . METHODS AND MATERIAL S Specimens ( n=168 ) measuring 5 mm in diameter x 2 mm in thickness were fabricated in a plexiglass well covered with a Mylar strip using six composite resins . A control group of seven specimens of each material received no polishing after being cured under the Mylar strip . Twenty-one specimens for each composite were r and omly divided among three finishing and polishing groups ( n=7 ) . Each group was polished using a different system : Carbide bur/Sof-Lex disc , Carbide bur/Enhance disc with polishing paste , and Carbide bur/Edenta composite finishing kit . The average surface roughness ( Ra , microm ) of the control and treated specimens were measured with the Mitutoyo Surftest-402 Surface Roughness tester . After a surface sealant ( BisCover ) was applied to all treated specimens , according to manufacturer 's instructions , the average roughness ( Ra ) was measured again . Results were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and the post-hoc Scheffe 's test at a p<0.05 significance level . RESULTS Significant differences were found for the surface roughness ( p<0.05 ) with interaction among composite resins and the finishing systems used ( p<0.05 ) . Enhance/Biscover finishing and polishing procedure surface was not significantly different from the Mylar strip surface groups ( p>0.05 ) . The Mylar strip group was not significantly different from the Sof-Lex/BisCover and Edenta/BisCover groups . The ranking of mean Ra values by material s was as follows : Filtek Supreme Enamel < Filtek A110 < TPH Spectrum < Artemis < Filtek P-60 < Solitaire 2 . The ranking of mean Ra values by polishing systems was as follows : Enhance/BisCover < Mylar Strip < Sof-Lex/BisCover < Edenta/BisCover < Sof-Lex < Enhance < Edenta . CONCLUSION Smoother surfaces were recorded for the Enhance/BisCover and the Mylar strip-formed surface groups . The composite finishing kit Edenta significantly increased the Ra for all tested composites ( p<0.05 ) . But after finishing with Edenta , the use of a surface sealant ( BisCover ) significantly improved the surface smoothness of all tested composites ( p<0.05 ) . Use of BisCover surface sealant on anterior and posterior resin composite restorations after finishing and polishing procedures is recommended OBJECTIVES Application of acidulated phosphate fluoride ( APF ) gels has long been considered to cause deterioration of composite surfaces . The aims of this study were to demonstrate that nanocomposite surfaces were not affected by some APF gels and to investigate the possible underlying mechanisms . METHODS The elemental composition and viscosity of 3 acidulated phosphate fluoride ( APF ) agents ( 60 Second Taste Gel , Topex , and Zap ) and 1 neutral fluoride agent ( pH7 Gel ) were analyzed . Subsequently , 320 specimens of 3 nanocomposites ( Premisa , Filtek Z350 , and Gr and io ) and a microhybrid composite ( Estelite Sigma ) with 80 specimens for each composite were r and omly divided into 5 groups ( n=16 ) and treated with 4 fluoride gels as well as distilled water which served as the control . Fluoride gels were applied on composite resin surfaces 4 times , 30 min each time . The roughness and microhardness were measured after treatments . Qualitative examination of the surface degradation of the composites was carried out with Fourier transforming infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR ) and scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . RESULTS Topex and Zap did not cause surface changes of composite resins , the possible reason being ascribed to the presence of magnesium aluminum silicate ( MAS ) clays . In contrast , 60 Second Taste Gel treatments caused significant roughness increase , microhardness decrease , more prominent filler dissolution , and IR spectral changes of Premisa , Filtek Z350 , and Gr and io . Estelite Sigma was less affected by the 4 fluoride gels . SIGNIFICANCE The composite surfaces were not affected by Topex or Zap even after extended treatments . These two APF gels may be more suitable for clinical applications PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface finish and gloss of five direct resin composites polished with six polishing systems . MATERIAL S AND METHODS One hundred and fifty disk-shaped composite specimens ( D=10.0 mm , 2-mm-thick , N=30 per material ) were made . One side of each specimen was finished with a 16-fluted carbide finishing bur and then polished . Five specimens of each resin composite were r and omly assigned to one of the six polishing systems . The surface roughness and gloss were measured with a surface profilometer and a glossmeter . The results were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Tukey 's t-test ( p < or= 0.05 ) . RESULTS There was no significant interaction between the composite and the polishing systems for surface roughness ( p=0.059 ) . The order of surface roughness ranked according to composite was : Durafill < Esthet-X < Supreme < Z250 < Z100 ; and the ranking for the polishing system was : Pogo < Sof-Lex < Diacomp/Enamelize < Diacomp < ComposiPro brush < Jiffy . There was interaction of gloss values between the composites and the polishing systems ( p < 0.001 ) . The highest gloss value was recorded for Supreme + Pogo ; the lowest was recorded for Z100 + Jiffy . Pogo showed the highest gloss values for all composites . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The nanofill ( Supreme ) and minifill ( Esthet-X ) composites presented a surface roughness comparable to a microfill ( Durafill ) , independent of the polishing system used , and a gloss comparable to a microfill , when polished with a one-step system ( Pogo ) . As compared with the multiple-step systems , the smoothest surfaces and the highest gloss values were achieved using the one-step system ( Pogo ) for all the evaluated composites OBJECTIVES This in vitro study evaluated the surface roughness and microhardness of nanocomposites that contain nanoparticles and a microhybrid composite finished and polished with two different one-step polishing systems and a conventional multi-step polishing system . METHODS AND MATERIAL S The material s evaluated were Filtek Supreme XT , Gr and io , Ceram X , Aelite Aesthetic Enamel , Tetric EvoCeram and Filtek Z250 .  A total of 240 specimens ( 10-mm in diameter ,  
    Output:
    
agent
There is no in vitro evidence to support the choice for nanofill or su bmi cron composites over traditional microhybrids based on better surface smoothness and /or gloss , or based upon maintenance of those superficial characteristics after surface challenges
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate surface finish and gloss of a two-step  composite finishing/polishing ( F/P ) disc system compared with two multistep systems on five composites . METHODS Seventy-five disc-shaped composite specimens ( D=10.0 mm , 2 mm thick , n=15 per composite ) were made of microfill ( Durafill-D ) , nanofill ( Filtek Supreme-FS ) , nanohybrid ( Premise-PR ) , and microhybrids ( Filtek Z250-FZ , Esthet-EX ) . One side of each specimen was initially finished with a carbide bur . Five specimens of each resin composite were r and omly assigned to receive full F/P by each of the disc systems : two-step ( Enhance Flex NST-EF ) and four-step ( Sof-Lex-SL , Super-Snap-SS ) . Surface gloss was measured with a glossmeter and surface roughness was measured with a profilometer . Results were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)/Tukey 's ( α<0.05 ) . RESULTS No difference in gloss was noted among the three F/P systems when used with D and EX ; no difference between SL and EF when used with any composite , except for FS ; and no difference between SL and SS when used with any composite . SL and EF showed similar surface roughness when used on all composites , except for EX . EF and SS showed similar surface roughness on PR . SL and SS showed similar surface roughness values on every composite , except for FZ . CONCLUSIONS EF was capable of providing similar gloss and surface roughness to SL on four composites evaluated but was not able to produce as glossy or as smooth a surface as SS for three of the five composites OBJECTIVES The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of different finishing and polishing techniques on the surface roughness and color stability of nanocomposites . METHODS Two  nanohybrid  ( Gr and io , Aelite Aesthetic Enamel ) , two nanofill ( Filtek Supreme XT Dentin and Translucent ) , and a microhybrid ( Filtek Z250 ) composites were used . Two hundred and eighty disc-shaped specimens were cured under a mylar strip . Seven specimens of each resin composite were r and omly assigned to one of the seven polishing systems . A profilometer was used for assessing surface roughness . ΔE was calculated with a colorimeter at baseline and 48 h after storage in a coffee solution . The results were analysed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's HSD test ( α=0.05 ) . Regression analysis was used to examine the correlation between surface roughness and color stability ( α=0.01 ) . RESULTS There was no significant difference in R(a ) values between mylar strips and Sof-Lex polishing discs ( p>0.05 ) . The highest ΔE and R(a ) values were obtained from Gr and io ( p<0.05 ) , and Aelite Aesthetic Enamel had the lowest ΔE values ( p<0.05 ) . The Enhance system showed the lowest color differences among all the finishing systems . The highest ΔE values were found in the composite resin groups under mylar strips and finished with diamond burs ( p<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS While the Sof-Lex discs provided the lowest surface roughness , the Enhance Polishing system provided the most stain-resistant groups . Gr and io presented the highest surface roughness and staining susceptibility after storage in coffee solution . Aelite Aesthetic Enamel , which did not include TEGDMA in its composition , showed the least discoloration . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The composites with smaller filler size did not necessarily show low surface roughness and discoloration . Staining of composite resins was dependent on monomer structure , as well as surface irregularities Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the superficial texture of composite restorations after different bleaching protocol s. Methods : Filtek Supreme ( S ) , Filtek Z350 ( F ) , and Gr and io ( G ) were compared to Opallis ( O ) and Filtek Z250 ( Z ) ( control microhybrid composites ) and to bovine enamel using three different bleaching agents : 35 % hydrogen peroxide Whiteness HP ( WHP ) , 35 % Whiteness HP MAXX ( WMAXX ) and 16 % carbamide peroxide Whiteness St and ard ( WS ) .  Six specimens from each composite were treated using each bleaching agent , according to the manufacturers ’ instructions . Three r and om sites were measured for superficial roughness ( Hommel Tester T 1000 ) weekly for each sample . Data were analyzed for each bleaching system using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests at 5 % significance level . Results : WHP treatment significantly altered the Filtek Supreme composite over time . When WMAXX was used , Gr and io displayed the most significant alterations in surface roughness throughout the evaluation period , which was not observed for the other nanocomposites . Using WS , Filtek Z250 presented significant surface alterations over time , which was not seen in the nanofilled material s. Conclusions : Surface roughness alteration was material and time-dependent . The bleaching gels affected nanofilled and microhybrid composite resins . Enamel was the surface less affected by bleaching This study evaluated the effects of acidic medicines ( Dimetapp ® and Claritin ® ) , under pH-cycling conditions , on the surface degradation of four composite resins ( microhybrid : TPH , Concept , Opallis and Nanofilled : Supreme ) . Thirty disc-shaped specimens ( Ø = 5.0 mm / thickness = 2.0 mm ) of each composite were r and omly assigned to 3 groups ( n = 10 ) : a control and two experimental groups , according to the acidic medicines evaluated . The specimens were finished and polished with aluminum oxide discs , and the surface roughness was measured by using a profilometer . After the specimens were su bmi tted to a pH-cycling regimen and immersion in acidic medicines for 12 days , the surface roughness was measured again . Two specimens for each material and group were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) before and after pH-cycling . Data were analyzed by the Student's-t test , ANOVA , Duncan 's multiple range test and paired t-test ( α=0.05 ) . Significant increase in roughness was found only for TPH in the control group and TPH and Supreme immersed in Claritin ® ( p<0.05 ) . SEM analyses showed that the 4 composite resins underwent erosion and surface degradation after being subjected to the experimental conditions . In conclusion , although the roughness was slightly affected , the pH-cycling and acidic medicines caused surface degradation of the composite resins evaluated . Titratable acidity seemed to play a more crucial role on surface degradation of composite resins than AIMS The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of various finishing and polishing procedures on the surface roughness of six different composite resin material s ( Artemis Enamel , TPH Spectrum , Filtek A-110 , Filtek Supreme Enamel , Solitaire 2 , and Filtek P-60 ) as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of the surface sealant application ( BisCover ) on the surface roughness after finishing and polishing procedures of tested composites . METHODS AND MATERIAL S Specimens ( n=168 ) measuring 5 mm in diameter x 2 mm in thickness were fabricated in a plexiglass well covered with a Mylar strip using six composite resins . A control group of seven specimens of each material received no polishing after being cured under the Mylar strip . Twenty-one specimens for each composite were r and omly divided among three finishing and polishing groups ( n=7 ) . Each group was polished using a different system : Carbide bur/Sof-Lex disc , Carbide bur/Enhance disc with polishing paste , and Carbide bur/Edenta composite finishing kit . The average surface roughness ( Ra , microm ) of the control and treated specimens were measured with the Mitutoyo Surftest-402 Surface Roughness tester . After a surface sealant ( BisCover ) was applied to all treated specimens , according to manufacturer 's instructions , the average roughness ( Ra ) was measured again . Results were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and the post-hoc Scheffe 's test at a p<0.05 significance level . RESULTS Significant differences were found for the surface roughness ( p<0.05 ) with interaction among composite resins and the finishing systems used ( p<0.05 ) . Enhance/Biscover finishing and polishing procedure surface was not significantly different from the Mylar strip surface groups ( p>0.05 ) . The Mylar strip group was not significantly different from the Sof-Lex/BisCover and Edenta/BisCover groups . The ranking of mean Ra values by material s was as follows : Filtek Supreme Enamel < Filtek A110 < TPH Spectrum < Artemis < Filtek P-60 < Solitaire 2 . The ranking of mean Ra values by polishing systems was as follows : Enhance/BisCover < Mylar Strip < Sof-Lex/BisCover < Edenta/BisCover < Sof-Lex < Enhance < Edenta . CONCLUSION Smoother surfaces were recorded for the Enhance/BisCover and the Mylar strip-formed surface groups . The composite finishing kit Edenta significantly increased the Ra for all tested composites ( p<0.05 ) . But after finishing with Edenta , the use of a surface sealant ( BisCover ) significantly improved the surface smoothness of all tested composites ( p<0.05 ) . Use of BisCover surface sealant on anterior and posterior resin composite restorations after finishing and polishing procedures is recommended OBJECTIVES Application of acidulated phosphate fluoride ( APF ) gels has long been considered to cause deterioration of composite surfaces . The aims of this study were to demonstrate that nanocomposite surfaces were not affected by some APF gels and to investigate the possible underlying mechanisms . METHODS The elemental composition and viscosity of 3 acidulated phosphate fluoride ( APF ) agents ( 60 Second Taste Gel , Topex , and Zap ) and 1 neutral fluoride agent ( pH7 Gel ) were analyzed . Subsequently , 320 specimens of 3 nanocomposites ( Premisa , Filtek Z350 , and Gr and io ) and a microhybrid composite ( Estelite Sigma ) with 80 specimens for each composite were r and omly divided into 5 groups ( n=16 ) and treated with 4 fluoride gels as well as distilled water which served as the control . Fluoride gels were applied on composite resin surfaces 4 times , 30 min each time . The roughness and microhardness were measured after treatments . Qualitative examination of the surface degradation of the composites was carried out with Fourier transforming infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR ) and scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . RESULTS Topex and Zap did not cause surface changes of composite resins , the possible reason being ascribed to the presence of magnesium aluminum silicate ( MAS ) clays . In contrast , 60 Second Taste Gel treatments caused significant roughness increase , microhardness decrease , more prominent filler dissolution , and IR spectral changes of Premisa , Filtek Z350 , and Gr and io . Estelite Sigma was less affected by the 4 fluoride gels . SIGNIFICANCE The composite surfaces were not affected by Topex or Zap even after extended treatments . These two APF gels may be more suitable for clinical applications PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface finish and gloss of five direct resin composites polished with six polishing systems . MATERIAL S AND METHODS One hundred and fifty disk-shaped composite specimens ( D=10.0 mm , 2-mm-thick , N=30 per material ) were made . One side of each specimen was finished with a 16-fluted carbide finishing bur and then polished . Five specimens of each resin composite were r and omly assigned to one of the six polishing systems . The surface roughness and gloss were measured with a surface profilometer and a glossmeter . The results were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Tukey 's t-test ( p < or= 0.05 ) . RESULTS There was no significant interaction between the composite and the polishing systems for surface roughness ( p=0.059 ) . The order of surface roughness ranked according to composite was : Durafill < Esthet-X < Supreme < Z250 < Z100 ; and the ranking for the polishing system was : Pogo < Sof-Lex < Diacomp/Enamelize < Diacomp < ComposiPro brush < Jiffy . There was interaction of gloss values between the composites and the polishing systems ( p < 0.001 ) . The highest gloss value was recorded for Supreme + Pogo ; the lowest was recorded for Z100 + Jiffy . Pogo showed the highest gloss values for all composites . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The nanofill ( Supreme ) and minifill ( Esthet-X ) composites presented a surface roughness comparable to a microfill ( Durafill ) , independent of the polishing system used , and a gloss comparable to a microfill , when polished with a one-step system ( Pogo ) . As compared with the multiple-step systems , the smoothest surfaces and the highest gloss values were achieved using the one-step system ( Pogo ) for all the evaluated composites OBJECTIVES This in vitro study evaluated the surface roughness and microhardness of nanocomposites that contain nanoparticles and a microhybrid composite finished and polished with two different one-step polishing systems and a conventional multi-step polishing system . METHODS AND MATERIAL S The material s evaluated were Filtek Supreme XT , Gr and io , Ceram X , Aelite Aesthetic Enamel , Tetric EvoCeram and Filtek Z250 .  A total of 240 specimens ( 10-mm in diameter ,  
    Output:
    