human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Probiotics and prebiotics are considered to be beneficial to the gastrointestinal health of infants . OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate infant formulas containing probiotics and synbiotics ( combinations of probiotics and prebiotics ) for safety and tolerance . DESIGN In a prospect i ve , controlled , double-blind , r and omized trial , healthy full-term infants were exclusively fed a control formula or study formulas containing Bifidobacterium longum BL999 ( BL999 ) + Lactobacillus rhamnosus LPR ( LPR ) , BL999 + LPR + 4 g/L of 90 % galactooligosaccharide/10 % short-chain fructooligosaccharide ( GOS/SCFOS ) , or BL999 + Lactobacillus paracasei ST11 ( ST11 ) + 4 g/L GOS/SCFOS from < or = 2 to 16 wk of age ( treatment period ) . Safety and tolerance were assessed based on weight gain during the treatment period ( primary outcome ) as well as recumbent length , head circumference , digestive tolerance , and adverse events ( secondary outcomes ) , which were evaluated at 2 , 4 , 8 , 12 , 16 , and 52 wk of age . RESULTS Two hundred eighty-four infants were enrolled . During the treatment period , difference in mean weight gain between control and study formula groups in both the intention-to-treat and per- protocol population s were within the predefined equivalence boundaries of + /-3.9 g/d , indicating equivalent weight gain . Secondary outcomes did not show significant differences between groups during the treatment period . CONCLUSION Infants fed formulas containing probiotics or synbiotics show a similar rate in weight gain compared with those fed a control formula and tolerate these formulas well BACKGROUND It is debated whether a low total diversity of the gut microbiota in early childhood is more important than an altered prevalence of particular bacterial species for the increasing incidence of allergic disease . The advent of powerful , cultivation-free molecular methods makes it possible to characterize the total microbiome down to the genus level in large cohorts . OBJECTIVE We sought to assess microbial diversity and characterize the dominant bacteria in stool during the first year of life in relation to atopic eczema development . METHODS Microbial diversity and composition were analyzed with barcoded 16S rDNA 454-pyrosequencing in stool sample s at 1 week , 1 month , and 12 months of age in 20 infants with IgE-associated eczema and 20 infants without any allergic manifestation until 2 years of age ( Clinical Trials.gov ID NCT01285830 ) . RESULTS Infants with IgE-associated eczema had a lower diversity of the total microbiota at 1 month ( P = .004 ) and a lower diversity of the bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes and the genus Bacteroides at 1 month ( P = .02 and P = .01 ) and the phylum Proteobacteria at 12 months of age ( P = .02 ) . The microbiota was less uniform at 1 month than at 12 months of age , with a high interindividual variability . At 12 months , when the microbiota had stabilized , Proteobacteria , comprising gram-negative organisms , were more abundant in infants without allergic manifestation ( Empirical Analysis of Digital Gene Expression in R [ edgeR ] test : P = .008 , q = 0.02 ) . CONCLUSION Low intestinal microbial diversity during the first month of life was associated with subsequent atopic eczema Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more A reduced microbial load early in life has been suggested to be linked to the increasing prevalence of allergic diseases in the industrialized world . Some studies have indicated that probiotics may be effective in the prevention of eczema . In vitro studies indicate that probiotics have immunomodulatory effects . In the present study , we evaluated the effects of feeding Lactobacillus F19 during weaning on the incidence of eczema and Th1/Th2 balance . In a double-blind , placebo-controlled r and omized intervention trial , infants were fed cereals with ( n = 89 ) or without Lactobacillus F19 ( n = 90 ) from 4 to 13 months of age . We assessed the cumulative incidence of eczema at 13 months of age . The ratio of interferon-gamma ( IFN-gamma ) to interleukin 4 ( IL4 ) mRNA expression levels in polyclonally stimulated peripheral blood T cells was used as a proxy for immune balance . Total and specific IgE serum levels were also assessed . The cumulative incidence of eczema at 13 months was 11 % ( 4 - 17 % , 95 % CI ) and 22 % ( 13 - 31 % , 95 % CI ) in the probiotic and placebo groups , respectively ( p < 0.05 ) . The number needed to treat was 9 ( 6.5 - 11.5 , 95 % CI ) . At 13 months of age , the IFN-gamma/IL4 mRNA ratio was higher in the probiotic compared with the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) . In contrast , there were no differences between groups in serum concentrations of IgE. In summary , feeding Lactobacillus F19 during weaning could be an effective tool in the prevention of early manifestation of allergy , e.g. , eczema . The higher Th1/Th2 ratio in the probiotic compared with the placebo group suggests enhancing effects of Lactobacillus F19 on the T cell-mediated immune response Using a double blind r and omized placebo‐controlled trial ( Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry : ACTRN12607000518460 ) , we have shown that in a high risk birth cohort , maternal supplementation from 35 weeks gestation until 6 months if breastfeeding and infant supplementation until 2 years with Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 ( HN001 ) ( 6 × 109 cfu/day ) halved the cumulative prevalence of eczema by age 2 years . Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis HN019 ( HN019 ) ( 9 × 109 cfu/day ) had no effect Background Analyses of circulating chemokines offer novel tools to investigate the T helper (Th)1/Th2 imbalance in allergic disease in vivo Microbial exposure is necessary for the development of normal immune function , which has driven the idea of using probiotics for treatment and prevention of  immune-mediated diseases in infancy and childhood . Mounting evidence indicates that probiotics have immunomodulatory effects . However , the mechanisms are still poorly understood . Specific antibody response is a valuable proxy for immune system maturation status in infancy . We aim ed at determining the impact of Lactobacillus F19 ( LF19 ) during weaning on infections and IgG antibody responses to routine vaccines . In a double-blind , placebo-controlled r and omized intervention trial , infants were fed cereals with ( n = 89 ) or without LF19 ( n = 90 ) from 4 to 13 months of age . Infants were immunized with DTaP ( diphtheria and tetanus toxoid and acellular pertussis ) , polio and Hib-conjugate vaccines at ( 3 ) , 5(1/2 ) and 12 months of age . We assessed the number of days with infections , antibiotic prescriptions and antibody concentrations to Hib capsular polysaccharide ( HibPS ) , diphtheria toxin ( D ) and tetanus toxoid ( T ) before and after the second and third doses . Days with infectious symptoms did not differ between the groups . Days with antibiotic prescriptions were fewer in the LF19 group ( p = 0.044 ) . LF19 enhanced anti-D concentrations when adjusting for breastfeeding duration and colonization with LF19 ( p = 0.024 ) . There was an interaction of the intervention and colonization with LF19 on anti-T concentrations during the course of vaccination ( p = 0.035 ) . The anti-HibPS concentrations were higher after the first and second dose of Hib vaccine in infants breastfed < 6 months compared with those breastfed > or = 6 months ( p < 0.05 ) , with no effect by LF19 . In conclusion , feeding LF19 did not prevent infections , but increased the capacity to raise immune responses to protein antigens , with more pronounced effects in infants breastfed < 6 months Objectives : Breast-feeding induces a gut microbiota rich in bifidobacteria , whereas formula-fed babies have a more diverse colonization . This ecosystem contributes to the development of the immune response and the lower incidence of diarrhea and allergy in breast-fed infants . This r and omized double-blind controlled trial aim ed to evaluate the bifidogenic effect of a mainly whey protein study formula low in phosphate and protein , allowing a composition closer to that of human milk . Patients and Methods : One hundred ninety healthy infants exclusively received study formula with or without Bifidobacterium longum ( BL999 ) , or a control formula for up to 4 months . Breast-fed infants served as a reference population . Stool sample s collected at 2 months of age were analyzed for bacterial counts ( log colony-forming unit [CFU]/g ) . Results : Bifidobacteria counts were significantly higher in infants receiving the study formula alone ( 10.0[0.8 ] , P < 0.0001 , median [ interquartile range ] ) or with BL999 ( 9.8[1.4 ] , P < 0.01 ) than control ( 9.2[3.5 ] ) , and were similar to breast-fed infants ( 10.1[0.4 ] , P > 0.05 ) . The difference between the 2 study groups was 0.16 log CFU/g ( 90 % confidence interval [ CI ] [ 0–0.4 ] ) , within the predefined equivalence margin . Microbiota profile , as a percentage of total bacteria counts , showed about 50 % Bifidobacteria , 8 % Enterobacteria , and < 10 % Clostridia in study formulae and breast-fed infants versus 22 % , 13 % , and 19 % in controls , respectively . There were no significant differences in growth measurements , digestive tolerance , and adverse events between groups . Conclusions : This study showed that infant formula closer resembling human milk was more bifidogenic than the control formula and led to a microbiota profile similar to that for breast-fed infants BACKGROUND The role of probiotics in prevention of allergic disease is still not clearly established , although early reports suggested Lactobacillus GG halved the risk of eczema at 2 years . OBJECTIVE To determine whether probiotic supplementation in early life could prevent development of eczema and atopy at 2 years . METHODS Double-blind , r and omized placebo-controlled trial of infants at risk of allergic disease . Pregnant women were r and omized to take Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 ( L rhamnosus ) , Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis strain HN019 or placebo daily from 35 weeks gestation until 6 months if breast-feeding , and their infants were r and omized to receive the same treatment from birth to 2 years ( n = 474 ) . The infant 's cumulative prevalence of eczema and point prevalence of atopy , using skin prick tests to common allergens , was assessed at 2 years . RESULTS Infants receiving L rhamnosus had a significantly ( P = .01 ) reduced risk of eczema ( hazard ratio [ HR ] , 0.51 ; 95 % CI , 0.30 - 0.85 ) compared with placebo , but this was not the case for B animalis subsp lactis ( HR , 0.90 ; 95 % CI , 0.58 - 1.41 ) . There was no significant effect of L rhamnosus ( HR , 0.74 ; 95 % CI , 0.46 - 1.18 ) or B animalis subsp lactis ( HR , 0.82 ; 95 % CI , 0.52 - 1.28 ) on atopy . L rhamnosus ( 71.5 % ) was more likely than B animalis subsp lactis ( 22.6 % ) to be present in the feces at 3 months , although detection rates were similar by 24 months . CONCLUSION We found that supplementation with L rhamnosus , but not B animalis subsp lactis , substantially reduced the cumulative prevalence of eczema , but not atopy , by 2 years . Underst and ing how Lactobacilli act to prevent eczema requires further investigation Lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria are increasingly being administered to pregnant women and infants with the intention of improving health . Although these organisms have a long record of safe use , it is important to identify any adverse effects in potentially vulnerable population s. In a r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled trial , we evaluated the safety of a bacterial dietary supplement for the prevention 
    Output:
    
agent
We found no evidence to support a protective association between perinatal use of probiotics and doctor diagnosed asthma or childhood wheeze .
R and omised controlled trials to date have not yielded sufficient evidence to recommend probiotics for the primary prevention of these disorders .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Probiotics and prebiotics are considered to be beneficial to the gastrointestinal health of infants . OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate infant formulas containing probiotics and synbiotics ( combinations of probiotics and prebiotics ) for safety and tolerance . DESIGN In a prospect i ve , controlled , double-blind , r and omized trial , healthy full-term infants were exclusively fed a control formula or study formulas containing Bifidobacterium longum BL999 ( BL999 ) + Lactobacillus rhamnosus LPR ( LPR ) , BL999 + LPR + 4 g/L of 90 % galactooligosaccharide/10 % short-chain fructooligosaccharide ( GOS/SCFOS ) , or BL999 + Lactobacillus paracasei ST11 ( ST11 ) + 4 g/L GOS/SCFOS from < or = 2 to 16 wk of age ( treatment period ) . Safety and tolerance were assessed based on weight gain during the treatment period ( primary outcome ) as well as recumbent length , head circumference , digestive tolerance , and adverse events ( secondary outcomes ) , which were evaluated at 2 , 4 , 8 , 12 , 16 , and 52 wk of age . RESULTS Two hundred eighty-four infants were enrolled . During the treatment period , difference in mean weight gain between control and study formula groups in both the intention-to-treat and per- protocol population s were within the predefined equivalence boundaries of + /-3.9 g/d , indicating equivalent weight gain . Secondary outcomes did not show significant differences between groups during the treatment period . CONCLUSION Infants fed formulas containing probiotics or synbiotics show a similar rate in weight gain compared with those fed a control formula and tolerate these formulas well BACKGROUND It is debated whether a low total diversity of the gut microbiota in early childhood is more important than an altered prevalence of particular bacterial species for the increasing incidence of allergic disease . The advent of powerful , cultivation-free molecular methods makes it possible to characterize the total microbiome down to the genus level in large cohorts . OBJECTIVE We sought to assess microbial diversity and characterize the dominant bacteria in stool during the first year of life in relation to atopic eczema development . METHODS Microbial diversity and composition were analyzed with barcoded 16S rDNA 454-pyrosequencing in stool sample s at 1 week , 1 month , and 12 months of age in 20 infants with IgE-associated eczema and 20 infants without any allergic manifestation until 2 years of age ( Clinical Trials.gov ID NCT01285830 ) . RESULTS Infants with IgE-associated eczema had a lower diversity of the total microbiota at 1 month ( P = .004 ) and a lower diversity of the bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes and the genus Bacteroides at 1 month ( P = .02 and P = .01 ) and the phylum Proteobacteria at 12 months of age ( P = .02 ) . The microbiota was less uniform at 1 month than at 12 months of age , with a high interindividual variability . At 12 months , when the microbiota had stabilized , Proteobacteria , comprising gram-negative organisms , were more abundant in infants without allergic manifestation ( Empirical Analysis of Digital Gene Expression in R [ edgeR ] test : P = .008 , q = 0.02 ) . CONCLUSION Low intestinal microbial diversity during the first month of life was associated with subsequent atopic eczema Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more A reduced microbial load early in life has been suggested to be linked to the increasing prevalence of allergic diseases in the industrialized world . Some studies have indicated that probiotics may be effective in the prevention of eczema . In vitro studies indicate that probiotics have immunomodulatory effects . In the present study , we evaluated the effects of feeding Lactobacillus F19 during weaning on the incidence of eczema and Th1/Th2 balance . In a double-blind , placebo-controlled r and omized intervention trial , infants were fed cereals with ( n = 89 ) or without Lactobacillus F19 ( n = 90 ) from 4 to 13 months of age . We assessed the cumulative incidence of eczema at 13 months of age . The ratio of interferon-gamma ( IFN-gamma ) to interleukin 4 ( IL4 ) mRNA expression levels in polyclonally stimulated peripheral blood T cells was used as a proxy for immune balance . Total and specific IgE serum levels were also assessed . The cumulative incidence of eczema at 13 months was 11 % ( 4 - 17 % , 95 % CI ) and 22 % ( 13 - 31 % , 95 % CI ) in the probiotic and placebo groups , respectively ( p < 0.05 ) . The number needed to treat was 9 ( 6.5 - 11.5 , 95 % CI ) . At 13 months of age , the IFN-gamma/IL4 mRNA ratio was higher in the probiotic compared with the placebo group ( p < 0.05 ) . In contrast , there were no differences between groups in serum concentrations of IgE. In summary , feeding Lactobacillus F19 during weaning could be an effective tool in the prevention of early manifestation of allergy , e.g. , eczema . The higher Th1/Th2 ratio in the probiotic compared with the placebo group suggests enhancing effects of Lactobacillus F19 on the T cell-mediated immune response Using a double blind r and omized placebo‐controlled trial ( Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry : ACTRN12607000518460 ) , we have shown that in a high risk birth cohort , maternal supplementation from 35 weeks gestation until 6 months if breastfeeding and infant supplementation until 2 years with Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 ( HN001 ) ( 6 × 109 cfu/day ) halved the cumulative prevalence of eczema by age 2 years . Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis HN019 ( HN019 ) ( 9 × 109 cfu/day ) had no effect Background Analyses of circulating chemokines offer novel tools to investigate the T helper (Th)1/Th2 imbalance in allergic disease in vivo Microbial exposure is necessary for the development of normal immune function , which has driven the idea of using probiotics for treatment and prevention of  immune-mediated diseases in infancy and childhood . Mounting evidence indicates that probiotics have immunomodulatory effects . However , the mechanisms are still poorly understood . Specific antibody response is a valuable proxy for immune system maturation status in infancy . We aim ed at determining the impact of Lactobacillus F19 ( LF19 ) during weaning on infections and IgG antibody responses to routine vaccines . In a double-blind , placebo-controlled r and omized intervention trial , infants were fed cereals with ( n = 89 ) or without LF19 ( n = 90 ) from 4 to 13 months of age . Infants were immunized with DTaP ( diphtheria and tetanus toxoid and acellular pertussis ) , polio and Hib-conjugate vaccines at ( 3 ) , 5(1/2 ) and 12 months of age . We assessed the number of days with infections , antibiotic prescriptions and antibody concentrations to Hib capsular polysaccharide ( HibPS ) , diphtheria toxin ( D ) and tetanus toxoid ( T ) before and after the second and third doses . Days with infectious symptoms did not differ between the groups . Days with antibiotic prescriptions were fewer in the LF19 group ( p = 0.044 ) . LF19 enhanced anti-D concentrations when adjusting for breastfeeding duration and colonization with LF19 ( p = 0.024 ) . There was an interaction of the intervention and colonization with LF19 on anti-T concentrations during the course of vaccination ( p = 0.035 ) . The anti-HibPS concentrations were higher after the first and second dose of Hib vaccine in infants breastfed < 6 months compared with those breastfed > or = 6 months ( p < 0.05 ) , with no effect by LF19 . In conclusion , feeding LF19 did not prevent infections , but increased the capacity to raise immune responses to protein antigens , with more pronounced effects in infants breastfed < 6 months Objectives : Breast-feeding induces a gut microbiota rich in bifidobacteria , whereas formula-fed babies have a more diverse colonization . This ecosystem contributes to the development of the immune response and the lower incidence of diarrhea and allergy in breast-fed infants . This r and omized double-blind controlled trial aim ed to evaluate the bifidogenic effect of a mainly whey protein study formula low in phosphate and protein , allowing a composition closer to that of human milk . Patients and Methods : One hundred ninety healthy infants exclusively received study formula with or without Bifidobacterium longum ( BL999 ) , or a control formula for up to 4 months . Breast-fed infants served as a reference population . Stool sample s collected at 2 months of age were analyzed for bacterial counts ( log colony-forming unit [CFU]/g ) . Results : Bifidobacteria counts were significantly higher in infants receiving the study formula alone ( 10.0[0.8 ] , P < 0.0001 , median [ interquartile range ] ) or with BL999 ( 9.8[1.4 ] , P < 0.01 ) than control ( 9.2[3.5 ] ) , and were similar to breast-fed infants ( 10.1[0.4 ] , P > 0.05 ) . The difference between the 2 study groups was 0.16 log CFU/g ( 90 % confidence interval [ CI ] [ 0–0.4 ] ) , within the predefined equivalence margin . Microbiota profile , as a percentage of total bacteria counts , showed about 50 % Bifidobacteria , 8 % Enterobacteria , and < 10 % Clostridia in study formulae and breast-fed infants versus 22 % , 13 % , and 19 % in controls , respectively . There were no significant differences in growth measurements , digestive tolerance , and adverse events between groups . Conclusions : This study showed that infant formula closer resembling human milk was more bifidogenic than the control formula and led to a microbiota profile similar to that for breast-fed infants BACKGROUND The role of probiotics in prevention of allergic disease is still not clearly established , although early reports suggested Lactobacillus GG halved the risk of eczema at 2 years . OBJECTIVE To determine whether probiotic supplementation in early life could prevent development of eczema and atopy at 2 years . METHODS Double-blind , r and omized placebo-controlled trial of infants at risk of allergic disease . Pregnant women were r and omized to take Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 ( L rhamnosus ) , Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis strain HN019 or placebo daily from 35 weeks gestation until 6 months if breast-feeding , and their infants were r and omized to receive the same treatment from birth to 2 years ( n = 474 ) . The infant 's cumulative prevalence of eczema and point prevalence of atopy , using skin prick tests to common allergens , was assessed at 2 years . RESULTS Infants receiving L rhamnosus had a significantly ( P = .01 ) reduced risk of eczema ( hazard ratio [ HR ] , 0.51 ; 95 % CI , 0.30 - 0.85 ) compared with placebo , but this was not the case for B animalis subsp lactis ( HR , 0.90 ; 95 % CI , 0.58 - 1.41 ) . There was no significant effect of L rhamnosus ( HR , 0.74 ; 95 % CI , 0.46 - 1.18 ) or B animalis subsp lactis ( HR , 0.82 ; 95 % CI , 0.52 - 1.28 ) on atopy . L rhamnosus ( 71.5 % ) was more likely than B animalis subsp lactis ( 22.6 % ) to be present in the feces at 3 months , although detection rates were similar by 24 months . CONCLUSION We found that supplementation with L rhamnosus , but not B animalis subsp lactis , substantially reduced the cumulative prevalence of eczema , but not atopy , by 2 years . Underst and ing how Lactobacilli act to prevent eczema requires further investigation Lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria are increasingly being administered to pregnant women and infants with the intention of improving health . Although these organisms have a long record of safe use , it is important to identify any adverse effects in potentially vulnerable population s. In a r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled trial , we evaluated the safety of a bacterial dietary supplement for the prevention 
    Output:
    