human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To our knowledge , no reports are available indicating the favorable effects of synbiotic bread consumption on blood lipid profiles among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the daily consumption of synbiotic bread on blood lipid profiles of patients with T2DM . This r and omized double-blinded controlled clinical trial was performed with 78 diabetic patients , aged 35–70 years . After a 2-week run-in period , subjects were r and omly assigned to consume either synbiotic ( n = 26 ) , probiotic ( n = 26 ) or control bread ( n = 26 ) for 8 weeks . The synbiotic bread contained viable and heat-resistant probiotic Lactobacillus sporogenes ( 1 × 108 CFU ) and 0.07 g inulin ( HPX ) as prebiotic per 1 g. The probiotic bread contained L. sporogenes ( 1 × 108 CFU ) per 1 g. Patients were asked to consume the synbiotic , probiotic and control breads three times a day in a 40 g package for a total of 120 g/day . Biochemical measurements including blood lipid profiles were conducted before and after 8 weeks of intervention . Consumption of the synbiotic bread , compared to the probiotic and control breads , led to a significant decrease in serum TAG ( P = 0.005 ) , VLDL-C ( P = 0.005 ) , TC/HDL-C ( P = 0.002 ) and a significant increase in serum HDL-C levels ( P = 0.01 ) . No significant effect of synbiotic bread consumption on FPG , TC , LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels was seen compared to the probiotic and control breads ( P > 0.05 ) . Trial registry code : http://www.i rct .ir I RCT 201311215623N13 BACKGROUND The short-chain fatty acids formed in the human colon by the bacterial fermentation of fiber may have an antiinflammatory effect , may reduce insulin production , and may improve lipid metabolism . We previously showed in hypercholesterolemic patients that supplementation with the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum 299v significantly lowers concentrations of LDL cholesterol and fibrinogen . OBJECTIVE We determined the influence of a functional food product containing L. plantarum 299v on lipid profiles , inflammatory markers , and monocyte function in heavy smokers . DESIGN Thirty-six healthy volunteers ( 18 women and 18 men ) aged 35 - 45 y participated in a controlled , r and omized , double-blind trial . The experimental group drank 400 mL/d of a rose-hip drink containing L. plantarum 299v ( 5 x 10(7 ) colony-forming units/mL ) ; the control group consumed the same volume of product without bacteria . The experiment lasted 6 wk and entailed no changes in lifestyle . RESULTS Significant decreases in systolic blood pressure ( P < 0.000 ) , leptin ( P < 0.000 ) , and fibrinogen ( P < 0.001 ) were recorded in the experimental group . No such changes were observed in the control group . Decreases in F(2)-isoprostanes ( 37 % ) and interleukin 6 ( 42 % ) were also noted in the experimental group in comparison with baseline . Monocytes isolated from subjects treated with L. plantarum showed significantly reduced adhesion ( P < 0.001 ) to native and stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells . CONCLUSION L. plantarum administration leads to a reduction in cardiovascular disease risk factors and could be useful as a protective agent in the primary prevention of atherosclerosis in smokers A placebo-controlled study was conducted to test the effect of Calpis ( Calpis Food Industry Co , Ltd , Tokyo , Japan ) sour milk , i.e. , a milk fermented with a starter containing Lactobacillus helveticus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae , on the blood pressure of 30 elderly hypertensive patients , most of whom were taking antihypertensive medication . Subjects were r and omly assigned to two groups . One group ingested daily 95 mL of the sour milk for 8 wk , and the other group ingested the same amount of artificially acidified milk as a placebo for 8 wk . In the sour-milk group , systolic blood pressure decreased significantly 4 and 8 wk after ingestion , by 9.4 + /- 3.6 mm Hg ( mean+/- SE , P < 0.05 ) and 14.1 + /- 3.1 mm Hg ( P < 0.01 ) , respectively . The diastolic blood pressure also decreased significantly , by 6.9 + /- 2.2 mm Hg ( P < 0.01 ) , by 8 wk after ingestion of the sour milk began . No significant changes in blood pressure were observed in the placebo group . The decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the sour-milk group tended to be greater than in the placebo group . No marked changes were observed in other indexes , including pulse rate , body weight , and blood serum variables in both groups BACKGROUND & AIMS Radical radiation therapy is commonly used for treatment of pelvic cancer . Up to 80 % of patients receiving radiotherapy will develop acute radiation induced diarrhea . The primary aim of this r and omized double blind controlled trial is to evaluate the effect of the probiotic Bifilact ( ® ) on moderate and severe treatment-induced diarrhea during pelvic radiation . METHODS Patients with pelvic cancers were treated between 2006 and 2010 at L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec , University Health Center . Some patients had surgery before pelvic radiotherapy and some received chemotherapy .  A total of 246 Patients were r and omized between a placebo and either of two regiments of double strain Bifilact ( ® ) probiotics ( Lactobacillus acidophilus LAC-361 and Bifidobacterium longum BB-536 ) : a st and ard dose twice a day ( 1.3 billion CFU ) or a high dose three times a day ( 10 billion CFU ) . Patients were trained to record their digestive symptoms daily with a st and ardized scale and they met a registered dietician and radiation oncologist every week during treatment . The main analysis compared time to first appearance of grade ≥2 - 3 - 4 diarrhea using Kaplan-Meier curves as measured by proportion of patients without moderate and severe diarrhea . RESULTS 229 patients were analyzed . The difference between the groups for overall grade 2 - 3 - 4 diarrhea was not statistically significant ( p = 0.13 ) . However at 60 days , the proportion of patients without moderate and severe diarrhea in the st and ard dose group ( 35 % ) was more than twice as high as that of the placebo group ( 17 % ) with a hazard ratio of 0.69 ( p = 0.04 ) . In patients who had surgery , the st and ard probiotics dose group had a better proportion of patients without very severe diarrhea than the placebo group , respectively 97 % and 74 % ( p = 0.03 ) . In all groups , the average number of bowel movements per day during treatment was less than 3 soft stools ( p = 0.80 ) and the median abdominal pain less than 1 based on the National Cancer Institute scale ( p = 0.23 ) . CONCLUSION St and ard dose of Bifilact ( ® ) may reduce radiation induced grade 2 - 3 - 4 diarrhea at the end of the treatment of patients with pelvic cancer . In patients operated on before RT , a st and ard dose of probiotics may reduce radiation induced grade 4 diarrhea . Nutritional interventions by a registered dietician seemed to reduce global digestive symptoms . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov . Identifier NCT01839721 Background The consumption of foods containing probiotic and prebiotic ingredients is growing consistently every year , and in view of the limited number of studies investigating their effect in the elderly . Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of a symbiotic shake containing Lactobacillus acidophilus , Bifidobacterium bifidum and fructooligosaccharides on glycemia and cholesterol levels in elderly people . Methods A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study was conducted on twenty volunteers ( ten for placebo group and ten for symbiotic group ) , aged 50 to 60 years . The criteria for inclusion in the study were : total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL ; triglycerides > 200 mg/dL and glycemia > 110 mg/dL. Over a total test period of 30 days , 10 individuals ( the symbiotic group ) consumed a daily dose of 200 mL of a symbiotic shake containing 108 UFC/mL Lactobacillus acidophilus , 108 UFC/mL Bifidobacterium bifidum and 2 g oligofructose , while 10 other volunteers ( the  placebo group ) drank daily the same amount of a shake that did not contain any symbiotic bacteria . Blood sample s were collected 15 days prior to the start of the experiment and at 10-day intervals after the beginning of the shake intake . The st and ard lipid profile ( total cholesterol , triglycerides and HDL cholesterol ) and glycemia , or blood sugar levels , were evaluated by an enzyme colorimetric assay . Results The results of the symbiotic group showed a non-significant reduction ( P > 0.05 ) in total cholesterol and triglycerides , a significant increase ( P < 0.05 ) in HDL cholesterol and a significant reduction ( P < 0.05 ) in fasting glycemia . No significant changes were observed in the placebo group . Conclusion The consumption of symbiotic shake result ed in a significant increase in HDL and a significant decrease of glycemia . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov : Background : Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis ( NASH ) is a clinicopathological entity that is being recognized more frequently in recent years . This study aim ed to evaluate the effects of Metformin , with and without a probiotic supplement on liver aminotransferases in patients with NASH . Methods : Sixty four patients 18 - 75 years with NASH confirmed by biopsy and histological assessment were enrolled to study . Patients were r and omized to one of the following treatments for 6 months : Group I , probiotic ( Protexin two tablets per day ) plus Metformin 500 mg two tablets per day ( Met/Pro ) , or group II , Metformin 500 mg two tablets per day plus two placebo tablet ( Met/P ) . After 6 month alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) , aspartate aminotransferase , and ultrasound grading of NASH were assessed . Results : In group I , serum alanine aminotransferase ( ALT : 133.7 ± 70 vs. 45.2 ± 32.5 ; P < 0.00 ) , and aspartate aminotransferase activity ( AST : 123.1 ± 72 vs. 44.2 ± 33.9 ; P < 0.001 ) , and ultrasound grading of NASH ( P < 0.001 ) all decreased significantly by the end of the treatment period . In group II , while serum alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) was not significantly reduced ( 118.4 ± 67.9 vs. 112.5 ± 68.7 ; P < 0.064 ) , aspartate aminotransferase activity ( AST : 125.3 ± 71 vs. 113.4 ± 71 ; P < 0.001 ) , and ultrasound grading of NASH did fall significantly ( P < 0.01 ) . Body mass index ( BMI ) , fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) , cholesterol , and triglyceride fell significantly in both groups . Conclusions : Probiotic combination with Metformin improves liver aminotransferases better than metformin alone in patients with NASH BACKGROUND Sulfonylurea drugs have been the only oral therapy available for patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) in the United States . Recently , however , metformin has been approved for the treatment of NIDDM . METHODS We performed two large , r and omized , parallel-group , double-blind , controlled studies in which metformin or another treatment was given for 29 weeks to moderately obese patients with NIDDM whose diabetes was inadequately controlled by diet ( protocol 1 : metformin vs. placebo ; 289 patients ) , or diet plus glyburide ( protocol 2 :  metformin and glyburide vs. metformin vs. glyburide  ; 632 patients ) . To determine efficacy we measured plasma glucose ( while the patients were fasting and after the oral administration of glucose ) , lactate , lipids , insulin , and glycosylated hemoglobin before , during , and at the end of the study . RESULTS In protocol 1 , at the end of the study the 143 patients in the metformin group , as compared with the 146 patients in the placebo group , 
    Output:
    
agent
A greater reduction in BMI was found with multiple species of probiotics .
Consuming probiotics  could reduce body weight and BMI , with a potentially greater effect when multiple species of probiotics were consumed , the duration of intervention was ≥8 weeks , or the objects were overweight
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: To our knowledge , no reports are available indicating the favorable effects of synbiotic bread consumption on blood lipid profiles among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the daily consumption of synbiotic bread on blood lipid profiles of patients with T2DM . This r and omized double-blinded controlled clinical trial was performed with 78 diabetic patients , aged 35–70 years . After a 2-week run-in period , subjects were r and omly assigned to consume either synbiotic ( n = 26 ) , probiotic ( n = 26 ) or control bread ( n = 26 ) for 8 weeks . The synbiotic bread contained viable and heat-resistant probiotic Lactobacillus sporogenes ( 1 × 108 CFU ) and 0.07 g inulin ( HPX ) as prebiotic per 1 g. The probiotic bread contained L. sporogenes ( 1 × 108 CFU ) per 1 g. Patients were asked to consume the synbiotic , probiotic and control breads three times a day in a 40 g package for a total of 120 g/day . Biochemical measurements including blood lipid profiles were conducted before and after 8 weeks of intervention . Consumption of the synbiotic bread , compared to the probiotic and control breads , led to a significant decrease in serum TAG ( P = 0.005 ) , VLDL-C ( P = 0.005 ) , TC/HDL-C ( P = 0.002 ) and a significant increase in serum HDL-C levels ( P = 0.01 ) . No significant effect of synbiotic bread consumption on FPG , TC , LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels was seen compared to the probiotic and control breads ( P > 0.05 ) . Trial registry code : http://www.i rct .ir I RCT 201311215623N13 BACKGROUND The short-chain fatty acids formed in the human colon by the bacterial fermentation of fiber may have an antiinflammatory effect , may reduce insulin production , and may improve lipid metabolism . We previously showed in hypercholesterolemic patients that supplementation with the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum 299v significantly lowers concentrations of LDL cholesterol and fibrinogen . OBJECTIVE We determined the influence of a functional food product containing L. plantarum 299v on lipid profiles , inflammatory markers , and monocyte function in heavy smokers . DESIGN Thirty-six healthy volunteers ( 18 women and 18 men ) aged 35 - 45 y participated in a controlled , r and omized , double-blind trial . The experimental group drank 400 mL/d of a rose-hip drink containing L. plantarum 299v ( 5 x 10(7 ) colony-forming units/mL ) ; the control group consumed the same volume of product without bacteria . The experiment lasted 6 wk and entailed no changes in lifestyle . RESULTS Significant decreases in systolic blood pressure ( P < 0.000 ) , leptin ( P < 0.000 ) , and fibrinogen ( P < 0.001 ) were recorded in the experimental group . No such changes were observed in the control group . Decreases in F(2)-isoprostanes ( 37 % ) and interleukin 6 ( 42 % ) were also noted in the experimental group in comparison with baseline . Monocytes isolated from subjects treated with L. plantarum showed significantly reduced adhesion ( P < 0.001 ) to native and stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells . CONCLUSION L. plantarum administration leads to a reduction in cardiovascular disease risk factors and could be useful as a protective agent in the primary prevention of atherosclerosis in smokers A placebo-controlled study was conducted to test the effect of Calpis ( Calpis Food Industry Co , Ltd , Tokyo , Japan ) sour milk , i.e. , a milk fermented with a starter containing Lactobacillus helveticus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae , on the blood pressure of 30 elderly hypertensive patients , most of whom were taking antihypertensive medication . Subjects were r and omly assigned to two groups . One group ingested daily 95 mL of the sour milk for 8 wk , and the other group ingested the same amount of artificially acidified milk as a placebo for 8 wk . In the sour-milk group , systolic blood pressure decreased significantly 4 and 8 wk after ingestion , by 9.4 + /- 3.6 mm Hg ( mean+/- SE , P < 0.05 ) and 14.1 + /- 3.1 mm Hg ( P < 0.01 ) , respectively . The diastolic blood pressure also decreased significantly , by 6.9 + /- 2.2 mm Hg ( P < 0.01 ) , by 8 wk after ingestion of the sour milk began . No significant changes in blood pressure were observed in the placebo group . The decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the sour-milk group tended to be greater than in the placebo group . No marked changes were observed in other indexes , including pulse rate , body weight , and blood serum variables in both groups BACKGROUND & AIMS Radical radiation therapy is commonly used for treatment of pelvic cancer . Up to 80 % of patients receiving radiotherapy will develop acute radiation induced diarrhea . The primary aim of this r and omized double blind controlled trial is to evaluate the effect of the probiotic Bifilact ( ® ) on moderate and severe treatment-induced diarrhea during pelvic radiation . METHODS Patients with pelvic cancers were treated between 2006 and 2010 at L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec , University Health Center . Some patients had surgery before pelvic radiotherapy and some received chemotherapy .  A total of 246 Patients were r and omized between a placebo and either of two regiments of double strain Bifilact ( ® ) probiotics ( Lactobacillus acidophilus LAC-361 and Bifidobacterium longum BB-536 ) : a st and ard dose twice a day ( 1.3 billion CFU ) or a high dose three times a day ( 10 billion CFU ) . Patients were trained to record their digestive symptoms daily with a st and ardized scale and they met a registered dietician and radiation oncologist every week during treatment . The main analysis compared time to first appearance of grade ≥2 - 3 - 4 diarrhea using Kaplan-Meier curves as measured by proportion of patients without moderate and severe diarrhea . RESULTS 229 patients were analyzed . The difference between the groups for overall grade 2 - 3 - 4 diarrhea was not statistically significant ( p = 0.13 ) . However at 60 days , the proportion of patients without moderate and severe diarrhea in the st and ard dose group ( 35 % ) was more than twice as high as that of the placebo group ( 17 % ) with a hazard ratio of 0.69 ( p = 0.04 ) . In patients who had surgery , the st and ard probiotics dose group had a better proportion of patients without very severe diarrhea than the placebo group , respectively 97 % and 74 % ( p = 0.03 ) . In all groups , the average number of bowel movements per day during treatment was less than 3 soft stools ( p = 0.80 ) and the median abdominal pain less than 1 based on the National Cancer Institute scale ( p = 0.23 ) . CONCLUSION St and ard dose of Bifilact ( ® ) may reduce radiation induced grade 2 - 3 - 4 diarrhea at the end of the treatment of patients with pelvic cancer . In patients operated on before RT , a st and ard dose of probiotics may reduce radiation induced grade 4 diarrhea . Nutritional interventions by a registered dietician seemed to reduce global digestive symptoms . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov . Identifier NCT01839721 Background The consumption of foods containing probiotic and prebiotic ingredients is growing consistently every year , and in view of the limited number of studies investigating their effect in the elderly . Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of a symbiotic shake containing Lactobacillus acidophilus , Bifidobacterium bifidum and fructooligosaccharides on glycemia and cholesterol levels in elderly people . Methods A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study was conducted on twenty volunteers ( ten for placebo group and ten for symbiotic group ) , aged 50 to 60 years . The criteria for inclusion in the study were : total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL ; triglycerides > 200 mg/dL and glycemia > 110 mg/dL. Over a total test period of 30 days , 10 individuals ( the symbiotic group ) consumed a daily dose of 200 mL of a symbiotic shake containing 108 UFC/mL Lactobacillus acidophilus , 108 UFC/mL Bifidobacterium bifidum and 2 g oligofructose , while 10 other volunteers ( the  placebo group ) drank daily the same amount of a shake that did not contain any symbiotic bacteria . Blood sample s were collected 15 days prior to the start of the experiment and at 10-day intervals after the beginning of the shake intake . The st and ard lipid profile ( total cholesterol , triglycerides and HDL cholesterol ) and glycemia , or blood sugar levels , were evaluated by an enzyme colorimetric assay . Results The results of the symbiotic group showed a non-significant reduction ( P > 0.05 ) in total cholesterol and triglycerides , a significant increase ( P < 0.05 ) in HDL cholesterol and a significant reduction ( P < 0.05 ) in fasting glycemia . No significant changes were observed in the placebo group . Conclusion The consumption of symbiotic shake result ed in a significant increase in HDL and a significant decrease of glycemia . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov : Background : Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis ( NASH ) is a clinicopathological entity that is being recognized more frequently in recent years . This study aim ed to evaluate the effects of Metformin , with and without a probiotic supplement on liver aminotransferases in patients with NASH . Methods : Sixty four patients 18 - 75 years with NASH confirmed by biopsy and histological assessment were enrolled to study . Patients were r and omized to one of the following treatments for 6 months : Group I , probiotic ( Protexin two tablets per day ) plus Metformin 500 mg two tablets per day ( Met/Pro ) , or group II , Metformin 500 mg two tablets per day plus two placebo tablet ( Met/P ) . After 6 month alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) , aspartate aminotransferase , and ultrasound grading of NASH were assessed . Results : In group I , serum alanine aminotransferase ( ALT : 133.7 ± 70 vs. 45.2 ± 32.5 ; P < 0.00 ) , and aspartate aminotransferase activity ( AST : 123.1 ± 72 vs. 44.2 ± 33.9 ; P < 0.001 ) , and ultrasound grading of NASH ( P < 0.001 ) all decreased significantly by the end of the treatment period . In group II , while serum alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) was not significantly reduced ( 118.4 ± 67.9 vs. 112.5 ± 68.7 ; P < 0.064 ) , aspartate aminotransferase activity ( AST : 125.3 ± 71 vs. 113.4 ± 71 ; P < 0.001 ) , and ultrasound grading of NASH did fall significantly ( P < 0.01 ) . Body mass index ( BMI ) , fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) , cholesterol , and triglyceride fell significantly in both groups . Conclusions : Probiotic combination with Metformin improves liver aminotransferases better than metformin alone in patients with NASH BACKGROUND Sulfonylurea drugs have been the only oral therapy available for patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) in the United States . Recently , however , metformin has been approved for the treatment of NIDDM . METHODS We performed two large , r and omized , parallel-group , double-blind , controlled studies in which metformin or another treatment was given for 29 weeks to moderately obese patients with NIDDM whose diabetes was inadequately controlled by diet ( protocol 1 : metformin vs. placebo ; 289 patients ) , or diet plus glyburide ( protocol 2 :  metformin and glyburide vs. metformin vs. glyburide  ; 632 patients ) . To determine efficacy we measured plasma glucose ( while the patients were fasting and after the oral administration of glucose ) , lactate , lipids , insulin , and glycosylated hemoglobin before , during , and at the end of the study . RESULTS In protocol 1 , at the end of the study the 143 patients in the metformin group , as compared with the 146 patients in the placebo group , 
    Output:
    