human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIM To analyse the influence of exposure of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) with and without calcium chloride ( CaCl2 ) to phosphate-buffered saline ( PBS ) on the push-out bond strength , over different experimental periods . METHODOLOGY One hundred and twenty dentine discs with st and ardized cavities were filled with MTA with and without 10 % CaCl2 . The specimens were r and omly divided as follows ( n = 30 ) : ( G1 ) MTA in contact with a moistened cotton pellet , ( G2 ) MTA immersed in PBS , ( G3 ) MTA + CaCl2 in contact with a moistened cotton pellet and ( G4 ) MTA + CaCl2 immersed in PBS . The sample s were stored for 3 , 28 and 60 days . The bond strengths were measured with the Instron Testing machine . Data were analysed using the three-way anova and Tukey test ( P < 0.05 ) . RESULTS In general , the sample s of MTA with and without CaCl2 , exposed to PBS , had higher bond strength values in all study periods ( P < 0.05 ) . Analysis of the influence of addition of CaCl2  to MTA ( G1 × G3 ) evidence d significant differences in bond strength in the different periods ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The exposure of MTA to PBS positively influenced the push-out bond strength , whereas the addition of CaCl2 had a negative influence INTRODUCTION Calcium silicate-based sealers are known to have excellent sealing ability and bioactivities . They are typically recommended to be used in a single-cone ( SC ) technique . No studies have evaluated the effects of the thermoplastic obturation technique on the dentin interface of these sealers . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the push-out bond strengths of MTA Plus Sealer ( Avalon Biomed Inc , Bradenton , FL ) and EndoSequence BC Sealer ( BC ; Brasseler USA , Savannah , GA ) when they were used in a thermoplastic technique . METHODS Fifty single-rooted human extracted teeth were r and omly divided into 5 groups ( n = 10 ) , instrumented , and obturated with the SC technique or continuous wave ( CW ) technique : group 1 , BC-SC ; group 2 , BC-CW ; group 3 , MTA Plus-SC ; group 4 , MTA Plus-CW ; and group 5 , AH Plus ( Dentsply DeTrey , Konstanz , Germany)-CW . The roots were sectioned into 1.0-mm-thick slices , and bond strengths were measured using a st and ardized push-out test . The mode of failure was determined by visual inspection under magnification . RESULTS The MTA Plus-CW had statistically significant lower bond strengths than all other groups . The BC-SC group had statistically higher bond strengths than the MTA Plus-SC and AH Plus-CW groups . No significant differences were seen among the other groups . Modes of failure were predominately cohesive or mixed except for group 4 ( ie , MTA Plus-CW ) in which nearly half the specimens had no visible sealer . CONCLUSIONS BC and MTA Plus sealer showed favorable bond strengths when used in an SC technique . The CW obturation technique decreased the bond strengths of these sealers AIM This study aim ed to evaluate the push-out bond strength of NeoMTA Plus ( NMTA ) , EndoSequence root repair material fast set putty ( ERRMF ) , biodentine ( BD ) , and ProRoot white mineral trioxide aggregate ( PMTA ) when used as perforation repair material s after exposure to 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) during the early setting phase . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Horizontal midroot sections were prepared from single-rooted human teeth . Sections ( n = 144 ) were r and omly divided into four groups : PMTA , BD , NMTA , and ERRMF . Material s were condensed and allowed to set for 10 minutes . The groups were further divided into two subgroups . The NaOCl group included specimens that were immersed in 2.5 % NaOCl for 30 minutes , and the control group included specimens on which a wet cotton pellet was placed over the test material . After 48 hours , the highest force applied to the material s at the time of dislodgement was recorded . Slices were then examined under a digital microscope to evaluate the nature of the bond failure . The surfaces of two specimens from each subgroup were observed by scanning electron microscopy . Data were statistically analyzed with two-way and one-way analysis of variances , independent t-tests , and chi-square tests . The statistical significance was set at 0.05 . RESULTS In NaOCl-treated groups , PMTA showed a significantly higher push-out bond strength than the other three material s ( p = 0.00 ) . In the control groups , the bond strength of BD was significantly higher than that of PMTA , ERRMF , and NMTA ( p < 0.05 ) . Compared with the control group , NaOCl treatment significantly increased the push-out bond strength of PMTA ( p = 0.00 ) and ERRMF ( p = 0.00 ) and significantly reduced the bond strength of BD ( p = 0.00 ) and NMTA ( p = 0.03 ) . None of the specimens showed an adhesive type of failure . The majority of the sample s exhibited a cohesive failure type . Morphological observations revealed that the surfaces exhibited cubic crystals . In ERRMF , the crystals were few in number . Sodium hypochlorite enhanced the crystallization of NMTA . CONCLUSION The push-out bond strengths of PMTA and ERRMF were significantly increased after exposure to 2.5 % NaOCl in the early setting phase , and those of BD and NMTA were significantly decreased . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The results of the present study suggest that early exposure of NaOCl increase the push-out bond strength of PMTA and ERRMF . PMTA had the highest push-out values . Therefore , it would be a potentially useful perforation repair material for single visit endodontic treatment AIM To evaluate the effect of prior application of several intracanal medicaments on the push-out bond strength of ProRoot MTA and Biodentine . METHODOLOGY Sixty freshly extracted maxillary anterior teeth were sectioned below the cementoenamel junction , and the root canals instrumented using rotary files . Thereafter , a parallel post drill was used to obtain a st and ardized root canal dimension . The roots were r and omly assigned into one of the following groups with respect to the intracanal medicament applied : group 1 : calcium hydroxide ( CH ) powder ( Merck , Darmstadt , Germany ) mixed with distilled water ; group 2 : a mixture of metronidazole , ciprofloxacin and minocycline ( triple antibiotic paste ) ; group 3 : a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid ( Augmentin ; Champs Pharmacy , San Antonio , TX , USA ) ; group 4 : an antibiotic-corticoid compound paste ( Ledermix ; Riemser , Greifswald , Germany ) ; and group 5 : no medicament ( control ) . Following removal of medicaments with instrumentation and irrigation , the roots were cut into 1-mm-thick parallel transverse sections in a coronal-to-apical direction ( 5 slices/tooth ) . Thereafter , the specimens were divided into two subgroups according to the calcium silicate cement applied ( n = 30/group ) : ( i ) ProRoot MTA ( Dentsply Tulsa Dental , Tulsa , OK , USA ) and ( ii ) Biodentine ( Septodont , Saint-Maur-des-Fosses , France ) . A push-out test was performed , and the data were analysed statistically using two-way anova and Tukey 's post hoc test . RESULTS Regardless of the type of intracanal medicament used , Biodentine had significantly higher bond strength than MTA ( P < 0.05 ) . The highest push-out bond strength results were obtained in CH-treated dentine . Compared with other medicaments , this value was only significantly higher than that of Ledermix ( P < 0.05 ) . In both the MTA and Biodentine groups , pairwise comparisons between other medicaments showed similar debonding values ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Biodentine had a higher bond strength to root canal dentine than ProRoot MTA . Prior CH in distilled water intracanal placement increased the dislodgment resistance of both calcium silicate cements INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3 different mixing methods on push-out bond strength of white tooth-colored mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) . METHODS Sixty 2-mm-thick root sections were prepared from 60 single-rooted human teeth and filled with MTA . The sample s were r and omly divided into 3 groups ( n = 20 ) of MTA mixed by ultrasonic , trituration , or conventional methods and then allowed to set for 72 hours in a synthetic tissue fluid environment . Push-out bond strength values of the specimens were measured by a universal testing machine and examined under a stereomicroscope at × 4 to determine the nature of the bond failure . RESULTS The means of push-out bond strength values of white MTA in the ultrasonic , conventional , and trituration groups were 105.67 ± 12.79 , 118.95 ± 12.76 , and 99.60 ± 14.27 MPa , respectively . The differences between the 3 groups were not statistically significant . CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the results of this study , it can be concluded that different mixing methods have no significant effect on push-out bond strength of white MTA The present study evaluated the influence of 2 % chlorhexidine and 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite on the resin sealer/dentin interface bond strength of AH Plus/gutta-percha and Epiphany/Resilon .  Seventy-two extracted bovine incisors were r and omly distributed into 6 groups according to irrigant and sealers : G(S+AH)=physiologic saline solution+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; G(S+Ep)=physiologic saline solution+Epiphany/Resilon ; G(H+AH)=2.5 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; G(H+Ep)=2.5 % NaOCl+Epiphany/Resilon ; G(C+AH)=2 % chlorhexidine (CHX)+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; and G(C+Ep)=2 % CHX+Epiphany/Resilon . After 7 days at 37 ° C and 100 % humidity , the roots were cut transversally on the long axis of the tooth in 0.8 mm (±0.09)-thick slices ; these slices were then subjected to the push-out test . Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA and Tukey tests at 5 % significance . The AH Plus/gutta-percha groups showed significantly higher bond strength than the Epiphany/Resilon groups , regardless of the irrigant used ( p<0.001 ) . Sodium hypochlorite adversely affected bond strength in the AH Plus group , whereas chlorhexidine did not influence the push-out bond strength of either sealer ( p<0.05 ) . Two percent chlorhexidine did not adversely affect the bond strength of the sealers , whereas 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite solution damaged AH Plus/gutta-percha bond strength Introduction : The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of Photo-Activated Disinfection ( PAD ) system to dentin with different root canal sealers by using a push-out test design . Material s and Methods : A total of 30 extracted m and ibular premolar teeth with single and straight roots were used . The crowns were removed and the root canals were prepared by using ProTaper rotary files . The smear layer was removed and the roots were r and omly divided into two groups ( n = 15 ) according to the use of PAD system as the final disinfecting agent . Each group was then divided into 6 ( n = 5 ) subgroups and obturated with gutta-percha and 3 different root canal sealers . The groups were Group 1 : Sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) + ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-AH Plus sealer ; Group 2 : NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-AH Plus ; Group 3 : NaOCl + EDTA-Sealapex ; Group 4 : NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-Sealapex ; Group 5 : NaOCl + EDTA-mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-Fiallapex ; and Group 6 : NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-MTA-Fillapex . 1-mm thickness horizontal sections ( n : 5 × 4 = 20 ) were sliced for the push-out bond strength measurement . Results : Group 3 and 4 showed significantly lower bond strengths compared with all the other groups ( P < 0.05 ) . No statistically significant difference was found among Groups 1 , 2 and 5 , but there was statistically significant difference between Group 5 and 6 ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : This in vitro study indicated that the PAD system adversely affected the bond strength of the MTA Fillapex root canal sealer We have developed a visible-light curable urethane-acrylate/tripropylene glycol diacrylate ( UA/TPGDA ) oligomer to serve as a root canal sealer and a zinc oxide/thermoplastic polyurethane ( ZnO/TPU ) composite to serve as a root canal obturation material . The purpose of this study was to compare the push-out bond strengths of the following 8 groups of material s : ( 1 ) Tubliseal + gutta 
    Output:
    
agent
HIGHLIGHTSPOBT in endodontic research predicts the clinical behavior of endodontic material s .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: AIM To analyse the influence of exposure of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) with and without calcium chloride ( CaCl2 ) to phosphate-buffered saline ( PBS ) on the push-out bond strength , over different experimental periods . METHODOLOGY One hundred and twenty dentine discs with st and ardized cavities were filled with MTA with and without 10 % CaCl2 . The specimens were r and omly divided as follows ( n = 30 ) : ( G1 ) MTA in contact with a moistened cotton pellet , ( G2 ) MTA immersed in PBS , ( G3 ) MTA + CaCl2 in contact with a moistened cotton pellet and ( G4 ) MTA + CaCl2 immersed in PBS . The sample s were stored for 3 , 28 and 60 days . The bond strengths were measured with the Instron Testing machine . Data were analysed using the three-way anova and Tukey test ( P < 0.05 ) . RESULTS In general , the sample s of MTA with and without CaCl2 , exposed to PBS , had higher bond strength values in all study periods ( P < 0.05 ) . Analysis of the influence of addition of CaCl2  to MTA ( G1 × G3 ) evidence d significant differences in bond strength in the different periods ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The exposure of MTA to PBS positively influenced the push-out bond strength , whereas the addition of CaCl2 had a negative influence INTRODUCTION Calcium silicate-based sealers are known to have excellent sealing ability and bioactivities . They are typically recommended to be used in a single-cone ( SC ) technique . No studies have evaluated the effects of the thermoplastic obturation technique on the dentin interface of these sealers . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the push-out bond strengths of MTA Plus Sealer ( Avalon Biomed Inc , Bradenton , FL ) and EndoSequence BC Sealer ( BC ; Brasseler USA , Savannah , GA ) when they were used in a thermoplastic technique . METHODS Fifty single-rooted human extracted teeth were r and omly divided into 5 groups ( n = 10 ) , instrumented , and obturated with the SC technique or continuous wave ( CW ) technique : group 1 , BC-SC ; group 2 , BC-CW ; group 3 , MTA Plus-SC ; group 4 , MTA Plus-CW ; and group 5 , AH Plus ( Dentsply DeTrey , Konstanz , Germany)-CW . The roots were sectioned into 1.0-mm-thick slices , and bond strengths were measured using a st and ardized push-out test . The mode of failure was determined by visual inspection under magnification . RESULTS The MTA Plus-CW had statistically significant lower bond strengths than all other groups . The BC-SC group had statistically higher bond strengths than the MTA Plus-SC and AH Plus-CW groups . No significant differences were seen among the other groups . Modes of failure were predominately cohesive or mixed except for group 4 ( ie , MTA Plus-CW ) in which nearly half the specimens had no visible sealer . CONCLUSIONS BC and MTA Plus sealer showed favorable bond strengths when used in an SC technique . The CW obturation technique decreased the bond strengths of these sealers AIM This study aim ed to evaluate the push-out bond strength of NeoMTA Plus ( NMTA ) , EndoSequence root repair material fast set putty ( ERRMF ) , biodentine ( BD ) , and ProRoot white mineral trioxide aggregate ( PMTA ) when used as perforation repair material s after exposure to 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) during the early setting phase . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Horizontal midroot sections were prepared from single-rooted human teeth . Sections ( n = 144 ) were r and omly divided into four groups : PMTA , BD , NMTA , and ERRMF . Material s were condensed and allowed to set for 10 minutes . The groups were further divided into two subgroups . The NaOCl group included specimens that were immersed in 2.5 % NaOCl for 30 minutes , and the control group included specimens on which a wet cotton pellet was placed over the test material . After 48 hours , the highest force applied to the material s at the time of dislodgement was recorded . Slices were then examined under a digital microscope to evaluate the nature of the bond failure . The surfaces of two specimens from each subgroup were observed by scanning electron microscopy . Data were statistically analyzed with two-way and one-way analysis of variances , independent t-tests , and chi-square tests . The statistical significance was set at 0.05 . RESULTS In NaOCl-treated groups , PMTA showed a significantly higher push-out bond strength than the other three material s ( p = 0.00 ) . In the control groups , the bond strength of BD was significantly higher than that of PMTA , ERRMF , and NMTA ( p < 0.05 ) . Compared with the control group , NaOCl treatment significantly increased the push-out bond strength of PMTA ( p = 0.00 ) and ERRMF ( p = 0.00 ) and significantly reduced the bond strength of BD ( p = 0.00 ) and NMTA ( p = 0.03 ) . None of the specimens showed an adhesive type of failure . The majority of the sample s exhibited a cohesive failure type . Morphological observations revealed that the surfaces exhibited cubic crystals . In ERRMF , the crystals were few in number . Sodium hypochlorite enhanced the crystallization of NMTA . CONCLUSION The push-out bond strengths of PMTA and ERRMF were significantly increased after exposure to 2.5 % NaOCl in the early setting phase , and those of BD and NMTA were significantly decreased . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The results of the present study suggest that early exposure of NaOCl increase the push-out bond strength of PMTA and ERRMF . PMTA had the highest push-out values . Therefore , it would be a potentially useful perforation repair material for single visit endodontic treatment AIM To evaluate the effect of prior application of several intracanal medicaments on the push-out bond strength of ProRoot MTA and Biodentine . METHODOLOGY Sixty freshly extracted maxillary anterior teeth were sectioned below the cementoenamel junction , and the root canals instrumented using rotary files . Thereafter , a parallel post drill was used to obtain a st and ardized root canal dimension . The roots were r and omly assigned into one of the following groups with respect to the intracanal medicament applied : group 1 : calcium hydroxide ( CH ) powder ( Merck , Darmstadt , Germany ) mixed with distilled water ; group 2 : a mixture of metronidazole , ciprofloxacin and minocycline ( triple antibiotic paste ) ; group 3 : a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid ( Augmentin ; Champs Pharmacy , San Antonio , TX , USA ) ; group 4 : an antibiotic-corticoid compound paste ( Ledermix ; Riemser , Greifswald , Germany ) ; and group 5 : no medicament ( control ) . Following removal of medicaments with instrumentation and irrigation , the roots were cut into 1-mm-thick parallel transverse sections in a coronal-to-apical direction ( 5 slices/tooth ) . Thereafter , the specimens were divided into two subgroups according to the calcium silicate cement applied ( n = 30/group ) : ( i ) ProRoot MTA ( Dentsply Tulsa Dental , Tulsa , OK , USA ) and ( ii ) Biodentine ( Septodont , Saint-Maur-des-Fosses , France ) . A push-out test was performed , and the data were analysed statistically using two-way anova and Tukey 's post hoc test . RESULTS Regardless of the type of intracanal medicament used , Biodentine had significantly higher bond strength than MTA ( P < 0.05 ) . The highest push-out bond strength results were obtained in CH-treated dentine . Compared with other medicaments , this value was only significantly higher than that of Ledermix ( P < 0.05 ) . In both the MTA and Biodentine groups , pairwise comparisons between other medicaments showed similar debonding values ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Biodentine had a higher bond strength to root canal dentine than ProRoot MTA . Prior CH in distilled water intracanal placement increased the dislodgment resistance of both calcium silicate cements INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3 different mixing methods on push-out bond strength of white tooth-colored mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) . METHODS Sixty 2-mm-thick root sections were prepared from 60 single-rooted human teeth and filled with MTA . The sample s were r and omly divided into 3 groups ( n = 20 ) of MTA mixed by ultrasonic , trituration , or conventional methods and then allowed to set for 72 hours in a synthetic tissue fluid environment . Push-out bond strength values of the specimens were measured by a universal testing machine and examined under a stereomicroscope at × 4 to determine the nature of the bond failure . RESULTS The means of push-out bond strength values of white MTA in the ultrasonic , conventional , and trituration groups were 105.67 ± 12.79 , 118.95 ± 12.76 , and 99.60 ± 14.27 MPa , respectively . The differences between the 3 groups were not statistically significant . CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the results of this study , it can be concluded that different mixing methods have no significant effect on push-out bond strength of white MTA The present study evaluated the influence of 2 % chlorhexidine and 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite on the resin sealer/dentin interface bond strength of AH Plus/gutta-percha and Epiphany/Resilon .  Seventy-two extracted bovine incisors were r and omly distributed into 6 groups according to irrigant and sealers : G(S+AH)=physiologic saline solution+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; G(S+Ep)=physiologic saline solution+Epiphany/Resilon ; G(H+AH)=2.5 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; G(H+Ep)=2.5 % NaOCl+Epiphany/Resilon ; G(C+AH)=2 % chlorhexidine (CHX)+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; and G(C+Ep)=2 % CHX+Epiphany/Resilon . After 7 days at 37 ° C and 100 % humidity , the roots were cut transversally on the long axis of the tooth in 0.8 mm (±0.09)-thick slices ; these slices were then subjected to the push-out test . Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA and Tukey tests at 5 % significance . The AH Plus/gutta-percha groups showed significantly higher bond strength than the Epiphany/Resilon groups , regardless of the irrigant used ( p<0.001 ) . Sodium hypochlorite adversely affected bond strength in the AH Plus group , whereas chlorhexidine did not influence the push-out bond strength of either sealer ( p<0.05 ) . Two percent chlorhexidine did not adversely affect the bond strength of the sealers , whereas 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite solution damaged AH Plus/gutta-percha bond strength Introduction : The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of Photo-Activated Disinfection ( PAD ) system to dentin with different root canal sealers by using a push-out test design . Material s and Methods : A total of 30 extracted m and ibular premolar teeth with single and straight roots were used . The crowns were removed and the root canals were prepared by using ProTaper rotary files . The smear layer was removed and the roots were r and omly divided into two groups ( n = 15 ) according to the use of PAD system as the final disinfecting agent . Each group was then divided into 6 ( n = 5 ) subgroups and obturated with gutta-percha and 3 different root canal sealers . The groups were Group 1 : Sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) + ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-AH Plus sealer ; Group 2 : NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-AH Plus ; Group 3 : NaOCl + EDTA-Sealapex ; Group 4 : NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-Sealapex ; Group 5 : NaOCl + EDTA-mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-Fiallapex ; and Group 6 : NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-MTA-Fillapex . 1-mm thickness horizontal sections ( n : 5 × 4 = 20 ) were sliced for the push-out bond strength measurement . Results : Group 3 and 4 showed significantly lower bond strengths compared with all the other groups ( P < 0.05 ) . No statistically significant difference was found among Groups 1 , 2 and 5 , but there was statistically significant difference between Group 5 and 6 ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : This in vitro study indicated that the PAD system adversely affected the bond strength of the MTA Fillapex root canal sealer We have developed a visible-light curable urethane-acrylate/tripropylene glycol diacrylate ( UA/TPGDA ) oligomer to serve as a root canal sealer and a zinc oxide/thermoplastic polyurethane ( ZnO/TPU ) composite to serve as a root canal obturation material . The purpose of this study was to compare the push-out bond strengths of the following 8 groups of material s : ( 1 ) Tubliseal + gutta 
    Output:
    