human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We conducted a r and omized study analyzing the impact of darbepoetin alfa ( DA ) administration with or without intravenous ( i.v . ) iron on erythroid recovery after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation ( HCT ) . Patients were r and omized between no DA ( Arm 1 ) , DA 300 μg every 2 weeks starting on Day 28 after HCT ( Arm 2 ) , or DA plus i.v . iron 200 mg on Days 28 , 42 , and 56 ( Arm 3 ) . The proportion achieving complete hemoglobin ( Hb ) response within 18 weeks ( primary end point ) was 21 % in Arm 1 ( n = 24 ) , 79 % in Arm 2 ( n = 25 ) , and 100 % in Arm 3 ( n = 23 ; P < 0.0001 ) . Erythropoietic response was shown to be significantly higher in Arm 3 ( n = 46 ) than in Arm 2 ( n = 50 ; P = 0.008 ) , result ing in lower DA use , reduced drug costs , and improved quality of life scores , but the effect on transfusions was not significant . In multivariate analysis , DA administration ( P < 0.0001 ) , i.v . iron administration ( P = 0.0010 ) , high baseline Hb ( P < 0.0001 ) , and low baseline creatinine ( P = 0.0458 ) were independently associated with faster achievement of complete Hb response . In conclusion , DA is highly effective to ensure full erythroid reconstitution after autologous HCT when started on Day 28 post‐transplant . I.v . iron sucrose further improves erythroid recovery . Am . J. Hematol . 88:990–996 , 2013 . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals , Abstract Objective : To compare oral iron to intravenous iron administration to women in late pregnancy and /or after labor to correct iron deficiency . Methods : 271 anemic women ( 148 pregnant women and 123 women post lower segment caesarean section ) with hemoglobin ( Hb ) levels below 110 g/L were enrolled over a two-year period and r and omized to receive either two tablets FGF ( ferrous sulfate with folic acid ) or 400 mg of intravenous iron sucrose plus folic acid 600 µg . Treatment effectiveness was assessed by measuring Hb and ferritin postpartum on day 1 , day 14 and day 42 . Transfusions of red blood cells and adverse drug reactions were recorded . Results : Data of 214 women were available for analysis . Both forms of iron replacement therapy led to increased hemoglobin and ferritin levels over the testing period . Ferritin was significantly higher in the i.v . iron treatment group compared to the oral iron treatment group ( p = 0.004 ) two weeks after delivery , while Hb values did not differ between the groups . No serious adverse drug reactions were observed . Red blood cell transfusion rate was low ( 1.9 % ) , with equal rates observed in both treatment groups . Conclusion : Intravenous and oral irons were both effective in correcting peripartum anemia , although intravenous iron restored stores faster than oral iron PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous ( IV ) sodium ferric gluconate complex ( FG ) , oral ferrous sulfate , or no iron to increase hemoglobin ( Hb ) in anemic cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and epoetin alfa .  PATIENTS AND METHODS In this open-label , multicenter trial , 187 patients with chemotherapy-related anemia ( Hb < 11 g/dl ; serum ferritin > or = 100 ng/ml or transferrin saturation > or = 15 % ) scheduled to receive chemotherapy and epoetin alfa ( 40,000 U subcutaneously weekly ) were r and omized to 8 weeks of 125 mg of IV FG weekly , 325 mg of oral ferrous sulfate three times daily , or no iron . The primary outcome was a change in Hb from baseline to endpoint , first whole-blood or red blood cell transfusion , or study withdrawal . RESULTS One hundred twenty-nine patients were evaluable for efficacy ( FG , n = 41 ; oral iron , n = 44 ; no iron , n = 44 ) . Mean increase in Hb was 2.4 g/dl ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 2.1 - 2.7 ) for FG ( p = .0092 vs. oral iron ; p = .0044 vs. no iron ) , 1.6 g/dl ( 95 % CI , 1.1 - 2.1 ) for oral iron ( p = .7695 vs. no iron ) , and 1.5 g/dl ( 95 % CI , 1.1 - 1.9 ) for no iron . Hb response ( increase > or = 2 g/dl ) was 73 % for FG ( p = .0099 vs. oral iron ; p = .0029 vs. no iron ) , 46 % for oral iron ( p = .6687 vs. no iron ) , and 41 % for no iron . FG was well tolerated . CONCLUSION For cancer patients with chemotherapy-related anemia receiving epoetin alfa , FG produces a significantly greater increase in Hb and Hb response compared with oral iron or no iron , supporting more aggressive treatment with IV iron supplementation for these patients Objective To explore the safety and efficacy of intravenous ( IV ) iron sucrose in maintenance peritoneal dialysis ( PD ) . Design R and omized , controlled , parallel-group single-center trial . Setting Blood Purification Center of Chaoyang , Beijing Capital University of Medical Science , China . Methods 46 patients on PD were involved in this trial . 26 patients received IV iron sucrose ( 200 mg iron ) once per week for 4 weeks then once every other week for a further 4 weeks . The other 20 patients received oral ferrous succinate , 200 mg three times per day , for 8 weeks . Hemoglobin , hematocrit , serum ferritin ( SF ) level , and transferrin saturation ( TSAT ) were assessed at baseline and then again after 2 , 4 , and 8 weeks of treatment . Results There were no differences between the IV and oral groups in terms of sex , age , duration of PD , mean dialysate dosage per day , erythropoietin dosage per week , or hematological parameters at baseline . After 4 and 8 weeks of treatment , mean Hb and Hct were significantly increased in the IV group and were also significantly higher than those in the oral group . Levels of SF and TSAT were also significantly increased in the IV group , and significantly higher than in the oral group . After 8 weeks , the response rate in the IV group was 94.8 % , which was significantly higher than that in the oral group . The mean erythropoietin dose was significantly lower in the IV group than in the oral group . Hb , Hct , SF , and TSAT levels were maintained between 4 and 8 weeks in the IV group despite the decrease in dose frequency . There were no adverse events with IV iron . Eight patients in the oral group had adverse gastrointestinal effects . Conclusion IV iron sucrose is safe in PD patients . It increases Hb levels and serum iron parameters more effectively than oral iron ; it is well tolerated and can permit reductions in the required dose of erythropoietin BACKGROUND Iron deficiency may impair aerobic performance . This study aim ed to determine whether treatment with intravenous iron ( ferric carboxymaltose ) would improve symptoms in patients who had heart failure , reduced left ventricular ejection fraction , and iron deficiency , either with or without anemia . METHODS We enrolled 459 patients with chronic heart failure of New York Heart Association ( NYHA ) functional class II or III , a left ventricular ejection fraction of 40 % or less ( for patients with NYHA class II ) or 45 % or less ( for NYHA class III ) , iron deficiency ( ferritin level < 100 microg per liter or between 100 and 299 microg per liter , if the transferrin saturation was < 20 % ) , and a hemoglobin level of 95 to 135 g per liter . Patients were r and omly assigned , in a 2:1 ratio , to receive 200 mg of intravenous iron ( ferric carboxymaltose ) or saline ( placebo ) . The primary end points were the self-reported Patient Global Assessment and NYHA functional class , both at week 24 . Secondary end points included the distance walked in 6 minutes and the health-related quality of life . RESULTS Among the patients receiving ferric carboxymaltose , 50 % reported being much or moderately improved , as compared with 28 % of patients receiving placebo , according to the Patient Global Assessment ( odds ratio for improvement , 2.51 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.75 to 3.61 ) . Among the patients assigned to ferric carboxymaltose , 47 % had an NYHA functional class I or II at week 24 , as compared with 30 % of patients assigned to placebo ( odds ratio for improvement by one class , 2.40 ; 95 % CI , 1.55 to 3.71 ) . Results were similar in patients with anemia and those without anemia . Significant improvements were seen with ferric carboxymaltose in the distance on the 6-minute walk test and quality -of-life assessment s. The rates of death , adverse events , and serious adverse events were similar in the two study groups . CONCLUSIONS Treatment with intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency , with or without anemia , improves symptoms , functional capacity , and quality of life ; the side-effect profile is acceptable . ( Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00520780 ) OBJECTIVE : The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of intravenous iron to oral iron in the treatment of anemia in pregnancy . METHODS : In this r and omized open-label study , 90 women with hemoglobin levels between 8 and 10.5 g/dL and ferritin values less than 13 & mgr;g/L received either oral iron polymaltose complex ( 300 mg elemental iron per day ) or intravenous iron sucrose . The iron sucrose dose was calculated from the following formula : weight before pregnancy ( kg ) × ( 110 g/L – actual hemoglobin [ g/L ] ) × 0.24 + 500 mg . Treatment efficacy was assessed by measuring hemoglobin and ferritin on the 14th and 28th days and at delivery , and the hemoglobin on the first postpartum day . Adverse drug reactions , fetal weight , hospitalization time , and blood transfusions were also recorded . RESULTS : Hemoglobin values varied significantly with time between groups ( interaction effect , P < .001 ) . The change in hemoglobin from baseline was significantly higher in the intravenous group than the oral group at each measurement ; the changes with respect to subsequent hemoglobin were significantly higher on the 14th ( P = .004 ) and 28th ( P = .031 ) days . Ferritin values were higher in patients receiving intravenous iron throughout pregnancy . No serious adverse drug reactions were observed . Fetal weight and hospitalization time were similar in the 2 groups . Blood transfusion was required for only one patient in the oral group . CONCLUSION : Intravenous iron treated iron-deficiency anemia of pregnancy and restored iron stores faster and more effectively than oral iron , with no serious adverse reactions . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE : Acute mountain sickness ( AMS ) is a common and disabling condition that occurs in healthy individuals ascending to high altitude . Based on the ability of iron to influence cellular oxygen sensing pathways , we hypothesized that iron supplementation would protect against AMS . To examine this hypothesis , 24 healthy sea-level residents were r and omized to receive either intravenous iron(III)-hydroxide sucrose ( 200 mg ) or saline placebo , before ascending rapidly to Cerro de Pasco , Peru ( 4340 m ) . The Lake Louise scoring system was used to assess incidence and severity of AMS at sea level and on the first full day at altitude . No significant difference in absolute AMS score was detected between the two groups either at baseline or at high altitude . However , the mean increase in AMS score was 65 % smaller in the iron group than in the saline group ( p<0.05 ) , and the change in AMS score correlated negatively with the change in ferritin ( R=-0.43 ; p<0.05 ) . Hematocrit and arterial oxygen saturation were unaffected by iron . In conclusion , this preliminary r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled trial suggests that intravenous iron supplementation may protect against the symptoms of AMS in healthy volunteers OBJECTIVE ( 1 ) To determine an alternative iron supplementation with better efficacy , compliance & safety in treatment of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy , ( 2 ) to reduce blood transfusion during pregnancy , labor and puerperium . MATERIAL AND METHOD A prospect i ve comparative study . A total number of 60 pregnant women with the gestational age of 12 - 34 weeks were included in the study who were suffering from iron deficiency anemia . They were divided in 3 groups ( A , B and C ) . Group A ( n = 15 ) received intravenous iron sucrose according to recommended dose containing 500 mg 
    Output:
    
agent
There was no increased risk of infections with IV iron .
Gastrointestinal AEs were reduced with IV iron .
CONCLUSION Intravenous iron therapy is not associated with an increased risk of SAEs or infections .
Infusion reactions are more pronounced with IV iron
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: We conducted a r and omized study analyzing the impact of darbepoetin alfa ( DA ) administration with or without intravenous ( i.v . ) iron on erythroid recovery after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation ( HCT ) . Patients were r and omized between no DA ( Arm 1 ) , DA 300 μg every 2 weeks starting on Day 28 after HCT ( Arm 2 ) , or DA plus i.v . iron 200 mg on Days 28 , 42 , and 56 ( Arm 3 ) . The proportion achieving complete hemoglobin ( Hb ) response within 18 weeks ( primary end point ) was 21 % in Arm 1 ( n = 24 ) , 79 % in Arm 2 ( n = 25 ) , and 100 % in Arm 3 ( n = 23 ; P < 0.0001 ) . Erythropoietic response was shown to be significantly higher in Arm 3 ( n = 46 ) than in Arm 2 ( n = 50 ; P = 0.008 ) , result ing in lower DA use , reduced drug costs , and improved quality of life scores , but the effect on transfusions was not significant . In multivariate analysis , DA administration ( P < 0.0001 ) , i.v . iron administration ( P = 0.0010 ) , high baseline Hb ( P < 0.0001 ) , and low baseline creatinine ( P = 0.0458 ) were independently associated with faster achievement of complete Hb response . In conclusion , DA is highly effective to ensure full erythroid reconstitution after autologous HCT when started on Day 28 post‐transplant . I.v . iron sucrose further improves erythroid recovery . Am . J. Hematol . 88:990–996 , 2013 . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals , Abstract Objective : To compare oral iron to intravenous iron administration to women in late pregnancy and /or after labor to correct iron deficiency . Methods : 271 anemic women ( 148 pregnant women and 123 women post lower segment caesarean section ) with hemoglobin ( Hb ) levels below 110 g/L were enrolled over a two-year period and r and omized to receive either two tablets FGF ( ferrous sulfate with folic acid ) or 400 mg of intravenous iron sucrose plus folic acid 600 µg . Treatment effectiveness was assessed by measuring Hb and ferritin postpartum on day 1 , day 14 and day 42 . Transfusions of red blood cells and adverse drug reactions were recorded . Results : Data of 214 women were available for analysis . Both forms of iron replacement therapy led to increased hemoglobin and ferritin levels over the testing period . Ferritin was significantly higher in the i.v . iron treatment group compared to the oral iron treatment group ( p = 0.004 ) two weeks after delivery , while Hb values did not differ between the groups . No serious adverse drug reactions were observed . Red blood cell transfusion rate was low ( 1.9 % ) , with equal rates observed in both treatment groups . Conclusion : Intravenous and oral irons were both effective in correcting peripartum anemia , although intravenous iron restored stores faster than oral iron PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous ( IV ) sodium ferric gluconate complex ( FG ) , oral ferrous sulfate , or no iron to increase hemoglobin ( Hb ) in anemic cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and epoetin alfa .  PATIENTS AND METHODS In this open-label , multicenter trial , 187 patients with chemotherapy-related anemia ( Hb < 11 g/dl ; serum ferritin > or = 100 ng/ml or transferrin saturation > or = 15 % ) scheduled to receive chemotherapy and epoetin alfa ( 40,000 U subcutaneously weekly ) were r and omized to 8 weeks of 125 mg of IV FG weekly , 325 mg of oral ferrous sulfate three times daily , or no iron . The primary outcome was a change in Hb from baseline to endpoint , first whole-blood or red blood cell transfusion , or study withdrawal . RESULTS One hundred twenty-nine patients were evaluable for efficacy ( FG , n = 41 ; oral iron , n = 44 ; no iron , n = 44 ) . Mean increase in Hb was 2.4 g/dl ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 2.1 - 2.7 ) for FG ( p = .0092 vs. oral iron ; p = .0044 vs. no iron ) , 1.6 g/dl ( 95 % CI , 1.1 - 2.1 ) for oral iron ( p = .7695 vs. no iron ) , and 1.5 g/dl ( 95 % CI , 1.1 - 1.9 ) for no iron . Hb response ( increase > or = 2 g/dl ) was 73 % for FG ( p = .0099 vs. oral iron ; p = .0029 vs. no iron ) , 46 % for oral iron ( p = .6687 vs. no iron ) , and 41 % for no iron . FG was well tolerated . CONCLUSION For cancer patients with chemotherapy-related anemia receiving epoetin alfa , FG produces a significantly greater increase in Hb and Hb response compared with oral iron or no iron , supporting more aggressive treatment with IV iron supplementation for these patients Objective To explore the safety and efficacy of intravenous ( IV ) iron sucrose in maintenance peritoneal dialysis ( PD ) . Design R and omized , controlled , parallel-group single-center trial . Setting Blood Purification Center of Chaoyang , Beijing Capital University of Medical Science , China . Methods 46 patients on PD were involved in this trial . 26 patients received IV iron sucrose ( 200 mg iron ) once per week for 4 weeks then once every other week for a further 4 weeks . The other 20 patients received oral ferrous succinate , 200 mg three times per day , for 8 weeks . Hemoglobin , hematocrit , serum ferritin ( SF ) level , and transferrin saturation ( TSAT ) were assessed at baseline and then again after 2 , 4 , and 8 weeks of treatment . Results There were no differences between the IV and oral groups in terms of sex , age , duration of PD , mean dialysate dosage per day , erythropoietin dosage per week , or hematological parameters at baseline . After 4 and 8 weeks of treatment , mean Hb and Hct were significantly increased in the IV group and were also significantly higher than those in the oral group . Levels of SF and TSAT were also significantly increased in the IV group , and significantly higher than in the oral group . After 8 weeks , the response rate in the IV group was 94.8 % , which was significantly higher than that in the oral group . The mean erythropoietin dose was significantly lower in the IV group than in the oral group . Hb , Hct , SF , and TSAT levels were maintained between 4 and 8 weeks in the IV group despite the decrease in dose frequency . There were no adverse events with IV iron . Eight patients in the oral group had adverse gastrointestinal effects . Conclusion IV iron sucrose is safe in PD patients . It increases Hb levels and serum iron parameters more effectively than oral iron ; it is well tolerated and can permit reductions in the required dose of erythropoietin BACKGROUND Iron deficiency may impair aerobic performance . This study aim ed to determine whether treatment with intravenous iron ( ferric carboxymaltose ) would improve symptoms in patients who had heart failure , reduced left ventricular ejection fraction , and iron deficiency , either with or without anemia . METHODS We enrolled 459 patients with chronic heart failure of New York Heart Association ( NYHA ) functional class II or III , a left ventricular ejection fraction of 40 % or less ( for patients with NYHA class II ) or 45 % or less ( for NYHA class III ) , iron deficiency ( ferritin level < 100 microg per liter or between 100 and 299 microg per liter , if the transferrin saturation was < 20 % ) , and a hemoglobin level of 95 to 135 g per liter . Patients were r and omly assigned , in a 2:1 ratio , to receive 200 mg of intravenous iron ( ferric carboxymaltose ) or saline ( placebo ) . The primary end points were the self-reported Patient Global Assessment and NYHA functional class , both at week 24 . Secondary end points included the distance walked in 6 minutes and the health-related quality of life . RESULTS Among the patients receiving ferric carboxymaltose , 50 % reported being much or moderately improved , as compared with 28 % of patients receiving placebo , according to the Patient Global Assessment ( odds ratio for improvement , 2.51 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.75 to 3.61 ) . Among the patients assigned to ferric carboxymaltose , 47 % had an NYHA functional class I or II at week 24 , as compared with 30 % of patients assigned to placebo ( odds ratio for improvement by one class , 2.40 ; 95 % CI , 1.55 to 3.71 ) . Results were similar in patients with anemia and those without anemia . Significant improvements were seen with ferric carboxymaltose in the distance on the 6-minute walk test and quality -of-life assessment s. The rates of death , adverse events , and serious adverse events were similar in the two study groups . CONCLUSIONS Treatment with intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency , with or without anemia , improves symptoms , functional capacity , and quality of life ; the side-effect profile is acceptable . ( Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00520780 ) OBJECTIVE : The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of intravenous iron to oral iron in the treatment of anemia in pregnancy . METHODS : In this r and omized open-label study , 90 women with hemoglobin levels between 8 and 10.5 g/dL and ferritin values less than 13 & mgr;g/L received either oral iron polymaltose complex ( 300 mg elemental iron per day ) or intravenous iron sucrose . The iron sucrose dose was calculated from the following formula : weight before pregnancy ( kg ) × ( 110 g/L – actual hemoglobin [ g/L ] ) × 0.24 + 500 mg . Treatment efficacy was assessed by measuring hemoglobin and ferritin on the 14th and 28th days and at delivery , and the hemoglobin on the first postpartum day . Adverse drug reactions , fetal weight , hospitalization time , and blood transfusions were also recorded . RESULTS : Hemoglobin values varied significantly with time between groups ( interaction effect , P < .001 ) . The change in hemoglobin from baseline was significantly higher in the intravenous group than the oral group at each measurement ; the changes with respect to subsequent hemoglobin were significantly higher on the 14th ( P = .004 ) and 28th ( P = .031 ) days . Ferritin values were higher in patients receiving intravenous iron throughout pregnancy . No serious adverse drug reactions were observed . Fetal weight and hospitalization time were similar in the 2 groups . Blood transfusion was required for only one patient in the oral group . CONCLUSION : Intravenous iron treated iron-deficiency anemia of pregnancy and restored iron stores faster and more effectively than oral iron , with no serious adverse reactions . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE : Acute mountain sickness ( AMS ) is a common and disabling condition that occurs in healthy individuals ascending to high altitude . Based on the ability of iron to influence cellular oxygen sensing pathways , we hypothesized that iron supplementation would protect against AMS . To examine this hypothesis , 24 healthy sea-level residents were r and omized to receive either intravenous iron(III)-hydroxide sucrose ( 200 mg ) or saline placebo , before ascending rapidly to Cerro de Pasco , Peru ( 4340 m ) . The Lake Louise scoring system was used to assess incidence and severity of AMS at sea level and on the first full day at altitude . No significant difference in absolute AMS score was detected between the two groups either at baseline or at high altitude . However , the mean increase in AMS score was 65 % smaller in the iron group than in the saline group ( p<0.05 ) , and the change in AMS score correlated negatively with the change in ferritin ( R=-0.43 ; p<0.05 ) . Hematocrit and arterial oxygen saturation were unaffected by iron . In conclusion , this preliminary r and omized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled trial suggests that intravenous iron supplementation may protect against the symptoms of AMS in healthy volunteers OBJECTIVE ( 1 ) To determine an alternative iron supplementation with better efficacy , compliance & safety in treatment of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy , ( 2 ) to reduce blood transfusion during pregnancy , labor and puerperium . MATERIAL AND METHOD A prospect i ve comparative study . A total number of 60 pregnant women with the gestational age of 12 - 34 weeks were included in the study who were suffering from iron deficiency anemia . They were divided in 3 groups ( A , B and C ) . Group A ( n = 15 ) received intravenous iron sucrose according to recommended dose containing 500 mg 
    Output:
    