human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To observe the different impacts of electrolytic iron , FeSO4 , and NaFeEDTA on body iron store of anemic school students . METHODS Four hundreds anemic students at the age of 11 - 18 years were divided into four groups . Of which , three consumed different iron fortificants from wheat flour as food vehicle for six months and one consumed non-fortified flour ( control ) . The fortification level of electrolytic iron , FeSO4 , and NaFeEDTA was 60 mg Fe/kg , 30 mg Fe/kg , and 20 mg Fe/kg , respectively . Blood sample s were collected at 0 , 2 , 4 , and 6 months and hemoglobin ( Hb ) , serum ferritin ( SF ) , and transferrin receptor ( TfR ) were measured . RESULTS The hemoglobin levels in three intervention groups increased , the increments of Hb in the NaFeEDTA group were significantly higher than that in the other groups . SF and TfR levels increased in the tested groups and body iron store in the NaFeEDTA group was higher than that in the other groups . These parameters did not show any significant changes in the control group . CONCLUSION NaFeEDTA and FeSO4 fortified wheat flour has positive impacts on iron status in anemic students and NaFeEDTA is more effective than FeSO4 , while electrolytic iron is less effective in improving iron store in anemic students OBJECTIVE In many developing countries , children are at high risk for both goiter and anemia . Iron ( Fe ) deficiency adversely effects thyroid metabolism and reduces efficacy of iodine prophylaxis in areas of endemic goiter . The study aim was to determine if co-fortification of iodized salt with Fe would improve efficacy of the iodine in goitrous children with a high prevalence of anemia . DESIGN AND METHODS In a 9-month , r and omized , double-blind trial , 6 - 15 year-old children ( n=377 ) were given iodized salt ( 25 microg iodine/g salt ) or dual-fortified salt with iodine ( 25 microg iodine/g salt ) and Fe ( 1 mg Fe/g salt , as ferrous sulfate microencapsulated with partially hydrogenated vegetable oil ) . RESULTS In the dual-fortified salt group , hemoglobin and Fe status improved significantly compared with the iodized salt group ( P<0.05 ) . At 40 weeks , the mean decrease in thyroid volume measured by ultrasound in the dual-fortified salt group ( -38 % ) was twice that of the iodized salt group ( -18 % ) ( P<0.01 ) . Compared with the iodized salt group , serum thyroxine was significantly increased ( P<0.05 ) and the prevalence of hypothyroidism and goiter decreased ( P<0.01 ) in the dual-fortified salt group . CONCLUSION Addition of encapsulated Fe to iodized salt improves the efficacy of iodine in goitrous children with a high prevalence of anemia Background . Iron-fortified formulas are recommended throughout infancy and are frequently used beyond , yet safety aspects have been inadequately studied . Iron could theoretically increase pro-oxidant stress , with potential adverse effects , including infection risk , and some clinicians suspect that iron-fortified formulas induce gastrointestinal disturbance . Objective . A planned component of a large intervention trial has been to test the hypothesis that infants receiving iron-fortified formula  do not have a higher incidence of infections ( primary outcome ) or gastrointestinal problems ( secondary outcome ) than infants on low iron-formulas or cow 's milk . Methods . Children ( n = 493 ) 9 months old receiving cow 's milk were recruited in 3 UK centers and r and omized to : 1 ) cow 's milk as before , 2 ) formula containing .9 mg/L of iron  , or 3 ) an  otherwise identical formula but  containing 12 mg/L of iron . Children were followed at 3 monthly intervals and the episodes of infections , diarrhea and constipation , and general morbidity to 18 months old were recorded . Hematologic indices of iron status were determined at 18 months old . Results . Serum ferritin concentrations were increased in infants receiving iron-fortified formula but there were no intergroup differences in incidence of infection , gastrointestinal problems , or in general morbidity or weight gain . Conclusions . We were unable to identify adverse health effects in older infants and toddlers consuming a high iron-containing formula ( 12 mg/L ) even when used in population s with a low incidence of iron deficiency OBJECTIVE Combating iron deficiency in toddlers with iron-fortified food has proved difficult in countries with phytate-rich diets . For this purpose , a new haem iron preparation was developed . The study compared changes in iron status after administration of refried beans with beans fortified with a haem iron preparation or ferrous sulphate ( FeSO4 ) . DESIGN In a masked , stratified-r and omised intervention trial , children received five 156-g cans of refried black beans per week for 10 consecutive weeks . The beans-only ( control ) , FeSO4 and haem iron groups were offered a cumulative dose of 155 mg , 1625 mg and 1700 mg of iron from the bean intervention , respectively . Haemoglobin ( Hb ) and ferritin concentrations were determined at baseline and after 5 and 10 weeks . Compliance was examined weekly . SETTING A low-income community in Guatemala City . SUBJECTS One hundred and ten children aged 12 - 36 months with initial Hb values between 100 and 115 g l(-1 ) . RESULTS The cumulative intake of beans was approximately 80 % of that offered , signifying an additional approximately 1300 mg of either haem or inorganic iron in the corresponding treatment groups over 10 weeks . Hb concentrations increased by the order of 7.3 - 11.4 g l(-1 ) during the intervention , but without significant differences across treatments . Average ferritin concentrations were unaffected by treatment assignment . However , post hoc analysis by subgroups of initial high ferritin and initial low ferritin found the Hb increments after 10 weeks in the haem iron group ( 13.1+/-7.7 g l(-1 ) ) to be significantly greater than the respective increases ( 6.8+/-11.2 and 6.4+/-8.5 g l(-1 ) ) in the inorganic iron and beans-only groups . CONCLUSIONS Canned refried beans are a c and i date vehicle for fortificant iron . Given the improved colour and organoleptic properties imparted by haem iron added to refried beans , its additional potential for benefiting the iron status of consumers with iron deficiency may recommend it over FeSO4 OBJECTIVE Despite public health campaigns based on Fe and folic acid supplements , Fe-deficiency anaemia remains highly prevalent among women in India . We investigated leaf concentrate as an alternative to Fe and folic acid supplements for treating  anaemia in adolescent girls . DESIGN R and omised controlled two-arm trial over 3 months : one group received daily Fe and folic acid ( IFA ; 60 mg Fe , 500 microg folic acid ) ; the other daily leaf concentrate ( LC ; 5 mg Fe , 13 microg folic acid ) . Hb concentration , mean cell volume , serum Fe , serum ferritin and total Fe-binding capacity were measured pre- and post-intervention . SETTING Jaipur , India . SUBJECTS One hundred and two adolescent girls aged 14 - 18 years . RESULTS Of the 102 girls r and omized to the two arms of the trial , four ( 3.9 % ) were severely anaemic  ( Hb < 7 g/dl ) , twenty-eight ( 27.5 % ) were moderately anaemic ( Hb > or = 7 g/dl , < 10 g/dl ) and seventy ( 68.6 % ) were mildly anaemic ( Hb > or = 10 g/dl , < 12 g/dl ) . In the IFA group , eleven girls ( 20.4 % ) withdrew due to side-effects , compared with one girl ( 2.1 % ) in the LC group ( P = 0.005 ) . Total losses to follow-up were 14/54 in the IFA group and 2/48 in the LC group . At the end of the trial , none of the eighty-six remaining girls were severely anaemic , nine ( 10.5 % ) were moderately anaemic and twenty-six ( 30.2 % ) were mildly anaemic ; fifty-one ( 59.3 % ) had normal Hb levels ( > or = 12 g/dl ) . After adjustment for baseline values , LC was as effective as IFA in improving serum Fe parameters and treating anaemia . CONCLUSIONS Leaf concentrate is an effective , and more palatable , alternative to Fe and folic acid supplements for treating anaemia in adolescent girls Background : It has been suggested that food fortification might be an inexpensive , simple and effective way to control and prevent iron deficiency and its related anemia in many countries . Despite the advantages of this approach and the fact that it has been implemented in some provinces in Iran for more than 6 years , many scientists in the country worry about the negative aspects of the extra iron distributed among non-anemic persons in the community . Objective : This study was design ed to assess the effect of the flour fortification program on oxidative stress biomarkers and iron status among non-anemic 40- to 65-year-old adults . Study Design : This study had a special design that was implemented in 3 different parts . The main and first part was a field study . We r and omized 2 cities in 1 province . In each city , 200 volunteers ( 100 men and 100 women ) were selected using a multi-stage stratified method . Examination and interview ( filling out data collection forms ) were the methods of data gathering . In each of the 3 phases , demographic , anthropometric , blood pressure , micro- and macronutrient intakes , physical activities , and some oxidative stress biomarkers were the main data that were gathered . The results of this study can help health policy makers in design ing future interventions in the country based on food fortification How to improve iron status among infants and young children is of continued concern in low- to middle-income countries , including Brazil . In a double blind , 5-mo , home-based , r and omized trial in Brazil , we gave one group of mildly anemic 6- to 24-mo-old children ( n = 175 )  rice fortified with micronized ferric pyrophosphate using the Ultra Rice technology and a placebo solution ( URG ) and another group identical nonfortified rice and iron drops . We instructed parents on the correct dosage of iron drops and to feed their children rice as they normally would . We measured serum ferritin ( SF ) and hemoglobin ( Hb ) concentrations at baseline and at 5 mo . At baseline , the prevalences of iron deficiency and anemia in the total sample were 73.1 and 100 % , respectively . At 5 mo , SF and Hb increased in both groups , although the change in the URG was larger ( P < 0.01 ) . Adult participants were unable to distinguish cooked fortified rice from unfortified rice in terms of smell , color , or taste . As rice is normally consumed at home , MPF-fortified rice increased iron stores and reduced anemia in a group of mildly anemic children 6 - 24 mo old . In population s where young children are routinely fed approximately 100 g of cooked rice daily , fortifying it with iron may improve iron status at least as well as providing free iron drops Iron deficiency anaemia is a most common micronutrient deficiency affecting mostly the low socioeconomic population s of the developing world . The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of iron fortification of household drinking water to prevent iron deficiency anaemia among members of the low socioeconomic families of Southern Brazil . A total of 21 low socioeconomic families representing 88 subjects including 1 - 6 years old children whose haemoglobin level was between 10 and 12 g/dl were selected to participate in this study . Nine families in the control group were supplied with placebo solution and 12 families in the experimental group were supplied iron solution with ascorbic acid to be added to their domestic drinking water over a period of 4 months . The feasibility and acceptability of iron fortified drinking water was assessed through home visits and question naires . Blood sample s were collected at the beginning and after 4 months of the study for the determination of haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels . The results of this study indicated that iron fortified drinking water was well received by the low socioeconomic families and that it was effective in improving the haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels . It can be concluded from this study that iron fortification of household drinking water is a simple and effective alternative for developing countries along with other technological approaches to iron fortification of foods BACKGROUND Iron fortification of rice could be an effective strategy for reducing iron deficiency anemia in South Asia . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to determine whether extruded rice grains fortified with micronized ground ferric pyrophosphate ( MGFP ) would increase body iron stores in children . DESIGN In a double-blind , 7-mo , school-based feeding trial in Bangalore , India , iron-depleted , 6 - 13-y-old children ( n = 184 ) were r and omly assigned to receive either a rice-based lunch meal fortified with 20 mg Fe as MGFP or an identical but unfortified control meal . The meals were consumed under direct supervision , and daily leftovers were weighed . All children were dewormed at baseline and at 3.5 mo . Iron status and hemoglobin were measured at 
    Output:
    
agent
Sensitivity analyses and meta-regression for hemoglobin suggested a higher response with lower trial quality ( suboptimal allocation concealment and blinding ) , use of condiments , and sodium iron edetate and a lower response when adults were included .
Consumption of iron-fortified foods results in an improvement in hemoglobin , serum ferritin , and iron nutriture and a reduced risk of remaining anemic and iron deficient
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To observe the different impacts of electrolytic iron , FeSO4 , and NaFeEDTA on body iron store of anemic school students . METHODS Four hundreds anemic students at the age of 11 - 18 years were divided into four groups . Of which , three consumed different iron fortificants from wheat flour as food vehicle for six months and one consumed non-fortified flour ( control ) . The fortification level of electrolytic iron , FeSO4 , and NaFeEDTA was 60 mg Fe/kg , 30 mg Fe/kg , and 20 mg Fe/kg , respectively . Blood sample s were collected at 0 , 2 , 4 , and 6 months and hemoglobin ( Hb ) , serum ferritin ( SF ) , and transferrin receptor ( TfR ) were measured . RESULTS The hemoglobin levels in three intervention groups increased , the increments of Hb in the NaFeEDTA group were significantly higher than that in the other groups . SF and TfR levels increased in the tested groups and body iron store in the NaFeEDTA group was higher than that in the other groups . These parameters did not show any significant changes in the control group . CONCLUSION NaFeEDTA and FeSO4 fortified wheat flour has positive impacts on iron status in anemic students and NaFeEDTA is more effective than FeSO4 , while electrolytic iron is less effective in improving iron store in anemic students OBJECTIVE In many developing countries , children are at high risk for both goiter and anemia . Iron ( Fe ) deficiency adversely effects thyroid metabolism and reduces efficacy of iodine prophylaxis in areas of endemic goiter . The study aim was to determine if co-fortification of iodized salt with Fe would improve efficacy of the iodine in goitrous children with a high prevalence of anemia . DESIGN AND METHODS In a 9-month , r and omized , double-blind trial , 6 - 15 year-old children ( n=377 ) were given iodized salt ( 25 microg iodine/g salt ) or dual-fortified salt with iodine ( 25 microg iodine/g salt ) and Fe ( 1 mg Fe/g salt , as ferrous sulfate microencapsulated with partially hydrogenated vegetable oil ) . RESULTS In the dual-fortified salt group , hemoglobin and Fe status improved significantly compared with the iodized salt group ( P<0.05 ) . At 40 weeks , the mean decrease in thyroid volume measured by ultrasound in the dual-fortified salt group ( -38 % ) was twice that of the iodized salt group ( -18 % ) ( P<0.01 ) . Compared with the iodized salt group , serum thyroxine was significantly increased ( P<0.05 ) and the prevalence of hypothyroidism and goiter decreased ( P<0.01 ) in the dual-fortified salt group . CONCLUSION Addition of encapsulated Fe to iodized salt improves the efficacy of iodine in goitrous children with a high prevalence of anemia Background . Iron-fortified formulas are recommended throughout infancy and are frequently used beyond , yet safety aspects have been inadequately studied . Iron could theoretically increase pro-oxidant stress , with potential adverse effects , including infection risk , and some clinicians suspect that iron-fortified formulas induce gastrointestinal disturbance . Objective . A planned component of a large intervention trial has been to test the hypothesis that infants receiving iron-fortified formula  do not have a higher incidence of infections ( primary outcome ) or gastrointestinal problems ( secondary outcome ) than infants on low iron-formulas or cow 's milk . Methods . Children ( n = 493 ) 9 months old receiving cow 's milk were recruited in 3 UK centers and r and omized to : 1 ) cow 's milk as before , 2 ) formula containing .9 mg/L of iron  , or 3 ) an  otherwise identical formula but  containing 12 mg/L of iron . Children were followed at 3 monthly intervals and the episodes of infections , diarrhea and constipation , and general morbidity to 18 months old were recorded . Hematologic indices of iron status were determined at 18 months old . Results . Serum ferritin concentrations were increased in infants receiving iron-fortified formula but there were no intergroup differences in incidence of infection , gastrointestinal problems , or in general morbidity or weight gain . Conclusions . We were unable to identify adverse health effects in older infants and toddlers consuming a high iron-containing formula ( 12 mg/L ) even when used in population s with a low incidence of iron deficiency OBJECTIVE Combating iron deficiency in toddlers with iron-fortified food has proved difficult in countries with phytate-rich diets . For this purpose , a new haem iron preparation was developed . The study compared changes in iron status after administration of refried beans with beans fortified with a haem iron preparation or ferrous sulphate ( FeSO4 ) . DESIGN In a masked , stratified-r and omised intervention trial , children received five 156-g cans of refried black beans per week for 10 consecutive weeks . The beans-only ( control ) , FeSO4 and haem iron groups were offered a cumulative dose of 155 mg , 1625 mg and 1700 mg of iron from the bean intervention , respectively . Haemoglobin ( Hb ) and ferritin concentrations were determined at baseline and after 5 and 10 weeks . Compliance was examined weekly . SETTING A low-income community in Guatemala City . SUBJECTS One hundred and ten children aged 12 - 36 months with initial Hb values between 100 and 115 g l(-1 ) . RESULTS The cumulative intake of beans was approximately 80 % of that offered , signifying an additional approximately 1300 mg of either haem or inorganic iron in the corresponding treatment groups over 10 weeks . Hb concentrations increased by the order of 7.3 - 11.4 g l(-1 ) during the intervention , but without significant differences across treatments . Average ferritin concentrations were unaffected by treatment assignment . However , post hoc analysis by subgroups of initial high ferritin and initial low ferritin found the Hb increments after 10 weeks in the haem iron group ( 13.1+/-7.7 g l(-1 ) ) to be significantly greater than the respective increases ( 6.8+/-11.2 and 6.4+/-8.5 g l(-1 ) ) in the inorganic iron and beans-only groups . CONCLUSIONS Canned refried beans are a c and i date vehicle for fortificant iron . Given the improved colour and organoleptic properties imparted by haem iron added to refried beans , its additional potential for benefiting the iron status of consumers with iron deficiency may recommend it over FeSO4 OBJECTIVE Despite public health campaigns based on Fe and folic acid supplements , Fe-deficiency anaemia remains highly prevalent among women in India . We investigated leaf concentrate as an alternative to Fe and folic acid supplements for treating  anaemia in adolescent girls . DESIGN R and omised controlled two-arm trial over 3 months : one group received daily Fe and folic acid ( IFA ; 60 mg Fe , 500 microg folic acid ) ; the other daily leaf concentrate ( LC ; 5 mg Fe , 13 microg folic acid ) . Hb concentration , mean cell volume , serum Fe , serum ferritin and total Fe-binding capacity were measured pre- and post-intervention . SETTING Jaipur , India . SUBJECTS One hundred and two adolescent girls aged 14 - 18 years . RESULTS Of the 102 girls r and omized to the two arms of the trial , four ( 3.9 % ) were severely anaemic  ( Hb < 7 g/dl ) , twenty-eight ( 27.5 % ) were moderately anaemic ( Hb > or = 7 g/dl , < 10 g/dl ) and seventy ( 68.6 % ) were mildly anaemic ( Hb > or = 10 g/dl , < 12 g/dl ) . In the IFA group , eleven girls ( 20.4 % ) withdrew due to side-effects , compared with one girl ( 2.1 % ) in the LC group ( P = 0.005 ) . Total losses to follow-up were 14/54 in the IFA group and 2/48 in the LC group . At the end of the trial , none of the eighty-six remaining girls were severely anaemic , nine ( 10.5 % ) were moderately anaemic and twenty-six ( 30.2 % ) were mildly anaemic ; fifty-one ( 59.3 % ) had normal Hb levels ( > or = 12 g/dl ) . After adjustment for baseline values , LC was as effective as IFA in improving serum Fe parameters and treating anaemia . CONCLUSIONS Leaf concentrate is an effective , and more palatable , alternative to Fe and folic acid supplements for treating anaemia in adolescent girls Background : It has been suggested that food fortification might be an inexpensive , simple and effective way to control and prevent iron deficiency and its related anemia in many countries . Despite the advantages of this approach and the fact that it has been implemented in some provinces in Iran for more than 6 years , many scientists in the country worry about the negative aspects of the extra iron distributed among non-anemic persons in the community . Objective : This study was design ed to assess the effect of the flour fortification program on oxidative stress biomarkers and iron status among non-anemic 40- to 65-year-old adults . Study Design : This study had a special design that was implemented in 3 different parts . The main and first part was a field study . We r and omized 2 cities in 1 province . In each city , 200 volunteers ( 100 men and 100 women ) were selected using a multi-stage stratified method . Examination and interview ( filling out data collection forms ) were the methods of data gathering . In each of the 3 phases , demographic , anthropometric , blood pressure , micro- and macronutrient intakes , physical activities , and some oxidative stress biomarkers were the main data that were gathered . The results of this study can help health policy makers in design ing future interventions in the country based on food fortification How to improve iron status among infants and young children is of continued concern in low- to middle-income countries , including Brazil . In a double blind , 5-mo , home-based , r and omized trial in Brazil , we gave one group of mildly anemic 6- to 24-mo-old children ( n = 175 )  rice fortified with micronized ferric pyrophosphate using the Ultra Rice technology and a placebo solution ( URG ) and another group identical nonfortified rice and iron drops . We instructed parents on the correct dosage of iron drops and to feed their children rice as they normally would . We measured serum ferritin ( SF ) and hemoglobin ( Hb ) concentrations at baseline and at 5 mo . At baseline , the prevalences of iron deficiency and anemia in the total sample were 73.1 and 100 % , respectively . At 5 mo , SF and Hb increased in both groups , although the change in the URG was larger ( P < 0.01 ) . Adult participants were unable to distinguish cooked fortified rice from unfortified rice in terms of smell , color , or taste . As rice is normally consumed at home , MPF-fortified rice increased iron stores and reduced anemia in a group of mildly anemic children 6 - 24 mo old . In population s where young children are routinely fed approximately 100 g of cooked rice daily , fortifying it with iron may improve iron status at least as well as providing free iron drops Iron deficiency anaemia is a most common micronutrient deficiency affecting mostly the low socioeconomic population s of the developing world . The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of iron fortification of household drinking water to prevent iron deficiency anaemia among members of the low socioeconomic families of Southern Brazil . A total of 21 low socioeconomic families representing 88 subjects including 1 - 6 years old children whose haemoglobin level was between 10 and 12 g/dl were selected to participate in this study . Nine families in the control group were supplied with placebo solution and 12 families in the experimental group were supplied iron solution with ascorbic acid to be added to their domestic drinking water over a period of 4 months . The feasibility and acceptability of iron fortified drinking water was assessed through home visits and question naires . Blood sample s were collected at the beginning and after 4 months of the study for the determination of haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels . The results of this study indicated that iron fortified drinking water was well received by the low socioeconomic families and that it was effective in improving the haemoglobin and serum ferritin levels . It can be concluded from this study that iron fortification of household drinking water is a simple and effective alternative for developing countries along with other technological approaches to iron fortification of foods BACKGROUND Iron fortification of rice could be an effective strategy for reducing iron deficiency anemia in South Asia . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to determine whether extruded rice grains fortified with micronized ground ferric pyrophosphate ( MGFP ) would increase body iron stores in children . DESIGN In a double-blind , 7-mo , school-based feeding trial in Bangalore , India , iron-depleted , 6 - 13-y-old children ( n = 184 ) were r and omly assigned to receive either a rice-based lunch meal fortified with 20 mg Fe as MGFP or an identical but unfortified control meal . The meals were consumed under direct supervision , and daily leftovers were weighed . All children were dewormed at baseline and at 3.5 mo . Iron status and hemoglobin were measured at 
    Output:
    