human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Air-abrasion can be used for enamel preparation before fissure sealing as well as acid etching which is the evidence -based method for enamel preparation before sealing . AIM The aim of this study is to evaluate the status of sealed occlusal surfaces of the first permanent molars after one , two , and five years and to compare consequence of using the two different methods for enamel preparation before sealing . MATERIAL S AND METHODS At the baseline of the study 88 children of the age from 6 to 9 with caries-free permanent molars r and omly received  185 sealants after using the air-abrasion system KCP 2000 PLUS ( ADT Inc. ) and 121 sealants using the acid etching method with Vococid ( VoCo ) . Fissurit F ( VoCo ) was used for sealing . The status of occlusal surfaces of molars was scored as caries- free or decayed/restored by visual clinical assessment evaluation after one , two , and five years . RESULTS The sealants retention rate was 97.2 % , 91.9 % , 61.2 % in the air-abrasion group and 96.3 % , 92.6 % , 62.4 % in the acid etching group after one , two , and five years , respectively . The results showed 98.2 % , 98.0 % , 89.8 % caries free occlusal surfaces of molars prepared with air-abrasion method and 100 % , 100 % , 94.6 % caries free occlusal surfaces of molars prepared with acid etching method after one , two , and five years respectively . CONCLUSION The differences between the two methods : air-abrasion and acid etching in terms of sealant retention rate and caries development appeared to be statistically insignificant ( p>0.05 ) BACKGROUND Bonding agents could be used as fissure sealants . This study compares the retention three fissure sealants ( Delton , Delton Plus and Concise ) and a filled dentin bonding system ( Optibond Solo ) . METHODS . Fifty-six children aged 7 - 8 years received fissure sealants  either in the four permanent first molars , in the four deciduous second molars , or in all eight of these teeth . Every child received a different sealing material in each quadrant on a r and om basis . Clinical evaluation at 12 months was performed by a single blind examiner , and the retention was classified as either a success ( total retention ) or a failure ( partial retention or not present ) . RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences among the four material s in permanent maxillary molars or deciduous molars . In permanent m and ibular molars , Optibond Solo showed a lower percentage of retention ( 40.9 % ) , significantly different ( p=0.002 ) to that of Delton ( 89.5 % ) , Delton Plus ( 87.5 % ) and Concise ( 76.5 % ) . CONCLUSION One bottle dentin bonding system used as a sealant does not improve the retention of conventional fissure sealants . CLINICAL IMPLICATION Because of the scarcity of studies on the use of dental adhesives as sealants , further studies are warranted for the final support of that conclusion To investigate the effectiveness of topical fluorides in preventing fissure caries , we conducted a r and omized controlled trial with parallel groups . In total , 501 children ( 1,539 molars , 3,078 sites ) , mean age 9.1 years , who had at least one sound permanent first molar with deep fissures or fissures with signs of early caries were recruited . They were r and omly allocated among four groups : ( 1 ) resin sealant , single placement ; ( 2 ) 5 % NaF varnish , semi-annual application ; ( 3 ) 38 % silver diamine fluoride ( SDF ) solution , annual application ; and ( 4 ) placebo control . Follow-up examinations were conducted every 6 months by a masked examiner . After 24 months , 485 children ( 97 % ) were examined . Proportions of pit/fissure sites with dentin caries in the sealant , NaF , SDF , and control groups were 1.6 % , 2.4 % , 2.2 % , and 4.6 % , respectively . A multi-level logistic regression analysis accounting for the effects of data clustering and confounding factors showed that fissures in any of the three treatment groups had significantly lower risks of carious cavity development into dentin than did controls ( p < 0.05 ) . We concluded that placement of resin sealant , semi-annual application of NaF varnish , and annual application of SDF solution are all effective in preventing pit and fissure caries in permanent molars ( Clinical Trials.gov number CT01446107 ) Objectives The objective of this one-year clinical study was to investigate the effect of two adhesive systems ( Adper Single Bond , a two-step etch- and -rinse and Clearfil SE Bond , a two-step self-etch system ) on pit- and -fissure sealant retention in newly-erupted teeth . This study compared the success of the sealants in mesial and distopalatal grooves with and without these two adhesive systems . Material and Methods In a clinical trial , 35 children aged 6 - 8 years undergoing sealant placement were recruited . This one-year clinical study scored 70 mesial and 70 distopalatal sealants of newly-erupted permanent maxillary first molar , with a split-mouth design . All children received sealant alone in one permanent maxillary molar tooth . Children were r and omized into two groups . One group received Self-Etch ( SE ) bond plus sealant and the other group received Single Bond plus sealant in another permanent maxillary molar tooth . Clinical evaluation at 3 , 6 and 12 months was performed and the retention was studied in terms of the success and failure . Results The success rate of sealant in the distopalatal groove , using SEB at 3 , 6 and 12 months was 93.3 % ( 95 % CI : 68.0 , 99.8 ) , 73.3 % ( 95 % CI : 44.9 , 92.2 ) and 66.7 % ( 95 % CI : 38.4 , 88.2 ) , respectively . It was greater than that of the distopalatal groove in SB group with a success rate of 62.5 % ( 95 % CI : 35.4 , 84.8 ) , 31.3 % ( 95 % CI : 11.8 , 58.7 ) and 31.3 % ( 95 % CI : 11.8 , 58.7 ) , at the three evaluation periods . The success rate of sealant in the mesial groove using SEB was 86.6 % ( 95 % CI : 59.5 , 98.3 ) , 53.3 % ( 95 % CI : 26.6 , 78.7 ) and 53.3 % ( 95 % CI : 26.6 , 78.7 ) , while this was 100 % ( 95 % CI : 79.4 , 100.0 ) , 81.3 % ( 95 % CI : 54.4 , 96.0 ) and 81.3 % ( 95 % CI : 54.4 , 96.0 ) using SB , at 3 , 6 and 12-month evaluation periods . Conclusions These results support the use of these two bonding agents in pit- and -fissure sealants under both isolated and contaminated conditions . Further , SE bond seemed to be less sensitive to moisture contamination PURPOSE The aim of this work is to study and compare the retention rate , caries-preventing and antibacterial effects of resin-modified glass ionomer and flowable composite in comparison to conventional fissure sealant . METHODS Forty-five children aged 7 - 10 years with newly erupted lower first permanent molars were r and omly divided into three equal treatment groups . Group I : sealed by a conventional resin sealant ; Group II : sealed by resin modified glass ionomer ( RMGI ) ; and Group III : sealed by flowable composite .  Retention and caries status of the sealed teeth were recorded after 1 month , 6 months , year and 2 years . In addition , Streptococcus mutans counts were assessed at baseline , 1 day , 1 month , 6 months , 1 year and 2 years after sealant application . Data were analyzed by Fisher exact , chi-square and ANOVA tests . RESULTS Group III and Group I showed significantly higher retention rates than Group II fissure sealant ( p<0.05 ) . There were no differences of the caries-preventive effects between the tested sealant material s throughout the duration of the study . Streptococcus mutans counts were significantly lower in group II compared to group I or group III up to 6 months of the study ( p<0.05 ) . After 1 year of the study the differences of Streptococcus mutans counts were not significant ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSION This study indicated a lower retention of RMGI compared to flowable composite and resin sealant without significant difference in caries prevention or long-term bacterial inhibition BACKGROUND Long-term retention of pit and fissure sealants is essential for their success . The aim of this study was to compare the retention rates of sealants placed with acid-etching and air abrasion followed by acid etching . METHODS Sixteen subjects aged 16 and 17 years were included in the study . Using a half-mouth design , the authors performed fissure preparation with phosphoric acid gel on r and omly assigned maxillary and m and ibular permanent premolars and molars from one side of the mouth ( Group I ) and performed air abrasion followed by acid etching on the contralateral side of the mouth ( Group II ) . The authors applied sealant material on 162 teeth , and they evaluated the sealants as complete retention , partial loss or total loss at six , 12 and 24 months . RESULTS While fissure sealant retention rates were not significantly different for the two techniques at six months ( P = .97 ) , the retention rates for the teeth in Group II were significantly higher at 12 ( P = .025 ) and 24 months ( P = .002 ) . Molar retention rates were significantly less than those for premolars at each evaluation period ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSION The sealant retention rates at 12 and 24 months were higher in Group II ( air abrasion followed by acid etching ) . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S As air abrasion followed by acid etching result ed in significantly higher sealant retention rates , this method could be a good choice for fissure preparation before sealant placement for long-term success OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to provide further data for comparison of retention and caries-preventive effect of a resin-based sealant ( Delton , and a glass-ionomer sealant ( Fuji III ) . METHODS The study was conducted in the municipality of Vaerløse located 15 km north of Copenhagen , Denmark in the period 1996 - 2001 . The study comprised 153 children aged 8 - 13 years with a total of 364 site-pairs . Caries was diagnosed both clinical ly and radiographically , and sealant retention was diagnosed clinical ly . Sealants were placed either by one of four dentists , who had the responsibility for the children 's dental care , by a dental hygienist or a dental assistant . Mean follow-up time was 38 - 39 months for sites on first permanent molars and 28 - 29 months for sites on second permanent molars . RESULTS The retention rates were consistently , and considerably lower for Fuji III than for Delton .  Relative risks of caries in Delton-sealed teeth over Fuji III-sealed teeth was 0.435 ( 95 % CI 0.150 - 0.846 ) based on the clinical diagnosis , and 0.559 ( 95 % CI 0.342 - 0.905 ) based on the radiographic diagnosis . The ratio of the relative risks ( clinical over radiographic diagnosis ) was close to 1 ( 0.778 ; 95 % CI 0.272 - 1.481 ) . CONCLUSION In the present study , Delton-sealed teeth had a lower risk than Fuji III-sealed teeth of developing caries , independent of the caries diagnostic method used OBJECTIVES Very little independent research has been done on the new self-etching primer/adhesives in dentistry . A recent clinical study compared two sealant application techniques involving self-etching primer adhesives and the traditional phosphoric acid etch . The purpose of this study was to compare these two techniques in an Iowa school-based sealant program . METHODS Twelve-month sealant  retention  data on 208 students from the Des Moines , Iowa , school-based sealant program were analyzed retrospectively . RESULTS Sealant retention reported at the person level showed that 60 percent of the students who received sealants at the five schools had to be recalled at one year to have one or more surfaces resealed . A logistic regression model at the person level demonstrated that the phosphoric acid technique was six times as likely to have retention of all the sealed tooth surfaces as those sealed with Prompt-L-Pop . CONCLUSIONS In this study , many students had to be recalled to the chair 12 months after sealant application due to incomplete retention . Though sealants were retained in larger numbers with phosphoric acid , overall sealant retention at the tooth level was lower 
    Output:
    
agent
The best retention capacity of the material in time has been obtained from the use of RB Sealants compared to RMGI , demonstrating retention values much lower with partial loss of material at a distance of one year from the clinic .
The compomers demonstrate retention values intermediates .
The incidence of caries in a year is negligible for all sealants application .
In terms of retention , resin-based sealants ( RB Sealants ) are the material s that give more guarantees of success at 12 months , while in the same period there have n't been significant differences in caries prevention of disease among the various classes sealing material s analyzed
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Air-abrasion can be used for enamel preparation before fissure sealing as well as acid etching which is the evidence -based method for enamel preparation before sealing . AIM The aim of this study is to evaluate the status of sealed occlusal surfaces of the first permanent molars after one , two , and five years and to compare consequence of using the two different methods for enamel preparation before sealing . MATERIAL S AND METHODS At the baseline of the study 88 children of the age from 6 to 9 with caries-free permanent molars r and omly received  185 sealants after using the air-abrasion system KCP 2000 PLUS ( ADT Inc. ) and 121 sealants using the acid etching method with Vococid ( VoCo ) . Fissurit F ( VoCo ) was used for sealing . The status of occlusal surfaces of molars was scored as caries- free or decayed/restored by visual clinical assessment evaluation after one , two , and five years . RESULTS The sealants retention rate was 97.2 % , 91.9 % , 61.2 % in the air-abrasion group and 96.3 % , 92.6 % , 62.4 % in the acid etching group after one , two , and five years , respectively . The results showed 98.2 % , 98.0 % , 89.8 % caries free occlusal surfaces of molars prepared with air-abrasion method and 100 % , 100 % , 94.6 % caries free occlusal surfaces of molars prepared with acid etching method after one , two , and five years respectively . CONCLUSION The differences between the two methods : air-abrasion and acid etching in terms of sealant retention rate and caries development appeared to be statistically insignificant ( p>0.05 ) BACKGROUND Bonding agents could be used as fissure sealants . This study compares the retention three fissure sealants ( Delton , Delton Plus and Concise ) and a filled dentin bonding system ( Optibond Solo ) . METHODS . Fifty-six children aged 7 - 8 years received fissure sealants  either in the four permanent first molars , in the four deciduous second molars , or in all eight of these teeth . Every child received a different sealing material in each quadrant on a r and om basis . Clinical evaluation at 12 months was performed by a single blind examiner , and the retention was classified as either a success ( total retention ) or a failure ( partial retention or not present ) . RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences among the four material s in permanent maxillary molars or deciduous molars . In permanent m and ibular molars , Optibond Solo showed a lower percentage of retention ( 40.9 % ) , significantly different ( p=0.002 ) to that of Delton ( 89.5 % ) , Delton Plus ( 87.5 % ) and Concise ( 76.5 % ) . CONCLUSION One bottle dentin bonding system used as a sealant does not improve the retention of conventional fissure sealants . CLINICAL IMPLICATION Because of the scarcity of studies on the use of dental adhesives as sealants , further studies are warranted for the final support of that conclusion To investigate the effectiveness of topical fluorides in preventing fissure caries , we conducted a r and omized controlled trial with parallel groups . In total , 501 children ( 1,539 molars , 3,078 sites ) , mean age 9.1 years , who had at least one sound permanent first molar with deep fissures or fissures with signs of early caries were recruited . They were r and omly allocated among four groups : ( 1 ) resin sealant , single placement ; ( 2 ) 5 % NaF varnish , semi-annual application ; ( 3 ) 38 % silver diamine fluoride ( SDF ) solution , annual application ; and ( 4 ) placebo control . Follow-up examinations were conducted every 6 months by a masked examiner . After 24 months , 485 children ( 97 % ) were examined . Proportions of pit/fissure sites with dentin caries in the sealant , NaF , SDF , and control groups were 1.6 % , 2.4 % , 2.2 % , and 4.6 % , respectively . A multi-level logistic regression analysis accounting for the effects of data clustering and confounding factors showed that fissures in any of the three treatment groups had significantly lower risks of carious cavity development into dentin than did controls ( p < 0.05 ) . We concluded that placement of resin sealant , semi-annual application of NaF varnish , and annual application of SDF solution are all effective in preventing pit and fissure caries in permanent molars ( Clinical Trials.gov number CT01446107 ) Objectives The objective of this one-year clinical study was to investigate the effect of two adhesive systems ( Adper Single Bond , a two-step etch- and -rinse and Clearfil SE Bond , a two-step self-etch system ) on pit- and -fissure sealant retention in newly-erupted teeth . This study compared the success of the sealants in mesial and distopalatal grooves with and without these two adhesive systems . Material and Methods In a clinical trial , 35 children aged 6 - 8 years undergoing sealant placement were recruited . This one-year clinical study scored 70 mesial and 70 distopalatal sealants of newly-erupted permanent maxillary first molar , with a split-mouth design . All children received sealant alone in one permanent maxillary molar tooth . Children were r and omized into two groups . One group received Self-Etch ( SE ) bond plus sealant and the other group received Single Bond plus sealant in another permanent maxillary molar tooth . Clinical evaluation at 3 , 6 and 12 months was performed and the retention was studied in terms of the success and failure . Results The success rate of sealant in the distopalatal groove , using SEB at 3 , 6 and 12 months was 93.3 % ( 95 % CI : 68.0 , 99.8 ) , 73.3 % ( 95 % CI : 44.9 , 92.2 ) and 66.7 % ( 95 % CI : 38.4 , 88.2 ) , respectively . It was greater than that of the distopalatal groove in SB group with a success rate of 62.5 % ( 95 % CI : 35.4 , 84.8 ) , 31.3 % ( 95 % CI : 11.8 , 58.7 ) and 31.3 % ( 95 % CI : 11.8 , 58.7 ) , at the three evaluation periods . The success rate of sealant in the mesial groove using SEB was 86.6 % ( 95 % CI : 59.5 , 98.3 ) , 53.3 % ( 95 % CI : 26.6 , 78.7 ) and 53.3 % ( 95 % CI : 26.6 , 78.7 ) , while this was 100 % ( 95 % CI : 79.4 , 100.0 ) , 81.3 % ( 95 % CI : 54.4 , 96.0 ) and 81.3 % ( 95 % CI : 54.4 , 96.0 ) using SB , at 3 , 6 and 12-month evaluation periods . Conclusions These results support the use of these two bonding agents in pit- and -fissure sealants under both isolated and contaminated conditions . Further , SE bond seemed to be less sensitive to moisture contamination PURPOSE The aim of this work is to study and compare the retention rate , caries-preventing and antibacterial effects of resin-modified glass ionomer and flowable composite in comparison to conventional fissure sealant . METHODS Forty-five children aged 7 - 10 years with newly erupted lower first permanent molars were r and omly divided into three equal treatment groups . Group I : sealed by a conventional resin sealant ; Group II : sealed by resin modified glass ionomer ( RMGI ) ; and Group III : sealed by flowable composite .  Retention and caries status of the sealed teeth were recorded after 1 month , 6 months , year and 2 years . In addition , Streptococcus mutans counts were assessed at baseline , 1 day , 1 month , 6 months , 1 year and 2 years after sealant application . Data were analyzed by Fisher exact , chi-square and ANOVA tests . RESULTS Group III and Group I showed significantly higher retention rates than Group II fissure sealant ( p<0.05 ) . There were no differences of the caries-preventive effects between the tested sealant material s throughout the duration of the study . Streptococcus mutans counts were significantly lower in group II compared to group I or group III up to 6 months of the study ( p<0.05 ) . After 1 year of the study the differences of Streptococcus mutans counts were not significant ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSION This study indicated a lower retention of RMGI compared to flowable composite and resin sealant without significant difference in caries prevention or long-term bacterial inhibition BACKGROUND Long-term retention of pit and fissure sealants is essential for their success . The aim of this study was to compare the retention rates of sealants placed with acid-etching and air abrasion followed by acid etching . METHODS Sixteen subjects aged 16 and 17 years were included in the study . Using a half-mouth design , the authors performed fissure preparation with phosphoric acid gel on r and omly assigned maxillary and m and ibular permanent premolars and molars from one side of the mouth ( Group I ) and performed air abrasion followed by acid etching on the contralateral side of the mouth ( Group II ) . The authors applied sealant material on 162 teeth , and they evaluated the sealants as complete retention , partial loss or total loss at six , 12 and 24 months . RESULTS While fissure sealant retention rates were not significantly different for the two techniques at six months ( P = .97 ) , the retention rates for the teeth in Group II were significantly higher at 12 ( P = .025 ) and 24 months ( P = .002 ) . Molar retention rates were significantly less than those for premolars at each evaluation period ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSION The sealant retention rates at 12 and 24 months were higher in Group II ( air abrasion followed by acid etching ) . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S As air abrasion followed by acid etching result ed in significantly higher sealant retention rates , this method could be a good choice for fissure preparation before sealant placement for long-term success OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to provide further data for comparison of retention and caries-preventive effect of a resin-based sealant ( Delton , and a glass-ionomer sealant ( Fuji III ) . METHODS The study was conducted in the municipality of Vaerløse located 15 km north of Copenhagen , Denmark in the period 1996 - 2001 . The study comprised 153 children aged 8 - 13 years with a total of 364 site-pairs . Caries was diagnosed both clinical ly and radiographically , and sealant retention was diagnosed clinical ly . Sealants were placed either by one of four dentists , who had the responsibility for the children 's dental care , by a dental hygienist or a dental assistant . Mean follow-up time was 38 - 39 months for sites on first permanent molars and 28 - 29 months for sites on second permanent molars . RESULTS The retention rates were consistently , and considerably lower for Fuji III than for Delton .  Relative risks of caries in Delton-sealed teeth over Fuji III-sealed teeth was 0.435 ( 95 % CI 0.150 - 0.846 ) based on the clinical diagnosis , and 0.559 ( 95 % CI 0.342 - 0.905 ) based on the radiographic diagnosis . The ratio of the relative risks ( clinical over radiographic diagnosis ) was close to 1 ( 0.778 ; 95 % CI 0.272 - 1.481 ) . CONCLUSION In the present study , Delton-sealed teeth had a lower risk than Fuji III-sealed teeth of developing caries , independent of the caries diagnostic method used OBJECTIVES Very little independent research has been done on the new self-etching primer/adhesives in dentistry . A recent clinical study compared two sealant application techniques involving self-etching primer adhesives and the traditional phosphoric acid etch . The purpose of this study was to compare these two techniques in an Iowa school-based sealant program . METHODS Twelve-month sealant  retention  data on 208 students from the Des Moines , Iowa , school-based sealant program were analyzed retrospectively . RESULTS Sealant retention reported at the person level showed that 60 percent of the students who received sealants at the five schools had to be recalled at one year to have one or more surfaces resealed . A logistic regression model at the person level demonstrated that the phosphoric acid technique was six times as likely to have retention of all the sealed tooth surfaces as those sealed with Prompt-L-Pop . CONCLUSIONS In this study , many students had to be recalled to the chair 12 months after sealant application due to incomplete retention . Though sealants were retained in larger numbers with phosphoric acid , overall sealant retention at the tooth level was lower 
    Output:
    