human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective To highlight the contribution of the gut microbiota to the modulation of host metabolism by dietary inulin-type fructans ( ITF prebiotics ) in obese women . Methods A double blind , placebo controlled , intervention study was performed with 30 obese women treated with ITF prebiotics ( inulin/oligofructose 50/50 mix ; n=15 ) or placebo ( maltodextrin ; n=15 ) for 3 months ( 16 g/day ) .  Blood , faeces and urine sampling , oral glucose tolerance test , homeostasis model assessment and impedancemetry were performed before and after treatment . The gut microbial composition in faeces was analysed by phylogenetic microarray and qPCR analysis of 16S rDNA . Plasma and urine metabolic profiles were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy . Results Treatment with ITF prebiotics , but not the placebo , led to an increase in Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ; both bacteria negatively correlated with serum lipopolysaccharide levels .  ITF prebiotics also decreased Bacteroides intestinalis , Bacteroides vulgatus and Propionibacterium , an effect associated with a slight decrease in fat mass and with plasma lactate and phosphatidylcholine levels . No clear treatment clustering could be detected for gut microbial analysis or plasma and urine metabolomic profile analyses . However , ITF prebiotics led to subtle changes in the gut microbiota that may importantly impact on several key metabolites implicated in obesity and /or diabetes . Conclusions ITF prebiotics selectively changed the gut microbiota composition in obese women , leading to modest changes in host metabolism , as suggested by the correlation between some bacterial species and metabolic endotoxaemia or metabolomic signatures PURPOSE This trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on some of cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with type 2 diabetes . METHODS 52 females ( 25 < BMI < 35 kg/m2 ) with type 2 diabetes were r and omly assigned to two groups . Participants received 10g/d oligofructose-enriched inulin ( n=27 ) or 10g/d placebo ( n=25 ) for 8 weeks . Fasting blood sample s were taken to measure metabolic profiles , malondialdehyd and antioxidant enzymes at baseline and after the 8 weeks intervention . Paired , unpaired sample t-test and analysis of covariance were used to comparison of quantitative variables . RESULTS After 8 weeks , in the oligofructose-enriched inulin group there was a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity ( 0.2 mmol/l , 20.0 % ) and a significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose ( 19.2 mg/dL , 9.4 % ) HbA1c ( 0.5 % , 8.4 % ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) ( 28.0 mg/dL , 14.1 % ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-c ) ( 22.0 mg/dL , 21.7 % ) , TC/HDL-c ratio ( 0.73 , 20.7 % ) , LDL-c/HDL-c ratio ( 0.55 , 27.5 % ) and malondialdehyd ( 1.7 nmol/ml , 39.7 % ) compared to the placebo group . Changes in concentrations of triglycerides , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDLc ) , superoxide dismutase , catalase and glutathione peroxidase were not significant in oligofructose-enriched inulin group compared to the placebo group . CONCLUSION Oligofructose-enriched inulin may improve glycemic indices , lipid profile , antioxidant status and malondialdehyd in women with type 2 diabetes Background Fat infiltration of the liver , muscle and pancreas is associated with insulin resistance and risk of diabetes . Weight loss reduces ectopic fat deposition and risk of diabetes , but is difficult to sustain to due to compensatory increases in appetite . Fermentable carbohydrates have been shown to decrease appetite and food intake , and promote weight loss in overweight subjects . In animal studies , fermentable carbohydrate reduces ectopic fat independent of weight loss . We aim ed to investigate the effect of the fermentable carbohydrate inulin on weight maintenance , appetite and ectopic fat in subjects with prediabetes . Methods Forty-four subjects with prediabetes were r and omized to 18 weeks ’ inulin or cellulose supplementation .  During weeks 1–9 ( weight loss phase ) all subjects had four visits with a dietitian to guide them towards a 5 % weight loss . During weeks 10–18 ( weight maintenance phase ) subjects continued taking their assigned supplementation and were asked to maintain the weight they had lost but were offered no further support . All subjects attended study sessions at baseline , 9 and 18 weeks for measurement of weight ; assessment of adipose tissue and ectopic fat content by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; glucose , insulin and GLP-1 levels following a meal tolerance test ; and appetite by ad libitum meal test and visual analogue scales . Results Both groups lost approximately 5 % of their body weight by week nine ( −5.3 ± 0.1 % vs −4.3 ± 0.4 % , p = 0.13 , but the inulin group lost significantly more weight between 9 and 18 weeks ( −2.3 ± 0.5 % vs −0.6 ± 0.4 % , p = 0.012 ) . Subjects taking inulin had lower hepatic ( p = 0.02 ) and soleus muscle ( p < 0.05 ) fat content at 18 weeks compared to control even after controlling for weight loss and consumed less at the ad libitum meal test ( p = 0.027 ) . Fasting glucose significantly decreased at week nine only ( p = 0.005 ) , insulin concentrations did not change , and there was a significant increase in GLP-1 in the cellulose group at 9 and 18 weeks ( p < 0.03 , p < 0.00001 ) . Conclusion Inulin may have a two-pronged effect on the risk of diabetes by 1 ) promoting weight loss 2 ) reducing intrahepatocellular and intramyocellular lipid in people with prediabetes independent of weight loss . Trial registration Clinical trial number : NCT01841073 BACKGROUND Fructooligosaccharides have been cl aim ed to lower fasting glycemia and serum total cholesterol concentrations , possibly via effects of short-chain fatty acids produced during fermentation . OBJECTIVE We studied the effects of fructooligosaccharides on blood glucose , serum lipids , and serum acetate in 20 patients with type 2 diabetes . DESIGN In a r and omized , single-blind , crossover design , patients consumed either glucose as a placebo ( 4 g/d ) or fructooligosaccharides ( 15 g/d ) for 20 d each . Average daily intakes of energy , macronutrients , and dietary fiber were similar with both treatments . RESULTS Compliance , expressed as the proportion of supplements not returned , was near 100 % during both treatments . Fructooligosaccharides did not significantly affect fasting concentrations ( mmol/L ) of serum total cholesterol ( 95 % CI : -0.07 , 0.48 ) , HDL cholesterol ( -0.04 , 0.04 ) , LDL cholesterol ( -0.06 , 0.34 ) , serum triacylglycerols ( -0.21 , 0.44 ) , serum free fatty acids ( -0.08 , 0.04 ) , serum acetate ( -0.01 , 0.01 ) , or blood glucose ( -0.37 , 0.40 ) . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 20 d of dietary supplementation with fructooligosaccharides had no major effect on blood glucose , serum lipids , or serum acetate in patients with type 2 diabetes . This lack of effect was not due to changes in dietary intake , insufficient statistical power , or noncompliance of the patients Short-chain fructooligosaccharides ( FOS ) are prebiotics , which escape digestion in the small intestine and are fermented by the colonic microflora into short-chain fatty acids . Recently , we found that the daily consumption of 20 g FOS decreased basal hepatic glucose production in healthy subjects without any effect on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism . In this study , we evaluated the effects of the chronic ingestion of FOS on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations , hepatic glucose production and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetics . Type 2 diabetic volunteers ( n = 10 ; 6 men , 4 women ) received either 20 g/d FOS or sucrose for 4 wk in a double-blind crossover design . FOS did not modify fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations or basal hepatic glucose production . The plasma glucose response to a fixed exogenous insulin bolus did not differ at the end of the two periods . Erythrocyte insulin binding also did not differ . Serum triacylglycerol , total and HDL cholesterol , free fatty acid , apolipoproteins A1 and B and lipoprotein ( a ) concentrations were not modified by the chronic ingestion of FOS . We conclude that 4 wk of 20 g/d of FOS had no effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetics Purpose : The worldwide prevalence of metabolic disorders such as diabetes is increasing rapidly . Currently , the complications of diabetes are the major health concern . The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high performance ( HP ) inulin supplementation on glucose homeostasis via KLF5 mRNA expression in adults with type 2 diabetes . Methods : In the present clinical trial conducted for a duration of 6 weeks , 46 volunteers diabetic patients referring to diabetes clinic in Tabriz , Iran , were r and omly assigned into intervention ( n= 23 , consuming 10 gr/d HP inulin ) and control groups ( n= 23 , consuming 10 gr/ d starch ) . We assessed glycemic and anthropometric indices , blood lipids and plasmatic level of miR-375 as well as KLF5 mRNA expression before and after the intervention . Results : Findings indicated that inulin supplementation significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) in comparison to the placebo group ( P<0.001 ) . Also Intra-group and between group results showed that inulin supplementation result ed in significant decrease in KLF5 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) ( Fold change : 0.61± 0.11 ; P-value= 0.001 ) and significant increase in plasmatic level of miR-375 ( Fold change : 3.75± 0.70 ; P-value=0.004 ) . Conclusion : Considering the improvements of FPG level in diabetic patients , it seems that HP inulin supplementation may be beneficial in controlling diabetes via the expression of some genes . However , further studies are needed to achieve concise conclusions BACKGROUND S AND AIMS Type 2 diabetic mellitus ( T2DM ) as one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality is associated with immune system disturbances and metabolic abnormalities . In the current study we aim ed to evaluate the effects of enriched chicory inulin supplementation on liver enzymes , serum calcium and phosphorous concentrations and hematological parameters in patients with T2DM . METHODS Forty-six diabetic females patients were r and omly allocated into intervention ( n=27 ) and control ( n=22 ) groups . Subjects in the intervention group received a daily dose of 10 g of chicory and subjects in control group received a placebo for two months . Anthropometric variables , glucose homeostasis , hematological parameters and metabolic indices including serum alanine aminotransfersae ( ALT ) , aspartate aminotransferase ( AST ) , alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ) , calcium and phosphorous as well as creatinine concentrations , glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) and blood pressure were assessed at the beginning and end of the trial . RESULTS Significant reductions in fasting serum glucose ( FSG ) , Hb A1C , AST and ALP concentrations were observed in chicory-treated group . Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were also reduced in chicory-treated group . Serum calcium significantly increased after chicory supplementation but no change in placebo treated group has been occurred ( P=0.014 ) . Supplementation with enriched chicory for two months significantly reduced hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume ( MCV ) values ( P<0.05 ) . Changes in serum insulin , creatinine and GFR were not significant . CONCLUSION The present study showed beneficial effects of oligofructose-enriched chic 
    Output:
    
agent
However , it can significantly decrease postintervention and reduction data of FPG , FI , HbA1c , and HOMA-IR .
Heterogeneity was eliminated by subgroup analysis according to baseline BMI .
There was no significant difference in the amelioration of QUICKI between the ITC and control groups .
However , the difference was statistically significant and the heterogeneity was eliminated after subgroup analysis according to intakes of ITC .
Conclusion Supplementation of ITC can ameliorate IR in T2DM , especially in obese T2DM patients , but the effects are controversial in obese patients
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective To highlight the contribution of the gut microbiota to the modulation of host metabolism by dietary inulin-type fructans ( ITF prebiotics ) in obese women . Methods A double blind , placebo controlled , intervention study was performed with 30 obese women treated with ITF prebiotics ( inulin/oligofructose 50/50 mix ; n=15 ) or placebo ( maltodextrin ; n=15 ) for 3 months ( 16 g/day ) .  Blood , faeces and urine sampling , oral glucose tolerance test , homeostasis model assessment and impedancemetry were performed before and after treatment . The gut microbial composition in faeces was analysed by phylogenetic microarray and qPCR analysis of 16S rDNA . Plasma and urine metabolic profiles were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy . Results Treatment with ITF prebiotics , but not the placebo , led to an increase in Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ; both bacteria negatively correlated with serum lipopolysaccharide levels .  ITF prebiotics also decreased Bacteroides intestinalis , Bacteroides vulgatus and Propionibacterium , an effect associated with a slight decrease in fat mass and with plasma lactate and phosphatidylcholine levels . No clear treatment clustering could be detected for gut microbial analysis or plasma and urine metabolomic profile analyses . However , ITF prebiotics led to subtle changes in the gut microbiota that may importantly impact on several key metabolites implicated in obesity and /or diabetes . Conclusions ITF prebiotics selectively changed the gut microbiota composition in obese women , leading to modest changes in host metabolism , as suggested by the correlation between some bacterial species and metabolic endotoxaemia or metabolomic signatures PURPOSE This trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on some of cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with type 2 diabetes . METHODS 52 females ( 25 < BMI < 35 kg/m2 ) with type 2 diabetes were r and omly assigned to two groups . Participants received 10g/d oligofructose-enriched inulin ( n=27 ) or 10g/d placebo ( n=25 ) for 8 weeks . Fasting blood sample s were taken to measure metabolic profiles , malondialdehyd and antioxidant enzymes at baseline and after the 8 weeks intervention . Paired , unpaired sample t-test and analysis of covariance were used to comparison of quantitative variables . RESULTS After 8 weeks , in the oligofructose-enriched inulin group there was a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity ( 0.2 mmol/l , 20.0 % ) and a significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose ( 19.2 mg/dL , 9.4 % ) HbA1c ( 0.5 % , 8.4 % ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) ( 28.0 mg/dL , 14.1 % ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-c ) ( 22.0 mg/dL , 21.7 % ) , TC/HDL-c ratio ( 0.73 , 20.7 % ) , LDL-c/HDL-c ratio ( 0.55 , 27.5 % ) and malondialdehyd ( 1.7 nmol/ml , 39.7 % ) compared to the placebo group . Changes in concentrations of triglycerides , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDLc ) , superoxide dismutase , catalase and glutathione peroxidase were not significant in oligofructose-enriched inulin group compared to the placebo group . CONCLUSION Oligofructose-enriched inulin may improve glycemic indices , lipid profile , antioxidant status and malondialdehyd in women with type 2 diabetes Background Fat infiltration of the liver , muscle and pancreas is associated with insulin resistance and risk of diabetes . Weight loss reduces ectopic fat deposition and risk of diabetes , but is difficult to sustain to due to compensatory increases in appetite . Fermentable carbohydrates have been shown to decrease appetite and food intake , and promote weight loss in overweight subjects . In animal studies , fermentable carbohydrate reduces ectopic fat independent of weight loss . We aim ed to investigate the effect of the fermentable carbohydrate inulin on weight maintenance , appetite and ectopic fat in subjects with prediabetes . Methods Forty-four subjects with prediabetes were r and omized to 18 weeks ’ inulin or cellulose supplementation .  During weeks 1–9 ( weight loss phase ) all subjects had four visits with a dietitian to guide them towards a 5 % weight loss . During weeks 10–18 ( weight maintenance phase ) subjects continued taking their assigned supplementation and were asked to maintain the weight they had lost but were offered no further support . All subjects attended study sessions at baseline , 9 and 18 weeks for measurement of weight ; assessment of adipose tissue and ectopic fat content by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; glucose , insulin and GLP-1 levels following a meal tolerance test ; and appetite by ad libitum meal test and visual analogue scales . Results Both groups lost approximately 5 % of their body weight by week nine ( −5.3 ± 0.1 % vs −4.3 ± 0.4 % , p = 0.13 , but the inulin group lost significantly more weight between 9 and 18 weeks ( −2.3 ± 0.5 % vs −0.6 ± 0.4 % , p = 0.012 ) . Subjects taking inulin had lower hepatic ( p = 0.02 ) and soleus muscle ( p < 0.05 ) fat content at 18 weeks compared to control even after controlling for weight loss and consumed less at the ad libitum meal test ( p = 0.027 ) . Fasting glucose significantly decreased at week nine only ( p = 0.005 ) , insulin concentrations did not change , and there was a significant increase in GLP-1 in the cellulose group at 9 and 18 weeks ( p < 0.03 , p < 0.00001 ) . Conclusion Inulin may have a two-pronged effect on the risk of diabetes by 1 ) promoting weight loss 2 ) reducing intrahepatocellular and intramyocellular lipid in people with prediabetes independent of weight loss . Trial registration Clinical trial number : NCT01841073 BACKGROUND Fructooligosaccharides have been cl aim ed to lower fasting glycemia and serum total cholesterol concentrations , possibly via effects of short-chain fatty acids produced during fermentation . OBJECTIVE We studied the effects of fructooligosaccharides on blood glucose , serum lipids , and serum acetate in 20 patients with type 2 diabetes . DESIGN In a r and omized , single-blind , crossover design , patients consumed either glucose as a placebo ( 4 g/d ) or fructooligosaccharides ( 15 g/d ) for 20 d each . Average daily intakes of energy , macronutrients , and dietary fiber were similar with both treatments . RESULTS Compliance , expressed as the proportion of supplements not returned , was near 100 % during both treatments . Fructooligosaccharides did not significantly affect fasting concentrations ( mmol/L ) of serum total cholesterol ( 95 % CI : -0.07 , 0.48 ) , HDL cholesterol ( -0.04 , 0.04 ) , LDL cholesterol ( -0.06 , 0.34 ) , serum triacylglycerols ( -0.21 , 0.44 ) , serum free fatty acids ( -0.08 , 0.04 ) , serum acetate ( -0.01 , 0.01 ) , or blood glucose ( -0.37 , 0.40 ) . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 20 d of dietary supplementation with fructooligosaccharides had no major effect on blood glucose , serum lipids , or serum acetate in patients with type 2 diabetes . This lack of effect was not due to changes in dietary intake , insufficient statistical power , or noncompliance of the patients Short-chain fructooligosaccharides ( FOS ) are prebiotics , which escape digestion in the small intestine and are fermented by the colonic microflora into short-chain fatty acids . Recently , we found that the daily consumption of 20 g FOS decreased basal hepatic glucose production in healthy subjects without any effect on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism . In this study , we evaluated the effects of the chronic ingestion of FOS on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations , hepatic glucose production and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetics . Type 2 diabetic volunteers ( n = 10 ; 6 men , 4 women ) received either 20 g/d FOS or sucrose for 4 wk in a double-blind crossover design . FOS did not modify fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations or basal hepatic glucose production . The plasma glucose response to a fixed exogenous insulin bolus did not differ at the end of the two periods . Erythrocyte insulin binding also did not differ . Serum triacylglycerol , total and HDL cholesterol , free fatty acid , apolipoproteins A1 and B and lipoprotein ( a ) concentrations were not modified by the chronic ingestion of FOS . We conclude that 4 wk of 20 g/d of FOS had no effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetics Purpose : The worldwide prevalence of metabolic disorders such as diabetes is increasing rapidly . Currently , the complications of diabetes are the major health concern . The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high performance ( HP ) inulin supplementation on glucose homeostasis via KLF5 mRNA expression in adults with type 2 diabetes . Methods : In the present clinical trial conducted for a duration of 6 weeks , 46 volunteers diabetic patients referring to diabetes clinic in Tabriz , Iran , were r and omly assigned into intervention ( n= 23 , consuming 10 gr/d HP inulin ) and control groups ( n= 23 , consuming 10 gr/ d starch ) . We assessed glycemic and anthropometric indices , blood lipids and plasmatic level of miR-375 as well as KLF5 mRNA expression before and after the intervention . Results : Findings indicated that inulin supplementation significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) in comparison to the placebo group ( P<0.001 ) . Also Intra-group and between group results showed that inulin supplementation result ed in significant decrease in KLF5 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) ( Fold change : 0.61± 0.11 ; P-value= 0.001 ) and significant increase in plasmatic level of miR-375 ( Fold change : 3.75± 0.70 ; P-value=0.004 ) . Conclusion : Considering the improvements of FPG level in diabetic patients , it seems that HP inulin supplementation may be beneficial in controlling diabetes via the expression of some genes . However , further studies are needed to achieve concise conclusions BACKGROUND S AND AIMS Type 2 diabetic mellitus ( T2DM ) as one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality is associated with immune system disturbances and metabolic abnormalities . In the current study we aim ed to evaluate the effects of enriched chicory inulin supplementation on liver enzymes , serum calcium and phosphorous concentrations and hematological parameters in patients with T2DM . METHODS Forty-six diabetic females patients were r and omly allocated into intervention ( n=27 ) and control ( n=22 ) groups . Subjects in the intervention group received a daily dose of 10 g of chicory and subjects in control group received a placebo for two months . Anthropometric variables , glucose homeostasis , hematological parameters and metabolic indices including serum alanine aminotransfersae ( ALT ) , aspartate aminotransferase ( AST ) , alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ) , calcium and phosphorous as well as creatinine concentrations , glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) and blood pressure were assessed at the beginning and end of the trial . RESULTS Significant reductions in fasting serum glucose ( FSG ) , Hb A1C , AST and ALP concentrations were observed in chicory-treated group . Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were also reduced in chicory-treated group . Serum calcium significantly increased after chicory supplementation but no change in placebo treated group has been occurred ( P=0.014 ) . Supplementation with enriched chicory for two months significantly reduced hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume ( MCV ) values ( P<0.05 ) . Changes in serum insulin , creatinine and GFR were not significant . CONCLUSION The present study showed beneficial effects of oligofructose-enriched chic 
    Output:
    