human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Low magnesium status has been associated with numerous conditions characterized as having a chronic inflammatory stress component . Some animal findings indicate that a moderate magnesium deficiency , similar to which apparently commonly occurs in humans , may enhance inflammatory or oxidative stress induced by other factors , including disrupted sleep/sleep deprivation . Thus , an experiment was performed with 100 adults ( 22 males and 78 females ) aged 59 ± 8 years ( range 51 to 85 years ) with poor sleep quality revealed by a Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index ( PSQI ) score higher than five . The participants were r and omly assigned to two groups matched by gender , age , and overall PSQI score . After baseline assessment ( week one ) of body mass index ( BMI ) , diet , blood and urine biochemical variables , and sleep quality , one group was given a 320 mg magnesium/day supplement as magnesium citrate and the other group a sodium citrate placebo for seven weeks . Final assessment s were made five and seven weeks ( which were combined for statistical analysis to reduce intra-individual variation ) after supplement initiation for the 96 participants who completed the study as design ed . Based on food diaries , 58 % of the participants were consuming less than the US . Estimated Average Requirement ( EAR ) for magnesium . Consuming less than the EAR was associated with a significantly higher BMI and plasma C-reactive protein ( CRP ) concentration . Only 40 participants had plasma CRP concentrations higher than 3.0 mg/L ( an indication of chronic inflammatory stress ) . Overall PSQI scores improved ( 10.4 to 6.6 , p < 0.0001 ) and erythrocyte magnesium increased ( 4.75 to 5.05 pg/cell , p = 0.01 ) regardless of magnesium or placebo supplementation . Magnesium vs placebo supplementation did not significantly affect serum magnesium when all participants were included in the analysis . When only the 37 participants with serum magnesium concentrations < 1.8 mg/dL ( indication of deficient magnesium status ) were analyzed , magnesium supplementation , but not the placebo , increased serum magnesium concentrations . Magnesium supplementation vs placebo decreased plasma CRP in participants with baseline values > 3.0 mg/L. The findings show that many individuals have a low magnesium status associated with increased chronic inflammatory stress that could be alleviated by increased magnesium intake . Because dietary magnesium intake did not change during the experimental period , another factor , possibly a placebo effect , improved sleep quality , which result ed in increased erythrocyte magnesium . This factor prevented the determination of whether magnesium deficiency contributes to poor sleep quality . The findings , however , suggest an association between magnesium status and sleep quality that needs further study to definitively determine whether a low magnesium status is a cause or an effect of poor sleep quality AIM To assess the relationship between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) . METHODS A conducted case-control study included 290 r and omly selected cases ( mean age 59.98 + /- 10.03 years ) with first event of an acute coronary syndrome and 290 selected controls paired by sex , age and region ( mean age 59.43 + /- 10.10 years ) admitted to the same hospitals without any suspicion of coronary disease . A  diet  was assessed by an interviewer-administered semi-quantitative food frequency question naire , and magnesium  intake was derived from the nutrient data base . RESULTS Subjects with coronary heart disease had significantly lower intake of foods containing high levels of magnesium like whole grain ( p<0.0001 ) , legumes ( p<0.05 ) and nuts ( p<0.05 ) . Lower dietary magnesium intake was found to be positively associated with risk of coronary heart disease ( 0.027 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that dietary intake of magnesium was associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease among Serbian population Background The calcium-channel blocking effect of magnesium might have protective effects in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery . We assessed the effects of magnesium on hearts undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery with intermittent warm blood hyperkalemic cardioplegia in the ante grade fashion . Patients and Methods Twenty patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery were r and omly divided into two groups , a control group who received intermittent ante grade warm blood hyperkalemic cardioplegia for myocardial protection , and a study group who received the same solution with the addition of magnesium to the cardioplegia . Extracellular substrates ( creatinine Phosphokinase , creatinine phosphokinase-MB group , lactate dehydrogenase , c-reactive protein , and cardiac troponin I were measured preoperatively and postoperatively . Results There were significant differences in the post-operative concentrations of creatinine phosphokinase , creatinine phosphokinase-MB group , c-reactive protein , and lactate dehydrogenase after cardiopulmonary bypass ( P<0.001 ) in the study group compared with the control subjects . Cardiac troponin I levels were also significantly lower in the study group after cardiopulmonary bypass ( P<0.005 ) . Conclusions Our study indicates that if magnesium is added to intermittent ante grade warm blood hyperkalemic cardioplegia , blood levels of many markers of cardiac myocardial injury after cardiopulmonary bypass are lowered . This finding may have implication s for myocardial protection BACKGROUND AND AIMS It has been suggested that magnesium deficiency is associated with the triggering of acute phase response , which may contribute to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk . We undertook this study to determine whether oral magnesium supplementation modifies serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) in apparently healthy subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia . METHODS A total of 62 men and non-pregnant women aged 18 - 65 year , with new diagnosis of prediabetes ( glucose 5.6 < 7.0 mmol/L and /or post-load glucose ≥7.7 < 11.1 mmol/L ) and hypomagnesemia ( serum magnesium levels < 0.74 mmol/L ) were enrolled in a clinical double-blind placebo-controlled trial and r and omly allocated to receive either magnesium chloride ( 30 mL of MgCl2 5 % solution ) or NaHCO3 0.1 % solution , once daily for 3 months . RESULTS At basal conditions , anthropometric and biochemical variables were similarly distributed in both groups . At the end of follow-up , participants who received magnesium chloride showed higher serum magnesium levels ( 0.86 ± 0.08 vs. 0.69 ± 0.16 mmol/L , p = 0.002 ) and lower hsCRP levels ( 4.8 ± 15.2 vs. 17.1 ± 21.0 nmol/L , p = 0.01 ) compared with participants in the control group . CONCLUSIONS Oral magnesium supplementation decreases hsCRP levels in apparently healthy subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia To evaluate the effect of oral supplementation with magnesium chloride on the systemic and hepatic inflammation , 38 non-hypertensive obese women aged 30 to 65 years were allocated into groups with and without hypomagnesemia . Hypomagnesemic women drank 50 mL of 5 % solution of MgCl2 equivalent to 450 mg of elemental magnesium . Low-carbohydrate diets and physical activity were indicated for women in both groups . Chronic diarrhea , alcohol intake , use of diuretics , previous oral magnesium supplementation , hepatic disease , and renal damage were exclusion criteria . Hypomagnesemia is defined by serum magnesium concentrations < or=1.8 mg/dL , hepatic inflammation by serum alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) levels > or=40 U/L , and systemic inflammation by serum high-sensitivity C reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) concentration > or=3 mg/L. At baseline ( p=0.06 ) and final of follow-up ( p=0.80 ) , there were no significant differences by body mass index between the groups in the study . In the same way , at baseline ALT ( 48.1+/-25.5 and 34.6+/-24.1 U/L , p=0.14 ) and hs-CRP ( 9.4+/-6.0 and 7.9+/-5.9 mg/dL , p=0.47 ) levels were similar in the supplemented and non-supplemented women . In the magnesium group , ALT ( 24.3+/-10.3 and 34.8+/-13.6 U/L , p=0.02 ) levels , but not hs-CRP ( 5.2+/-1.9 and 8.0+/-5.6 mg/L , p=0.08 ) reached significantly lower levels , in the fourth month of treatment , than in women in the control group . The adjusted odds ratios between the improvement in serum magnesium and reduction in ALT and hs-CRP levels were 0.56 ( 95 % CI : 0.3 - 0.9 ) and 0.93 ( 95 % CI : 0.6 - 29.9 ) , respectively . Results of this study show that in hypomagnesemic obese women , oral supplementation with magnesium chloride reduces plasma ALT levels ; hs-CRP levels only show a reduction trend To determine whether oral magnesium supplementation modifies serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) , TNF-alpha , IL-6 , and IL-10 in subjects with prediabetes , inflammation , and hypomagnesemia , a total of 26 subjects men and non-pregnant women were included and r and omly allocated to receive 30 ml of MgCl(2 ) 5 % solution ( equivalent to 382 mg of magnesium ) or placebo , daily during three months . At baseline conditions , there were not significant statistical differences between the groups . At end of the study , hsCRP levels were significantly lower in the intervention group ( 3.3 ± 2.5 vs 8.0 ± 5.9 mg/L , p = 0.03 ) , as compared with the control group . However , the intra-group analysis of the individuals who received magnesium , did not shows significant statistical differences between baseline and final conditions ( 4.1 ± 3.0 and 3.3 ± 2.5 , p = 0.45 ) . In addition , TNF-alpha ( 1.2 ± 0.3 vs 1.1 ± 0.3 pg/mL , p = 0.69 ) , IL-6 ( 0.3 ± 0.3 vs 5.0 ± 7.7 pg/mL , p = 0.08 ) , and IL-10 ( 1.8 ± 0.4 vs 1.8 ± 0.5 pg/mL , p = 0.89 ) serum levels were not significantly different between the groups . Our results do not show a beneficial effect  of oral magnesium supplementation on hsCRP , IL-6 , TNF-alpha , and IL-10 levels in prediabetic subjects with hypomagnesemia and inflammation . Further studies with large sample sizes and longer time of follow-up are necessaries to verify the results of our pilot study Background : Epidemiological data shows low dietary magnesium(Mg ) may be related to incidence and progression of asthma . Objective To determine if long term(6.5 month ) treatment with oral Mg would improve asthma control and increase serum measures of Mg status in men and women with mild-to-moderate asthma . Subjects : 55 males and females aged 21 to 55 years with mild to moderate asthma according to the 2002 National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute(NHLBI ) and Asthma Education and Prevention Program(NAEPP ) guidelines and who used only beta-agonists or inhaled corticosteroids(ICS ) as asthma medications were enrolled . Design : Subjects were r and omly assigned to consume 340 mg(170 mg twice a day ) of Mg or a placebo for 6.5 months . Measurements : Multiple measures of Mg status including serum , erythrocyte , urine , dietary , ionized and IV Mg were measured . Objective : markers of asthma control were : methacholine challenge test(MCCT ) and pulmonary function test(PFT ) results . Subjective vali date d question naires on asthma quality of life(AQLQ ) and control(ACQ ) were completed by participants . Markers of inflammation , including c-reactive protein(CRP ) and exhaled nitric oxide(eNO ) were determined . Results : The concentration of methacholine required to cause a 20 % drop in forced expiratory volume in in minute(FEV1 ) increased significantly from baseline to month 6 within the Mg group . Peak expiratory flow rate(PEFR ) showed a 5.8 % predicted improvement over time(P = 0.03 ) in those consuming the Mg . There was significant improvement in AQLQ mean score units(P < 0.01 ) and in overall ACQ score only in the Mg group(P = 0.05 ) after 6.5 months of supplementation . Despite these improvements , there were no significant changes in any of the 
    Output:
    
agent
These findings were robust in sensitivity analyses .
Conclusions This meta- analysis suggests that Mg supplementation significantly reduces serum CRP level .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Low magnesium status has been associated with numerous conditions characterized as having a chronic inflammatory stress component . Some animal findings indicate that a moderate magnesium deficiency , similar to which apparently commonly occurs in humans , may enhance inflammatory or oxidative stress induced by other factors , including disrupted sleep/sleep deprivation . Thus , an experiment was performed with 100 adults ( 22 males and 78 females ) aged 59 ± 8 years ( range 51 to 85 years ) with poor sleep quality revealed by a Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index ( PSQI ) score higher than five . The participants were r and omly assigned to two groups matched by gender , age , and overall PSQI score . After baseline assessment ( week one ) of body mass index ( BMI ) , diet , blood and urine biochemical variables , and sleep quality , one group was given a 320 mg magnesium/day supplement as magnesium citrate and the other group a sodium citrate placebo for seven weeks . Final assessment s were made five and seven weeks ( which were combined for statistical analysis to reduce intra-individual variation ) after supplement initiation for the 96 participants who completed the study as design ed . Based on food diaries , 58 % of the participants were consuming less than the US . Estimated Average Requirement ( EAR ) for magnesium . Consuming less than the EAR was associated with a significantly higher BMI and plasma C-reactive protein ( CRP ) concentration . Only 40 participants had plasma CRP concentrations higher than 3.0 mg/L ( an indication of chronic inflammatory stress ) . Overall PSQI scores improved ( 10.4 to 6.6 , p < 0.0001 ) and erythrocyte magnesium increased ( 4.75 to 5.05 pg/cell , p = 0.01 ) regardless of magnesium or placebo supplementation . Magnesium vs placebo supplementation did not significantly affect serum magnesium when all participants were included in the analysis . When only the 37 participants with serum magnesium concentrations < 1.8 mg/dL ( indication of deficient magnesium status ) were analyzed , magnesium supplementation , but not the placebo , increased serum magnesium concentrations . Magnesium supplementation vs placebo decreased plasma CRP in participants with baseline values > 3.0 mg/L. The findings show that many individuals have a low magnesium status associated with increased chronic inflammatory stress that could be alleviated by increased magnesium intake . Because dietary magnesium intake did not change during the experimental period , another factor , possibly a placebo effect , improved sleep quality , which result ed in increased erythrocyte magnesium . This factor prevented the determination of whether magnesium deficiency contributes to poor sleep quality . The findings , however , suggest an association between magnesium status and sleep quality that needs further study to definitively determine whether a low magnesium status is a cause or an effect of poor sleep quality AIM To assess the relationship between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) . METHODS A conducted case-control study included 290 r and omly selected cases ( mean age 59.98 + /- 10.03 years ) with first event of an acute coronary syndrome and 290 selected controls paired by sex , age and region ( mean age 59.43 + /- 10.10 years ) admitted to the same hospitals without any suspicion of coronary disease . A  diet  was assessed by an interviewer-administered semi-quantitative food frequency question naire , and magnesium  intake was derived from the nutrient data base . RESULTS Subjects with coronary heart disease had significantly lower intake of foods containing high levels of magnesium like whole grain ( p<0.0001 ) , legumes ( p<0.05 ) and nuts ( p<0.05 ) . Lower dietary magnesium intake was found to be positively associated with risk of coronary heart disease ( 0.027 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that dietary intake of magnesium was associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease among Serbian population Background The calcium-channel blocking effect of magnesium might have protective effects in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery . We assessed the effects of magnesium on hearts undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery with intermittent warm blood hyperkalemic cardioplegia in the ante grade fashion . Patients and Methods Twenty patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery were r and omly divided into two groups , a control group who received intermittent ante grade warm blood hyperkalemic cardioplegia for myocardial protection , and a study group who received the same solution with the addition of magnesium to the cardioplegia . Extracellular substrates ( creatinine Phosphokinase , creatinine phosphokinase-MB group , lactate dehydrogenase , c-reactive protein , and cardiac troponin I were measured preoperatively and postoperatively . Results There were significant differences in the post-operative concentrations of creatinine phosphokinase , creatinine phosphokinase-MB group , c-reactive protein , and lactate dehydrogenase after cardiopulmonary bypass ( P<0.001 ) in the study group compared with the control subjects . Cardiac troponin I levels were also significantly lower in the study group after cardiopulmonary bypass ( P<0.005 ) . Conclusions Our study indicates that if magnesium is added to intermittent ante grade warm blood hyperkalemic cardioplegia , blood levels of many markers of cardiac myocardial injury after cardiopulmonary bypass are lowered . This finding may have implication s for myocardial protection BACKGROUND AND AIMS It has been suggested that magnesium deficiency is associated with the triggering of acute phase response , which may contribute to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk . We undertook this study to determine whether oral magnesium supplementation modifies serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) in apparently healthy subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia . METHODS A total of 62 men and non-pregnant women aged 18 - 65 year , with new diagnosis of prediabetes ( glucose 5.6 < 7.0 mmol/L and /or post-load glucose ≥7.7 < 11.1 mmol/L ) and hypomagnesemia ( serum magnesium levels < 0.74 mmol/L ) were enrolled in a clinical double-blind placebo-controlled trial and r and omly allocated to receive either magnesium chloride ( 30 mL of MgCl2 5 % solution ) or NaHCO3 0.1 % solution , once daily for 3 months . RESULTS At basal conditions , anthropometric and biochemical variables were similarly distributed in both groups . At the end of follow-up , participants who received magnesium chloride showed higher serum magnesium levels ( 0.86 ± 0.08 vs. 0.69 ± 0.16 mmol/L , p = 0.002 ) and lower hsCRP levels ( 4.8 ± 15.2 vs. 17.1 ± 21.0 nmol/L , p = 0.01 ) compared with participants in the control group . CONCLUSIONS Oral magnesium supplementation decreases hsCRP levels in apparently healthy subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia To evaluate the effect of oral supplementation with magnesium chloride on the systemic and hepatic inflammation , 38 non-hypertensive obese women aged 30 to 65 years were allocated into groups with and without hypomagnesemia . Hypomagnesemic women drank 50 mL of 5 % solution of MgCl2 equivalent to 450 mg of elemental magnesium . Low-carbohydrate diets and physical activity were indicated for women in both groups . Chronic diarrhea , alcohol intake , use of diuretics , previous oral magnesium supplementation , hepatic disease , and renal damage were exclusion criteria . Hypomagnesemia is defined by serum magnesium concentrations < or=1.8 mg/dL , hepatic inflammation by serum alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) levels > or=40 U/L , and systemic inflammation by serum high-sensitivity C reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) concentration > or=3 mg/L. At baseline ( p=0.06 ) and final of follow-up ( p=0.80 ) , there were no significant differences by body mass index between the groups in the study . In the same way , at baseline ALT ( 48.1+/-25.5 and 34.6+/-24.1 U/L , p=0.14 ) and hs-CRP ( 9.4+/-6.0 and 7.9+/-5.9 mg/dL , p=0.47 ) levels were similar in the supplemented and non-supplemented women . In the magnesium group , ALT ( 24.3+/-10.3 and 34.8+/-13.6 U/L , p=0.02 ) levels , but not hs-CRP ( 5.2+/-1.9 and 8.0+/-5.6 mg/L , p=0.08 ) reached significantly lower levels , in the fourth month of treatment , than in women in the control group . The adjusted odds ratios between the improvement in serum magnesium and reduction in ALT and hs-CRP levels were 0.56 ( 95 % CI : 0.3 - 0.9 ) and 0.93 ( 95 % CI : 0.6 - 29.9 ) , respectively . Results of this study show that in hypomagnesemic obese women , oral supplementation with magnesium chloride reduces plasma ALT levels ; hs-CRP levels only show a reduction trend To determine whether oral magnesium supplementation modifies serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) , TNF-alpha , IL-6 , and IL-10 in subjects with prediabetes , inflammation , and hypomagnesemia , a total of 26 subjects men and non-pregnant women were included and r and omly allocated to receive 30 ml of MgCl(2 ) 5 % solution ( equivalent to 382 mg of magnesium ) or placebo , daily during three months . At baseline conditions , there were not significant statistical differences between the groups . At end of the study , hsCRP levels were significantly lower in the intervention group ( 3.3 ± 2.5 vs 8.0 ± 5.9 mg/L , p = 0.03 ) , as compared with the control group . However , the intra-group analysis of the individuals who received magnesium , did not shows significant statistical differences between baseline and final conditions ( 4.1 ± 3.0 and 3.3 ± 2.5 , p = 0.45 ) . In addition , TNF-alpha ( 1.2 ± 0.3 vs 1.1 ± 0.3 pg/mL , p = 0.69 ) , IL-6 ( 0.3 ± 0.3 vs 5.0 ± 7.7 pg/mL , p = 0.08 ) , and IL-10 ( 1.8 ± 0.4 vs 1.8 ± 0.5 pg/mL , p = 0.89 ) serum levels were not significantly different between the groups . Our results do not show a beneficial effect  of oral magnesium supplementation on hsCRP , IL-6 , TNF-alpha , and IL-10 levels in prediabetic subjects with hypomagnesemia and inflammation . Further studies with large sample sizes and longer time of follow-up are necessaries to verify the results of our pilot study Background : Epidemiological data shows low dietary magnesium(Mg ) may be related to incidence and progression of asthma . Objective To determine if long term(6.5 month ) treatment with oral Mg would improve asthma control and increase serum measures of Mg status in men and women with mild-to-moderate asthma . Subjects : 55 males and females aged 21 to 55 years with mild to moderate asthma according to the 2002 National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute(NHLBI ) and Asthma Education and Prevention Program(NAEPP ) guidelines and who used only beta-agonists or inhaled corticosteroids(ICS ) as asthma medications were enrolled . Design : Subjects were r and omly assigned to consume 340 mg(170 mg twice a day ) of Mg or a placebo for 6.5 months . Measurements : Multiple measures of Mg status including serum , erythrocyte , urine , dietary , ionized and IV Mg were measured . Objective : markers of asthma control were : methacholine challenge test(MCCT ) and pulmonary function test(PFT ) results . Subjective vali date d question naires on asthma quality of life(AQLQ ) and control(ACQ ) were completed by participants . Markers of inflammation , including c-reactive protein(CRP ) and exhaled nitric oxide(eNO ) were determined . Results : The concentration of methacholine required to cause a 20 % drop in forced expiratory volume in in minute(FEV1 ) increased significantly from baseline to month 6 within the Mg group . Peak expiratory flow rate(PEFR ) showed a 5.8 % predicted improvement over time(P = 0.03 ) in those consuming the Mg . There was significant improvement in AQLQ mean score units(P < 0.01 ) and in overall ACQ score only in the Mg group(P = 0.05 ) after 6.5 months of supplementation . Despite these improvements , there were no significant changes in any of the 
    Output:
    