human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Information is lacking on the potential effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) on the adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes . OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether n-3 PUFAs have additional effects on adiposity , insulin sensitivity , adipose tissue function ( production of adipokines and inflammatory and atherogenic factors ) , and gene expression in type 2 diabetes . DESIGN Twenty-seven women with type 2 diabetes without hypertriglyceridemia were r and omly allocated in a double-blind parallel design to 2 mo of 3 g/d of either fish oil ( 1.8 g n-3 PUFAs ) or placebo ( paraffin oil ) . RESULTS Although body weight and energy intake measured by use of a food diary were unchanged , total fat mass ( P < 0.019 ) and subcutaneous adipocyte diameter ( P < 0.0018 ) were lower in the fish oil group than in the placebo group . Insulin sensitivity was not significantly different between the 2 groups ( measured by homeostasis model assessment in all patients and by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp in a subgroup of 5 patients per group ) . By contrast , atherogenic risk factors , including plasma triacylglycerol ( P < 0.03 ) , the ratio of triacylglycerol to HDL cholesterol ( atherogenic index , P < 0.03 ) , and plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( P < 0.01 ) , were lower in the fish oil group than in the placebo group . In addition , a subset of inflammation-related genes was reduced in subcutaneous adipose tissue after the fish oil , but not the placebo , treatment . CONCLUSIONS A moderate dose of n-3 PUFAs for 2 mo reduced adiposity and atherogenic markers without deterioration of insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes . Some adipose tissue inflammation-related genes were also reduced . These beneficial effects could be linked to morphologic and inflammatory changes in adipose tissue . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT0037 BACKGROUND n-3 Fatty acids lower blood pressure , improve lipids , and benefit other cardiovascular disease risk factors . Effects on glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes are uncertain . OBJECTIVE We determined whether purified eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) have differential effects on glycemic control , including insulin sensitivity and stimulated insulin secretion ; 24-h ambulatory blood pressure ; and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension . DESIGN In a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of parallel design , 59 subjects were r and omly assigned to consume 4 g EPA , DHA , or olive oil/d for 6 wk while continuing to consume their usual diet . RESULTS Thirty-nine men and 12 postmenopausal women with a mean ( + /- SE ) age of 61.2 + /- 1.2 y completed the study . In comparison with the change from baseline in fasting glucose in the olive oil group , fasting glucose in the EPA and DHA groups increased 1.40 + /- 0.29 mmol/L ( P = 0.002 ) and 0.98 + /- 0.29 mmol/L ( P = 0.002 ) , respectively . Neither EPA nor DHA had significant effects on glycated hemoglobin , fasting insulin or C-peptide , insulin sensitivity or secretion , or blood pressure . Serum triacylglycerols in the EPA and DHA groups decreased 19 % ( P = 0.022 ) and 15 % ( P = 0.022 ) , respectively . There were no significant changes in serum total , LDL , or HDL cholesterol , although HDL(2 ) cholesterol in the EPA and DHA groups increased 16 % ( P = 0.026 ) and 12 % ( P = 0.05 ) , respectively . HDL(3 ) cholesterol decreased 11 % ( P = 0.026 ) with EPA supplementation . CONCLUSIONS EPA and DHA had similar benefits on lipids but adverse effects on short-term glycemic control in hypertensive diabetic patients . The overall implication s for cardiovascular disease require long-term evaluation Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the effects of fibrates and omega-3 fatty acids on lymphocyte secretory function and systemic inflammation in patients with isolated hypertriglyceridemia . Methods The study included 107 patients with isolated hypertriglyceridemia who received bezafibrate ( 200 mg twice daily ) , omega-3 fatty acids ( 1 g twice daily ) or placebo for 12 weeks .  The lipid profile , fasting and 2-h post-glucose load plasma glucose levels , homeostasis model assessment index ( HOMA ) , plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) levels and lymphocyte release of interleukin-2 , interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α were assessed at baseline , on the day of r and omization , and after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment . Results Both bezafibrate and omega-3 fatty acids reduced plasma triglyceride levels . Bezafibrate additionally decreased total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and the HOMA and insignificantly decreased post-glucose load plasma glucose , as well as increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol . Bezafibrate treatment was associated with a reduction in lymphocyte release of interleukin-2 , interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α , which was accompanied by a reduction in plasma hsCRP levels .  Omega-3 fatty acid did not significantly reduce lymphocyte cytokine release and plasma hsCRP . The anti-inflammatory effects of both drugs did not correlate with their action on plasma lipids , but in the case of the former the effect was related to the improvement in insulin sensitivity . Conclusion Our results indicate that bezafibrate is superior to omega-3 fatty acid in inhibiting systemic inflammation and lymphocyte secretory function Hepatic accumulation of lipid substrates perturbs apolipoproteinB-100 ( apoB ) metabolism in insulin-resistant , obese subjects and may account for increased risk of cardiovascular disease . In a placebo-controlled trial , we examined the independent and combined effects of decreasing cholesterol synthesis with atorvastatin ( 40 mg/day ) and triglyceride synthesis with fish oils ( 4 g/day ) on apoB kinetics . The subjects were 48 viscerally obese , insulin-resistant men with dyslipidemia who were studied in a fasted state . We found that atorvastatin significantly decreased plasma apoB-containing lipoproteins ( P < 0.001 , main effect ) through increases in the fractional catabolic rate ( FCR ) of VLDL- , IDL- , and LDL-apoB ( P < 0.01 ) . Fish oils significantly decreased plasma levels of triglycerides and VLDL-apoB ( P < 0.001 ) , decreased the VLDL-apoB secretion rate ( P < 0.01 ) , but increased the conversion of VLDL to LDL ( P < 0.001 ) . Compared with placebo , combined treatment with atorvastatin and fish oils decreased VLDL-apoB secretion ( P < 0.03 ) and increased the FCR of apoB in each lipoprotein fraction ( P < 0.03 ) and the percent conversion of VLDL to LDL ( P < 0.05 ) . None of the treatments altered insulin resistance . In conclusion , in visceral obesity , atorvastatin increased hepatic clearance of all apoB-containing lipoproteins , whereas fish oils decreased hepatic secretion of VLDL-apoB. The differential effects of atorvastatin and fish oils on apoB kinetics support their combined use in correcting defective apoB metabolism in obese , insulin-resistant subjects OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the role of omega-3 supplementation on NEFA concentration , insulin sensitivity and resistance , and glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients . SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty-four type 2 diabetic patients were r and omly recruited into two groups . Group A received 4 g/day omega-3 soft gels , and group B received a placebo for 10 wks . Blood sample s were collected after 12-h fast . Physical activity records , three-day food records , and anthropometric measurements were obtained from all participants at the beginning and end of the study . RESULTS Omega-3 supplementation caused a significant reduction in NEFA in the intervention group compared with the placebo group ( P = 0.009 ) . Additionally , the administration of omega-3 result ed in significantly greater changes ( Diff ) for the intervention group in various parameters , such as insulin and Quicki indices compared with the placebo group ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in type 2 diabetic patients improved insulin sensitivity , probably due to the decrease in NEFA concentrations OBJECTIVE To determine whether dietary supplementation with fish oil adversely affects glycemic control in patients with hypertension . DESIGN R and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study . PATIENTS 78 persons with untreated hypertension recruited from a population survey . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omly assigned to receive eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids , 4 g/d , or corn oil placebo , 4 g/d , for 16 weeks . MEASUREMENTS An oral glucose tolerance test ; assessment s of insulin release , glucose disposal , and insulin sensitivity done using the hyperglycemic clamp technique to keep plasma glucose levels at 10 mmol/L for 180 minutes ; assessment of insulin sensitivity done using a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique ( infusing insulin and glucose to keep plasma glucose levels at 5 mmol/L ) ; assessment s of lipid levels and blood pressure . Measurements were done before and after intervention . RESULTS Changes in integrated glucose and insulin response after the oral glucose challenge did not differ between the fish oil and corn oil groups after intervention ( -0.6 + /- 0.7 compared with -1.0 + /- 0.6 mmol/L [ P > 0.3 ] for integrated glucose and 143 + /- 76 compared with 169 + /- 84 pmol/L [ P > 0.3 ] for insulin response ) . Changes in first-phase insulin release ( 34 + /- 72 pmol/L in the fish oil group compared with 191 + /- 112 pmol/L in the corn oil group [ P > 0.3 ] ) , second-phase insulin release ( 179 + /- 66 pmol/L compared with 257 + /- 122 pmol/L [ P > 0.3 ] ) , and insulin sensitivity index ( -0.03 + /- 0.01 compared with -0.01 + /- 0.01 [ mumol/kg.min divided by pmol/L ] ; P > 0.3 ) were also similar in both groups after treatment . Fish oil lowered systolic blood pressure by 3.8 mm Hg more than control ( P = 0.04 ) and lowered diastolic blood pressure by 2.0 mm Hg more than control ( P = 0.10 ) . After fish oil treatment , triglyceride levels decreased by 0.28 + /- 0.08 mmol/L more than control ( P = 0.01 ) , and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased by 0.13 + /- 0.04 mmol/L more than control ( P = 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION Fish oil , in doses that reduce blood pressure and lipid levels in hypertensive persons , does not adversely affect glucose metabolism INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder in humans , and its incidence is increasing rapidly worldwide . Although polyunsaturated fatty acids have beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus , previous data regarding the possible positive effects of n-3 fatty acids on glycaemic indices were inconclusive . We conducted a double-blind r and omised clinical trial to determine the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) , an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid , on overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . METHODS This double-blind , placebo-controlled r and omised clinical trial was conducted on a total of 67 overweight patients with T2DM for a duration of three months . Of these 67 patients , 32 received 2 g purified EPA daily , while 35 received a placebo of 2 g corn oil daily . The patients ' fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , serum insulin , glycated haemoglobin ( HbA1c ) and insulin sensitivity indices were assessed . RESULTS After three months of EPA supplementation , the group that received EPA showed significant decreases in F 
    Output:
    
agent
Conclusions Short-term fish oil supplementation is associated with increasing the insulin sensitivity among those people with metabolic disorders
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND Information is lacking on the potential effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) on the adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes . OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether n-3 PUFAs have additional effects on adiposity , insulin sensitivity , adipose tissue function ( production of adipokines and inflammatory and atherogenic factors ) , and gene expression in type 2 diabetes . DESIGN Twenty-seven women with type 2 diabetes without hypertriglyceridemia were r and omly allocated in a double-blind parallel design to 2 mo of 3 g/d of either fish oil ( 1.8 g n-3 PUFAs ) or placebo ( paraffin oil ) . RESULTS Although body weight and energy intake measured by use of a food diary were unchanged , total fat mass ( P < 0.019 ) and subcutaneous adipocyte diameter ( P < 0.0018 ) were lower in the fish oil group than in the placebo group . Insulin sensitivity was not significantly different between the 2 groups ( measured by homeostasis model assessment in all patients and by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp in a subgroup of 5 patients per group ) . By contrast , atherogenic risk factors , including plasma triacylglycerol ( P < 0.03 ) , the ratio of triacylglycerol to HDL cholesterol ( atherogenic index , P < 0.03 ) , and plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( P < 0.01 ) , were lower in the fish oil group than in the placebo group . In addition , a subset of inflammation-related genes was reduced in subcutaneous adipose tissue after the fish oil , but not the placebo , treatment . CONCLUSIONS A moderate dose of n-3 PUFAs for 2 mo reduced adiposity and atherogenic markers without deterioration of insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes . Some adipose tissue inflammation-related genes were also reduced . These beneficial effects could be linked to morphologic and inflammatory changes in adipose tissue . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT0037 BACKGROUND n-3 Fatty acids lower blood pressure , improve lipids , and benefit other cardiovascular disease risk factors . Effects on glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes are uncertain . OBJECTIVE We determined whether purified eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) have differential effects on glycemic control , including insulin sensitivity and stimulated insulin secretion ; 24-h ambulatory blood pressure ; and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension . DESIGN In a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of parallel design , 59 subjects were r and omly assigned to consume 4 g EPA , DHA , or olive oil/d for 6 wk while continuing to consume their usual diet . RESULTS Thirty-nine men and 12 postmenopausal women with a mean ( + /- SE ) age of 61.2 + /- 1.2 y completed the study . In comparison with the change from baseline in fasting glucose in the olive oil group , fasting glucose in the EPA and DHA groups increased 1.40 + /- 0.29 mmol/L ( P = 0.002 ) and 0.98 + /- 0.29 mmol/L ( P = 0.002 ) , respectively . Neither EPA nor DHA had significant effects on glycated hemoglobin , fasting insulin or C-peptide , insulin sensitivity or secretion , or blood pressure . Serum triacylglycerols in the EPA and DHA groups decreased 19 % ( P = 0.022 ) and 15 % ( P = 0.022 ) , respectively . There were no significant changes in serum total , LDL , or HDL cholesterol , although HDL(2 ) cholesterol in the EPA and DHA groups increased 16 % ( P = 0.026 ) and 12 % ( P = 0.05 ) , respectively . HDL(3 ) cholesterol decreased 11 % ( P = 0.026 ) with EPA supplementation . CONCLUSIONS EPA and DHA had similar benefits on lipids but adverse effects on short-term glycemic control in hypertensive diabetic patients . The overall implication s for cardiovascular disease require long-term evaluation Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the effects of fibrates and omega-3 fatty acids on lymphocyte secretory function and systemic inflammation in patients with isolated hypertriglyceridemia . Methods The study included 107 patients with isolated hypertriglyceridemia who received bezafibrate ( 200 mg twice daily ) , omega-3 fatty acids ( 1 g twice daily ) or placebo for 12 weeks .  The lipid profile , fasting and 2-h post-glucose load plasma glucose levels , homeostasis model assessment index ( HOMA ) , plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) levels and lymphocyte release of interleukin-2 , interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α were assessed at baseline , on the day of r and omization , and after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment . Results Both bezafibrate and omega-3 fatty acids reduced plasma triglyceride levels . Bezafibrate additionally decreased total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and the HOMA and insignificantly decreased post-glucose load plasma glucose , as well as increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol . Bezafibrate treatment was associated with a reduction in lymphocyte release of interleukin-2 , interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α , which was accompanied by a reduction in plasma hsCRP levels .  Omega-3 fatty acid did not significantly reduce lymphocyte cytokine release and plasma hsCRP . The anti-inflammatory effects of both drugs did not correlate with their action on plasma lipids , but in the case of the former the effect was related to the improvement in insulin sensitivity . Conclusion Our results indicate that bezafibrate is superior to omega-3 fatty acid in inhibiting systemic inflammation and lymphocyte secretory function Hepatic accumulation of lipid substrates perturbs apolipoproteinB-100 ( apoB ) metabolism in insulin-resistant , obese subjects and may account for increased risk of cardiovascular disease . In a placebo-controlled trial , we examined the independent and combined effects of decreasing cholesterol synthesis with atorvastatin ( 40 mg/day ) and triglyceride synthesis with fish oils ( 4 g/day ) on apoB kinetics . The subjects were 48 viscerally obese , insulin-resistant men with dyslipidemia who were studied in a fasted state . We found that atorvastatin significantly decreased plasma apoB-containing lipoproteins ( P < 0.001 , main effect ) through increases in the fractional catabolic rate ( FCR ) of VLDL- , IDL- , and LDL-apoB ( P < 0.01 ) . Fish oils significantly decreased plasma levels of triglycerides and VLDL-apoB ( P < 0.001 ) , decreased the VLDL-apoB secretion rate ( P < 0.01 ) , but increased the conversion of VLDL to LDL ( P < 0.001 ) . Compared with placebo , combined treatment with atorvastatin and fish oils decreased VLDL-apoB secretion ( P < 0.03 ) and increased the FCR of apoB in each lipoprotein fraction ( P < 0.03 ) and the percent conversion of VLDL to LDL ( P < 0.05 ) . None of the treatments altered insulin resistance . In conclusion , in visceral obesity , atorvastatin increased hepatic clearance of all apoB-containing lipoproteins , whereas fish oils decreased hepatic secretion of VLDL-apoB. The differential effects of atorvastatin and fish oils on apoB kinetics support their combined use in correcting defective apoB metabolism in obese , insulin-resistant subjects OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the role of omega-3 supplementation on NEFA concentration , insulin sensitivity and resistance , and glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients . SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty-four type 2 diabetic patients were r and omly recruited into two groups . Group A received 4 g/day omega-3 soft gels , and group B received a placebo for 10 wks . Blood sample s were collected after 12-h fast . Physical activity records , three-day food records , and anthropometric measurements were obtained from all participants at the beginning and end of the study . RESULTS Omega-3 supplementation caused a significant reduction in NEFA in the intervention group compared with the placebo group ( P = 0.009 ) . Additionally , the administration of omega-3 result ed in significantly greater changes ( Diff ) for the intervention group in various parameters , such as insulin and Quicki indices compared with the placebo group ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in type 2 diabetic patients improved insulin sensitivity , probably due to the decrease in NEFA concentrations OBJECTIVE To determine whether dietary supplementation with fish oil adversely affects glycemic control in patients with hypertension . DESIGN R and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study . PATIENTS 78 persons with untreated hypertension recruited from a population survey . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omly assigned to receive eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids , 4 g/d , or corn oil placebo , 4 g/d , for 16 weeks . MEASUREMENTS An oral glucose tolerance test ; assessment s of insulin release , glucose disposal , and insulin sensitivity done using the hyperglycemic clamp technique to keep plasma glucose levels at 10 mmol/L for 180 minutes ; assessment of insulin sensitivity done using a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique ( infusing insulin and glucose to keep plasma glucose levels at 5 mmol/L ) ; assessment s of lipid levels and blood pressure . Measurements were done before and after intervention . RESULTS Changes in integrated glucose and insulin response after the oral glucose challenge did not differ between the fish oil and corn oil groups after intervention ( -0.6 + /- 0.7 compared with -1.0 + /- 0.6 mmol/L [ P > 0.3 ] for integrated glucose and 143 + /- 76 compared with 169 + /- 84 pmol/L [ P > 0.3 ] for insulin response ) . Changes in first-phase insulin release ( 34 + /- 72 pmol/L in the fish oil group compared with 191 + /- 112 pmol/L in the corn oil group [ P > 0.3 ] ) , second-phase insulin release ( 179 + /- 66 pmol/L compared with 257 + /- 122 pmol/L [ P > 0.3 ] ) , and insulin sensitivity index ( -0.03 + /- 0.01 compared with -0.01 + /- 0.01 [ mumol/kg.min divided by pmol/L ] ; P > 0.3 ) were also similar in both groups after treatment . Fish oil lowered systolic blood pressure by 3.8 mm Hg more than control ( P = 0.04 ) and lowered diastolic blood pressure by 2.0 mm Hg more than control ( P = 0.10 ) . After fish oil treatment , triglyceride levels decreased by 0.28 + /- 0.08 mmol/L more than control ( P = 0.01 ) , and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased by 0.13 + /- 0.04 mmol/L more than control ( P = 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION Fish oil , in doses that reduce blood pressure and lipid levels in hypertensive persons , does not adversely affect glucose metabolism INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder in humans , and its incidence is increasing rapidly worldwide . Although polyunsaturated fatty acids have beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus , previous data regarding the possible positive effects of n-3 fatty acids on glycaemic indices were inconclusive . We conducted a double-blind r and omised clinical trial to determine the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) , an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid , on overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . METHODS This double-blind , placebo-controlled r and omised clinical trial was conducted on a total of 67 overweight patients with T2DM for a duration of three months . Of these 67 patients , 32 received 2 g purified EPA daily , while 35 received a placebo of 2 g corn oil daily . The patients ' fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , serum insulin , glycated haemoglobin ( HbA1c ) and insulin sensitivity indices were assessed . RESULTS After three months of EPA supplementation , the group that received EPA showed significant decreases in F 
    Output:
    