human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives We investigated cross-sectionally and longitudinally the relationship between FTO rs9939609 and  obesity-related characteristics in the European children of the IDEFICS project and the interaction of this variant with a lifestyle intervention . Population and Methods A cohort of 16224 children ( 2–9 years ) was recruited into a population -based survey ( T0 ) from eight European countries . A second survey ( T1 ) reassessed the children two years later . A r and om sample of 4405 children was extracted for genetic studies . 3168 children were re-examined two years later . Half of them underwent a lifestyle intervention program . The FTO rs9939609 was genotyped . Weight , height , waist circumference , triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured at T0 and T1 . Results At T0 , the risk A allele of rs9939609 was significantly associated with higher values of body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference and skinfolds ( age , sex , and country-adjusted p-values : all p<0.001 ) and with a statistically significant increased risk of overweight/obesity . Over the two year follow-up , no interaction between genotype and intervention was observed . The A allele was associated to a significantly higher increase in all the anthropometric variables examined at T0 independently from the study group ( intervention versus control ) ( p-values : all p<0.002 , adjusted for age , sex , country , intervention/control study group , T0 values , and individual time interval between T0 and T1 ) . Over the two-year follow – up , 210 new cases of overweight/obesity occurred . A statistically significant higher incidence of overweight/obesity was associated to the A allele [ ORA = 1.95 , 95 % CI = ( 1.29 ; 2.97 ) ] . Conclusions We confirmed the association between the FTO rs9939609 and  body mass and overweight/obesity risk in European children . The main finding of the study is that the A allele carriers present higher increase of body mass and central adiposity over time and higher risk of developing overweight/obesity during growth , independently from intervention measures The common single-nucleotide polymorphism in the FTO ( fat mass and obesity associated ) gene is consistently associated with an increased risk of obesity . However , the knowledge of a potential modifying effect of the FTO gene on changes in body weight achieved by lifestyle intervention is limited . We examined whether the FTO gene variant ( rs9939609 , T/A ) is associated with body weight and BMI and long-term weight changes in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study ( DPS ) . Altogether , 522 ( aged 40 - 65 years ; BMI > or=25 kg/m(2 ) ) subjects with impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) were r and omized to control and lifestyle intervention groups . SNP rs9939609 was genotyped from 502 subjects . At baseline , those with the AA genotype had  higher BMI  than subjects with other genotypes ( P = 0.006 ) . The association was observed in women ( P = 0.016 ) but not in men . During the 4-year follow-up , the subjects with the AA genotype had consistently the highest BMI ( P = 0.009 ) in the entire study population . The magnitude of weight reduction was greater in the intervention group , but the risk allele did not modify weight change in either of the groups . Our results confirm the association between the common FTO variant and BMI in a cross-sectional setting and during the long-term lifestyle intervention . We did not observe association between FTO variant and the magnitude of weight reduction achieved by long-term lifestyle intervention . Based on the results from the DPS , it is unlikely that the common variant of the FTO gene affects the success of lifestyle modification on weight loss BACKGROUND The possible advantage for weight loss of a diet that emphasizes protein , fat , or carbohydrates has not been established , and there are few studies that extend beyond 1 year . METHODS We r and omly assigned 811 overweight adults to one of four diets ; the targeted percentages of energy derived from fat , protein , and carbohydrates in the four diets were 20 , 15 , and 65 % ; 20 , 25 , and 55 % ; 40 , 15 , and 45 % ; and 40 , 25 , and 35 % . The diets consisted of similar foods and met guidelines for cardiovascular health . The participants were offered group and individual instructional sessions for 2 years . The primary outcome was the change in body weight after 2 years in two-by-two factorial comparisons of low fat versus high fat and average protein versus high protein and in the comparison of highest and lowest carbohydrate content . RESULTS At 6 months , participants assigned to each diet had lost an average of 6 kg , which represented 7 % of their initial weight ; they began to regain weight after 12 months . By 2 years , weight loss remained similar in those who were assigned to a diet with 15 % protein and those assigned to a diet with 25 % protein ( 3.0 and 3.6 kg , respectively ) ; in those assigned to a diet with 20 % fat and those assigned to a diet with 40 % fat ( 3.3 kg for both groups ) ; and in those assigned to a diet with 65 % carbohydrates and those assigned to a diet with 35 % carbohydrates ( 2.9 and 3.4 kg , respectively ) ( P>0.20 for all comparisons ) . Among the 80 % of participants who completed the trial , the average weight loss was 4 kg ; 14 to 15 % of the participants had a reduction of at least 10 % of their initial body weight . Satiety , hunger , satisfaction with the diet , and attendance at group sessions were similar for all diets ; attendance was strongly associated with weight loss ( 0.2 kg per session attended ) . The diets improved lipid-related risk factors and fasting insulin levels . CONCLUSIONS Reduced-calorie diets result in clinical ly meaningful weight loss regardless of which macronutrients they emphasize . ( Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00072995 . BACKGROUND Common polymorphisms of the fat mass and obesity associated gene ( FTO ) have been linked to obesity in some population s. One of these genetic variants ( rs9939609 ) has been related to an increased risk of obesity . OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate weight loss and adipocytokine levels after two hypocaloric diets with different macronutrient distribution in obese subjects with RS9939609 gene variant . DESIGN 305 obese patients were enrolled in a prospect i ve way . In the basal visit , patients were r and omly allocated during 3 months to low carbohydrates and low fat . RESULTS After treatment with both diets and in both genotypes , weight , fat mass , waist circumference and systolic blood pressures decreased . With the diet type I and in TT genotype , insulin ( -6.6 ± 9.8 IU/L ) and homeostasis model assessment ( -2.9 ± 6.1 units ) decreased . With the diet type II and in both genotypes ( wild and mutant type ) , insulin ( -5.2 ± 6.1 vs. -3.8 ± 6.1 IU/L ; p < 0.05 ) and homeostasis model assessment ( -2.4 ± 4.8 vs. -1.1 ± 3.8 kg ; p < 0.05 ) decreased . In the A allele group , a significant decrease was detected in total cholesterol levels ( -11.5 ± 20.1 mg/dL ) , low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels ( -13.2 ± 20.9 mg/dL ) and c-reactive protein levels ( -1.3 ± 3.8 mg/dL ) secondary to weight loss after treatment with diet II . The decrease of leptin levels was higher in mutant type group than wild type group with low fat diet ( -10.3 ± 36.1 vs. -28.6 ± 53.7 ng/mL ; p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Metabolic improvement secondary to weight loss was better in A carriers with a low fat hypocaloric diet Recent evidence suggests that the fat mass and obesity-associated gene ( FTO ) genotype may interact with dietary intakes in relation to adiposity . We tested the effect of FTO variant on weight loss in response to 2-year diet interventions . FTO rs1558902 was genotyped in 742 obese adults who were r and omly assigned to one of four diets  differing in the proportions of fat , protein , and carbohydrate .  Body composition and fat distribution were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography . We found significant modification effects for intervention varying in dietary protein on 2-year changes in fat-free mass , whole body total percentage of fat mass , total adipose tissue mass , visceral adipose tissue mass , and superficial adipose tissue mass ( for all interactions , P < 0.05 ) . Carriers of the risk allele had a greater reduction in weight , body composition , and fat distribution in response to a high-protein diet , whereas an opposite genetic effect was observed on changes in fat distribution in response to a low-protein diet . Likewise , significant interaction patterns also were observed at 6 months . Our data suggest that a high-protein diet may be beneficial for weight loss and improvement of body composition and fat distribution in individuals with the risk allele of the FTO variant rs1558902 BACKGROUND Common genetic variants in the insulin receptor substrate 1 ( IRS1 ) gene have been recently associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia . We examined whether the best-associated variant modifies the long-term changes in insulin resistance and body weight in response to weight-loss diets in Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies ( POUNDS LOST ) trial . METHODS AND RESULTS We genotyped IRS1 rs2943641 in 738 overweight adults ( 61 % were women ) who were r and omly assigned to 1 of 4 diets varying in macronutrient contents for 2 years . We assessed the progress in fasting insulin , homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) and weight loss by genotypes . At 6 months , participants with the risk-conferring CC genotype had greater decreases in insulin ( P=0.009 ) , HOMA-IR ( P=0.015 ) , and weight loss ( P=0.018 ) than those without this genotype in the highest-carbohydrate diet group whereas an opposite genotype effect on changes in insulin and HOMA-IR ( P≤0.05 ) was observed in participants assigned to the lowest-carbohydrate diet group . No significant differences were observed across genotypes in the other 2 diet groups . The tests for genotype by intervention interactions were all significant ( P<0.05 ) . At 2 years , the genotype effect on changes in insulin and HOMA-IR remained significant in the highest-carbohydrate diet group ( P<0.05 ) . The highest carbohydrate diet led to a greater improvement of insulin and HOMA-IR ( P for genotype-time interaction ≤0.009 ) in participants with the CC genotype than those without this genotype across 2-year intervention . CONCLUSIONS Individuals with the IRS1 rs2943641 CC genotype might obtain more benefits in weight loss and improvement of insulin resistance than those without this genotype by choosing a high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION http : www . clinical trials.gov . Unique identifier : NCT00072995 Background : Genome-wide association studies have provided new insights into the genetic factors that contribute to the development of obesity . We hypothesized that these genetic markers would also predict magnitude of weight loss and weight regain after initial weight loss . Methods : Established obesity risk alleles available on the Illumina CARe iSelect ( IBC ) chip were characterized in 3899 overweight or obese participants with type 2 diabetes from the Look AHEAD ( Action for Health in Diabetes ) , a r and omized trial to determine the effects of intensive lifestyle intervention ( ILI ) and diabetes support and education ( DSE ) on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality . Primary analyses examined the interaction between 13 obesity risk polymorphisms in eight genes and r and omized treatment arm in predicting weight change at year 1 , and weight regain at year 4 among individuals who lost 3 % or more of their baseline weight by year 1 . Results : No single-nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) were significantly associated with magnitude of weight loss or interacted with treatment arm at year 1 . However , fat mass and obesity associated gene ( FTO ) rs3751812 predicted weight regain within DSE ( 1.56 kg per risk allele , P=0.005 ) , but not ILI ( P=0.761 ) , result ing in SNP × treatment arm interaction ( P=0.009 ) . In a partial replication of prior research , the obesity risk ( G ) allele at BDNF rs6265 was associated with greater weight regain across treatment arms ( 0.773 kg per risk allele ) , although results were of borderline statistical significance ( P=0.051 ) . Conclusions : Variations in the FTO and BDNF loci may contribute risk of weight regain after weight loss Little is known about whether cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CET 
    Output:
    
agent
This meta- analysis suggests that individuals carrying the homozygous FTO obesity-predisposing allele may lose more weight through diet/lifestyle interventions than noncarriers .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives We investigated cross-sectionally and longitudinally the relationship between FTO rs9939609 and  obesity-related characteristics in the European children of the IDEFICS project and the interaction of this variant with a lifestyle intervention . Population and Methods A cohort of 16224 children ( 2–9 years ) was recruited into a population -based survey ( T0 ) from eight European countries . A second survey ( T1 ) reassessed the children two years later . A r and om sample of 4405 children was extracted for genetic studies . 3168 children were re-examined two years later . Half of them underwent a lifestyle intervention program . The FTO rs9939609 was genotyped . Weight , height , waist circumference , triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured at T0 and T1 . Results At T0 , the risk A allele of rs9939609 was significantly associated with higher values of body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference and skinfolds ( age , sex , and country-adjusted p-values : all p<0.001 ) and with a statistically significant increased risk of overweight/obesity . Over the two year follow-up , no interaction between genotype and intervention was observed . The A allele was associated to a significantly higher increase in all the anthropometric variables examined at T0 independently from the study group ( intervention versus control ) ( p-values : all p<0.002 , adjusted for age , sex , country , intervention/control study group , T0 values , and individual time interval between T0 and T1 ) . Over the two-year follow – up , 210 new cases of overweight/obesity occurred . A statistically significant higher incidence of overweight/obesity was associated to the A allele [ ORA = 1.95 , 95 % CI = ( 1.29 ; 2.97 ) ] . Conclusions We confirmed the association between the FTO rs9939609 and  body mass and overweight/obesity risk in European children . The main finding of the study is that the A allele carriers present higher increase of body mass and central adiposity over time and higher risk of developing overweight/obesity during growth , independently from intervention measures The common single-nucleotide polymorphism in the FTO ( fat mass and obesity associated ) gene is consistently associated with an increased risk of obesity . However , the knowledge of a potential modifying effect of the FTO gene on changes in body weight achieved by lifestyle intervention is limited . We examined whether the FTO gene variant ( rs9939609 , T/A ) is associated with body weight and BMI and long-term weight changes in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study ( DPS ) . Altogether , 522 ( aged 40 - 65 years ; BMI > or=25 kg/m(2 ) ) subjects with impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) were r and omized to control and lifestyle intervention groups . SNP rs9939609 was genotyped from 502 subjects . At baseline , those with the AA genotype had  higher BMI  than subjects with other genotypes ( P = 0.006 ) . The association was observed in women ( P = 0.016 ) but not in men . During the 4-year follow-up , the subjects with the AA genotype had consistently the highest BMI ( P = 0.009 ) in the entire study population . The magnitude of weight reduction was greater in the intervention group , but the risk allele did not modify weight change in either of the groups . Our results confirm the association between the common FTO variant and BMI in a cross-sectional setting and during the long-term lifestyle intervention . We did not observe association between FTO variant and the magnitude of weight reduction achieved by long-term lifestyle intervention . Based on the results from the DPS , it is unlikely that the common variant of the FTO gene affects the success of lifestyle modification on weight loss BACKGROUND The possible advantage for weight loss of a diet that emphasizes protein , fat , or carbohydrates has not been established , and there are few studies that extend beyond 1 year . METHODS We r and omly assigned 811 overweight adults to one of four diets ; the targeted percentages of energy derived from fat , protein , and carbohydrates in the four diets were 20 , 15 , and 65 % ; 20 , 25 , and 55 % ; 40 , 15 , and 45 % ; and 40 , 25 , and 35 % . The diets consisted of similar foods and met guidelines for cardiovascular health . The participants were offered group and individual instructional sessions for 2 years . The primary outcome was the change in body weight after 2 years in two-by-two factorial comparisons of low fat versus high fat and average protein versus high protein and in the comparison of highest and lowest carbohydrate content . RESULTS At 6 months , participants assigned to each diet had lost an average of 6 kg , which represented 7 % of their initial weight ; they began to regain weight after 12 months . By 2 years , weight loss remained similar in those who were assigned to a diet with 15 % protein and those assigned to a diet with 25 % protein ( 3.0 and 3.6 kg , respectively ) ; in those assigned to a diet with 20 % fat and those assigned to a diet with 40 % fat ( 3.3 kg for both groups ) ; and in those assigned to a diet with 65 % carbohydrates and those assigned to a diet with 35 % carbohydrates ( 2.9 and 3.4 kg , respectively ) ( P>0.20 for all comparisons ) . Among the 80 % of participants who completed the trial , the average weight loss was 4 kg ; 14 to 15 % of the participants had a reduction of at least 10 % of their initial body weight . Satiety , hunger , satisfaction with the diet , and attendance at group sessions were similar for all diets ; attendance was strongly associated with weight loss ( 0.2 kg per session attended ) . The diets improved lipid-related risk factors and fasting insulin levels . CONCLUSIONS Reduced-calorie diets result in clinical ly meaningful weight loss regardless of which macronutrients they emphasize . ( Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00072995 . BACKGROUND Common polymorphisms of the fat mass and obesity associated gene ( FTO ) have been linked to obesity in some population s. One of these genetic variants ( rs9939609 ) has been related to an increased risk of obesity . OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate weight loss and adipocytokine levels after two hypocaloric diets with different macronutrient distribution in obese subjects with RS9939609 gene variant . DESIGN 305 obese patients were enrolled in a prospect i ve way . In the basal visit , patients were r and omly allocated during 3 months to low carbohydrates and low fat . RESULTS After treatment with both diets and in both genotypes , weight , fat mass , waist circumference and systolic blood pressures decreased . With the diet type I and in TT genotype , insulin ( -6.6 ± 9.8 IU/L ) and homeostasis model assessment ( -2.9 ± 6.1 units ) decreased . With the diet type II and in both genotypes ( wild and mutant type ) , insulin ( -5.2 ± 6.1 vs. -3.8 ± 6.1 IU/L ; p < 0.05 ) and homeostasis model assessment ( -2.4 ± 4.8 vs. -1.1 ± 3.8 kg ; p < 0.05 ) decreased . In the A allele group , a significant decrease was detected in total cholesterol levels ( -11.5 ± 20.1 mg/dL ) , low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels ( -13.2 ± 20.9 mg/dL ) and c-reactive protein levels ( -1.3 ± 3.8 mg/dL ) secondary to weight loss after treatment with diet II . The decrease of leptin levels was higher in mutant type group than wild type group with low fat diet ( -10.3 ± 36.1 vs. -28.6 ± 53.7 ng/mL ; p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Metabolic improvement secondary to weight loss was better in A carriers with a low fat hypocaloric diet Recent evidence suggests that the fat mass and obesity-associated gene ( FTO ) genotype may interact with dietary intakes in relation to adiposity . We tested the effect of FTO variant on weight loss in response to 2-year diet interventions . FTO rs1558902 was genotyped in 742 obese adults who were r and omly assigned to one of four diets  differing in the proportions of fat , protein , and carbohydrate .  Body composition and fat distribution were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography . We found significant modification effects for intervention varying in dietary protein on 2-year changes in fat-free mass , whole body total percentage of fat mass , total adipose tissue mass , visceral adipose tissue mass , and superficial adipose tissue mass ( for all interactions , P < 0.05 ) . Carriers of the risk allele had a greater reduction in weight , body composition , and fat distribution in response to a high-protein diet , whereas an opposite genetic effect was observed on changes in fat distribution in response to a low-protein diet . Likewise , significant interaction patterns also were observed at 6 months . Our data suggest that a high-protein diet may be beneficial for weight loss and improvement of body composition and fat distribution in individuals with the risk allele of the FTO variant rs1558902 BACKGROUND Common genetic variants in the insulin receptor substrate 1 ( IRS1 ) gene have been recently associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia . We examined whether the best-associated variant modifies the long-term changes in insulin resistance and body weight in response to weight-loss diets in Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies ( POUNDS LOST ) trial . METHODS AND RESULTS We genotyped IRS1 rs2943641 in 738 overweight adults ( 61 % were women ) who were r and omly assigned to 1 of 4 diets varying in macronutrient contents for 2 years . We assessed the progress in fasting insulin , homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) and weight loss by genotypes . At 6 months , participants with the risk-conferring CC genotype had greater decreases in insulin ( P=0.009 ) , HOMA-IR ( P=0.015 ) , and weight loss ( P=0.018 ) than those without this genotype in the highest-carbohydrate diet group whereas an opposite genotype effect on changes in insulin and HOMA-IR ( P≤0.05 ) was observed in participants assigned to the lowest-carbohydrate diet group . No significant differences were observed across genotypes in the other 2 diet groups . The tests for genotype by intervention interactions were all significant ( P<0.05 ) . At 2 years , the genotype effect on changes in insulin and HOMA-IR remained significant in the highest-carbohydrate diet group ( P<0.05 ) . The highest carbohydrate diet led to a greater improvement of insulin and HOMA-IR ( P for genotype-time interaction ≤0.009 ) in participants with the CC genotype than those without this genotype across 2-year intervention . CONCLUSIONS Individuals with the IRS1 rs2943641 CC genotype might obtain more benefits in weight loss and improvement of insulin resistance than those without this genotype by choosing a high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION http : www . clinical trials.gov . Unique identifier : NCT00072995 Background : Genome-wide association studies have provided new insights into the genetic factors that contribute to the development of obesity . We hypothesized that these genetic markers would also predict magnitude of weight loss and weight regain after initial weight loss . Methods : Established obesity risk alleles available on the Illumina CARe iSelect ( IBC ) chip were characterized in 3899 overweight or obese participants with type 2 diabetes from the Look AHEAD ( Action for Health in Diabetes ) , a r and omized trial to determine the effects of intensive lifestyle intervention ( ILI ) and diabetes support and education ( DSE ) on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality . Primary analyses examined the interaction between 13 obesity risk polymorphisms in eight genes and r and omized treatment arm in predicting weight change at year 1 , and weight regain at year 4 among individuals who lost 3 % or more of their baseline weight by year 1 . Results : No single-nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) were significantly associated with magnitude of weight loss or interacted with treatment arm at year 1 . However , fat mass and obesity associated gene ( FTO ) rs3751812 predicted weight regain within DSE ( 1.56 kg per risk allele , P=0.005 ) , but not ILI ( P=0.761 ) , result ing in SNP × treatment arm interaction ( P=0.009 ) . In a partial replication of prior research , the obesity risk ( G ) allele at BDNF rs6265 was associated with greater weight regain across treatment arms ( 0.773 kg per risk allele ) , although results were of borderline statistical significance ( P=0.051 ) . Conclusions : Variations in the FTO and BDNF loci may contribute risk of weight regain after weight loss Little is known about whether cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CET 
    Output:
    