human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : The knowledge concerning balance training actually lowering fall rates among frail older persons is limited . Objective : The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a 4-week individualized visual feedback-based balance training on the fall incidence during 1-year follow-up among frail older women living in residential care . Methods : Twenty-seven older women from 2 residential care homes were r and omized into  exercise ( n = 20 ) and  control ( n = 7 ) groups . Balance measurements were carried out before and after a 4-week training period and falls were monitored by monthly diaries for 1 year . An interview about fear of falling and physical activity was completed before and after the intervention and after the 1-year follow-up . Results : A positive effect of  balance training on fall incidence was found . A dynamic Poisson regression model showed that during the follow-up the monthly risk of falling was decreased in the exercise group compared to controls ( risk ratio 0.398 , 95 % CI 0.174–0.911 , p = 0.029 ) . In addition , the exercise group reported a reduced fear of falling and increased physical activity after a training period but these changes declined during the follow-up period . Conclusion : Individualized visual feedback-based balance training was shown to be a promising method for fall prevention among frail older women . High compliance ( 97.5 % ) with the training program showed that carefully targeted training programs can be carried out among older people with health limitations Background : Controversial findings exist in the literature with respect to the efficacy of visually guided weight-shifting ( WS ) training as a means of improving balance in healthy older adults . Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of two direction-specific , visually guided WS training protocol s on st and ing balance of healthy elderly women . Methods : Forty-eight community-dwelling elderly women , all free of any neurological or musculoskeletal impairment , were r and omly assigned into : a group that practice d WS in the anterior/posterior direction ( A/P group , n = 19 ) , a group that practice d WS in the medio/lateral direction ( M/L group , n = 15 ) and a control group ( n = 14 ) . Participants performed 12 training sessions of visually guided WS ( 3 sessions a week for 25 minutes per session ) . Static balance was measured before and after training in normal ( bipedal ) quiet stance ( NQS ) and sharpened-Romberg stance ( SRS ) by recording center of pressure ( CoP ) variations and angular segment kinematics . Results : In NQS , neither of the two training protocol s had a significant impact on postural sway measures , although a significant decrease in interlimb asymmetry of CoP displacement was noted for the A/P group . In SRS , A/P training induced a significant reduction of CoP displacement , lower limb pitch and upper trunk roll rotation . Conclusion : The results of the study stress the importance of using direction-specific WS tasks in balance training , particularly in the A/P direction , in order to improve control of static balance in elderly women Background Motor learning research has had little impact on clinical applications and rarely extended to research about how older adults learn motor skills . There is consistent evidence that motor skill performance and learning can be enhanced by giving learners instructions that direct their attention . The aim of this study was to test whether elderly individuals that receive an external focus instruction during training of dynamic balance skills would learn in a different manner compared to individuals that received an internal focus instruction . Methods This r and omised trial included 26 older persons ( 81 ± 6 years ) that were training functional balance twice a week for the duration of 5 weeks .  Learning outcomes were recorded after every training session . Weight shifting score and dynamic balance parameters ( Biodex Balance System ) , components of the Extended Timed-Get-Up- and -Go test , five chair rises , and falls efficacy ( FES-I )  was assessed at baseline and post-intervention . Results Participation for training sessions was 94 % . No differences between groups were found following 5 weeks of training for weight shifting score , dynamic balance index and dynamic balance time ( p < 0.95 , p = 0.16 , p < 0.50 ) , implying no learning differences between training groups . Extended Timed-Get-Up- and -Go components Sit-to-st and , p = .036 ; Gait initiation , p = .039 ; Slow down , stop , turnaround , and sit down , p = 0.011 and the Fes-I ( p = 0.014 ) showed improvements for the total group , indicating that function improved compared to baseline . Conclusion A 5-week balance training improved weight shifting scores and dynamic balance parameters as well as functional abilities . The observed improvements were independent from the type of attentional focus instructions . The findings provide support for the proposition of different motor learning principles in older adults compared to younger adults . Trial Registration IS RCT Objective : To assess the balance function of hemiplegic stroke patients and to investigate whether visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training following acute stroke can decrease falls among patients with hemiplegic stroke . Design : A prospect i ve study , using a Balance Master . Setting : Hospital-based rehabilitation units . Subjects : Fifty-two hemiplegic stroke patients ( 28 in the training group and 24 in the control group ) . Interventions : Conventional stroke rehabilitation programme plus visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training . Training effect was evaluated by assessing the static and dynamic balance performance as well as comparing the occurrence of falls in the training and control groups at six-month follow-up . Main measures : Occurrence of falls ; static balance in different sensory conditions ; and dynamic balance performance , including on-axis velocity and directional control during rhythmic weight-shift . Results : Significant improvement in dynamic balance performance was found in hemiplegic patients in the training group . The improvement was sustained for six months . With regarding to static balance function , no significant improvement was found . At six-month follow-up , 5 of 28 patients ( 17.8 % ) in the training group had fallen , compared with 10 of 24 patients ( 41.7 % ) in the control group . The occurrence of falls decreased , although not statistically significantly ( p = 0.059 ) . Conclusions : Visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training may improve dynamic balance function for hemiplegic stroke patients . The effects of training may be sustained for six months . The occurrence of falls decreased in the training group , but not statistically significantly Medical instructions for partial weight-bearing after lower limb surgery and fractures are commonly given . The techniques for instruction are mainly verbal cues . Our aim was to evaluate the efficiency of a new biofeedback device  compared with traditional intervention for gait rehabilitation .  After orthopedic surgery , 33 patients , r and omly divided into a study group ( n = 15 ) and a control group ( n = 18 ) , completed 10 days of a rehabilitation protocol . A significant difference ( P<.05 ) was found between the groups . Study subjects were able to follow weight-bearing instructions better . We suggest that gait rehabilitation is more efficient when biofeedback is used to instruct patients regarding partial weight-bearing OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of an audio-biofeedback ( ABF ) system for improving balance in patients with bilateral vestibular loss ( BVL ) . DESIGN Before-after trial . SETTING University balance disorders laboratory . PARTICIPANTS Nine subjects with BVL and 9 unaffected subjects as controls . INTERVENTION Trunk acceleration ABF while st and ing on foam with eyes closed . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Balance stability was evaluated according to the following parameters : the root mean square of ( 1 ) the center of pressure ( COP ) displacements and of ( 2 ) the trunk accelerations ; the COP b and width ; the time spent by the participant within + /-1 degrees threshold from their baseline COP position ; and the mean accelerations of the trunk while the participant was swaying outside this + /-1 degrees threshold . RESULTS Participants with BVL had significantly larger postural sway than did unaffected participants . Those with BVL , while using ABF , decreased sway area by 23%+/-4.9 % , decreased trunk accelerations by 46%+/-9.9 % , and increased time spent within + /-1 degrees sway threshold by 195%+/-34.6 % . CONCLUSIONS ABF improved stance stability of participants with BVL by increasing the amount of postural corrections Objective : To examine the effects of electromyographic ( EMG ) biofeedback training on the recovery of gait in the acute phase post stroke . Design : Patients were r and omly assigned to EMG biofeedback or control groups . They received treatment three times a week for six weeks . All patients were assessed prior to treatment , after 18 treatment sessions , and at three months follow-up . Setting : The study was carried out at Scunthorpe General Hospital in North Lincolnshire . The subjects were acute stroke patients who had been admitted on to the medical and elderly wards . Interventions : The EMG biofeedback group were treated using EMG as an adjunct to physiotherapy . The patients were encouraged to facilitate or inhibit abnormal muscle tone via auditory or visual signals transmitted from electrodes placed over the appropriate muscles . The control group were treated using the same techniques , electrodes were used with this group of patients , but the EMG machine was turned off and faced away from the patient and the therapist to control the placebo effect . Outcome measures : A large battery of outcome measures was used for physical and psychological assessment . The physical measures consisted of active movement , muscle tone , sensation , proprioception , mobility and activities of daily living ( ADL ) . The psychological measures included orientation , memory , spatial performance , language and IQ . Results : Twenty-one patients were included in the study . Scores were combined into four groups : mild EMG , severe EMG , mild control and severe control . Results showed that there was an improvement in physical scores for active movement , mobility and ADL over time , but there was no significant difference between the EMG and control groups . Scores on the psychological tests were within normal limits , and there was no difference in performance between the EMG and control groups . Conclusions : This study showed no significant differences in the rate of improvement after stroke between the two groups . Although EMG biofeed-back was used as an adjunct to physiotherapy and represented clinical practice , the results provide little evidence to support the clinical significance of using EMG biofeedback to improve gait in the acute phase after stroke Electromyographic biofeedback was compared with simple exercise therapy as to its effectiveness in improving  foot-drop in 22 stroke patients . The study was design ed to be a rigorous trial of biofeedback and the patients tested were aged and had stroke of long duration . One group of 11 patients underwent 6 weeks of exercise therapy 2 sessions per week for 15 minutes per session ; the 2nd group of 11 patients underwent similar therapy with EMG feedback . All therapy was conducted by a research assistant who was not a trained therapist . The groups were assessed blind before treatment , after treatment and a 6-week follow-up . The significantly greater improvements in the biofeedback group in terms of muscle strength at the end of treatment were maintained at follow-up . On the range of movement and gait analysis measures , both groups showed some improvement after treatment . However , at follow-up this improvement had relapsed for the exercise group while for the biofeedback group it had been maintained . It is argued that controlled trials are possible in biofeedback and that using patients as their own controls is not justified in view of the present findings and the previously reported literature Background The maintenance of upright equilibrium is essentially a sensorimotor integration task . The central nervous system ( CNS ) has to generate appropriate and complex motor responses based on the selective and rapid integration of sensory information from multiple sources . Since each sensory system has its own coordinate framework , specific time delay and reliability , sensory conflicts may arise and represent situations in which the CNS has to recalibrate the weight attributed to each particular sensory input . The resolution of sensory conflicts may represent a particular challenge for older adults given the age-related decline in the integrity of many postural regulating systems , including musculoskeletal and sensory systems , as well as neural processing and conduction of information . The effects of aging and adaptation ( by repeated exposures ) on the capability of the CNS to select pertinent sensory information and resolve sensory conflicts were thus investigated with virtual reality ( VR ) in the present study . Methods Healthy young and older adults maintained quiet stance while immersed in a virtual environment ( VE ) for 1 hour during which transient visual and /or surface perturbations were r and omly presented . Visual perturbations were induced by sudden pitch or roll plane tilts of the VE viewed through a helmet-mounted display , and combined with or without surface perturbations presented in a direction that was either identical or opposite to the visual perturbations . Results Results showed a profound influence of aging on postural adjustments measured by electromyographic ( EMG ) responses and displacements of the center of pressure ( COP ) and body 's center of mass ( COM ) in the recovery of upright stance , especially in the presence of sensory conflicts . Older adults relied more on vision as compared to young adults . Aging affects the interaction of the somatosensory and visual systems on the control of equilibrium during st and ing and the ability of CNS to resolve sensory conflicts . However , even with a one-hour immersion in VE and exposure to sensory conflicts , it is possible for the CNS to recalibrate and adapt to the changes , while improving balance capability in older adults . Conclusion Preventive and rehabilitation programs targeting postural control in older adults should take into account the possible impairment of sensory organization or sensorimotor integration and include VE training under conditions of sensory conflicts Background and Purpose : Distinguishing between a clinical ly significant change and change due to measurement error can be difficult . The purpose of this study was to determine test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change for the Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) , forward and backward functional reach , the  Romberg Test and the Sharpened Romberg Test ( SRT ) with eyes open and closed , the Activities-specific Balance Confidence ( ABC ) Scale , the  Six-Minute Walk Test ( 6MWT ) , comfortable and fast gait speed , the  Timed “ Up & Go ” Test ( TUG ) , the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey ( SF- 
    Output:
    
agent
Results and Conclusions Although most available studies did not systematic ally evaluate feasibility aspects , reports of high participation rates , low drop-out rates , absence of adverse events and positive training experiences suggest that biofeedback methods can be applied in older adults .
An indication for effectiveness of visual feedback-based training of balance in ( frail ) older adults was identified for postural sway , weight-shifting and reaction time in st and ing , and for the Berg Balance Scale .
Indications for added effectiveness of applying biofeedback during training of balance , gait , or sit-to-st and transfers in older patients post-stroke were identified for training-specific aspects .
The same applies for auditory feedback-based training of gait in older patients with lower-limb surgery .
Implication sFurther appropriate studies are needed in different population s of older adults to be able to make definitive statements regarding the ( long-term ) added effectiveness , particularly on measures of functioning
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background : The knowledge concerning balance training actually lowering fall rates among frail older persons is limited . Objective : The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a 4-week individualized visual feedback-based balance training on the fall incidence during 1-year follow-up among frail older women living in residential care . Methods : Twenty-seven older women from 2 residential care homes were r and omized into  exercise ( n = 20 ) and  control ( n = 7 ) groups . Balance measurements were carried out before and after a 4-week training period and falls were monitored by monthly diaries for 1 year . An interview about fear of falling and physical activity was completed before and after the intervention and after the 1-year follow-up . Results : A positive effect of  balance training on fall incidence was found . A dynamic Poisson regression model showed that during the follow-up the monthly risk of falling was decreased in the exercise group compared to controls ( risk ratio 0.398 , 95 % CI 0.174–0.911 , p = 0.029 ) . In addition , the exercise group reported a reduced fear of falling and increased physical activity after a training period but these changes declined during the follow-up period . Conclusion : Individualized visual feedback-based balance training was shown to be a promising method for fall prevention among frail older women . High compliance ( 97.5 % ) with the training program showed that carefully targeted training programs can be carried out among older people with health limitations Background : Controversial findings exist in the literature with respect to the efficacy of visually guided weight-shifting ( WS ) training as a means of improving balance in healthy older adults . Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of two direction-specific , visually guided WS training protocol s on st and ing balance of healthy elderly women . Methods : Forty-eight community-dwelling elderly women , all free of any neurological or musculoskeletal impairment , were r and omly assigned into : a group that practice d WS in the anterior/posterior direction ( A/P group , n = 19 ) , a group that practice d WS in the medio/lateral direction ( M/L group , n = 15 ) and a control group ( n = 14 ) . Participants performed 12 training sessions of visually guided WS ( 3 sessions a week for 25 minutes per session ) . Static balance was measured before and after training in normal ( bipedal ) quiet stance ( NQS ) and sharpened-Romberg stance ( SRS ) by recording center of pressure ( CoP ) variations and angular segment kinematics . Results : In NQS , neither of the two training protocol s had a significant impact on postural sway measures , although a significant decrease in interlimb asymmetry of CoP displacement was noted for the A/P group . In SRS , A/P training induced a significant reduction of CoP displacement , lower limb pitch and upper trunk roll rotation . Conclusion : The results of the study stress the importance of using direction-specific WS tasks in balance training , particularly in the A/P direction , in order to improve control of static balance in elderly women Background Motor learning research has had little impact on clinical applications and rarely extended to research about how older adults learn motor skills . There is consistent evidence that motor skill performance and learning can be enhanced by giving learners instructions that direct their attention . The aim of this study was to test whether elderly individuals that receive an external focus instruction during training of dynamic balance skills would learn in a different manner compared to individuals that received an internal focus instruction . Methods This r and omised trial included 26 older persons ( 81 ± 6 years ) that were training functional balance twice a week for the duration of 5 weeks .  Learning outcomes were recorded after every training session . Weight shifting score and dynamic balance parameters ( Biodex Balance System ) , components of the Extended Timed-Get-Up- and -Go test , five chair rises , and falls efficacy ( FES-I )  was assessed at baseline and post-intervention . Results Participation for training sessions was 94 % . No differences between groups were found following 5 weeks of training for weight shifting score , dynamic balance index and dynamic balance time ( p < 0.95 , p = 0.16 , p < 0.50 ) , implying no learning differences between training groups . Extended Timed-Get-Up- and -Go components Sit-to-st and , p = .036 ; Gait initiation , p = .039 ; Slow down , stop , turnaround , and sit down , p = 0.011 and the Fes-I ( p = 0.014 ) showed improvements for the total group , indicating that function improved compared to baseline . Conclusion A 5-week balance training improved weight shifting scores and dynamic balance parameters as well as functional abilities . The observed improvements were independent from the type of attentional focus instructions . The findings provide support for the proposition of different motor learning principles in older adults compared to younger adults . Trial Registration IS RCT Objective : To assess the balance function of hemiplegic stroke patients and to investigate whether visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training following acute stroke can decrease falls among patients with hemiplegic stroke . Design : A prospect i ve study , using a Balance Master . Setting : Hospital-based rehabilitation units . Subjects : Fifty-two hemiplegic stroke patients ( 28 in the training group and 24 in the control group ) . Interventions : Conventional stroke rehabilitation programme plus visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training . Training effect was evaluated by assessing the static and dynamic balance performance as well as comparing the occurrence of falls in the training and control groups at six-month follow-up . Main measures : Occurrence of falls ; static balance in different sensory conditions ; and dynamic balance performance , including on-axis velocity and directional control during rhythmic weight-shift . Results : Significant improvement in dynamic balance performance was found in hemiplegic patients in the training group . The improvement was sustained for six months . With regarding to static balance function , no significant improvement was found . At six-month follow-up , 5 of 28 patients ( 17.8 % ) in the training group had fallen , compared with 10 of 24 patients ( 41.7 % ) in the control group . The occurrence of falls decreased , although not statistically significantly ( p = 0.059 ) . Conclusions : Visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training may improve dynamic balance function for hemiplegic stroke patients . The effects of training may be sustained for six months . The occurrence of falls decreased in the training group , but not statistically significantly Medical instructions for partial weight-bearing after lower limb surgery and fractures are commonly given . The techniques for instruction are mainly verbal cues . Our aim was to evaluate the efficiency of a new biofeedback device  compared with traditional intervention for gait rehabilitation .  After orthopedic surgery , 33 patients , r and omly divided into a study group ( n = 15 ) and a control group ( n = 18 ) , completed 10 days of a rehabilitation protocol . A significant difference ( P<.05 ) was found between the groups . Study subjects were able to follow weight-bearing instructions better . We suggest that gait rehabilitation is more efficient when biofeedback is used to instruct patients regarding partial weight-bearing OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of an audio-biofeedback ( ABF ) system for improving balance in patients with bilateral vestibular loss ( BVL ) . DESIGN Before-after trial . SETTING University balance disorders laboratory . PARTICIPANTS Nine subjects with BVL and 9 unaffected subjects as controls . INTERVENTION Trunk acceleration ABF while st and ing on foam with eyes closed . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Balance stability was evaluated according to the following parameters : the root mean square of ( 1 ) the center of pressure ( COP ) displacements and of ( 2 ) the trunk accelerations ; the COP b and width ; the time spent by the participant within + /-1 degrees threshold from their baseline COP position ; and the mean accelerations of the trunk while the participant was swaying outside this + /-1 degrees threshold . RESULTS Participants with BVL had significantly larger postural sway than did unaffected participants . Those with BVL , while using ABF , decreased sway area by 23%+/-4.9 % , decreased trunk accelerations by 46%+/-9.9 % , and increased time spent within + /-1 degrees sway threshold by 195%+/-34.6 % . CONCLUSIONS ABF improved stance stability of participants with BVL by increasing the amount of postural corrections Objective : To examine the effects of electromyographic ( EMG ) biofeedback training on the recovery of gait in the acute phase post stroke . Design : Patients were r and omly assigned to EMG biofeedback or control groups . They received treatment three times a week for six weeks . All patients were assessed prior to treatment , after 18 treatment sessions , and at three months follow-up . Setting : The study was carried out at Scunthorpe General Hospital in North Lincolnshire . The subjects were acute stroke patients who had been admitted on to the medical and elderly wards . Interventions : The EMG biofeedback group were treated using EMG as an adjunct to physiotherapy . The patients were encouraged to facilitate or inhibit abnormal muscle tone via auditory or visual signals transmitted from electrodes placed over the appropriate muscles . The control group were treated using the same techniques , electrodes were used with this group of patients , but the EMG machine was turned off and faced away from the patient and the therapist to control the placebo effect . Outcome measures : A large battery of outcome measures was used for physical and psychological assessment . The physical measures consisted of active movement , muscle tone , sensation , proprioception , mobility and activities of daily living ( ADL ) . The psychological measures included orientation , memory , spatial performance , language and IQ . Results : Twenty-one patients were included in the study . Scores were combined into four groups : mild EMG , severe EMG , mild control and severe control . Results showed that there was an improvement in physical scores for active movement , mobility and ADL over time , but there was no significant difference between the EMG and control groups . Scores on the psychological tests were within normal limits , and there was no difference in performance between the EMG and control groups . Conclusions : This study showed no significant differences in the rate of improvement after stroke between the two groups . Although EMG biofeed-back was used as an adjunct to physiotherapy and represented clinical practice , the results provide little evidence to support the clinical significance of using EMG biofeedback to improve gait in the acute phase after stroke Electromyographic biofeedback was compared with simple exercise therapy as to its effectiveness in improving  foot-drop in 22 stroke patients . The study was design ed to be a rigorous trial of biofeedback and the patients tested were aged and had stroke of long duration . One group of 11 patients underwent 6 weeks of exercise therapy 2 sessions per week for 15 minutes per session ; the 2nd group of 11 patients underwent similar therapy with EMG feedback . All therapy was conducted by a research assistant who was not a trained therapist . The groups were assessed blind before treatment , after treatment and a 6-week follow-up . The significantly greater improvements in the biofeedback group in terms of muscle strength at the end of treatment were maintained at follow-up . On the range of movement and gait analysis measures , both groups showed some improvement after treatment . However , at follow-up this improvement had relapsed for the exercise group while for the biofeedback group it had been maintained . It is argued that controlled trials are possible in biofeedback and that using patients as their own controls is not justified in view of the present findings and the previously reported literature Background The maintenance of upright equilibrium is essentially a sensorimotor integration task . The central nervous system ( CNS ) has to generate appropriate and complex motor responses based on the selective and rapid integration of sensory information from multiple sources . Since each sensory system has its own coordinate framework , specific time delay and reliability , sensory conflicts may arise and represent situations in which the CNS has to recalibrate the weight attributed to each particular sensory input . The resolution of sensory conflicts may represent a particular challenge for older adults given the age-related decline in the integrity of many postural regulating systems , including musculoskeletal and sensory systems , as well as neural processing and conduction of information . The effects of aging and adaptation ( by repeated exposures ) on the capability of the CNS to select pertinent sensory information and resolve sensory conflicts were thus investigated with virtual reality ( VR ) in the present study . Methods Healthy young and older adults maintained quiet stance while immersed in a virtual environment ( VE ) for 1 hour during which transient visual and /or surface perturbations were r and omly presented . Visual perturbations were induced by sudden pitch or roll plane tilts of the VE viewed through a helmet-mounted display , and combined with or without surface perturbations presented in a direction that was either identical or opposite to the visual perturbations . Results Results showed a profound influence of aging on postural adjustments measured by electromyographic ( EMG ) responses and displacements of the center of pressure ( COP ) and body 's center of mass ( COM ) in the recovery of upright stance , especially in the presence of sensory conflicts . Older adults relied more on vision as compared to young adults . Aging affects the interaction of the somatosensory and visual systems on the control of equilibrium during st and ing and the ability of CNS to resolve sensory conflicts . However , even with a one-hour immersion in VE and exposure to sensory conflicts , it is possible for the CNS to recalibrate and adapt to the changes , while improving balance capability in older adults . Conclusion Preventive and rehabilitation programs targeting postural control in older adults should take into account the possible impairment of sensory organization or sensorimotor integration and include VE training under conditions of sensory conflicts Background and Purpose : Distinguishing between a clinical ly significant change and change due to measurement error can be difficult . The purpose of this study was to determine test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change for the Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) , forward and backward functional reach , the  Romberg Test and the Sharpened Romberg Test ( SRT ) with eyes open and closed , the Activities-specific Balance Confidence ( ABC ) Scale , the  Six-Minute Walk Test ( 6MWT ) , comfortable and fast gait speed , the  Timed “ Up & Go ” Test ( TUG ) , the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey ( SF- 
    Output:
    