human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The effects of a stabilized 0.454 % stannous fluoride dentifrice , currently marketed as Crest Gum Care , on supragingival plaque , gingivitis , gingival bleeding and oral soft tissue condition were studied in 328 adult male and female subjects who completed a six-month , double blind clinical study . Following initial examinations , subjects presenting with a minimum of five gingival bleeding sites received a thorough dental prophylaxis and were instructed to brush at least twice a day for three months with a commercially available fluoride dentifrice , packaged in such a way as to blind its identity to the study subjects . This constituted the three-month pre-test period . At the end of this period , subjects were again examined , given a second oral prophylaxis , and r and omly assigned to brush with one of the following dentifrices : 1 ) stabilized 0.454 % stannous fluoride , 2 ) 0.243 % sodium fluoride control , or 3 ) one of three experimental dentifrices . Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth as they normally would , at least twice a day for one minute per brushing . Follow-up examinations after three and six months of dentifrice use evaluated supragingival plaque , gingivitis , gingival bleeding , extrinsic tooth stain and oral soft tissue status . After six months , the stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice significantly reduced gingivitis and gingival bleeding by 20.5 % and 33.4 % compared to the sodium fluoride control group . However , the stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice group was not significantly different from the control dentifrice group with respect to supragingival plaque scores . As expected , accumulation of extrinsic tooth stain was greater in the stabilized stannous fluoride group than the control group . No unexpected nor clinical ly significant oral soft tissue health effects were associated with the use of the test dentifrices . The results from this clinical study demonstrate that over a six-month period , twice-daily use of a dentifrice containing 0.454 % stabilized stannous fluoride significantly reduced gingivitis and gingival bleeding , relative to a 0.243 % sodium fluoride control dentifrice A 6-month double-blind , controlled clinical study was conducted on 107 healthy adult subjects to determine the efficacy of a mouthrinse used as a supplement to regular oral hygiene measures on supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis . 115 healthy adult patients were recruited for the study . Following screening examinations for minimal entry levels of existing gingivitis and plaque in patients with a minimum of 20 sound natural teeth , extrinsic tooth stain , gingivitis and plaque index scores were recorded . Soft tissues were evaluated . All subjects then received a complete dental prophylaxis , removing plaque , calculus and extrinsic stain . Utilizing their normal oral hygiene , subjects began a regimen of rinsing with 20 ml of the r and omly assigned rinse , twice daily for 30 s for 6 months . 7 days after prophylaxis , gingivitis was again scored ( baseline 2 ) . Soft tissue , gingivitis , plaque area and extrinsic stain were evaluated again at 3 and 6 months . Results demonstrated that after 6 months , listerine produced a 34 % inhibition of both plaque and of gingivitis compared to a hydroalcohol control ( p less than 0.001 ) This double-blind parallel- design clinical study compared the efficacy of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice ( Crest Plus Gum Care ) , baking soda and peroxide ( NaF ) dentifrice ( Mentadent ) , and essential oil mouthrinse ( Listerine ) to a conventional NaF dentifrice ( Crest ) for the control of plaque , gingivitis and gingival bleeding over six months . Following an initial baseline examination and stratification , subjects received a complete oral prophylaxis and were distributed assigned test products . Following three and six months , subjects re-visited the clinic for examinations . Evaluations at baseline and at 3 and 6 months included soft tissue status . Löe-Silness gingivitis/gingival bleeding , Silness-Löe plaque and dental stain . Results subsequent to six months of product use were as follows : At six months , the stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice was observed to produce statistically significant 17.5 % reductions in gingivitis and 27.5 % reductions in gingival bleeding relative to the NaF dentifrice . The combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse produced statistically significant reductions of 7.4 % in gingivitis and 10.8 % in plaque as compared with the NaF dentifrice . The stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice produced statistically significant reductions in both gingivitis ( 10.8 % ) and gingival bleeding ( 23.0 % ) relative to the combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse . The baking soda and peroxide ( NaF ) dentifrice did not provide reductions in gingivitis , plaque or gingival bleeding as compared with the conventional NaF dentifrice . The stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions in gingivitis as compared with the baking soda and peroxide dentifrice following six months of use , and both the essential oil mouthrinse and stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions in gingivitis as compared with the baking soda and peroxide dentifrice following three months of use . These results support : 1 ) the efficacy of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice and the combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse for the prevention of gingivitis ; 2 ) the superior activity of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice as compared with a combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse for the control of gingivitis and gingival bleeding ; and 3 ) the lack of efficacy for baking soda and peroxide dentifrice for the control of  plaque , gingivitis and gingival bleeding  as compared with conventional fluori date d dentifrice A total of one hundred twenty-one ( 121 ) adult male and female subjects completed a 6-month , double-blind clinical study comparing the effect on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis of a dentifrice containing 0.3 % Triclosan and 2.0 % of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid to a placebo dentifrice . Both the Triclosan/copolymer and placebo dentifrices contained 0.243 % sodium fluoride in a silica base . Subjects were stratified into two balanced groups according to baseline plaque and gingivitis scores . They then received an oral prophylaxis and were assigned to use either the Triclosan/copolymer dentrifrice or the placebo dentifrice for the next 6 months . Subjects were evaluated for supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis after 3 and 6 months ' use of the dentifrices . After 6 months , the Triclosan/copolymer dentifrice was shown to provide a 32.32 % statistically significant reduction ( 99 % level of confidence ) in supragingival plaque formation , as compared to the placebo dentifrice . Also , after 6 months , the Triclosan/copolymer dentifrice was shown to provide a 25.64 % statistically significant reduction ( 99 % level of confidence ) in gingivitis , as compared to the placebo dentifrice . It thus can be concluded from this clinical study that the twice daily use of the dentifrice containing 0.3 % Triclosan and 2.0 % of a copolymer in a 0.243 % sodium fluoride/silica base provides statistically significant reductions in both supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis A total of 294 adult male and female subjects completed a 6-month , double-blind clinical trial design ed to evaluate the effects of a dentifrice which contained 0.3 % triclosan in conjunction with 2 % of a methoxyethylene/maleic acid copolymer in a 0.243 % sodium fluoride/silica base , relative to a control dentifrice , on  supragingival plaque accumulation and gingivitis .  Plaque and gingivitis were scored after 3 and 6-month use of the assigned dentifrice . At the end of the study , the triclosan group showed an average reduction , relative to the control group , of 12 % in plaque accumulation and 20 % in gingivitis . Both were statistically significant at p < or = 0.0001 . The effect of the triclosan dentifrice was most pronounced on the more severe manifestations of plaque and gingivitis . The improvement in the gingival parameters at 6-months relative to the control dentifrice was statistically significant at p < or = 0.0001 . It was concluded that the twice-daily use of the triclosan-containing dentifrice result ed in significant reduction in supragingival plaque formation and a significant improvement in gingival health without the presence of any extrinsic staining or objectionable taste PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of a novel mouthrinse containing 0.07 % high bioavailable cetylpyridinium chloride ( Crest Pro-Health Rinse ) on the development of gingivitis and plaque versus a placebo control over a period of 6 months . METHODS This was a r and omized , 6-month , placebo-controlled , parallel groups , double blind , single center clinical trial . One hundred thirty-nine generally healthy adults with mild-to-moderate gingivitis were enrolled in the study . Subjects were given Modified Gingival Index ( MGI ) , Gingival Bleeding Index ( GBI ) and Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index ( MQH ) examinations followed by a dental prophylaxis . Subjects were then r and omly assigned to either the cetylpyridinium chloride ( CPC ) rinse or placebo rinse and instructed to begin rinsing twice a day with 20 ml of their assigned mouthrinse for 30 seconds after brushing their teeth . Subjects were assessed for MGI , GBI and MQH scores after 3 and 6 months of product use . Oral hard and soft tissue examinations were also performed at all visits . RESULTS 124 subjects were evaluable at Month 3 and 119 at Month 6 . After 6 months , subjects rinsing with the CPC rinse showed 15.4 % less gingival inflammation , 33.3 % less gingival bleeding , and 15.8 % less plaque relative to the placebo group . All reductions were highly statistically significantly different ( P < 0.01 ) . Results were similar at 3 months . Both treatments were well-tolerated . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates that the Crest Pro-Health 0.07 % CPC mouthrinse provided significant antiplaque and antigingivitis benefits when used twice daily for 6 months as an adjunct to toothbrushing PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of two experimental cetylpyridinium chloride ( CPC ) mouthrinses containing 0.075 % and 0.10 % CPC on the development of gingivitis and plaque versus a placebo control over a period of 6 months . METHODS This was a r and omized , single center , parallel group , double blind , positive and placebo controlled clinical trial . A 0.12 % chlorhexidine rinse served as the positive control for validation of the methodology . At the beginning of the trial , 366 subjects were balanced and r and omly assigned to treatment groups . Subjects received a dental prophylaxis and began rinsing twice a day with 15 ml of their assigned mouthwash for 30 seconds after brushing their teeth . Subjects were assessed for gingivitis and gingival bleeding by the Löe-Silness Gingival Index method and plaque by the Turesky modification of Quigley Hein Plaque Index at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of product use . Oral soft tissue health was also assessed . RESULTS After 3 and 6 months , subjects rinsing with either 0.075 % or 0.10 % CPC had significantly ( P < 0.0001 ) less gingivitis , gingival bleeding , and plaque , on average , than those on placebo . The 6-month mean reductions in gingivitis , gingival bleeding , and plaque for the 0.075 % and 0.10 % CPC rinses versus placebo were 23 % , 30 % and 17 % , and 20 % , 27 % and 19 % , respectively . There was no statistically significant difference in efficacy between the two CPC mouthrinses . Reductions at 3 months were similar to those seen at 6 months . Significant benefits were observed with chlorhexidine , thereby validating the study . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study clearly demonstrates that CPC mouthrinses formulated to deliver therapeutic benefits when used twice daily can significantly prevent the development of gingivitis , gingival bleeding , and plaque over a 6-month period A total of 159 adult male and female subjects between 18 and 63 years of age , were entered into a 6-month , double-blind clinical study to assess the effects of a dentifrice containing 0.3 % triclosan and 2 % of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis , as compared to a placebo dentifrice . Both the triclosan and placebo dentifrices contained 0.243 % sodium fluoride in a silica base . The subjects had to demonstrate at least mild gingivitis ( modified Loe-Silness score > or = 1.0 ) , be free of advanced periodontal disease , have a modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index score of at least 1.5 and have a minimum of 20 natural , uncrowned teeth . The subjects were stratified into two 
    Output:
    
agent
The studies in this systematic review provide strong evidence of the antiplaque , antigingivitis effects of multiple agents .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The effects of a stabilized 0.454 % stannous fluoride dentifrice , currently marketed as Crest Gum Care , on supragingival plaque , gingivitis , gingival bleeding and oral soft tissue condition were studied in 328 adult male and female subjects who completed a six-month , double blind clinical study . Following initial examinations , subjects presenting with a minimum of five gingival bleeding sites received a thorough dental prophylaxis and were instructed to brush at least twice a day for three months with a commercially available fluoride dentifrice , packaged in such a way as to blind its identity to the study subjects . This constituted the three-month pre-test period . At the end of this period , subjects were again examined , given a second oral prophylaxis , and r and omly assigned to brush with one of the following dentifrices : 1 ) stabilized 0.454 % stannous fluoride , 2 ) 0.243 % sodium fluoride control , or 3 ) one of three experimental dentifrices . Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth as they normally would , at least twice a day for one minute per brushing . Follow-up examinations after three and six months of dentifrice use evaluated supragingival plaque , gingivitis , gingival bleeding , extrinsic tooth stain and oral soft tissue status . After six months , the stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice significantly reduced gingivitis and gingival bleeding by 20.5 % and 33.4 % compared to the sodium fluoride control group . However , the stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice group was not significantly different from the control dentifrice group with respect to supragingival plaque scores . As expected , accumulation of extrinsic tooth stain was greater in the stabilized stannous fluoride group than the control group . No unexpected nor clinical ly significant oral soft tissue health effects were associated with the use of the test dentifrices . The results from this clinical study demonstrate that over a six-month period , twice-daily use of a dentifrice containing 0.454 % stabilized stannous fluoride significantly reduced gingivitis and gingival bleeding , relative to a 0.243 % sodium fluoride control dentifrice A 6-month double-blind , controlled clinical study was conducted on 107 healthy adult subjects to determine the efficacy of a mouthrinse used as a supplement to regular oral hygiene measures on supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis . 115 healthy adult patients were recruited for the study . Following screening examinations for minimal entry levels of existing gingivitis and plaque in patients with a minimum of 20 sound natural teeth , extrinsic tooth stain , gingivitis and plaque index scores were recorded . Soft tissues were evaluated . All subjects then received a complete dental prophylaxis , removing plaque , calculus and extrinsic stain . Utilizing their normal oral hygiene , subjects began a regimen of rinsing with 20 ml of the r and omly assigned rinse , twice daily for 30 s for 6 months . 7 days after prophylaxis , gingivitis was again scored ( baseline 2 ) . Soft tissue , gingivitis , plaque area and extrinsic stain were evaluated again at 3 and 6 months . Results demonstrated that after 6 months , listerine produced a 34 % inhibition of both plaque and of gingivitis compared to a hydroalcohol control ( p less than 0.001 ) This double-blind parallel- design clinical study compared the efficacy of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice ( Crest Plus Gum Care ) , baking soda and peroxide ( NaF ) dentifrice ( Mentadent ) , and essential oil mouthrinse ( Listerine ) to a conventional NaF dentifrice ( Crest ) for the control of plaque , gingivitis and gingival bleeding over six months . Following an initial baseline examination and stratification , subjects received a complete oral prophylaxis and were distributed assigned test products . Following three and six months , subjects re-visited the clinic for examinations . Evaluations at baseline and at 3 and 6 months included soft tissue status . Löe-Silness gingivitis/gingival bleeding , Silness-Löe plaque and dental stain . Results subsequent to six months of product use were as follows : At six months , the stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice was observed to produce statistically significant 17.5 % reductions in gingivitis and 27.5 % reductions in gingival bleeding relative to the NaF dentifrice . The combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse produced statistically significant reductions of 7.4 % in gingivitis and 10.8 % in plaque as compared with the NaF dentifrice . The stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice produced statistically significant reductions in both gingivitis ( 10.8 % ) and gingival bleeding ( 23.0 % ) relative to the combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse . The baking soda and peroxide ( NaF ) dentifrice did not provide reductions in gingivitis , plaque or gingival bleeding as compared with the conventional NaF dentifrice . The stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions in gingivitis as compared with the baking soda and peroxide dentifrice following six months of use , and both the essential oil mouthrinse and stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions in gingivitis as compared with the baking soda and peroxide dentifrice following three months of use . These results support : 1 ) the efficacy of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice and the combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse for the prevention of gingivitis ; 2 ) the superior activity of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice as compared with a combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse for the control of gingivitis and gingival bleeding ; and 3 ) the lack of efficacy for baking soda and peroxide dentifrice for the control of  plaque , gingivitis and gingival bleeding  as compared with conventional fluori date d dentifrice A total of one hundred twenty-one ( 121 ) adult male and female subjects completed a 6-month , double-blind clinical study comparing the effect on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis of a dentifrice containing 0.3 % Triclosan and 2.0 % of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid to a placebo dentifrice . Both the Triclosan/copolymer and placebo dentifrices contained 0.243 % sodium fluoride in a silica base . Subjects were stratified into two balanced groups according to baseline plaque and gingivitis scores . They then received an oral prophylaxis and were assigned to use either the Triclosan/copolymer dentrifrice or the placebo dentifrice for the next 6 months . Subjects were evaluated for supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis after 3 and 6 months ' use of the dentifrices . After 6 months , the Triclosan/copolymer dentifrice was shown to provide a 32.32 % statistically significant reduction ( 99 % level of confidence ) in supragingival plaque formation , as compared to the placebo dentifrice . Also , after 6 months , the Triclosan/copolymer dentifrice was shown to provide a 25.64 % statistically significant reduction ( 99 % level of confidence ) in gingivitis , as compared to the placebo dentifrice . It thus can be concluded from this clinical study that the twice daily use of the dentifrice containing 0.3 % Triclosan and 2.0 % of a copolymer in a 0.243 % sodium fluoride/silica base provides statistically significant reductions in both supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis A total of 294 adult male and female subjects completed a 6-month , double-blind clinical trial design ed to evaluate the effects of a dentifrice which contained 0.3 % triclosan in conjunction with 2 % of a methoxyethylene/maleic acid copolymer in a 0.243 % sodium fluoride/silica base , relative to a control dentifrice , on  supragingival plaque accumulation and gingivitis .  Plaque and gingivitis were scored after 3 and 6-month use of the assigned dentifrice . At the end of the study , the triclosan group showed an average reduction , relative to the control group , of 12 % in plaque accumulation and 20 % in gingivitis . Both were statistically significant at p < or = 0.0001 . The effect of the triclosan dentifrice was most pronounced on the more severe manifestations of plaque and gingivitis . The improvement in the gingival parameters at 6-months relative to the control dentifrice was statistically significant at p < or = 0.0001 . It was concluded that the twice-daily use of the triclosan-containing dentifrice result ed in significant reduction in supragingival plaque formation and a significant improvement in gingival health without the presence of any extrinsic staining or objectionable taste PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of a novel mouthrinse containing 0.07 % high bioavailable cetylpyridinium chloride ( Crest Pro-Health Rinse ) on the development of gingivitis and plaque versus a placebo control over a period of 6 months . METHODS This was a r and omized , 6-month , placebo-controlled , parallel groups , double blind , single center clinical trial . One hundred thirty-nine generally healthy adults with mild-to-moderate gingivitis were enrolled in the study . Subjects were given Modified Gingival Index ( MGI ) , Gingival Bleeding Index ( GBI ) and Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index ( MQH ) examinations followed by a dental prophylaxis . Subjects were then r and omly assigned to either the cetylpyridinium chloride ( CPC ) rinse or placebo rinse and instructed to begin rinsing twice a day with 20 ml of their assigned mouthrinse for 30 seconds after brushing their teeth . Subjects were assessed for MGI , GBI and MQH scores after 3 and 6 months of product use . Oral hard and soft tissue examinations were also performed at all visits . RESULTS 124 subjects were evaluable at Month 3 and 119 at Month 6 . After 6 months , subjects rinsing with the CPC rinse showed 15.4 % less gingival inflammation , 33.3 % less gingival bleeding , and 15.8 % less plaque relative to the placebo group . All reductions were highly statistically significantly different ( P < 0.01 ) . Results were similar at 3 months . Both treatments were well-tolerated . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates that the Crest Pro-Health 0.07 % CPC mouthrinse provided significant antiplaque and antigingivitis benefits when used twice daily for 6 months as an adjunct to toothbrushing PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of two experimental cetylpyridinium chloride ( CPC ) mouthrinses containing 0.075 % and 0.10 % CPC on the development of gingivitis and plaque versus a placebo control over a period of 6 months . METHODS This was a r and omized , single center , parallel group , double blind , positive and placebo controlled clinical trial . A 0.12 % chlorhexidine rinse served as the positive control for validation of the methodology . At the beginning of the trial , 366 subjects were balanced and r and omly assigned to treatment groups . Subjects received a dental prophylaxis and began rinsing twice a day with 15 ml of their assigned mouthwash for 30 seconds after brushing their teeth . Subjects were assessed for gingivitis and gingival bleeding by the Löe-Silness Gingival Index method and plaque by the Turesky modification of Quigley Hein Plaque Index at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of product use . Oral soft tissue health was also assessed . RESULTS After 3 and 6 months , subjects rinsing with either 0.075 % or 0.10 % CPC had significantly ( P < 0.0001 ) less gingivitis , gingival bleeding , and plaque , on average , than those on placebo . The 6-month mean reductions in gingivitis , gingival bleeding , and plaque for the 0.075 % and 0.10 % CPC rinses versus placebo were 23 % , 30 % and 17 % , and 20 % , 27 % and 19 % , respectively . There was no statistically significant difference in efficacy between the two CPC mouthrinses . Reductions at 3 months were similar to those seen at 6 months . Significant benefits were observed with chlorhexidine , thereby validating the study . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study clearly demonstrates that CPC mouthrinses formulated to deliver therapeutic benefits when used twice daily can significantly prevent the development of gingivitis , gingival bleeding , and plaque over a 6-month period A total of 159 adult male and female subjects between 18 and 63 years of age , were entered into a 6-month , double-blind clinical study to assess the effects of a dentifrice containing 0.3 % triclosan and 2 % of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis , as compared to a placebo dentifrice . Both the triclosan and placebo dentifrices contained 0.243 % sodium fluoride in a silica base . The subjects had to demonstrate at least mild gingivitis ( modified Loe-Silness score > or = 1.0 ) , be free of advanced periodontal disease , have a modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index score of at least 1.5 and have a minimum of 20 natural , uncrowned teeth . The subjects were stratified into two 
    Output:
    