human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Sesame ingestion has been shown to improve blood lipids in humans and antioxidative ability in animals . Sesamin , a sesame lignan , was recently reported to be converted by intestinal microflora to enterolactone , a compound with estrogenic activity and also an enterometabolite of flaxseed lignans , which are known to be phytoestrogens . Whether sesame can be a source of phytoestrogens is unknown . This study was design ed to investigate the effect of sesame ingestion on blood sex hormones , lipids , tocopherol , and ex vivo LDL oxidation in postmenopausal women . Twenty-six healthy subjects attended , and 24 completed , this r and omized , placebo-controlled , crossover study . Half of them consumed 50 g sesame seed powder daily for 5 wk , followed by a 3-wk washout period , then a 5-wk 50-g rice powder placebo period . The other half received the 2 supplements in reverse order . After sesame treatment , plasma total cholesterol ( TC ) , LDL-C , the ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C , thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in oxidized LDL , and serum dehydroepi and rosterone sulfate decreased significantly by 5 , 10 , 6 , 23 , and 18 % , respectively . The ratio of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol to TC increased significantly by 18 and 73 % , respectively . All of these variables differed significantly between the 2 treatments . Serum sex hormone-binding globulin and urinary 2-hydroxyestrone ( n = 8) increased significantly by 15 and 72 % , respectively , after sesame treatment , and these concentrations tended to differ ( P = 0.065 and P = 0.090 , respectively ) from those after the placebo treatment . These results suggest that sesame ingestion benefits postmenopausal women by improving blood lipids , antioxidant status , and possibly sex hormone status We studied the effects of dietary intervention with three vegetable oils ( Linola , corn or sesame oil , all good sources of gamma-tocopherol ) on absolute and relative concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in human serum . The oils contained only small amounts of linolenic acid but varying amounts of oleic and linoleic acids , and they had different concentrations of alpha-tocopherol . Forty healthy female students ( mean age 26 y ) were r and omly assigned to one of three groups and consumed a diet that contained one of the three oils for 4 wk . Refined oils were distributed as ingredients in specially prepared buns , in margarine or as dressing . Serum tocopherols , serum lipoproteins and plasma malondialdehyde concentrations were measured . The gamma-tocopherol concentrations normalized to serum lipids increased significantly in the corn and sesame oil groups ( P < 0.01 ) , and the alpha-/gamma-tocopherol ratios decreased significantly from baseline concentrations in all groups ( P < 0.05 ) . The alpha-tocopherol concentrations did not change during the diet period in any of the three groups . Serum cholesterol , serum apolipoprotein B and plasma malondialdehyde concentrations decreased significantly only in the Linola oil group ( P < 0.05 ) . These data show that a moderately modified natural diet that contains both alpha- and gamma-tocopherol increases the serum gamma-tocopherol concentration in healthy women without affecting the serum alpha-tocopherol concentration Sesamin , one of the lignans contained in sesame , has been considered to have medicinal effects . It has been reported that sesamin suppressed the development of hypertension in rats . In this study , using a double-blind , cross-over , placebo-controlled trial , we investigated the effect of 4-wk administration of sesamin on blood pressure ( BP ) in mildly hypertensive humans . Twenty-five middle-aged subjects with mild hypertension were divided into two groups , matched by age and body mass index . Twelve subjects were allocated to 4-wk intake of capsules with 60 mg sesamin per day and 13 subjects to 4-wk intake of a placebo ( period 1 ) . After a 4-wk washout period , the subjects received the alternative administration for 4 wk ( period 2 ) . BP decreased with statistical significance with the administration of sesamin ( systolic : 137.6+/-2.2 to 134.1+/-1.7 mmHg , p=0.044 , diastolic : 87.7+/-1.3 to 85.8+/-1.0 mmHg , p=0.045 ) , but little changed with the placebo ( systolic : 135.0+/-1.8 to 135.1+/-1.7 mmHg , diastolic : 85.9+/-1.2 to 86.6+/-1.2 mmHg ) . In conclusion , 4-wk administration of 60 mg sesamin significantly decreased BP by an average of 3.5 mmHg systolic BP and 1.9 mmHg diastolic BP . These results suggest that sesamin has an antihypertensive effect in humans . Epidemiological studies suggested that a 2 - 3 mmHg decrease in BP reduces the rate of cardiovascular diseases ; therefore , it is considered that BP reduction achieved by sesamin may be meaningful to prevent cardiovascular diseases BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pre- clinical studies suggest that sesame and its lignans induce beneficial changes in risk factors related to cardiovascular disease and increase the bioavailability of mammalian lignans . However , only very few intervention trials have investigated the potential bioactivities of sesame in humans . We aim ed to investigate the effects of sesame supplementation in humans on blood lipids , blood pressure , systemic oxidative stress , inflammatory biomarkers and mammalian lignan metabolism . METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a r and omized , placebo-controlled cross-over intervention trial at a university research centre . Overweight or obese men and women ( n=33 ) consumed 25g/d of sesame ( approximately 50mg/d of sesame lignan ) and an iso-caloric placebo matched for macronutrient composition for 5 wks each . Each intervention period was preceded by a 4-wk washout period . Blood lipid profiles , day time ambulatory blood pressure , oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers and urinary mammalian lignans were measured before and after each intervention . Results are presented as the effect of sesame supplementation relative to placebo .  Urinary excretion of the mammalian lignans , enterolactone and enterodiol , increased by approximately 8-fold ( P<0.001 ) . Blood lipids and blood pressure were not altered . In addition , markers of systemic inflammation ( C-reactive protein , interleukin-6 , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ) and lipid peroxidation ( F(2)-isoprostanes ) were not affected . CONCLUSION Supplementation with 25g/d of sesame can significantly increase the exposure to mammalian lignans . However , this did not cause any improvement in markers of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight or obese men and women Objective : Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) is an inflammatory disease with increased mortality from cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Oxidative stress has a critical role in the pathogenesis of RA and CVD . Sesamin , the main lignin constituent of sesame , has several antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects . This study aim ed to investigate the effects of sesamin supplementation on anthropometric indices , lipid profile , blood pressure , and oxidative stress markers in women with RA . Methods : In this r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial , 44 patients with RA were r and omly divided into 2 groups ( intervention and control ) . Patients consumed 200 mg/day sesamin supplement and placebo in the intervention and control groups , respectively , for 6 weeks ( spring 2014 ) . At baseline and at the end of the study , anthropometric indices and blood pressure were assessed . Serum concentrations of lipid profile , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , and total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) were also determined . Results : At the end of study , sesamin supplementation significantly decreased serum levels of MDA ( p = 0.018 ) and increased TAC and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) levels in patients with RA ( p = 0.020 and p = 0.007 , respectively ) . In the sesamin group , the mean of weight , body mass index , waist-to-hip ratio , body fat , systolic blood pressure , and the concentration of other lipid profiles ( triglycerides , total cholesterol , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [ LDL-C ] ) were also significantly decreased at the end of study compared to baseline values ( p < 0.05 ) . However , the difference between the 2 groups was not statistically significant in this regard ( p > 0.05 ) . Conclusion : Sesamin exhibited a protective effect on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with RA . However , further investigation is suggested In this r and omized and placebo-controlled trial , safety and lipid-lowering effect of fish and corn oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with sesame oil that is mainly saturated were studied in 60 hemodialysis cases allocated to 4 different treatment groups . Each group ( n = 15 ) received either fish oil ( 1.5 g ) , corn oil ( 4.5 g ) , sesame oil ( 4.5 g ) , or placebo , daily . Serum triglyceride , cholesterol , low density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-c ) , and high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-c ) were measured before and after 2 months of therapy . Serum HDL-c increased , but LDL-c decreased significantly after fish and corn oil therapy . In addition , serum triglyceride decreased significantly after supplementary fish oil . The ratios of LDL-c to HDL-c , total cholesterol to HDL-c , and triglyceride to HDL-c decreased significantly after fish and corn oil therapy . Sesame oil had no significant effect on the lipid profile of hemodialysis patients . Our results suggest that short-term low-dose supplementary polyunsaturated fatty acids are safe and beneficial for the lipid abnormalities of hemodialysis patients BACKGROUND Data suggest that sesame seeds have properties beneficial to modulating lipid disorders and decreasing cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors . The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Ardeh , paste of ground unhulled sesame seeds , on lipid profiles and atherogenic lipid parameters . METHODS This r and omized clinical trial included 41 patients with type 2 diabetes , who were r and omly assigned to one of the two groups : group A ( Ardeh 28 g/d , n = 21 ) and group B ( control , n = 20 ) . After an initial two-week washout period , the patients in group A , replaced a part of their usual breakfast with two tablespoon ( tbsp ) ( ~ 28 g ) Ardeh , while group B patients continued the usual breakfast meal for six weeks ; energy content of both breakfast meals was maintained in the same range . Anthropometric measures , blood pressure , serum levels of total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglycerides ( TG ) , LDL-C , HDL-C , and atherogenic index of plasma ( AIP ; log TG/HDL-C ) , TC/HDL-C ratio , and LDL/HDL-C ratio were determined at baseline and six weeks later . RESULTS After six weeks , there were significant decreases in serum TG ( 15.3 mg/dL ) and AIP ( 39 % ) in group A. Moreover , slight decreases in serum TC , LDL-C , and other atherogenic lipid parameters and a mild increase in HDL-C also were observed during Ardeh supplementation . Anthropometric measures and blood pressure were unchanged during the study period in both groups . CONCLUSION Ardeh could have favorable effects in decreasing CVD risk factors in type 2 diabetics Pre- clinical studies suggest that sesame and its lignans induce beneficial changes in risk factors related to cardiovascular disease . This study was design ed to investigate the effects of sesame on reducing serum lipids and enhancing antioxidant capacity in 38 hyperlipidemic patients who were divided into two groups r and omly . For all individuals along the 60 days of study period , the same drug treatments were considered . Intervention group patients were supposed to eat 40 g white sesame seeds daily , and instead of these calories , 240 kcal was removed from their diet . Anthropometric measurements including height , weight and body mass index ( BMI ) were measured . We assessed lipid profile and oxidative stress indicators such as glutathione peroxidase ( GPX ) , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ( TBARS ) before and after the intervention . Significant differences among and between the groups were determined by independent t-test and paired sample t-test using 13th version of statistical package for the social sciences . The results showed that the diet with sesame significantly decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol ( TC ) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) and TC/HDL-C ratio . Lipid peroxidation ( TBARS ) decreased while the activities of GPX and SOD were increased . There were no significant changes in anthropometric indexes such 
    Output:
    
agent
It was concluded that sesame consumption can significantly reduce blood TAG levels but there is insufficient evidence to support its hypocholesterolaemic effects .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Sesame ingestion has been shown to improve blood lipids in humans and antioxidative ability in animals . Sesamin , a sesame lignan , was recently reported to be converted by intestinal microflora to enterolactone , a compound with estrogenic activity and also an enterometabolite of flaxseed lignans , which are known to be phytoestrogens . Whether sesame can be a source of phytoestrogens is unknown . This study was design ed to investigate the effect of sesame ingestion on blood sex hormones , lipids , tocopherol , and ex vivo LDL oxidation in postmenopausal women . Twenty-six healthy subjects attended , and 24 completed , this r and omized , placebo-controlled , crossover study . Half of them consumed 50 g sesame seed powder daily for 5 wk , followed by a 3-wk washout period , then a 5-wk 50-g rice powder placebo period . The other half received the 2 supplements in reverse order . After sesame treatment , plasma total cholesterol ( TC ) , LDL-C , the ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C , thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in oxidized LDL , and serum dehydroepi and rosterone sulfate decreased significantly by 5 , 10 , 6 , 23 , and 18 % , respectively . The ratio of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol to TC increased significantly by 18 and 73 % , respectively . All of these variables differed significantly between the 2 treatments . Serum sex hormone-binding globulin and urinary 2-hydroxyestrone ( n = 8) increased significantly by 15 and 72 % , respectively , after sesame treatment , and these concentrations tended to differ ( P = 0.065 and P = 0.090 , respectively ) from those after the placebo treatment . These results suggest that sesame ingestion benefits postmenopausal women by improving blood lipids , antioxidant status , and possibly sex hormone status We studied the effects of dietary intervention with three vegetable oils ( Linola , corn or sesame oil , all good sources of gamma-tocopherol ) on absolute and relative concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in human serum . The oils contained only small amounts of linolenic acid but varying amounts of oleic and linoleic acids , and they had different concentrations of alpha-tocopherol . Forty healthy female students ( mean age 26 y ) were r and omly assigned to one of three groups and consumed a diet that contained one of the three oils for 4 wk . Refined oils were distributed as ingredients in specially prepared buns , in margarine or as dressing . Serum tocopherols , serum lipoproteins and plasma malondialdehyde concentrations were measured . The gamma-tocopherol concentrations normalized to serum lipids increased significantly in the corn and sesame oil groups ( P < 0.01 ) , and the alpha-/gamma-tocopherol ratios decreased significantly from baseline concentrations in all groups ( P < 0.05 ) . The alpha-tocopherol concentrations did not change during the diet period in any of the three groups . Serum cholesterol , serum apolipoprotein B and plasma malondialdehyde concentrations decreased significantly only in the Linola oil group ( P < 0.05 ) . These data show that a moderately modified natural diet that contains both alpha- and gamma-tocopherol increases the serum gamma-tocopherol concentration in healthy women without affecting the serum alpha-tocopherol concentration Sesamin , one of the lignans contained in sesame , has been considered to have medicinal effects . It has been reported that sesamin suppressed the development of hypertension in rats . In this study , using a double-blind , cross-over , placebo-controlled trial , we investigated the effect of 4-wk administration of sesamin on blood pressure ( BP ) in mildly hypertensive humans . Twenty-five middle-aged subjects with mild hypertension were divided into two groups , matched by age and body mass index . Twelve subjects were allocated to 4-wk intake of capsules with 60 mg sesamin per day and 13 subjects to 4-wk intake of a placebo ( period 1 ) . After a 4-wk washout period , the subjects received the alternative administration for 4 wk ( period 2 ) . BP decreased with statistical significance with the administration of sesamin ( systolic : 137.6+/-2.2 to 134.1+/-1.7 mmHg , p=0.044 , diastolic : 87.7+/-1.3 to 85.8+/-1.0 mmHg , p=0.045 ) , but little changed with the placebo ( systolic : 135.0+/-1.8 to 135.1+/-1.7 mmHg , diastolic : 85.9+/-1.2 to 86.6+/-1.2 mmHg ) . In conclusion , 4-wk administration of 60 mg sesamin significantly decreased BP by an average of 3.5 mmHg systolic BP and 1.9 mmHg diastolic BP . These results suggest that sesamin has an antihypertensive effect in humans . Epidemiological studies suggested that a 2 - 3 mmHg decrease in BP reduces the rate of cardiovascular diseases ; therefore , it is considered that BP reduction achieved by sesamin may be meaningful to prevent cardiovascular diseases BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pre- clinical studies suggest that sesame and its lignans induce beneficial changes in risk factors related to cardiovascular disease and increase the bioavailability of mammalian lignans . However , only very few intervention trials have investigated the potential bioactivities of sesame in humans . We aim ed to investigate the effects of sesame supplementation in humans on blood lipids , blood pressure , systemic oxidative stress , inflammatory biomarkers and mammalian lignan metabolism . METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a r and omized , placebo-controlled cross-over intervention trial at a university research centre . Overweight or obese men and women ( n=33 ) consumed 25g/d of sesame ( approximately 50mg/d of sesame lignan ) and an iso-caloric placebo matched for macronutrient composition for 5 wks each . Each intervention period was preceded by a 4-wk washout period . Blood lipid profiles , day time ambulatory blood pressure , oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers and urinary mammalian lignans were measured before and after each intervention . Results are presented as the effect of sesame supplementation relative to placebo .  Urinary excretion of the mammalian lignans , enterolactone and enterodiol , increased by approximately 8-fold ( P<0.001 ) . Blood lipids and blood pressure were not altered . In addition , markers of systemic inflammation ( C-reactive protein , interleukin-6 , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ) and lipid peroxidation ( F(2)-isoprostanes ) were not affected . CONCLUSION Supplementation with 25g/d of sesame can significantly increase the exposure to mammalian lignans . However , this did not cause any improvement in markers of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight or obese men and women Objective : Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) is an inflammatory disease with increased mortality from cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Oxidative stress has a critical role in the pathogenesis of RA and CVD . Sesamin , the main lignin constituent of sesame , has several antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects . This study aim ed to investigate the effects of sesamin supplementation on anthropometric indices , lipid profile , blood pressure , and oxidative stress markers in women with RA . Methods : In this r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial , 44 patients with RA were r and omly divided into 2 groups ( intervention and control ) . Patients consumed 200 mg/day sesamin supplement and placebo in the intervention and control groups , respectively , for 6 weeks ( spring 2014 ) . At baseline and at the end of the study , anthropometric indices and blood pressure were assessed . Serum concentrations of lipid profile , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , and total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) were also determined . Results : At the end of study , sesamin supplementation significantly decreased serum levels of MDA ( p = 0.018 ) and increased TAC and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) levels in patients with RA ( p = 0.020 and p = 0.007 , respectively ) . In the sesamin group , the mean of weight , body mass index , waist-to-hip ratio , body fat , systolic blood pressure , and the concentration of other lipid profiles ( triglycerides , total cholesterol , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [ LDL-C ] ) were also significantly decreased at the end of study compared to baseline values ( p < 0.05 ) . However , the difference between the 2 groups was not statistically significant in this regard ( p > 0.05 ) . Conclusion : Sesamin exhibited a protective effect on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with RA . However , further investigation is suggested In this r and omized and placebo-controlled trial , safety and lipid-lowering effect of fish and corn oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with sesame oil that is mainly saturated were studied in 60 hemodialysis cases allocated to 4 different treatment groups . Each group ( n = 15 ) received either fish oil ( 1.5 g ) , corn oil ( 4.5 g ) , sesame oil ( 4.5 g ) , or placebo , daily . Serum triglyceride , cholesterol , low density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-c ) , and high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-c ) were measured before and after 2 months of therapy . Serum HDL-c increased , but LDL-c decreased significantly after fish and corn oil therapy . In addition , serum triglyceride decreased significantly after supplementary fish oil . The ratios of LDL-c to HDL-c , total cholesterol to HDL-c , and triglyceride to HDL-c decreased significantly after fish and corn oil therapy . Sesame oil had no significant effect on the lipid profile of hemodialysis patients . Our results suggest that short-term low-dose supplementary polyunsaturated fatty acids are safe and beneficial for the lipid abnormalities of hemodialysis patients BACKGROUND Data suggest that sesame seeds have properties beneficial to modulating lipid disorders and decreasing cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors . The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Ardeh , paste of ground unhulled sesame seeds , on lipid profiles and atherogenic lipid parameters . METHODS This r and omized clinical trial included 41 patients with type 2 diabetes , who were r and omly assigned to one of the two groups : group A ( Ardeh 28 g/d , n = 21 ) and group B ( control , n = 20 ) . After an initial two-week washout period , the patients in group A , replaced a part of their usual breakfast with two tablespoon ( tbsp ) ( ~ 28 g ) Ardeh , while group B patients continued the usual breakfast meal for six weeks ; energy content of both breakfast meals was maintained in the same range . Anthropometric measures , blood pressure , serum levels of total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglycerides ( TG ) , LDL-C , HDL-C , and atherogenic index of plasma ( AIP ; log TG/HDL-C ) , TC/HDL-C ratio , and LDL/HDL-C ratio were determined at baseline and six weeks later . RESULTS After six weeks , there were significant decreases in serum TG ( 15.3 mg/dL ) and AIP ( 39 % ) in group A. Moreover , slight decreases in serum TC , LDL-C , and other atherogenic lipid parameters and a mild increase in HDL-C also were observed during Ardeh supplementation . Anthropometric measures and blood pressure were unchanged during the study period in both groups . CONCLUSION Ardeh could have favorable effects in decreasing CVD risk factors in type 2 diabetics Pre- clinical studies suggest that sesame and its lignans induce beneficial changes in risk factors related to cardiovascular disease . This study was design ed to investigate the effects of sesame on reducing serum lipids and enhancing antioxidant capacity in 38 hyperlipidemic patients who were divided into two groups r and omly . For all individuals along the 60 days of study period , the same drug treatments were considered . Intervention group patients were supposed to eat 40 g white sesame seeds daily , and instead of these calories , 240 kcal was removed from their diet . Anthropometric measurements including height , weight and body mass index ( BMI ) were measured . We assessed lipid profile and oxidative stress indicators such as glutathione peroxidase ( GPX ) , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ( TBARS ) before and after the intervention . Significant differences among and between the groups were determined by independent t-test and paired sample t-test using 13th version of statistical package for the social sciences . The results showed that the diet with sesame significantly decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol ( TC ) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) and TC/HDL-C ratio . Lipid peroxidation ( TBARS ) decreased while the activities of GPX and SOD were increased . There were no significant changes in anthropometric indexes such 
    Output:
    