human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE To determine the bond strengths promoted by an adhesive system to human , bovine , and porcine enamel and dentin , and compare their etched micromorphology by scanning electron microscopy . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty sound freshly extracted teeth were used in this study : ten human third molars , ten bovine incisors , and ten porcine molars . The crowns of human ( H ) , bovine ( B ) , and porcine ( P ) teeth were ground with 600-grit SiC paper to expose either enamel ( E ) or mid-depth dentin ( D ) surfaces . After application of the adhesive resin , composite crowns approximately 8 mm high were built up with TPH Spectrum composite . After 24 h of water storage , specimens were serially sectioned in the buccal-lingual direction to obtain 0.8 mm slabs , which were trimmed to an hourglass shape of approximately 0.8 mm2 at the bonded interface . Specimens were tested in tension in a universal testing machine ( 0.5 mm/min ) . Results were statistically analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey 's test at the 95 % confidence level . RESULTS Tukey 's test showed significant differences between bond strengths obtained on enamel and dentin ( p < 0.05 ) . However , there were no statistically significant differences in microTBS between human , bovine , and porcine teeth . SEM observations revealed a similar dentinal morphology for the three species . However , porcine enamel specimens presented a very different distribution of enamel prisms . CONCLUSION Bovine teeth proved to be possible substitutes for human teeth in either dentin or enamel bond testing . However , even though porcine teeth provided enamel and dentin bond strengths similar to human and bovine teeth , enamel morphology presented a very different configuration BACKGROUND Self-etching adhesives are believed to prevent postoperative sensitivity when used under posterior resin-based composite restorations . The authors tested a twofold hypothesis : a self-etch , or SE , adhesive would result in less postoperative sensitivity than a total-etch , or TE , adhesive ; an SE adhesive would result in poorer enamel marginal integrity than a TE adhesive . METHODS Patients were selected on the basis of requiring Class I and II restorations in molars and premolars . The authors placed 30 restorations with the SE material ( Clearfil SE Bond , Kuraray America , New York ) and 36 restorations with Prime & Bond NT ( Dentsply Caulk , Milford , Del. ) , which uses 34 percent phosphoric acid to etch enamel and dentin simultaneously . Preparations were of st and ard design , with all margins in enamel without beveling . Upon rubber dam isolation , the authors conditioned the enamel and dentin walls with the self-etching primer ( for Clearfil SE Bond ) or etched with the proprietary 34 percent phosphoric acid ( for Prime & Bond NT ) , followed by application of the corresponding dentin adhesive . Teeth were restored with the proprietary hybrid resin-based composite indicated for posterior restorations : Clearfil AP-X for Clearfil SE Bond or Esthet-X Micro Matrix Restorative for Prime & Bond NT . The restored teeth were evaluated preoperatively and at two weeks , eight weeks and six months postoperatively for sensitivity to cold ( ice ) , air and masticatory forces , as well as for marginal discoloration . RESULTS Analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant differences in postoperative sensitivity between the SE and TE material s at any recall time . Marginal discoloration was rated as " absent " for all restorations at six months . Only one tooth displayed sensitivity to occlusal forces at six months . CONCLUSION The SE adhesive did not differ from the TE adhesive in regard to sensitivity and marginal discoloration . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S Postoperative sensitivity may depend on the restorative technique rather than on the type of dentin adhesive used Chemical substances used during biomechanical preparation of root canals can alter the composition of dentin surface and affect the interaction with restorative material s. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength ( µTBS ) of a self-etching adhesive system to dentin irrigated with sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( eDTA ) . Material and Methods Thirty human third molars were sectioned 3 mm below the occlusal surface , polished with 600- to 1200-grit silicon carbide papers , and r and omly divided into 3 groups : G1 ( control ) : no irrigating solution ; G2 : 1 % NaOCl ; and G3 : 1 % NaOCl followed by the application of 17 % eDTA . The specimens received the self-etching adhesive system ( XeNO III - Dentsply ) , restored with microhybrid composite resin ( Z250 - 3 M ESPE ) , sectioned and trimmed to create 4 hourglass-shaped slabs of each tooth . The slabs were tested in microtensile strength in a universal testing machine ( emic DL 2000 ) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture . The results were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Newman-Keuls test . Results Mean µTBS values and st and ard deviations in MPa were : G1 = 11.89 ± 4.22 ; G2 = 19.41 ± 5.32 ; G3 = 11.34 ± 4.73 . 1 % NaOCl  increased the adhesive resistance significantly ( p<0.001/ F=22.5763 ) . The application of 1 % NaOCl/17 % eDTA result ed in statistically similar µTBS to the control group . Conclusions None of the irrigants affected negatively the µTBS of XeNO III to dentin . The use of 1 % NaOCl alone result ed in higher bond strength than the other treatments . The combination of 1 % NaOCl and 17 % eDTA produced similar bond strength to that of untreated dentin PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of enzyme-based ( Papacárie ) and sodium-hypochlorite-based ( Carisolv ) chemomechanical caries removal methods on bonding of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin , in comparison to the st and ard rotary-instrument caries removal method . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy-eight carious permanent molars exhibiting frank cavitation into dentin were used . Forty-eight teeth were r and omly divided into three groups , according to the caries excavation methods : ( i ) Papacárie , ( ii ) Carisolv and ( iii ) a round steel bur . After caries removal , each group was subdivided into two groups for two-step ( Clearfil SE Bond ) or one-step ( Clearfil S3 Bond ) self-etching adhesive application and resin composite buildups . Bonded specimens were sectioned into beams for microtensile bond strength testing . Bond strength data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey 's test . For interfacial nanoleakage evaluation using a field-emission scanning electron microscope , caries was similarly removed from the remaining thirty carious molars , bonding was performed as for bond strength testing , and the teeth were sectioned . RESULTS RESULTS of three-way ANOVA revealed that bond strength was significantly affected by " adhesive " ( p<0.001 ) and " dentin " ( p<0.001 ) , but not " caries excavation methods " ( p>0.05 ) . The bond strength of the two-step self-etching adhesive was significantly higher than that of the one-step self-etching adhesive ( p<0.001 ) . Conversely , the bond strength of self-etching adhesives to sound dentin was significantly higher than to residual caries-affected dentin ( p<0.001 ) . Greater silver penetration was observed in the bonded interfaces of residual caries-affected dentin and in interfaces bonded with the one-step self-etching adhesive vs those bonded with the two-step self-etching adhesive . CONCLUSION Chemomechanical caries removal did not affect the bonding of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin as compared to caries excavation with rotary instruments This study evaluated the effect of collagen removal on the shear bond strength for two single-bottle adhesive systems . The ultrastructure of the dentin after treatments and the dentin-resin interface were examined under SEM . The buccal and lingual surfaces of 80 extracted human third molars were ground to expose dentin . Teeth were r and omly assigned to four groups and received the following treatments : Group 1(P&B 2.1 ) , Prime & Bond 2.1 adhesive was applied according to the manufacturer 's directions and Restorative Z100 composite resin was bonded to the dentin surface ; Group 2 ( P&B 2.1/NaOCl ) , the same procedures were followed as for Group 1 except that the surfaces were treated with 10 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) for one minute after acid conditioning ; Group 3 ( SB ) , Single Bond ( 3 M ) was applied according to the manufacturer 's recommendations ; Group 4 ( SB/NaOCl ) , the same procedure was followed for Group 2 , using Single Bond . The specimens were stored in humidity at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and tested in a shear mode at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute . The Kruskal-Wallis test and Multiple Comparisons were used for statistical analysis of the data . A one-minute exposure of dentin to 10 % NaOCl following acid conditioning result ed in a significant increase of the dentin shear bond strength for Prime & Bond 2.1 . The same treatment for Single Bond result ed in a significant reduction in bond strength . Groups 1 and 3 were not statistically different from each other . The presence of a collagen layer result ed in the formation of a hybrid layer and similar values of adhesion for both adhesive systems . The results may suggest that collagen removal improves the bond strength for this acetone-based adhesive system but several such systems would need to be investigated The purpose of this study was ( 1 ) to evaluate the effect of a 2-minute exposure of 5 % NaOCl following acid conditioning of the dentin on the shear bond strength for two adhesive systems and ( 2 ) to examine the ultrastructure of the resindentin interface under SEM . The mesial and distal surfaces of 28 extracted human third molars were ground to expose dentin , then polished with 600-grit SiC. Teeth were r and omly assigned to four test groups ( n = 14 ) and received the following treatments : Scotchbond Multi- Purpose (SBMP)-- Sample s were conditioned with 37 % phosphoric acid , rinsed and left moist , SBMP primer and adhesive were applied according to the manufacturer 's directions , and Restorative Z-100 composite resin was bonded to the dentin surface . SBMP/NaOCl -- The same procedures were followed as for SBMP except the surfaces were treated with 5 % NaOCl for 2 minutes , after acid conditioning . All-Bond 2 (AB2)--The same technique was followed as for SBMP , using AB2 according to the manufacturer 's recommendations . AB2/NaOCl -- The same procedure was followed as for SBMP/NaOCl , using AB2 . Specimens were thermocycled in a water bath 300 times between 5 degrees-55 degrees C , then sheared in a Zwick Universal Testing Machine . A one-way ANOVA and Duncan 's Multiple Range Test were used for statistical analysis of the data . A 2-minute exposure of dentin to 5 % NaOCl following acid conditioning of the dentin had no significant effect on the dentin shear bond strength for Scotchbond Multi- Purpose , but significantly increased the bond strength of All-Bond 2 specimens . The interfacial structure of the dentin to resin bond for two dentin treatments and two adhesive systems was studied morphologically under the scanning electron microscope . Argon ion beam etching and acid demineralization clearly revealed the hybrid layer for the conventional treatment with phosphoric acid and indicated an absence of this resin-impregnated collagen network in those specimens treated with both phosphoric acid and NaOCl The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system to dentine irrigated with sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , chlorhexidine solution ( CX ) and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid ( EDTA ) by microtensile testing . Sixty human third molars were sectioned 3 mm below the occlusal level and then r and omly divided into six groups : G1(control ) , without irrigant solution ; G2 , 1 % NaOCl ; G3 , 1 % NaOCl followed by the application of 17 % EDTA ; G4 , 2 % CX ; G5 , 2 % CX followed by the application of 17 % EDTA and G6 , 17 % EDTA . The specimens received the self-etching adhesive system were restored with composite resin , then sectioned and trimmed to obtain four hourglass-shaped slabs from each tooth . The specimens were su bmi tted to the microtensile test in a Universal Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm min(-1 ) until fracture . The results were su bmi tted to statistical analysis by anova /Newman-Keuls . The means and st and ard deviations ( MPa ) were : G1 , 26.88 ( ±3.81 ) ; G2 , 19.08 ( ±3.89 ) ; G3 , 18.16 ( ±2.21 ) ; G4 , 18.14 ( ±4.32 ) ; G5 , 34.30 ( 
    Output:
    
agent
Conclusions In light of the currently available scientific evidence , dentin surface pretreatment with deproteinizing agents does not enhance the bonding of SE adhesives to dentin .
The HOCl deproteinizing agent exhibited minimal adverse effects on bonding to dentin in comparison with NaOCl solutions
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE To determine the bond strengths promoted by an adhesive system to human , bovine , and porcine enamel and dentin , and compare their etched micromorphology by scanning electron microscopy . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty sound freshly extracted teeth were used in this study : ten human third molars , ten bovine incisors , and ten porcine molars . The crowns of human ( H ) , bovine ( B ) , and porcine ( P ) teeth were ground with 600-grit SiC paper to expose either enamel ( E ) or mid-depth dentin ( D ) surfaces . After application of the adhesive resin , composite crowns approximately 8 mm high were built up with TPH Spectrum composite . After 24 h of water storage , specimens were serially sectioned in the buccal-lingual direction to obtain 0.8 mm slabs , which were trimmed to an hourglass shape of approximately 0.8 mm2 at the bonded interface . Specimens were tested in tension in a universal testing machine ( 0.5 mm/min ) . Results were statistically analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey 's test at the 95 % confidence level . RESULTS Tukey 's test showed significant differences between bond strengths obtained on enamel and dentin ( p < 0.05 ) . However , there were no statistically significant differences in microTBS between human , bovine , and porcine teeth . SEM observations revealed a similar dentinal morphology for the three species . However , porcine enamel specimens presented a very different distribution of enamel prisms . CONCLUSION Bovine teeth proved to be possible substitutes for human teeth in either dentin or enamel bond testing . However , even though porcine teeth provided enamel and dentin bond strengths similar to human and bovine teeth , enamel morphology presented a very different configuration BACKGROUND Self-etching adhesives are believed to prevent postoperative sensitivity when used under posterior resin-based composite restorations . The authors tested a twofold hypothesis : a self-etch , or SE , adhesive would result in less postoperative sensitivity than a total-etch , or TE , adhesive ; an SE adhesive would result in poorer enamel marginal integrity than a TE adhesive . METHODS Patients were selected on the basis of requiring Class I and II restorations in molars and premolars . The authors placed 30 restorations with the SE material ( Clearfil SE Bond , Kuraray America , New York ) and 36 restorations with Prime & Bond NT ( Dentsply Caulk , Milford , Del. ) , which uses 34 percent phosphoric acid to etch enamel and dentin simultaneously . Preparations were of st and ard design , with all margins in enamel without beveling . Upon rubber dam isolation , the authors conditioned the enamel and dentin walls with the self-etching primer ( for Clearfil SE Bond ) or etched with the proprietary 34 percent phosphoric acid ( for Prime & Bond NT ) , followed by application of the corresponding dentin adhesive . Teeth were restored with the proprietary hybrid resin-based composite indicated for posterior restorations : Clearfil AP-X for Clearfil SE Bond or Esthet-X Micro Matrix Restorative for Prime & Bond NT . The restored teeth were evaluated preoperatively and at two weeks , eight weeks and six months postoperatively for sensitivity to cold ( ice ) , air and masticatory forces , as well as for marginal discoloration . RESULTS Analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant differences in postoperative sensitivity between the SE and TE material s at any recall time . Marginal discoloration was rated as " absent " for all restorations at six months . Only one tooth displayed sensitivity to occlusal forces at six months . CONCLUSION The SE adhesive did not differ from the TE adhesive in regard to sensitivity and marginal discoloration . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S Postoperative sensitivity may depend on the restorative technique rather than on the type of dentin adhesive used Chemical substances used during biomechanical preparation of root canals can alter the composition of dentin surface and affect the interaction with restorative material s. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength ( µTBS ) of a self-etching adhesive system to dentin irrigated with sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( eDTA ) . Material and Methods Thirty human third molars were sectioned 3 mm below the occlusal surface , polished with 600- to 1200-grit silicon carbide papers , and r and omly divided into 3 groups : G1 ( control ) : no irrigating solution ; G2 : 1 % NaOCl ; and G3 : 1 % NaOCl followed by the application of 17 % eDTA . The specimens received the self-etching adhesive system ( XeNO III - Dentsply ) , restored with microhybrid composite resin ( Z250 - 3 M ESPE ) , sectioned and trimmed to create 4 hourglass-shaped slabs of each tooth . The slabs were tested in microtensile strength in a universal testing machine ( emic DL 2000 ) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture . The results were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Newman-Keuls test . Results Mean µTBS values and st and ard deviations in MPa were : G1 = 11.89 ± 4.22 ; G2 = 19.41 ± 5.32 ; G3 = 11.34 ± 4.73 . 1 % NaOCl  increased the adhesive resistance significantly ( p<0.001/ F=22.5763 ) . The application of 1 % NaOCl/17 % eDTA result ed in statistically similar µTBS to the control group . Conclusions None of the irrigants affected negatively the µTBS of XeNO III to dentin . The use of 1 % NaOCl alone result ed in higher bond strength than the other treatments . The combination of 1 % NaOCl and 17 % eDTA produced similar bond strength to that of untreated dentin PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of enzyme-based ( Papacárie ) and sodium-hypochlorite-based ( Carisolv ) chemomechanical caries removal methods on bonding of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin , in comparison to the st and ard rotary-instrument caries removal method . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy-eight carious permanent molars exhibiting frank cavitation into dentin were used . Forty-eight teeth were r and omly divided into three groups , according to the caries excavation methods : ( i ) Papacárie , ( ii ) Carisolv and ( iii ) a round steel bur . After caries removal , each group was subdivided into two groups for two-step ( Clearfil SE Bond ) or one-step ( Clearfil S3 Bond ) self-etching adhesive application and resin composite buildups . Bonded specimens were sectioned into beams for microtensile bond strength testing . Bond strength data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey 's test . For interfacial nanoleakage evaluation using a field-emission scanning electron microscope , caries was similarly removed from the remaining thirty carious molars , bonding was performed as for bond strength testing , and the teeth were sectioned . RESULTS RESULTS of three-way ANOVA revealed that bond strength was significantly affected by " adhesive " ( p<0.001 ) and " dentin " ( p<0.001 ) , but not " caries excavation methods " ( p>0.05 ) . The bond strength of the two-step self-etching adhesive was significantly higher than that of the one-step self-etching adhesive ( p<0.001 ) . Conversely , the bond strength of self-etching adhesives to sound dentin was significantly higher than to residual caries-affected dentin ( p<0.001 ) . Greater silver penetration was observed in the bonded interfaces of residual caries-affected dentin and in interfaces bonded with the one-step self-etching adhesive vs those bonded with the two-step self-etching adhesive . CONCLUSION Chemomechanical caries removal did not affect the bonding of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin as compared to caries excavation with rotary instruments This study evaluated the effect of collagen removal on the shear bond strength for two single-bottle adhesive systems . The ultrastructure of the dentin after treatments and the dentin-resin interface were examined under SEM . The buccal and lingual surfaces of 80 extracted human third molars were ground to expose dentin . Teeth were r and omly assigned to four groups and received the following treatments : Group 1(P&B 2.1 ) , Prime & Bond 2.1 adhesive was applied according to the manufacturer 's directions and Restorative Z100 composite resin was bonded to the dentin surface ; Group 2 ( P&B 2.1/NaOCl ) , the same procedures were followed as for Group 1 except that the surfaces were treated with 10 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) for one minute after acid conditioning ; Group 3 ( SB ) , Single Bond ( 3 M ) was applied according to the manufacturer 's recommendations ; Group 4 ( SB/NaOCl ) , the same procedure was followed for Group 2 , using Single Bond . The specimens were stored in humidity at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and tested in a shear mode at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute . The Kruskal-Wallis test and Multiple Comparisons were used for statistical analysis of the data . A one-minute exposure of dentin to 10 % NaOCl following acid conditioning result ed in a significant increase of the dentin shear bond strength for Prime & Bond 2.1 . The same treatment for Single Bond result ed in a significant reduction in bond strength . Groups 1 and 3 were not statistically different from each other . The presence of a collagen layer result ed in the formation of a hybrid layer and similar values of adhesion for both adhesive systems . The results may suggest that collagen removal improves the bond strength for this acetone-based adhesive system but several such systems would need to be investigated The purpose of this study was ( 1 ) to evaluate the effect of a 2-minute exposure of 5 % NaOCl following acid conditioning of the dentin on the shear bond strength for two adhesive systems and ( 2 ) to examine the ultrastructure of the resindentin interface under SEM . The mesial and distal surfaces of 28 extracted human third molars were ground to expose dentin , then polished with 600-grit SiC. Teeth were r and omly assigned to four test groups ( n = 14 ) and received the following treatments : Scotchbond Multi- Purpose (SBMP)-- Sample s were conditioned with 37 % phosphoric acid , rinsed and left moist , SBMP primer and adhesive were applied according to the manufacturer 's directions , and Restorative Z-100 composite resin was bonded to the dentin surface . SBMP/NaOCl -- The same procedures were followed as for SBMP except the surfaces were treated with 5 % NaOCl for 2 minutes , after acid conditioning . All-Bond 2 (AB2)--The same technique was followed as for SBMP , using AB2 according to the manufacturer 's recommendations . AB2/NaOCl -- The same procedure was followed as for SBMP/NaOCl , using AB2 . Specimens were thermocycled in a water bath 300 times between 5 degrees-55 degrees C , then sheared in a Zwick Universal Testing Machine . A one-way ANOVA and Duncan 's Multiple Range Test were used for statistical analysis of the data . A 2-minute exposure of dentin to 5 % NaOCl following acid conditioning of the dentin had no significant effect on the dentin shear bond strength for Scotchbond Multi- Purpose , but significantly increased the bond strength of All-Bond 2 specimens . The interfacial structure of the dentin to resin bond for two dentin treatments and two adhesive systems was studied morphologically under the scanning electron microscope . Argon ion beam etching and acid demineralization clearly revealed the hybrid layer for the conventional treatment with phosphoric acid and indicated an absence of this resin-impregnated collagen network in those specimens treated with both phosphoric acid and NaOCl The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system to dentine irrigated with sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , chlorhexidine solution ( CX ) and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid ( EDTA ) by microtensile testing . Sixty human third molars were sectioned 3 mm below the occlusal level and then r and omly divided into six groups : G1(control ) , without irrigant solution ; G2 , 1 % NaOCl ; G3 , 1 % NaOCl followed by the application of 17 % EDTA ; G4 , 2 % CX ; G5 , 2 % CX followed by the application of 17 % EDTA and G6 , 17 % EDTA . The specimens received the self-etching adhesive system were restored with composite resin , then sectioned and trimmed to obtain four hourglass-shaped slabs from each tooth . The specimens were su bmi tted to the microtensile test in a Universal Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm min(-1 ) until fracture . The results were su bmi tted to statistical analysis by anova /Newman-Keuls . The means and st and ard deviations ( MPa ) were : G1 , 26.88 ( ±3.81 ) ; G2 , 19.08 ( ±3.89 ) ; G3 , 18.16 ( ±2.21 ) ; G4 , 18.14 ( ±4.32 ) ; G5 , 34.30 ( 
    Output:
    