human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : To assess different factors influencing adiponectinemia in obese and normal-weight women ; to identify factors associated with the variation ( Δ ) in adiponectinemia in obese women following a 6-month weight loss program  , according to surgical/non-surgical interventions . Methods : We studied 100 normal-weight women and 112 obese premenopausal women ; none of them was on any medical treatment . Women were characterized for anthropometrics , daily macronutrient intake , smoking status , contraceptives use , adiponectin as well as IL-6 and TNF-α serum concentrations . Results : Adiponectinemia was lower in obese women ( p < 0.001 ) , revealing an inverse association with waist-to-hip ratio ( p < 0.001 ; r = -0.335 ) . Normal-weight women presented lower adiponectinemia among smokers ( p = 0.041 ) ; body fat , waist-to-hip ratio , TNF-α levels , carbohydrate intake , and smoking all influence adiponectinemia ( r2 = 0.436 ) . After weight loss interventions , a significant modification in macronutrient intake occurs followed by anthropometrics decrease ( chiefly after bariatric procedures ) and adiponectinemia increase ( similar after surgical and non-surgical interventions ) . After bariatric intervention , Δ adiponectinemia was inversely correlated to Δ waist circumference and Δ carbohydrate intake ( r2 = 0.706 ) . Conclusion : Anthropometrics , diet , smoking , and TNF-α levels all influence adiponectinemia in normal-weight women , although explaining less than 50 % of it . In obese women , anthropometrics modestly explain adiponectinemia . Opposite to non-surgical interventions , after bariatric  surgery adiponectinemia increase is largely explained by diet composition and anthropometric changes Abstract A definitive relationship between adiposity and MP production is yet to be demonstrated . The aim of our study was to prospect ively evaluate the levels of microparticles ( MP ) in a group of 20 III degree obese patients before and after weight loss .  Plasma levels of annexin V-MP , endothelial-derived MP , platelet-derived MP ( CD61 + and P-Selectin+ ) , leukocyte-derived MP , tissue factor-bearing ( TF+ ) and CD36+MP  were prospect ively measured in 20 patients with III degree obesity ( BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 ) before ( T0 ) and 3 ( T3 ) and 12 ( T12 ) months after sleeve gastrectomy ( SLG ) . Obese patients had lost 18 % of their body weight at T3 and 41 % at T12 . We find that considering all MP , except for endothelial-derived MP , which had significantly decreased at T3 , all MP subtypes had significantly decreased at T12 . At T12 , subjects showed a higher median level of all types of MP , except endothelial-derived MP , compared to T3 , but without a statistically significant difference . The percentages of reduction of all the MP were significantly correlated with the percentage of reduction of BMI . The reductions of leukocyte-derived , TF+ and CD36+MP were significantly correlated with the reduction of leptin . Moreover , the reductions of leukocyte-derived and CD36+MP were significantly correlated with hs-CRP decrease . The decrease of BMI post-SLG in morbid obesity was matched with a decrease of circulating MP of endothelial , platelet , leukocyte origin , TF+ and CD36 + . A trend of slight increase in all MP subtypes , except endothelial-derived , was detected 12 months after gastrectomy , indicating a possible underlying slow low- grade inflammatory/hypercoagulability state from adipose tissue before the potential overt weight gain BACKGROUND Circulating pentraxin 3 ( PTX3 ) , the main regulator of the inflammatory response , rapidly increases following cardiovascular events , and low PTX3 is associated with high body mass index . METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a 12-month longitudinal study , to test the hypothesis that laparoscopic adjustable gastric b and ing (LAGB)-induced weight loss was associated with changes in platelet activation markers and PTX3 . Twelve obese patients , scheduled to undergo LAGB , were enrolled at the University Obesity Center . Urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane (Tx)B2excretion rate was measured on radioimmunoassay , and PTX3 and CD40L were determined on immunoassay .  Plasma PTX3  increased by 178.8 and 214.9 % ( P<0.0001 ) , respectively , 6 and 12 months after LAGB . High-sensitivity CRP decreased by 24 and 29.7 % ( P<0.0001 ) , whereas CD40L decreased by 64.3 and 58.6 % ( P=0.002 ) , respectively . Urinary 11-dehydro-TxB2decreased from 1,443 to 715 and 564 pg/mg creatinine , respectively 6 months and 12 months after LAGB ( P<0.0001 ) . PTX3 was inversely related to platelet activation markers , 11-dehydro-TxB2 and CD40L . Moreover , multiple regression analysis on pooled data showed that plasma PTX3 was an independent predictor of urinary 11-dehydro-TxB2 . CONCLUSIONS There is an association between inflammation , platelet activation and metabolic dysfunction in obesity , and PTX3 is a key player within these circuits Background : Many foods and nutrients have been suggested to influence life expectancy . However , previous studies have not examined the relationship between dietary patterns and cause-specific mortality . Our study prospect ively examines the relationship of dietary patterns with total mortality and cause-specific mortality in a population -based cohort study of Chinese women . Methods : The Shanghai Women 's Health Study is a population -based cohort study of 74,942 women age 40 to 70 years at the time of recruitment ( September 1996 to May 2000 ) . Detailed dietary information was collected using a vali date d , quantitative food frequency question naire . The cohort has been followed using a combination of in-person interviews and record linkage with various registries . Dietary patterns , derived from principal component analysis , were examined for their relation to total mortality and cause-specific mortality using Cox regression models . Results : After an average of 5.7 years of follow-up ( 423,717 person-years of observation ) , there were 1565 deaths . We derived 3 major dietary patterns ( vegetable-rich , fruit-rich , and meat-rich ) . The adjusted hazard ratios for the fruit-rich diet were 0.94 ( 95 % CI = 0.89–0.98 ) for all causes of death and 0.89 ( 0.81–0.99 ) , 0.79 ( 0.69–0.91 ) , and 0.51 ( 0.39–0.65 ) for death caused by cardiovascular disease , stroke , and diabetes , respectively . The meat-rich diet was associated with increased risk of diabetes ( HR = 1.18 ; 95 % CI = 0.98–1.42 ) and a slightly elevated risk of total mortality . Conclusion : In general , a fruit-rich diet was related to lower mortality , whereas a meat-rich diet appeared to increase the probability of death Background Obesity is considered a low- grade chronic inflammatory condition as reflected by increased C-reactive protein ( CRP ) levels . Inflammation is emerging as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and it may be a precursor of the metabolic syndrome . Bariatric surgery is commonly performed as a treatment for morbid obesity offering significant reductions in premature myocardial infa rct ion . Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy ( LSG ) is a relatively new bariatric procedure that is currently used as a definitive procedure for weight loss . The aim of this study is to assess the impact of sleeve gastrectomy on CRP levels . Methods This study is part of an ongoing , prospect i ve , cohort study to evaluate LSG impact on iron indices . CRP levels were compared preoperatively and 6 months after surgery . Similarly , demographics including body mass index and excess weight were also compared at these same study points . Data were analyzed using Student paired t test and Pearson product moment correlation analysis . Results Twenty-nine morbidly obese patients were included . There was significant decrease in body mass index ( BMI ) between the preoperative and 6-month period ( 50.9 ± 13.2 and 35.1 ± 6.85 , respectively ; P < 0.001 ) . Also CRP levels were statistically significantly lower at 6 months after surgery ( preoperative 12.3 ± 7.53 mg/L and postoperative 5.6 ± 4.2 mg/L. P < 0.0001 ) . The significant weight loss as reflected by change in BMI was correlated with the difference between preoperative and postoperative CRP levels . Conclusions Massive weight loss in morbidly obese patients induced by LSG causes a significant decrease in CRP levels , which could reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases in these patients Background Obesity has been widely recognized as a chronic inflammatory condition and associated with elevated inflammatory indicators including C-reactive protein ( CRP ) and white blood cell count ( WBC ) . Recent studies have shown elevated CRP or WBC is a significant risk factor for cardiac events and stroke but the clinical significance of CRP and WBC has not been clearly studied in morbidly obese patients . This study is aim ed at the clinical significance of WBC and CRP in morbidly obese patients and the change after bariatric surgery . Methods The study was a prospect ively controlled clinical study . From December 1 , 2001 to January 31 , 2006 , of 640 ( 442 females and 198 males ) consecutive morbid obese patients enrolled in a surgically supervised weight loss program with at least 1 year ’s follow-up were examined . Results Of the patients , 476 ( 74.4 % ) had elevated CRP and 100 ( 15.6 % ) had elevated WBC at preoperative study .  CRP and WBC were significantly related and both increased with increasing body mass index ( BMI ) . CRP is also increased with increasing waist , glucose level , hemoglobin , albumin , Ca , insulin , C-peptide , and metabolic syndrome while WBC is increased with metabolic syndrome but decreased with increasing age . Multivariate analysis confirmed fasting glucose level and hemoglobin are independent predictors of the elevation of CRP while age is the only independent predictor for elevated WBC . Both WBC and CRP levels decreased rapidly after obesity surgery . These improvements result ed in a 69.8 % reduction of CRP and 26.4 % reduction of WBC 1 year after surgery . Although individuals who underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass lost significantly more weight ( 36.8 ± 11.7 kg vs. 17.3 ± 10.8 kg ; p = 0.000 ) and achieved a lower BMI ( 27.8 ± 4.6 vs. 35.0 ± 5.5 ; p = 0.000 ) than individuals who underwent laparoscopic gastric b and ing , there was no difference in the resolution of elevated CRP 1 year after surgery ( 95.9 % vs. 84.5 % ; p = 0.169 ) and WBC ( 99.4 % vs. 98.3 % ; p = 0.323 ) . Conclusions Both baseline WBC and CRP are elevated in morbid obese patients but CRP has a better clinical significance . Significant weight reduction 1 year after surgery markedly reduced CRP and WBC with a resolution rate of 93.9 % and 98.2 % separately . Obesity surgery performed by laparoscopic surgery is recommended for obese patients with elevated CRP or WBC Objectives To examine the effects of  Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ( RYGB ) surgery with and without laparoscopic removal of omental fat ( omentectomy )  on the temporal gene expression profiles of skeletal muscle . Design Previously reported were the whole-body metabolic effects of a r and omized , single-blinded study in patients receiving RYGB surgery stratified to receive or not receive omentectomy .  In this follow up study we report on changes in skeletal muscle gene expression in a subset of 21 patients , for whom biopsies were collected preoperatively and at either 6 months or 12 months postoperatively . Methodology /Principal Findings RNA isolated from skeletal muscle biopsies of 21 subjects ( 8 without omentectomy and 13 with omentectomy )  taken before RYGB or at 6 and 12 months postoperatively were subjected to gene expression profiling via Exon 1.0 S/T Array and Taqman Low Density Array . Robust Multichip Analysis and gene enrichment data analysis revealed 84 genes with at least a 4-fold expression difference after surgery . At 6 and 12 months the RYGB with omentectomy group displayed a greater reduction in the expression of genes associated with skeletal muscle inflammation ( ANKRD1 , CDR1 , CH25H , CXCL2 , CX3CR1 , IL8 , LBP , NFIL3 , SELE , SOCS3 
    Output:
    
agent
Bariatric surgery  significantly lowered inflammatory factors ; however , baseline BMI , follow-up duration and type of surgery could impact the extent of observed effects
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : To assess different factors influencing adiponectinemia in obese and normal-weight women ; to identify factors associated with the variation ( Δ ) in adiponectinemia in obese women following a 6-month weight loss program  , according to surgical/non-surgical interventions . Methods : We studied 100 normal-weight women and 112 obese premenopausal women ; none of them was on any medical treatment . Women were characterized for anthropometrics , daily macronutrient intake , smoking status , contraceptives use , adiponectin as well as IL-6 and TNF-α serum concentrations . Results : Adiponectinemia was lower in obese women ( p < 0.001 ) , revealing an inverse association with waist-to-hip ratio ( p < 0.001 ; r = -0.335 ) . Normal-weight women presented lower adiponectinemia among smokers ( p = 0.041 ) ; body fat , waist-to-hip ratio , TNF-α levels , carbohydrate intake , and smoking all influence adiponectinemia ( r2 = 0.436 ) . After weight loss interventions , a significant modification in macronutrient intake occurs followed by anthropometrics decrease ( chiefly after bariatric procedures ) and adiponectinemia increase ( similar after surgical and non-surgical interventions ) . After bariatric intervention , Δ adiponectinemia was inversely correlated to Δ waist circumference and Δ carbohydrate intake ( r2 = 0.706 ) . Conclusion : Anthropometrics , diet , smoking , and TNF-α levels all influence adiponectinemia in normal-weight women , although explaining less than 50 % of it . In obese women , anthropometrics modestly explain adiponectinemia . Opposite to non-surgical interventions , after bariatric  surgery adiponectinemia increase is largely explained by diet composition and anthropometric changes Abstract A definitive relationship between adiposity and MP production is yet to be demonstrated . The aim of our study was to prospect ively evaluate the levels of microparticles ( MP ) in a group of 20 III degree obese patients before and after weight loss .  Plasma levels of annexin V-MP , endothelial-derived MP , platelet-derived MP ( CD61 + and P-Selectin+ ) , leukocyte-derived MP , tissue factor-bearing ( TF+ ) and CD36+MP  were prospect ively measured in 20 patients with III degree obesity ( BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 ) before ( T0 ) and 3 ( T3 ) and 12 ( T12 ) months after sleeve gastrectomy ( SLG ) . Obese patients had lost 18 % of their body weight at T3 and 41 % at T12 . We find that considering all MP , except for endothelial-derived MP , which had significantly decreased at T3 , all MP subtypes had significantly decreased at T12 . At T12 , subjects showed a higher median level of all types of MP , except endothelial-derived MP , compared to T3 , but without a statistically significant difference . The percentages of reduction of all the MP were significantly correlated with the percentage of reduction of BMI . The reductions of leukocyte-derived , TF+ and CD36+MP were significantly correlated with the reduction of leptin . Moreover , the reductions of leukocyte-derived and CD36+MP were significantly correlated with hs-CRP decrease . The decrease of BMI post-SLG in morbid obesity was matched with a decrease of circulating MP of endothelial , platelet , leukocyte origin , TF+ and CD36 + . A trend of slight increase in all MP subtypes , except endothelial-derived , was detected 12 months after gastrectomy , indicating a possible underlying slow low- grade inflammatory/hypercoagulability state from adipose tissue before the potential overt weight gain BACKGROUND Circulating pentraxin 3 ( PTX3 ) , the main regulator of the inflammatory response , rapidly increases following cardiovascular events , and low PTX3 is associated with high body mass index . METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a 12-month longitudinal study , to test the hypothesis that laparoscopic adjustable gastric b and ing (LAGB)-induced weight loss was associated with changes in platelet activation markers and PTX3 . Twelve obese patients , scheduled to undergo LAGB , were enrolled at the University Obesity Center . Urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane (Tx)B2excretion rate was measured on radioimmunoassay , and PTX3 and CD40L were determined on immunoassay .  Plasma PTX3  increased by 178.8 and 214.9 % ( P<0.0001 ) , respectively , 6 and 12 months after LAGB . High-sensitivity CRP decreased by 24 and 29.7 % ( P<0.0001 ) , whereas CD40L decreased by 64.3 and 58.6 % ( P=0.002 ) , respectively . Urinary 11-dehydro-TxB2decreased from 1,443 to 715 and 564 pg/mg creatinine , respectively 6 months and 12 months after LAGB ( P<0.0001 ) . PTX3 was inversely related to platelet activation markers , 11-dehydro-TxB2 and CD40L . Moreover , multiple regression analysis on pooled data showed that plasma PTX3 was an independent predictor of urinary 11-dehydro-TxB2 . CONCLUSIONS There is an association between inflammation , platelet activation and metabolic dysfunction in obesity , and PTX3 is a key player within these circuits Background : Many foods and nutrients have been suggested to influence life expectancy . However , previous studies have not examined the relationship between dietary patterns and cause-specific mortality . Our study prospect ively examines the relationship of dietary patterns with total mortality and cause-specific mortality in a population -based cohort study of Chinese women . Methods : The Shanghai Women 's Health Study is a population -based cohort study of 74,942 women age 40 to 70 years at the time of recruitment ( September 1996 to May 2000 ) . Detailed dietary information was collected using a vali date d , quantitative food frequency question naire . The cohort has been followed using a combination of in-person interviews and record linkage with various registries . Dietary patterns , derived from principal component analysis , were examined for their relation to total mortality and cause-specific mortality using Cox regression models . Results : After an average of 5.7 years of follow-up ( 423,717 person-years of observation ) , there were 1565 deaths . We derived 3 major dietary patterns ( vegetable-rich , fruit-rich , and meat-rich ) . The adjusted hazard ratios for the fruit-rich diet were 0.94 ( 95 % CI = 0.89–0.98 ) for all causes of death and 0.89 ( 0.81–0.99 ) , 0.79 ( 0.69–0.91 ) , and 0.51 ( 0.39–0.65 ) for death caused by cardiovascular disease , stroke , and diabetes , respectively . The meat-rich diet was associated with increased risk of diabetes ( HR = 1.18 ; 95 % CI = 0.98–1.42 ) and a slightly elevated risk of total mortality . Conclusion : In general , a fruit-rich diet was related to lower mortality , whereas a meat-rich diet appeared to increase the probability of death Background Obesity is considered a low- grade chronic inflammatory condition as reflected by increased C-reactive protein ( CRP ) levels . Inflammation is emerging as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and it may be a precursor of the metabolic syndrome . Bariatric surgery is commonly performed as a treatment for morbid obesity offering significant reductions in premature myocardial infa rct ion . Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy ( LSG ) is a relatively new bariatric procedure that is currently used as a definitive procedure for weight loss . The aim of this study is to assess the impact of sleeve gastrectomy on CRP levels . Methods This study is part of an ongoing , prospect i ve , cohort study to evaluate LSG impact on iron indices . CRP levels were compared preoperatively and 6 months after surgery . Similarly , demographics including body mass index and excess weight were also compared at these same study points . Data were analyzed using Student paired t test and Pearson product moment correlation analysis . Results Twenty-nine morbidly obese patients were included . There was significant decrease in body mass index ( BMI ) between the preoperative and 6-month period ( 50.9 ± 13.2 and 35.1 ± 6.85 , respectively ; P < 0.001 ) . Also CRP levels were statistically significantly lower at 6 months after surgery ( preoperative 12.3 ± 7.53 mg/L and postoperative 5.6 ± 4.2 mg/L. P < 0.0001 ) . The significant weight loss as reflected by change in BMI was correlated with the difference between preoperative and postoperative CRP levels . Conclusions Massive weight loss in morbidly obese patients induced by LSG causes a significant decrease in CRP levels , which could reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases in these patients Background Obesity has been widely recognized as a chronic inflammatory condition and associated with elevated inflammatory indicators including C-reactive protein ( CRP ) and white blood cell count ( WBC ) . Recent studies have shown elevated CRP or WBC is a significant risk factor for cardiac events and stroke but the clinical significance of CRP and WBC has not been clearly studied in morbidly obese patients . This study is aim ed at the clinical significance of WBC and CRP in morbidly obese patients and the change after bariatric surgery . Methods The study was a prospect ively controlled clinical study . From December 1 , 2001 to January 31 , 2006 , of 640 ( 442 females and 198 males ) consecutive morbid obese patients enrolled in a surgically supervised weight loss program with at least 1 year ’s follow-up were examined . Results Of the patients , 476 ( 74.4 % ) had elevated CRP and 100 ( 15.6 % ) had elevated WBC at preoperative study .  CRP and WBC were significantly related and both increased with increasing body mass index ( BMI ) . CRP is also increased with increasing waist , glucose level , hemoglobin , albumin , Ca , insulin , C-peptide , and metabolic syndrome while WBC is increased with metabolic syndrome but decreased with increasing age . Multivariate analysis confirmed fasting glucose level and hemoglobin are independent predictors of the elevation of CRP while age is the only independent predictor for elevated WBC . Both WBC and CRP levels decreased rapidly after obesity surgery . These improvements result ed in a 69.8 % reduction of CRP and 26.4 % reduction of WBC 1 year after surgery . Although individuals who underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass lost significantly more weight ( 36.8 ± 11.7 kg vs. 17.3 ± 10.8 kg ; p = 0.000 ) and achieved a lower BMI ( 27.8 ± 4.6 vs. 35.0 ± 5.5 ; p = 0.000 ) than individuals who underwent laparoscopic gastric b and ing , there was no difference in the resolution of elevated CRP 1 year after surgery ( 95.9 % vs. 84.5 % ; p = 0.169 ) and WBC ( 99.4 % vs. 98.3 % ; p = 0.323 ) . Conclusions Both baseline WBC and CRP are elevated in morbid obese patients but CRP has a better clinical significance . Significant weight reduction 1 year after surgery markedly reduced CRP and WBC with a resolution rate of 93.9 % and 98.2 % separately . Obesity surgery performed by laparoscopic surgery is recommended for obese patients with elevated CRP or WBC Objectives To examine the effects of  Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ( RYGB ) surgery with and without laparoscopic removal of omental fat ( omentectomy )  on the temporal gene expression profiles of skeletal muscle . Design Previously reported were the whole-body metabolic effects of a r and omized , single-blinded study in patients receiving RYGB surgery stratified to receive or not receive omentectomy .  In this follow up study we report on changes in skeletal muscle gene expression in a subset of 21 patients , for whom biopsies were collected preoperatively and at either 6 months or 12 months postoperatively . Methodology /Principal Findings RNA isolated from skeletal muscle biopsies of 21 subjects ( 8 without omentectomy and 13 with omentectomy )  taken before RYGB or at 6 and 12 months postoperatively were subjected to gene expression profiling via Exon 1.0 S/T Array and Taqman Low Density Array . Robust Multichip Analysis and gene enrichment data analysis revealed 84 genes with at least a 4-fold expression difference after surgery . At 6 and 12 months the RYGB with omentectomy group displayed a greater reduction in the expression of genes associated with skeletal muscle inflammation ( ANKRD1 , CDR1 , CH25H , CXCL2 , CX3CR1 , IL8 , LBP , NFIL3 , SELE , SOCS3 
    Output:
    