human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective :  Delayed-onset muscle soreness ( DOMS )  often occurs after unaccustomed eccentric exercise and reduces exercise performance . We aim ed to study the preventive effects of saffron and indomethacin on the biochemical and functional indicators of DOMS after 1-session eccentric exercise . Design : A 10-day , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , pretest – posttest design . Setting : Controlled research laboratory . Participants : Thirty-nine nonactive male university students r and omly divided into  saffron ( n = 12 ) , indomethacin ( n = 12 ) , and control ( n = 15 ) groups . Interventions : Saffron group received 1 capsule containing dried saffron powder ( n = 12 , 300 mg/d ) , indomethacin group received 75 mg indomethacin ( n = 12 , 25 mg thrice a day ) , and control group ( n = 15 ) received placebo capsules , 1 week before and 3 days after eccentric exercise . Ten days before and 24 , 48 , and 72 hours after muscle soreness protocol , the maximum isometric and isotonic forces , plasma creatine kinase ( CK ) , plasma lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) , perceived pain , knee range of movement , and thigh circumference were measured . Muscle soreness protocol was performed with a weight load equal to 80 % of the maximum isotonic force in 4 sessions with 20 repetitions and 3-minute rest in between . Main Outcome Measures : This study shows that 10-day supplementation with 300 mg saffron significantly decreased the CK and LDH concentrations ( P < 0.0001 ) . In the saffron group , there was no decline in maximum isometric and isotonic forces after eccentric exercise , but a significant decline in the isometric force was observed in the control group ( P < 0.0001 ) . No pain was reported in the saffron group , whereas the indomethacin group experienced pain before 72 hours ( P < 0.001 ) . Conclusions : Results obtained from the current novel research indicate a strong preventive effect of 10-day supplementation with saffron on the DOMS . Clinical Relevance : The saffron can be used to prevent DOMS and alleviate the DOMS symptoms Acetylsalicylic acid ( ASA ) is a short-acting oral inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase enzyme . Ingestion of ASA is associated with a decrease in prostagl and ins , including those of the E2 series , as well as prostacyclin , and thromboxane . Consumption of therapeutic doses is associated with decreased pain and inflammation and is therefore used in a variety of inflammatory conditions . Platelet aggregation is also inhibited . Because of these observations , and the fact that platelet aggregation has been noted to be altered during exercise , the effects of ASA on exercise tolerance was of interest . We studied 17 healthy male volunteers who regularly ran as a source of exercise . During the study they ingested either 650 mg of ASA or placebo 30 min before running 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) . Outcome of the double-blind crossover study was measured by the time required to run a 2-mile distance . No differences between ASA or placebo were noted in the subjects . These data suggest that 650 mg of ASA as a premedication has little effect on exercise performance in normal endurance runners . However , whether ASA may affect pain after exercise or whether other dosage intervals would be more beneficial needs further study Hudson , GM , Green , JM , Bishop , PA , and Richardson , MT . Effects of caffeine and aspirin on light resistance training  performance , RPE , and pain perception . J Strength Cond Res 22(6 ) : 1950 - 1957 , 2008-This study compared independent effects of caffeine and aspirin on muscular endurance ( repetitions ) , heart rate ( HR ) , perceived exertion ( RPE ) , and perceived pain index ( PPI ) during light resistance training bouts performed to volitional failure . It was hypothesized that the hypoalgesic properties of these ergogenic aids would decrease pain perception and potentially result in enhanced performance . College-aged men ( n = 15 ) participated in a within-subjects , double-blind study with three independent , counterbalanced sessions wherein aspirin ( 10 mg·kg−1 ) , caffeine ( 6 mg·kg−1 ) , or matched placebo were ingested 1 hour before exercise , and  RPE , HR , PPI , and repetitions  ( per set and total per exercise ) were recorded at 100 % of individual , predetermined , 12-repetition maximum for leg extensions ( LE ) and seated arm curls ( AC ) . Repeated- measures analyses of variance were used for between-trial comparisons . Caffeine result ed in significantly greater ( p < 0.05 ) HR ( LE and AC ) , total repetitions ( LE ) , and repetitions in set 1 ( LE and AC ) compared with aspirin and placebo . Aspirin result ed in significantly higher PPI in set 1 ( LE ) . In LE , 47 % of participants ' performance exceeded the predetermined effect size ( ≥ 5 repetitions ) for total repetitions , with 53 % exceeding the effect size ( ≥ 2 repetitions ) for repetitions in set 1 with caffeine ( vs. placebo ) . In AC , 53 % ( total repetitions ) and 47 % ( set 1 repetitions ) of participants exceeded effect sizes with caffeine ( vs. placebo ) , with only 13 % experiencing decrements in performance ( total repetitions ) . Aspirin also produced a higher PPI and RPE overall and in set 1 ( vs. placebo ) . This study demonstrates that caffeine significantly enhanced resistance training performance in LE and AC , whereas aspirin did not . Athletes may improve their resistance training performance by acute ingestion of caffeine . As with most ergogenic aids , our analyses indicate that individual responses vary greatly Purpose To compare the effects of nine months of exercise training and ibuprofen supplementation ( given immeditately after exercise sessions ) on bone and muscle in postmenopausal women . Methods In a double-blind r and omized trial , participants ( females : n = 90 , mean age 64.8 , SD 4.3 years ) were assigned ( computer generated , double blind ) to receive supervised resistance training or stretching 3 days/week , and ibuprofen ( 400 mg , post-exercise ) or placebo ( i.e. 4 groups ) for 9 months . In this proof-of-concept study the sample size was halved from required 200 identified via 90 % power calculation . Baseline and post-intervention testing included : Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) for lumbar spine , femoral neck , and total body areal bone mineral density ( aBMD ) ; geometry of proximal femur ; total body lean tissue and fat mass ; predicted 1-repetition maximum muscle strength testing ( 1RM ; biceps curl , hack squat ) . Results Exercise training or ibuprofen supplementation had no effects on aBMD of the lumbar spine , femoral neck , and total body . There was a significant exercise × supplement × time interaction for aBMD of Ward 's region of the femoral neck ( p = 0.015 ) with post hoc comparison showing a 6 % decrease for stretching with placebo vs. a 3 % increase for stretching with ibuprofen ( p = 0.017 ) . Resistance training increased biceps curl and hack squat strength vs. stretching ( 22 % vs. 4 % and 114 % vs. 12 % , respectively ) ( p < 0.01 ) and decreased percent body fat compared to stretching ( 2 % vs. 0 % ) ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusions Ibuprofen supplementation provided some benefits to bone when taken independent of exercise training in postmenopausal women . This study provides evidence towards a novel , easily accessible stimulus for enhancing bone health [ i.e. ibuprofen ] Evidence suggests that consumption of over-the-counter cyclooxygenase ( COX ) inhibitors may interfere with the positive effects that resistance exercise training has on reversing sarcopenia in older adults . This study examined the influence of acetaminophen or ibuprofen consumption on muscle mass and strength during 12 wk of knee extensor progressive resistance exercise training in older adults . Thirty-six individuals were r and omly assigned to one of three groups and consumed the COX-inhibiting drugs in double-blind placebo-controlled fashion : placebo ( 67 ± 2 yr ; n = 12 ) , acetaminophen ( 64 ± 1 yr ; n = 11 ; 4 g/day ) , and ibuprofen ( 64 ± 1 yr ; n = 13 ; 1.2 g/day ) . Compliance with the resistance training program ( 100 % ) and drug consumption ( via digital video observation , 94 % ) , and resistance training intensity were similar ( P > 0.05 ) for all three groups . Drug consumption unexpectedly increased muscle volume  ( acetaminophen : 109 ± 14 cm(3 ) , 12.5 % ; ibuprofen : 84 ± 10 cm(3 ) , 10.9 % ) and muscle strength  ( acetaminophen : 19 ± 2 kg ; ibuprofen : 19 ± 2 kg ) to a greater extent ( P < 0.05 ) than placebo ( muscle volume : 69 ± 12 cm(3 ) , 8.6 % ; muscle strength : 15 ± 2 kg ) , when controlling for initial muscle size and strength . Follow-up analysis of muscle biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis before and after training showed muscle protein content , muscle water content , and myosin heavy chain distribution were not influenced ( P > 0.05 ) by drug consumption . Similarly , muscle content of the two known enzymes potentially targeted by the drugs , COX-1 and -2 , was not influenced ( P > 0.05 ) by drug consumption , although resistance training did result in a drug-independent increase in COX-1 ( 32 ± 8 % ; P < 0.05 ) . Drug consumption did not influence the size of the nonresistance-trained hamstring muscles ( P > 0.05 ) . Over-the-counter doses of acetaminophen or ibuprofen , when consumed in combination with resistance training , do not inhibit and appear to enhance muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in older adults . The present findings coupled with previous short-term exercise studies provide convincing evidence that the COX pathway(s ) are involved in the regulation of muscle protein turnover and muscle mass in humans CONTEXT The effect of ibuprofen on pain tolerance during exercise is controversial , and its effects on endurance performance have been poorly investigated . OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of prophylactic administration of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen on the time until the self-report of fatigue ( tlim ) in runners with exercise-induced muscle damage . DESIGN R and omized controlled clinical trial . SETTING Laboratory . PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Twenty healthy male long-distance runners ( age = 18.8 ± 0.4 years , maximal oxygen consumption = 55.5 ± 5.9 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1 ) ) . INTERVENTION(S ) Participants were assigned to 2 groups ( ibuprofen group = 10 , placebo group = 10 ) to perform tlim trials ( speed corresponded to their previously determined secondventilatory thresholds ) 48 hours before and 48 hours after the induction of a lower limb muscle-damage protocol ( isokinetic dynamometry ) . One hour before the second tlim trial , the ibuprofen group received 1.2 g ibuprofen , and the placebo group received lactose orally . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Time until self-reported fatigue , heart rate , respiratory quotient , oxygen consumption , and perceived exertion were recorded during each tlim test . RESULTS Both groups reported increases in muscle pain in the knee extensors and flexors 48 hours after the muscle-damage protocol . We observed a reduction in the endurance performance of both groups ( P < .01 ) but no difference between groups ( P = .55 ) . CONCLUSIONS Ibuprofen did not reduce the effect of muscle damage and pain on performance . Prophylactic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs did not have an ergogenic effect on running performance after exercise-induced muscle damage in male long-distance runners BACKGROUND Aging is associated with greater susceptibility to muscle injury and soreness after exercise . Although elderly persons regularly consume nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) , it is not clear that NSAIDs alleviate muscle dysfunction and /or inflammation following injurious exercise . METHODS In this double-blind crossover study , 10 men and 5 women ( aged 60 + /- 2 years , mean + /- SE ) consumed naproxen sodium or placebo for 10 days after performing 64 unilateral eccentric ( ECC ) knee extensions using 75 % of the ECC 1-repetition maximum .  Strength was measured before , 3 days after , and 10 days after each bout . Injury and soreness were assessed using magnetic resonance images of m. quadriceps femoris ( QF ) and a visual analog scale . RESULTS Three days after exercise , concentric strength loss was greater for placebo ( -32 + /- 9 % ) than NSAID ( -6 + /- 8 % 
    Output:
    
agent
There was neither significant difference in the maximum performance between NSAIDs and control groups nor in the time until exhaustion nor in self-perceived pain .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective :  Delayed-onset muscle soreness ( DOMS )  often occurs after unaccustomed eccentric exercise and reduces exercise performance . We aim ed to study the preventive effects of saffron and indomethacin on the biochemical and functional indicators of DOMS after 1-session eccentric exercise . Design : A 10-day , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , pretest – posttest design . Setting : Controlled research laboratory . Participants : Thirty-nine nonactive male university students r and omly divided into  saffron ( n = 12 ) , indomethacin ( n = 12 ) , and control ( n = 15 ) groups . Interventions : Saffron group received 1 capsule containing dried saffron powder ( n = 12 , 300 mg/d ) , indomethacin group received 75 mg indomethacin ( n = 12 , 25 mg thrice a day ) , and control group ( n = 15 ) received placebo capsules , 1 week before and 3 days after eccentric exercise . Ten days before and 24 , 48 , and 72 hours after muscle soreness protocol , the maximum isometric and isotonic forces , plasma creatine kinase ( CK ) , plasma lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) , perceived pain , knee range of movement , and thigh circumference were measured . Muscle soreness protocol was performed with a weight load equal to 80 % of the maximum isotonic force in 4 sessions with 20 repetitions and 3-minute rest in between . Main Outcome Measures : This study shows that 10-day supplementation with 300 mg saffron significantly decreased the CK and LDH concentrations ( P < 0.0001 ) . In the saffron group , there was no decline in maximum isometric and isotonic forces after eccentric exercise , but a significant decline in the isometric force was observed in the control group ( P < 0.0001 ) . No pain was reported in the saffron group , whereas the indomethacin group experienced pain before 72 hours ( P < 0.001 ) . Conclusions : Results obtained from the current novel research indicate a strong preventive effect of 10-day supplementation with saffron on the DOMS . Clinical Relevance : The saffron can be used to prevent DOMS and alleviate the DOMS symptoms Acetylsalicylic acid ( ASA ) is a short-acting oral inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase enzyme . Ingestion of ASA is associated with a decrease in prostagl and ins , including those of the E2 series , as well as prostacyclin , and thromboxane . Consumption of therapeutic doses is associated with decreased pain and inflammation and is therefore used in a variety of inflammatory conditions . Platelet aggregation is also inhibited . Because of these observations , and the fact that platelet aggregation has been noted to be altered during exercise , the effects of ASA on exercise tolerance was of interest . We studied 17 healthy male volunteers who regularly ran as a source of exercise . During the study they ingested either 650 mg of ASA or placebo 30 min before running 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) . Outcome of the double-blind crossover study was measured by the time required to run a 2-mile distance . No differences between ASA or placebo were noted in the subjects . These data suggest that 650 mg of ASA as a premedication has little effect on exercise performance in normal endurance runners . However , whether ASA may affect pain after exercise or whether other dosage intervals would be more beneficial needs further study Hudson , GM , Green , JM , Bishop , PA , and Richardson , MT . Effects of caffeine and aspirin on light resistance training  performance , RPE , and pain perception . J Strength Cond Res 22(6 ) : 1950 - 1957 , 2008-This study compared independent effects of caffeine and aspirin on muscular endurance ( repetitions ) , heart rate ( HR ) , perceived exertion ( RPE ) , and perceived pain index ( PPI ) during light resistance training bouts performed to volitional failure . It was hypothesized that the hypoalgesic properties of these ergogenic aids would decrease pain perception and potentially result in enhanced performance . College-aged men ( n = 15 ) participated in a within-subjects , double-blind study with three independent , counterbalanced sessions wherein aspirin ( 10 mg·kg−1 ) , caffeine ( 6 mg·kg−1 ) , or matched placebo were ingested 1 hour before exercise , and  RPE , HR , PPI , and repetitions  ( per set and total per exercise ) were recorded at 100 % of individual , predetermined , 12-repetition maximum for leg extensions ( LE ) and seated arm curls ( AC ) . Repeated- measures analyses of variance were used for between-trial comparisons . Caffeine result ed in significantly greater ( p < 0.05 ) HR ( LE and AC ) , total repetitions ( LE ) , and repetitions in set 1 ( LE and AC ) compared with aspirin and placebo . Aspirin result ed in significantly higher PPI in set 1 ( LE ) . In LE , 47 % of participants ' performance exceeded the predetermined effect size ( ≥ 5 repetitions ) for total repetitions , with 53 % exceeding the effect size ( ≥ 2 repetitions ) for repetitions in set 1 with caffeine ( vs. placebo ) . In AC , 53 % ( total repetitions ) and 47 % ( set 1 repetitions ) of participants exceeded effect sizes with caffeine ( vs. placebo ) , with only 13 % experiencing decrements in performance ( total repetitions ) . Aspirin also produced a higher PPI and RPE overall and in set 1 ( vs. placebo ) . This study demonstrates that caffeine significantly enhanced resistance training performance in LE and AC , whereas aspirin did not . Athletes may improve their resistance training performance by acute ingestion of caffeine . As with most ergogenic aids , our analyses indicate that individual responses vary greatly Purpose To compare the effects of nine months of exercise training and ibuprofen supplementation ( given immeditately after exercise sessions ) on bone and muscle in postmenopausal women . Methods In a double-blind r and omized trial , participants ( females : n = 90 , mean age 64.8 , SD 4.3 years ) were assigned ( computer generated , double blind ) to receive supervised resistance training or stretching 3 days/week , and ibuprofen ( 400 mg , post-exercise ) or placebo ( i.e. 4 groups ) for 9 months . In this proof-of-concept study the sample size was halved from required 200 identified via 90 % power calculation . Baseline and post-intervention testing included : Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) for lumbar spine , femoral neck , and total body areal bone mineral density ( aBMD ) ; geometry of proximal femur ; total body lean tissue and fat mass ; predicted 1-repetition maximum muscle strength testing ( 1RM ; biceps curl , hack squat ) . Results Exercise training or ibuprofen supplementation had no effects on aBMD of the lumbar spine , femoral neck , and total body . There was a significant exercise × supplement × time interaction for aBMD of Ward 's region of the femoral neck ( p = 0.015 ) with post hoc comparison showing a 6 % decrease for stretching with placebo vs. a 3 % increase for stretching with ibuprofen ( p = 0.017 ) . Resistance training increased biceps curl and hack squat strength vs. stretching ( 22 % vs. 4 % and 114 % vs. 12 % , respectively ) ( p < 0.01 ) and decreased percent body fat compared to stretching ( 2 % vs. 0 % ) ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusions Ibuprofen supplementation provided some benefits to bone when taken independent of exercise training in postmenopausal women . This study provides evidence towards a novel , easily accessible stimulus for enhancing bone health [ i.e. ibuprofen ] Evidence suggests that consumption of over-the-counter cyclooxygenase ( COX ) inhibitors may interfere with the positive effects that resistance exercise training has on reversing sarcopenia in older adults . This study examined the influence of acetaminophen or ibuprofen consumption on muscle mass and strength during 12 wk of knee extensor progressive resistance exercise training in older adults . Thirty-six individuals were r and omly assigned to one of three groups and consumed the COX-inhibiting drugs in double-blind placebo-controlled fashion : placebo ( 67 ± 2 yr ; n = 12 ) , acetaminophen ( 64 ± 1 yr ; n = 11 ; 4 g/day ) , and ibuprofen ( 64 ± 1 yr ; n = 13 ; 1.2 g/day ) . Compliance with the resistance training program ( 100 % ) and drug consumption ( via digital video observation , 94 % ) , and resistance training intensity were similar ( P > 0.05 ) for all three groups . Drug consumption unexpectedly increased muscle volume  ( acetaminophen : 109 ± 14 cm(3 ) , 12.5 % ; ibuprofen : 84 ± 10 cm(3 ) , 10.9 % ) and muscle strength  ( acetaminophen : 19 ± 2 kg ; ibuprofen : 19 ± 2 kg ) to a greater extent ( P < 0.05 ) than placebo ( muscle volume : 69 ± 12 cm(3 ) , 8.6 % ; muscle strength : 15 ± 2 kg ) , when controlling for initial muscle size and strength . Follow-up analysis of muscle biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis before and after training showed muscle protein content , muscle water content , and myosin heavy chain distribution were not influenced ( P > 0.05 ) by drug consumption . Similarly , muscle content of the two known enzymes potentially targeted by the drugs , COX-1 and -2 , was not influenced ( P > 0.05 ) by drug consumption , although resistance training did result in a drug-independent increase in COX-1 ( 32 ± 8 % ; P < 0.05 ) . Drug consumption did not influence the size of the nonresistance-trained hamstring muscles ( P > 0.05 ) . Over-the-counter doses of acetaminophen or ibuprofen , when consumed in combination with resistance training , do not inhibit and appear to enhance muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in older adults . The present findings coupled with previous short-term exercise studies provide convincing evidence that the COX pathway(s ) are involved in the regulation of muscle protein turnover and muscle mass in humans CONTEXT The effect of ibuprofen on pain tolerance during exercise is controversial , and its effects on endurance performance have been poorly investigated . OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of prophylactic administration of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen on the time until the self-report of fatigue ( tlim ) in runners with exercise-induced muscle damage . DESIGN R and omized controlled clinical trial . SETTING Laboratory . PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Twenty healthy male long-distance runners ( age = 18.8 ± 0.4 years , maximal oxygen consumption = 55.5 ± 5.9 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1 ) ) . INTERVENTION(S ) Participants were assigned to 2 groups ( ibuprofen group = 10 , placebo group = 10 ) to perform tlim trials ( speed corresponded to their previously determined secondventilatory thresholds ) 48 hours before and 48 hours after the induction of a lower limb muscle-damage protocol ( isokinetic dynamometry ) . One hour before the second tlim trial , the ibuprofen group received 1.2 g ibuprofen , and the placebo group received lactose orally . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Time until self-reported fatigue , heart rate , respiratory quotient , oxygen consumption , and perceived exertion were recorded during each tlim test . RESULTS Both groups reported increases in muscle pain in the knee extensors and flexors 48 hours after the muscle-damage protocol . We observed a reduction in the endurance performance of both groups ( P < .01 ) but no difference between groups ( P = .55 ) . CONCLUSIONS Ibuprofen did not reduce the effect of muscle damage and pain on performance . Prophylactic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs did not have an ergogenic effect on running performance after exercise-induced muscle damage in male long-distance runners BACKGROUND Aging is associated with greater susceptibility to muscle injury and soreness after exercise . Although elderly persons regularly consume nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) , it is not clear that NSAIDs alleviate muscle dysfunction and /or inflammation following injurious exercise . METHODS In this double-blind crossover study , 10 men and 5 women ( aged 60 + /- 2 years , mean + /- SE ) consumed naproxen sodium or placebo for 10 days after performing 64 unilateral eccentric ( ECC ) knee extensions using 75 % of the ECC 1-repetition maximum .  Strength was measured before , 3 days after , and 10 days after each bout . Injury and soreness were assessed using magnetic resonance images of m. quadriceps femoris ( QF ) and a visual analog scale . RESULTS Three days after exercise , concentric strength loss was greater for placebo ( -32 + /- 9 % ) than NSAID ( -6 + /- 8 % 
    Output:
    