human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Cardiovascular diseases are the chief causes of death in the UK , and are associated with high circulating levels of total cholesterol in the plasma . Artichoke leaf extracts ( ALEs ) have been reported to reduce plasma lipids levels , including total cholesterol , although high quality data is lacking . The objective of this trial was to assess the effect of ALE on plasma lipid levels and general well-being in otherwise healthy adults with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia . 131 adults were screened for total plasma cholesterol in the range 6.0 - 8.0 mmol/l , with 75 suitable volunteers r and omised onto the trial . Volunteers consumed 1280 mg of a st and ardised ALE , or matched placebo , daily for 12 weeks . Plasma total cholesterol decreased in the treatment group by an average of 4.2 % ( from 7.16 ( SD 0.62 ) mmol/l to 6.86 ( SD 0.68 ) mmol/l ) and increased in the control group by an average of 1.9 % ( 6.90 ( SD 0.49 ) mmol/l to 7.03 ( 0.61 ) mmol/l ) , the difference between groups being statistically significant ( p=0.025 ) . No significant differences between groups were observed for LDL cholesterol , HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels . General well-being improved significantly in both the treatment ( 11 % ) and control groups ( 9 % ) with no significant differences between groups . In conclusion , ALE consumption result ed in a modest but favourable statistically significant difference in total cholesterol after 12 weeks . In comparison with a previous trial , it is suggested that the apparent positive health status of the study population may have contributed to the modesty of the observed response The British Regional Heart Study ( BRHS ) reported in 1986 that much of the inverse relation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDLC ) and incidence of coronary heart disease was eliminated by covariance adjustment . Using the proportional hazards model and adjusting for age , blood pressure , smoking , body mass index , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , we analyzed this relation separately in the Framingham Heart Study ( FHS ) , Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Mortality Follow-up Study ( LRCF ) and Coronary Primary Prevention Trial ( CPPT ) , and Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial ( MRFIT ) . In CPPT and MRFIT ( both r and omized trials in middle-age high-risk men ) , only the control groups were analyzed . A 1-mg/dl ( 0.026 mM ) increment in HDLC was associated with a significant coronary heart disease risk decrement of 2 % in men ( FHS , CPPT , and MRFIT ) and 3 % in women ( FHS ) . In LRCF , where only fatal outcomes were documented , a 1-mg/dl increment in HDLC was associated with significant 3.7 % ( men ) and 4.7 % ( women ) decrements in cardiovascular disease mortality rates . The 95 % confidence intervals for these decrements in coronary heart and cardiovascular disease risk in the four studies overlapped considerably , and all contained the range 1.9 - 2.9 % . HDLC levels were essentially unrelated to non-cardiovascular disease mortality . When differences in analytic methodology were eliminated , a consistent inverse relation of HDLC levels and coronary heart disease event rates was apparent in BRHS as well as in the four American studies Aim : To evaluate whether the consumption of virgin argan oil ( VAO ) is associated with a change in serum lipids and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in healthy Moroccans . Methods : Sixty volunteers consumed butter ( 25 g/day ) during 2 weeks ( stabilization period ) and were r and omly divided into two groups : the treatment group received 25 g/day of VAO during 3 weeks ( intervention period ) , and the control group received 25 g/day of extra virgin olive oil ( EVO ) . Throughout the study , weight , blood pressure , and daily food intake were measured . Serum total cholesterol and low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triglycerides , and apolipoproteins A-I and B were measured at the end of each diet period . Results : Analysis of food intake showed that the daily diet is isocaloric for the butter regimen ( 2,537 ± 244 kcal/day ) as well as for the VAO and EVO regimens ( 2,561± 246 and 2,560 ± 253 kcal/day , respectively ) . Analysis of the lipid intake showed a reduction in saturated fatty acids  with VAO and EVO regimens ( 27 ± 1.4 and 26.4 ± 3.4 % , respectively ) as compared with the stabilization period ( 41.6 ± 2.4 % ) . The analysis of serum lipids showed a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I in both VAO group ( 8.4 % , p = 0.012 , and 5.2 % , p = 0.027 , respectively ) and EVO group ( 17.3 % , p = 0.001 , and 5.9 % , p = 0.036 , respectively ) . However , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B ( 13.8 % , p = 0.037 , and 7.8 % , p = 0.039 , respectively ) decreased significantly only in EVO group as compared with the stabilization period , while triglycerides decreased significantly by 17.5 % ( p = 0.039 ) only in VAO group . Conclusion : These results confirm the cholesterol-lowering effect of EVO and show for the first time the triglyceride-lowering effect of VAO in men The aim of this study was to determine whether eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) or docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , or both , were responsible for the triglyceride (TG)-lowering effects of fish oil . EPA ( 91 % pure ) and DHA ( 83 % pure ) , a fish oil concentrate ( FOC ; 41 % EPA and 23 % DHA ) and an olive oil ( OO ) placebo ( all ethyl esters ) were tested . A total of 49 normolipidemic subjects participated . Each subject was given placebo for 2–3 wk and one of the n-3 supplements for 3 wk in r and omized , blinded trials . The target n-3 fatty acid ( FA ) intake was 3 g/day in all studies . Blood sample s were drawn twice at the end of each supplementation phase and analyzed for lipids , lipoproteins , and phospholipid FA composition . In all groups , the phospholipid FA composition changed to reflect the n-3 FA given . On DHA supplementation , EPA levels increased to a small but significant extent , suggesting that some retroconversion may have occurred . EPA supplementation did not raise DHA levels , however , FOC and EPA produced significant decreases in both TG and very low density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) cholesterol ( C ) levels ( P<0.01 ) and increases in low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol levels ( P<0.05 ) . DHA supplementation did not affect cholesterol , triglyceride , VLDL , LDL , or high density lipoprotein ( HDL ) levels , but it did cause a significant increase in the HDL2/HDL3 cholesterol ratio . We conclude that EPA appears to be primarily responsible for TG-lowering ( and LDL-C raising ) effects of fish oil An open-labeled r and omized trial with parallel groups was carried out to study the effects of Dif1stat ® ( Monascus purpureus – Linear aliphatic alcohols – Niacin ) in the treatment of primary moderate hypercholesterolemia . The trial lasted 8 months . The patients , males and females , were assigned to two groups : A ( # 130 ) , treated  with diet  , and B ( # 110 ) su bmi tted to diet + Dif1stat ® . After 4 months , group A did not show significant changes in Total cholesterol ( TC ) , LDL-cholesterol ( LDLC ) , HDL-cholesterol ( HDLC ) or non-HDL-cholesterol ( non-HDLC ) . The same group , showed a reduction in TC ( –22 % ) , LDLC ( –30 % ) and non-HDLC ( –27 % ) after 8 months ( P ≤ 0.001 ) . After 4 months , TC ( –21.3 % ) , LDLC ( –29 % ) , and non-HDLC ( –26 % ) were significantly lowered in group B ( P ≤ 0.001 ) . In group B , TC , LDLC and non-HDLC showed a further reduction after 8 months : –29.4 , –38 and –37 % , respectively ( P ≤ 0.001 ) . Even triglycerides ( TG ) decreased significantly ( –33 % ) ( P ≤ 0.001 ) . After 8 months , group B showed a significant reduction of TG ( –33 % ) ( P ≤ 0.001 ) , when compared to group A. Some safety parameters were significantly reduced in both groups : AST and γ-GT in group A after 4 and 8 months , as well as ALT , AST and γ-GT in group B after 8 months ( P ≤ 0.001 ) . Dif1stat ® , given with a suitable diet , was well tolerated in the long-term and induced an anti-atherogenic plasma lipid and lipoprotein profile , in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia BACKGROUND The mechanisms involved in the increased mortality from coronary artery disease in British Indo-Asians are not well understood . OBJECTIVES This study aim ed to investigate whether British Indo-Asian Sikhs have higher plasma triacylglycerol concentrations , lower platelet phospholipid levels , and lower dietary intakes of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) than do age- and weight-matched Europeans and whether moderate dietary fish-oil intake can reverse these differences . DESIGN A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel , fish-oil intervention study was performed . After a 2-wk run-in period , 44 Europeans and 40 Indo-Asian Sikhs were r and omly assigned to receive either 4.0 g fish oil [ 1.5 g eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and 1.0 g docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) ] or 4.0 g olive oil ( control ) daily for 12 wk . RESULTS At baseline , the Indo-Asians had significantly higher plasma triacylglycerol , small dense LDL , apolipoprotein B , and dietary and platelet phospholipid n-6 PUFA values and significantly lower long-chain n-3 PUFAs ( EPA and DHA ) than did the Europeans . A significant decrease in plasma triacylglycerol , plasma apolipoprotein B-48 , and platelet phospholipid arachidonic acid concentrations and a significant increase in plasma HDL concentrations and platelet phospholipid EPA and DHA levels were observed after fish-oil supplementation . No significant effect of ethnicity on the responses to fish-oil supplementation was observed . CONCLUSIONS Moderate fish-oil supplementation contributes to a reversal of lipid abnormalities and low n-3 PUFA levels in Indo-Asians and should be considered as an important , yet simple , dietary manipulation to reduce CAD risk in Indo-Asians with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether olive oils high in phenolic compounds influence the oxidative/antioxidative status in humans . Healthy men ( n = 12 ) participated in a double-blind , r and omized , crossover study in which 3 olive oils with low ( LPC ) , moderate ( MPC ) , and high ( HPC ) phenolic content were given as raw doses ( 25 mL/d ) for 4 consecutive days preceded by 10-d washout periods . Volunteers followed a strict very low-antioxidant diet the 3 d before and during the intervention periods . Short-term consumption of olive oils decreased plasma oxidized LDL ( oxLDL ) , 8-oxo-dG in mitochondrial DNA and urine , malondialdehyde in urine ( P < 0.05 for linear trend ) , and increased HDL cholesterol and glutathione peroxidase activity ( P < 0.05 for linear trend ) , in a dose-dependent manner with the phenolic content of the olive oil administered . At d 4 , oxLDL after MPC and HPC , and 8-oxo-dG after HPC administration ( 25 mL , respectively ) , were reduced when the men were in the postpr and ial state ( P < 0.05 ) . Phenolic compounds in plasma increased dose dependently during this stage with the phenolic content of the olive oils at 1 , 2 , 4 , and 6 h , respectively ( P < 0.01 ) . Their concentrations increased in plasma and urine sample s in a dose-dependent manner after short-term consumption of the olive oils ( P < 0.01 ) . In conclusion , the olive oil phenolic content modulated the oxidative/antioxidative status of healthy men who consumed a very low-antioxidant diet BACKG 
    Output:
    
agent
The results of this systematic review indicate that the dietary supplementation with red yeast rice , bergamot , artichoke , and virgin olive oil has promising effects on the increase of HDL-C serum levels .
The artichoke leaf extract and virgin olive oil appear to be particularly interesting , while bergamot extract needs further research and the effect of red yeast rice seems to be limited to patients with previous myocardial infa rct ion .
Various MediterrAsian diet products or natural extracts may represent a potential intervention treatment to raise HDL-C in dyslipidemic subjects
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Cardiovascular diseases are the chief causes of death in the UK , and are associated with high circulating levels of total cholesterol in the plasma . Artichoke leaf extracts ( ALEs ) have been reported to reduce plasma lipids levels , including total cholesterol , although high quality data is lacking . The objective of this trial was to assess the effect of ALE on plasma lipid levels and general well-being in otherwise healthy adults with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia . 131 adults were screened for total plasma cholesterol in the range 6.0 - 8.0 mmol/l , with 75 suitable volunteers r and omised onto the trial . Volunteers consumed 1280 mg of a st and ardised ALE , or matched placebo , daily for 12 weeks . Plasma total cholesterol decreased in the treatment group by an average of 4.2 % ( from 7.16 ( SD 0.62 ) mmol/l to 6.86 ( SD 0.68 ) mmol/l ) and increased in the control group by an average of 1.9 % ( 6.90 ( SD 0.49 ) mmol/l to 7.03 ( 0.61 ) mmol/l ) , the difference between groups being statistically significant ( p=0.025 ) . No significant differences between groups were observed for LDL cholesterol , HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels . General well-being improved significantly in both the treatment ( 11 % ) and control groups ( 9 % ) with no significant differences between groups . In conclusion , ALE consumption result ed in a modest but favourable statistically significant difference in total cholesterol after 12 weeks . In comparison with a previous trial , it is suggested that the apparent positive health status of the study population may have contributed to the modesty of the observed response The British Regional Heart Study ( BRHS ) reported in 1986 that much of the inverse relation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDLC ) and incidence of coronary heart disease was eliminated by covariance adjustment . Using the proportional hazards model and adjusting for age , blood pressure , smoking , body mass index , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , we analyzed this relation separately in the Framingham Heart Study ( FHS ) , Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Mortality Follow-up Study ( LRCF ) and Coronary Primary Prevention Trial ( CPPT ) , and Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial ( MRFIT ) . In CPPT and MRFIT ( both r and omized trials in middle-age high-risk men ) , only the control groups were analyzed . A 1-mg/dl ( 0.026 mM ) increment in HDLC was associated with a significant coronary heart disease risk decrement of 2 % in men ( FHS , CPPT , and MRFIT ) and 3 % in women ( FHS ) . In LRCF , where only fatal outcomes were documented , a 1-mg/dl increment in HDLC was associated with significant 3.7 % ( men ) and 4.7 % ( women ) decrements in cardiovascular disease mortality rates . The 95 % confidence intervals for these decrements in coronary heart and cardiovascular disease risk in the four studies overlapped considerably , and all contained the range 1.9 - 2.9 % . HDLC levels were essentially unrelated to non-cardiovascular disease mortality . When differences in analytic methodology were eliminated , a consistent inverse relation of HDLC levels and coronary heart disease event rates was apparent in BRHS as well as in the four American studies Aim : To evaluate whether the consumption of virgin argan oil ( VAO ) is associated with a change in serum lipids and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in healthy Moroccans . Methods : Sixty volunteers consumed butter ( 25 g/day ) during 2 weeks ( stabilization period ) and were r and omly divided into two groups : the treatment group received 25 g/day of VAO during 3 weeks ( intervention period ) , and the control group received 25 g/day of extra virgin olive oil ( EVO ) . Throughout the study , weight , blood pressure , and daily food intake were measured . Serum total cholesterol and low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triglycerides , and apolipoproteins A-I and B were measured at the end of each diet period . Results : Analysis of food intake showed that the daily diet is isocaloric for the butter regimen ( 2,537 ± 244 kcal/day ) as well as for the VAO and EVO regimens ( 2,561± 246 and 2,560 ± 253 kcal/day , respectively ) . Analysis of the lipid intake showed a reduction in saturated fatty acids  with VAO and EVO regimens ( 27 ± 1.4 and 26.4 ± 3.4 % , respectively ) as compared with the stabilization period ( 41.6 ± 2.4 % ) . The analysis of serum lipids showed a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I in both VAO group ( 8.4 % , p = 0.012 , and 5.2 % , p = 0.027 , respectively ) and EVO group ( 17.3 % , p = 0.001 , and 5.9 % , p = 0.036 , respectively ) . However , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B ( 13.8 % , p = 0.037 , and 7.8 % , p = 0.039 , respectively ) decreased significantly only in EVO group as compared with the stabilization period , while triglycerides decreased significantly by 17.5 % ( p = 0.039 ) only in VAO group . Conclusion : These results confirm the cholesterol-lowering effect of EVO and show for the first time the triglyceride-lowering effect of VAO in men The aim of this study was to determine whether eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) or docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , or both , were responsible for the triglyceride (TG)-lowering effects of fish oil . EPA ( 91 % pure ) and DHA ( 83 % pure ) , a fish oil concentrate ( FOC ; 41 % EPA and 23 % DHA ) and an olive oil ( OO ) placebo ( all ethyl esters ) were tested . A total of 49 normolipidemic subjects participated . Each subject was given placebo for 2–3 wk and one of the n-3 supplements for 3 wk in r and omized , blinded trials . The target n-3 fatty acid ( FA ) intake was 3 g/day in all studies . Blood sample s were drawn twice at the end of each supplementation phase and analyzed for lipids , lipoproteins , and phospholipid FA composition . In all groups , the phospholipid FA composition changed to reflect the n-3 FA given . On DHA supplementation , EPA levels increased to a small but significant extent , suggesting that some retroconversion may have occurred . EPA supplementation did not raise DHA levels , however , FOC and EPA produced significant decreases in both TG and very low density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) cholesterol ( C ) levels ( P<0.01 ) and increases in low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol levels ( P<0.05 ) . DHA supplementation did not affect cholesterol , triglyceride , VLDL , LDL , or high density lipoprotein ( HDL ) levels , but it did cause a significant increase in the HDL2/HDL3 cholesterol ratio . We conclude that EPA appears to be primarily responsible for TG-lowering ( and LDL-C raising ) effects of fish oil An open-labeled r and omized trial with parallel groups was carried out to study the effects of Dif1stat ® ( Monascus purpureus – Linear aliphatic alcohols – Niacin ) in the treatment of primary moderate hypercholesterolemia . The trial lasted 8 months . The patients , males and females , were assigned to two groups : A ( # 130 ) , treated  with diet  , and B ( # 110 ) su bmi tted to diet + Dif1stat ® . After 4 months , group A did not show significant changes in Total cholesterol ( TC ) , LDL-cholesterol ( LDLC ) , HDL-cholesterol ( HDLC ) or non-HDL-cholesterol ( non-HDLC ) . The same group , showed a reduction in TC ( –22 % ) , LDLC ( –30 % ) and non-HDLC ( –27 % ) after 8 months ( P ≤ 0.001 ) . After 4 months , TC ( –21.3 % ) , LDLC ( –29 % ) , and non-HDLC ( –26 % ) were significantly lowered in group B ( P ≤ 0.001 ) . In group B , TC , LDLC and non-HDLC showed a further reduction after 8 months : –29.4 , –38 and –37 % , respectively ( P ≤ 0.001 ) . Even triglycerides ( TG ) decreased significantly ( –33 % ) ( P ≤ 0.001 ) . After 8 months , group B showed a significant reduction of TG ( –33 % ) ( P ≤ 0.001 ) , when compared to group A. Some safety parameters were significantly reduced in both groups : AST and γ-GT in group A after 4 and 8 months , as well as ALT , AST and γ-GT in group B after 8 months ( P ≤ 0.001 ) . Dif1stat ® , given with a suitable diet , was well tolerated in the long-term and induced an anti-atherogenic plasma lipid and lipoprotein profile , in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia BACKGROUND The mechanisms involved in the increased mortality from coronary artery disease in British Indo-Asians are not well understood . OBJECTIVES This study aim ed to investigate whether British Indo-Asian Sikhs have higher plasma triacylglycerol concentrations , lower platelet phospholipid levels , and lower dietary intakes of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) than do age- and weight-matched Europeans and whether moderate dietary fish-oil intake can reverse these differences . DESIGN A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel , fish-oil intervention study was performed . After a 2-wk run-in period , 44 Europeans and 40 Indo-Asian Sikhs were r and omly assigned to receive either 4.0 g fish oil [ 1.5 g eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and 1.0 g docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) ] or 4.0 g olive oil ( control ) daily for 12 wk . RESULTS At baseline , the Indo-Asians had significantly higher plasma triacylglycerol , small dense LDL , apolipoprotein B , and dietary and platelet phospholipid n-6 PUFA values and significantly lower long-chain n-3 PUFAs ( EPA and DHA ) than did the Europeans . A significant decrease in plasma triacylglycerol , plasma apolipoprotein B-48 , and platelet phospholipid arachidonic acid concentrations and a significant increase in plasma HDL concentrations and platelet phospholipid EPA and DHA levels were observed after fish-oil supplementation . No significant effect of ethnicity on the responses to fish-oil supplementation was observed . CONCLUSIONS Moderate fish-oil supplementation contributes to a reversal of lipid abnormalities and low n-3 PUFA levels in Indo-Asians and should be considered as an important , yet simple , dietary manipulation to reduce CAD risk in Indo-Asians with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether olive oils high in phenolic compounds influence the oxidative/antioxidative status in humans . Healthy men ( n = 12 ) participated in a double-blind , r and omized , crossover study in which 3 olive oils with low ( LPC ) , moderate ( MPC ) , and high ( HPC ) phenolic content were given as raw doses ( 25 mL/d ) for 4 consecutive days preceded by 10-d washout periods . Volunteers followed a strict very low-antioxidant diet the 3 d before and during the intervention periods . Short-term consumption of olive oils decreased plasma oxidized LDL ( oxLDL ) , 8-oxo-dG in mitochondrial DNA and urine , malondialdehyde in urine ( P < 0.05 for linear trend ) , and increased HDL cholesterol and glutathione peroxidase activity ( P < 0.05 for linear trend ) , in a dose-dependent manner with the phenolic content of the olive oil administered . At d 4 , oxLDL after MPC and HPC , and 8-oxo-dG after HPC administration ( 25 mL , respectively ) , were reduced when the men were in the postpr and ial state ( P < 0.05 ) . Phenolic compounds in plasma increased dose dependently during this stage with the phenolic content of the olive oils at 1 , 2 , 4 , and 6 h , respectively ( P < 0.01 ) . Their concentrations increased in plasma and urine sample s in a dose-dependent manner after short-term consumption of the olive oils ( P < 0.01 ) . In conclusion , the olive oil phenolic content modulated the oxidative/antioxidative status of healthy men who consumed a very low-antioxidant diet BACKG 
    Output:
    