human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Poor weight gain observed in preterm infants who were fed expressed breast milk compared with those fed a cows ' milk formular  prompted a detailed study of early postnatal growth in preterm infants fed these two milks . 68 infants were divided into two categories by gestational age at birth ( i ) 28 - 32 weeks ( n=28 ) , ( ii ) 33 - 36 weeks ( n=40 ) . They were r and omly allocated to a feed of expressed breast milk or a milk formula ( Ostermilk 1 ) . Rates of weight gain , linear growth , and head circumference growth were evaluated over two periods : birth-1 month , 1 - 2 months . The younger group who were fed breast milk showed slower overall growth rates over the first month than those fed formula . In the second month , and for the older infants over both of the 2-monthly periods , growth rates were similar in the two feeding regimens . It is concluded that expressed breast milk is inadequate for the growth of very immature preterm infants during early postnatal life A large multicentre study on the short and long term clinical and developmental outcome of infants r and omised to different diets is being undertaken . This report represents an interim analysis of the early postnatal growth performance of an unselected population of 194 preterm infants ( gestation , mean ( SD ) 31 . 0 ( 2 . 9 ) weeks ; birthweight , mean ( SD ) 1364 ( 294 ) g ) , both ill and well , examined in two ( of four ) parallel trials . One trial compared banked breast milk with a new preterm formula ( primary trial ) ; the other compared these diets as supplements to maternal milk ( supplement trial ) . A major dietary effect on the number of days taken to regain birthweight and subsequent gains in weight , length , and head circumference was observed in the primary trial . Infants fed banked breast milk  and weighing less than 1200 g at birth took a calculated additional three weeks to reach 2000 g compared with those fed on the preterm formula . A significant influence of diet on body proportions was seen in the relation between body weight , head circumference , and length . Similar though smaller differences in growth patterns were seen in the supplement trial . By the time they reach 2000 g , infants of birthweights 1200 to 1849 g fed on banked breast milk and infants below 1200 g fed on either banked breast milk or maternal milk supplemented ( as necessary ) with banked breast milk , fulfilled stringent criteria for failure to thrive ( weight less than 2 SD below the mean for age ) . Only infants fed the preterm formula as their sole diet had maintained their birth centile by discharge from hospital . The misleading nature of comparisons between extrauterine and intrauterine steady state weight gains is emphasised The effect of diet , human milk or formula , on gastric function ( lipase and pepsin activity , pH , and volume ) and intragastric digestion of fat was assessed in 28 appropriate for gestational age preterm infants ( gestational age , 28.9 ± 1.4 , 29.1 ± 0.9 , 29.5 ± 0.6 wk ; birth weight , 1.00 ± 0.14 to 1.18 ± 0.07 kg ) . The infants were fed either human milk ( n = 11 ) , SMA Super Preemie formula ( n = 9 ) , or Similac , Special Care formula ( n = 8) . Fasting and postpr and ial activity of digestive enzymes , pH , and gastric volume ( measured before or during 50 min after gavage feeding ) did not differ as a function of diet among the three groups of infants . Gastric lipase output , 23.1 ± 5.1 , 28.3± 6.6 , and 22.5 ± 6.4 ( U/kg of body weight ) in human milk- , SMA SP- , or Similac SC-fed infants was comparable to the gastric lipase output of healthy adults fed a high fat diet ( 22.6 ± 3.0 ) . Pepsin output was , however , significantly lower ( 597 ± 77 , 743 ± 97 , and 639± 142 U/kg of body weight ) in human milk- , SMA SP- , and Similac SC-fed infants ) than in healthy adults ( 3352 ± 753 U/kg ) . The hydrolysis of dietary fat was 1.7 - 2.5-fold higher ( p < 0.01 ) in human milk-fed infants than in infants fed either formula . We conclude that differences in type of feeding , i.e. different fatty acid profiles(long chain or medium chain triglycerides ) , different emulsions ( natural or artificial ) , and different fat particle sizes do not affect the level of activity of gastric enzymes . However , the triglyceride within milk fat globules appears to be more accessible to gastric lipase than that within formula fat particles . We suggest that the contribution of gastric lipase to overall fat digestion might be greater in the newborn ( a period of pancreatic insufficiency ) than in the adult My colleagues and I compared the biochemical status and rates of growth of three groups of preterm infants : one group was fed  milk obtained early from mothers of preterm infants ;  one group received  milk produced during the mature stage of lactation by mothers of term infants ; and one group received a whey-based infant formula . Sixty healthy preterm infants with birth weights of 1600 g or less were r and omly assigned to one of the three feedings groups . The 20 infants in each group were followed until they reached a weight of 1800 g. The mean ( + /- S.E.M. ) number of days required to regain birth weight was similar for infants receiving the formula ( 10.3 + /- 0.8 ) and those receiving milk from mothers of preterm infants ( 11.4 + /- 0.8 ) ; both were significantly less than the number ( 18.8 + /- 1.7 ) for infants receiving milk from mothers of term infants ( P less than 0.001 ) . Subsequent rates of weight gain were greater for the groups receiving formula ( 27.0 + /- 0.8 g per day ) and milk from mothers of preterm infants ( 23.7 + /- 1.1 ) than for the group receiving milk from mothers of term infants ( 15.8 + /- 0.8 ) ( P less than 0.001 ) . Similarly , the average increments in crown-to-heel length and in the head circumference were significantly greater for the groups given formula and milk from mothers of preterm infants ( P less than 0.005 and P less than 0.001 , respectively ) . These data indicate that feeding with either milk from mothers of preterm infants or a whey-based infant formula results in more appropriate growth in preterm infants than feeding with milk from mothers of term infants ABSTRACT . This paper comprises 261 low birth weight infants who were divided into four groups with different feeding schedules . Group I – expressed human milk for all the feeds ; Group II – human milk for half the feeds and the nursery formula for the rest ; Group III – colostrum , 20 ml three times a day along with the nursery formula ; and Group IV – control – only the nursery formula . The groups were matched by means of a r and omised block design for identifiable factors which could predispose to the occurrence of infection . Infections were found to be significantly less in the groups which received human milk ( p < 0.001 ) In a prospect i ve multicentre study on 926 preterm infants formally assigned to their early diet , necrotising enterocolitis developed in 51 ( 5.5 % ) .  Mortality was 26 % in stringently confirmed cases . In exclusively  formula-fed  babies confirmed disease was 6 - 10 times more common than in those fed breast milk alone and 3 times more common than in those who received formula plus breast milk . Pasteurised donor milk seemed to be as protective as raw maternal milk . Among babies born at more than 30 weeks ' gestation confirmed necrotising enterocolitis was rare in those whose diet included breast milk ; it was 20 times more common in those fed formula only . Other risk factors included very low  gestational age , respiratory disease , umbilical artery catheterisation , and polycythaemia . In formula-fed but not breast-milk-fed infants , delayed enteral feeding was associated with a lower frequency of necrotising enterocolitis . With the fall in the use of breast milk in British neonatal units , exclusive formula feeding could account for an estimated 500 extra cases of necrotising enterocolitis each year . About 100 of these infants would die A controlled prospect i ve study was undertaken of 62 high-risk low-birth-weight infants to evaluate the effect of expressed human milk on the prevention of infection . One half received EHM and the remaining half were administered the nursery formula . There was no statistically significant difference in the predisposing factors in the two groups . Infections , however , were much fewer in babies who received EHM ( Svenningsen , N.W. , Lindroth , M. and Lindquist , B. ( Department of Paediatrics , University of Lund , Sweden ) . A comparative study of varying protein intake in low birthweight infant feeding . Acta Paediatr Sc and . Suppl . 296 : 28 , 1982 . — In a prospect i ve longitudinal study of 48 very low birthweight and preterm infants with mean birthweight 1 385±343 and gestational age 30.8±2.9 w an assessment was made of the impact of varying the protein intake in the postnatal period from the 3rd to 7th week of life . The infants were r and omly allocated to one of three dietary groups with isocaloric energy supply but different protein content — i.e . human milk ( 1.6 g/100 kcal ) , formula 1 ( 2.3 g/100 kcal ) and formula 2 ( 3.0 g/100 kcal ) . In the human milk group 12 of 18 infants were fed their own mother 's breastmilk . During the study period the mean weight gain was slightly higher in the infants fed formula 1 and 2 . There were no group differences in S‐albumin whereas B‐urea‐N and B‐base deficit were significantly increased in the formula fed infants in comparison to infants fed human milk . After the study period until around 15 weeks of age the slope in weight gain remained slightly higher for formula fed infants . However , the gain in body length and head circumference was equal in all three groups . After around 8 months of age there was no difference in any growth parameter . Neurodevelopmental examinations showed no group differences during the follow‐up period to 2 years of age Growth , protein , and energy balances were studied in two groups of very-low-birth-weight premature infants fed pooled pasteurized human milk ( HM ) or a preterm formula ( PF ) .  Each infant was studied at 33 and 36 weeks gestational age with a combined technique of nutrient balance and indirect calorimetry measurement . Weight and length gains were higher with PF than with HM , but head circumference growth was similar with both milks . Although the volume of milk given was lower , energy intake was higher with PF than with HM in both studies ( 126 to 130 vs 103 to 109 kcal/kg/day ) . Percentage of energy absorbed was better with PF than with HM ( 94 % vs 84 % ) at 33 weeks , and similar ( 95 % ) with both milks at 36 weeks . Energy expenditure , which had increased from 33 weeks to 36 weeks , was higher with PF than with HM ( 57 to 63 vs 46 to 52 kcal/kg/day ) during both studies . Energy retention accounted for about 50 % of energy absorbed with both milks , but was higher with PF than with HM ( 60 vs 40 to 50 kcal/kg/day ) in both studies , and result ed in fat accretion well above that seen during intrauterine growth for both milks in both studies . Protein intake was higher with PF than with HM ( 3.1 vs 2.4 gm/kg/day ) in both studies , giving a protein accretion similar to the intrauterine accretion with PF ( 2.2 gm/kg/day ) , but lower with HM . Our results suggest that the nutritional value of pooled pasteurized human milk for VLBW infants should be reconsidered , especially because of its low protein content , and that energy density of preterm formulas must be question ed in view of elevated fat deposition 
    Output:
    
agent
None of the trials individually found any statistically significant difference in the incidence of NEC .
However , meta- analysis found that feeding with donor human milk was associated with a significantly reduced relative risk ( RR ) of NEC .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Poor weight gain observed in preterm infants who were fed expressed breast milk compared with those fed a cows ' milk formular  prompted a detailed study of early postnatal growth in preterm infants fed these two milks . 68 infants were divided into two categories by gestational age at birth ( i ) 28 - 32 weeks ( n=28 ) , ( ii ) 33 - 36 weeks ( n=40 ) . They were r and omly allocated to a feed of expressed breast milk or a milk formula ( Ostermilk 1 ) . Rates of weight gain , linear growth , and head circumference growth were evaluated over two periods : birth-1 month , 1 - 2 months . The younger group who were fed breast milk showed slower overall growth rates over the first month than those fed formula . In the second month , and for the older infants over both of the 2-monthly periods , growth rates were similar in the two feeding regimens . It is concluded that expressed breast milk is inadequate for the growth of very immature preterm infants during early postnatal life A large multicentre study on the short and long term clinical and developmental outcome of infants r and omised to different diets is being undertaken . This report represents an interim analysis of the early postnatal growth performance of an unselected population of 194 preterm infants ( gestation , mean ( SD ) 31 . 0 ( 2 . 9 ) weeks ; birthweight , mean ( SD ) 1364 ( 294 ) g ) , both ill and well , examined in two ( of four ) parallel trials . One trial compared banked breast milk with a new preterm formula ( primary trial ) ; the other compared these diets as supplements to maternal milk ( supplement trial ) . A major dietary effect on the number of days taken to regain birthweight and subsequent gains in weight , length , and head circumference was observed in the primary trial . Infants fed banked breast milk  and weighing less than 1200 g at birth took a calculated additional three weeks to reach 2000 g compared with those fed on the preterm formula . A significant influence of diet on body proportions was seen in the relation between body weight , head circumference , and length . Similar though smaller differences in growth patterns were seen in the supplement trial . By the time they reach 2000 g , infants of birthweights 1200 to 1849 g fed on banked breast milk and infants below 1200 g fed on either banked breast milk or maternal milk supplemented ( as necessary ) with banked breast milk , fulfilled stringent criteria for failure to thrive ( weight less than 2 SD below the mean for age ) . Only infants fed the preterm formula as their sole diet had maintained their birth centile by discharge from hospital . The misleading nature of comparisons between extrauterine and intrauterine steady state weight gains is emphasised The effect of diet , human milk or formula , on gastric function ( lipase and pepsin activity , pH , and volume ) and intragastric digestion of fat was assessed in 28 appropriate for gestational age preterm infants ( gestational age , 28.9 ± 1.4 , 29.1 ± 0.9 , 29.5 ± 0.6 wk ; birth weight , 1.00 ± 0.14 to 1.18 ± 0.07 kg ) . The infants were fed either human milk ( n = 11 ) , SMA Super Preemie formula ( n = 9 ) , or Similac , Special Care formula ( n = 8) . Fasting and postpr and ial activity of digestive enzymes , pH , and gastric volume ( measured before or during 50 min after gavage feeding ) did not differ as a function of diet among the three groups of infants . Gastric lipase output , 23.1 ± 5.1 , 28.3± 6.6 , and 22.5 ± 6.4 ( U/kg of body weight ) in human milk- , SMA SP- , or Similac SC-fed infants was comparable to the gastric lipase output of healthy adults fed a high fat diet ( 22.6 ± 3.0 ) . Pepsin output was , however , significantly lower ( 597 ± 77 , 743 ± 97 , and 639± 142 U/kg of body weight ) in human milk- , SMA SP- , and Similac SC-fed infants ) than in healthy adults ( 3352 ± 753 U/kg ) . The hydrolysis of dietary fat was 1.7 - 2.5-fold higher ( p < 0.01 ) in human milk-fed infants than in infants fed either formula . We conclude that differences in type of feeding , i.e. different fatty acid profiles(long chain or medium chain triglycerides ) , different emulsions ( natural or artificial ) , and different fat particle sizes do not affect the level of activity of gastric enzymes . However , the triglyceride within milk fat globules appears to be more accessible to gastric lipase than that within formula fat particles . We suggest that the contribution of gastric lipase to overall fat digestion might be greater in the newborn ( a period of pancreatic insufficiency ) than in the adult My colleagues and I compared the biochemical status and rates of growth of three groups of preterm infants : one group was fed  milk obtained early from mothers of preterm infants ;  one group received  milk produced during the mature stage of lactation by mothers of term infants ; and one group received a whey-based infant formula . Sixty healthy preterm infants with birth weights of 1600 g or less were r and omly assigned to one of the three feedings groups . The 20 infants in each group were followed until they reached a weight of 1800 g. The mean ( + /- S.E.M. ) number of days required to regain birth weight was similar for infants receiving the formula ( 10.3 + /- 0.8 ) and those receiving milk from mothers of preterm infants ( 11.4 + /- 0.8 ) ; both were significantly less than the number ( 18.8 + /- 1.7 ) for infants receiving milk from mothers of term infants ( P less than 0.001 ) . Subsequent rates of weight gain were greater for the groups receiving formula ( 27.0 + /- 0.8 g per day ) and milk from mothers of preterm infants ( 23.7 + /- 1.1 ) than for the group receiving milk from mothers of term infants ( 15.8 + /- 0.8 ) ( P less than 0.001 ) . Similarly , the average increments in crown-to-heel length and in the head circumference were significantly greater for the groups given formula and milk from mothers of preterm infants ( P less than 0.005 and P less than 0.001 , respectively ) . These data indicate that feeding with either milk from mothers of preterm infants or a whey-based infant formula results in more appropriate growth in preterm infants than feeding with milk from mothers of term infants ABSTRACT . This paper comprises 261 low birth weight infants who were divided into four groups with different feeding schedules . Group I – expressed human milk for all the feeds ; Group II – human milk for half the feeds and the nursery formula for the rest ; Group III – colostrum , 20 ml three times a day along with the nursery formula ; and Group IV – control – only the nursery formula . The groups were matched by means of a r and omised block design for identifiable factors which could predispose to the occurrence of infection . Infections were found to be significantly less in the groups which received human milk ( p < 0.001 ) In a prospect i ve multicentre study on 926 preterm infants formally assigned to their early diet , necrotising enterocolitis developed in 51 ( 5.5 % ) .  Mortality was 26 % in stringently confirmed cases . In exclusively  formula-fed  babies confirmed disease was 6 - 10 times more common than in those fed breast milk alone and 3 times more common than in those who received formula plus breast milk . Pasteurised donor milk seemed to be as protective as raw maternal milk . Among babies born at more than 30 weeks ' gestation confirmed necrotising enterocolitis was rare in those whose diet included breast milk ; it was 20 times more common in those fed formula only . Other risk factors included very low  gestational age , respiratory disease , umbilical artery catheterisation , and polycythaemia . In formula-fed but not breast-milk-fed infants , delayed enteral feeding was associated with a lower frequency of necrotising enterocolitis . With the fall in the use of breast milk in British neonatal units , exclusive formula feeding could account for an estimated 500 extra cases of necrotising enterocolitis each year . About 100 of these infants would die A controlled prospect i ve study was undertaken of 62 high-risk low-birth-weight infants to evaluate the effect of expressed human milk on the prevention of infection . One half received EHM and the remaining half were administered the nursery formula . There was no statistically significant difference in the predisposing factors in the two groups . Infections , however , were much fewer in babies who received EHM ( Svenningsen , N.W. , Lindroth , M. and Lindquist , B. ( Department of Paediatrics , University of Lund , Sweden ) . A comparative study of varying protein intake in low birthweight infant feeding . Acta Paediatr Sc and . Suppl . 296 : 28 , 1982 . — In a prospect i ve longitudinal study of 48 very low birthweight and preterm infants with mean birthweight 1 385±343 and gestational age 30.8±2.9 w an assessment was made of the impact of varying the protein intake in the postnatal period from the 3rd to 7th week of life . The infants were r and omly allocated to one of three dietary groups with isocaloric energy supply but different protein content — i.e . human milk ( 1.6 g/100 kcal ) , formula 1 ( 2.3 g/100 kcal ) and formula 2 ( 3.0 g/100 kcal ) . In the human milk group 12 of 18 infants were fed their own mother 's breastmilk . During the study period the mean weight gain was slightly higher in the infants fed formula 1 and 2 . There were no group differences in S‐albumin whereas B‐urea‐N and B‐base deficit were significantly increased in the formula fed infants in comparison to infants fed human milk . After the study period until around 15 weeks of age the slope in weight gain remained slightly higher for formula fed infants . However , the gain in body length and head circumference was equal in all three groups . After around 8 months of age there was no difference in any growth parameter . Neurodevelopmental examinations showed no group differences during the follow‐up period to 2 years of age Growth , protein , and energy balances were studied in two groups of very-low-birth-weight premature infants fed pooled pasteurized human milk ( HM ) or a preterm formula ( PF ) .  Each infant was studied at 33 and 36 weeks gestational age with a combined technique of nutrient balance and indirect calorimetry measurement . Weight and length gains were higher with PF than with HM , but head circumference growth was similar with both milks . Although the volume of milk given was lower , energy intake was higher with PF than with HM in both studies ( 126 to 130 vs 103 to 109 kcal/kg/day ) . Percentage of energy absorbed was better with PF than with HM ( 94 % vs 84 % ) at 33 weeks , and similar ( 95 % ) with both milks at 36 weeks . Energy expenditure , which had increased from 33 weeks to 36 weeks , was higher with PF than with HM ( 57 to 63 vs 46 to 52 kcal/kg/day ) during both studies . Energy retention accounted for about 50 % of energy absorbed with both milks , but was higher with PF than with HM ( 60 vs 40 to 50 kcal/kg/day ) in both studies , and result ed in fat accretion well above that seen during intrauterine growth for both milks in both studies . Protein intake was higher with PF than with HM ( 3.1 vs 2.4 gm/kg/day ) in both studies , giving a protein accretion similar to the intrauterine accretion with PF ( 2.2 gm/kg/day ) , but lower with HM . Our results suggest that the nutritional value of pooled pasteurized human milk for VLBW infants should be reconsidered , especially because of its low protein content , and that energy density of preterm formulas must be question ed in view of elevated fat deposition 
    Output:
    