human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: In this study , the diagnostic and predictive value of brainstem , middle latency , and cortical auditory evoked responses ( BMC -AERs ) obtained in the neonatal period in 81 preterm infants was assessed in relation to neurodevelopmental outcome .  The preterm infants were neonatally classified according to risk category and gestational age . The  BMC -AERs  were analyzed with respect to detectability , latencies , and amplitudes as well as derived latency and amplitude measures . At 5 y of age the neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed from neurologic and neuropsychologic evaluations . The results showed that BMC -AER differences mainly correlated with risk category ( low risk/high risk ) and to some extent with degree of prematurity . In view of these findings the degree of prematurity and the effect of risk category have to be taken into account , when BMC -AERs are applied in the preterm period to predict neurodevelopmental outcome . In this study the BMC -AERs for infants with abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome were scarcely distinguishable from the BMC -AERs for infants with normal neurodevelopmental outcome . Thus far , this and previous reports have indicated that BMC -AERs in preterm infants are useful in maturational studies and with infants showing symptoms related to lesions or dysfunction of the peripheral and /or central auditory system . For predicting neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants , BMC -AERs are of limited clinical value The mismatch negativity ( MMN ) component of the auditory event-related potential ( ERP ) is elicited by infrequent , physically deviant stimuli in a sequence of frequent homogeneous stimuli ( st and ards ) . It has been suggested that the MMN is generated by an automatic ( attention-independent ) neural mismatch process with a memory trace that encodes the physical features of the st and ard stimulus . The proposed MMN independence of attention was addressed in the present study . St and ard stimuli and two types of deviant stimuli , differing from st and ards either in frequency or intensity , were  dichotically  presented in r and om order and at a rapid rate . The subject attended either to left- or right-ear stimuli , counting the number of a design ated type of deviants in that ear . In the present conditions of very strongly focused attention , the MMN was elicited even by frequency change in the ignored input stream , and its amplitude was very similar to that of the MMN elicited by equivalent deviant stimuli ( targets ) in the attended input stream . In contrast , the MMN to intensity deviation was clearly attenuated in the absence of attention . This effect is , however , probably due to the attention effect on the MMN generator itself rather than the antecedent sensory- analysis and -storing functions Background : Auditory event-related potentials ( AERP ) are neurophysiological correlates of sound perception and cognitive processes . Our aim was to study in very preterm born children at preschool age if AERP correlate with cognitive outcome . Methods : Seventy children ( mean ± SD gestational age 27.4 ± 1.9 wk , birth weight 996 ± 288 g ) were investigated at age 4.3–5.3 y with psychological testing ( WPPSI-R , four subtests of NEPSY ) . Electroencephalogram was recorded while they listened to a repeated st and ard tone , r and omly replaced by one of three deviants .  Latencies and amplitudes for AERP components and mean amplitudes in successive 50-ms AERP time windows were measured . Results : Better cognitive test results and higher gestational age correlated with shorter P1 latencies and more positive mean amplitudes 150–500 ms after stimulus change onset . Neonatal brain damage was associated with a negative displacement of AERP curves . Neonatal morbidity had an impact on earlier time windows while gestational age and brain damage on both early and later time windows . Conclusion : AERP measures were associated with cognitive outcome . Neonatal morbidity mainly affects early cortical auditory encoding , while immaturity and brain damage additionally influence higher cortical functions of auditory perception and distraction . Perinatal auditory environment might play a role in development of auditory processing OBJECTIVE The aim of this follow-up study was to evaluate the development of object naming ability and auditory processing in prematurely born children . Furthermore , we investigated whether the mismatch negativity ( MMN ) parameters at the age of 4 years correlate with the MMN parameters and naming ability at the age of 6 years . METHODS Twelve very low birth weight ( VLBW ) preterm children ( mean age 5 years 7 months ) and matched controls were studied . Object naming was measured by the Boston naming test  . Auditory event-related potentials ( ERPs ) , especially the MMN  , were recorded for Finnish syllables ( st and ard /taa/ ; deviants /ta/ and /kaa/ ) in an oddball paradigm . RESULTS VLBW preterm children scored significantly lower in the object naming test than their controls . The MMN amplitude for consonant change was significantly smaller in the preterm group compared to the controls . The MMN amplitude at the age of 4 years correlated with the MMN amplitude at the age of 6 years . Furthermore , absence of the MMN at the age of 4 years predicted naming difficulties at the age of 6 years . CONCLUSIONS VLBW preterm children with a difficulty to preattentively discriminate changes in syllables , as indexed by the diminished change detection response , MMN , seem to have sustained naming difficulty . Therefore , it is reasonable to record the MMN along with the language development from infancy , in order to identify the children at risk for language deficiencies and to provide appropriate rehabilitation The aim of this prospect i ve pilot study was to evaluate the predictive value of discrimination and habituation , which was measured by mismatch negativity in 17 healthy very preterm ( mean gestational age 27.4 weeks ; range 25.0 - 31.3 ) and 16 term ( mean gestational age 40.3 weeks ; range 37.9 - 41.7 ) born infants at term equivalent age .  Developmental outcome was measured by Bayley Scales of Infant Development – I in 13 preterm and 13 term-born children at a mean age of 21.7 months ( ±2.18 ) and 18.5 months ( ±1.9 ) , respectively . No differences in amplitude and latency of the mismatch negativity were found between both groups at term equivalent age . Within the preterm group habituation capacity was positively correlated with the Mental Developmental Index ( r = .654 , P = .008 ) and Performance Developmental Index ( r = .482 , P = .048 ) at 21 months . Early learning capability , as measured by habituation , may be associated with a better prognosis for early mental development in healthy preterm infants Neurodevelopmental delays in intensive care neonates are common but difficult to predict . In children , hemisphere differences in cortical processing of speech are predictive of cognitive performance . We hypothesized that hemisphere differences in auditory event-related potentials in intensive care neonates are predictive of neurodevelopment in infancy , even in those born preterm .  Event-related potentials to speech sounds were prospect ively recorded in 57 infants ( gestational age 24 - 40 weeks ) prior to discharge . The Developmental Assessment of Young Children was performed at 6 and 12 months . Hemisphere differences in mean amplitudes increased with postnatal age ( P < .01 ) but not with gestational age . Greater hemisphere differences were associated with improved communication and cognitive scores at 6 and 12 months , but decreased in significance at 12 months after adjusting for socioeconomic and clinical factors . Auditory cortical responses can be used in intensive care neonates to help identify infants at higher risk for delays in infancy The mismatch negativity ( MMN ) component of event-related potentials ( ERPs ) , a measure of passive change detection , is suggested to develop early in comparison to other ERP components , and an MMN-like response has been measured even from preterm infants . The MMN response in adults is negative in polarity at about 150 - 200 ms . However , the response measured in a typical MMN paradigm can also be markedly different in newborns , even opposite in polarity . This has been suggested to be related to maturational factors . To verify that suggestion , we measured  ERPs  of 21 newborns during quiet sleep  to rarely occurring deviant tones of 1100 Hz ( probability 12 % ) embedded among repeated st and ard tones of 1000 Hz in an oddball sequence . Gestational age ( GA ) and two cardiac measures , vagal tone  ( V ) and  heart period ( HP ) , were used as measures of maturation . GA and HP explained between 36 % and 42 % of the total variance of the individual ERP peak amplitude ( the largest deflection of the difference wave at a time window of 150 - 375 ms ) at different scalp locations . In the discriminant function analyses , GA and HP as classifying variables differentiated infants in whom the peak of the difference wave had positive polarity from those with a negative polarity at an accuracy level ranging from 72 % to 91 % . These results demonstrate that during quiet sleep , maturational factors explain a significant portion of the ERP difference wave amplitude in terms of its polarity , indicating that the more mature the ERPs are , the more positive the amplitude . The present study suggests that maturational effects should be taken into account in ERP measurements using MMN paradigms with young infants 
    Output:
    
agent
According to our findings , auditory event‐related potentials can help to predict neurodevelopmental outcome in preterms .
Both prospect i ve and cross‐sectional studies reported a relationship between AERPs and cognitive outcome .
Our results show that larger amplitudes and shorter latencies of late AERPs are related to better cognitive outcomes .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: In this study , the diagnostic and predictive value of brainstem , middle latency , and cortical auditory evoked responses ( BMC -AERs ) obtained in the neonatal period in 81 preterm infants was assessed in relation to neurodevelopmental outcome .  The preterm infants were neonatally classified according to risk category and gestational age . The  BMC -AERs  were analyzed with respect to detectability , latencies , and amplitudes as well as derived latency and amplitude measures . At 5 y of age the neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed from neurologic and neuropsychologic evaluations . The results showed that BMC -AER differences mainly correlated with risk category ( low risk/high risk ) and to some extent with degree of prematurity . In view of these findings the degree of prematurity and the effect of risk category have to be taken into account , when BMC -AERs are applied in the preterm period to predict neurodevelopmental outcome . In this study the BMC -AERs for infants with abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome were scarcely distinguishable from the BMC -AERs for infants with normal neurodevelopmental outcome . Thus far , this and previous reports have indicated that BMC -AERs in preterm infants are useful in maturational studies and with infants showing symptoms related to lesions or dysfunction of the peripheral and /or central auditory system . For predicting neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants , BMC -AERs are of limited clinical value The mismatch negativity ( MMN ) component of the auditory event-related potential ( ERP ) is elicited by infrequent , physically deviant stimuli in a sequence of frequent homogeneous stimuli ( st and ards ) . It has been suggested that the MMN is generated by an automatic ( attention-independent ) neural mismatch process with a memory trace that encodes the physical features of the st and ard stimulus . The proposed MMN independence of attention was addressed in the present study . St and ard stimuli and two types of deviant stimuli , differing from st and ards either in frequency or intensity , were  dichotically  presented in r and om order and at a rapid rate . The subject attended either to left- or right-ear stimuli , counting the number of a design ated type of deviants in that ear . In the present conditions of very strongly focused attention , the MMN was elicited even by frequency change in the ignored input stream , and its amplitude was very similar to that of the MMN elicited by equivalent deviant stimuli ( targets ) in the attended input stream . In contrast , the MMN to intensity deviation was clearly attenuated in the absence of attention . This effect is , however , probably due to the attention effect on the MMN generator itself rather than the antecedent sensory- analysis and -storing functions Background : Auditory event-related potentials ( AERP ) are neurophysiological correlates of sound perception and cognitive processes . Our aim was to study in very preterm born children at preschool age if AERP correlate with cognitive outcome . Methods : Seventy children ( mean ± SD gestational age 27.4 ± 1.9 wk , birth weight 996 ± 288 g ) were investigated at age 4.3–5.3 y with psychological testing ( WPPSI-R , four subtests of NEPSY ) . Electroencephalogram was recorded while they listened to a repeated st and ard tone , r and omly replaced by one of three deviants .  Latencies and amplitudes for AERP components and mean amplitudes in successive 50-ms AERP time windows were measured . Results : Better cognitive test results and higher gestational age correlated with shorter P1 latencies and more positive mean amplitudes 150–500 ms after stimulus change onset . Neonatal brain damage was associated with a negative displacement of AERP curves . Neonatal morbidity had an impact on earlier time windows while gestational age and brain damage on both early and later time windows . Conclusion : AERP measures were associated with cognitive outcome . Neonatal morbidity mainly affects early cortical auditory encoding , while immaturity and brain damage additionally influence higher cortical functions of auditory perception and distraction . Perinatal auditory environment might play a role in development of auditory processing OBJECTIVE The aim of this follow-up study was to evaluate the development of object naming ability and auditory processing in prematurely born children . Furthermore , we investigated whether the mismatch negativity ( MMN ) parameters at the age of 4 years correlate with the MMN parameters and naming ability at the age of 6 years . METHODS Twelve very low birth weight ( VLBW ) preterm children ( mean age 5 years 7 months ) and matched controls were studied . Object naming was measured by the Boston naming test  . Auditory event-related potentials ( ERPs ) , especially the MMN  , were recorded for Finnish syllables ( st and ard /taa/ ; deviants /ta/ and /kaa/ ) in an oddball paradigm . RESULTS VLBW preterm children scored significantly lower in the object naming test than their controls . The MMN amplitude for consonant change was significantly smaller in the preterm group compared to the controls . The MMN amplitude at the age of 4 years correlated with the MMN amplitude at the age of 6 years . Furthermore , absence of the MMN at the age of 4 years predicted naming difficulties at the age of 6 years . CONCLUSIONS VLBW preterm children with a difficulty to preattentively discriminate changes in syllables , as indexed by the diminished change detection response , MMN , seem to have sustained naming difficulty . Therefore , it is reasonable to record the MMN along with the language development from infancy , in order to identify the children at risk for language deficiencies and to provide appropriate rehabilitation The aim of this prospect i ve pilot study was to evaluate the predictive value of discrimination and habituation , which was measured by mismatch negativity in 17 healthy very preterm ( mean gestational age 27.4 weeks ; range 25.0 - 31.3 ) and 16 term ( mean gestational age 40.3 weeks ; range 37.9 - 41.7 ) born infants at term equivalent age .  Developmental outcome was measured by Bayley Scales of Infant Development – I in 13 preterm and 13 term-born children at a mean age of 21.7 months ( ±2.18 ) and 18.5 months ( ±1.9 ) , respectively . No differences in amplitude and latency of the mismatch negativity were found between both groups at term equivalent age . Within the preterm group habituation capacity was positively correlated with the Mental Developmental Index ( r = .654 , P = .008 ) and Performance Developmental Index ( r = .482 , P = .048 ) at 21 months . Early learning capability , as measured by habituation , may be associated with a better prognosis for early mental development in healthy preterm infants Neurodevelopmental delays in intensive care neonates are common but difficult to predict . In children , hemisphere differences in cortical processing of speech are predictive of cognitive performance . We hypothesized that hemisphere differences in auditory event-related potentials in intensive care neonates are predictive of neurodevelopment in infancy , even in those born preterm .  Event-related potentials to speech sounds were prospect ively recorded in 57 infants ( gestational age 24 - 40 weeks ) prior to discharge . The Developmental Assessment of Young Children was performed at 6 and 12 months . Hemisphere differences in mean amplitudes increased with postnatal age ( P < .01 ) but not with gestational age . Greater hemisphere differences were associated with improved communication and cognitive scores at 6 and 12 months , but decreased in significance at 12 months after adjusting for socioeconomic and clinical factors . Auditory cortical responses can be used in intensive care neonates to help identify infants at higher risk for delays in infancy The mismatch negativity ( MMN ) component of event-related potentials ( ERPs ) , a measure of passive change detection , is suggested to develop early in comparison to other ERP components , and an MMN-like response has been measured even from preterm infants . The MMN response in adults is negative in polarity at about 150 - 200 ms . However , the response measured in a typical MMN paradigm can also be markedly different in newborns , even opposite in polarity . This has been suggested to be related to maturational factors . To verify that suggestion , we measured  ERPs  of 21 newborns during quiet sleep  to rarely occurring deviant tones of 1100 Hz ( probability 12 % ) embedded among repeated st and ard tones of 1000 Hz in an oddball sequence . Gestational age ( GA ) and two cardiac measures , vagal tone  ( V ) and  heart period ( HP ) , were used as measures of maturation . GA and HP explained between 36 % and 42 % of the total variance of the individual ERP peak amplitude ( the largest deflection of the difference wave at a time window of 150 - 375 ms ) at different scalp locations . In the discriminant function analyses , GA and HP as classifying variables differentiated infants in whom the peak of the difference wave had positive polarity from those with a negative polarity at an accuracy level ranging from 72 % to 91 % . These results demonstrate that during quiet sleep , maturational factors explain a significant portion of the ERP difference wave amplitude in terms of its polarity , indicating that the more mature the ERPs are , the more positive the amplitude . The present study suggests that maturational effects should be taken into account in ERP measurements using MMN paradigms with young infants 
    Output:
    