human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Safety of long-term administration of 75 mg/kg of aspartame per day was evaluated with the use of a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel-group design in 108 male and female volunteers aged 18 to 62 years . Subjects received either aspartame or placebo in capsule form three times daily for 24 weeks . No persistent changes over time were noted in either group in vital signs ; body weight ; results of st and ard laboratory tests ; fasting blood levels of aspartame 's constituent amino acids ( aspartic acid and phenylalanine ) , other amino acids , and methanol ; or blood formate levels and 24-hour urinary excretion of formate . There also were no statistically significant differences between groups in the number of subjects experiencing symptoms or in the number of symptoms per subject . These results further document the safety of the long-term consumption of aspartame at doses equivalent to the amount of aspartame in approximately 10 L of beverage per day To assess whether acute hyperglycemia affects fibrinolytic balance in elderly subjects with normal glucose tolerance ( NGT ) or impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) , 40 non-obese elderly subjects ( 20 NGT , age 68 ± 8 years ; and 20 IGT , age 69 ± 11 years ) were studied . On two experimental days , r and omly allocated and spaced 1 week apart , plasma concentrations of glucose , insulin , fibrinogen , tissue plasminogen activator , plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and von Willebr and factor ( vWF ) were measured in each subject at baseline ( 0 ) and 30 , 60 , 90 , 120 min after the ingestion of 75 g glucose or a similarly sweet dose of aspartame ( 250 mg ) ( control test ) . In both NGT and IGT elderly subjects , tissue plasminogen activator , plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and fibrinogen plasma levels did not significantly change after both oral aspartame and glucose load . In IGT subjects , vWF plasmatic levels decreased after glucose ( not aspartame ) oral load , reaching the minimum level at 90 min after load ( 82.7 ± 7.8 versus 93.7 ± 10.2 , P < 0.01 ) . These results demonstrate that acute hyperglycemia does not modify plasma fibrinolysis in elderly subjects . The decrease of plasma concentration of vWF in IGT elderly subjects requires cautious interpretation and further extensive investigations The long-term physiological effects of refined carbohydrates on appetite and mood remain unclear . Reported effects when subjects are not blind may be due to expectations and have rarely been studied for more than 24 h. The present study compared the effects of supplementary soft drinks added to the diet over 4 weeks on dietary intake , mood and BMI in normal-weight women ( n 133 ) . Subjects were categorised as ' watchers ' or ' non-watchers ' of what they ate then received sucrose or artificially sweetened drinks ( 4 x 250 ml per d ) . Expectancies were varied by labelling drinks ' sugar ' or ' diet ' in a counter-balanced design . Sucrose supplements provided 1800 kJ per d and sweetener supplements provided 67 kJ per d. Food intake was measured with a 7 d diary and mood with ten single Likert scales . By 4 weeks , sucrose supplements significantly reduced total carbohydrate intake ( F(1,129 ) = 53.81 ; P<0.001 ) , fat ( F(2,250 ) = 33.33 ; P<0.001 ) and protein intake ( F(2,250 ) = 28.04 ; P<0 - 001 ) compared with sweetener supplements .  Mean daily energy intake increased by just under 1000 kJ compared with baseline ( t ( 67 df ) = 3.82 ; P < 0.001 ) and was associated with a non-significant trend for those receiving sucrose to gain weight . There were no effects on appetite or mood . Neither dietary restraint status as measured by the Dutch Eating Behaviour Question naire nor the expectancy procedure had effects . Expectancies influenced mood only during baseline week . It is concluded that sucrose satiates , rather than stimulates , appetite or negative mood in normal-weight subjects BACKGROUND Evidence exists that beverages do not trigger appropriate anticipatory physiologic responses , such as cephalic phase insulin release . Therefore , it is of interest to eluci date the food properties necessary for triggering adaptive responses . Previously , we found a prolonged dose-dependent decrease in the hypothalamic functional magnetic resonance imaging signal after ingestion of a glucose solution . OBJECTIVES The aims of the present study were to measure the effects of sweet taste and energy content on the hypothalamic response to glucose ingestion and to measure the concomitant changes in blood glucose and insulin concentrations . DESIGN Five healthy , normal-weight men participated in a r and omized crossover design trial . The subjects were scanned 4 times for 37 min on separate days with functional magnetic resonance imaging . After 7 min , they ingested 1 of the following 4 stimuli ( 300 mL of each ) : water ( control ) , a glucose solution , an aspartame ( sweet taste ) solution , or a maltodextrin ( nonsweet carbohydrate ) solution . RESULTS Glucose ingestion result ed in a prolonged and significant signal decrease in the upper hypothalamus ( P < 0.05 ) . Water , aspartame , and maltodextrin had no such effect . Glucose and maltodextrin ingestions result ed in similar increases in blood glucose and insulin concentrations . However , only glucose triggered an early rise in insulin concentrations . Aspartame did not trigger any insulin response . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that both sweet taste and energy content are required for a hypothalamic response . The combination of sweet taste and energy content could be crucial in triggering adaptive responses to sweetened beverages This study investigated whether the addition of the high-intensity sweetener aspartame to a multidisciplinary weight-control program would improve weight loss and long-term control of body weight .  One hundred sixty-three obese women were r and omly assigned to consume or to abstain from aspartame-sweetened foods and beverages during 16 wk of a 19-wk weight-reduction program ( active weight loss ) , a 1-y maintenance program , and a 2-y follow-up period . Women in both treatment groups lost approximately 10 % of initial body weight ( 10 kg ) during active weight loss . Among women assigned to the aspartame-treatment group , aspartame intake was positively correlated with percentage weight loss during active weight loss ( r = 0.32 , P < 0.01 ) . During maintenance and follow-up , participants in the aspartame group experienced a 2.6 % ( 2.6 kg ) and 4.6 % ( 4.6 kg ) regain of initial body weight after 71 and 175 wk , respectively , whereas those in the no-aspartame group gained an average of 5.4 % ( 5.4 kg ) and 9.4 % ( 9.4 kg ) , respectively . The aspartame group lost significantly more weight overall ( P = 0.028 ) and regained significantly less weight during maintenance and follow-up ( P = 0.046 ) than did the no-aspartame group . Percentage weight losses at 71 and 175 wk were also positively correlated with exercise ( r = 0.32 , P < 0.001 ; and r = 0.34 , P < 0.01 , respectively ) and self-reported eating control ( r = 0.37 , P < 0.001 ; and r = 0.33 , P < 0.01 , respectively ) . These data suggest that participation in a multidisciplinary weight-control program that includes aspartame may facilitate the long-term maintenance of reduced body weight Using a within-subjects design , we gave over-weight and normal-weight subjects a 500-mL drink of fructose , glucose , or aspartame diluted in lemon-flavored water or plain water in a r and omized fashion at about weekly intervals . Food intake was assessed at a buffet lunch that began 38 min after the preload was completed . Blood was drawn throughout and assayed for concentrations of glucose , insulin , glucagon , and free fatty acid . When subjects drank the fructose preload , they subsequently ate fewer overall calories and fewer grams of fat than when they drank any of the other preloads . The aspartame load did not stimulate intake beyond the plain-water control . The effects of the oxidation of fructose as a possible mechanism for the reduction in food intake is discussed . The effects of insulin in stimulating intake are also discussed Background Aspartame is a commonly used intense artificial sweetener , being approximately 200 times sweeter than sucrose . There have been concerns over aspartame since approval in the 1980s including a large anecdotal data base reporting severe symptoms . The objective of this study was to compare the acute symptom effects of aspartame to a control preparation . Methods This was a double-blind r and omized cross over study conducted in a clinical research unit in United Kingdom . Forty-eight individual who has self reported sensitivity to aspartame were compared to 48 age and gender matched aspartame non-sensitive individuals . They were given aspartame (100mg)-containing or control snack bars r and omly at least 7 days apart . The main outcome measures were acute effects of aspartame measured using repeated ratings of 14 symptoms , biochemistry and metabonomics . Results Aspartame sensitive and non-sensitive participants differed psychologically at baseline in h and ling feelings and perceived stress . Sensitive participants had higher triglycerides ( 2.05 ± 1.44 vs. 1.26 ± 0.84mmol/L ; p value 0.008 ) and lower HDL-C ( 1.16 ± 0.34 vs. 1.35 ± 0.54 mmol/L ; p value 0.04 ) , reflected in 1H NMR serum analysis that showed differences in the baseline lipid content between the two groups . Urine metabonomic studies showed no significant differences . None of the rated symptoms differed between aspartame and control bars , or between sensitive and control participants . However , aspartame sensitive participants rated more symptoms particularly in the first test session , whether this was placebo or control . Aspartame and control bars affected GLP-1 , GIP , tyrosine and phenylalanine levels equally in both aspartame sensitive and non-sensitive subjects . Conclusion Using a comprehensive battery of psychological tests , biochemistry and state of the art metabonomics there was no evidence of any acute adverse responses to aspartame . This independent study gives reassurance to both regulatory bodies and the public that acute ingestion of aspartame does not have any detectable psychological or metabolic effects in humans . Trial Registration IS RCT N Registry IS RCT BACKGROUND The consumption of sucrose-sweetened soft drinks ( SSSDs ) has been associated with obesity , the metabolic syndrome , and cardiovascular disorders in observational and short-term intervention studies . Too few long-term intervention studies in humans have examined the effects of soft drinks . OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of SSSDs with those of isocaloric milk and a noncaloric soft drink on changes in total fat mass and ectopic fat deposition ( in liver and muscle tissue ) . DESIGN Overweight subjects ( n = 47 ) were r and omly assigned to 4 different test drinks ( 1 L/d for 6 mo ) : SSSD ( regular cola ) , isocaloric semiskim milk , aspartame-sweetened diet cola , and water . The amount of intrahepatic fat and intramyocellular fat was measured with (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Other endpoints were fat mass , fat distribution ( dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging ) , and metabolic risk factors . RESULTS The relative changes between baseline and the end of 6-mo intervention were significantly higher in the regular cola group than in the 3 other groups for liver fat ( 132 - 143 % , sex-adjusted mean ; P < 0.01 ) , skeletal muscle fat ( 117 - 221 % ; P < 0.05 ) , visceral fat ( 24 - 31 % ; P < 0.05 ) , blood triglycerides ( 32 % ; P < 0.01 ) , and total cholesterol ( 11 % ; P < 0.01 ) . Total fat mass was not significantly different between the 4 beverage groups . Milk and diet cola reduced systolic blood pressure by 10 - 15 % compared with regular cola ( P < 0.05 ) . Otherwise , diet cola had effects similar to those of water . CONCLUSION Daily intake of SSSDs for 6 mo increases ectopic fat accumulation and lipids compared with milk , diet cola , and water . Thus , daily intake of SSSDs is likely to enhance the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases . This trial is registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00777647 CONTEXT Sugar-sweetened beverages like soft drinks and fruit punches contain large amounts of readily absorbable sugars and may contribute to weight gain and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes , but these relationships have been minimally addressed in adults . OBJECTIVE To examine the association between consumption of sugar- 
    Output:
    
agent
Data concerning effects of aspartame on main metabolic variables associated to diabetes and obesity do not support a beneficial related to its consumption
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Safety of long-term administration of 75 mg/kg of aspartame per day was evaluated with the use of a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel-group design in 108 male and female volunteers aged 18 to 62 years . Subjects received either aspartame or placebo in capsule form three times daily for 24 weeks . No persistent changes over time were noted in either group in vital signs ; body weight ; results of st and ard laboratory tests ; fasting blood levels of aspartame 's constituent amino acids ( aspartic acid and phenylalanine ) , other amino acids , and methanol ; or blood formate levels and 24-hour urinary excretion of formate . There also were no statistically significant differences between groups in the number of subjects experiencing symptoms or in the number of symptoms per subject . These results further document the safety of the long-term consumption of aspartame at doses equivalent to the amount of aspartame in approximately 10 L of beverage per day To assess whether acute hyperglycemia affects fibrinolytic balance in elderly subjects with normal glucose tolerance ( NGT ) or impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) , 40 non-obese elderly subjects ( 20 NGT , age 68 ± 8 years ; and 20 IGT , age 69 ± 11 years ) were studied . On two experimental days , r and omly allocated and spaced 1 week apart , plasma concentrations of glucose , insulin , fibrinogen , tissue plasminogen activator , plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and von Willebr and factor ( vWF ) were measured in each subject at baseline ( 0 ) and 30 , 60 , 90 , 120 min after the ingestion of 75 g glucose or a similarly sweet dose of aspartame ( 250 mg ) ( control test ) . In both NGT and IGT elderly subjects , tissue plasminogen activator , plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and fibrinogen plasma levels did not significantly change after both oral aspartame and glucose load . In IGT subjects , vWF plasmatic levels decreased after glucose ( not aspartame ) oral load , reaching the minimum level at 90 min after load ( 82.7 ± 7.8 versus 93.7 ± 10.2 , P < 0.01 ) . These results demonstrate that acute hyperglycemia does not modify plasma fibrinolysis in elderly subjects . The decrease of plasma concentration of vWF in IGT elderly subjects requires cautious interpretation and further extensive investigations The long-term physiological effects of refined carbohydrates on appetite and mood remain unclear . Reported effects when subjects are not blind may be due to expectations and have rarely been studied for more than 24 h. The present study compared the effects of supplementary soft drinks added to the diet over 4 weeks on dietary intake , mood and BMI in normal-weight women ( n 133 ) . Subjects were categorised as ' watchers ' or ' non-watchers ' of what they ate then received sucrose or artificially sweetened drinks ( 4 x 250 ml per d ) . Expectancies were varied by labelling drinks ' sugar ' or ' diet ' in a counter-balanced design . Sucrose supplements provided 1800 kJ per d and sweetener supplements provided 67 kJ per d. Food intake was measured with a 7 d diary and mood with ten single Likert scales . By 4 weeks , sucrose supplements significantly reduced total carbohydrate intake ( F(1,129 ) = 53.81 ; P<0.001 ) , fat ( F(2,250 ) = 33.33 ; P<0.001 ) and protein intake ( F(2,250 ) = 28.04 ; P<0 - 001 ) compared with sweetener supplements .  Mean daily energy intake increased by just under 1000 kJ compared with baseline ( t ( 67 df ) = 3.82 ; P < 0.001 ) and was associated with a non-significant trend for those receiving sucrose to gain weight . There were no effects on appetite or mood . Neither dietary restraint status as measured by the Dutch Eating Behaviour Question naire nor the expectancy procedure had effects . Expectancies influenced mood only during baseline week . It is concluded that sucrose satiates , rather than stimulates , appetite or negative mood in normal-weight subjects BACKGROUND Evidence exists that beverages do not trigger appropriate anticipatory physiologic responses , such as cephalic phase insulin release . Therefore , it is of interest to eluci date the food properties necessary for triggering adaptive responses . Previously , we found a prolonged dose-dependent decrease in the hypothalamic functional magnetic resonance imaging signal after ingestion of a glucose solution . OBJECTIVES The aims of the present study were to measure the effects of sweet taste and energy content on the hypothalamic response to glucose ingestion and to measure the concomitant changes in blood glucose and insulin concentrations . DESIGN Five healthy , normal-weight men participated in a r and omized crossover design trial . The subjects were scanned 4 times for 37 min on separate days with functional magnetic resonance imaging . After 7 min , they ingested 1 of the following 4 stimuli ( 300 mL of each ) : water ( control ) , a glucose solution , an aspartame ( sweet taste ) solution , or a maltodextrin ( nonsweet carbohydrate ) solution . RESULTS Glucose ingestion result ed in a prolonged and significant signal decrease in the upper hypothalamus ( P < 0.05 ) . Water , aspartame , and maltodextrin had no such effect . Glucose and maltodextrin ingestions result ed in similar increases in blood glucose and insulin concentrations . However , only glucose triggered an early rise in insulin concentrations . Aspartame did not trigger any insulin response . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that both sweet taste and energy content are required for a hypothalamic response . The combination of sweet taste and energy content could be crucial in triggering adaptive responses to sweetened beverages This study investigated whether the addition of the high-intensity sweetener aspartame to a multidisciplinary weight-control program would improve weight loss and long-term control of body weight .  One hundred sixty-three obese women were r and omly assigned to consume or to abstain from aspartame-sweetened foods and beverages during 16 wk of a 19-wk weight-reduction program ( active weight loss ) , a 1-y maintenance program , and a 2-y follow-up period . Women in both treatment groups lost approximately 10 % of initial body weight ( 10 kg ) during active weight loss . Among women assigned to the aspartame-treatment group , aspartame intake was positively correlated with percentage weight loss during active weight loss ( r = 0.32 , P < 0.01 ) . During maintenance and follow-up , participants in the aspartame group experienced a 2.6 % ( 2.6 kg ) and 4.6 % ( 4.6 kg ) regain of initial body weight after 71 and 175 wk , respectively , whereas those in the no-aspartame group gained an average of 5.4 % ( 5.4 kg ) and 9.4 % ( 9.4 kg ) , respectively . The aspartame group lost significantly more weight overall ( P = 0.028 ) and regained significantly less weight during maintenance and follow-up ( P = 0.046 ) than did the no-aspartame group . Percentage weight losses at 71 and 175 wk were also positively correlated with exercise ( r = 0.32 , P < 0.001 ; and r = 0.34 , P < 0.01 , respectively ) and self-reported eating control ( r = 0.37 , P < 0.001 ; and r = 0.33 , P < 0.01 , respectively ) . These data suggest that participation in a multidisciplinary weight-control program that includes aspartame may facilitate the long-term maintenance of reduced body weight Using a within-subjects design , we gave over-weight and normal-weight subjects a 500-mL drink of fructose , glucose , or aspartame diluted in lemon-flavored water or plain water in a r and omized fashion at about weekly intervals . Food intake was assessed at a buffet lunch that began 38 min after the preload was completed . Blood was drawn throughout and assayed for concentrations of glucose , insulin , glucagon , and free fatty acid . When subjects drank the fructose preload , they subsequently ate fewer overall calories and fewer grams of fat than when they drank any of the other preloads . The aspartame load did not stimulate intake beyond the plain-water control . The effects of the oxidation of fructose as a possible mechanism for the reduction in food intake is discussed . The effects of insulin in stimulating intake are also discussed Background Aspartame is a commonly used intense artificial sweetener , being approximately 200 times sweeter than sucrose . There have been concerns over aspartame since approval in the 1980s including a large anecdotal data base reporting severe symptoms . The objective of this study was to compare the acute symptom effects of aspartame to a control preparation . Methods This was a double-blind r and omized cross over study conducted in a clinical research unit in United Kingdom . Forty-eight individual who has self reported sensitivity to aspartame were compared to 48 age and gender matched aspartame non-sensitive individuals . They were given aspartame (100mg)-containing or control snack bars r and omly at least 7 days apart . The main outcome measures were acute effects of aspartame measured using repeated ratings of 14 symptoms , biochemistry and metabonomics . Results Aspartame sensitive and non-sensitive participants differed psychologically at baseline in h and ling feelings and perceived stress . Sensitive participants had higher triglycerides ( 2.05 ± 1.44 vs. 1.26 ± 0.84mmol/L ; p value 0.008 ) and lower HDL-C ( 1.16 ± 0.34 vs. 1.35 ± 0.54 mmol/L ; p value 0.04 ) , reflected in 1H NMR serum analysis that showed differences in the baseline lipid content between the two groups . Urine metabonomic studies showed no significant differences . None of the rated symptoms differed between aspartame and control bars , or between sensitive and control participants . However , aspartame sensitive participants rated more symptoms particularly in the first test session , whether this was placebo or control . Aspartame and control bars affected GLP-1 , GIP , tyrosine and phenylalanine levels equally in both aspartame sensitive and non-sensitive subjects . Conclusion Using a comprehensive battery of psychological tests , biochemistry and state of the art metabonomics there was no evidence of any acute adverse responses to aspartame . This independent study gives reassurance to both regulatory bodies and the public that acute ingestion of aspartame does not have any detectable psychological or metabolic effects in humans . Trial Registration IS RCT N Registry IS RCT BACKGROUND The consumption of sucrose-sweetened soft drinks ( SSSDs ) has been associated with obesity , the metabolic syndrome , and cardiovascular disorders in observational and short-term intervention studies . Too few long-term intervention studies in humans have examined the effects of soft drinks . OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of SSSDs with those of isocaloric milk and a noncaloric soft drink on changes in total fat mass and ectopic fat deposition ( in liver and muscle tissue ) . DESIGN Overweight subjects ( n = 47 ) were r and omly assigned to 4 different test drinks ( 1 L/d for 6 mo ) : SSSD ( regular cola ) , isocaloric semiskim milk , aspartame-sweetened diet cola , and water . The amount of intrahepatic fat and intramyocellular fat was measured with (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Other endpoints were fat mass , fat distribution ( dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging ) , and metabolic risk factors . RESULTS The relative changes between baseline and the end of 6-mo intervention were significantly higher in the regular cola group than in the 3 other groups for liver fat ( 132 - 143 % , sex-adjusted mean ; P < 0.01 ) , skeletal muscle fat ( 117 - 221 % ; P < 0.05 ) , visceral fat ( 24 - 31 % ; P < 0.05 ) , blood triglycerides ( 32 % ; P < 0.01 ) , and total cholesterol ( 11 % ; P < 0.01 ) . Total fat mass was not significantly different between the 4 beverage groups . Milk and diet cola reduced systolic blood pressure by 10 - 15 % compared with regular cola ( P < 0.05 ) . Otherwise , diet cola had effects similar to those of water . CONCLUSION Daily intake of SSSDs for 6 mo increases ectopic fat accumulation and lipids compared with milk , diet cola , and water . Thus , daily intake of SSSDs is likely to enhance the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases . This trial is registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00777647 CONTEXT Sugar-sweetened beverages like soft drinks and fruit punches contain large amounts of readily absorbable sugars and may contribute to weight gain and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes , but these relationships have been minimally addressed in adults . OBJECTIVE To examine the association between consumption of sugar- 
    Output:
    