human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background This study was conducted to investigate whether the most common injuries in soccer could be prevented , and to determine if a simple question naire could identify players at increased risk . Hypothesis Introduction of targeted exercise programs to male soccer players with a history of previous injury or reduced function in the ankle , knee , hamstring , or groin will prevent injuries . Study Design R and omized controlled trial ; Level of evidence , 2 . Methods A total of 508 players representing 31 teams were included in the study . A question naire indicating previous injury and /or reduced function as inclusion criteria was used to divide the players into high-risk ( HR ) ( 76 % ) and low-risk ( LR ) groups . The HR players were r and omized individually into an HR intervention group or HR control group . Results A total of 505 injuries were reported , sustained by 56 % of the players . The total injury incidence was a mean of 3.2 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 2.5–3.9 ) in the LR control group , 5.3 ( 95 % Cl , 4.6–6.0 ) in the HR control group ( P = .0001 vs the LR control group ) , and 4.9 ( 95 % Cl , 4.3–5.6 ) in the HR intervention group ( P = .50 vs the HR control group ) . For the main outcome measure , the sum of injuries to the ankle , knee , hamstring , and groin , there was also a significantly lower injury risk in the LR control group compared with the 2 other groups , but no difference between the HR intervention group and the HR control group . Compliance with the training programs in the HR intervention group was poor , with only 27.5 % in the ankle group , 29.2 % in the knee group , 21.1 % in the hamstring group , and 19.4 % in the groin defined as having carried out the minimum recommended training volume . Conclusion The players with a significantly increased risk of injury were able to be identified through the use of a question naire , but player compliance with the training programs prescribed was low and any effect of the intervention on injury risk could not be detected Objective : To evaluate the effect of kinesio tape ( KT ) on proprioception of the ankle . Design : Case-control study . Setting : Controlled laboratory . Participants : Twenty-eight subjects participated in this study : 14 subjects were in the control group ( no history of ankle injuries ) and 14 subjects were in the functional ankle instability ( FAI ) group ( history of ankle injuries and a recent history of giving way ) . Interventions : Subjects in the FAI group received lateral ankle sprain KT application , whereas those in the control group received no tape application . Main Outcome Measures : Proprioception was measured using eversion force sense . This task was performed at 30 % of the eversion maximum voluntary isometric contraction . Force sense was tested at baseline , immediately after KT application , and 72 hours after KT application . Results : Results revealed a significant time by group interaction ( P = 0.03 ) . At baseline and immediately after KT , subjects in the FAI group had significantly more force sense errors than those in the control group . However , after wearing the tape for 72 hours , no significant differences were identified between the groups . Conclusions : We found that after wearing KT for an extended amount of time , proprioceptive deficits were improved . After the tape application , the improvements result ed in similar conscious proprioceptive awareness in both the subjects with and without ankle instability This study examined the relationship between participation restrictions in activities of daily living and sports  following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction ( ACLR )  and the status of knee structures , performance-based activity limitations , and impairments . Fifty subjects ( 36 men , 14 women , age=20.6±1.3 years ) at a mean of 31.0±16.3 months following ACLR participated in this study .  Participation restrictions in activities of daily living and sports were measured by the combined scores of the Knee Outcome Survey Activities of Daily Living Scale and Sports Activity Scale . The status of knee structures was assessed by determining the number of previously injured structures in the knee and the time from the most recent ACLR to testing  . Performance-based activity limitations were assessed with the single leg hop for distance test . Impairments included isokinetic quadriceps function and anterior tibiofemoral joint laxity . Forward stepwise regression analysis revealed that while the number of injured knee structures alone accounted for 47 % of the variability in patient-reported participation restrictions , the combination of the number of injured knee structures , time from ACLR , and the hop index provided the most effective estimate of participation restrictions . Isokinetic quadriceps function and KT-1000 side-to-side differences were not entered into the regression model and were not significant predictors of participation restrictions . We recommend that clinicians use caution in assuming that isokinetic quadriceps function and anterior tibiofemoral joint laxity provide an effective estimate of participation restrictions STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study . OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of 2 adhesive tape conditions compared to a no-tape condition on muscle activity of the fibularis longus during a sudden inversion perturbation in male athletes ( soccer , team h and ball , basketball ) . BACKGROUND Ankle sprains are common in sports , and the fibularis muscles play a role in providing functional stability of the ankle . Prophylactic ankle taping with nonelastic sports tape has been used to restrict ankle inversion . Kinesio Tape , an elastic sports tape , has not been studied for that purpose . METHODS Fifty-one male premier-league athletes were tested for functional stability of both ankles with the Star Excursion Balance Test . Based on the results , those with the 15 highest and those with the 15 lowest stability scores were selected for further testing . Muscle activity of the fibularis longus was recorded with surface electromyography during a sudden inversion perturbation . Each participant was tested under 3 conditions : ankle taped with nonelastic white sports tape , ankle taped with Kinesio Tape , and no ankle taping . Differences in mean muscle activity were evaluated with a 3-way mixed-model analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) for the 3 conditions , across four 500-millisecond time frames , and between the 2 groups of stable versus unstable participants . Differences in peak muscle activity and in the time to peak muscle activity were evaluated with a 2-way mixed-model ANOVA . RESULTS Significantly greater mean muscle activity was found when ankles were taped with nonelastic tape compared to no tape , while Kinesio Tape had no significant effect on mean or maximum muscle activity compared to the no-tape condition . Neither stability level nor taping condition had a significant effect on the amount of time from perturbation to maximum activity of the fibularis longus muscle . CONCLUSION Nonelastic sports tape may enhance dynamic muscle support of the ankle . The efficacy of Kinesio Tape in preventing ankle sprains via the same mechanism is unlikely , as it had no effect on muscle activation of the fibularis longus OBJECTIVE To examine the natural recovery of mechanical laxity after an ankle sprain over an 8-week period . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study . SETTING Biodynamics research laboratory . PARTICIPANTS Subjects with an acute lateral ankle sprain ( n=16 ; 7 men , 9 women ; age , 19.5+/-0.7y ; mass , 64.6+/-8.1 kg ; height , 171.9+/-9.6 cm ) and healthy controls ( n=16 ; 7 men , 9 women ; age , 20.4+/-1.7y ; mass , 76.9+/-11.1 kg ; height , 176.5+/-11.1 cm ) participated . INTERVENTIONS Not applicable . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Subjects with acute ankle sprains were tested 3 days after injury and again 8 weeks later . Anterior and posterior displacement ( mm ) and inversion and eversion rotation ( degrees ) were measured with an instrumented arthrometer . For each dependent variable , a 2 x 2 x 2 repeated- measures multivariate analysis of variance was performed . RESULTS A significant interaction was found between group , time , and side for anterior translation ( F=4.24 , P=.05 ) . There were also significant main effects for group . There was significantly more anterior displacement at day 3 ( F=19.52 , P=.001 ) and at week 8 ( F=8.45 , P=.010 ) in the injured group compared with the healthy group . There was also significantly more inversion rotation at day 3 ( F=2.70 , P=.002 ) and at week 8 ( F=5.4 , P=.033 ) in the injured group compared with the healthy group . CONCLUSIONS The lack of significant differences in mechanical laxity over an 8-week period suggests that natural recovery of laxity takes longer than 8 weeks . Further research needs to be conducted to examine how long this laxity persists and the role ankle rehabilitation plays in mechanical stability restoration INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Ankle injuries are one of the most common injuries among physically active individuals . The role of prophylactic ankle taping and bracing has been studied extensively . Kinesio ( ® ) Tape ( KT ) is a somewhat new type of taping technique gaining popularity as both treatment and performance enhancement tool . However , there is limited research on the effect of KT on functional performance . PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether the application of Kinesio Tex ( ® ) Tape had an effect on vertical jump and dynamic postural control in healthy young individuals . METHODS 52 healthy subjects free of ankle or lower extremity problems ( 28 males and 24 females ; age : 22.12±2.08 years ; height : 170.77±8.69 cm ; weight : 69.90±12.03 kg ) participated in the study . Subjects were r and omly assigned to either the experimental group ( KT with tension ) or the control group ( KT without tension )  . Vertical jump was measured using the VertiMetric device and dynamic postural control was assessed using the Star Excursion Balance Test ( SEBT ) under three conditions : ( 1 ) without taping ; ( 2 ) immediately after taping ; ( 3 ) 24 hours after taping with the taping remaining in situ . RESULTS Three-way repeated measure ANOVA was conducted in order to identify differences between the experimental and the control group during the three conditions . Overall , there were no differences between groups in vertical jump maximum height , vertical jump average height , or the SEBT scores for the three time periods ( pre-test , post-test , 24hrs-post-test ) . However , the main effect of KT was moderated by a significant gender interaction , result ing in a statistically significant effect of KT for the SEBT scores in the posterior-medial direction , F(1.72 , 82.57 ) = 4.50 , p = 0.018 and the medial direction , F(1.75 , 83.81 ) = 4.27 , p = 0.021 . Follow-up analyses indicated that female subjects in the KT group had increased SEBT scores between three time periods when compared to the placebo group . DISCUSSION KT application on the ankle neither decreased nor increased vertical jump height in healthy non-injured young individuals , but did increase dynamic postural control in females for certain directions . Additional study is warranted using different measures of balance to further investigate the effect of KT on dynamic postural control . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b 
    Output:
    
agent
No adverse events were reported .
Kinesiotape may produce different effects in healthy and injured ankles .
In healthy ankles , kinesiotape may increase postural control , whereas in injured ankles it may improve proprioception , plantarflexor endurance and the performance of activities .
CONCLUSIONS It is recommended that kinesiotape may be used in clinical practice to prevent lateral ankle injuries ( through its effects on postural control ) and manage lateral ankle injuries due to its positive effects on proprioception , muscle endurance and activity performance .
It appears that kinesiotape may not provide sufficient mechanical support to improve postural control in unstable ankles .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background This study was conducted to investigate whether the most common injuries in soccer could be prevented , and to determine if a simple question naire could identify players at increased risk . Hypothesis Introduction of targeted exercise programs to male soccer players with a history of previous injury or reduced function in the ankle , knee , hamstring , or groin will prevent injuries . Study Design R and omized controlled trial ; Level of evidence , 2 . Methods A total of 508 players representing 31 teams were included in the study . A question naire indicating previous injury and /or reduced function as inclusion criteria was used to divide the players into high-risk ( HR ) ( 76 % ) and low-risk ( LR ) groups . The HR players were r and omized individually into an HR intervention group or HR control group . Results A total of 505 injuries were reported , sustained by 56 % of the players . The total injury incidence was a mean of 3.2 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 2.5–3.9 ) in the LR control group , 5.3 ( 95 % Cl , 4.6–6.0 ) in the HR control group ( P = .0001 vs the LR control group ) , and 4.9 ( 95 % Cl , 4.3–5.6 ) in the HR intervention group ( P = .50 vs the HR control group ) . For the main outcome measure , the sum of injuries to the ankle , knee , hamstring , and groin , there was also a significantly lower injury risk in the LR control group compared with the 2 other groups , but no difference between the HR intervention group and the HR control group . Compliance with the training programs in the HR intervention group was poor , with only 27.5 % in the ankle group , 29.2 % in the knee group , 21.1 % in the hamstring group , and 19.4 % in the groin defined as having carried out the minimum recommended training volume . Conclusion The players with a significantly increased risk of injury were able to be identified through the use of a question naire , but player compliance with the training programs prescribed was low and any effect of the intervention on injury risk could not be detected Objective : To evaluate the effect of kinesio tape ( KT ) on proprioception of the ankle . Design : Case-control study . Setting : Controlled laboratory . Participants : Twenty-eight subjects participated in this study : 14 subjects were in the control group ( no history of ankle injuries ) and 14 subjects were in the functional ankle instability ( FAI ) group ( history of ankle injuries and a recent history of giving way ) . Interventions : Subjects in the FAI group received lateral ankle sprain KT application , whereas those in the control group received no tape application . Main Outcome Measures : Proprioception was measured using eversion force sense . This task was performed at 30 % of the eversion maximum voluntary isometric contraction . Force sense was tested at baseline , immediately after KT application , and 72 hours after KT application . Results : Results revealed a significant time by group interaction ( P = 0.03 ) . At baseline and immediately after KT , subjects in the FAI group had significantly more force sense errors than those in the control group . However , after wearing the tape for 72 hours , no significant differences were identified between the groups . Conclusions : We found that after wearing KT for an extended amount of time , proprioceptive deficits were improved . After the tape application , the improvements result ed in similar conscious proprioceptive awareness in both the subjects with and without ankle instability This study examined the relationship between participation restrictions in activities of daily living and sports  following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction ( ACLR )  and the status of knee structures , performance-based activity limitations , and impairments . Fifty subjects ( 36 men , 14 women , age=20.6±1.3 years ) at a mean of 31.0±16.3 months following ACLR participated in this study .  Participation restrictions in activities of daily living and sports were measured by the combined scores of the Knee Outcome Survey Activities of Daily Living Scale and Sports Activity Scale . The status of knee structures was assessed by determining the number of previously injured structures in the knee and the time from the most recent ACLR to testing  . Performance-based activity limitations were assessed with the single leg hop for distance test . Impairments included isokinetic quadriceps function and anterior tibiofemoral joint laxity . Forward stepwise regression analysis revealed that while the number of injured knee structures alone accounted for 47 % of the variability in patient-reported participation restrictions , the combination of the number of injured knee structures , time from ACLR , and the hop index provided the most effective estimate of participation restrictions . Isokinetic quadriceps function and KT-1000 side-to-side differences were not entered into the regression model and were not significant predictors of participation restrictions . We recommend that clinicians use caution in assuming that isokinetic quadriceps function and anterior tibiofemoral joint laxity provide an effective estimate of participation restrictions STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study . OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of 2 adhesive tape conditions compared to a no-tape condition on muscle activity of the fibularis longus during a sudden inversion perturbation in male athletes ( soccer , team h and ball , basketball ) . BACKGROUND Ankle sprains are common in sports , and the fibularis muscles play a role in providing functional stability of the ankle . Prophylactic ankle taping with nonelastic sports tape has been used to restrict ankle inversion . Kinesio Tape , an elastic sports tape , has not been studied for that purpose . METHODS Fifty-one male premier-league athletes were tested for functional stability of both ankles with the Star Excursion Balance Test . Based on the results , those with the 15 highest and those with the 15 lowest stability scores were selected for further testing . Muscle activity of the fibularis longus was recorded with surface electromyography during a sudden inversion perturbation . Each participant was tested under 3 conditions : ankle taped with nonelastic white sports tape , ankle taped with Kinesio Tape , and no ankle taping . Differences in mean muscle activity were evaluated with a 3-way mixed-model analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) for the 3 conditions , across four 500-millisecond time frames , and between the 2 groups of stable versus unstable participants . Differences in peak muscle activity and in the time to peak muscle activity were evaluated with a 2-way mixed-model ANOVA . RESULTS Significantly greater mean muscle activity was found when ankles were taped with nonelastic tape compared to no tape , while Kinesio Tape had no significant effect on mean or maximum muscle activity compared to the no-tape condition . Neither stability level nor taping condition had a significant effect on the amount of time from perturbation to maximum activity of the fibularis longus muscle . CONCLUSION Nonelastic sports tape may enhance dynamic muscle support of the ankle . The efficacy of Kinesio Tape in preventing ankle sprains via the same mechanism is unlikely , as it had no effect on muscle activation of the fibularis longus OBJECTIVE To examine the natural recovery of mechanical laxity after an ankle sprain over an 8-week period . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study . SETTING Biodynamics research laboratory . PARTICIPANTS Subjects with an acute lateral ankle sprain ( n=16 ; 7 men , 9 women ; age , 19.5+/-0.7y ; mass , 64.6+/-8.1 kg ; height , 171.9+/-9.6 cm ) and healthy controls ( n=16 ; 7 men , 9 women ; age , 20.4+/-1.7y ; mass , 76.9+/-11.1 kg ; height , 176.5+/-11.1 cm ) participated . INTERVENTIONS Not applicable . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Subjects with acute ankle sprains were tested 3 days after injury and again 8 weeks later . Anterior and posterior displacement ( mm ) and inversion and eversion rotation ( degrees ) were measured with an instrumented arthrometer . For each dependent variable , a 2 x 2 x 2 repeated- measures multivariate analysis of variance was performed . RESULTS A significant interaction was found between group , time , and side for anterior translation ( F=4.24 , P=.05 ) . There were also significant main effects for group . There was significantly more anterior displacement at day 3 ( F=19.52 , P=.001 ) and at week 8 ( F=8.45 , P=.010 ) in the injured group compared with the healthy group . There was also significantly more inversion rotation at day 3 ( F=2.70 , P=.002 ) and at week 8 ( F=5.4 , P=.033 ) in the injured group compared with the healthy group . CONCLUSIONS The lack of significant differences in mechanical laxity over an 8-week period suggests that natural recovery of laxity takes longer than 8 weeks . Further research needs to be conducted to examine how long this laxity persists and the role ankle rehabilitation plays in mechanical stability restoration INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Ankle injuries are one of the most common injuries among physically active individuals . The role of prophylactic ankle taping and bracing has been studied extensively . Kinesio ( ® ) Tape ( KT ) is a somewhat new type of taping technique gaining popularity as both treatment and performance enhancement tool . However , there is limited research on the effect of KT on functional performance . PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether the application of Kinesio Tex ( ® ) Tape had an effect on vertical jump and dynamic postural control in healthy young individuals . METHODS 52 healthy subjects free of ankle or lower extremity problems ( 28 males and 24 females ; age : 22.12±2.08 years ; height : 170.77±8.69 cm ; weight : 69.90±12.03 kg ) participated in the study . Subjects were r and omly assigned to either the experimental group ( KT with tension ) or the control group ( KT without tension )  . Vertical jump was measured using the VertiMetric device and dynamic postural control was assessed using the Star Excursion Balance Test ( SEBT ) under three conditions : ( 1 ) without taping ; ( 2 ) immediately after taping ; ( 3 ) 24 hours after taping with the taping remaining in situ . RESULTS Three-way repeated measure ANOVA was conducted in order to identify differences between the experimental and the control group during the three conditions . Overall , there were no differences between groups in vertical jump maximum height , vertical jump average height , or the SEBT scores for the three time periods ( pre-test , post-test , 24hrs-post-test ) . However , the main effect of KT was moderated by a significant gender interaction , result ing in a statistically significant effect of KT for the SEBT scores in the posterior-medial direction , F(1.72 , 82.57 ) = 4.50 , p = 0.018 and the medial direction , F(1.75 , 83.81 ) = 4.27 , p = 0.021 . Follow-up analyses indicated that female subjects in the KT group had increased SEBT scores between three time periods when compared to the placebo group . DISCUSSION KT application on the ankle neither decreased nor increased vertical jump height in healthy non-injured young individuals , but did increase dynamic postural control in females for certain directions . Additional study is warranted using different measures of balance to further investigate the effect of KT on dynamic postural control . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b 
    Output:
    