human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The effect of partial dietary replacement of linoleic acid ( 18:2n-6 ; linoleic acid-rich diet ) with alpha-linolenic acid ( 18:3n-3 ; alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet ) on plasma lipids was investigated in twenty-nine healthy young men . After a 2-week stabilization period subjects were r and omly assigned to either the alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet group ( n 15 ) , receiving a mean of 10.1 g of alpha-linolenic acid and 12.1 g of linoleic acid/d , or the linoleic acid-rich diet group ( n 14 ) , receiving a mean of 1.0 g of alpha-linolenic acid and 21.0 g of linoleic acid/d , for a 6-week test period . Blood sample s were taken at the commencement of the stabilization period and at the start ( week 0 ) , midpoint ( week 3 ) and endpoint ( week 6 ) of the test period and plasma lipids analysed . The changes occurring on the linoleic acid-rich diet and alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet were compared but no significant differences in the changes in plasma total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , the subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 or triacylglycerols were found . These results indicate that dietary replacement of linoleic acid with alpha-linolenic acid in the diet of healthy male subjects offers similar cardioprotective benefits with respect to lipid metabolism The study hypothesis was that fasting glucose , insulin , fructosamine , C-reactive protein , and interleukin-6 decrease and adiponectin increases with daily flaxseed consumption in overweight or obese individuals with pre-diabetes . In this r and omized , cross-over study overweight or obese men and postmenopausal women ( n = 25 ) with pre-diabetes consumed 0 , 13 , or 26 g ground flaxseed for 12 weeks . Glucose , insulin , homeostatic model assessment ( HOMA-IR ) , and normalized percent of α-linolenic fatty acid ( ALA ) were significantly different by treatment ( multiple analysis of variance , P = .036 , P = .013 , P = .008 , P = .024 respectively ) . Paired t tests showed glucose decreased on the 13 g intervention compared to the 0 g period [ 13 g = -2.10 ± 1.66 mg/L ( mean ± SEM ) , 0 g = 9.22 ± 4.44 mg/L , P = .036 ] . Insulin decreased on the 13 g intervention but not the 26 g ( P = .021 ) and 0 g ( P = .013 ) periods ( 13 g = -2.12 ± 1.00 mU/L , 26 g = 0.67 ± 0.84 mU/L , 0 g = 1.20 ± 1.16 mU/L ) . HOMA-IR decreased on the 13 g period but not on the 26 g ( P = .012 ) and 0 g ( P = .008 ) periods ( 13 g = -0.71 ± 0.31 , 26 g = 0.27 ± 0.24 , 0 g = 0.51 ± 0.35 ) . The α-linolenic fatty acid decrease for the 0 g period was different than the 13 g ( P = .024 ) and 26 g ( P = .000 ) periods ( 13 g = 0.20 ± 0.04 , 26 g = 0.35 ± 0.07 , 0 g = -0.01 ± 0.07 ) . Fructosamine , high sensitivity C-reactive protein , adiponectin , and high-sensitivity interleukin-6 had no significant  differences . Flaxseed intake  decreased glucose and insulin and improved insulin sensitivity as part of a habitual diet in overweight or obese individuals with pre-diabetes Background Flaxseed has received attention for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role . The present study hypothesizes if flaxseed added to a weight loss diet could improve the lipid and metabolic profiles and decrease risk factors related to cardiovascular disease . Methods In a prospect i ve , single blinded 42 days protocol , subjects were allocated into two groups with low carbohydrates intake : GriceLC ( 35 % of carbohydrate and 60 g of raw rice powder per day ) and GflaxLC ( 32 % of carbohydrate and 60 g of flaxseed powder per day ) . Blood pressure , anthropometric measures and serum levels of isoprostane , C-reactive protein , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , glucose , lipidic profile , uric acid , adiponectin , leptin and insulin were measured at baseline and at the end of interventions . Serum and urinary enterodiol and enterolactione were also measured . Results A total of 27 men with cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated , with mean age of 33 ± 10 years to GriceLC and 40 ± 9 years to GflaxLC . Both groups experienced weight loss and systolic blood pressure reduction . A decrease in inflammatory markers ( CRP and TNF-α ) was observed after flaxseed intake ( mean decrease of 25 % and 46 % for GflaxLC respectively ) . All groups also showed improvement in levels of total cholesterol , LDL-c , uric acid and adiponectin . Only GflaxLC group showed a decrease in triglyceride levels . Conclusion This study suggests that flaxseed added to a weight loss diet could be an important nutritional strategy to reduce inflammation markers such as CRP and TNF-α . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT02132728 Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of foods enriched with vegetable oils varying in their n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids profile on  cardiovascular risk factors for hypertriglyceridemic subjects . Methods Fifty-nine hypertriglyceridemic subjects ( triglycerides ≥ 1.5 mmol/L ) were included in the r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover study . The placebo group received sunflower oil [ linoleic acid ( LA ) group ; 10 g LA/day ] . The intervention groups received linseed oil [ α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) group ; 7 g ALA/day ] , echium oil [ stearidonic acid ( SDA ) group ; 2 g SDA/day ] or microalgae oil [ docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) group ; 2 g DHA/day ] over 10 weeks . Blood sample s were collected at baseline and at the end of each period . Results Total cholesterol ( TC ) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly in the LA and ALA groups ( LA : P ≤ 0.01 , ALA : P ≤ 0.05 ) . No changes in blood lipids were observed in the SDA group . Significant increases in TC and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol occurred in the DHA group ( P ≤ 0.05 ) . In the ALA and SDA groups , the content of eicosapentaenoic acid in erythrocyte lipids increased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05 ) after 10 weeks ( ALA group : 38 ± 37 % , SDA group : 73 ± 59 % ) . Conclusion Foods enriched with different vegetable oils rich in ALA or SDA are able to increase the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids content in erythrocyte lipids ; echium oil is more potent in comparison with linseed oil . Blood lipids were beneficially modified through the consumption of food products enriched with sunflower , linseed and microalgae oils , whereas echium oil did not affect blood lipids . Clinical Trials.gov : NCT01437930 Background Dietary fibers have been proposed to play a role in cardiovascular risk as well as body weight management . Flaxseeds are a good source of dietary fibers , and a large proportion of these are water-soluble viscous fibers . Method Here , we examine the effect of flaxseed dietary fibers in different food matrices on blood lipids and fecal excretion of fat and energy in a double-blind r and omized crossover study with 17 subjects . Three different 7-d diets were tested : a low-fiber control diet ( Control ) , a diet with flaxseed fiber drink ( 3/day ) ( Flax drink ) , and a diet with flaxseed fiber bread ( 3/day ) ( Flax bread ) . Total fat and energy excretion was measured in feces , blood sample s were collected before and after each period , and appetite sensation registered 3 times daily before main meals . Results Compared to control , Flax drink lowered fasting total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol by 12 and 15 % , respectively , ( p < 0.01 ) , whereas Flax bread only produced a reduction of 7 and 9 % , respectively ( p < 0.05 ) . Fecal fat and energy excretion increased by 50 and 23 % with Flax drink consumption compared to control ( p < 0.05 ) , but only fecal fat excretion was increased with Flax bread compared to control ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion Both Flax drink and Flax bread result ed in decreased plasma total and LDL-cholesterol and increased fat excretion , but the food matrix and /or processing may be of importance . Viscous flaxseed dietary fibers may be a useful tool for lowering blood cholesterol and potentially play a role in energy balance . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov : Background Linseed oil has been investigated as a rich source of n-3 series polyunsaturated fatty acids , which mainly produce a non-atherogenic lipid profile . The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of linseed oil supplementation associated with nutritional guidelines on the lipid profiles of older adults , according to the intake of saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) . Methods We conducted a double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial with 110 older adults r and omized in two groups : placebo and linseed oil .  The linseed oil group received supplementation with 3 g of linseed oil . Both groups received nutritional guidance and were supplemented for 90 days with monthly blood collection for biochemical analysis . The dietary intake of saturated fat was subdivided into low ( < 7 % SFA/day of the total energy value ) and high consumption groups ( > 7 % SFA/day of the total energy value ) . Results Low SFA ( < 7 % SFA/day of total energy value ) consumption was associated with lower total cholesterol concentrations . However , we observed that the linseed oil group , including older adults who consumed > 7 % SFA/day , had a greater reduction in total cholesterol than the placebo group ( P=0.020 ) . The same was observed for low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol ( P<0.050 ) , suggesting an additive effect of linseed oil and diet . High-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol concentrations were increased significantly in only the linseed group , suggesting that the nutritional intervention alone did not improve HDL cholesterol . Conclusion The results suggest that the nutritional intervention was effective , but linseed oil showed notable effects by increasing the HDL cholesterol concentration . In addition , consumption of < 7 % SFA/day of the total energy value increased the effect of linseed oil , demonstrating the importance of reducing the consumption of saturated fat The n-6/n-3 fatty acid ( FA ) ratio has increased in the Western-style diet to ~10–15:1 during the last century , which may have contributed to the rise in cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Prior studies have evaluated the effects on CVD risk factors of manipulating the levels of n-6 and n-3 FA using food and supplements or investigated the metabolic fate of linoleic acid ( LNA ) and α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) by varying the n-6/n-3 ratios . However , no previous studies have investigated the potential interaction between diet ratios and supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA , 20:5n-3 ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA , 22:6n-3 ) . We used a factorial design approach with adults ( n = 24 ) in a controlled feeding trial to compare the accretion of EPA and DHA into red blood cell membranes ( RBC ) by adding a direct source ( algal oil supplement ) of EPA and DHA in a diet with a 10:1 versus 2:1 ratio of n-6/n-3 FA . Subjects were r and omized into 8-week crossover diet sequences and each subject consumed three of four diets [ 10:1 , 10:1 plus supplement ( 10:1 + S ) , 2:1 and 2:1 + S ] . LNA and ALA intakes were 9.4 and 7.7 % , and 1.0 and 3.0 % during the low and high ALA diets , respectively . Compared to the Western-style 10:1 diet , the 2:1 diet increased EPA by 60 % ( P < 0.0001 ) in RBC membranes without the direct EPA source and a 34 % increase ( P = 0.027 ) was observed with the 10:1 + S diet ; however , DHA levels increased in both diet r 
    Output:
    
agent
Subgroup analyses showed that using whole flaxseed in doses ≥30 g d-1 , longer-term interventions ( ≥12 weeks ) and studies including participants with higher BMI ( ≥ 27 kg m-2 ) had positive effects on body composition  .
Whole flaxseed is a good choice for weight management particularly for weight reduction in overweight and obese participants
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The effect of partial dietary replacement of linoleic acid ( 18:2n-6 ; linoleic acid-rich diet ) with alpha-linolenic acid ( 18:3n-3 ; alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet ) on plasma lipids was investigated in twenty-nine healthy young men . After a 2-week stabilization period subjects were r and omly assigned to either the alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet group ( n 15 ) , receiving a mean of 10.1 g of alpha-linolenic acid and 12.1 g of linoleic acid/d , or the linoleic acid-rich diet group ( n 14 ) , receiving a mean of 1.0 g of alpha-linolenic acid and 21.0 g of linoleic acid/d , for a 6-week test period . Blood sample s were taken at the commencement of the stabilization period and at the start ( week 0 ) , midpoint ( week 3 ) and endpoint ( week 6 ) of the test period and plasma lipids analysed . The changes occurring on the linoleic acid-rich diet and alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet were compared but no significant differences in the changes in plasma total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , the subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 or triacylglycerols were found . These results indicate that dietary replacement of linoleic acid with alpha-linolenic acid in the diet of healthy male subjects offers similar cardioprotective benefits with respect to lipid metabolism The study hypothesis was that fasting glucose , insulin , fructosamine , C-reactive protein , and interleukin-6 decrease and adiponectin increases with daily flaxseed consumption in overweight or obese individuals with pre-diabetes . In this r and omized , cross-over study overweight or obese men and postmenopausal women ( n = 25 ) with pre-diabetes consumed 0 , 13 , or 26 g ground flaxseed for 12 weeks . Glucose , insulin , homeostatic model assessment ( HOMA-IR ) , and normalized percent of α-linolenic fatty acid ( ALA ) were significantly different by treatment ( multiple analysis of variance , P = .036 , P = .013 , P = .008 , P = .024 respectively ) . Paired t tests showed glucose decreased on the 13 g intervention compared to the 0 g period [ 13 g = -2.10 ± 1.66 mg/L ( mean ± SEM ) , 0 g = 9.22 ± 4.44 mg/L , P = .036 ] . Insulin decreased on the 13 g intervention but not the 26 g ( P = .021 ) and 0 g ( P = .013 ) periods ( 13 g = -2.12 ± 1.00 mU/L , 26 g = 0.67 ± 0.84 mU/L , 0 g = 1.20 ± 1.16 mU/L ) . HOMA-IR decreased on the 13 g period but not on the 26 g ( P = .012 ) and 0 g ( P = .008 ) periods ( 13 g = -0.71 ± 0.31 , 26 g = 0.27 ± 0.24 , 0 g = 0.51 ± 0.35 ) . The α-linolenic fatty acid decrease for the 0 g period was different than the 13 g ( P = .024 ) and 26 g ( P = .000 ) periods ( 13 g = 0.20 ± 0.04 , 26 g = 0.35 ± 0.07 , 0 g = -0.01 ± 0.07 ) . Fructosamine , high sensitivity C-reactive protein , adiponectin , and high-sensitivity interleukin-6 had no significant  differences . Flaxseed intake  decreased glucose and insulin and improved insulin sensitivity as part of a habitual diet in overweight or obese individuals with pre-diabetes Background Flaxseed has received attention for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role . The present study hypothesizes if flaxseed added to a weight loss diet could improve the lipid and metabolic profiles and decrease risk factors related to cardiovascular disease . Methods In a prospect i ve , single blinded 42 days protocol , subjects were allocated into two groups with low carbohydrates intake : GriceLC ( 35 % of carbohydrate and 60 g of raw rice powder per day ) and GflaxLC ( 32 % of carbohydrate and 60 g of flaxseed powder per day ) . Blood pressure , anthropometric measures and serum levels of isoprostane , C-reactive protein , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , glucose , lipidic profile , uric acid , adiponectin , leptin and insulin were measured at baseline and at the end of interventions . Serum and urinary enterodiol and enterolactione were also measured . Results A total of 27 men with cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated , with mean age of 33 ± 10 years to GriceLC and 40 ± 9 years to GflaxLC . Both groups experienced weight loss and systolic blood pressure reduction . A decrease in inflammatory markers ( CRP and TNF-α ) was observed after flaxseed intake ( mean decrease of 25 % and 46 % for GflaxLC respectively ) . All groups also showed improvement in levels of total cholesterol , LDL-c , uric acid and adiponectin . Only GflaxLC group showed a decrease in triglyceride levels . Conclusion This study suggests that flaxseed added to a weight loss diet could be an important nutritional strategy to reduce inflammation markers such as CRP and TNF-α . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT02132728 Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of foods enriched with vegetable oils varying in their n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids profile on  cardiovascular risk factors for hypertriglyceridemic subjects . Methods Fifty-nine hypertriglyceridemic subjects ( triglycerides ≥ 1.5 mmol/L ) were included in the r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover study . The placebo group received sunflower oil [ linoleic acid ( LA ) group ; 10 g LA/day ] . The intervention groups received linseed oil [ α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) group ; 7 g ALA/day ] , echium oil [ stearidonic acid ( SDA ) group ; 2 g SDA/day ] or microalgae oil [ docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) group ; 2 g DHA/day ] over 10 weeks . Blood sample s were collected at baseline and at the end of each period . Results Total cholesterol ( TC ) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly in the LA and ALA groups ( LA : P ≤ 0.01 , ALA : P ≤ 0.05 ) . No changes in blood lipids were observed in the SDA group . Significant increases in TC and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol occurred in the DHA group ( P ≤ 0.05 ) . In the ALA and SDA groups , the content of eicosapentaenoic acid in erythrocyte lipids increased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05 ) after 10 weeks ( ALA group : 38 ± 37 % , SDA group : 73 ± 59 % ) . Conclusion Foods enriched with different vegetable oils rich in ALA or SDA are able to increase the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids content in erythrocyte lipids ; echium oil is more potent in comparison with linseed oil . Blood lipids were beneficially modified through the consumption of food products enriched with sunflower , linseed and microalgae oils , whereas echium oil did not affect blood lipids . Clinical Trials.gov : NCT01437930 Background Dietary fibers have been proposed to play a role in cardiovascular risk as well as body weight management . Flaxseeds are a good source of dietary fibers , and a large proportion of these are water-soluble viscous fibers . Method Here , we examine the effect of flaxseed dietary fibers in different food matrices on blood lipids and fecal excretion of fat and energy in a double-blind r and omized crossover study with 17 subjects . Three different 7-d diets were tested : a low-fiber control diet ( Control ) , a diet with flaxseed fiber drink ( 3/day ) ( Flax drink ) , and a diet with flaxseed fiber bread ( 3/day ) ( Flax bread ) . Total fat and energy excretion was measured in feces , blood sample s were collected before and after each period , and appetite sensation registered 3 times daily before main meals . Results Compared to control , Flax drink lowered fasting total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol by 12 and 15 % , respectively , ( p < 0.01 ) , whereas Flax bread only produced a reduction of 7 and 9 % , respectively ( p < 0.05 ) . Fecal fat and energy excretion increased by 50 and 23 % with Flax drink consumption compared to control ( p < 0.05 ) , but only fecal fat excretion was increased with Flax bread compared to control ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion Both Flax drink and Flax bread result ed in decreased plasma total and LDL-cholesterol and increased fat excretion , but the food matrix and /or processing may be of importance . Viscous flaxseed dietary fibers may be a useful tool for lowering blood cholesterol and potentially play a role in energy balance . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov : Background Linseed oil has been investigated as a rich source of n-3 series polyunsaturated fatty acids , which mainly produce a non-atherogenic lipid profile . The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of linseed oil supplementation associated with nutritional guidelines on the lipid profiles of older adults , according to the intake of saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) . Methods We conducted a double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial with 110 older adults r and omized in two groups : placebo and linseed oil .  The linseed oil group received supplementation with 3 g of linseed oil . Both groups received nutritional guidance and were supplemented for 90 days with monthly blood collection for biochemical analysis . The dietary intake of saturated fat was subdivided into low ( < 7 % SFA/day of the total energy value ) and high consumption groups ( > 7 % SFA/day of the total energy value ) . Results Low SFA ( < 7 % SFA/day of total energy value ) consumption was associated with lower total cholesterol concentrations . However , we observed that the linseed oil group , including older adults who consumed > 7 % SFA/day , had a greater reduction in total cholesterol than the placebo group ( P=0.020 ) . The same was observed for low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol ( P<0.050 ) , suggesting an additive effect of linseed oil and diet . High-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol concentrations were increased significantly in only the linseed group , suggesting that the nutritional intervention alone did not improve HDL cholesterol . Conclusion The results suggest that the nutritional intervention was effective , but linseed oil showed notable effects by increasing the HDL cholesterol concentration . In addition , consumption of < 7 % SFA/day of the total energy value increased the effect of linseed oil , demonstrating the importance of reducing the consumption of saturated fat The n-6/n-3 fatty acid ( FA ) ratio has increased in the Western-style diet to ~10–15:1 during the last century , which may have contributed to the rise in cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Prior studies have evaluated the effects on CVD risk factors of manipulating the levels of n-6 and n-3 FA using food and supplements or investigated the metabolic fate of linoleic acid ( LNA ) and α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) by varying the n-6/n-3 ratios . However , no previous studies have investigated the potential interaction between diet ratios and supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA , 20:5n-3 ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA , 22:6n-3 ) . We used a factorial design approach with adults ( n = 24 ) in a controlled feeding trial to compare the accretion of EPA and DHA into red blood cell membranes ( RBC ) by adding a direct source ( algal oil supplement ) of EPA and DHA in a diet with a 10:1 versus 2:1 ratio of n-6/n-3 FA . Subjects were r and omized into 8-week crossover diet sequences and each subject consumed three of four diets [ 10:1 , 10:1 plus supplement ( 10:1 + S ) , 2:1 and 2:1 + S ] . LNA and ALA intakes were 9.4 and 7.7 % , and 1.0 and 3.0 % during the low and high ALA diets , respectively . Compared to the Western-style 10:1 diet , the 2:1 diet increased EPA by 60 % ( P < 0.0001 ) in RBC membranes without the direct EPA source and a 34 % increase ( P = 0.027 ) was observed with the 10:1 + S diet ; however , DHA levels increased in both diet r 
    Output:
    