human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Previous research has found similarities between addiction to psychoactive substances and excessive food consumption . Further exploration is needed to evaluate the concept of " food addiction , " as there is currently a lack of psychometrically vali date d measurement tools in this area . The current study represents a preliminary exploration of the Yale Food Addiction Scale ( YFAS ) , design ed to identify those exhibiting signs of addiction towards certain types of foods ( e.g. , high fat and high sugar ) . Survey data were collected from 353 respondents from a stratified r and om sample of young adults . In addition to the YFAS , the survey assessed eating pathology , alcohol consumption and other health behaviors . The YFAS exhibited adequate internal reliability , and showed good convergent validity with measures of similar constructs and good discriminant validity relative to related but dissimilar constructs . Additionally , the YFAS predicted binge-eating behavior above and beyond existing measures of eating pathology , demonstrating incremental validity . The YFAS is a sound tool for identifying eating patterns that are similar to behaviors seen in classic areas of addiction . Further evaluation of the scale is needed , especially due to a low response rate of 24.5 % and a non- clinical sample , but confirmation of the reliability and validity of the scale has the potential to facilitate empirical research on the concept of " food addiction " OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the construct validity of the Three-Factor Eating Question naire ( TFEQ ) in obese men and women . SUBJECTS : A total of 4377 middle-aged , obese subjects in the Swedish Obese Subjects ( SOS ) study . METHODS : The total sample was r and omly split into two data subsets and psychometric testing was performed separately in each sample . Multitrait/multi-item analysis was conducted to test scaling assumptions and factor analysis was used to test the factor structure . Measures of mental well-being ( MACL , HAD ) were used for testing criterion-based validity . RESULTS : The Cognitive Restraint factor was consistently reproduced and scaling analysis demonstrated strong item-scale discriminant validity , while the item-scale convergent validity was unsatisfactory . The internal structure of the Disinhibition scale was weak . Most Disinhibition and Hunger items grouped in one global factor labeled Uncontrolled Eating . A third cluster containing items on Emotional Eating was also identified . The obtained three-factor structure was cross-vali date d and replicated across subgroups by gender , age and BMI . CONCLUSION : The original TFEQ factor structure was not replicated . A short , revised 18-item instrument was constructed , representing the derived factors of Cognitive Restraint , Uncontrolled Eating and Emotional Eating . The most efficient items were used to boost both the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales The purpose of this study was to conduct an assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons . Two question naires were developed . A 16-item Binge Eating Scale was constructed describing both behavioral manifestations ( e.g. , eating large amounts of food ) and feeling/cognitions surrounding a binge episode ( e.g. , guilt , fear of being unable to stop eating ) . An 11-item Cognitive Factors Scale was developed measure two cognitive phenomena thought to be related to binge eating : the tendency to set unrealistic st and ards for a diet ( e.g. , eliminating " favorite foods " ) and low efficacy expectations for sustaining a diet . The results showed that the Binge Eating Scale successfully discriminated among persons judged by trained interviewers to have either no , moderate or severe binge eating problems . Significant correlation between the scales were obtained such that severe bingers tended to set up diets which were unrealistically strict while reporting low efficacy expectations to sustain a diet . The discussion highlighted the differences among obese persons on binge eating severity  and emphasized the role of cognitions in the relapse of self control of eating Underst and ing why people select certain food items in everyday life is crucial for the creation of interventions to promote normal eating and to prevent the development of obesity and eating disorders . The Eating Motivation Survey ( TEMS ) was developed within a frame of three different studies . In Study 1 , a total of 331 motives for eating behavior were generated on the basis of different data sources ( previous research , nutritionist interviews , and expert discussion s ) . In Study 2 , 1250 respondents were provided with a set of motives from Study 1 and the Eating Motivation Survey was finalized . In Study 3 , a sample of 1040 participants filled in the Eating Motivation Survey .  Confirmatory factor analysis with fifteen factors for food choice yielded a satisfactory model fit for a full ( 78 items ) and brief survey version ( 45 items ) with RMSEA .048 and .037 , 90 % CI .047-.049 and .035-.039 , respectively . Factor structure was generally invariant across r and om selected groups , gender , and BMI , which indicates a high stability for the Eating Motivation Survey . On the mean level , however , significant differences in motivation for food choice associated with gender , age , and BMI emerged . Implication s of the fifteen distinct motivations to choose foods in everyday life are discussed Behavioral obesity research ers are increasingly concerned with thorough assessment of obesity . The present report describes the preliminary testing and refinement of the Master Question naire ( MQ ) , a true-false scale developed expressly for use in obesity research . It was initially divided into four subscales : Spouse Support , Energy Balance Habits , Cognitive Factors , and Energy Balance Knowledge , and was intended for use as an outcome measure and as a predictor of change in obesity status . Its stability , internal consistency , sensitivity to treatment-related change , and predictive validity were examined . Test-retest reliability and sensitivity to treatment-related change were each found to be acceptable for three out of four subscales . Two subscales , Energy Balance Knowledge and Cognitive Factors , predicted outcome . The major weakness of the subscales was a lack of unidimensionality which would limit their utility . Cluster and factor analyses were used to develop five new subscales with acceptable levels of internal consistency . While some additional development and validation is still needed , the available evidence suggests that we have the nucleus of a strong assessment tool for obesity research The Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence ( SCIRE ) is a synthesis of the research evidence underlying rehabilitation interventions to improve the health of people living with SCI . SCIRE covers a comprehensive set of topics and in this issue we present six papers relevant to SCI rehabilitation clinicians ( SCI inpatient rehabilitation practice s , gait strategies , upper extremity reconstructive surgery , spasticity treatments , cardiovascular health and bone health ) . The SCIRE used a systematic and well-defined protocol to assess and synthesize the evidence . Each article was scored for its method ological quality using either the Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) Score for r and omized controlled trials or the Downs and Black Tool for other types of studies . Following the individual study assessment , conclusions were drawn about the accumulated studies for each topic of interest based on the levels of evidence , quality of studies and concurring evidence . The SCIRE project was design ed for health professionals to inform them of best practice OBJECTIVE This study examined the clinical significance of  loss of control ( LOC ) over eating in bariatric surgery patients over 24 months of prospect i ve , multiwave follow-ups . METHOD Three hundred sixty-one gastric bypass surgery patients completed a battery of assessment s before surgery and at 6 , 12 , and 24 months following surgery . In addition to weight loss and LOC over eating , the assessment s targeted eating disorder psychopathology , depression levels , and quality of life . The study was conducted between January 2002 and February 2008 . RESULTS Prior to surgery , 61 % of patients reported general LOC ; postsurgery , 31 % reported LOC at 6-month follow-up , 36 % reported LOC at 12-month follow-up , and 39 % reported LOC at 24-month follow-up . Preoperative LOC did not predict postoperative outcomes . In contrast , mixed models analyses revealed that postsurgery LOC was predictive of weight loss outcomes : patients with LOC postsurgery lost significantly less weight at 12-month ( 34.6 % vs 37.2 % BMI loss ) and 24-month ( 35.8 % vs 39.1 % BMI loss ) postsurgery follow-ups . Postsurgery LOC also significantly predicted eating disorder psychopathology , depression , and quality of life at 12- and 24-month postsurgery follow-ups . CONCLUSIONS Preoperative LOC does not appear to be a negative prognostic indicator for postsurgical outcomes . Postoperative LOC , however , significantly predicts poorer postsurgical weight loss and psychosocial outcomes at 12 and 24 months following surgery . Since LOC following bariatric surgery significantly predicts attenuated postsurgical improvements , it may signal a need for clinical attention 
    Output:
    
agent
Validity varied extensively and there was a widespread lack of information regarding measurement of change over time and patient burden .
According to the evaluation criteria , there was adequate support for two tools .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Previous research has found similarities between addiction to psychoactive substances and excessive food consumption . Further exploration is needed to evaluate the concept of " food addiction , " as there is currently a lack of psychometrically vali date d measurement tools in this area . The current study represents a preliminary exploration of the Yale Food Addiction Scale ( YFAS ) , design ed to identify those exhibiting signs of addiction towards certain types of foods ( e.g. , high fat and high sugar ) . Survey data were collected from 353 respondents from a stratified r and om sample of young adults . In addition to the YFAS , the survey assessed eating pathology , alcohol consumption and other health behaviors . The YFAS exhibited adequate internal reliability , and showed good convergent validity with measures of similar constructs and good discriminant validity relative to related but dissimilar constructs . Additionally , the YFAS predicted binge-eating behavior above and beyond existing measures of eating pathology , demonstrating incremental validity . The YFAS is a sound tool for identifying eating patterns that are similar to behaviors seen in classic areas of addiction . Further evaluation of the scale is needed , especially due to a low response rate of 24.5 % and a non- clinical sample , but confirmation of the reliability and validity of the scale has the potential to facilitate empirical research on the concept of " food addiction " OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the construct validity of the Three-Factor Eating Question naire ( TFEQ ) in obese men and women . SUBJECTS : A total of 4377 middle-aged , obese subjects in the Swedish Obese Subjects ( SOS ) study . METHODS : The total sample was r and omly split into two data subsets and psychometric testing was performed separately in each sample . Multitrait/multi-item analysis was conducted to test scaling assumptions and factor analysis was used to test the factor structure . Measures of mental well-being ( MACL , HAD ) were used for testing criterion-based validity . RESULTS : The Cognitive Restraint factor was consistently reproduced and scaling analysis demonstrated strong item-scale discriminant validity , while the item-scale convergent validity was unsatisfactory . The internal structure of the Disinhibition scale was weak . Most Disinhibition and Hunger items grouped in one global factor labeled Uncontrolled Eating . A third cluster containing items on Emotional Eating was also identified . The obtained three-factor structure was cross-vali date d and replicated across subgroups by gender , age and BMI . CONCLUSION : The original TFEQ factor structure was not replicated . A short , revised 18-item instrument was constructed , representing the derived factors of Cognitive Restraint , Uncontrolled Eating and Emotional Eating . The most efficient items were used to boost both the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales The purpose of this study was to conduct an assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons . Two question naires were developed . A 16-item Binge Eating Scale was constructed describing both behavioral manifestations ( e.g. , eating large amounts of food ) and feeling/cognitions surrounding a binge episode ( e.g. , guilt , fear of being unable to stop eating ) . An 11-item Cognitive Factors Scale was developed measure two cognitive phenomena thought to be related to binge eating : the tendency to set unrealistic st and ards for a diet ( e.g. , eliminating " favorite foods " ) and low efficacy expectations for sustaining a diet . The results showed that the Binge Eating Scale successfully discriminated among persons judged by trained interviewers to have either no , moderate or severe binge eating problems . Significant correlation between the scales were obtained such that severe bingers tended to set up diets which were unrealistically strict while reporting low efficacy expectations to sustain a diet . The discussion highlighted the differences among obese persons on binge eating severity  and emphasized the role of cognitions in the relapse of self control of eating Underst and ing why people select certain food items in everyday life is crucial for the creation of interventions to promote normal eating and to prevent the development of obesity and eating disorders . The Eating Motivation Survey ( TEMS ) was developed within a frame of three different studies . In Study 1 , a total of 331 motives for eating behavior were generated on the basis of different data sources ( previous research , nutritionist interviews , and expert discussion s ) . In Study 2 , 1250 respondents were provided with a set of motives from Study 1 and the Eating Motivation Survey was finalized . In Study 3 , a sample of 1040 participants filled in the Eating Motivation Survey .  Confirmatory factor analysis with fifteen factors for food choice yielded a satisfactory model fit for a full ( 78 items ) and brief survey version ( 45 items ) with RMSEA .048 and .037 , 90 % CI .047-.049 and .035-.039 , respectively . Factor structure was generally invariant across r and om selected groups , gender , and BMI , which indicates a high stability for the Eating Motivation Survey . On the mean level , however , significant differences in motivation for food choice associated with gender , age , and BMI emerged . Implication s of the fifteen distinct motivations to choose foods in everyday life are discussed Behavioral obesity research ers are increasingly concerned with thorough assessment of obesity . The present report describes the preliminary testing and refinement of the Master Question naire ( MQ ) , a true-false scale developed expressly for use in obesity research . It was initially divided into four subscales : Spouse Support , Energy Balance Habits , Cognitive Factors , and Energy Balance Knowledge , and was intended for use as an outcome measure and as a predictor of change in obesity status . Its stability , internal consistency , sensitivity to treatment-related change , and predictive validity were examined . Test-retest reliability and sensitivity to treatment-related change were each found to be acceptable for three out of four subscales . Two subscales , Energy Balance Knowledge and Cognitive Factors , predicted outcome . The major weakness of the subscales was a lack of unidimensionality which would limit their utility . Cluster and factor analyses were used to develop five new subscales with acceptable levels of internal consistency . While some additional development and validation is still needed , the available evidence suggests that we have the nucleus of a strong assessment tool for obesity research The Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence ( SCIRE ) is a synthesis of the research evidence underlying rehabilitation interventions to improve the health of people living with SCI . SCIRE covers a comprehensive set of topics and in this issue we present six papers relevant to SCI rehabilitation clinicians ( SCI inpatient rehabilitation practice s , gait strategies , upper extremity reconstructive surgery , spasticity treatments , cardiovascular health and bone health ) . The SCIRE used a systematic and well-defined protocol to assess and synthesize the evidence . Each article was scored for its method ological quality using either the Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) Score for r and omized controlled trials or the Downs and Black Tool for other types of studies . Following the individual study assessment , conclusions were drawn about the accumulated studies for each topic of interest based on the levels of evidence , quality of studies and concurring evidence . The SCIRE project was design ed for health professionals to inform them of best practice OBJECTIVE This study examined the clinical significance of  loss of control ( LOC ) over eating in bariatric surgery patients over 24 months of prospect i ve , multiwave follow-ups . METHOD Three hundred sixty-one gastric bypass surgery patients completed a battery of assessment s before surgery and at 6 , 12 , and 24 months following surgery . In addition to weight loss and LOC over eating , the assessment s targeted eating disorder psychopathology , depression levels , and quality of life . The study was conducted between January 2002 and February 2008 . RESULTS Prior to surgery , 61 % of patients reported general LOC ; postsurgery , 31 % reported LOC at 6-month follow-up , 36 % reported LOC at 12-month follow-up , and 39 % reported LOC at 24-month follow-up . Preoperative LOC did not predict postoperative outcomes . In contrast , mixed models analyses revealed that postsurgery LOC was predictive of weight loss outcomes : patients with LOC postsurgery lost significantly less weight at 12-month ( 34.6 % vs 37.2 % BMI loss ) and 24-month ( 35.8 % vs 39.1 % BMI loss ) postsurgery follow-ups . Postsurgery LOC also significantly predicted eating disorder psychopathology , depression , and quality of life at 12- and 24-month postsurgery follow-ups . CONCLUSIONS Preoperative LOC does not appear to be a negative prognostic indicator for postsurgical outcomes . Postoperative LOC , however , significantly predicts poorer postsurgical weight loss and psychosocial outcomes at 12 and 24 months following surgery . Since LOC following bariatric surgery significantly predicts attenuated postsurgical improvements , it may signal a need for clinical attention 
    Output:
    