human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND & AIMS Type 2 diabetes has been associated with dysbiosis and one of the possible routes to restore a healthy gut microbiota is by the regular ingestion of probiotics . We aim ed to investigate the effects of probiotics on glycemic control , lipid profile , inflammation , oxidative stress and short chain fatty acids in T2D . METHODS In a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial , 50 volunteers consumed daily 120 g/d of fermented milk for 6 wk . Participants were assigned into two groups : probiotic group , consuming fermented milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis BB-12 ( 109 colony-forming units/d , each ) and control group , consuming conventional fermented milk .  Anthropometric measurements , body composition , fasting blood and faecal sample s were taken at baseline and after 6 wk . RESULTS 45 subjects out of 50 ( 90 % ) completed follow-up . After 6 wk , there was a significant decrease in fructosamine levels ( -9.91 mmol/L ; p = 0.04 ) and hemoglobin A1c tended to be lower ( -0.67 % ; p=0.06 ) in probiotic group . TNF-α and resistin were significantly reduced in probiotic and control groups ( -1.5 and -1.3 pg/mL , -.1 and -2.8 ng/mL , respectively ) , while IL-10 was significantly reduced ( - 0.65 pg/mL ; p < 0.001 ) only in the control group . Fecal acetic acid was increased in both groups ( 0.58 and 0.59 % in probiotic and control groups , respectively ; p < 0.01 ) . There was a significant difference between groups concerning mean changes of HbA1c ( + 0.31 for control group vs -0.65 for probiotic group ; p=0.02 ) , total cholesterol ( + 0.55 for control group vs -0.15 for probiotic group ; p=0.04 ) and LDL-cholesterol ( + 0.36 for control group vs -0.20 for probiotic group p=0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Probiotic consumption improved the glycemic control in T2D subjects , however , the intake of fermented milk seems to be involved with others metabolic changes , such as decrease in inflammatory cytokines ( TNF-α and resistin ) and increase in the acetic acid Microbial modulation of diabetes Short-chain fatty acids ( SCFAs ) are produced by various human gut microbes . SCFAs act as an energy source to the colonic epithelium and are also sensed by host signaling pathways that modulate appetite and inflammation . Deficiency of gut SCFAs is associated with type 2 diabetes . Zhao et al. found that adopting a high-fiber diet promoted the growth of SCFA-producing organisms in diabetic humans . The high-fiber diet induced changes in the entire gut microbe community and correlated with elevated levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 , a decline in acetylated hemoglobin levels , and improved blood-glucose regulation . Science , this issue p. 1151 Increasing dietary fiber intake increases the abundance of short-chain fatty acid – producing gut microbes and relieves diabetes . The gut microbiota benefits humans via short-chain fatty acid ( SCFA ) production from carbohydrate fermentation , and deficiency in SCFA production is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . We conducted a r and omized clinical study of specifically design ed isoenergetic diets , together with fecal shotgun metagenomics , to show that a select group of SCFA-producing strains was promoted by dietary fibers and that most other potential producers were either diminished or unchanged in patients with T2DM . When the fiber-promoted SCFA producers were present in greater diversity and abundance , participants had better improvement in hemoglobin A1c levels , partly via increased glucagon-like peptide-1 production . Promotion of these positive responders diminished producers of metabolically detrimental compounds such as indole and hydrogen sulfide . Targeted restoration of these SCFA producers may present a novel ecological approach for managing T2DM Aim Evidence of a possible connection between gut microbiota and several physiological processes linked to type 2 diabetes is increasing . However , the effect of multi-strain probiotics in people with type 2 diabetes remains unclear . This study investigated the effect of multi-strain microbial cell preparation — also refers to multi-strain probiotics — on glycemic control and other diabetes-related outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes . Design A r and omized , double-blind , parallel-group , controlled clinical trial . Setting Diabetes clinic of a teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Participants A total of 136 participants with type 2 diabetes , aged 30–70 years , were recruited and r and omly assigned to receive either probiotics ( n = 68 ) or placebo ( n = 68 ) for 12 weeks . Outcomes Primary outcomes were glycemic control-related parameters , and secondary outcomes were anthropomorphic variables , lipid profile , blood pressure and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein . The Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium quantities were measured before and after intervention as an indicator of successful passage of the supplement through gastrointestinal tract . Statistical analysis Intention-to-treat ( ITT ) analysis was performed on all participants , while per- protocol ( PP ) analysis was performed on those participants who had successfully completed the trial with good compliance rate . Results With respect to primary outcomes , glycated hemoglobin decreased by 0.14 % in the probiotics and increased by 0.02 % in the placebo group in PP analysis ( p < 0.05 , small effect size of 0.050 ) , while these changes were not significant in ITT analysis . Fasting insulin increased by 1.8 µU/mL in placebo group and decreased by 2.9 µU/mL in probiotics group in PP analysis . These changes were significant between groups at both analyses ( p < 0.05 , medium effect size of 0.062 in PP analysis and small effect size of 0.033 in ITT analysis ) . Secondary outcomes did not change  significantly . Probiotics successfully passed through the gastrointestinal tract . Conclusion Probiotics modestly improved HbA1c and fasting insulin in people with type 2 diabetes Introduction : The role of inflammatory cytokines in diabetes and its complications has been shown in some studies . The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of probiotic and conventional yogurt on inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes . Methods : Forty-four patients with type 2 diabetes were participated in this r and omized , double-blind controlled clinical trial and assigned to two intervention and control groups . The subjects in the intervention group consumed 300 g/d probiotic yogurt and subjects in the control group consumed 300 g/d conventional yogurt for 8 weeks . Anthropometric indices , dietary intakes , and serum levels of glucose , HbA1c , IL-6 , TNF-α and hs-CRP were evaluated at the beginning and end of the intervention . Results : For anthropometric indices and dietary intakes , no significant differences were seen within and between groups post intervention ( p > 0.05 ) . The consumption of probiotic yogurt caused significant decrease in HbA1c and TNF-α levels ( p= 0.032 and p= 0.040 , respectively ) in the intervention group . Conclusion : It is suggested that probiotic yogurt may be used as an alternative prevention approach and treatment method to control diabetic complications OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes . Among various functional foods with an antioxidant effect , probiotic foods have been reported to repress oxidative stress . The objective of this clinical trial was to assess the effects of probiotic and conventional yogurt on blood glucose and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients . METHODS Sixty-four patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus , 30 to 60 y old , were assigned to two groups in this r and omized , double-blind , controlled clinical trial . The patients in the intervention group consumed 300 g/d of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 and those in the control group consumed 300 g/d of conventional yogurt for 6 wk .  Fasting blood sample s , 24-h dietary recalls , and anthropometric measurements were collected at the baseline and at the end of the trial . RESULTS Probiotic yogurt significantly decreased fasting blood glucose ( P < 0.01 ) and hemoglobin A1c ( P < 0.05 ) and increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and total antioxidant status ( P < 0.05 ) compared with the control group . In addition , the serum malondialdehyde concentration significantly decreased compared with the baseline value in both groups ( P < 0.05 ) . No significant changes from baseline were shown in insulin concentration and erythrocyte catalase activity within either group ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The consumption of probiotic yogurt improved fasting blood glucose and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients . These results suggest that probiotic yogurt is a promising agent for diabetes management Objectives : To our knowledge , no reports are available indicating the effects of synbiotic bread consumption on nitric oxide ( NO ) , biomarkers of oxidative stress , and liver enzymes among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . This study was performed to determine the effects of the daily consumption of synbiotic bread on NO , biomarkers of oxidative stress , and liver enzymes in patients with T2DM . Methods : This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was performed among 81 patients with diabetes , aged 35–70 years old . After a 2-week run-in period , patients were r and omly divided into 3 groups : group A ( n = 27 ) received synbiotic bread containing viable and the heat-resistant probiotic Lactobacillus sporogenes ( 1 × 108 CFU ) and 0.07 g inulin per 1 g , group B ( n = 27 ) received probiotic bread containing Lactobacillus sporogenes ( 1 × 108 CFU ) , and group C ( n = 27 ) received control bread for 8 weeks . Patients were asked to consume the synbiotic , probiotic , or control breads 3 times a day in 40 g packages for a total of 120 g/day . Fasting blood sample s were taken at baseline and after an 8-week intervention for quantificationof related markers . Results : After 8 weeks , the consumption of synbiotic bread compared to the probiotic and control breads result ed in a significant rise in plasma NO ( 40.6 ± 34.4 vs 18.5 ± 36.2 and −0.8 ± 24.5 µmol/L , respectively , p < 0.001 ) and a significant reduction in malondialdehyde ( MDA ) levels ( −0.7 ± 0.7 vs 0.6 ± 1.7 and 0.5 ± 1.5 µmol/L , respectively , p = 0.001 ) . We did not find any significant effect of the synbiotic bread consumption on plasma total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) , plasma glutathione ( GSH ) , catalase , serum liver enzymes , calcium , iron , magnesium levels , and blood pressure compared to the probiotic and control breads . Conclusion : In conclusion , consumption of the synbiotic bread for 8 weeks among patients with T2DM had beneficial effects on plasma NO and MDA levels ; however , it did not affect plasma TAC , GSH , catalase levels , serum liver enzymes , calcium , iron , magnesium levels , and blood pressure OBJECTIVE Diabetic kidney disease ( DKD ) is one the most important complications of diabetes leading to end-stage renal disease . This study aim ed to determine the effects of probiotic soy milk consumption on oxidative stress biomarkers in type 2 DKD patients . METHODS Forty-eight patients were r and omly assigned to consume a diet containing 200 mL/day probiotic soy milk in the intervention group or soy milk in the control condition . As determinants of oxidative stress , malondialdehyde , 8-iso-prostagl and in F2α , oxidized glutathione , total antioxidant capacity , reduced glutathione ( GSH ) , glutathione peroxidase , and glutathione reductase were measured after 8 weeks of intervention according to the st and ard protocol . RESULTS Between groups analysis showed that DKD patients in the probiotic soy milk group had a higher mean value of GSH compared with those in the soy milk group . In the final adjusted model , this difference remained significant . Consistently , oxidized glutathione concentration was significantly reduced among patients in the probiotic soy milk group . Also , for activity levels of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase , significant increased levels were observed between 2 intervention groups in the final adjusted model 
    Output:
    
agent
The results of this systematic review and meta‐ analysis suggest that probiotic and synbiotic supplementation may help to improve biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic patients .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND & AIMS Type 2 diabetes has been associated with dysbiosis and one of the possible routes to restore a healthy gut microbiota is by the regular ingestion of probiotics . We aim ed to investigate the effects of probiotics on glycemic control , lipid profile , inflammation , oxidative stress and short chain fatty acids in T2D . METHODS In a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial , 50 volunteers consumed daily 120 g/d of fermented milk for 6 wk . Participants were assigned into two groups : probiotic group , consuming fermented milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis BB-12 ( 109 colony-forming units/d , each ) and control group , consuming conventional fermented milk .  Anthropometric measurements , body composition , fasting blood and faecal sample s were taken at baseline and after 6 wk . RESULTS 45 subjects out of 50 ( 90 % ) completed follow-up . After 6 wk , there was a significant decrease in fructosamine levels ( -9.91 mmol/L ; p = 0.04 ) and hemoglobin A1c tended to be lower ( -0.67 % ; p=0.06 ) in probiotic group . TNF-α and resistin were significantly reduced in probiotic and control groups ( -1.5 and -1.3 pg/mL , -.1 and -2.8 ng/mL , respectively ) , while IL-10 was significantly reduced ( - 0.65 pg/mL ; p < 0.001 ) only in the control group . Fecal acetic acid was increased in both groups ( 0.58 and 0.59 % in probiotic and control groups , respectively ; p < 0.01 ) . There was a significant difference between groups concerning mean changes of HbA1c ( + 0.31 for control group vs -0.65 for probiotic group ; p=0.02 ) , total cholesterol ( + 0.55 for control group vs -0.15 for probiotic group ; p=0.04 ) and LDL-cholesterol ( + 0.36 for control group vs -0.20 for probiotic group p=0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Probiotic consumption improved the glycemic control in T2D subjects , however , the intake of fermented milk seems to be involved with others metabolic changes , such as decrease in inflammatory cytokines ( TNF-α and resistin ) and increase in the acetic acid Microbial modulation of diabetes Short-chain fatty acids ( SCFAs ) are produced by various human gut microbes . SCFAs act as an energy source to the colonic epithelium and are also sensed by host signaling pathways that modulate appetite and inflammation . Deficiency of gut SCFAs is associated with type 2 diabetes . Zhao et al. found that adopting a high-fiber diet promoted the growth of SCFA-producing organisms in diabetic humans . The high-fiber diet induced changes in the entire gut microbe community and correlated with elevated levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 , a decline in acetylated hemoglobin levels , and improved blood-glucose regulation . Science , this issue p. 1151 Increasing dietary fiber intake increases the abundance of short-chain fatty acid – producing gut microbes and relieves diabetes . The gut microbiota benefits humans via short-chain fatty acid ( SCFA ) production from carbohydrate fermentation , and deficiency in SCFA production is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . We conducted a r and omized clinical study of specifically design ed isoenergetic diets , together with fecal shotgun metagenomics , to show that a select group of SCFA-producing strains was promoted by dietary fibers and that most other potential producers were either diminished or unchanged in patients with T2DM . When the fiber-promoted SCFA producers were present in greater diversity and abundance , participants had better improvement in hemoglobin A1c levels , partly via increased glucagon-like peptide-1 production . Promotion of these positive responders diminished producers of metabolically detrimental compounds such as indole and hydrogen sulfide . Targeted restoration of these SCFA producers may present a novel ecological approach for managing T2DM Aim Evidence of a possible connection between gut microbiota and several physiological processes linked to type 2 diabetes is increasing . However , the effect of multi-strain probiotics in people with type 2 diabetes remains unclear . This study investigated the effect of multi-strain microbial cell preparation — also refers to multi-strain probiotics — on glycemic control and other diabetes-related outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes . Design A r and omized , double-blind , parallel-group , controlled clinical trial . Setting Diabetes clinic of a teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Participants A total of 136 participants with type 2 diabetes , aged 30–70 years , were recruited and r and omly assigned to receive either probiotics ( n = 68 ) or placebo ( n = 68 ) for 12 weeks . Outcomes Primary outcomes were glycemic control-related parameters , and secondary outcomes were anthropomorphic variables , lipid profile , blood pressure and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein . The Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium quantities were measured before and after intervention as an indicator of successful passage of the supplement through gastrointestinal tract . Statistical analysis Intention-to-treat ( ITT ) analysis was performed on all participants , while per- protocol ( PP ) analysis was performed on those participants who had successfully completed the trial with good compliance rate . Results With respect to primary outcomes , glycated hemoglobin decreased by 0.14 % in the probiotics and increased by 0.02 % in the placebo group in PP analysis ( p < 0.05 , small effect size of 0.050 ) , while these changes were not significant in ITT analysis . Fasting insulin increased by 1.8 µU/mL in placebo group and decreased by 2.9 µU/mL in probiotics group in PP analysis . These changes were significant between groups at both analyses ( p < 0.05 , medium effect size of 0.062 in PP analysis and small effect size of 0.033 in ITT analysis ) . Secondary outcomes did not change  significantly . Probiotics successfully passed through the gastrointestinal tract . Conclusion Probiotics modestly improved HbA1c and fasting insulin in people with type 2 diabetes Introduction : The role of inflammatory cytokines in diabetes and its complications has been shown in some studies . The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of probiotic and conventional yogurt on inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes . Methods : Forty-four patients with type 2 diabetes were participated in this r and omized , double-blind controlled clinical trial and assigned to two intervention and control groups . The subjects in the intervention group consumed 300 g/d probiotic yogurt and subjects in the control group consumed 300 g/d conventional yogurt for 8 weeks . Anthropometric indices , dietary intakes , and serum levels of glucose , HbA1c , IL-6 , TNF-α and hs-CRP were evaluated at the beginning and end of the intervention . Results : For anthropometric indices and dietary intakes , no significant differences were seen within and between groups post intervention ( p > 0.05 ) . The consumption of probiotic yogurt caused significant decrease in HbA1c and TNF-α levels ( p= 0.032 and p= 0.040 , respectively ) in the intervention group . Conclusion : It is suggested that probiotic yogurt may be used as an alternative prevention approach and treatment method to control diabetic complications OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes . Among various functional foods with an antioxidant effect , probiotic foods have been reported to repress oxidative stress . The objective of this clinical trial was to assess the effects of probiotic and conventional yogurt on blood glucose and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients . METHODS Sixty-four patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus , 30 to 60 y old , were assigned to two groups in this r and omized , double-blind , controlled clinical trial . The patients in the intervention group consumed 300 g/d of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 and those in the control group consumed 300 g/d of conventional yogurt for 6 wk .  Fasting blood sample s , 24-h dietary recalls , and anthropometric measurements were collected at the baseline and at the end of the trial . RESULTS Probiotic yogurt significantly decreased fasting blood glucose ( P < 0.01 ) and hemoglobin A1c ( P < 0.05 ) and increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and total antioxidant status ( P < 0.05 ) compared with the control group . In addition , the serum malondialdehyde concentration significantly decreased compared with the baseline value in both groups ( P < 0.05 ) . No significant changes from baseline were shown in insulin concentration and erythrocyte catalase activity within either group ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The consumption of probiotic yogurt improved fasting blood glucose and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients . These results suggest that probiotic yogurt is a promising agent for diabetes management Objectives : To our knowledge , no reports are available indicating the effects of synbiotic bread consumption on nitric oxide ( NO ) , biomarkers of oxidative stress , and liver enzymes among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . This study was performed to determine the effects of the daily consumption of synbiotic bread on NO , biomarkers of oxidative stress , and liver enzymes in patients with T2DM . Methods : This r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was performed among 81 patients with diabetes , aged 35–70 years old . After a 2-week run-in period , patients were r and omly divided into 3 groups : group A ( n = 27 ) received synbiotic bread containing viable and the heat-resistant probiotic Lactobacillus sporogenes ( 1 × 108 CFU ) and 0.07 g inulin per 1 g , group B ( n = 27 ) received probiotic bread containing Lactobacillus sporogenes ( 1 × 108 CFU ) , and group C ( n = 27 ) received control bread for 8 weeks . Patients were asked to consume the synbiotic , probiotic , or control breads 3 times a day in 40 g packages for a total of 120 g/day . Fasting blood sample s were taken at baseline and after an 8-week intervention for quantificationof related markers . Results : After 8 weeks , the consumption of synbiotic bread compared to the probiotic and control breads result ed in a significant rise in plasma NO ( 40.6 ± 34.4 vs 18.5 ± 36.2 and −0.8 ± 24.5 µmol/L , respectively , p < 0.001 ) and a significant reduction in malondialdehyde ( MDA ) levels ( −0.7 ± 0.7 vs 0.6 ± 1.7 and 0.5 ± 1.5 µmol/L , respectively , p = 0.001 ) . We did not find any significant effect of the synbiotic bread consumption on plasma total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) , plasma glutathione ( GSH ) , catalase , serum liver enzymes , calcium , iron , magnesium levels , and blood pressure compared to the probiotic and control breads . Conclusion : In conclusion , consumption of the synbiotic bread for 8 weeks among patients with T2DM had beneficial effects on plasma NO and MDA levels ; however , it did not affect plasma TAC , GSH , catalase levels , serum liver enzymes , calcium , iron , magnesium levels , and blood pressure OBJECTIVE Diabetic kidney disease ( DKD ) is one the most important complications of diabetes leading to end-stage renal disease . This study aim ed to determine the effects of probiotic soy milk consumption on oxidative stress biomarkers in type 2 DKD patients . METHODS Forty-eight patients were r and omly assigned to consume a diet containing 200 mL/day probiotic soy milk in the intervention group or soy milk in the control condition . As determinants of oxidative stress , malondialdehyde , 8-iso-prostagl and in F2α , oxidized glutathione , total antioxidant capacity , reduced glutathione ( GSH ) , glutathione peroxidase , and glutathione reductase were measured after 8 weeks of intervention according to the st and ard protocol . RESULTS Between groups analysis showed that DKD patients in the probiotic soy milk group had a higher mean value of GSH compared with those in the soy milk group . In the final adjusted model , this difference remained significant . Consistently , oxidized glutathione concentration was significantly reduced among patients in the probiotic soy milk group . Also , for activity levels of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase , significant increased levels were observed between 2 intervention groups in the final adjusted model 
    Output:
    