human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE To analyze the cause of GI symptoms after  pelvic radiotherapy ( RT )  in a consecutive series of patients with symptoms beginning after RT . A striking lack of evidence is available concerning the optimal treatment for the 50 % of patients who develop permanent changes in bowel habits affecting their quality of life after pelvic RT . As a result , in the UK , most such patients are never referred to a gastroenterologist . METHODS AND MATERIAL S All diagnoses were prospect ively recorded from a consecutive series of patients with symptoms that started after RT and who were referred during a 32-month period to a gastroenterology clinic . Patients either underwent direct access flexible sigmoidoscopy or were investigated in a st and ard manner by one gastroenterologist after first being seen in the clinic . RESULTS A total of 265 patients referred from 15 institutions were investigated . They included 90 women ( median age , 61.5 years ; range , 22 - 84 years ) and 175 men ( median age , 70 years ; range , 31 - 85 years ) . RT had been completed a median of 3 years ( range , 0.1 - 34 years ) before the study in the women and 2 years ( range , 0 - 21 years ) before in the men . Of the 265 patients , 171 had primary urologic , 78 gynecologic , and 16 GI tumors . The GI symptoms included rectal bleeding in 171 , urgency in 82 , frequency in 80 , tenesmus , discomfort , or pain in 79 , fecal incontinence in 79 , change in bowel habit in 42 , weight loss in 19 , vomiting without other obstructive symptoms in 18 , steatorrhea in 7 , nocturnal defecation in 8 , obstructive symptoms in 4 , and other in 24 . After investigation , significant neoplasia was found in 12 % . One-third of all diagnoses were unrelated to the previous RT . More than one-half of the patients had at least two diagnoses . Many of the abnormalities diagnosed were readily treatable . The symptoms were generally unhelpful in predicting the diagnosis , with the exception of pain , which was associated with neoplasia ( p < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION The results of our study have shown that radiation enteritis is not a single disease entity . More than one-half of the patients had more than one GI diagnosis contributing to their symptoms . After pelvic RT , specific GI symptoms were not a reliable measure of the underlying diagnoses , and the evaluation of new GI symptoms is worthwhile . An algorithm for this purpose is proposed Radiotherapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of malignancies in the pelvis . Consequently , there is usually exposure of the intestine and especially the lower colon and rectum , with ensuing disturbances in bowel habits at different times following radiotherapy . The main problem is diarrhoea associated with lactose intolerance , bile salt absorption and fat malabsorption . Bacterial contamination has also been described . In the present study we have evaluated the influence of the active administration of specific bacterial cultures in fermented milk , which inhibit the growth of potentially pathogenic micro-organisms , to 40 consecutive patients with chronic alteration in their bowel habits caused by previous radiotherapy of pelvic malignancies . The results suggest that intake of fermented milk products could be of value in decreasing chronic bowel discomfort following radiotherapy of pelvic malignancies . However , a more extensive study is warranted in order to very the significance of the results and to find the optimal product PURPOSE To determine whether a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 reduces the incidence of radiation-induced diarrhea in patients with gynecologic cancer . METHODS AND MATERIAL S Patients who were undergoing pelvic radiotherapy ( 45 - 50 Gy , conventional fractionation ) for either cervical carcinoma ( radiotherapy and weekly cisplatin ) or endometrial adenocarcinoma ( postoperative radiotherapy ) were r and omly assigned to a probiotic drink or placebo , in a double-blind fashion . The probiotic drink consisted of liquid yogurt containing L. casei DN-114 001 at 10(8 ) CFU/g . The patients recorded the daily the number of bowel movements and scored the stool consistency using the Bristol scale . Diarrhea was grade d weekly according the Common Toxicity Criteria system . The primary endpoint was to reduce the incidence of diarrhea , defined by a Common Toxicity Criteria Grade of 2 or greater or the need for loperamide . RESULTS A total of 85 patients were enrolled .  Grade 2 or greater diarrhea and /or the use of loperamide was observed in 24 of 41 patients in the placebo group and 30 of 44 in the probiotic group ( p = 0.568 ) . No differences were found in the median time to the presentation of the primary endpoint . Probiotic intervention had a significant effect on stool consistency ( p = 0.04 ) . The median time for patients to present with Bristol scale stools of Type 6 or greater was 14 days for patients receiving the probiotic drink vs. 10 days for those receiving placebo . CONCLUSION Nutritional intervention with the probiotic drink containing L. casei DN-114 001 does not reduce the incidence of radiation-induced diarrhea as defined by a Common Toxicity Criteria Grade 2 or greater . However , it had a significant effect on stool consistency as measured by the Bristol scale Background and aims Gastrointestinal toxicity is frequently observed during radiotherapy for malignancies in the abdomen and pelvis . This study was performed to determine the efficacy and tolerability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ( Antibiophilus ® ) in comparison to placebo in a double-blind trial design . Its aim was to determine any clinical ly relevant difference between Antibiophilus ® and placebo in terms of efficacy in patients suffering from mild to moderate diarrhoea induced by radiation therapy . Methods The study was performed in two radiotherapy units in Hungary ; the results are based on the data for 206 recruited patients . Results Based on statistical analysis , Antibiophilus ® patients showed superiority with respect to the number of bowel movements ( P < 0.10 ) and faeces consistency ratings by the investigators ( P < 0.05 ) at the study end . Statistical analysis of the patients ’ self-ratings with regard to diarrhoea grade and faeces consistency showed a statistically highly significant treatment-by-time interaction ( P < 0.001 ) which was supported by the evidence of tendencies or P values below the nominal 5 % level in the second half of this study . Conclusions Overall , there was a highly favourable benefit/risk ratio in favour of Antibiophilus ® THE R AND OMIZED controlled trial ( RCT ) , more than any other methodology , can have a powerful and immediate impact on patient care . Ideally , the report of such an evaluation needs to convey to the reader relevant information concerning the design , conduct , analysis , and generalizability of the trial . This information should provide the reader with the ability to make informed judgments regarding the internal and external validity of the trial . Accurate and complete reporting also benefits editors and review ers in their deliberations regarding su bmi tted manuscripts . For RCTs to ultimately benefit patients , the published report should be of the highest possible st and ard Wound-care journals contain abundant reports of trials , but not all report a satisfactory methodology . Systematic review s of wound-care trials have highlighted many areas for improvement , and the National Institute for Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) guidelines recommend that primary research in the field of pressure ulcer prevention should adhere more closely to current method ological st and ards in terms of conduct and reporting . The CONSORT tool was developed to help achieve these improvements in the design and reporting of r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) Twenty-four female patients suffering from gynaecological malignancies and scheduled for internal and external irradiation of the pelvic area ( pelvic dose 5000 cGy ) were selected for a study on prevention of intestinal side-effects by live Lactobacillus acidophilus cultures . The patients were r and omised into two groups . Both groups received dietary counselling recommending a low-fat and low-residue diet during radiotherapy . The control group received dietary counselling only . The test group received 150 ml of a fermented milk test product supplying them with at least 2 X 10(9 ) live Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria daily and 6.5 % lactulose as substrate for the bacteria . The results indicated that the test product appeared to prevent radiotherapy-associated diarrhoea . However , flatulence was increased probably due to lactulose ingestion in the test group 
    Output:
    
agent
Probiotic supplementation showed beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced diarrhea in experimental animal studies .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE To analyze the cause of GI symptoms after  pelvic radiotherapy ( RT )  in a consecutive series of patients with symptoms beginning after RT . A striking lack of evidence is available concerning the optimal treatment for the 50 % of patients who develop permanent changes in bowel habits affecting their quality of life after pelvic RT . As a result , in the UK , most such patients are never referred to a gastroenterologist . METHODS AND MATERIAL S All diagnoses were prospect ively recorded from a consecutive series of patients with symptoms that started after RT and who were referred during a 32-month period to a gastroenterology clinic . Patients either underwent direct access flexible sigmoidoscopy or were investigated in a st and ard manner by one gastroenterologist after first being seen in the clinic . RESULTS A total of 265 patients referred from 15 institutions were investigated . They included 90 women ( median age , 61.5 years ; range , 22 - 84 years ) and 175 men ( median age , 70 years ; range , 31 - 85 years ) . RT had been completed a median of 3 years ( range , 0.1 - 34 years ) before the study in the women and 2 years ( range , 0 - 21 years ) before in the men . Of the 265 patients , 171 had primary urologic , 78 gynecologic , and 16 GI tumors . The GI symptoms included rectal bleeding in 171 , urgency in 82 , frequency in 80 , tenesmus , discomfort , or pain in 79 , fecal incontinence in 79 , change in bowel habit in 42 , weight loss in 19 , vomiting without other obstructive symptoms in 18 , steatorrhea in 7 , nocturnal defecation in 8 , obstructive symptoms in 4 , and other in 24 . After investigation , significant neoplasia was found in 12 % . One-third of all diagnoses were unrelated to the previous RT . More than one-half of the patients had at least two diagnoses . Many of the abnormalities diagnosed were readily treatable . The symptoms were generally unhelpful in predicting the diagnosis , with the exception of pain , which was associated with neoplasia ( p < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION The results of our study have shown that radiation enteritis is not a single disease entity . More than one-half of the patients had more than one GI diagnosis contributing to their symptoms . After pelvic RT , specific GI symptoms were not a reliable measure of the underlying diagnoses , and the evaluation of new GI symptoms is worthwhile . An algorithm for this purpose is proposed Radiotherapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of malignancies in the pelvis . Consequently , there is usually exposure of the intestine and especially the lower colon and rectum , with ensuing disturbances in bowel habits at different times following radiotherapy . The main problem is diarrhoea associated with lactose intolerance , bile salt absorption and fat malabsorption . Bacterial contamination has also been described . In the present study we have evaluated the influence of the active administration of specific bacterial cultures in fermented milk , which inhibit the growth of potentially pathogenic micro-organisms , to 40 consecutive patients with chronic alteration in their bowel habits caused by previous radiotherapy of pelvic malignancies . The results suggest that intake of fermented milk products could be of value in decreasing chronic bowel discomfort following radiotherapy of pelvic malignancies . However , a more extensive study is warranted in order to very the significance of the results and to find the optimal product PURPOSE To determine whether a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 reduces the incidence of radiation-induced diarrhea in patients with gynecologic cancer . METHODS AND MATERIAL S Patients who were undergoing pelvic radiotherapy ( 45 - 50 Gy , conventional fractionation ) for either cervical carcinoma ( radiotherapy and weekly cisplatin ) or endometrial adenocarcinoma ( postoperative radiotherapy ) were r and omly assigned to a probiotic drink or placebo , in a double-blind fashion . The probiotic drink consisted of liquid yogurt containing L. casei DN-114 001 at 10(8 ) CFU/g . The patients recorded the daily the number of bowel movements and scored the stool consistency using the Bristol scale . Diarrhea was grade d weekly according the Common Toxicity Criteria system . The primary endpoint was to reduce the incidence of diarrhea , defined by a Common Toxicity Criteria Grade of 2 or greater or the need for loperamide . RESULTS A total of 85 patients were enrolled .  Grade 2 or greater diarrhea and /or the use of loperamide was observed in 24 of 41 patients in the placebo group and 30 of 44 in the probiotic group ( p = 0.568 ) . No differences were found in the median time to the presentation of the primary endpoint . Probiotic intervention had a significant effect on stool consistency ( p = 0.04 ) . The median time for patients to present with Bristol scale stools of Type 6 or greater was 14 days for patients receiving the probiotic drink vs. 10 days for those receiving placebo . CONCLUSION Nutritional intervention with the probiotic drink containing L. casei DN-114 001 does not reduce the incidence of radiation-induced diarrhea as defined by a Common Toxicity Criteria Grade 2 or greater . However , it had a significant effect on stool consistency as measured by the Bristol scale Background and aims Gastrointestinal toxicity is frequently observed during radiotherapy for malignancies in the abdomen and pelvis . This study was performed to determine the efficacy and tolerability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ( Antibiophilus ® ) in comparison to placebo in a double-blind trial design . Its aim was to determine any clinical ly relevant difference between Antibiophilus ® and placebo in terms of efficacy in patients suffering from mild to moderate diarrhoea induced by radiation therapy . Methods The study was performed in two radiotherapy units in Hungary ; the results are based on the data for 206 recruited patients . Results Based on statistical analysis , Antibiophilus ® patients showed superiority with respect to the number of bowel movements ( P < 0.10 ) and faeces consistency ratings by the investigators ( P < 0.05 ) at the study end . Statistical analysis of the patients ’ self-ratings with regard to diarrhoea grade and faeces consistency showed a statistically highly significant treatment-by-time interaction ( P < 0.001 ) which was supported by the evidence of tendencies or P values below the nominal 5 % level in the second half of this study . Conclusions Overall , there was a highly favourable benefit/risk ratio in favour of Antibiophilus ® THE R AND OMIZED controlled trial ( RCT ) , more than any other methodology , can have a powerful and immediate impact on patient care . Ideally , the report of such an evaluation needs to convey to the reader relevant information concerning the design , conduct , analysis , and generalizability of the trial . This information should provide the reader with the ability to make informed judgments regarding the internal and external validity of the trial . Accurate and complete reporting also benefits editors and review ers in their deliberations regarding su bmi tted manuscripts . For RCTs to ultimately benefit patients , the published report should be of the highest possible st and ard Wound-care journals contain abundant reports of trials , but not all report a satisfactory methodology . Systematic review s of wound-care trials have highlighted many areas for improvement , and the National Institute for Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) guidelines recommend that primary research in the field of pressure ulcer prevention should adhere more closely to current method ological st and ards in terms of conduct and reporting . The CONSORT tool was developed to help achieve these improvements in the design and reporting of r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) Twenty-four female patients suffering from gynaecological malignancies and scheduled for internal and external irradiation of the pelvic area ( pelvic dose 5000 cGy ) were selected for a study on prevention of intestinal side-effects by live Lactobacillus acidophilus cultures . The patients were r and omised into two groups . Both groups received dietary counselling recommending a low-fat and low-residue diet during radiotherapy . The control group received dietary counselling only . The test group received 150 ml of a fermented milk test product supplying them with at least 2 X 10(9 ) live Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria daily and 6.5 % lactulose as substrate for the bacteria . The results indicated that the test product appeared to prevent radiotherapy-associated diarrhoea . However , flatulence was increased probably due to lactulose ingestion in the test group 
    Output:
    