human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Goals of workProstate cancer patients receiving and rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT )  are vulnerable to a number of potentially debilitating side effects , which can significantly impact quality of life . The role of alternate therapies , such as physical activity ( PA ) , in attenuating these side effects is largely understudied for such a large population . Thus , the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of PA intervention for men receiving ADT on PA behavior , quality of life , and fitness measures . Patients and methods One hundred participants were r and omized into an intervention ( n = 53 ) or a wait-list control group ( n = 47 ) , with 11 dropping out of the intervention group and 23 dropping out of the wait-list control group prior to post-testing . The intervention consisted of both an individually tailored home-based aerobic and light resistant training program and weekly group sessions .  PA , quality of life , fitness , and physiological outcomes were assessed pre and post the 16-week intervention . Results Significant increases in PA , supported by changes in girth measures and blood pressure , support the beneficial impact of the intervention . Positive trends were also evident for depression and fatigue . However , due to the high dropout rate , these results must be interpreted with caution . Conclusions PA effectively attenuates many of the side effects of ADT and should be recommended to prostate survivors as an alternate therapy . Determining the maintenance of this behavior change will be important for underst and ing how the long-term benefits of increased activity levels may alleviate the late effects of ADT Background Physical activity improves health in prostate cancer survivors ; however , participation rates are low . Purpose This study aims to determine the effects of an implementation intention intervention on physical activity and quality of life in prostate cancer survivors . Methods Prostate cancer survivors ( N = 423 ) were r and omly assigned to a st and ard physical activity recommendation , a self-administered implementation intention , or a telephone-assisted implementation intention .  Physical activity and quality of life were assessed at baseline , 1 , and 3 months . Results Analyses of covariance using multiple imputation showed that physical activity at 1 month increased by 86 min/week in the st and ard physical activity recommendation group compared with 168 min/week in the self-administered implementation intention group ( P = 0.023 ) and 105 min/week in the telephone-assisted implementation intention group ( P = 0.35 ) . Conclusions A self-administered implementation intention intervention result ed in a meaningful short-term increase in physical activity . Supplementation with additional intervention strategies and more frequent intervention may improve longer-term exercise . ( Clinical Trials.gov number NCT01410656 ) Background Physical activity ( PA ) behavior change interventions among cancer survivors have used face-to-face , telephone , email , and print-based methods . However , computer-tailored , Internet-delivered programs may be a more viable option to achieve PA behavior change . Objective The objective of this study is to test the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a Web-based PA behavior change program among cancer survivors . Methods Nova Scotian cancer survivors ( N=415 ) who previously expressed interest in a research study were approached . Interested participants were asked to complete an online assessment of PA and quality of life ( QOL ) before being r and omized to either a theory-based PA behavior change program using the PA tracking website UWALK ( UCAN ; n=48 ) or usual care ( UC ; n=47 ) . After the intervention ( 9 weeks ) , participants completed another  online assessment of PA and QOL  as well as measures to evaluate the program and website .  Descriptive analyses from surveys and Web analytic software were used to assess feasibility and mean change scores were used to test efficacy . Results Of all contacted survivors , 95 ( 22.3 % , 95/415 ) completed baseline measures and were r and omized with 84 ( 88 % , 84/95 ) completing the 9-week assessment . The behavior change program and website were rated highly on the satisfaction items . Average logins were 10.3 ( 1.1 per week ) and 26.0 % ( 111/432 ) of the weekly modules were completed . Most participants ( 71 % , 29/41 ) indicated they were more aware of their daily PA levels and 68 % ( 28/41 ) found the site easily navigable . Adjusted group differences in total exercise minutes favored the UCAN group by an increase of 42 minutes ( 95 % CI -65 to 150 ; P=.44 , d=0.17 ) . Results were more pronounced , though still nonsignificant , among those not meeting guidelines at baseline where UCAN increased PA by 52 minutes compared to a decrease of 15 minutes in UC ( adjusted between group difference=75 , 95 % CI -95 to 244 ; P=.38 , d=0.27 ) . Conclusions We found that Internet-delivery may be a feasible alternative to more costly methods to promote PA among Nova Scotian cancer survivors . Moreover , there was a trend toward increased PA among those in the UCAN group , especially among those who were not meeting PA guidelines at baseline . Future research should focus on recruiting inactive cancer survivors and engaging them in the website to determine the optimal potential of Web-based interventions for promoting PA in cancer survivors Background Males experience a shorter life expectancy and higher rates of chronic diseases compared to their female counterparts . To improve health outcomes among males , interventions specifically developed for males that target their health behaviors are needed . Information technology (IT)-based interventions may be a promising intervention approach in this population group , however , little is known about how to maximize engagement and retention in Web-based programs . Objective The current study sought to explore attributes hypothesized to influence user engagement among a sub sample of participants from the ManUp study , a r and omized controlled trial testing the efficacy of an interactive Web-based intervention for promoting physical activity and nutrition among middle-aged males . Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted and audiotaped with 20 of the ManUp participants . Interview questions were based on a conceptual model of engagement and centered on why participants took part in the study , what they liked and did not like about the intervention they received , and how they think the intervention could be improved . Interview recordings were transcribed and coded into themes . Results There were five themes that were identified in the study . These themes were : ( 1 ) users ’ motives , ( 2 ) users ’ desired outcomes , ( 3 ) users ’ positive experiences , ( 4 ) users ’ negative emotions , and ( 5 ) attributes desired by user . Conclusions There is little research in the field that has explored user experiences in human-computer interactions and how such experiences may relate to engagement , especially among males . Although not conclusive , the current study provides some insight into what personal attributes of middle-aged males ( such as their key motives and goals for participating ) and attributes of the intervention material s ( such as usability , control , and interactivity ) may impact on user engagement in this group . These findings will be helpful for informing the design and implementation of future health behavior interventions for males . Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry : ACTRN12611000081910 ; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/ Registration /Trial Review .aspx?ACTRN=12611000081910 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6M4lBlvCA ) PURPOSE Diet and exercise interventions have been tested in cancer survivors as a means to reduce late effects and comorbidity , but few have assessed adherence and health outcomes long term . METHODS Between July 2005 and May 2007 , the Reach Out to Enhance Wellness ( RENEW ) trial accrued 641 locoregionally staged , long-term ( ≥ 5 years from diagnosis ) colorectal , breast , and prostate cancer survivors in the United States ( 21 states ) , Canada , and the United Kingdom . All participants were sedentary ( < 150 minutes of physical activity [ PA ] a week ) , overweight or obese ( body mass index , 25 to 40 kg/m(2 ) ) , and over age 65 years . The trial tested a diet-exercise intervention delivered via mailed print material s and telephone counseling . RENEW used a wait-list control , cross-over design ( ie , participants received the year-long intervention immediately or after a 1-year delay ) , which allowed the opportunity to assess program efficacy ( previously reported primary outcome ) , durability , and reproducibility ( reported herein ) . Measures included diet quality ( DQ ) , PA , BMI , and physical function ( PF ) . RESULTS No significant relapse was observed in the immediate-intervention arm for DQ , PA , and BMI ; however , rates of functional decline increased when the intervention ceased . From year 1 to year 2 , significant improvements were observed in the delayed-intervention arm ; mean change scores in behaviors and BMI and PF slopes were as follows : DQ score , 5.2 ( 95 % CI , 3.4 to 7.0 ) ; PA , 45.8 min/wk ( 95 % CI , 26.9 to 64.6 min/wk ) ; BMI , -0.56 ( 95 % CI , -0.75 to -0.36 ) ; and Short Form-36 PF , -1.02 versus -5.52 ( P < .001 for all measures ) . Overall , both arms experienced significant improvements in DQ , PA , and BMI from baseline to 2-year follow-up ( P < .001 ) . CONCLUSION Older cancer survivors respond favorably to lifestyle interventions and make durable changes in DQ and PA that contribute to sustained weight loss . These changes positively reorient functional decline trajectories during intervention delivery Background Prostate cancer can negatively impact quality of life of the patient and his spouse caregiver , but interventions rarely target the health of both partners simultaneously . We tested the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a partnered strength training program on the physical and mental health of prostate cancer survivors ( PCS ) and spouse caregivers . Methods Sixty-four couples were r and omly assigned to 6 months of partnered strength training ( Exercising Together , N = 32 ) or usual care ( UC , N = 32 ) . Objective measures included body composition ( lean , fat and trunk fat mass ( kg ) , and % body fat ) by DXA , upper and lower body muscle strength by 1-repetition maximum , and physical function by the physical performance battery ( PPB ) . Self-reported measures included the physical and mental health summary scales and physical function and fatigue subscales of the SF-36 and physical activity with the CHAMPS question naire . Results Couple retention rates were 100 % for Exercising Together and 84 % for UC . Median attendance of couples to Exercising Together sessions was 75 % . Men in Exercising Together became stronger in the upper body ( p < 0.01 ) and more physically active ( p < 0.01 ) than UC . Women in Exercising Together increased muscle mass ( p = 0.05 ) and improved upper ( p < 0.01 ) and lower body ( p < 0.01 ) strength and PPB scores ( p = 0.01 ) more than UC . Conclusions Exercising Together is a novel couples-based approach to exercise that was feasible and improved several health outcomes for both PCS and their spouses . Implication s for cancer survivorsA couples-based approach should be considered in cancer survivorship programs so that outcomes can mutually benefit both partners . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Background Physical activity and consuming a healthy diet have clear benefits to the physical and psychosocial health of cancer survivors , with guidelines recognising the importance of these behaviors for cancer survivors . Interventions to promote physical activity and improve dietary behaviors among cancer survivors and carers are needed . The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a group-based , face-to-face multiple health behavior change intervention on behavioral outcomes among cancer survivors of mixed diagnoses and carers . Methods The Exercise and Nutrition Routine Improving Cancer Health ( ENRICH ) intervention was evaluated using a two-group pragmatic r and omized controlled trial . Cancer survivors and carers ( n = 174 ) were r and omly allocated to the face-to-face , group-based intervention ( six , theory-based two-hour sessions delivered over 8 weeks targeting healthy eating and physical activity [ PA ] ) or wait-list control ( after completion of 20-week data collection ) . Assessment of the primary outcome ( pedometer-assessed mean daily step counts ) and secondary outcomes ( diet and alcohol intake [ Food Frequency Question naire ] , self-reported PA , weight , body mass index , and waist circumference ) were assessed at baseline , 8- and 20-weeks . Results There was a significant difference between the change over time in the intervention group and the control group . At 20 weeks , the intervention group had increased by 478 steps , and the control group had decreased by 1282 steps ; this represented an adjusted mean difference of 1761 steps ( 184 to 3337 ; P = 0.0028 ) . Significant intervention effects for secondary outcomes , included a half serving increase in vegetable intake ( difference 39 g/day ; 95 % CI : 12 to 67 ; P = 0.02 ) , weight loss ( kg ) ( difference -1.5 kg ; 95 % CI , -2.6 to -0.3 ; P = 0.014 ) and change in body mass index ( kg/m2 ) ( difference -0.55 kg/m2 ; 95 % CI , -0.97 to -0.13 ; P = 0.012 ) . No significant intervention effects were 
    Output:
    
agent
Conclusion There is preliminary evidence to suggest that a variety of physical activity behaviour change interventions targeting men with a history of prostate cancer can be efficacious , at least in the short term .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Goals of workProstate cancer patients receiving and rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT )  are vulnerable to a number of potentially debilitating side effects , which can significantly impact quality of life . The role of alternate therapies , such as physical activity ( PA ) , in attenuating these side effects is largely understudied for such a large population . Thus , the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of PA intervention for men receiving ADT on PA behavior , quality of life , and fitness measures . Patients and methods One hundred participants were r and omized into an intervention ( n = 53 ) or a wait-list control group ( n = 47 ) , with 11 dropping out of the intervention group and 23 dropping out of the wait-list control group prior to post-testing . The intervention consisted of both an individually tailored home-based aerobic and light resistant training program and weekly group sessions .  PA , quality of life , fitness , and physiological outcomes were assessed pre and post the 16-week intervention . Results Significant increases in PA , supported by changes in girth measures and blood pressure , support the beneficial impact of the intervention . Positive trends were also evident for depression and fatigue . However , due to the high dropout rate , these results must be interpreted with caution . Conclusions PA effectively attenuates many of the side effects of ADT and should be recommended to prostate survivors as an alternate therapy . Determining the maintenance of this behavior change will be important for underst and ing how the long-term benefits of increased activity levels may alleviate the late effects of ADT Background Physical activity improves health in prostate cancer survivors ; however , participation rates are low . Purpose This study aims to determine the effects of an implementation intention intervention on physical activity and quality of life in prostate cancer survivors . Methods Prostate cancer survivors ( N = 423 ) were r and omly assigned to a st and ard physical activity recommendation , a self-administered implementation intention , or a telephone-assisted implementation intention .  Physical activity and quality of life were assessed at baseline , 1 , and 3 months . Results Analyses of covariance using multiple imputation showed that physical activity at 1 month increased by 86 min/week in the st and ard physical activity recommendation group compared with 168 min/week in the self-administered implementation intention group ( P = 0.023 ) and 105 min/week in the telephone-assisted implementation intention group ( P = 0.35 ) . Conclusions A self-administered implementation intention intervention result ed in a meaningful short-term increase in physical activity . Supplementation with additional intervention strategies and more frequent intervention may improve longer-term exercise . ( Clinical Trials.gov number NCT01410656 ) Background Physical activity ( PA ) behavior change interventions among cancer survivors have used face-to-face , telephone , email , and print-based methods . However , computer-tailored , Internet-delivered programs may be a more viable option to achieve PA behavior change . Objective The objective of this study is to test the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a Web-based PA behavior change program among cancer survivors . Methods Nova Scotian cancer survivors ( N=415 ) who previously expressed interest in a research study were approached . Interested participants were asked to complete an online assessment of PA and quality of life ( QOL ) before being r and omized to either a theory-based PA behavior change program using the PA tracking website UWALK ( UCAN ; n=48 ) or usual care ( UC ; n=47 ) . After the intervention ( 9 weeks ) , participants completed another  online assessment of PA and QOL  as well as measures to evaluate the program and website .  Descriptive analyses from surveys and Web analytic software were used to assess feasibility and mean change scores were used to test efficacy . Results Of all contacted survivors , 95 ( 22.3 % , 95/415 ) completed baseline measures and were r and omized with 84 ( 88 % , 84/95 ) completing the 9-week assessment . The behavior change program and website were rated highly on the satisfaction items . Average logins were 10.3 ( 1.1 per week ) and 26.0 % ( 111/432 ) of the weekly modules were completed . Most participants ( 71 % , 29/41 ) indicated they were more aware of their daily PA levels and 68 % ( 28/41 ) found the site easily navigable . Adjusted group differences in total exercise minutes favored the UCAN group by an increase of 42 minutes ( 95 % CI -65 to 150 ; P=.44 , d=0.17 ) . Results were more pronounced , though still nonsignificant , among those not meeting guidelines at baseline where UCAN increased PA by 52 minutes compared to a decrease of 15 minutes in UC ( adjusted between group difference=75 , 95 % CI -95 to 244 ; P=.38 , d=0.27 ) . Conclusions We found that Internet-delivery may be a feasible alternative to more costly methods to promote PA among Nova Scotian cancer survivors . Moreover , there was a trend toward increased PA among those in the UCAN group , especially among those who were not meeting PA guidelines at baseline . Future research should focus on recruiting inactive cancer survivors and engaging them in the website to determine the optimal potential of Web-based interventions for promoting PA in cancer survivors Background Males experience a shorter life expectancy and higher rates of chronic diseases compared to their female counterparts . To improve health outcomes among males , interventions specifically developed for males that target their health behaviors are needed . Information technology (IT)-based interventions may be a promising intervention approach in this population group , however , little is known about how to maximize engagement and retention in Web-based programs . Objective The current study sought to explore attributes hypothesized to influence user engagement among a sub sample of participants from the ManUp study , a r and omized controlled trial testing the efficacy of an interactive Web-based intervention for promoting physical activity and nutrition among middle-aged males . Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted and audiotaped with 20 of the ManUp participants . Interview questions were based on a conceptual model of engagement and centered on why participants took part in the study , what they liked and did not like about the intervention they received , and how they think the intervention could be improved . Interview recordings were transcribed and coded into themes . Results There were five themes that were identified in the study . These themes were : ( 1 ) users ’ motives , ( 2 ) users ’ desired outcomes , ( 3 ) users ’ positive experiences , ( 4 ) users ’ negative emotions , and ( 5 ) attributes desired by user . Conclusions There is little research in the field that has explored user experiences in human-computer interactions and how such experiences may relate to engagement , especially among males . Although not conclusive , the current study provides some insight into what personal attributes of middle-aged males ( such as their key motives and goals for participating ) and attributes of the intervention material s ( such as usability , control , and interactivity ) may impact on user engagement in this group . These findings will be helpful for informing the design and implementation of future health behavior interventions for males . Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry : ACTRN12611000081910 ; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/ Registration /Trial Review .aspx?ACTRN=12611000081910 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6M4lBlvCA ) PURPOSE Diet and exercise interventions have been tested in cancer survivors as a means to reduce late effects and comorbidity , but few have assessed adherence and health outcomes long term . METHODS Between July 2005 and May 2007 , the Reach Out to Enhance Wellness ( RENEW ) trial accrued 641 locoregionally staged , long-term ( ≥ 5 years from diagnosis ) colorectal , breast , and prostate cancer survivors in the United States ( 21 states ) , Canada , and the United Kingdom . All participants were sedentary ( < 150 minutes of physical activity [ PA ] a week ) , overweight or obese ( body mass index , 25 to 40 kg/m(2 ) ) , and over age 65 years . The trial tested a diet-exercise intervention delivered via mailed print material s and telephone counseling . RENEW used a wait-list control , cross-over design ( ie , participants received the year-long intervention immediately or after a 1-year delay ) , which allowed the opportunity to assess program efficacy ( previously reported primary outcome ) , durability , and reproducibility ( reported herein ) . Measures included diet quality ( DQ ) , PA , BMI , and physical function ( PF ) . RESULTS No significant relapse was observed in the immediate-intervention arm for DQ , PA , and BMI ; however , rates of functional decline increased when the intervention ceased . From year 1 to year 2 , significant improvements were observed in the delayed-intervention arm ; mean change scores in behaviors and BMI and PF slopes were as follows : DQ score , 5.2 ( 95 % CI , 3.4 to 7.0 ) ; PA , 45.8 min/wk ( 95 % CI , 26.9 to 64.6 min/wk ) ; BMI , -0.56 ( 95 % CI , -0.75 to -0.36 ) ; and Short Form-36 PF , -1.02 versus -5.52 ( P < .001 for all measures ) . Overall , both arms experienced significant improvements in DQ , PA , and BMI from baseline to 2-year follow-up ( P < .001 ) . CONCLUSION Older cancer survivors respond favorably to lifestyle interventions and make durable changes in DQ and PA that contribute to sustained weight loss . These changes positively reorient functional decline trajectories during intervention delivery Background Prostate cancer can negatively impact quality of life of the patient and his spouse caregiver , but interventions rarely target the health of both partners simultaneously . We tested the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a partnered strength training program on the physical and mental health of prostate cancer survivors ( PCS ) and spouse caregivers . Methods Sixty-four couples were r and omly assigned to 6 months of partnered strength training ( Exercising Together , N = 32 ) or usual care ( UC , N = 32 ) . Objective measures included body composition ( lean , fat and trunk fat mass ( kg ) , and % body fat ) by DXA , upper and lower body muscle strength by 1-repetition maximum , and physical function by the physical performance battery ( PPB ) . Self-reported measures included the physical and mental health summary scales and physical function and fatigue subscales of the SF-36 and physical activity with the CHAMPS question naire . Results Couple retention rates were 100 % for Exercising Together and 84 % for UC . Median attendance of couples to Exercising Together sessions was 75 % . Men in Exercising Together became stronger in the upper body ( p < 0.01 ) and more physically active ( p < 0.01 ) than UC . Women in Exercising Together increased muscle mass ( p = 0.05 ) and improved upper ( p < 0.01 ) and lower body ( p < 0.01 ) strength and PPB scores ( p = 0.01 ) more than UC . Conclusions Exercising Together is a novel couples-based approach to exercise that was feasible and improved several health outcomes for both PCS and their spouses . Implication s for cancer survivorsA couples-based approach should be considered in cancer survivorship programs so that outcomes can mutually benefit both partners . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Background Physical activity and consuming a healthy diet have clear benefits to the physical and psychosocial health of cancer survivors , with guidelines recognising the importance of these behaviors for cancer survivors . Interventions to promote physical activity and improve dietary behaviors among cancer survivors and carers are needed . The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a group-based , face-to-face multiple health behavior change intervention on behavioral outcomes among cancer survivors of mixed diagnoses and carers . Methods The Exercise and Nutrition Routine Improving Cancer Health ( ENRICH ) intervention was evaluated using a two-group pragmatic r and omized controlled trial . Cancer survivors and carers ( n = 174 ) were r and omly allocated to the face-to-face , group-based intervention ( six , theory-based two-hour sessions delivered over 8 weeks targeting healthy eating and physical activity [ PA ] ) or wait-list control ( after completion of 20-week data collection ) . Assessment of the primary outcome ( pedometer-assessed mean daily step counts ) and secondary outcomes ( diet and alcohol intake [ Food Frequency Question naire ] , self-reported PA , weight , body mass index , and waist circumference ) were assessed at baseline , 8- and 20-weeks . Results There was a significant difference between the change over time in the intervention group and the control group . At 20 weeks , the intervention group had increased by 478 steps , and the control group had decreased by 1282 steps ; this represented an adjusted mean difference of 1761 steps ( 184 to 3337 ; P = 0.0028 ) . Significant intervention effects for secondary outcomes , included a half serving increase in vegetable intake ( difference 39 g/day ; 95 % CI : 12 to 67 ; P = 0.02 ) , weight loss ( kg ) ( difference -1.5 kg ; 95 % CI , -2.6 to -0.3 ; P = 0.014 ) and change in body mass index ( kg/m2 ) ( difference -0.55 kg/m2 ; 95 % CI , -0.97 to -0.13 ; P = 0.012 ) . No significant intervention effects were 
    Output:
    