human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Summary This paper describes a controlled study of the effects of an unsupervised walking-programme in 108 volunteers from among 580 middle-aged employees in a Nottingham light industrial company . Objective measurements of physical condition and of customary activity were made on four occasions at 12-week intervals . The subjects were r and omly allocated to three groups and encouraged to follow a walking-programme in the first , second or third periods of the study : no activity was prescribed in the other periods .  Compliance with the programme was estimated from log-cards and from a week 's pedometer record . Although there were no significant differences between the changes seen in subjects following the walking-programme and those in control subjects , there were significant small improvements in physical condition and modest increases in customary activity in a ) those subjects actually completing the programme , and b ) the subjects measured before and after their programme , pooled without regard to the period of measurement . At least some of the increased activity is maintained for 12 weeks after the programme . The marginal changes suggest that the intensity of the training-programme as experienced by the subjects was close to the threshold for maintenance of physical condition in this age-group of workers Background Office workers engage in high levels of sitting time . Effective , context -specific , and scalable strategies are needed to support widespread sitting reduction . This study aim ed to evaluate organisational-support strategies alone or in combination with an activity tracker to reduce sitting in office workers . Methods From one organisation , 153 desk-based office workers were cluster-r and omised ( by team ) to organisational support only ( e.g. , manager support , emails ; ‘ Group ORG ’ , 9 teams , 87 participants ) , or organisational support plus LUMOback activity tracker ( ‘ Group ORG + Tracker ’ , 9 teams , 66 participants ) . The waist-worn tracker provided real-time feedback and prompts on sitting and posture . ActivPAL3 monitors were used to ascertain primary outcomes ( sitting time during work- and overall hours ) and other activity outcomes : prolonged sitting time ( ≥30 min bouts ) , time between sitting bouts , st and ing time , stepping time , and number of steps . Health and work outcomes were assessed by question naire . Changes within each group ( three- and 12 months ) and differences between groups were analysed by linear mixed models . Missing data were multiply imputed . Results At baseline , participants ( 46 % women , 23–58 years ) spent ( mean ± SD ) 74.3 ± 9.7 % of their workday sitting , 17.5 ± 8.3 % st and ing and 8.1 ± 2.7 % stepping . Significant ( p < 0.05 ) reductions in sitting time ( both work and overall ) were observed within both groups , but only at 12 months . For secondary activity outcomes , Group ORG significantly improved in work prolonged sitting , time between sitting bouts and st and ing time , and overall prolonged sitting time ( 12 months ) , and in overall st and ing time ( three- and 12 months ) ; while Group ORG + Tracker , significantly improved in work prolonged sitting , st and ing , stepping and overall st and ing time ( 12 months ) . Adjusted for confounders , the only significant between-group differences were a greater stepping time and step count for Group ORG + Tracker relative to Group ORG ( + 20.6 min/16 h day , 95 % CI : 3.1 , 38.1 , p = 0.021 ; + 846.5steps/16 h day , 95 % CI : 67.8 , 1625.2 , p = 0.033 ) at 12 months . Observed changes in health and work outcomes were small and not statistically significant . Conclusions Organisational-support strategies with or without an activity tracker result ed in improvements in sitting , prolonged sitting and st and ing ; adding a tracker enhanced stepping changes . Improvements were most evident at 12 months , suggesting the organisational-support strategies may have taken time to embed within the organisation . Trial registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trial Registry : ACTRN12614000252617 . Registered 10 March 2014 A disconcerting proportion of Canadian nurses are physically inactive and report poor cardiovascular health . Web-based interventions incorporating feedback and group features may represent opportune , convenient , and cost-effective methods for encouraging physical activity ( PA ) in order to improve the levels of PA and cardiovascular health of nurses . The purpose of this parallel-group r and omized trial was to examine the impact of an intervention providing participants with feedback from an activity monitor coupled with a web-based individual , friend or team PA challenge , on the PA and cardiovascular health of nurses working in a cardiovascular setting . Methods : Nurses were r and omly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of the following intervention “ challenge ” groups : ( 1 ) individual , ( 2 ) friend or ( 3 ) team . Nurses wore a Tractivity ® activity monitor throughout a baseline week and 6-week intervention . Height , body mass , body fat percentage , waist circumference , resting blood pressure ( BP ) and heart rate were assessed , and body mass index ( BMI ) was calculated , during baseline and within 1 week post-intervention . Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and general linear model procedures for repeated measures . Results : 76 nurses ( 97 % female ; age : 46 ± 11 years ) participated . Weekly moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA ( MVPA ) changed over time ( F = 4.022 , df = 4.827 , p = 0.002 , η2 = 0.055 ) , and was greater during intervention week 2 when compared to intervention week 6 ( p = 0.011 ) . Daily steps changed over time ( F = 7.668 , df = 3.910 , p < 0.001 , η2 = 0.100 ) , and were greater during baseline and intervention weeks 1 , 2 , 3 , and 5 when compared to intervention week 6 ( p < 0.05 ) . No differences in weekly MVPA or daily steps were observed between groups ( p > 0.05 ) . No changes in body mass , BMI or waist circumference were observed within or between groups ( p > 0.05 ) . Decreases in body fat percentage ( −0.8 ± 4.8 % , p = 0.015 ) and resting systolic BP ( −2.6 ± 8.8 mmHg , p = 0.019 ) were observed within groups , but not between groups ( p > 0.05 ) . Conclusions : A web-based intervention providing feedback and a PA challenge initially impacted the PA , body fat percentage and resting systolic BP of nurses working in a cardiovascular setting , though increases in PA were short-lived . The nature of the PA challenge did not differentially impact outcomes . Alternative innovative strategies to improve and sustain  nurses ' PA  should be developed and their effectiveness evaluated BACKGROUND This study was aim ed ( 1 ) to compare the level of physical activity ( PA ) between working and nonworking hours and ( 2 ) to compare the level of PA during working hours of nurse clinical practitioners ( NCPs ) with that of nurse managers ( NMs ) . METHODS This cross-sectional survey was conducted at a Thai university hospital from October 2015 to March 2016 . All r and omly selected participants wore an activity tracker on their hip for 5 days , except during bathing and sleeping periods , to record step counts and time points . RESULTS Of 884 nurses , 289 ( 142 NCPs and 147 NMs ) were r and omly selected . The average age was 35.87 years . They spent 9.76 and 6.01 hours on work and nonwork activities , respectively . Daily steps per hour were significantly lower during work than nonwork periods ( P < .001 ) . An NCP had significantly higher overall hourly PA ( P = .002 ) . The number of steps per hour during work period of NCP was significantly higher than that of NM even after adjusting for age , work experience , and body mass index ( P = .034 ) . CONCLUSIONS NCP had higher overall PA than NM , which was partly contributed by work-related PA . Level of PA for a professional with variation of actual work hours should be measured on hourly basis Objective We aim ed to estimate the level of physical activity undertaken by health care professionals and the proportion that achieved a daily target of 10,000 steps . Design This was a prospect i ve cohort study . Setting Participants were recruited in Wellington Regional Hospital , a tertiary hospital in New Zeal and . Participants Neurology , Cardiology , and Endocrinology staff were invited to participate . Main outcome measures  Pedometer-measured step counts were recorded over seven days and the proportion that achieved a daily target of 10,000 steps was calculated . Results We included 50 staff in the study . The mean daily step count was 10,620 ( st and ard deviation = 3141 ) with a median daily step count of 10,606 ( interquartile range = 7791–12,469 ) . Sixty-five per cent of the staff achieved 10,000 steps per day . Conclusion This cohort was more active compared to other pedometer-based studies in health care professionals . The daily target of 10,000 steps per day was achieved at a higher proportion than reported in international studies and the general New Zeal and Objective : To examine the effects of different sit-st and protocol s on work-time sitting and physical activity ( PA ) of office workers . Methods : Participants ( n = 26 , 77 % women , mean age 42 ) were r and omly allocated to usual sitting ( control ) or one of three sit-st and protocol s ( intervention ) facilitated by height-adjustable workstations for a 4-week period between June and August 2015 . Sitting , st and ing , and stepping time were assessed by inclinometry ( activPAL ) ; leisure-time physical activity ( LTPA ) by self-report . One-way analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) and post-hoc ( Bonferroni ) tests explored between-group differences . Results : Compared with baseline , intervention groups reduced work sitting time by 113 minutes/8-hour workday ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] [ −147,−79 ] ) and increased work st and ing time by 96 minutes/8-hour workday ( 95 % CI [ 67,125 ] ) without significantly impacting LTPA/sleep time . Conclusions : Sit-st and protocol s facilitated by height-adjustable workstations appear to reduce office workers ’ sitting time without significant adverse effects on LTPA Background Prolonged sitting time has been associated with adverse health outcomes . Interventions at work may contribute to reduced sitting . The objective was to test if a multicomponent work-based intervention can reduce sitting time and the number of prolonged sitting periods ( > 30 min ) , increase the number of sit-to-st and transitions and decrease  waist circumference and body fat percentage among office workers . Primary outcomes were : change in sitting time , prolonged sitting periods and sit-to-st and transitions at follow-up 1 month later . Methods At four workplaces , 19 offices ( 317 workers in total ) were cluster r and omized for intervention or control . The intervention included the appointment of local ambassadors , management support , environmental changes , a lecture and a workshop . Sitting time was measured using an ActiGraph GT3X+ fixed on the thigh . Data were processed using Acti4 software providing data on time spent sitting , st and ing and doing other activities . Control participants were instructed to behave as usual . Follow-up measurements were obtained after 1 and 3 months . Results At 1 and 3 months , total sitting time was 71 ( P < 0.001 ) and 48 min ( P < 0.001 ) lower per 8-h workday in the intervention group compared with the control group . At 1 month , the number of prolonged sitting periods was lower ( -0.79/8-h workday , P < 0.001 ) and sit-to-st and transitions were higher ( + 14%/sitting hour , P = 0.001 ) in the intervention compared with the control group . After 3 months , trends persisted . The body fat percentage was lower by 0.61 percentage points ( P = 0.011 ) in the intervention group compared with the control group after 3 months . Conclusions The multicomponent workplace-based intervention was effective in reducing sitting time , prolonged sitting periods and body fat percentage , and in increasing the number of sit-to-st and transitions Objectives Prolonged sitting at work has been found to increase risk for musculoskeletal pain . The office-based intervention " Take a St and ! " was effective in reducing sitting time at work . We aim ed to study the effect of the intervention on a secondary outcome : musculoskeletal pain . Methods Take a St and ! included 19 offices ( 317 workers ) at four workplaces cluster r and omized to intervention or control . The multicomponent intervention lasted three months and included management support , environmental changes , and local adaptation . Control participants behaved as usual . Musculoskeletal pain was measured by self-report question naire assessing pain in neck-shoulders , back and extremities in three categories at baseline , and one and three months follow-up . Results At one month , there was no difference in odds ratio ( OR ) for pain in neck-shoulders between the two groups . However , after three months , the OR was 0.52 [ 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) 0.30 - 0.92 ] for pain in neck-shoulders in the intervention compared to the control group . No differences were found between the intervention and control group for pain in back and extremities over the three months . For total pain score a slight reduction was found in the intervention compared to the control group at one and three months [ -0.13 ( 95 % CI -0.23- -0.03 ) and -0.1 
    Output:
    
agent
Office and call center workers ’ steps/day were among the lowest , while those of postal delivery workers were highest .
Office workers had the greatest ST and the lowest time in LPA both at work and during wakeful time .
Laborers had the lowest ST and spent a significantly greater proportion of their work time in LPA and MVPA .
Healthcare and protective services workers had higher levels of LPA at work compared to other occupations .
Workers in driving-based occupations tended to have a higher body mass index and blood pressure .
Conclusion This review identifies that occupational and wakeful time PA and ST differed between occupations .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Summary This paper describes a controlled study of the effects of an unsupervised walking-programme in 108 volunteers from among 580 middle-aged employees in a Nottingham light industrial company . Objective measurements of physical condition and of customary activity were made on four occasions at 12-week intervals . The subjects were r and omly allocated to three groups and encouraged to follow a walking-programme in the first , second or third periods of the study : no activity was prescribed in the other periods .  Compliance with the programme was estimated from log-cards and from a week 's pedometer record . Although there were no significant differences between the changes seen in subjects following the walking-programme and those in control subjects , there were significant small improvements in physical condition and modest increases in customary activity in a ) those subjects actually completing the programme , and b ) the subjects measured before and after their programme , pooled without regard to the period of measurement . At least some of the increased activity is maintained for 12 weeks after the programme . The marginal changes suggest that the intensity of the training-programme as experienced by the subjects was close to the threshold for maintenance of physical condition in this age-group of workers Background Office workers engage in high levels of sitting time . Effective , context -specific , and scalable strategies are needed to support widespread sitting reduction . This study aim ed to evaluate organisational-support strategies alone or in combination with an activity tracker to reduce sitting in office workers . Methods From one organisation , 153 desk-based office workers were cluster-r and omised ( by team ) to organisational support only ( e.g. , manager support , emails ; ‘ Group ORG ’ , 9 teams , 87 participants ) , or organisational support plus LUMOback activity tracker ( ‘ Group ORG + Tracker ’ , 9 teams , 66 participants ) . The waist-worn tracker provided real-time feedback and prompts on sitting and posture . ActivPAL3 monitors were used to ascertain primary outcomes ( sitting time during work- and overall hours ) and other activity outcomes : prolonged sitting time ( ≥30 min bouts ) , time between sitting bouts , st and ing time , stepping time , and number of steps . Health and work outcomes were assessed by question naire . Changes within each group ( three- and 12 months ) and differences between groups were analysed by linear mixed models . Missing data were multiply imputed . Results At baseline , participants ( 46 % women , 23–58 years ) spent ( mean ± SD ) 74.3 ± 9.7 % of their workday sitting , 17.5 ± 8.3 % st and ing and 8.1 ± 2.7 % stepping . Significant ( p < 0.05 ) reductions in sitting time ( both work and overall ) were observed within both groups , but only at 12 months . For secondary activity outcomes , Group ORG significantly improved in work prolonged sitting , time between sitting bouts and st and ing time , and overall prolonged sitting time ( 12 months ) , and in overall st and ing time ( three- and 12 months ) ; while Group ORG + Tracker , significantly improved in work prolonged sitting , st and ing , stepping and overall st and ing time ( 12 months ) . Adjusted for confounders , the only significant between-group differences were a greater stepping time and step count for Group ORG + Tracker relative to Group ORG ( + 20.6 min/16 h day , 95 % CI : 3.1 , 38.1 , p = 0.021 ; + 846.5steps/16 h day , 95 % CI : 67.8 , 1625.2 , p = 0.033 ) at 12 months . Observed changes in health and work outcomes were small and not statistically significant . Conclusions Organisational-support strategies with or without an activity tracker result ed in improvements in sitting , prolonged sitting and st and ing ; adding a tracker enhanced stepping changes . Improvements were most evident at 12 months , suggesting the organisational-support strategies may have taken time to embed within the organisation . Trial registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trial Registry : ACTRN12614000252617 . Registered 10 March 2014 A disconcerting proportion of Canadian nurses are physically inactive and report poor cardiovascular health . Web-based interventions incorporating feedback and group features may represent opportune , convenient , and cost-effective methods for encouraging physical activity ( PA ) in order to improve the levels of PA and cardiovascular health of nurses . The purpose of this parallel-group r and omized trial was to examine the impact of an intervention providing participants with feedback from an activity monitor coupled with a web-based individual , friend or team PA challenge , on the PA and cardiovascular health of nurses working in a cardiovascular setting . Methods : Nurses were r and omly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of the following intervention “ challenge ” groups : ( 1 ) individual , ( 2 ) friend or ( 3 ) team . Nurses wore a Tractivity ® activity monitor throughout a baseline week and 6-week intervention . Height , body mass , body fat percentage , waist circumference , resting blood pressure ( BP ) and heart rate were assessed , and body mass index ( BMI ) was calculated , during baseline and within 1 week post-intervention . Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and general linear model procedures for repeated measures . Results : 76 nurses ( 97 % female ; age : 46 ± 11 years ) participated . Weekly moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA ( MVPA ) changed over time ( F = 4.022 , df = 4.827 , p = 0.002 , η2 = 0.055 ) , and was greater during intervention week 2 when compared to intervention week 6 ( p = 0.011 ) . Daily steps changed over time ( F = 7.668 , df = 3.910 , p < 0.001 , η2 = 0.100 ) , and were greater during baseline and intervention weeks 1 , 2 , 3 , and 5 when compared to intervention week 6 ( p < 0.05 ) . No differences in weekly MVPA or daily steps were observed between groups ( p > 0.05 ) . No changes in body mass , BMI or waist circumference were observed within or between groups ( p > 0.05 ) . Decreases in body fat percentage ( −0.8 ± 4.8 % , p = 0.015 ) and resting systolic BP ( −2.6 ± 8.8 mmHg , p = 0.019 ) were observed within groups , but not between groups ( p > 0.05 ) . Conclusions : A web-based intervention providing feedback and a PA challenge initially impacted the PA , body fat percentage and resting systolic BP of nurses working in a cardiovascular setting , though increases in PA were short-lived . The nature of the PA challenge did not differentially impact outcomes . Alternative innovative strategies to improve and sustain  nurses ' PA  should be developed and their effectiveness evaluated BACKGROUND This study was aim ed ( 1 ) to compare the level of physical activity ( PA ) between working and nonworking hours and ( 2 ) to compare the level of PA during working hours of nurse clinical practitioners ( NCPs ) with that of nurse managers ( NMs ) . METHODS This cross-sectional survey was conducted at a Thai university hospital from October 2015 to March 2016 . All r and omly selected participants wore an activity tracker on their hip for 5 days , except during bathing and sleeping periods , to record step counts and time points . RESULTS Of 884 nurses , 289 ( 142 NCPs and 147 NMs ) were r and omly selected . The average age was 35.87 years . They spent 9.76 and 6.01 hours on work and nonwork activities , respectively . Daily steps per hour were significantly lower during work than nonwork periods ( P < .001 ) . An NCP had significantly higher overall hourly PA ( P = .002 ) . The number of steps per hour during work period of NCP was significantly higher than that of NM even after adjusting for age , work experience , and body mass index ( P = .034 ) . CONCLUSIONS NCP had higher overall PA than NM , which was partly contributed by work-related PA . Level of PA for a professional with variation of actual work hours should be measured on hourly basis Objective We aim ed to estimate the level of physical activity undertaken by health care professionals and the proportion that achieved a daily target of 10,000 steps . Design This was a prospect i ve cohort study . Setting Participants were recruited in Wellington Regional Hospital , a tertiary hospital in New Zeal and . Participants Neurology , Cardiology , and Endocrinology staff were invited to participate . Main outcome measures  Pedometer-measured step counts were recorded over seven days and the proportion that achieved a daily target of 10,000 steps was calculated . Results We included 50 staff in the study . The mean daily step count was 10,620 ( st and ard deviation = 3141 ) with a median daily step count of 10,606 ( interquartile range = 7791–12,469 ) . Sixty-five per cent of the staff achieved 10,000 steps per day . Conclusion This cohort was more active compared to other pedometer-based studies in health care professionals . The daily target of 10,000 steps per day was achieved at a higher proportion than reported in international studies and the general New Zeal and Objective : To examine the effects of different sit-st and protocol s on work-time sitting and physical activity ( PA ) of office workers . Methods : Participants ( n = 26 , 77 % women , mean age 42 ) were r and omly allocated to usual sitting ( control ) or one of three sit-st and protocol s ( intervention ) facilitated by height-adjustable workstations for a 4-week period between June and August 2015 . Sitting , st and ing , and stepping time were assessed by inclinometry ( activPAL ) ; leisure-time physical activity ( LTPA ) by self-report . One-way analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) and post-hoc ( Bonferroni ) tests explored between-group differences . Results : Compared with baseline , intervention groups reduced work sitting time by 113 minutes/8-hour workday ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] [ −147,−79 ] ) and increased work st and ing time by 96 minutes/8-hour workday ( 95 % CI [ 67,125 ] ) without significantly impacting LTPA/sleep time . Conclusions : Sit-st and protocol s facilitated by height-adjustable workstations appear to reduce office workers ’ sitting time without significant adverse effects on LTPA Background Prolonged sitting time has been associated with adverse health outcomes . Interventions at work may contribute to reduced sitting . The objective was to test if a multicomponent work-based intervention can reduce sitting time and the number of prolonged sitting periods ( > 30 min ) , increase the number of sit-to-st and transitions and decrease  waist circumference and body fat percentage among office workers . Primary outcomes were : change in sitting time , prolonged sitting periods and sit-to-st and transitions at follow-up 1 month later . Methods At four workplaces , 19 offices ( 317 workers in total ) were cluster r and omized for intervention or control . The intervention included the appointment of local ambassadors , management support , environmental changes , a lecture and a workshop . Sitting time was measured using an ActiGraph GT3X+ fixed on the thigh . Data were processed using Acti4 software providing data on time spent sitting , st and ing and doing other activities . Control participants were instructed to behave as usual . Follow-up measurements were obtained after 1 and 3 months . Results At 1 and 3 months , total sitting time was 71 ( P < 0.001 ) and 48 min ( P < 0.001 ) lower per 8-h workday in the intervention group compared with the control group . At 1 month , the number of prolonged sitting periods was lower ( -0.79/8-h workday , P < 0.001 ) and sit-to-st and transitions were higher ( + 14%/sitting hour , P = 0.001 ) in the intervention compared with the control group . After 3 months , trends persisted . The body fat percentage was lower by 0.61 percentage points ( P = 0.011 ) in the intervention group compared with the control group after 3 months . Conclusions The multicomponent workplace-based intervention was effective in reducing sitting time , prolonged sitting periods and body fat percentage , and in increasing the number of sit-to-st and transitions Objectives Prolonged sitting at work has been found to increase risk for musculoskeletal pain . The office-based intervention " Take a St and ! " was effective in reducing sitting time at work . We aim ed to study the effect of the intervention on a secondary outcome : musculoskeletal pain . Methods Take a St and ! included 19 offices ( 317 workers ) at four workplaces cluster r and omized to intervention or control . The multicomponent intervention lasted three months and included management support , environmental changes , and local adaptation . Control participants behaved as usual . Musculoskeletal pain was measured by self-report question naire assessing pain in neck-shoulders , back and extremities in three categories at baseline , and one and three months follow-up . Results At one month , there was no difference in odds ratio ( OR ) for pain in neck-shoulders between the two groups . However , after three months , the OR was 0.52 [ 95 % confidence interval ( 95 % CI ) 0.30 - 0.92 ] for pain in neck-shoulders in the intervention compared to the control group . No differences were found between the intervention and control group for pain in back and extremities over the three months . For total pain score a slight reduction was found in the intervention compared to the control group at one and three months [ -0.13 ( 95 % CI -0.23- -0.03 ) and -0.1 
    Output:
    