human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : To examine the rate of psychotic and mood-congruent psychotic side effects of stimulant medications in children treated for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . Method : A chart review was completed of all children diagnosed with ADHD in an outpatient clinic from January 1989 to March 1995 . Results : Over 5 years , 192 children were diagnosed with ADHD . Ninety-eight children received treatment at the clinic with stimulants .  Six children developed psychotic or mood-congruent psychotic symptoms during treatment . Children on medication were followed for an average of 1 year and 9 months . Conclusions : Awareness of the potential for psychotic side effects from stimulant medications is important when prescribing for children . A large prospect i ve study would be useful to predict the frequency and classification of the side effects in children BACKGROUND The effectiveness of a combined methylpheni date /behavioural treatment ( BT ) versus methylpheni date -only for Chinese children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) was tested in routine clinical practice in Hong Kong . METHODS A r and omized group comparison design was adopted with two treatment conditions ( methylpheni date -only ; methylpheni date /BT ) , which lasted for 6 months . There were four assessment time points ( pre-treatment , post-treatment , and 6-month and 12-month follow-ups ) , using the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behaviours ( SWAN ) Rating Scale . Parental attitude toward different treatment options of ADHD was also assessed at pre-treatment and post-treatment . Participants included 90 Chinese ADHD children ( mean age=8 years , SD=.95 ) . RESULTS The combination of BT and a low-dose methylpheni date was significantly more effective than methylpheni date -only in reducing ADHD and ODD symptoms at post-treatment . At follow-ups , the benefits of the combined treatment were maintained , while the methylpheni date -only group caught up in improvement in ADHD symptoms . Parents in both treatment conditions showed improved attitude toward medication after the 6-month treatment phase , while their attitude toward BT was positive all along . CONCLUSIONS This study supported the added benefits of BT , on top of medication , for Chinese ADHD children in routine practice with treatments conducted by regular medical and paramedical staffs OBJECTIVE To test the hypotheses that in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) ( 1 ) symptoms of ADHD , oppositional defiant disorder , and overall functioning are significantly improved by methylpheni date combined with intensive multimodal psychosocial treatment compared with methylpheni date alone and with methylpheni date plus attention control and ( 2 ) more children receiving combined treatment can be taken off methylpheni date . METHOD One hundred three children with ADHD ( ages 7 - 9 ) , free of conduct and learning disorders , who responded to short-term methylpheni date were r and omized for 2 years to ( 1 ) methylpheni date alone ; ( 2 ) methylpheni date plus psychosocial treatment that included parent training and counseling , social skills training , psychotherapy , and academic assistance , or ( 3 ) methylpheni date plus attention psychosocial control treatment . Assessment s included parent , teacher , and psychiatrist ratings , and observations in academic and gym classes . RESULTS Combination treatment did not lead to superior functioning and did not facilitate methylpheni date discontinuation . Significant improvement occurred across all treatments and continued over 2 years . CONCLUSIONS In stimulant-responsive children with ADHD , there is no support for adding ambitious long-term psychosocial intervention to improve ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms . Significant benefits from methylpheni date were stable over 2 years OBJECTIVE In the intent-to-treat analysis of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD ( MTA ) , the effects of medication management ( MedMgt ) , behavior therapy ( Beh ) , their combination ( Comb ) , and usual community care ( CC ) differed at 14 and 24 months due to superiority of treatments that used the MTA medication algorithm ( Comb+MedMgt ) over those that did not ( Beh+CC ) . This report examines 36-month outcomes , 2 years after treatment by the study ended . METHOD For primary outcome measures ( attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ ADHD ] and oppositional defiant disorder [ ODD ] symptoms , social skills , reading scores , impairment , and diagnostic status ) , mixed-effects regression models and orthogonal contrasts examined 36-month outcomes . RESULTS At 3 years , 485 of the original 579 subjects ( 83.8 % ) participated in the follow-up , now at ages 10 to 13 years , ( mean 11.9 years ) . In contrast to the significant advantage of MedMgt+Comb over Beh+CC for ADHD symptoms at 14 and 24 months , treatment groups did not differ significantly on any measure at 36 months . The percentage of children taking medication > 50 % of the time changed between 14 and 36 months across the initial treatment groups : Beh significantly increased ( 14 % to 45 % ) , MedMed+Comb significantly decreased ( 91 % to 71 % ) , and CC remained constant ( 60%-62 % ) . Regardless of their treatment use changes , all of the groups showed symptom improvement over baseline . Notably , initial symptom severity , sex ( male ) , comorbidity , public assistance , and parental psychopathology ( ADHD ) did not moderate children 's 36-month treatment responses , but these factors predicted worse outcomes over 36 months , regardless of original treatment assignment . CONCLUSIONS By 36 months , the earlier advantage of having had 14 months of the medication algorithm was no longer apparent , possibly due to age-related decline in ADHD symptoms , changes in medication management intensity , starting or stopping medications altogether , or other factors not yet evaluated Fifty-two children ( ages 7 to 14 years ) with moderate mental retardation to borderline intellectual functioning were recontacted 12 to 65 months following participation in a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of methylpheni date ( MPH ) . Sixty-nine percent of subjects continued to be prescribed medication for behavior control at follow-up . While 72 % of the sample evidence d improvement , over two-thirds continued to be rated at or above the 98th percentile on the Hyperactivity Index of the Parent Conners . In fact , 22 % of subjects had received inpatient psychiatric treatment between the time of the initial MPH trial and follow-up . Finally , subjects with high initial ratings on the Parent Conners Conduct Problems scale were more likely to be suspended from school or receive inpatient psychiatric treatment than subjects with low initial ratings . The results suggested that children with ADHD and mental retardation or borderline intellectual functioning continued to exhibit significant symptoms associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) at follow-up and that early conduct problems were predictive of continuing behavioral difficulties We report a prospect i ve longitudinal study of 101 male adolescents ( ages 16 to 23 years ) who had been diagnosed hyperactive in childhood ( ages 6 to 12 years ) , compared with 100 normal controls . The DSM-III diagnoses were made blind to group membership . Information was obtained for 98 % of the original cohort . The full attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity ( ADDH ) syndrome persisted in 31 % of the prob and s vs in 3 % of the controls . The only other two conditions that distinguished the groups significantly were conduct and substance use disorders . These disorders aggregated significantly among the prob and s with continued ADDH . The results indicate that the greatest risk factor for the development of antisocial behavior and drug abuse is the maintenance of ADDH symptoms . Substance use disorders followed the onset of conduct disorder in the overwhelming majority of the cases OBJECTIVE To test that methylpheni date combined with intensive multimodal psychosocial intervention , which includes social skills training , significantly enhances social functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) compared with methylpheni date alone and methylpheni date plus nonspecific psychosocial treatment ( attention control ) . METHOD One hundred three children with ADHD ( ages 7 - 9 ) , free of conduct and learning disorders , who responded to short-term methylpheni date were r and omized for 2 years to receive ( 1 ) methylpheni date alone , ( 2 ) methylpheni date plus multimodal psychosocial treatment that included social skills training , or ( 3 ) methylpheni date plus attention control treatment . Assessment s included parent , child , and teacher ratings of social function and direct school observations in gym . RESULTS No advantage was found on any measure of social functioning for the combination treatment over methylpheni date alone or methylpheni date plus attention control . Significant improvement occurred across all treatments and continued over 2 years . CONCLUSIONS In young children with ADHD , there is no support for clinic-based social skills training as part of a long-term psychosocial intervention to improve social behavior . Significant benefits from methylpheni date were stable over 2 years CONTEXT Prospect i ve studies of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) have not extended beyond early adulthood . OBJECTIVE To examine whether children diagnosed as having ADHD at a mean age of 8 years ( prob and s ) have worse educational , occupational , economic , social , and marital outcomes and higher rates of ongoing ADHD , antisocial personality disorder ( ASPD ) , substance use disorders ( SUDs ) , adult-onset psychiatric disorders , psychiatric hospitalizations , and incarcerations than non-ADHD comparison participants at a mean age of 41 years . DESIGN Prospect i ve , 33-year follow-up study , with masked clinical assessment s. SETTING Research clinic . PARTICIPANTS A total of 135 white men with ADHD in childhood , free of conduct disorder , and 136 men without childhood ADHD ( 65.2 % and 76.4 % of original cohort , respectively ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Occupational , economic , and educational attainment ; marital history ; occupational and social functioning ; ongoing and lifetime psychiatric disorders ; psychiatric hospitalizations ; and incarcerations . RESULTS Prob and s had significantly worse educational , occupational , economic , and social outcomes ; more divorces ; and higher rates of ongoing ADHD ( 22.2 % vs 5.1 % , P < .001 ) , ASPD ( 16.3 % vs 0 % , P < .001 ) , and SUDs ( 14.1 % vs 5.1 % , P = .01 ) but not more mood or anxiety disorders ( P = .36 and .33 ) than did comparison participants . Ongoing ADHD was weakly related to ongoing SUDs ( ϕ = 0.19 , P = .04 ) , as well as ASPD with SUDs ( ϕ = 0.20 , P = .04 ) . During their lifetime , prob and s had significantly more ASPD and SUDs but not mood or anxiety disorders and more psychiatric hospitalizations and incarcerations than comparison participants . Relative to comparisons , psychiatric disorders with onsets at 21 years or older were not significantly elevated in prob and s. Prob and s without ongoing psychiatric disorders had worse social , but not occupational , functioning . CONCLUSIONS The multiple disadvantages predicted by childhood ADHD well into adulthood began in adolescence , without increased onsets of new disorders after 20 years of age . Findings highlight the importance of extended monitoring and treatment of children with ADHD OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that multimodal psychosocial intervention , which includes parent training , combined with methylpheni date significantly enhances the behavior of parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , compared with methylpheni date alone and compared with methylpheni date and nonspecific psychosocial treatment ( attention control ) . METHOD One hundred three children with ADHD ( ages 7 - 9 ) , free of conduct and learning disorders , who responded to short-term methylpheni date therapy were r and omized for 2 years to receive either ( 1 ) methylpheni date treatment alone ; ( 2 ) methylpheni date plus psychosocial treatment that included parent training and counseling , social skills training , academic assistance , and psychotherapy ; or ( 3 ) methylpheni date plus attention control treatment . Parents rated their knowledge of parenting principles and negative and positive parenting behavior . Children rated their parents ' behavior . RESULTS Psychosocial treatment led to significantly better knowledge of parenting principles but did not enhance parenting practice s , as rated by parents and children . Significant improvement in mothers ' negative parenting occurred across all treatments and was maintained . CONCLUSIONS In nonconduct-disordered , stimulant-treated children with ADHD , parent training does not improve self-rated parental behavior . The benefits of brief stimulant treatment for negative parental behavior are sustained with extended treatment OBJECTIVES To determine any long-term effects , 6 and 8 years after childhood enrollment , of the r and omly assigned 14-month treatments in the NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ( MTA ; N = 436 ) ; to test whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) symptom trajectory through 3 years predicts outcome in subsequent years ; and to examine functioning level of the MTA adolescents relative to their non-ADHD peers ( local normative comparison group ; N = 261 ) . METHOD Mixed-effects regression models with planned contrasts at 6 and 8 years tested a wide range of symptom and impairment variables assessed by  parent , teacher , and youth report 
    Output:
    
agent
Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions , and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months .
However , the effect size may decrease beyond this period .
This review has highlighted the paucity and limitations of the evidence investigating the long-term outcomes of recommended interventions for managing ADHD symptoms .
There is little evidence to suggest that the effects observed over the relatively short term are maintained throughout longer periods of impairment .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objective : To examine the rate of psychotic and mood-congruent psychotic side effects of stimulant medications in children treated for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . Method : A chart review was completed of all children diagnosed with ADHD in an outpatient clinic from January 1989 to March 1995 . Results : Over 5 years , 192 children were diagnosed with ADHD . Ninety-eight children received treatment at the clinic with stimulants .  Six children developed psychotic or mood-congruent psychotic symptoms during treatment . Children on medication were followed for an average of 1 year and 9 months . Conclusions : Awareness of the potential for psychotic side effects from stimulant medications is important when prescribing for children . A large prospect i ve study would be useful to predict the frequency and classification of the side effects in children BACKGROUND The effectiveness of a combined methylpheni date /behavioural treatment ( BT ) versus methylpheni date -only for Chinese children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) was tested in routine clinical practice in Hong Kong . METHODS A r and omized group comparison design was adopted with two treatment conditions ( methylpheni date -only ; methylpheni date /BT ) , which lasted for 6 months . There were four assessment time points ( pre-treatment , post-treatment , and 6-month and 12-month follow-ups ) , using the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behaviours ( SWAN ) Rating Scale . Parental attitude toward different treatment options of ADHD was also assessed at pre-treatment and post-treatment . Participants included 90 Chinese ADHD children ( mean age=8 years , SD=.95 ) . RESULTS The combination of BT and a low-dose methylpheni date was significantly more effective than methylpheni date -only in reducing ADHD and ODD symptoms at post-treatment . At follow-ups , the benefits of the combined treatment were maintained , while the methylpheni date -only group caught up in improvement in ADHD symptoms . Parents in both treatment conditions showed improved attitude toward medication after the 6-month treatment phase , while their attitude toward BT was positive all along . CONCLUSIONS This study supported the added benefits of BT , on top of medication , for Chinese ADHD children in routine practice with treatments conducted by regular medical and paramedical staffs OBJECTIVE To test the hypotheses that in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) ( 1 ) symptoms of ADHD , oppositional defiant disorder , and overall functioning are significantly improved by methylpheni date combined with intensive multimodal psychosocial treatment compared with methylpheni date alone and with methylpheni date plus attention control and ( 2 ) more children receiving combined treatment can be taken off methylpheni date . METHOD One hundred three children with ADHD ( ages 7 - 9 ) , free of conduct and learning disorders , who responded to short-term methylpheni date were r and omized for 2 years to ( 1 ) methylpheni date alone ; ( 2 ) methylpheni date plus psychosocial treatment that included parent training and counseling , social skills training , psychotherapy , and academic assistance , or ( 3 ) methylpheni date plus attention psychosocial control treatment . Assessment s included parent , teacher , and psychiatrist ratings , and observations in academic and gym classes . RESULTS Combination treatment did not lead to superior functioning and did not facilitate methylpheni date discontinuation . Significant improvement occurred across all treatments and continued over 2 years . CONCLUSIONS In stimulant-responsive children with ADHD , there is no support for adding ambitious long-term psychosocial intervention to improve ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms . Significant benefits from methylpheni date were stable over 2 years OBJECTIVE In the intent-to-treat analysis of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD ( MTA ) , the effects of medication management ( MedMgt ) , behavior therapy ( Beh ) , their combination ( Comb ) , and usual community care ( CC ) differed at 14 and 24 months due to superiority of treatments that used the MTA medication algorithm ( Comb+MedMgt ) over those that did not ( Beh+CC ) . This report examines 36-month outcomes , 2 years after treatment by the study ended . METHOD For primary outcome measures ( attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ ADHD ] and oppositional defiant disorder [ ODD ] symptoms , social skills , reading scores , impairment , and diagnostic status ) , mixed-effects regression models and orthogonal contrasts examined 36-month outcomes . RESULTS At 3 years , 485 of the original 579 subjects ( 83.8 % ) participated in the follow-up , now at ages 10 to 13 years , ( mean 11.9 years ) . In contrast to the significant advantage of MedMgt+Comb over Beh+CC for ADHD symptoms at 14 and 24 months , treatment groups did not differ significantly on any measure at 36 months . The percentage of children taking medication > 50 % of the time changed between 14 and 36 months across the initial treatment groups : Beh significantly increased ( 14 % to 45 % ) , MedMed+Comb significantly decreased ( 91 % to 71 % ) , and CC remained constant ( 60%-62 % ) . Regardless of their treatment use changes , all of the groups showed symptom improvement over baseline . Notably , initial symptom severity , sex ( male ) , comorbidity , public assistance , and parental psychopathology ( ADHD ) did not moderate children 's 36-month treatment responses , but these factors predicted worse outcomes over 36 months , regardless of original treatment assignment . CONCLUSIONS By 36 months , the earlier advantage of having had 14 months of the medication algorithm was no longer apparent , possibly due to age-related decline in ADHD symptoms , changes in medication management intensity , starting or stopping medications altogether , or other factors not yet evaluated Fifty-two children ( ages 7 to 14 years ) with moderate mental retardation to borderline intellectual functioning were recontacted 12 to 65 months following participation in a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of methylpheni date ( MPH ) . Sixty-nine percent of subjects continued to be prescribed medication for behavior control at follow-up . While 72 % of the sample evidence d improvement , over two-thirds continued to be rated at or above the 98th percentile on the Hyperactivity Index of the Parent Conners . In fact , 22 % of subjects had received inpatient psychiatric treatment between the time of the initial MPH trial and follow-up . Finally , subjects with high initial ratings on the Parent Conners Conduct Problems scale were more likely to be suspended from school or receive inpatient psychiatric treatment than subjects with low initial ratings . The results suggested that children with ADHD and mental retardation or borderline intellectual functioning continued to exhibit significant symptoms associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) at follow-up and that early conduct problems were predictive of continuing behavioral difficulties We report a prospect i ve longitudinal study of 101 male adolescents ( ages 16 to 23 years ) who had been diagnosed hyperactive in childhood ( ages 6 to 12 years ) , compared with 100 normal controls . The DSM-III diagnoses were made blind to group membership . Information was obtained for 98 % of the original cohort . The full attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity ( ADDH ) syndrome persisted in 31 % of the prob and s vs in 3 % of the controls . The only other two conditions that distinguished the groups significantly were conduct and substance use disorders . These disorders aggregated significantly among the prob and s with continued ADDH . The results indicate that the greatest risk factor for the development of antisocial behavior and drug abuse is the maintenance of ADDH symptoms . Substance use disorders followed the onset of conduct disorder in the overwhelming majority of the cases OBJECTIVE To test that methylpheni date combined with intensive multimodal psychosocial intervention , which includes social skills training , significantly enhances social functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) compared with methylpheni date alone and methylpheni date plus nonspecific psychosocial treatment ( attention control ) . METHOD One hundred three children with ADHD ( ages 7 - 9 ) , free of conduct and learning disorders , who responded to short-term methylpheni date were r and omized for 2 years to receive ( 1 ) methylpheni date alone , ( 2 ) methylpheni date plus multimodal psychosocial treatment that included social skills training , or ( 3 ) methylpheni date plus attention control treatment . Assessment s included parent , child , and teacher ratings of social function and direct school observations in gym . RESULTS No advantage was found on any measure of social functioning for the combination treatment over methylpheni date alone or methylpheni date plus attention control . Significant improvement occurred across all treatments and continued over 2 years . CONCLUSIONS In young children with ADHD , there is no support for clinic-based social skills training as part of a long-term psychosocial intervention to improve social behavior . Significant benefits from methylpheni date were stable over 2 years CONTEXT Prospect i ve studies of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) have not extended beyond early adulthood . OBJECTIVE To examine whether children diagnosed as having ADHD at a mean age of 8 years ( prob and s ) have worse educational , occupational , economic , social , and marital outcomes and higher rates of ongoing ADHD , antisocial personality disorder ( ASPD ) , substance use disorders ( SUDs ) , adult-onset psychiatric disorders , psychiatric hospitalizations , and incarcerations than non-ADHD comparison participants at a mean age of 41 years . DESIGN Prospect i ve , 33-year follow-up study , with masked clinical assessment s. SETTING Research clinic . PARTICIPANTS A total of 135 white men with ADHD in childhood , free of conduct disorder , and 136 men without childhood ADHD ( 65.2 % and 76.4 % of original cohort , respectively ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Occupational , economic , and educational attainment ; marital history ; occupational and social functioning ; ongoing and lifetime psychiatric disorders ; psychiatric hospitalizations ; and incarcerations . RESULTS Prob and s had significantly worse educational , occupational , economic , and social outcomes ; more divorces ; and higher rates of ongoing ADHD ( 22.2 % vs 5.1 % , P < .001 ) , ASPD ( 16.3 % vs 0 % , P < .001 ) , and SUDs ( 14.1 % vs 5.1 % , P = .01 ) but not more mood or anxiety disorders ( P = .36 and .33 ) than did comparison participants . Ongoing ADHD was weakly related to ongoing SUDs ( ϕ = 0.19 , P = .04 ) , as well as ASPD with SUDs ( ϕ = 0.20 , P = .04 ) . During their lifetime , prob and s had significantly more ASPD and SUDs but not mood or anxiety disorders and more psychiatric hospitalizations and incarcerations than comparison participants . Relative to comparisons , psychiatric disorders with onsets at 21 years or older were not significantly elevated in prob and s. Prob and s without ongoing psychiatric disorders had worse social , but not occupational , functioning . CONCLUSIONS The multiple disadvantages predicted by childhood ADHD well into adulthood began in adolescence , without increased onsets of new disorders after 20 years of age . Findings highlight the importance of extended monitoring and treatment of children with ADHD OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that multimodal psychosocial intervention , which includes parent training , combined with methylpheni date significantly enhances the behavior of parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , compared with methylpheni date alone and compared with methylpheni date and nonspecific psychosocial treatment ( attention control ) . METHOD One hundred three children with ADHD ( ages 7 - 9 ) , free of conduct and learning disorders , who responded to short-term methylpheni date therapy were r and omized for 2 years to receive either ( 1 ) methylpheni date treatment alone ; ( 2 ) methylpheni date plus psychosocial treatment that included parent training and counseling , social skills training , academic assistance , and psychotherapy ; or ( 3 ) methylpheni date plus attention control treatment . Parents rated their knowledge of parenting principles and negative and positive parenting behavior . Children rated their parents ' behavior . RESULTS Psychosocial treatment led to significantly better knowledge of parenting principles but did not enhance parenting practice s , as rated by parents and children . Significant improvement in mothers ' negative parenting occurred across all treatments and was maintained . CONCLUSIONS In nonconduct-disordered , stimulant-treated children with ADHD , parent training does not improve self-rated parental behavior . The benefits of brief stimulant treatment for negative parental behavior are sustained with extended treatment OBJECTIVES To determine any long-term effects , 6 and 8 years after childhood enrollment , of the r and omly assigned 14-month treatments in the NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ( MTA ; N = 436 ) ; to test whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) symptom trajectory through 3 years predicts outcome in subsequent years ; and to examine functioning level of the MTA adolescents relative to their non-ADHD peers ( local normative comparison group ; N = 261 ) . METHOD Mixed-effects regression models with planned contrasts at 6 and 8 years tested a wide range of symptom and impairment variables assessed by  parent , teacher , and youth report 
    Output:
    