human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the glycemic index ( GI ) on food intake , anthropometric measurements and body composition in subjects with excess body weight . METHODS Crossover study , in which 17 subjects participated in two study sessions ( high GI or low GI ) .  Two daily meals were consumed in laboratory for 30 consecutive days in each session . Subjects also consumed under free living conditions 3 daily isocaloric servings of fruits , presenting the same GI as the session in which they were participating . At each 15 days , subjects were su bmi tted to body composition ( lean mass and fatty mass ) and anthropometric indexes ( weight , height , body mass index , waist circumference ( WC ) , hip circumference , hip-waist relation ( WHC ) ) assessment . Habitual food intake was assessed before and at the end of each session . Subjects were instructed to maintain the same level of physical activity during the study . RESULTS There was a significant reduction on WC and WHC after the low GI session . The other parameters did not differ between the treatments applied in this study . CONCLUSION These results suggest that the consumption of low GI foods may favor the prevention and control abdominal obesity and the associated metabolic diseases This study compared satiety after high protein pasta ( 16 g protein , 6 g fiber ) , high fiber pasta ( 11 g protein , 8 g fiber ) or control pasta ( 11 g protein , 6 g fiber ) in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind crossover trial . Participants were 36 healthy and men and women from the University of Minnesota campus . Fasted men and women ate calorie controlled , but macronutrient different pastas at 12:00 pm along with 500 mL of water . The primary outcome was satiety assessed by Visual Analogue Scales at 0 , 15 , 30 , 45 , 60 , 90 , 120 , and 180 min daily after consuming the pastas . Secondary outcomes were calories consumed at an ad libitum snack at 3:00 pm , calories from food intake , gastrointestinal tolerance , and palatability . No differences were found among the pasta treatments for satiety , snacking , or gastrointestinal tolerance . Men ate significantly more calories for the rest of the ( P = 0.007 ) after the high protein pasta versus the high fiber pasta ( 1701 ± 154 compared with 1083 ± 154 ) with control pasta being intermediate to the other treatments . No significant differences were found for gastrointestinal tolerance , but the palatability ratings showed the high protein pasta was less tasty ( P = 0.03 ) and less pleasant ( P = 0.01 ) than the other 2 pastas . Satisfaction was positively associated with pleasantness and negatively associated with aftertaste . Our results do not support the idea that high protein or high fiber pasta produces a greater satiety response compared to pasta with lower amounts of either nutrient . It is likely that since pasta is already a very satiating food , the subjects were unable to differentiate between the 3 conditions AIMS The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of low glycaemic index ( GI ) vs. conventional carbohydrate exchange ( CCE ) dietary advice on glycaemic control and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes . METHODS A total of 104 patients with type 2 diabetes were r and omly assigned to either a low GI ( GI ) or CCE dietary advice over a 12-week period . The primary end-point was glycaemic control as assessed by glycated haemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) , fructosamine level and plasma glucose . The secondary end-points were anthropometric measurements and metabolic parameters that include blood pressure , lipid profile and insulin levels . The oral antidiabetic medications remained unchanged throughout the duration of the study . RESULTS A low-GI diet was associated with significant changes in the fructosamine level ( DeltaGI = -0.20 + /- 0.03 ; DeltaCCE = -0.08 + /- 0.03 mmol/l , p < 0.01 ) and waist circumference ( DeltaGI group = -1.88 + /- 0.30 cm ; DeltaCCE group : -0.36 + /- 0.4 cm , p < 0.05 ) at week 4 . At week 12 , the changes in fasting glucose ( DeltaGI = -0.03 + /- 0.3 ; DeltaCCE = 0.7 + /- 0.3 mmol/l ; p < 0.05 ) and waist circumference ( DeltaGI = -2.35 + /- 0.47 cm ; DeltaCCE group = -0.66 + /- 0.46 cm ; p < 0.05 ) in the GI group was significantly lower than the CCE group . With the low-GI diet , the changes in postpr and ial glycaemia at time 0 , 60 , 150 and 180 min after consuming the st and ard test meal was lower than with the CCE diet ( p < 0.05 ) . No significant differences were found between the groups for the remaining parameters that were measured . CONCLUSIONS Use of a low-GI diet result ed in significant changes of serum fructosamine level , plasma glucose and waist circumference in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes over a 12-week period compared with those following a CCE diet . The effect on HbA1c and other metabolic parameters was not significantly different between the two study groups but the improvement within the GI group was more pronounced and of clinical benefit BACKGROUND The development of obesity has been suggested to involve plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( PAI-1 ) and tissue inhibitor of proteinases-1 ( TIMP-1 ) . Plasma PAI-1 is elevated in obesity . A low-glycemic-index ( LGI ) diet may have a beneficial effect on obesity through a decrease in plasma PAI-1 , but whether it affects plasma TIMP-1 in healthy humans has not been studied . OBJECTIVE We investigated whether a 10-wk intake of an LGI or a high-glycemic-index ( HGI ) , high-carbohydrate , low-fat , ad libitum diet is associated with decreases in plasma PAI-1 and TIMP-1 concentrations in overweight women . DESIGN Forty-four overweight women [ body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m2 ) : 27.5+/-0.23 ] were r and omly assigned to consume an HGI or an LGI diet for 10 wk . A subgroup of 29 women was assigned to participate in an additional 4-h meal test on the last day of the 10-wk intervention . RESULTS PAI-1 activity decreased after 10 wk of the LGI diet and was significantly different between groups . Changes in PAI-1 antigen followed the same trend , but no significant difference was observed between groups . No difference in plasma TIMP-1 concentrations was observed between groups . PAI-1 and TIMP-1 concentrations after the 4-h meal test were not significantly different between groups . CONCLUSION An LGI diet reduces fasting plasma PAI-1 activity and therefore may be useful for diminishing the adverse cardiovascular effects of obesity . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00324090 OBJECTIVE Despite their independent cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) advantages , effects of α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) , monounsaturated fatty acid ( MUFA ) , and low-glycemic-load ( GL ) diets have not been assessed in combination . We therefore determined the combined effect of ALA , MUFA , and low GL on glycemic control and CVD risk factors in type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study was a parallel design , r and omized trial wherein each 3-month treatment was conducted in a Canadian academic center between March 2011 and September 2012 and involved 141 participants with type 2 diabetes ( HbA1c 6.5%–8.5 % [ 48–69 mmol/mol ] ) treated with oral antihyperglycemic agents . Participants were provided with dietary advice on either a low-GL diet with ALA and MUFA given as a canola oil – enriched bread supplement ( 31 g canola oil per 2,000 kcal ) ( test ) or a whole-grain diet with a whole-wheat bread supplement ( control ) . The primary outcome was HbA1c change . Secondary outcomes included calculated Framingham CVD risk score and reactive hyperemia index ( RHI ) ratio . RESULTS Seventy-nine percent of the test group and 90 % of the control group completed the trial . The test diet reduction in HbA1c units of −0.47 % ( −5.15 mmol/mol ) ( 95 % CI −0.54 % to −0.40 % [ −5.92 to −4.38 mmol/mol ] ) was greater than that for the control diet ( −0.31 % [ −3.44 mmol/mol ] [ 95 % CI −0.38 % to −0.25 % ( −4.17 to −2.71 mmol/mol ) ] , P = 0.002 ) , with the greatest benefit observed in those with higher systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) . Greater reductions were seen in CVD risk score for the test diet , whereas the RHI ratio increased for the control diet . CONCLUSIONS A canola oil – enriched low-GL diet  improved glycemic control in type 2 diabetes , particularly in participants with raised SBP , whereas whole grains improved vascular reactivity Objective : To assess whether the addition of viscous fiber at an amount recommended by the US FDA to allow a ‘ low saturated fat , cholesterol , soluble fiber and coronary heart disease ’ , health cl aim label on a food package ( 1.7 g psyllium ) and /or fat ( 30 g sunflower oil and 3 g sodium propionate ) to a pasta meal would affect gastric emptying , postpr and ial glucose , insulin and GLP-1 concentrations . Design : Ten subjects participated in a two-by-two single blind r and omized crossover study . Four meals containing 50 g of available carbohydrate were consumed : pasta with or without psyllium enrichment served with a tomato sauce with ( 520 kcal per meal ) and without ( 240 kcal per meal ) fat . Blood sample s were taken for 240 min following the meal and all subjects consumed a buffet meal at the end of the study . Gastric empting was measured using the paracetamol absorption test . Blood was analysed for glucose , insulin , GLP-1 . Visual analog scales were used to record feelings of hunger , pleasantness and nausea . Results : The psyllium-enriched pasta had no significant effect on gastric emptying or the incremental area under the curve ( IAUC ) for GLP-1 , insulin or glucose compared with the control pasta . The addition of polyunsaturated fat and sodium propionate significantly increased the IAUC for GLP-1 ( P<0.001 ) , delaying gastric emptying ( P<0.002 ) , and decreasing glucose ( P<0.002 ) . Conclusions : A dose of 1.7 g psyllium did not evoke measurable effects on gastric emptying , postpr and ial GLP-1 , insulin or glucose metabolism . However the addition of 30 g of oil and 3 g of sodium propionate to the pasta did reduce gastric emptying , increase GLP-1 and reduce glucose and insulin concentrations . While this short-term study may have implication s in terms of reducing the risk of diabetes and improving coronary risk factor profiles the long term effects of these nutrients need to be studied . Sponsorship : This study was supported by Kellogg Company BACKGROUND Studies of weight-control diets that are high in protein or low in glycemic index have reached varied conclusions , probably owing to the fact that the studies had insufficient power . METHODS We enrolled overweight adults from eight European countries who had lost at least 8 % of their initial body weight with a 3.3-MJ ( 800-kcal ) low-calorie diet .  Participants were r and omly assigned , in a two-by-two factorial design , to one of five ad libitum diets to prevent weight regain over a 26-week period : a low-protein and low-glycemic-index diet , a low-protein and high-glycemic-index diet , a high-protein and low-glycemic-index diet , a high-protein and high-glycemic-index diet , or a control diet . RESULTS A total of 1209 adults were screened ( mean age , 41 years ; body-mass index [ the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters ] , 34 ) , of whom 938 entered the low-calorie-diet phase of the study . A total of 773 participants who completed that phase were r and omly assigned to one of the five maintenance diets ; 548 completed the intervention ( 71 % ) . Fewer participants in the high-protein and the low-glycemic-index groups than in the low-protein-high-glycemic-index group dropped out of the study ( 26.4 % and 25.6 % , respectively , 
    Output:
    
agent
CONCLUSIONS Pasta in the context of low-GI dietary patterns does not adversely affect adiposity and even reduces body weight and BMI compared with higher-GI dietary patterns .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the glycemic index ( GI ) on food intake , anthropometric measurements and body composition in subjects with excess body weight . METHODS Crossover study , in which 17 subjects participated in two study sessions ( high GI or low GI ) .  Two daily meals were consumed in laboratory for 30 consecutive days in each session . Subjects also consumed under free living conditions 3 daily isocaloric servings of fruits , presenting the same GI as the session in which they were participating . At each 15 days , subjects were su bmi tted to body composition ( lean mass and fatty mass ) and anthropometric indexes ( weight , height , body mass index , waist circumference ( WC ) , hip circumference , hip-waist relation ( WHC ) ) assessment . Habitual food intake was assessed before and at the end of each session . Subjects were instructed to maintain the same level of physical activity during the study . RESULTS There was a significant reduction on WC and WHC after the low GI session . The other parameters did not differ between the treatments applied in this study . CONCLUSION These results suggest that the consumption of low GI foods may favor the prevention and control abdominal obesity and the associated metabolic diseases This study compared satiety after high protein pasta ( 16 g protein , 6 g fiber ) , high fiber pasta ( 11 g protein , 8 g fiber ) or control pasta ( 11 g protein , 6 g fiber ) in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind crossover trial . Participants were 36 healthy and men and women from the University of Minnesota campus . Fasted men and women ate calorie controlled , but macronutrient different pastas at 12:00 pm along with 500 mL of water . The primary outcome was satiety assessed by Visual Analogue Scales at 0 , 15 , 30 , 45 , 60 , 90 , 120 , and 180 min daily after consuming the pastas . Secondary outcomes were calories consumed at an ad libitum snack at 3:00 pm , calories from food intake , gastrointestinal tolerance , and palatability . No differences were found among the pasta treatments for satiety , snacking , or gastrointestinal tolerance . Men ate significantly more calories for the rest of the ( P = 0.007 ) after the high protein pasta versus the high fiber pasta ( 1701 ± 154 compared with 1083 ± 154 ) with control pasta being intermediate to the other treatments . No significant differences were found for gastrointestinal tolerance , but the palatability ratings showed the high protein pasta was less tasty ( P = 0.03 ) and less pleasant ( P = 0.01 ) than the other 2 pastas . Satisfaction was positively associated with pleasantness and negatively associated with aftertaste . Our results do not support the idea that high protein or high fiber pasta produces a greater satiety response compared to pasta with lower amounts of either nutrient . It is likely that since pasta is already a very satiating food , the subjects were unable to differentiate between the 3 conditions AIMS The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of low glycaemic index ( GI ) vs. conventional carbohydrate exchange ( CCE ) dietary advice on glycaemic control and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes . METHODS A total of 104 patients with type 2 diabetes were r and omly assigned to either a low GI ( GI ) or CCE dietary advice over a 12-week period . The primary end-point was glycaemic control as assessed by glycated haemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) , fructosamine level and plasma glucose . The secondary end-points were anthropometric measurements and metabolic parameters that include blood pressure , lipid profile and insulin levels . The oral antidiabetic medications remained unchanged throughout the duration of the study . RESULTS A low-GI diet was associated with significant changes in the fructosamine level ( DeltaGI = -0.20 + /- 0.03 ; DeltaCCE = -0.08 + /- 0.03 mmol/l , p < 0.01 ) and waist circumference ( DeltaGI group = -1.88 + /- 0.30 cm ; DeltaCCE group : -0.36 + /- 0.4 cm , p < 0.05 ) at week 4 . At week 12 , the changes in fasting glucose ( DeltaGI = -0.03 + /- 0.3 ; DeltaCCE = 0.7 + /- 0.3 mmol/l ; p < 0.05 ) and waist circumference ( DeltaGI = -2.35 + /- 0.47 cm ; DeltaCCE group = -0.66 + /- 0.46 cm ; p < 0.05 ) in the GI group was significantly lower than the CCE group . With the low-GI diet , the changes in postpr and ial glycaemia at time 0 , 60 , 150 and 180 min after consuming the st and ard test meal was lower than with the CCE diet ( p < 0.05 ) . No significant differences were found between the groups for the remaining parameters that were measured . CONCLUSIONS Use of a low-GI diet result ed in significant changes of serum fructosamine level , plasma glucose and waist circumference in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes over a 12-week period compared with those following a CCE diet . The effect on HbA1c and other metabolic parameters was not significantly different between the two study groups but the improvement within the GI group was more pronounced and of clinical benefit BACKGROUND The development of obesity has been suggested to involve plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( PAI-1 ) and tissue inhibitor of proteinases-1 ( TIMP-1 ) . Plasma PAI-1 is elevated in obesity . A low-glycemic-index ( LGI ) diet may have a beneficial effect on obesity through a decrease in plasma PAI-1 , but whether it affects plasma TIMP-1 in healthy humans has not been studied . OBJECTIVE We investigated whether a 10-wk intake of an LGI or a high-glycemic-index ( HGI ) , high-carbohydrate , low-fat , ad libitum diet is associated with decreases in plasma PAI-1 and TIMP-1 concentrations in overweight women . DESIGN Forty-four overweight women [ body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m2 ) : 27.5+/-0.23 ] were r and omly assigned to consume an HGI or an LGI diet for 10 wk . A subgroup of 29 women was assigned to participate in an additional 4-h meal test on the last day of the 10-wk intervention . RESULTS PAI-1 activity decreased after 10 wk of the LGI diet and was significantly different between groups . Changes in PAI-1 antigen followed the same trend , but no significant difference was observed between groups . No difference in plasma TIMP-1 concentrations was observed between groups . PAI-1 and TIMP-1 concentrations after the 4-h meal test were not significantly different between groups . CONCLUSION An LGI diet reduces fasting plasma PAI-1 activity and therefore may be useful for diminishing the adverse cardiovascular effects of obesity . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00324090 OBJECTIVE Despite their independent cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) advantages , effects of α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) , monounsaturated fatty acid ( MUFA ) , and low-glycemic-load ( GL ) diets have not been assessed in combination . We therefore determined the combined effect of ALA , MUFA , and low GL on glycemic control and CVD risk factors in type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study was a parallel design , r and omized trial wherein each 3-month treatment was conducted in a Canadian academic center between March 2011 and September 2012 and involved 141 participants with type 2 diabetes ( HbA1c 6.5%–8.5 % [ 48–69 mmol/mol ] ) treated with oral antihyperglycemic agents . Participants were provided with dietary advice on either a low-GL diet with ALA and MUFA given as a canola oil – enriched bread supplement ( 31 g canola oil per 2,000 kcal ) ( test ) or a whole-grain diet with a whole-wheat bread supplement ( control ) . The primary outcome was HbA1c change . Secondary outcomes included calculated Framingham CVD risk score and reactive hyperemia index ( RHI ) ratio . RESULTS Seventy-nine percent of the test group and 90 % of the control group completed the trial . The test diet reduction in HbA1c units of −0.47 % ( −5.15 mmol/mol ) ( 95 % CI −0.54 % to −0.40 % [ −5.92 to −4.38 mmol/mol ] ) was greater than that for the control diet ( −0.31 % [ −3.44 mmol/mol ] [ 95 % CI −0.38 % to −0.25 % ( −4.17 to −2.71 mmol/mol ) ] , P = 0.002 ) , with the greatest benefit observed in those with higher systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) . Greater reductions were seen in CVD risk score for the test diet , whereas the RHI ratio increased for the control diet . CONCLUSIONS A canola oil – enriched low-GL diet  improved glycemic control in type 2 diabetes , particularly in participants with raised SBP , whereas whole grains improved vascular reactivity Objective : To assess whether the addition of viscous fiber at an amount recommended by the US FDA to allow a ‘ low saturated fat , cholesterol , soluble fiber and coronary heart disease ’ , health cl aim label on a food package ( 1.7 g psyllium ) and /or fat ( 30 g sunflower oil and 3 g sodium propionate ) to a pasta meal would affect gastric emptying , postpr and ial glucose , insulin and GLP-1 concentrations . Design : Ten subjects participated in a two-by-two single blind r and omized crossover study . Four meals containing 50 g of available carbohydrate were consumed : pasta with or without psyllium enrichment served with a tomato sauce with ( 520 kcal per meal ) and without ( 240 kcal per meal ) fat . Blood sample s were taken for 240 min following the meal and all subjects consumed a buffet meal at the end of the study . Gastric empting was measured using the paracetamol absorption test . Blood was analysed for glucose , insulin , GLP-1 . Visual analog scales were used to record feelings of hunger , pleasantness and nausea . Results : The psyllium-enriched pasta had no significant effect on gastric emptying or the incremental area under the curve ( IAUC ) for GLP-1 , insulin or glucose compared with the control pasta . The addition of polyunsaturated fat and sodium propionate significantly increased the IAUC for GLP-1 ( P<0.001 ) , delaying gastric emptying ( P<0.002 ) , and decreasing glucose ( P<0.002 ) . Conclusions : A dose of 1.7 g psyllium did not evoke measurable effects on gastric emptying , postpr and ial GLP-1 , insulin or glucose metabolism . However the addition of 30 g of oil and 3 g of sodium propionate to the pasta did reduce gastric emptying , increase GLP-1 and reduce glucose and insulin concentrations . While this short-term study may have implication s in terms of reducing the risk of diabetes and improving coronary risk factor profiles the long term effects of these nutrients need to be studied . Sponsorship : This study was supported by Kellogg Company BACKGROUND Studies of weight-control diets that are high in protein or low in glycemic index have reached varied conclusions , probably owing to the fact that the studies had insufficient power . METHODS We enrolled overweight adults from eight European countries who had lost at least 8 % of their initial body weight with a 3.3-MJ ( 800-kcal ) low-calorie diet .  Participants were r and omly assigned , in a two-by-two factorial design , to one of five ad libitum diets to prevent weight regain over a 26-week period : a low-protein and low-glycemic-index diet , a low-protein and high-glycemic-index diet , a high-protein and low-glycemic-index diet , a high-protein and high-glycemic-index diet , or a control diet . RESULTS A total of 1209 adults were screened ( mean age , 41 years ; body-mass index [ the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters ] , 34 ) , of whom 938 entered the low-calorie-diet phase of the study . A total of 773 participants who completed that phase were r and omly assigned to one of the five maintenance diets ; 548 completed the intervention ( 71 % ) . Fewer participants in the high-protein and the low-glycemic-index groups than in the low-protein-high-glycemic-index group dropped out of the study ( 26.4 % and 25.6 % , respectively , 
    Output:
    