human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Vitamin D insufficiency is commonly associated with hip fracture . However , the equipotency of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol supplementation in this patient group has not been studied in a r and omized trial using high-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25OHD ) . The objective of this study was to determine if ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol are equipotent therapies in vitamin D-insufficient hip fracture patients . Ninety five hip fracture in patients with vitamin D insufficiency ( 25OHD<50 nmol/L ) were r and omized , double-blind , to treatment with ergocalciferol 1000 IU/day ( n=48 ) or cholecalciferol 1000 IU/day ( n=47 ) for three months . All participants were also given a placebo matching the alternative treatment to maintain blinding of treatment allocation . The primary endpoint was total serum 25OHD measured by HPLC . Secondary endpoints included 25OHD measured by radioimmunoassay ( RIA ) , intact parathyroid hormone ( iPTH ) , and bioactive ( 1 - 84 ) whole PTH ( wPTH ) .  Seventy patients ( 74 % ) completed the study with paired sample s for analysis . Cholecalciferol supplementation result ed in a 31 % greater increase in total HPLC-measured 25OHD ( p=0.010 ) and 52 % greater rise in RIA-measured 25OHD ( p<0.001 ) than supplementation with an equivalent dose of ergocalciferol . Changes in iPTH and wPTH were not significantly different between calciferol treatments ( p>0.05 ) . In vitamin D-insufficient hip fracture patients , supplementation with cholecalciferol 1000 IU/day for three months was more effective in increasing serum 25OHD than an equivalent dose of ergocalciferol . However , the lack of difference in PTH lowering between calciferol treatments raises questions about the biological importance of this observation Summary Vitamin D deficiency is very common in non-western immigrants . In this r and omized clinical trial , vitamin D 800 IU/day or 100,000 IU/3 months were compared with advised sunlight exposure . Vitamin D supplementation was more effective than advised sunlight exposure in improving vitamin D status and lowering parathyroid hormone levels . Introduction Vitamin D deficiency ( 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] < 25 nmol/l ) is common among non-western immigrants . It can be treated with vitamin D supplementation or sunlight exposure . Methods To determine whether the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation ( daily 800 IU or 100,000 IU/3 months ) or sunlight exposure advice is similar with regard to serum 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) concentrations . R and omized clinical trial in 11 general practice s in The Netherl and s. Non-western immigrants , aged 18–65 years ( n = 232 ) and serum 25(OH)D < 25 nmol/l were r and omly assigned to supplementation ( daily 800 IU or 100,000 IU/3 months ) or advice for sunlight exposure for 6 months ( March – September ) . Blood sample s were collected at baseline , during treatment ( 3 months , 6 months ) , and at follow-up ( 12 months ) . Statistical analysis was performed with multilevel regression modelling . Results The intention-to-treat analysis included 211 persons . Baseline serum 25(OH)D was 22.5 ± 11.1 nmol/l . After 6 months , mean serum 25(OH)D increased to 53 nmol/l with 800 IU/day , to 50.5 nmol/l with 100,000 IU/3 months , and to 29.1 nmol/l with advised sunlight exposure ( supplementation vs sunshine p < 0.001 ) . Serum PTH decreased significantly in all groups after 3 months , more in the supplementation groups than in the advised sunlight group ( p < 0.05 ) . There was no significant effect on physical performance and functional limitations . Conclusion Vitamin D supplementation is more effective than advised sunlight exposure for treating vitamin D deficiency in non-western immigrants Objectives To examine whether combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity , insulin secretion , β-cell function , inflammation and metabolic markers . Design 6-month r and omized , placebo-controlled trial . Participants Ninety-five adults with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] ≤55 nmol/L at risk of type 2 diabetes ( with prediabetes or an AUSDRISK score ≥15 ) were r and omized . Analyses included participants who completed the baseline and final visits ( treatment n = 35 ; placebo n = 45 ) . Intervention Daily calcium carbonate ( 1,200 mg ) and cholecalciferol [ 2,000–6,000 IU to target 25(OH)D > 75 nmol/L ] or matching placebos for 6 months .  Measurements Insulin sensitivity ( HOMA2%S , Matsuda index ) , insulin secretion ( insulinogenic index , area under the curve ( AUC ) for C-peptide ) and β-cell function ( Matsuda index x AUC for C-peptide ) derived from a 75 g 2-h OGTT ; anthropometry ; blood pressure ; lipid profile ; hs-CRP ; TNF-α ; IL-6 ; adiponectin ; total and undercarboxylated osteocalcin . Results Participants were middle-aged adults ( mean age 54 years ; 69 % Europid ) at risk of type 2 diabetes ( 48 % with prediabetes ) . Compliance was > 80 % for calcium and vitamin D. Mean serum 25(OH)D concentration increased from 48 to 95 nmol/L in the treatment group ( 91 % achieved > 75 nmol/L ) , but remained unchanged in controls . There were no significant changes in insulin sensitivity , insulin secretion and β-cell function , or in inflammatory and metabolic markers between or within the groups , before or after adjustment for potential confounders including waist circumference and season of recruitment . In a post hoc analysis restricted to participants with prediabetes , a significant beneficial effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on insulin sensitivity ( HOMA%S and Matsuda ) was observed . Conclusions Daily vitamin D and calcium supplementation for 6 months may not change OGTT-derived measures of insulin sensitivity , insulin secretion and β-cell function in multi-ethnic adults with low vitamin D status at risk of type 2 diabetes . However , in participants with prediabetes , supplementation with vitamin D and calcium may improve insulin sensitivity . Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry Background Calcium ( Ca2 + ) and vitamin D ( VitD ) play an important role in child health . We evaluated the daily intake of Ca2 + and VitD in healthy children . Moreover , we demonstrate the efficacy of Ca2 + and VitD supplementation . Methods Daily Ca2 + and VitD intake was evaluated in consecutive healthy children through a vali date d question naire . Subjects with < 70 % of dietary reference intakes ( DRIs ) of Ca2 + and VitD were invited to participate in a prospect i ve r and omized trial with 2 groups of nutritional intervention : Group 1 , dietary counseling aim ing to optimize daily Ca2 + and VitD intake plus administration of a commercially available Ca2 + and VitD supplementation product ; Group 2 , dietary counseling alone . At the enrollment ( T0 ) and after 4 months ( T1 ) serum 25(OH ) Vitamin D levels were assessed . Results We evaluated 150 healthy children ( male 50 % , mean age 10 years ) ; at baseline a  low VitD intake  was observed in all subjects ( median 0.79 μg/die , IQR 1.78 ; range 0.01 - 5.02 ) ; this condition was associated with Ca2 + intake < 70 % of the DRIs in 82 subjects ( 55 % ) . At baseline serum 25(OH)D levels were low ( < 30 ng/ml ) in all study subjects and after 4 months of nutritional intervention , a normalization of serum 25(OH)D levels ( ≥30 ng/ml ) was observed in all children in Group 1 and in only one subject in Group 2 [ Group 1 : T1 33.8 ng/ml ( IQR 2.5 ) vs Group 2 : T1 24.5 ng/ml ( IQR 5.2 ) , p < 0.001 ] . Conclusions Adequate Ca2 + and VitD intakes are difficult to obtain through dietary counseling alone in pediatric subjects . Oral supplementation with of Ca2 + and VitD is a reliable strategy to prevent this condition . Trial registration The study was registered in Clinical Trials Protocol Registration System ( ID number : NCT01638494 ) Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) has been shown to correlate with increased risk of type 2 diabetes . Small , observational studies suggest an action for vitamin D in improving insulin sensitivity and /or insulin secretion . The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of improved vitamin D status on insulin resistance ( IR ) , utilising r and omised , controlled , double-blind intervention administering 100 microg ( 4000 IU ) vitamin D(3 ) ( n 42 ) or placebo ( n 39 ) daily for 6 months to South Asian women , aged 23 - 68 years , living in Auckl and , New Zeal and . Subjects were insulin resistant - homeostasis model assessment 1 (HOMA1)>1.93 and had serum 25(OH)D concentration < 50 nmol/l . Exclusion criteria included diabetes medication and vitamin D supplementation > 25 microg ( 1000 IU)/d . The HOMA2 computer model was used to calculate outcomes . Median ( 25th , 75th percentiles ) serum 25(OH)D(3 ) increased significantly from 21 ( 11 , 40 ) to 75 ( 55 , 84 ) nmol/l with supplementation . Significant improvements were seen in insulin sensitivity and IR ( P = 0.003 and 0.02 , respectively ) , and fasting insulin decreased ( P = 0.02 ) with supplementation compared with placebo . There was no change in C-peptide with supplementation . IR was most improved when endpoint serum 25(OH)D reached > or = 80 nmol/l . Secondary outcome variables ( lipid profile and high sensitivity C-reactive protein ) were not affected by supplementation . In conclusion , improving vitamin D status in insulin resistant women result ed in improved IR and sensitivity , but no change in insulin secretion . Optimal vitamin D concentrations for reducing IR were shown to be 80 - 119 nmol/l , providing further evidence for an increase in the recommended adequate levels . Registered Trial No. ACTRN12607000642482 BACKGROUND The effects of vitamin D supplementation in healthy prepubertal children on physiologic outcomes have not been investigated . OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with 1000 IU vitamin D(3)/d on calcium absorption . DESIGN In a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , we r and omly assigned 64 children to 1000 IU vitamin D(3)/d ( n = 32 ) or placebo ( n = 32 ) for 8 wk . Stable isotopes were used to assess calcium absorption . The main outcome measure was calcium absorption before and after supplementation . RESULTS All of the data are shown as means ± SDs . At baseline , vitamin D intake was 221 ± 79 IU/d and calcium intake was 830 ± 197 mg/d . Baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] was not significantly correlated with fractional or total calcium absorption . After 8 wk , with baseline values used as a covariate , no differences were seen in fractional or total calcium absorption based on supplementation group ( P = 0.75 and 0.36 , respectively ) . Supplemented children had a significant increase in 25(OH)D concentrations ( from 27.7 ± 7.4 to 36.0 ± 10.3 ng/mL ; P < 0.0001 ) and a decrease in parathyroid hormone ( from 21.4 ± 10.4 to 12.9 ± 7.1 pg/mL ; P < 0.001 ) ; no significant changes in the placebo group were observed . No adverse side effects were noted in either group . CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D(3 ) supplementation at 1000 IU/d increases 25(OH)D and decreases parathyroid hormone in children with average vitamin D intakes below the dietary recommendations of the Institute of Medicine . 
    Output:
    
agent
Overall , intervention groups obtained higher 25(OH)D concentration than controls and there was obvious dose – response effect between intake dose and 25(OH)D concentration .
Baseline 25(OH)D concentration and age were significant indicators for 25(OH)D concentration .
Conclusions Regional- and age-specific recommended dosages of VitD supplements for population to achieve optimal 25(OH)D concentrations have been suggested
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Vitamin D insufficiency is commonly associated with hip fracture . However , the equipotency of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol supplementation in this patient group has not been studied in a r and omized trial using high-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25OHD ) . The objective of this study was to determine if ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol are equipotent therapies in vitamin D-insufficient hip fracture patients . Ninety five hip fracture in patients with vitamin D insufficiency ( 25OHD<50 nmol/L ) were r and omized , double-blind , to treatment with ergocalciferol 1000 IU/day ( n=48 ) or cholecalciferol 1000 IU/day ( n=47 ) for three months . All participants were also given a placebo matching the alternative treatment to maintain blinding of treatment allocation . The primary endpoint was total serum 25OHD measured by HPLC . Secondary endpoints included 25OHD measured by radioimmunoassay ( RIA ) , intact parathyroid hormone ( iPTH ) , and bioactive ( 1 - 84 ) whole PTH ( wPTH ) .  Seventy patients ( 74 % ) completed the study with paired sample s for analysis . Cholecalciferol supplementation result ed in a 31 % greater increase in total HPLC-measured 25OHD ( p=0.010 ) and 52 % greater rise in RIA-measured 25OHD ( p<0.001 ) than supplementation with an equivalent dose of ergocalciferol . Changes in iPTH and wPTH were not significantly different between calciferol treatments ( p>0.05 ) . In vitamin D-insufficient hip fracture patients , supplementation with cholecalciferol 1000 IU/day for three months was more effective in increasing serum 25OHD than an equivalent dose of ergocalciferol . However , the lack of difference in PTH lowering between calciferol treatments raises questions about the biological importance of this observation Summary Vitamin D deficiency is very common in non-western immigrants . In this r and omized clinical trial , vitamin D 800 IU/day or 100,000 IU/3 months were compared with advised sunlight exposure . Vitamin D supplementation was more effective than advised sunlight exposure in improving vitamin D status and lowering parathyroid hormone levels . Introduction Vitamin D deficiency ( 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] < 25 nmol/l ) is common among non-western immigrants . It can be treated with vitamin D supplementation or sunlight exposure . Methods To determine whether the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation ( daily 800 IU or 100,000 IU/3 months ) or sunlight exposure advice is similar with regard to serum 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) concentrations . R and omized clinical trial in 11 general practice s in The Netherl and s. Non-western immigrants , aged 18–65 years ( n = 232 ) and serum 25(OH)D < 25 nmol/l were r and omly assigned to supplementation ( daily 800 IU or 100,000 IU/3 months ) or advice for sunlight exposure for 6 months ( March – September ) . Blood sample s were collected at baseline , during treatment ( 3 months , 6 months ) , and at follow-up ( 12 months ) . Statistical analysis was performed with multilevel regression modelling . Results The intention-to-treat analysis included 211 persons . Baseline serum 25(OH)D was 22.5 ± 11.1 nmol/l . After 6 months , mean serum 25(OH)D increased to 53 nmol/l with 800 IU/day , to 50.5 nmol/l with 100,000 IU/3 months , and to 29.1 nmol/l with advised sunlight exposure ( supplementation vs sunshine p < 0.001 ) . Serum PTH decreased significantly in all groups after 3 months , more in the supplementation groups than in the advised sunlight group ( p < 0.05 ) . There was no significant effect on physical performance and functional limitations . Conclusion Vitamin D supplementation is more effective than advised sunlight exposure for treating vitamin D deficiency in non-western immigrants Objectives To examine whether combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity , insulin secretion , β-cell function , inflammation and metabolic markers . Design 6-month r and omized , placebo-controlled trial . Participants Ninety-five adults with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] ≤55 nmol/L at risk of type 2 diabetes ( with prediabetes or an AUSDRISK score ≥15 ) were r and omized . Analyses included participants who completed the baseline and final visits ( treatment n = 35 ; placebo n = 45 ) . Intervention Daily calcium carbonate ( 1,200 mg ) and cholecalciferol [ 2,000–6,000 IU to target 25(OH)D > 75 nmol/L ] or matching placebos for 6 months .  Measurements Insulin sensitivity ( HOMA2%S , Matsuda index ) , insulin secretion ( insulinogenic index , area under the curve ( AUC ) for C-peptide ) and β-cell function ( Matsuda index x AUC for C-peptide ) derived from a 75 g 2-h OGTT ; anthropometry ; blood pressure ; lipid profile ; hs-CRP ; TNF-α ; IL-6 ; adiponectin ; total and undercarboxylated osteocalcin . Results Participants were middle-aged adults ( mean age 54 years ; 69 % Europid ) at risk of type 2 diabetes ( 48 % with prediabetes ) . Compliance was > 80 % for calcium and vitamin D. Mean serum 25(OH)D concentration increased from 48 to 95 nmol/L in the treatment group ( 91 % achieved > 75 nmol/L ) , but remained unchanged in controls . There were no significant changes in insulin sensitivity , insulin secretion and β-cell function , or in inflammatory and metabolic markers between or within the groups , before or after adjustment for potential confounders including waist circumference and season of recruitment . In a post hoc analysis restricted to participants with prediabetes , a significant beneficial effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on insulin sensitivity ( HOMA%S and Matsuda ) was observed . Conclusions Daily vitamin D and calcium supplementation for 6 months may not change OGTT-derived measures of insulin sensitivity , insulin secretion and β-cell function in multi-ethnic adults with low vitamin D status at risk of type 2 diabetes . However , in participants with prediabetes , supplementation with vitamin D and calcium may improve insulin sensitivity . Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry Background Calcium ( Ca2 + ) and vitamin D ( VitD ) play an important role in child health . We evaluated the daily intake of Ca2 + and VitD in healthy children . Moreover , we demonstrate the efficacy of Ca2 + and VitD supplementation . Methods Daily Ca2 + and VitD intake was evaluated in consecutive healthy children through a vali date d question naire . Subjects with < 70 % of dietary reference intakes ( DRIs ) of Ca2 + and VitD were invited to participate in a prospect i ve r and omized trial with 2 groups of nutritional intervention : Group 1 , dietary counseling aim ing to optimize daily Ca2 + and VitD intake plus administration of a commercially available Ca2 + and VitD supplementation product ; Group 2 , dietary counseling alone . At the enrollment ( T0 ) and after 4 months ( T1 ) serum 25(OH ) Vitamin D levels were assessed . Results We evaluated 150 healthy children ( male 50 % , mean age 10 years ) ; at baseline a  low VitD intake  was observed in all subjects ( median 0.79 μg/die , IQR 1.78 ; range 0.01 - 5.02 ) ; this condition was associated with Ca2 + intake < 70 % of the DRIs in 82 subjects ( 55 % ) . At baseline serum 25(OH)D levels were low ( < 30 ng/ml ) in all study subjects and after 4 months of nutritional intervention , a normalization of serum 25(OH)D levels ( ≥30 ng/ml ) was observed in all children in Group 1 and in only one subject in Group 2 [ Group 1 : T1 33.8 ng/ml ( IQR 2.5 ) vs Group 2 : T1 24.5 ng/ml ( IQR 5.2 ) , p < 0.001 ] . Conclusions Adequate Ca2 + and VitD intakes are difficult to obtain through dietary counseling alone in pediatric subjects . Oral supplementation with of Ca2 + and VitD is a reliable strategy to prevent this condition . Trial registration The study was registered in Clinical Trials Protocol Registration System ( ID number : NCT01638494 ) Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) has been shown to correlate with increased risk of type 2 diabetes . Small , observational studies suggest an action for vitamin D in improving insulin sensitivity and /or insulin secretion . The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of improved vitamin D status on insulin resistance ( IR ) , utilising r and omised , controlled , double-blind intervention administering 100 microg ( 4000 IU ) vitamin D(3 ) ( n 42 ) or placebo ( n 39 ) daily for 6 months to South Asian women , aged 23 - 68 years , living in Auckl and , New Zeal and . Subjects were insulin resistant - homeostasis model assessment 1 (HOMA1)>1.93 and had serum 25(OH)D concentration < 50 nmol/l . Exclusion criteria included diabetes medication and vitamin D supplementation > 25 microg ( 1000 IU)/d . The HOMA2 computer model was used to calculate outcomes . Median ( 25th , 75th percentiles ) serum 25(OH)D(3 ) increased significantly from 21 ( 11 , 40 ) to 75 ( 55 , 84 ) nmol/l with supplementation . Significant improvements were seen in insulin sensitivity and IR ( P = 0.003 and 0.02 , respectively ) , and fasting insulin decreased ( P = 0.02 ) with supplementation compared with placebo . There was no change in C-peptide with supplementation . IR was most improved when endpoint serum 25(OH)D reached > or = 80 nmol/l . Secondary outcome variables ( lipid profile and high sensitivity C-reactive protein ) were not affected by supplementation . In conclusion , improving vitamin D status in insulin resistant women result ed in improved IR and sensitivity , but no change in insulin secretion . Optimal vitamin D concentrations for reducing IR were shown to be 80 - 119 nmol/l , providing further evidence for an increase in the recommended adequate levels . Registered Trial No. ACTRN12607000642482 BACKGROUND The effects of vitamin D supplementation in healthy prepubertal children on physiologic outcomes have not been investigated . OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with 1000 IU vitamin D(3)/d on calcium absorption . DESIGN In a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , we r and omly assigned 64 children to 1000 IU vitamin D(3)/d ( n = 32 ) or placebo ( n = 32 ) for 8 wk . Stable isotopes were used to assess calcium absorption . The main outcome measure was calcium absorption before and after supplementation . RESULTS All of the data are shown as means ± SDs . At baseline , vitamin D intake was 221 ± 79 IU/d and calcium intake was 830 ± 197 mg/d . Baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] was not significantly correlated with fractional or total calcium absorption . After 8 wk , with baseline values used as a covariate , no differences were seen in fractional or total calcium absorption based on supplementation group ( P = 0.75 and 0.36 , respectively ) . Supplemented children had a significant increase in 25(OH)D concentrations ( from 27.7 ± 7.4 to 36.0 ± 10.3 ng/mL ; P < 0.0001 ) and a decrease in parathyroid hormone ( from 21.4 ± 10.4 to 12.9 ± 7.1 pg/mL ; P < 0.001 ) ; no significant changes in the placebo group were observed . No adverse side effects were noted in either group . CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D(3 ) supplementation at 1000 IU/d increases 25(OH)D and decreases parathyroid hormone in children with average vitamin D intakes below the dietary recommendations of the Institute of Medicine . 
    Output:
    