human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background The gut microbiota is interlinked with obesity , but direct evidence of effects of its modulation on body fat mass is still scarce . We investigated the possible effects of Bifidobacterium animalisssp . lactis 420 ( B420 ) and the dietary fiber Litesse ® Ultra polydextrose ( LU ) on body fat mass and other obesity-related parameters . Methods 225 healthy volunteers ( healthy , BMI 28–34.9 ) were r and omized into four groups ( 1:1:1:1 ) , using a computer-generated sequence , for 6 months of double-blind , parallel treatment : 1 ) Placebo , microcrystalline cellulose , 12 g/d ; 2 ) LU , 12 g/d ; 3 ) B420 , 1010 CFU/d in microcrystalline cellulose , 12 g/d ; 4 ) LU + B420 , 12 g + 1010 CFU/d . Body composition was monitored with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry , and the primary outcome was relative change in body fat mass , comparing treatment groups to Placebo . Other outcomes included anthropometric measurements , food intake and blood and fecal biomarkers . The study was registered in Clinical trials.gov ( NCT01978691 ) . Findings There were marked differences in the results of the Intention-To-Treat ( ITT ; n = 209 ) and Per Protocol ( PP ; n = 134 ) study population s. The PP analysis included only those participants who completed the intervention with > 80 % product compliance and no antibiotic use . In addition , three participants were excluded from DXA analyses for PP due to a long delay between the end of intervention and the last DXA measurement . There were no significant differences between groups in body fat mass in the ITT population . However , LU + B420 and B420 seemed to improve weight management in the PP population . For relative change in body fat mass , LU + B420 showed a − 4.5 % ( − 1.4 kg , P = 0.02 , N = 37 ) difference to the Placebo group , whereas LU ( + 0.3 % , P = 1.00 , N = 35 ) and B420 ( − 3.0 % , P = 0.28 , N = 24 ) alone had no effect ( overall ANOVA P = 0.095 , Placebo N = 35 ) . A post-hoc factorial analysis was significant for B420 ( − 4.0 % , P = 0.002 vs. Placebo ) . Changes in fat mass were most pronounced in the abdominal region , and were reflected by similar changes in waist circumference . B420 and LU + B420 also significantly reduced energy intake compared to Placebo . Changes in blood zonulin levels and hsCRP were associated with corresponding changes in trunk fat mass in the LU + B420 group and in the overall population . There were no differences between groups in the incidence of adverse events . Discussion This clinical trial demonstrates that a probiotic product with or without dietary fiber controls body fat mass . B420 and LU + B420 also reduced waist circumference and food intake , whereas LU alone had no effect on the measured outcomes Background / Objectives : The population of the obese is increasing worldwide . Prevention and improvement of obesity are indispensable for decreasing the risk of metabolic disorders . We have recently shown that obesity and fatty liver are reduced by a plant-derived lactic acid bacterium , Pediococcus pentosaceus LP28 ( LP28 ) , in high-fat diet-induced obese mice . The aim of the present clinical study is to prove that LP28 is effective for reducing body fat and body weight , as shown in the experiment using mice . Subjects/ Methods : The clinical trial was carried out as a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled study comprising 62 subjects ( 20–70 years of age , BMI 25–30 kg/m2 ) . These subjects were r and omly assigned to three groups that received living LP28 , heat-killed LP28 or a placebo powder , administered orally once a day for 12 weeks . Results : Heat-killed LP28  reduced BMI ( 0.45 kg/m2 , 95 % CI ( 0.04 , 0.86 ) , P=0.035 ) , body fat percentage ( 1.11 % , ( 0.39 , 1.82 ) , P=0.002 ) , body fat mass ( 1.17 kg ( 0.43 , 1.92 ) , P=0.004 ) and waist circumference ( 2.84 cm ( 0.74 , 4.93 ) , P=0.009 ) when compared with a placebo group . Fasting plasma glucose , HbA1c , fasting insulin , HOMA-IR and serum lipids levels did not change by either living LP28 or heat-killed LP28 intake . Conclusions : Heat-killed LP28 displays an antiobesity effect that reduces BMI , body fat and waist circumference , suggesting that the plant-derived lactic acid bacterium LP28 would be a promising preventive of metabolic syndrome Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate whether probiotics had an effect on proinflammatory markers and cytokines in overweight and obese individuals and whether they could have synergistic effects with weight-loss diets . Methods : A total of 75 healthy overweight and obese individuals completed this r and omized doubled-blind controlled clinical trial . Participants were r and omly assigned to groups consuming regular yogurt with a low-calorie diet ( LCD , RLCD ; n = 25 ) or receiving probiotic yogurt with LCD ( PLCD ; n = 25 ) or consuming probiotic yogurt without LCD ( PWLCD ; n = 25 ) for 8 weeks . The pribiotic regimen contained 200 g/day yogurt , enriched by Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 , Bifidobacterium BB12 , and Lactobacillus casei DN001 108 colony-forming units/g . Body fat percentage , high-sensitive C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) , leptin , and mRNA levels of inflammation-related genes ( TNF-α and RAR-related orphan receptor gamma [ ROR-γt ] ) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) were measured . Results : A reduction in body mass index ( BMI ) , fat percentage , and leptin level was observed that was more obvious in groups who received the weight-loss diet with probiotic yogurt . Reduction in the gene expression of ROR-γt was significant in the PLCD group ( p < 0.001 ) . The expression of TNF-α did not change among all groups after intervention . The mean concentration of leptin was significantly decreased in all groups after the dietary intervention , but the mean changes in leptin level in the PLCD group was more prominent compared to the other two groups ( −2.38 , p < 0.001 [ PLCD ] vs −1.75 , p = 0.002 [ RLCD ] and −0.55 ng/mL , p = 0.12 [ PWLCD ] ) . The reduction in serum levels of hs-CRP was more evident in the PWLCD group compared to the PLCD and RLCD groups after the 8-week intervention ( −3.4 , p = 0.03 vs −1.76 , p < 0.001 and −2.98 pg/mL , p < 0.001 , respectively ) . Conclusion : Our results suggested that the weight-loss diet and probiotic yogurt had synergistic effects on T-cells subset specific gene expression in P BMC s , fat percentage , and body weight among overweight and obese individuals Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 is a probiotic strain isolated from human breast milk . Animal studies reported that BNR17 inhibited increases in body weight and adipose tissue weights . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antiobesity effects of BNR17 in humans . In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , 90 volunteers aged 20 - 75 years with body mass index ( BMI ) from 25 to 35 kg/m2 were r and omized to receive a placebo , low-dose BNR ( BNR-L , 109 CFU/day ) , or high-dose BNR ( BNR-H , 1010 CFU/day ) for 12 weeks . Body weight , BMI , waist and hip circumferences , waist-to-hip ratio , abdominal adipose tissue areas , body fat mass , lean body mass , and biochemical parameters were assessed at the beginning and end of the trial . Visceral adipose tissue ( VAT ) was significantly decreased in the BNR-H group compared with the placebo group ( P = .038 ) . Difference of VAT areas of the BNR-H group compared with the placebo group after 12-week consumption of BNR17 was significant ( -21.6 cm2 , P = .012 ) . Waist circumferences were significantly decreased in both the BNR-L and BNL-H groups ( P = .045 and .012 , respectively ) compared with the baseline values , but not in the placebo group . Biochemical parameters were not significantly different among the groups . These findings suggest that daily consumption of BNR17 may contribute to reduced visceral fat mass in obese adults OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a probiotic mix has additional effects when compared with an isolated dietary intervention on the body composition , lipid profile , endotoxemia , inflammation , and antioxidant profile . METHODS Women who had excess weight or obesity were recruited to a r and omized , double-blind trial and received a probiotic mix ( Lactobacillus acidophilus and casei ; Lactococcus lactis ; Bifidobacterium bifidum and lactis ; 2 × 1010 colony-forming units/day ) ( n = 21 ) or placebo ( n = 22 ) for 8 weeks . Both groups received a dietary prescription . Body composition was assessed by anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . The lipid profile , lipid accumulation product , plasma fatty acids , lipopolysaccharide , interleukin-6 , interleukin-10 , tumor necrosis factor-α , adiponectin , and the antioxidant enzymes activities were analyzed . RESULTS In comparison with the dietary intervention group , the dietary intervention + probiotic mix group showed a greater reduction in the waist circumference ( -3.40 % vs. -5.48 % , P = 0.03 ) , waist-height ratio ( -3.27 % vs. -5.00 % , P = 0.02 ) , conicity index ( -2.43 % vs. -4.09 % P = 0.03 ) , and plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids ( 5.65 % vs. -18.63 % , P = 0.04 ) and an increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase ( -16.67 % vs. 15.62 % , P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of a probiotic mix reduced abdominal adiposity and increased antioxidant enzyme activity in a more effective way than an isolated dietary intervention Recent findings on the association of gut microbiota with various diseases , including obesity , prompted us to investigate the possibility of using a certain type of gut bacteria as a safe therapeutic for obesity . Lactobacillus mutants with enhanced capacity in absorption of free fatty acids ( FFAs ) were isolated to show reduced absorption of FFAs by the administered host , attributing to inhibition of body weight gain and body fat accumulation as well as amelioration of blood profiles . Consequently , high throughput screening of natural FFAs‐absorbing intestinal microbes led to the isolation of Lactobacillus reuteri JBD30 l. The administration of Lactobacillus JBD30l lowered the concentration of FFAs in the gut fluid content of small intestine , thus reducing intestinal absorption of FFAs whereas promoting fecal excretion of FFAs . Animal data also confirmed that the efficacy of Lactobacillus JBD30l on body weight similar to that of orlistat , an FDA ‐approved pharmaceutical for long‐term use to treat obesity . In a subsequent r and om , double‐blind , placebo‐controlled clinical trial ( KCT0000452 at Clinical Research Information Service of Korea ) , there was a statistically significant difference in the percentage change in body weight between the Lactobacillus JBD301 and the placebo group ( P = 0.026 ) as well as in the BMI ( P = 0.036 ) from the 0‐week assessment to the 12‐week assessment . Our results show that FFA‐absorbing Lactobacillus JBD301 effectively reduces dietary fat absorption , providing an ideal treatment for obesity with inherent safety Purpose Controversy exists regarding whether increasing dairy intake without energy restriction would lead to weight loss . We aim ed to compare the 
    Output:
    
agent
Conclusion This study suggests that the probiotics supplementation could potentially reduce the weight gain and improve some of the associated metabolic parameters , which may become an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of obesity in adult individuals
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background The gut microbiota is interlinked with obesity , but direct evidence of effects of its modulation on body fat mass is still scarce . We investigated the possible effects of Bifidobacterium animalisssp . lactis 420 ( B420 ) and the dietary fiber Litesse ® Ultra polydextrose ( LU ) on body fat mass and other obesity-related parameters . Methods 225 healthy volunteers ( healthy , BMI 28–34.9 ) were r and omized into four groups ( 1:1:1:1 ) , using a computer-generated sequence , for 6 months of double-blind , parallel treatment : 1 ) Placebo , microcrystalline cellulose , 12 g/d ; 2 ) LU , 12 g/d ; 3 ) B420 , 1010 CFU/d in microcrystalline cellulose , 12 g/d ; 4 ) LU + B420 , 12 g + 1010 CFU/d . Body composition was monitored with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry , and the primary outcome was relative change in body fat mass , comparing treatment groups to Placebo . Other outcomes included anthropometric measurements , food intake and blood and fecal biomarkers . The study was registered in Clinical trials.gov ( NCT01978691 ) . Findings There were marked differences in the results of the Intention-To-Treat ( ITT ; n = 209 ) and Per Protocol ( PP ; n = 134 ) study population s. The PP analysis included only those participants who completed the intervention with > 80 % product compliance and no antibiotic use . In addition , three participants were excluded from DXA analyses for PP due to a long delay between the end of intervention and the last DXA measurement . There were no significant differences between groups in body fat mass in the ITT population . However , LU + B420 and B420 seemed to improve weight management in the PP population . For relative change in body fat mass , LU + B420 showed a − 4.5 % ( − 1.4 kg , P = 0.02 , N = 37 ) difference to the Placebo group , whereas LU ( + 0.3 % , P = 1.00 , N = 35 ) and B420 ( − 3.0 % , P = 0.28 , N = 24 ) alone had no effect ( overall ANOVA P = 0.095 , Placebo N = 35 ) . A post-hoc factorial analysis was significant for B420 ( − 4.0 % , P = 0.002 vs. Placebo ) . Changes in fat mass were most pronounced in the abdominal region , and were reflected by similar changes in waist circumference . B420 and LU + B420 also significantly reduced energy intake compared to Placebo . Changes in blood zonulin levels and hsCRP were associated with corresponding changes in trunk fat mass in the LU + B420 group and in the overall population . There were no differences between groups in the incidence of adverse events . Discussion This clinical trial demonstrates that a probiotic product with or without dietary fiber controls body fat mass . B420 and LU + B420 also reduced waist circumference and food intake , whereas LU alone had no effect on the measured outcomes Background / Objectives : The population of the obese is increasing worldwide . Prevention and improvement of obesity are indispensable for decreasing the risk of metabolic disorders . We have recently shown that obesity and fatty liver are reduced by a plant-derived lactic acid bacterium , Pediococcus pentosaceus LP28 ( LP28 ) , in high-fat diet-induced obese mice . The aim of the present clinical study is to prove that LP28 is effective for reducing body fat and body weight , as shown in the experiment using mice . Subjects/ Methods : The clinical trial was carried out as a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled study comprising 62 subjects ( 20–70 years of age , BMI 25–30 kg/m2 ) . These subjects were r and omly assigned to three groups that received living LP28 , heat-killed LP28 or a placebo powder , administered orally once a day for 12 weeks . Results : Heat-killed LP28  reduced BMI ( 0.45 kg/m2 , 95 % CI ( 0.04 , 0.86 ) , P=0.035 ) , body fat percentage ( 1.11 % , ( 0.39 , 1.82 ) , P=0.002 ) , body fat mass ( 1.17 kg ( 0.43 , 1.92 ) , P=0.004 ) and waist circumference ( 2.84 cm ( 0.74 , 4.93 ) , P=0.009 ) when compared with a placebo group . Fasting plasma glucose , HbA1c , fasting insulin , HOMA-IR and serum lipids levels did not change by either living LP28 or heat-killed LP28 intake . Conclusions : Heat-killed LP28 displays an antiobesity effect that reduces BMI , body fat and waist circumference , suggesting that the plant-derived lactic acid bacterium LP28 would be a promising preventive of metabolic syndrome Flaws in the design , conduct , analysis , and reporting of r and omised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated . The Cochrane Collaboration ’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate whether probiotics had an effect on proinflammatory markers and cytokines in overweight and obese individuals and whether they could have synergistic effects with weight-loss diets . Methods : A total of 75 healthy overweight and obese individuals completed this r and omized doubled-blind controlled clinical trial . Participants were r and omly assigned to groups consuming regular yogurt with a low-calorie diet ( LCD , RLCD ; n = 25 ) or receiving probiotic yogurt with LCD ( PLCD ; n = 25 ) or consuming probiotic yogurt without LCD ( PWLCD ; n = 25 ) for 8 weeks . The pribiotic regimen contained 200 g/day yogurt , enriched by Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 , Bifidobacterium BB12 , and Lactobacillus casei DN001 108 colony-forming units/g . Body fat percentage , high-sensitive C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) , leptin , and mRNA levels of inflammation-related genes ( TNF-α and RAR-related orphan receptor gamma [ ROR-γt ] ) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) were measured . Results : A reduction in body mass index ( BMI ) , fat percentage , and leptin level was observed that was more obvious in groups who received the weight-loss diet with probiotic yogurt . Reduction in the gene expression of ROR-γt was significant in the PLCD group ( p < 0.001 ) . The expression of TNF-α did not change among all groups after intervention . The mean concentration of leptin was significantly decreased in all groups after the dietary intervention , but the mean changes in leptin level in the PLCD group was more prominent compared to the other two groups ( −2.38 , p < 0.001 [ PLCD ] vs −1.75 , p = 0.002 [ RLCD ] and −0.55 ng/mL , p = 0.12 [ PWLCD ] ) . The reduction in serum levels of hs-CRP was more evident in the PWLCD group compared to the PLCD and RLCD groups after the 8-week intervention ( −3.4 , p = 0.03 vs −1.76 , p < 0.001 and −2.98 pg/mL , p < 0.001 , respectively ) . Conclusion : Our results suggested that the weight-loss diet and probiotic yogurt had synergistic effects on T-cells subset specific gene expression in P BMC s , fat percentage , and body weight among overweight and obese individuals Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 is a probiotic strain isolated from human breast milk . Animal studies reported that BNR17 inhibited increases in body weight and adipose tissue weights . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antiobesity effects of BNR17 in humans . In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , 90 volunteers aged 20 - 75 years with body mass index ( BMI ) from 25 to 35 kg/m2 were r and omized to receive a placebo , low-dose BNR ( BNR-L , 109 CFU/day ) , or high-dose BNR ( BNR-H , 1010 CFU/day ) for 12 weeks . Body weight , BMI , waist and hip circumferences , waist-to-hip ratio , abdominal adipose tissue areas , body fat mass , lean body mass , and biochemical parameters were assessed at the beginning and end of the trial . Visceral adipose tissue ( VAT ) was significantly decreased in the BNR-H group compared with the placebo group ( P = .038 ) . Difference of VAT areas of the BNR-H group compared with the placebo group after 12-week consumption of BNR17 was significant ( -21.6 cm2 , P = .012 ) . Waist circumferences were significantly decreased in both the BNR-L and BNL-H groups ( P = .045 and .012 , respectively ) compared with the baseline values , but not in the placebo group . Biochemical parameters were not significantly different among the groups . These findings suggest that daily consumption of BNR17 may contribute to reduced visceral fat mass in obese adults OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a probiotic mix has additional effects when compared with an isolated dietary intervention on the body composition , lipid profile , endotoxemia , inflammation , and antioxidant profile . METHODS Women who had excess weight or obesity were recruited to a r and omized , double-blind trial and received a probiotic mix ( Lactobacillus acidophilus and casei ; Lactococcus lactis ; Bifidobacterium bifidum and lactis ; 2 × 1010 colony-forming units/day ) ( n = 21 ) or placebo ( n = 22 ) for 8 weeks . Both groups received a dietary prescription . Body composition was assessed by anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . The lipid profile , lipid accumulation product , plasma fatty acids , lipopolysaccharide , interleukin-6 , interleukin-10 , tumor necrosis factor-α , adiponectin , and the antioxidant enzymes activities were analyzed . RESULTS In comparison with the dietary intervention group , the dietary intervention + probiotic mix group showed a greater reduction in the waist circumference ( -3.40 % vs. -5.48 % , P = 0.03 ) , waist-height ratio ( -3.27 % vs. -5.00 % , P = 0.02 ) , conicity index ( -2.43 % vs. -4.09 % P = 0.03 ) , and plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids ( 5.65 % vs. -18.63 % , P = 0.04 ) and an increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase ( -16.67 % vs. 15.62 % , P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of a probiotic mix reduced abdominal adiposity and increased antioxidant enzyme activity in a more effective way than an isolated dietary intervention Recent findings on the association of gut microbiota with various diseases , including obesity , prompted us to investigate the possibility of using a certain type of gut bacteria as a safe therapeutic for obesity . Lactobacillus mutants with enhanced capacity in absorption of free fatty acids ( FFAs ) were isolated to show reduced absorption of FFAs by the administered host , attributing to inhibition of body weight gain and body fat accumulation as well as amelioration of blood profiles . Consequently , high throughput screening of natural FFAs‐absorbing intestinal microbes led to the isolation of Lactobacillus reuteri JBD30 l. The administration of Lactobacillus JBD30l lowered the concentration of FFAs in the gut fluid content of small intestine , thus reducing intestinal absorption of FFAs whereas promoting fecal excretion of FFAs . Animal data also confirmed that the efficacy of Lactobacillus JBD30l on body weight similar to that of orlistat , an FDA ‐approved pharmaceutical for long‐term use to treat obesity . In a subsequent r and om , double‐blind , placebo‐controlled clinical trial ( KCT0000452 at Clinical Research Information Service of Korea ) , there was a statistically significant difference in the percentage change in body weight between the Lactobacillus JBD301 and the placebo group ( P = 0.026 ) as well as in the BMI ( P = 0.036 ) from the 0‐week assessment to the 12‐week assessment . Our results show that FFA‐absorbing Lactobacillus JBD301 effectively reduces dietary fat absorption , providing an ideal treatment for obesity with inherent safety Purpose Controversy exists regarding whether increasing dairy intake without energy restriction would lead to weight loss . We aim ed to compare the 
    Output:
    