human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether cinnamon improves blood glucose , triglyceride , total cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol levels in people with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 60 people with type 2 diabetes , 30 men and 30 women aged 52.2 + /- 6.32 years , were divided r and omly into six groups . Groups 1 , 2 , and 3 consumed 1 , 3 , or 6 g of cinnamon daily , respectively , and groups 4 , 5 , and 6 were given placebo capsules corresponding to the number of capsules consumed for the three levels of cinnamon . The cinnamon was consumed for 40 days followed by a 20-day washout period . RESULTS After 40 days , all three levels of cinnamon reduced the mean fasting serum glucose ( 18 - 29 % ) , triglyceride ( 23 - 30 % ) , LDL cholesterol ( 7 - 27 % ) , and total cholesterol ( 12 - 26 % ) levels ; no significant changes were noted in the placebo groups . Changes in HDL cholesterol were not significant . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that intake of 1 , 3 , or 6 g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose , triglyceride , LDL cholesterol , and total cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases AIMS Various spices display insulin-potentiating activity in vitro , and in particular , cinnamon spice and its phenolic extracts have been shown to exhibit these capabilities . In vivo study shows that cinnamon may have beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis ; therefore the aim of this study was to further investigate this phenomenon in humans . METHODS Seven lean healthy male volunteers , aged 26 + /- 1 years , body mass index 24.5 + /- 0.3 kg/m(2 ) ( mean + /- s.e.m . ) , underwent three oral glucose tolerance tests ( OGTT ) supplemented with either a 5 g placebo ( OGTT(control ) ) , 5 g of cinnamon ( OGTT(cin ) ) , or 5 g of cinnamon taken 12 h before ( OGTT(cin12hpre ) ) in a r and omized-crossover design . RESULTS Cinnamon ingestion reduced total plasma glucose responses ( AUC ) to oral glucose ingestion [ -13 % and -10 % for OGTT(cin ) ( p < 0.05 ) and OGTT(cin12hpre ) ( p < 0.05 ) , respectively ] , as well as improving insulin sensitivity as assessed by insulin sensitivity index measures based on Matsuda 's model in both OGTT(cin ) ( p < 0.05 ) and OGTT(cin12hpre ) ( p < 0.05 ) trials compared with OGTT(control ) . CONCLUSIONS These data illustrate that cinnamon spice supplementation may be important to in vivo glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in humans , and not only are its effects immediate , they also appear to be sustained for 12 Cinnamon ( 肉桂 ròu guì ) has in vitro insulin potentiating activity , and proanthocyanidins from cinnamon prevent in vitro formation of advanced glycation end products . Some human studies were equivocal , but several have shown beneficial effects of cinnamon supplementation on circulating glucose , lipids , and /or insulin . This placebo-controlled double-blind trial tested the effects of a dried water extract of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum cassia ) on circulating glucose , lipids , insulin , and insulin resistance . Men and women from Beijing and Dalian , China , were invited to participate if they had fasting serum glucose > 6.1 mmol/L or 2-h glucose > 7.8 mmol/L. Participants , ( 173 were enrolled and 137 completed the study ) were r and omly assigned to receive either a spray-dried , water extract of cinnamon ( CinSulin ® ) , 250 mg/capsule , or a placebo , twice a day for two months . Mean ± SEM age of participants was 61.3 ± 0.8 years , BMI was 25.3 ± 0.3 and M/F ratio was 65/72 .  After 2 mo , fasting glucose decreased ( p < 0.001 ) in the cinnamon extract-supplemented group ( 8.85 ± 0.36 to 8.19 ± 0.29 mmol/L ) compared with the placebo group ( 8.57 ± 0.32 to 8.44 ± 0.34 mmol/L , p = 0.45 ) . Glucose 2 h after a 75 g carbohydrate load , fasting insulin , and HOMA-IR also decreased with cinnamon extract compared with  placebo . Total and LDL-cholesterol decreased with cinnamon extract and HDL-cholesterol decreased in both the cinnamon-extract and placebo groups . In conclusion , supplementation with 500 mg of water-extract of cinnamon for two months reduced fasting insulin , glucose , total cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol and enhanced insulin sensitivity of subjects with elevated blood glucose For thous and s of years , cinnamon has been used as a traditional treatment in China . However , there are no studies to date that investigate whether cinnamon supplements are able to aid in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Chinese subjects . We hypothesized cinnamon should be effective in improving blood glucose control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes . To address this hypothesis , we performed a r and omized , double-blinded clinical study to analyze the effect of cinnamon extract on glycosylated hemoglobin A(1c ) and fasting blood glucose levels in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes . A total of 66 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited and r and omly divided into 3 groups : placebo and low-dose and high-dose supplementation with cinnamon extract at 120 and 360 mg/d , respectively . Patients in all 3 groups took gliclazide during the entire 3 months of the study . Both hemoglobin A(1c ) and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in patients in the low- and high-dose groups , whereas they were not changed in the placebo group . The blood triglyceride levels were also significantly reduced in the low-dose group . The blood levels of total cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and liver transaminase remained unchanged in the 3 groups . In conclusion , our study indicates that cinnamon supplementation is able to significantly improve blood glucose control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes AIMS To determine the blood glucose lowering effect of cinnamon on HbA1c , blood pressure and lipid profiles in people with type 2 diabetes . METHODS 58 type 2 diabetic patients ( 25 males and 33 females ) , aged 54.9 ± 9.8 , treated only with hypoglycemic agents and with an HbA1c more than 7 % were r and omly assigned to receive either 2 g of cinnamon or placebo daily for 12 weeks . RESULTS After intervention , the mean HbA1c was significantly decreased ( P<0.005 ) in the cinnamon group ( 8.22 % to 7.86 % ) compared with placebo group ( 8.55 % to 8.68 % ) . Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures ( SBP and DBP ) were also significantly reduced ( P<0.001 ) after 12 weeks in the cinnamon group ( SBP : 132.6 to 129.2 mmHg and DBP : 85.2 to 80.2 mmHg ) compared with the placebo group ( SBP : 134.5 to 134.9 mmHg and DBP : 86.8 to 86.1 mmHg ) . A significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , waist circumference and body mass index ( BMI ) was observed at week 12 compared to baseline in the cinnamon group , however , the changes were not significant when compared to placebo group . There were no significant differences in serum lipid profiles of total cholesterol , triglycerides , HDL and LDL cholesterols neither between nor within the groups . CONCLUSIONS Intake of 2 g of cinnamon for 12 weeks significantly reduces the HbA1c , SBP and DBP among poorly controlled type 2 diabetes patients  . Cinnamon supplementation could be considered as an additional dietary supplement option to regulate blood glucose and blood pressure levels along with conventional medications to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was performed to investigate the effect of cinnamon supplementation on glucose , triglyceride ( TG ) , and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) levels , TG/HDL-C ratio , blood pressure ( BP ) , and estimated glomerular filtration rate ( eGFR ) for ninety-nine type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) patients . Forty nine ( 49 ) patients with T2DM were in the cinnamon group whereas 50 were in the placebo group . All participants received either a cinnamon or placebo capsule daily for the 60-day study period . At the end of the study , median glucose , TG , TG/HDL-C ratio , and BP were significantly decreased ( p < 0.005 ) whereas HDL-C and eGFR levels were significantly increased ( p < 0.005 ) in the cinnamon supplementation group . Interestingly , the study also revealed reduction of HbA1c levels after the 60-day study period . In the placebo  group , glucose , TG levels tended to increase and HDL-C levels tended to decrease whereas systolic and diastolic BP , HbA1c , and BUN CT were significantly increased and eGFR was significantly reduced ( p < 0.005 ) . Cinnamon supplementation  reduced plasma glucose , HbA1c , triglyceride , TG/HDL-C ratio , and BP and increased HDL-C levels and eGFR in subjects with T2DM . Cinnamon supplementation may be beneficial for those with T2DM to prevent and control diabetic complications 
    Output:
    
agent
No statistically significant association was found between blood HDL-C changes and duration of supplementation .
CONCLUSION Cinnamon supplementation significantly reduced blood triglycerides and total cholesterol concentrations without any significant effect on LDL-C and
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether cinnamon improves blood glucose , triglyceride , total cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol levels in people with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 60 people with type 2 diabetes , 30 men and 30 women aged 52.2 + /- 6.32 years , were divided r and omly into six groups . Groups 1 , 2 , and 3 consumed 1 , 3 , or 6 g of cinnamon daily , respectively , and groups 4 , 5 , and 6 were given placebo capsules corresponding to the number of capsules consumed for the three levels of cinnamon . The cinnamon was consumed for 40 days followed by a 20-day washout period . RESULTS After 40 days , all three levels of cinnamon reduced the mean fasting serum glucose ( 18 - 29 % ) , triglyceride ( 23 - 30 % ) , LDL cholesterol ( 7 - 27 % ) , and total cholesterol ( 12 - 26 % ) levels ; no significant changes were noted in the placebo groups . Changes in HDL cholesterol were not significant . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that intake of 1 , 3 , or 6 g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose , triglyceride , LDL cholesterol , and total cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases AIMS Various spices display insulin-potentiating activity in vitro , and in particular , cinnamon spice and its phenolic extracts have been shown to exhibit these capabilities . In vivo study shows that cinnamon may have beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis ; therefore the aim of this study was to further investigate this phenomenon in humans . METHODS Seven lean healthy male volunteers , aged 26 + /- 1 years , body mass index 24.5 + /- 0.3 kg/m(2 ) ( mean + /- s.e.m . ) , underwent three oral glucose tolerance tests ( OGTT ) supplemented with either a 5 g placebo ( OGTT(control ) ) , 5 g of cinnamon ( OGTT(cin ) ) , or 5 g of cinnamon taken 12 h before ( OGTT(cin12hpre ) ) in a r and omized-crossover design . RESULTS Cinnamon ingestion reduced total plasma glucose responses ( AUC ) to oral glucose ingestion [ -13 % and -10 % for OGTT(cin ) ( p < 0.05 ) and OGTT(cin12hpre ) ( p < 0.05 ) , respectively ] , as well as improving insulin sensitivity as assessed by insulin sensitivity index measures based on Matsuda 's model in both OGTT(cin ) ( p < 0.05 ) and OGTT(cin12hpre ) ( p < 0.05 ) trials compared with OGTT(control ) . CONCLUSIONS These data illustrate that cinnamon spice supplementation may be important to in vivo glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in humans , and not only are its effects immediate , they also appear to be sustained for 12 Cinnamon ( 肉桂 ròu guì ) has in vitro insulin potentiating activity , and proanthocyanidins from cinnamon prevent in vitro formation of advanced glycation end products . Some human studies were equivocal , but several have shown beneficial effects of cinnamon supplementation on circulating glucose , lipids , and /or insulin . This placebo-controlled double-blind trial tested the effects of a dried water extract of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum cassia ) on circulating glucose , lipids , insulin , and insulin resistance . Men and women from Beijing and Dalian , China , were invited to participate if they had fasting serum glucose > 6.1 mmol/L or 2-h glucose > 7.8 mmol/L. Participants , ( 173 were enrolled and 137 completed the study ) were r and omly assigned to receive either a spray-dried , water extract of cinnamon ( CinSulin ® ) , 250 mg/capsule , or a placebo , twice a day for two months . Mean ± SEM age of participants was 61.3 ± 0.8 years , BMI was 25.3 ± 0.3 and M/F ratio was 65/72 .  After 2 mo , fasting glucose decreased ( p < 0.001 ) in the cinnamon extract-supplemented group ( 8.85 ± 0.36 to 8.19 ± 0.29 mmol/L ) compared with the placebo group ( 8.57 ± 0.32 to 8.44 ± 0.34 mmol/L , p = 0.45 ) . Glucose 2 h after a 75 g carbohydrate load , fasting insulin , and HOMA-IR also decreased with cinnamon extract compared with  placebo . Total and LDL-cholesterol decreased with cinnamon extract and HDL-cholesterol decreased in both the cinnamon-extract and placebo groups . In conclusion , supplementation with 500 mg of water-extract of cinnamon for two months reduced fasting insulin , glucose , total cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol and enhanced insulin sensitivity of subjects with elevated blood glucose For thous and s of years , cinnamon has been used as a traditional treatment in China . However , there are no studies to date that investigate whether cinnamon supplements are able to aid in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Chinese subjects . We hypothesized cinnamon should be effective in improving blood glucose control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes . To address this hypothesis , we performed a r and omized , double-blinded clinical study to analyze the effect of cinnamon extract on glycosylated hemoglobin A(1c ) and fasting blood glucose levels in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes . A total of 66 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited and r and omly divided into 3 groups : placebo and low-dose and high-dose supplementation with cinnamon extract at 120 and 360 mg/d , respectively . Patients in all 3 groups took gliclazide during the entire 3 months of the study . Both hemoglobin A(1c ) and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in patients in the low- and high-dose groups , whereas they were not changed in the placebo group . The blood triglyceride levels were also significantly reduced in the low-dose group . The blood levels of total cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and liver transaminase remained unchanged in the 3 groups . In conclusion , our study indicates that cinnamon supplementation is able to significantly improve blood glucose control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes AIMS To determine the blood glucose lowering effect of cinnamon on HbA1c , blood pressure and lipid profiles in people with type 2 diabetes . METHODS 58 type 2 diabetic patients ( 25 males and 33 females ) , aged 54.9 ± 9.8 , treated only with hypoglycemic agents and with an HbA1c more than 7 % were r and omly assigned to receive either 2 g of cinnamon or placebo daily for 12 weeks . RESULTS After intervention , the mean HbA1c was significantly decreased ( P<0.005 ) in the cinnamon group ( 8.22 % to 7.86 % ) compared with placebo group ( 8.55 % to 8.68 % ) . Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures ( SBP and DBP ) were also significantly reduced ( P<0.001 ) after 12 weeks in the cinnamon group ( SBP : 132.6 to 129.2 mmHg and DBP : 85.2 to 80.2 mmHg ) compared with the placebo group ( SBP : 134.5 to 134.9 mmHg and DBP : 86.8 to 86.1 mmHg ) . A significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , waist circumference and body mass index ( BMI ) was observed at week 12 compared to baseline in the cinnamon group , however , the changes were not significant when compared to placebo group . There were no significant differences in serum lipid profiles of total cholesterol , triglycerides , HDL and LDL cholesterols neither between nor within the groups . CONCLUSIONS Intake of 2 g of cinnamon for 12 weeks significantly reduces the HbA1c , SBP and DBP among poorly controlled type 2 diabetes patients  . Cinnamon supplementation could be considered as an additional dietary supplement option to regulate blood glucose and blood pressure levels along with conventional medications to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was performed to investigate the effect of cinnamon supplementation on glucose , triglyceride ( TG ) , and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) levels , TG/HDL-C ratio , blood pressure ( BP ) , and estimated glomerular filtration rate ( eGFR ) for ninety-nine type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) patients . Forty nine ( 49 ) patients with T2DM were in the cinnamon group whereas 50 were in the placebo group . All participants received either a cinnamon or placebo capsule daily for the 60-day study period . At the end of the study , median glucose , TG , TG/HDL-C ratio , and BP were significantly decreased ( p < 0.005 ) whereas HDL-C and eGFR levels were significantly increased ( p < 0.005 ) in the cinnamon supplementation group . Interestingly , the study also revealed reduction of HbA1c levels after the 60-day study period . In the placebo  group , glucose , TG levels tended to increase and HDL-C levels tended to decrease whereas systolic and diastolic BP , HbA1c , and BUN CT were significantly increased and eGFR was significantly reduced ( p < 0.005 ) . Cinnamon supplementation  reduced plasma glucose , HbA1c , triglyceride , TG/HDL-C ratio , and BP and increased HDL-C levels and eGFR in subjects with T2DM . Cinnamon supplementation may be beneficial for those with T2DM to prevent and control diabetic complications 
    Output:
    