human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND In 1997 , the US Food and Drug Administration passed a unique ruling that allowed oat bran to be registered as the first cholesterol-reducing food at a dosage of 3 g beta-glucan/d . OBJECTIVE The effects of a low dose of oat bran in the background diet only were investigated in volunteers with mild-to-moderate hyperlipidemia . DESIGN The study was a double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized , parallel study . Sixty-two healthy men ( n = 31 ) and women ( n = 31 ) were r and omly allocated to consume either 20 g oat bran concentrate ( OBC ; containing 3 g beta-glucan ) or 20 g wheat bran ( control ) daily for 8 wk . Fasting blood sample s were collected at weeks -1 , 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 . A subgroup ( n = 17 ) was studied postpr and ially after consumption of 2 meals ( containing no OBC or wheat bran ) at baseline and after supplementation . Fasting plasma sample s were analyzed for total cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , triacylglycerol , glucose , and insulin . LDL cholesterol was measured by using the Friedewald formula . The postpr and ial sample s were anlayzed for triacylglycerol , glucose , and insulin . RESULTS No significant difference was observed in fasting plasma cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , glucose , or insulin between the OBC and wheat-bran groups . HDL-cholesterol concentrations fell significantly from weeks 0 to 8 in the OBC group ( P = 0.05 ) . There was a significant increase in fasting glucose concentrations after both OBC ( P = 0.03 ) and wheat-bran ( P = 0.02 ) consumption . No significant difference was found between the OBC and wheat-bran groups in any of the postpr and ial variables measured . CONCLUSIONS A low dosage of beta-glucan ( 3 g/d ) did not significantly reduce total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol in volunteers with plasma cholesterol concentrations representative of a middle-aged UK population This study was design ed as a test of the serum lipid response and dietary adaptation to recommended daily inclusion of instant oats in an otherwise regular diet . Hypercholesterolemic adults were r and omly assigned to a control or intervention group . Participants in the intervention group were given packages of instant oats and requested to eat two servings per day ( approximately two ounces dry weight ) , substituting the oats for other carbohydrate foods in order to maintain baseline calorie intake and keep weight stable . Serum lipids were measured in blood collected by venipuncture at baseline , four weeks , and eight weeks . Baseline mean total cholesterol ( TC ) levels were 6.56 mmol/L and 6.39 mmol/L for intervention and control groups , respectively . After eight weeks , mean serum total cholesterol of the intervention group was lower by -0.40 mmol/L , and mean net difference in TC between the two groups was 0.32 mmol/L ( 95 % CI : 0.09 , 0.54 ) . Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was similarly reduced with mean net difference of 0.25 mmol/L ( 95 % CI : 0.02 , 0.48 ) between the two groups . Mean soluble fiber intake increased along with slight self-imposed reductions in mean total fat , saturated fat , and dietary cholesterol intake in the intervention group . Neither group changed mean body weight . Daily inclusion of two ounces of oats appeared to facilitate reduction of serum total cholesterol and LDL-C in these hyperlipidemic individuals BACKGROUND No studies have examined whether increased consumption of oat cereal , rich in soluble fiber , favorably alters lipoprotein particle size and number . OBJECTIVE We examined the effects of large servings of either oat or wheat cereal on plasma lipids , lipoprotein subclasses , lipoprotein particle diameters , and LDL particle number . DESIGN Thirty-six overweight men aged 50 - 75 y were r and omly assigned to consume daily for 12 wk either oat or wheat cereal providing 14 g dietary fiber/d . Before and after the intervention , plasma lipid and lipoprotein subclasses were measured with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy , and whole-body insulin sensitivity was estimated with the frequently sample d intravenous-glucose-tolerance test . RESULTS Time-by-treatment interactions ( P < 0.05 ) for LDL cholesterol ( oat : -2.5 % ; wheat : 8.0 % ) , small LDL cholesterol ( oat : -17.3 % ; wheat : 60.4 % ) , LDL particle number ( oat : -5.0 % ; wheat : 14.2 % ) , and LDL : HDL cholesterol ( oat : -6.3 % ; wheat : 14.2 % ) were observed . Time-by-treatment interactions were nearly significant for total cholesterol ( oat : -2.5 % ; wheat : 6.3 % ; P = 0.08 ) , triacylglycerol ( oat : -6.6 % ; wheat : 22.0 % ; P = 0.07 ) , and VLDL triacylglycerol ( oat : -7.6 % ; wheat : 2.7 % ; P = 0.08 ) . No significant time-by-treatment interactions were observed for HDL cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol subclasses , or LDL , HDL , and VLDL particle diameters . Insulin sensitivity did not change significantly with either intervention . CONCLUSIONS The oat compared with the wheat cereal produced lower concentrations of small , dense LDL cholesterol and LDL particle number without producing adverse changes in blood triacylglycerol or HDL-cholesterol concentrations . These beneficial alterations may contribute to the cardioprotective effect of oat fiber Water-soluble fiber has been reported to reduce serum cholesterol and consequently , oat bran , which has a high soluble-fiber content , has been recommended as part of a lipid-lowering diet . However , a recent small study of 20 volunteers with low mean serum cholesterol concentrations ( 4.8 mmol/L ) demonstrated no lipid-lowering effect of oat bran . The present study investigated 64 volunteers with cholesterol concentrations much more typical of the UK population ( 6 mmol/L ) . Subjects were r and omly allocated to receive either a normal-sized helping of an oat-based cereal or a cereal containing no oats for 4 wk and then crossed over to the alternative regimen for a further 4 wk . Small ( 2.23 % and 4.55 % ) but significant ( P < 0.04 and P < 0.05 ) reductions in total and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol , respectively , were observed in association with the consumption of oat-based cereal . These data support the view that consumption of oat-based cereals may well contribute usefully to a lipid-lowering diet BACKGROUND Findings about the effects of beta-glucan on serum lipoproteins are conflicting . OBJECTIVE The study investigated the effects of beta-glucan from oat bran in bread and cookies ( study 1 ) and in orange juice ( study 2 ) on serum lipoproteins in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects . DESIGN In study 1 , 48 subjects ( 21 men , 27 women ) received for 3 wk control bread and cookies rich in wheat fiber . For the next 4 wk , by r and om assignment , 23 subjects continued to consume the control products , and 25 received bread and cookies rich in beta-glucan . Mean daily intake of beta-glucan was 5.9 g. Total dietary fiber intake did not differ significantly between the groups . In study 2 , the same sources of control fiber and beta-glucan ( 5 g/d ) as in study 1 were provided . For 2 wk , 25 of the original 48 subjects ( 10 men , 15 women ) were r and omly assigned to consume orange juice containing either wheat fiber ( n = 13 ) or beta-glucan from oat bran ( n = 12 ) . After a washout period of 1 wk , dietary regimens were crossed over . RESULTS In study 1 , the change in LDL cholesterol did not differ significantly ( -0.12 mmol/L ; P = 0.173 ) between the 2 groups . In study 2 , the drink rich in beta-glucan decreased LDL cholesterol by 0.26 + /- 0.07 mmol/L ( 6.7 + /- 1.8 % ; P = 0.001 ) and the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol by 0.26 + /- 0.11 ( 5.4 + /- 2.1 % ; P = 0.029 ) compared with the other drink . HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations did not change significantly . CONCLUSIONS The food matrix or the food processing , or both , could have adverse effects on the hypocholesterolemic properties of oat beta-glucan Scientific studies support recommendations to increase dietary soluble fiber as part of hyperlipidemia treatment . Rice bran contains minimal soluble fiber , but rice bran oil has a hypolipidemic effect . Full-fat rice bran was compared with oat bran and a rice starch placebo in hyperlipidemic humans to see if it might have a role in the treatment of hyperlipidemia . Moderately hypercholesterolemic ( 5.95 - 8.02 mmol/L ) , nonsmoking , nonobese adults were studied in a 6-wk , r and omized , double-blind , noncross-over trial . Three groups added 84 g/d of a heat-stabilized , full-fat , medium-grain rice bran product ( n = 14 ) , oat bran product ( n = 13 ) or rice starch placebo ( n = 17 ) to their usual low-fat diet .  Serum cholesterol , triglycerides , HDL-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , LDL-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , apoA1 and apoB were measured before and at the end of the supplementation period . Serum cholesterol decreased significantly ( P < /= 0.05 ) by 8.3 + /- 2.4 % and 13.0 + /- 1.8 % in the rice bran and oat bran groups , respectively , but there was no change in the rice starch group . This change was attributable to LDL-C , which decreased by 13.7 + /- 2.8 % in the rice bran group and 17.1 + /- 2.4 % in the oat bran group ( P < /= 0.05 ) . Serum apoB decreased proportionately . There was no consistent effect on triglycerides within each group and HDL-C and apoA concentrations did not change . The LDL-C : HDL-C ratio decreased significantly in the rice bran and oat bran groups . Stabilized , full-fat rice bran or oat bran , added to the prudent diet of hyperlipidemic adults , similarly reduced cholesterol and LDL-C and improved lipid ratios in 78 % of these individuals . Rice bran , as well as oat bran , should be included in the prudent diet of individuals with hyperlipidemia The hypocholesterolemic effects of oat bran ( OB ) have been recently challenged . To carefully document the hypocholesterolemic effects of OB , 20 hypercholesterolemic men admitted to a metabolic ward were r and omly allocated to either OB or wheat bran ( WB ) for 21 d after a 7-d control-diet period . Control and treatment diets were design ed to be identical in energy content and nutrients , differing only in the amount of soluble fiber . After 21 d , OB significantly decreased total cholesterol by 12.8 % ( P less than 0.001 ) , low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol by 12.1 % ( P less than 0.004 ) , and apolipoprotein B-100 by 13.7 % ( P less than 0.001 ) whereas WB had no significant effect . High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I did not change significantly in either group . Serum triglycerides decreased by 10 % in both groups but the decrease was only significant ( P less than 0.04 ) in WB subjects . OB but not WB significantly reduced total cholesterol and other atherogenic lipoprotein fractions independent of other dietary changes Hypertension , dyslipidemia and overweight contribute substantially to cardiovascular disease risk . One of the most effective methods for improving high blood pressure and lipid profiles is loss of excess weight . Other recommendations for reducing cardiovascular risk include changes in dietary micronutrient , macronutrient and fiber intakes . To better define a diet for reduction in cardiovascular risk , 43 adults ( body mass index 26.4 + /- 3.3 , range 20.5 - 33.9 kg/m(2 ) ) participated in an 8-wk study to determine the effects of two diets on weight , blood pressure , lipids and insulin sensitivity . For 2 wk , weight was maintained and all subjects consumed a control diet . For the next 6 wk , subjects consum 
    Output:
    
agent
Pooled analyses showed that oat β-glucan has a lowering effect on LDL-cholesterol , non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB. Inclusion of oat-containing foods may be a strategy for achieving targets in CVD reduction
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND In 1997 , the US Food and Drug Administration passed a unique ruling that allowed oat bran to be registered as the first cholesterol-reducing food at a dosage of 3 g beta-glucan/d . OBJECTIVE The effects of a low dose of oat bran in the background diet only were investigated in volunteers with mild-to-moderate hyperlipidemia . DESIGN The study was a double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized , parallel study . Sixty-two healthy men ( n = 31 ) and women ( n = 31 ) were r and omly allocated to consume either 20 g oat bran concentrate ( OBC ; containing 3 g beta-glucan ) or 20 g wheat bran ( control ) daily for 8 wk . Fasting blood sample s were collected at weeks -1 , 0 , 4 , 8 , and 12 . A subgroup ( n = 17 ) was studied postpr and ially after consumption of 2 meals ( containing no OBC or wheat bran ) at baseline and after supplementation . Fasting plasma sample s were analyzed for total cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , triacylglycerol , glucose , and insulin . LDL cholesterol was measured by using the Friedewald formula . The postpr and ial sample s were anlayzed for triacylglycerol , glucose , and insulin . RESULTS No significant difference was observed in fasting plasma cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , glucose , or insulin between the OBC and wheat-bran groups . HDL-cholesterol concentrations fell significantly from weeks 0 to 8 in the OBC group ( P = 0.05 ) . There was a significant increase in fasting glucose concentrations after both OBC ( P = 0.03 ) and wheat-bran ( P = 0.02 ) consumption . No significant difference was found between the OBC and wheat-bran groups in any of the postpr and ial variables measured . CONCLUSIONS A low dosage of beta-glucan ( 3 g/d ) did not significantly reduce total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol in volunteers with plasma cholesterol concentrations representative of a middle-aged UK population This study was design ed as a test of the serum lipid response and dietary adaptation to recommended daily inclusion of instant oats in an otherwise regular diet . Hypercholesterolemic adults were r and omly assigned to a control or intervention group . Participants in the intervention group were given packages of instant oats and requested to eat two servings per day ( approximately two ounces dry weight ) , substituting the oats for other carbohydrate foods in order to maintain baseline calorie intake and keep weight stable . Serum lipids were measured in blood collected by venipuncture at baseline , four weeks , and eight weeks . Baseline mean total cholesterol ( TC ) levels were 6.56 mmol/L and 6.39 mmol/L for intervention and control groups , respectively . After eight weeks , mean serum total cholesterol of the intervention group was lower by -0.40 mmol/L , and mean net difference in TC between the two groups was 0.32 mmol/L ( 95 % CI : 0.09 , 0.54 ) . Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was similarly reduced with mean net difference of 0.25 mmol/L ( 95 % CI : 0.02 , 0.48 ) between the two groups . Mean soluble fiber intake increased along with slight self-imposed reductions in mean total fat , saturated fat , and dietary cholesterol intake in the intervention group . Neither group changed mean body weight . Daily inclusion of two ounces of oats appeared to facilitate reduction of serum total cholesterol and LDL-C in these hyperlipidemic individuals BACKGROUND No studies have examined whether increased consumption of oat cereal , rich in soluble fiber , favorably alters lipoprotein particle size and number . OBJECTIVE We examined the effects of large servings of either oat or wheat cereal on plasma lipids , lipoprotein subclasses , lipoprotein particle diameters , and LDL particle number . DESIGN Thirty-six overweight men aged 50 - 75 y were r and omly assigned to consume daily for 12 wk either oat or wheat cereal providing 14 g dietary fiber/d . Before and after the intervention , plasma lipid and lipoprotein subclasses were measured with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy , and whole-body insulin sensitivity was estimated with the frequently sample d intravenous-glucose-tolerance test . RESULTS Time-by-treatment interactions ( P < 0.05 ) for LDL cholesterol ( oat : -2.5 % ; wheat : 8.0 % ) , small LDL cholesterol ( oat : -17.3 % ; wheat : 60.4 % ) , LDL particle number ( oat : -5.0 % ; wheat : 14.2 % ) , and LDL : HDL cholesterol ( oat : -6.3 % ; wheat : 14.2 % ) were observed . Time-by-treatment interactions were nearly significant for total cholesterol ( oat : -2.5 % ; wheat : 6.3 % ; P = 0.08 ) , triacylglycerol ( oat : -6.6 % ; wheat : 22.0 % ; P = 0.07 ) , and VLDL triacylglycerol ( oat : -7.6 % ; wheat : 2.7 % ; P = 0.08 ) . No significant time-by-treatment interactions were observed for HDL cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol subclasses , or LDL , HDL , and VLDL particle diameters . Insulin sensitivity did not change significantly with either intervention . CONCLUSIONS The oat compared with the wheat cereal produced lower concentrations of small , dense LDL cholesterol and LDL particle number without producing adverse changes in blood triacylglycerol or HDL-cholesterol concentrations . These beneficial alterations may contribute to the cardioprotective effect of oat fiber Water-soluble fiber has been reported to reduce serum cholesterol and consequently , oat bran , which has a high soluble-fiber content , has been recommended as part of a lipid-lowering diet . However , a recent small study of 20 volunteers with low mean serum cholesterol concentrations ( 4.8 mmol/L ) demonstrated no lipid-lowering effect of oat bran . The present study investigated 64 volunteers with cholesterol concentrations much more typical of the UK population ( 6 mmol/L ) . Subjects were r and omly allocated to receive either a normal-sized helping of an oat-based cereal or a cereal containing no oats for 4 wk and then crossed over to the alternative regimen for a further 4 wk . Small ( 2.23 % and 4.55 % ) but significant ( P < 0.04 and P < 0.05 ) reductions in total and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol , respectively , were observed in association with the consumption of oat-based cereal . These data support the view that consumption of oat-based cereals may well contribute usefully to a lipid-lowering diet BACKGROUND Findings about the effects of beta-glucan on serum lipoproteins are conflicting . OBJECTIVE The study investigated the effects of beta-glucan from oat bran in bread and cookies ( study 1 ) and in orange juice ( study 2 ) on serum lipoproteins in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects . DESIGN In study 1 , 48 subjects ( 21 men , 27 women ) received for 3 wk control bread and cookies rich in wheat fiber . For the next 4 wk , by r and om assignment , 23 subjects continued to consume the control products , and 25 received bread and cookies rich in beta-glucan . Mean daily intake of beta-glucan was 5.9 g. Total dietary fiber intake did not differ significantly between the groups . In study 2 , the same sources of control fiber and beta-glucan ( 5 g/d ) as in study 1 were provided . For 2 wk , 25 of the original 48 subjects ( 10 men , 15 women ) were r and omly assigned to consume orange juice containing either wheat fiber ( n = 13 ) or beta-glucan from oat bran ( n = 12 ) . After a washout period of 1 wk , dietary regimens were crossed over . RESULTS In study 1 , the change in LDL cholesterol did not differ significantly ( -0.12 mmol/L ; P = 0.173 ) between the 2 groups . In study 2 , the drink rich in beta-glucan decreased LDL cholesterol by 0.26 + /- 0.07 mmol/L ( 6.7 + /- 1.8 % ; P = 0.001 ) and the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol by 0.26 + /- 0.11 ( 5.4 + /- 2.1 % ; P = 0.029 ) compared with the other drink . HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations did not change significantly . CONCLUSIONS The food matrix or the food processing , or both , could have adverse effects on the hypocholesterolemic properties of oat beta-glucan Scientific studies support recommendations to increase dietary soluble fiber as part of hyperlipidemia treatment . Rice bran contains minimal soluble fiber , but rice bran oil has a hypolipidemic effect . Full-fat rice bran was compared with oat bran and a rice starch placebo in hyperlipidemic humans to see if it might have a role in the treatment of hyperlipidemia . Moderately hypercholesterolemic ( 5.95 - 8.02 mmol/L ) , nonsmoking , nonobese adults were studied in a 6-wk , r and omized , double-blind , noncross-over trial . Three groups added 84 g/d of a heat-stabilized , full-fat , medium-grain rice bran product ( n = 14 ) , oat bran product ( n = 13 ) or rice starch placebo ( n = 17 ) to their usual low-fat diet .  Serum cholesterol , triglycerides , HDL-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , LDL-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , apoA1 and apoB were measured before and at the end of the supplementation period . Serum cholesterol decreased significantly ( P < /= 0.05 ) by 8.3 + /- 2.4 % and 13.0 + /- 1.8 % in the rice bran and oat bran groups , respectively , but there was no change in the rice starch group . This change was attributable to LDL-C , which decreased by 13.7 + /- 2.8 % in the rice bran group and 17.1 + /- 2.4 % in the oat bran group ( P < /= 0.05 ) . Serum apoB decreased proportionately . There was no consistent effect on triglycerides within each group and HDL-C and apoA concentrations did not change . The LDL-C : HDL-C ratio decreased significantly in the rice bran and oat bran groups . Stabilized , full-fat rice bran or oat bran , added to the prudent diet of hyperlipidemic adults , similarly reduced cholesterol and LDL-C and improved lipid ratios in 78 % of these individuals . Rice bran , as well as oat bran , should be included in the prudent diet of individuals with hyperlipidemia The hypocholesterolemic effects of oat bran ( OB ) have been recently challenged . To carefully document the hypocholesterolemic effects of OB , 20 hypercholesterolemic men admitted to a metabolic ward were r and omly allocated to either OB or wheat bran ( WB ) for 21 d after a 7-d control-diet period . Control and treatment diets were design ed to be identical in energy content and nutrients , differing only in the amount of soluble fiber . After 21 d , OB significantly decreased total cholesterol by 12.8 % ( P less than 0.001 ) , low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol by 12.1 % ( P less than 0.004 ) , and apolipoprotein B-100 by 13.7 % ( P less than 0.001 ) whereas WB had no significant effect . High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I did not change significantly in either group . Serum triglycerides decreased by 10 % in both groups but the decrease was only significant ( P less than 0.04 ) in WB subjects . OB but not WB significantly reduced total cholesterol and other atherogenic lipoprotein fractions independent of other dietary changes Hypertension , dyslipidemia and overweight contribute substantially to cardiovascular disease risk . One of the most effective methods for improving high blood pressure and lipid profiles is loss of excess weight . Other recommendations for reducing cardiovascular risk include changes in dietary micronutrient , macronutrient and fiber intakes . To better define a diet for reduction in cardiovascular risk , 43 adults ( body mass index 26.4 + /- 3.3 , range 20.5 - 33.9 kg/m(2 ) ) participated in an 8-wk study to determine the effects of two diets on weight , blood pressure , lipids and insulin sensitivity . For 2 wk , weight was maintained and all subjects consumed a control diet . For the next 6 wk , subjects consum 
    Output:
    