human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND AIM Some studies recently reported a favourable effect for cis-9 , trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) on plasma lipoprotein profile of healthy subjects . Aim of this crossover intervention study was to evaluate the influence of a short-term dietary intake of a cheese derived from sheep 's milk naturally rich in CLA on several atherosclerotic biomarkers , in comparison with a commercially available cheese . METHODS AND RESULTS Ten subjects ( 6 F ; 4 M ) with a median age of 51.5 followed for 10 weeks a diet containing 200 g/week of cheese naturally rich in CLA ( intervention period ) and for the same period a diet containing a commercially available cheese of the same quantity ( placebo period ) . Consumption of the dairy product naturally rich in cis-9 , trans-11 CLA determined a significant ( p<0.05 ) reduction in inflammatory parameters such as interleukin-6 ( pre : 8.08+/-1.57 vs. post : 4.58+/-0.94 pg/mL ) , interleukin-8 ( pre : 45.02+/-5.82 vs. post : 28.59+/-2.64 pg/mL ) , and tumour necrosis factor-alpha ( pre : 53.58+/-25.67 vs. post : 32.09+/-17.42 pg/mL ) whereas no significant differences in the placebo period were observed . With regard to haemorheological parameters , the test period significantly ameliorated erythrocytes ' filtration rate ( pre : 7.61+/-0.71 % vs. post : 9.12+/-0.97 % ; p=0.03 ) with respect to the placebo period . Moreover , a reduction in the extent of platelet aggregation , induced by arachidonic acid [ pre : 87.8+/-1.76 % vs. post : 77.7+/-3.56 % ; p=0.04 ] was observed during the test period in comparison with the placebo period . CONCLUSIONS Dietary short-term intake of the tested dairy product naturally rich in cis-9 , trans-11 CLA appeared to cause favourable biochemical changes of atherosclerotic markers Studies on animal and human subjects have shown that greatly increasing the amount of linseed ( also known as flaxseed ) oil ( rich in the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ( PUFA ) alpha-linolenic acid ( ALNA ) ) or fish oil ( FO ; rich in the long-chain n-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) ) in the diet can decrease a number of markers of immune function . The immunological effects of more modest doses of n-3 PUFA in human subjects are unclear , dose-response relationships between n-3 PUFA supply and immune function have not been established and whether ALNA has the same effects as its long-chain derivatives is not known . Therefore , the objective of the present study was to determine the effect of enriching the diet with different doses of FO or with a modest dose of ALNA on a range of functional responses of human monocytes and lymphocytes . In a r and omised , placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel study , forty healthy males aged 18 - 39 years were r and omised to receive placebo or 3.5 g ALNA/d or 0.44 , 0.94 or 1.9 g (EPA+DHA)/d in capsules for 12 weeks . The EPA : DHA ratio in the FO used was 1.0:2.5 . ALNA supplementation increased the proportion of EPA but not DHA in plasma phospholipids . FO supplementation decreased the proportions of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid and increased the proportions of EPA and DHA in plasma phospholipids . The interventions did not alter circulating mononuclear cell subsets or the production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha , interleukin ( IL ) 1beta , IL-2 , IL-4 , IL-10 or interferon-gamma by stimulated mononuclear cells . There was little effect of the interventions on lymphocyte proliferation . The two higher doses of FO result ed in a significant decrease in IL-6 production by stimulated mononuclear cells . It is concluded that , with the exception of IL-6 production , a modest increase in intake of either ALNA or EPA+DHA does not influence the functional activity of mononuclear cells . The threshold of EPA+DHA intake that results in decreased IL-6 production is between 0.44 and 0.94 g/d BACKGROUND & AIMS Metabolic effects of dietary fat quality in people with type 2 diabetes are not well-understood . The study objective was to evaluate effects of conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) and safflower ( SAF ) oils on glycemia , blood lipids , and inflammation . The hypothesis we tested is that dietary oils improve glycemia , lipids , and inflammatory markers in a time-dependent way that follows accumulation of linoleic acid and CLA isomers in serum of subjects supplemented with dietary oils . METHODS Fifty-five post-menopausal , obese women with type 2 diabetes enrolled , and 35 completed this r and omized , double-masked crossover study . Treatments were 8 g daily of CLA and SAF for 16 weeks each . We used a multiple testing procedure with pre-determined steps analysis to determine the earliest time that a significant effect was detected . RESULTS CLA did not alter measured metabolic parameters . SAF decreased HbA1c ( -0.64 ± 0.18 % , p = 0.0007 ) and C-reactive protein ( -13.6 ± 8.2 mg/L , p = 0.0472 ) , increased QUICKI ( 0.0077 ± 0.0035 , p = 0.0146 ) with a minimum time to effect observed 16 weeks after treatment . SAF increased HDL cholesterol ( 0.12 ± 0.05 mmol/L , p = 0.0228 ) with the minimum time to detect an effect of SAF at 12 weeks . The minimum time to detect an increase of c9t11-CLA , t10c12-CLA , and linoleic acid in serum of women supplemented CLA or SAF , respectively , was four weeks . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 8 g of SAF daily improved glycemia , inflammation , and blood lipids , indicating that small changes in dietary fat quality may augment diabetes treatments to improve risk factors for diabetes-related complications BACKGROUND & AIMS The study examined the value of n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched yogurt as means of improving cardiovascular health  . DESIGN Fifty three mildly hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects ( TAG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L ) participated in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel design ed study . The subjects consumed 1 ) control yoghurt ; 2 ) yoghurt enriched with 0.8 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d ; or 3 ) yoghurt enriched with 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d for a period of 10 wks . Blood sample s were taken at the beginning and the end of the study period . RESULTS Following daily intake of 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA for 10 weeks , n-3 LC-PUFA levels increased significantly in plasma and red blood cells ( RBC ) with concomitant increase in the EPA-derived mediators ( PGE₃ , 12- , 15- , 18-HEPE ) in plasma whilst cardiovascular risk factors such as HDL , TAG , AA/EPA ratio , and n-3 index were improved ( P < 0.05 ) ; the decrease of TAG and increase in HDL were associated with the CD36 genotype . CONCLUSION The observed increase of n-3 LC-PUFA in RBC and plasma lipids due to intake of n-3 LC-PUFA enriched yoghurt result ed in a reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory mediators showing that daily consumption of n-3 PUFA enriched yoghurt can be an effective way of supplementing the daily diet and improving cardiovascular health BACKGROUND Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) is marketed as a safe , simple , and effective dietary supplement to promote the loss of body fat and weight . However , most previous studies have been of short duration and inconclusive , and some recent studies have question ed the safety of long-term supplementation with CLA . OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the effect of 1-y supplementation with CLA ( 3.4 g/d ) on body weight and body fat regain in moderately obese people . DESIGN One hundred twenty-two obese healthy subjects with a body mass index ( in kg/m2 ) > 28 underwent an 8-wk dietary run-in with energy restriction ( 3300 - 4200 kJ/d ) . One hundred one subjects who lost > 8 % of their initial body weight were subsequently r and omly assigned to a 1-y double-blind CLA ( 3.4 g/d ; n = 51 ) or placebo ( olive oil ; n = 50 ) supplementation regime in combination with a modest hypocaloric diet of -1250 kJ/d . The effects of treatment on body composition and safety were assessed with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and with blood sample s and the incidence of adverse events , respectively . RESULTS After 1 y , no significant difference in body weight or body fat regain was observed between the treatments . The CLA group ( n = 40 ) regained a mean ( + /-SD ) 4.0 + /- 5.6 kg body weight and 2.1 + /- 5.0 kg fat mass compared with a regain of 4.0 + /- 5.0 kg body weight and 2.7 + /- 4.9 kg fat mass in the placebo group ( n = 43 ) . No significant differences in reported adverse effects or indexes of insulin resistance were observed , but a significant increase in the number of leukocytes was observed with CLA supplementation . CONCLUSION A 3.4-g daily CLA supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or fat mass regain in a healthy obese population BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease . We previously reported that a diet high in alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) reduces lipid and inflammatory cardiovascular disease risk factors in hypercholesterolemic subjects . OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effects of a diet high in ALA on serum proinflammatory cytokine concentrations and cytokine production by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) from subjects fed the experimental diets . DESIGN A r and omized , controlled , 3-diet , 3-period crossover study design was used . Hypercholesterolemic subjects ( n = 23 ) were assigned to 3 experimental diets : a diet high in ALA ( ALA diet ; 6.5 % of energy ) , a diet high in linoleic acid ( LA diet ; 12.6 % of energy ) , and an average American diet ( AAD ) for 6 wk . Serum interleukin (IL)-6 , IL-1beta , and tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) concentrations and the production of IL-6 , IL-1beta , and TNF-alpha by P BMC s were measured . RESULTS IL-6 , IL-1beta , and TNF-alpha production by P BMC s and serum TNF-alpha concentrations were lower ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.08 , respectively ) with the ALA diet than with the LA diet or AAD .  P BMC production of TNF-alpha was inversely correlated with ALA ( r = -0.402 , P = 0.07 ) and with eicosapentaenoic acid ( r = -0.476 , P = 0.03 ) concentrations in P BMC lipids with the ALA diet . Changes in serum ALA were inversely correlated with changes in TNF-alpha produced by P BMC s ( r = -0.423 , P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Increased intakes of dietary ALA elicit antiinflammatory effects by inhibiting IL-6 , IL-1beta , and TNF-alpha production in cultured P BMC s. Changes in P BMC ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid ( derived from dietary ALA ) are associated with beneficial changes in TNF-alpha release . Thus , the cardioprotective effects of ALA are mediated in part by a reduction in the production of inflammatory cytokines A mixture of trans-10 , cis-12 ( t10,c12 ) and cis-9 , trans-11 ( c9,t11 ) conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA mixture ) reduced atherosclerosis in animals , thus the effect of these isomers on endothelial dysfunctions leading to inflammation and atherosclerosis is of interest . We gave 75 healthy postmenopausal women a daily supplement of 5.5 g of oil rich in either CLA mixture , an oil rich in the naturally occurring c9,t11 CLA ( CLA milk ) , respectively , or olive oil for 16 wk in a double-blind , r and omized , parallel intervention study . We sample d blood and urine before and after the intervention . The ratios of total cholesterol : HDL cholesterol and concentrations of C-reactive 
    Output:
    
agent
There was a significant heterogeneity for the impact of CLA  on CRP and IL-6 , but not TNF-α .
Conclusions This meta- analysis showed that CLA supplementation may increase inflammatory markers ( CRP and TNF-α ) .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND AND AIM Some studies recently reported a favourable effect for cis-9 , trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) on plasma lipoprotein profile of healthy subjects . Aim of this crossover intervention study was to evaluate the influence of a short-term dietary intake of a cheese derived from sheep 's milk naturally rich in CLA on several atherosclerotic biomarkers , in comparison with a commercially available cheese . METHODS AND RESULTS Ten subjects ( 6 F ; 4 M ) with a median age of 51.5 followed for 10 weeks a diet containing 200 g/week of cheese naturally rich in CLA ( intervention period ) and for the same period a diet containing a commercially available cheese of the same quantity ( placebo period ) . Consumption of the dairy product naturally rich in cis-9 , trans-11 CLA determined a significant ( p<0.05 ) reduction in inflammatory parameters such as interleukin-6 ( pre : 8.08+/-1.57 vs. post : 4.58+/-0.94 pg/mL ) , interleukin-8 ( pre : 45.02+/-5.82 vs. post : 28.59+/-2.64 pg/mL ) , and tumour necrosis factor-alpha ( pre : 53.58+/-25.67 vs. post : 32.09+/-17.42 pg/mL ) whereas no significant differences in the placebo period were observed . With regard to haemorheological parameters , the test period significantly ameliorated erythrocytes ' filtration rate ( pre : 7.61+/-0.71 % vs. post : 9.12+/-0.97 % ; p=0.03 ) with respect to the placebo period . Moreover , a reduction in the extent of platelet aggregation , induced by arachidonic acid [ pre : 87.8+/-1.76 % vs. post : 77.7+/-3.56 % ; p=0.04 ] was observed during the test period in comparison with the placebo period . CONCLUSIONS Dietary short-term intake of the tested dairy product naturally rich in cis-9 , trans-11 CLA appeared to cause favourable biochemical changes of atherosclerotic markers Studies on animal and human subjects have shown that greatly increasing the amount of linseed ( also known as flaxseed ) oil ( rich in the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ( PUFA ) alpha-linolenic acid ( ALNA ) ) or fish oil ( FO ; rich in the long-chain n-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) ) in the diet can decrease a number of markers of immune function . The immunological effects of more modest doses of n-3 PUFA in human subjects are unclear , dose-response relationships between n-3 PUFA supply and immune function have not been established and whether ALNA has the same effects as its long-chain derivatives is not known . Therefore , the objective of the present study was to determine the effect of enriching the diet with different doses of FO or with a modest dose of ALNA on a range of functional responses of human monocytes and lymphocytes . In a r and omised , placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel study , forty healthy males aged 18 - 39 years were r and omised to receive placebo or 3.5 g ALNA/d or 0.44 , 0.94 or 1.9 g (EPA+DHA)/d in capsules for 12 weeks . The EPA : DHA ratio in the FO used was 1.0:2.5 . ALNA supplementation increased the proportion of EPA but not DHA in plasma phospholipids . FO supplementation decreased the proportions of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid and increased the proportions of EPA and DHA in plasma phospholipids . The interventions did not alter circulating mononuclear cell subsets or the production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha , interleukin ( IL ) 1beta , IL-2 , IL-4 , IL-10 or interferon-gamma by stimulated mononuclear cells . There was little effect of the interventions on lymphocyte proliferation . The two higher doses of FO result ed in a significant decrease in IL-6 production by stimulated mononuclear cells . It is concluded that , with the exception of IL-6 production , a modest increase in intake of either ALNA or EPA+DHA does not influence the functional activity of mononuclear cells . The threshold of EPA+DHA intake that results in decreased IL-6 production is between 0.44 and 0.94 g/d BACKGROUND & AIMS Metabolic effects of dietary fat quality in people with type 2 diabetes are not well-understood . The study objective was to evaluate effects of conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) and safflower ( SAF ) oils on glycemia , blood lipids , and inflammation . The hypothesis we tested is that dietary oils improve glycemia , lipids , and inflammatory markers in a time-dependent way that follows accumulation of linoleic acid and CLA isomers in serum of subjects supplemented with dietary oils . METHODS Fifty-five post-menopausal , obese women with type 2 diabetes enrolled , and 35 completed this r and omized , double-masked crossover study . Treatments were 8 g daily of CLA and SAF for 16 weeks each . We used a multiple testing procedure with pre-determined steps analysis to determine the earliest time that a significant effect was detected . RESULTS CLA did not alter measured metabolic parameters . SAF decreased HbA1c ( -0.64 ± 0.18 % , p = 0.0007 ) and C-reactive protein ( -13.6 ± 8.2 mg/L , p = 0.0472 ) , increased QUICKI ( 0.0077 ± 0.0035 , p = 0.0146 ) with a minimum time to effect observed 16 weeks after treatment . SAF increased HDL cholesterol ( 0.12 ± 0.05 mmol/L , p = 0.0228 ) with the minimum time to detect an effect of SAF at 12 weeks . The minimum time to detect an increase of c9t11-CLA , t10c12-CLA , and linoleic acid in serum of women supplemented CLA or SAF , respectively , was four weeks . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 8 g of SAF daily improved glycemia , inflammation , and blood lipids , indicating that small changes in dietary fat quality may augment diabetes treatments to improve risk factors for diabetes-related complications BACKGROUND & AIMS The study examined the value of n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched yogurt as means of improving cardiovascular health  . DESIGN Fifty three mildly hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects ( TAG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L ) participated in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel design ed study . The subjects consumed 1 ) control yoghurt ; 2 ) yoghurt enriched with 0.8 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d ; or 3 ) yoghurt enriched with 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d for a period of 10 wks . Blood sample s were taken at the beginning and the end of the study period . RESULTS Following daily intake of 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA for 10 weeks , n-3 LC-PUFA levels increased significantly in plasma and red blood cells ( RBC ) with concomitant increase in the EPA-derived mediators ( PGE₃ , 12- , 15- , 18-HEPE ) in plasma whilst cardiovascular risk factors such as HDL , TAG , AA/EPA ratio , and n-3 index were improved ( P < 0.05 ) ; the decrease of TAG and increase in HDL were associated with the CD36 genotype . CONCLUSION The observed increase of n-3 LC-PUFA in RBC and plasma lipids due to intake of n-3 LC-PUFA enriched yoghurt result ed in a reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory mediators showing that daily consumption of n-3 PUFA enriched yoghurt can be an effective way of supplementing the daily diet and improving cardiovascular health BACKGROUND Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) is marketed as a safe , simple , and effective dietary supplement to promote the loss of body fat and weight . However , most previous studies have been of short duration and inconclusive , and some recent studies have question ed the safety of long-term supplementation with CLA . OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the effect of 1-y supplementation with CLA ( 3.4 g/d ) on body weight and body fat regain in moderately obese people . DESIGN One hundred twenty-two obese healthy subjects with a body mass index ( in kg/m2 ) > 28 underwent an 8-wk dietary run-in with energy restriction ( 3300 - 4200 kJ/d ) . One hundred one subjects who lost > 8 % of their initial body weight were subsequently r and omly assigned to a 1-y double-blind CLA ( 3.4 g/d ; n = 51 ) or placebo ( olive oil ; n = 50 ) supplementation regime in combination with a modest hypocaloric diet of -1250 kJ/d . The effects of treatment on body composition and safety were assessed with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and with blood sample s and the incidence of adverse events , respectively . RESULTS After 1 y , no significant difference in body weight or body fat regain was observed between the treatments . The CLA group ( n = 40 ) regained a mean ( + /-SD ) 4.0 + /- 5.6 kg body weight and 2.1 + /- 5.0 kg fat mass compared with a regain of 4.0 + /- 5.0 kg body weight and 2.7 + /- 4.9 kg fat mass in the placebo group ( n = 43 ) . No significant differences in reported adverse effects or indexes of insulin resistance were observed , but a significant increase in the number of leukocytes was observed with CLA supplementation . CONCLUSION A 3.4-g daily CLA supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or fat mass regain in a healthy obese population BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease . We previously reported that a diet high in alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) reduces lipid and inflammatory cardiovascular disease risk factors in hypercholesterolemic subjects . OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effects of a diet high in ALA on serum proinflammatory cytokine concentrations and cytokine production by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC s ) from subjects fed the experimental diets . DESIGN A r and omized , controlled , 3-diet , 3-period crossover study design was used . Hypercholesterolemic subjects ( n = 23 ) were assigned to 3 experimental diets : a diet high in ALA ( ALA diet ; 6.5 % of energy ) , a diet high in linoleic acid ( LA diet ; 12.6 % of energy ) , and an average American diet ( AAD ) for 6 wk . Serum interleukin (IL)-6 , IL-1beta , and tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) concentrations and the production of IL-6 , IL-1beta , and TNF-alpha by P BMC s were measured . RESULTS IL-6 , IL-1beta , and TNF-alpha production by P BMC s and serum TNF-alpha concentrations were lower ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.08 , respectively ) with the ALA diet than with the LA diet or AAD .  P BMC production of TNF-alpha was inversely correlated with ALA ( r = -0.402 , P = 0.07 ) and with eicosapentaenoic acid ( r = -0.476 , P = 0.03 ) concentrations in P BMC lipids with the ALA diet . Changes in serum ALA were inversely correlated with changes in TNF-alpha produced by P BMC s ( r = -0.423 , P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Increased intakes of dietary ALA elicit antiinflammatory effects by inhibiting IL-6 , IL-1beta , and TNF-alpha production in cultured P BMC s. Changes in P BMC ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid ( derived from dietary ALA ) are associated with beneficial changes in TNF-alpha release . Thus , the cardioprotective effects of ALA are mediated in part by a reduction in the production of inflammatory cytokines A mixture of trans-10 , cis-12 ( t10,c12 ) and cis-9 , trans-11 ( c9,t11 ) conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA mixture ) reduced atherosclerosis in animals , thus the effect of these isomers on endothelial dysfunctions leading to inflammation and atherosclerosis is of interest . We gave 75 healthy postmenopausal women a daily supplement of 5.5 g of oil rich in either CLA mixture , an oil rich in the naturally occurring c9,t11 CLA ( CLA milk ) , respectively , or olive oil for 16 wk in a double-blind , r and omized , parallel intervention study . We sample d blood and urine before and after the intervention . The ratios of total cholesterol : HDL cholesterol and concentrations of C-reactive 
    Output:
    