human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE This controlled clinical trial evaluated the 5-year clinical performance of a self-etching primer system including selective enamel-etching with phosphoric acid and a one-bottle adhesive system . METHODS Seventy-two non-carious cervical lesions in 8 patients ( 4 male and 4 female ) with a mean age of 61.3 years ( range 45 - 78 ) participated in the study . An enamel bevel was placed and dentin lightly ground , and cavities restored with clearfil liner bond II ( LB ) or single bond ( SB ) in conjunction with a hybrid resin composite ( Clearfil AP-X ) . In the case of 27 cavities for LB , the enamel was pretreated with 37 % phosphoric acid for 10 s. Each patient received both types of restoration , which were distributed on a r and om basis . All restorations ( 37 restorations for LB and 35 restorations for SB ) were placed by one dentist . The restorations were evaluated blind after 5 years using modified USPHS criteria . The data were statistically analyzed using the Fisher 's exact test . RESULTS All but one restoration ( which was replaced by a crown after the 2-year recall ) were evaluated after 5 years . 100 % retention rates were recorded for both restorative groups . No caries was detected in association with any restorations . The only minor problem was marginal discoloration ; superficial and localized marginal discoloration occurred around 18 % of the restorations , and mainly at the dentin margin . There were no significant differences in the marginal integrity between the LB and SB groups . CONCLUSIONS Restorative material s used in this study demonstrated a good clinical effectiveness in the restoration of non-carious cervical lesions for 5 years This study evaluated the effect of the thickness of the adhesive resin layer of two commercially available resin bonding systems on bond strengths ( Single Bond and Liner Bond 2V ) . The adhesive of Single Bond contains ethanol and water as solvents and is applied using the moist-bonding technique . The adhesive of Liner Bond 2V contains no solvents and is applied after a self-etching primer treatment . Forty-six caries-free molars were ground flat to expose the dentin surface and polished with # 800-grit silicon carbide paper under running water . A vinyl tape punched with a 6 mm diameter hole was then placed on the dentin surface to demarcate the area for bonding . The thickness of the adhesive resin layer was varied by stacking an increasing numbers of vinyl tapes together . The teeth were r and omly divided into two groups and treated with either Clearfil Liner Bond 2V or Single Bond . They were further divided into subgroups according to the number of tapes placed on the dentin surface . After the bonding procedures the teeth were incrementally restored with Clearfil AP-X resin composite , building a 5 mm high crown to produce sufficient bulk for the microtensile bond test and stored in tap water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours . The teeth were then sectioned along their long axis into 0.7 mm thick slabs and trimmed for the microtensile bond test using a super-fine diamond bur . The thickness of the adhesive resin layer was then measured with a light microscope and the slabs tested in tension at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute . The results were subjected to statistical analysis by a one-way analysis of variance and linear regressions with 95 % confidence intervals . The thickness of the Clearfil Liner Bond 2V adhesive layer ranged from 5 mm-1500 mm , and for Single Bond , it varied from < 7.5 mm-430 mm . For Clearfil Liner Bond 2V , bond strengths increased significantly as the thickness of bonding layer increased ( p < 0.05 ) . However , the bond strengths of the Single Bond decreased significantly with increased thickness of the bonding layer ( p < 0.05 ) This study evaluated the clinical performance and appearance of a resin-modified glass ionomer and a resin composite over one year . Thirty-seven pairs of restorations of Fuji II LC and Z250/Single Bond were placed in caries-free cervical erosion/abfraction lesions without tooth preparation . Restorations were clinical ly evaluated at baseline and 6 and 12 months , using modified Ryge/USPHS criteria . No significant difference ( p>0.05 ) was observed in performance of both material s , although retention of the Z250 restorations was below the minimum specified in the ADA Acceptance Program for Dentin and Enamel Adhesives . Little difference in the restorations ' appearance was observed This study evaluated the clinical performance of a self-etching adhesive for resin composites over one year . Thirty pairs of restorations of Pertac II , using the adhesive Prompt L-Pop , were placed in caries-free cervical erosion/abfraction lesions without tooth preparation . One of each pair was cured using " soft-start " polymerization , while the other was polymerized with high-intensity halogen light . Restorations were clinical ly evaluated at baseline , six and 12 months using modified Ryge/USPHS criteria . Although no significant difference ( p>0.05 ) was observed between the curing methods , adhesive performance was poor , with a 35 % loss of restorations overall Modern dental adhesive systems have improved the bond of restorative material s to mineralized tooth structures . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of composite restorations placed in abrasion and erosion lesions using the Clearfil Liner Bond dental adhesive system . Following ADA clinical guidelines for dentin and enamel adhesive material s , 62 facial class 5 smooth surface erosion or abrasion lesions with no undercuts and involving primarily root surfaces were restored in 25 adult male and female patients . The teeth were restored without preparations using Clearfil Liner Bond and Clearfil Photo Anterior composite resin . The clinical performance of the restorations was assessed by two examiners at baseline , 6 months , 1 , 2 , and 3 years using the following evaluative parameters : color match , marginal discoloration , and marginal integrity according to modified Ryge criteria ; the presence or absence of recurrent decay ; pre- and postoperative sensitivity ; and restoration failure due to loss of retention or other causes . At the end of 3 years , four of the 55 restorations remaining in the study failed due to lack of retention ( 92.7 % retention rate ) . The evaluations of the other clinical parameters demonstrated excellent performance by this system PURPOSE Acid-etched dentin has been described to easily collapse when it is dried with air after being rinsed with water under laboratorial " ideal " conditions . Manufacturers of modern dentin adhesives recommend leaving dentin moist , regardless of the solvent used in their proprietary dentin adhesives . Nevertheless , many clinicians still dry the cavity preparation after rinsing off the etching gel to check for the enamel frosted aspect . The null hypothesis to be tested in this clinical study was that drying dentin with air upon rinsing off the acid would not result in lower short-term retention rates than when the cavity was left visibly moist . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Upon Internal Review Board approval , thirty-five patients were enrolled in this study . A total of 128 restorations divided into four groups were inserted and evaluated at baseline : ( A ) Prime & Bond NT , an acetone-based adhesive , applied on moist dentin ; ( B ) Prime & Bond NT applied on dentin dried with air for 3 to 4 s ; ( C ) Single Bond , an ethanol- and water-based adhesive , applied on moist dentin ; ( D ) Single Bond applied on dentin dried with air for 3 to 4 s. A microfilled composite resin was used for all restorations . RESULTS At 6 months after initial placement , 119 restorations ( a 93 % recall rate ) were re-evaluated . Retention rates at 6 months were 97 % ( one failure ) for Single Bond/moist dentin and 100 % for the remaining three groups ; however , they were not significantly different ( retention rate vs dentin adhesive ; retention rate vs moisture ) . CONCLUSION Dentin substrate in noncarious lesions may be less sensitive to variations in dentin moisture than the " ideal " dentin substrate used under laboratory conditions OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of a filled ( OptiBond Solo ) and an unfilled ( Prime & Bond 2.1 ) " one-bottle " adhesive in Class V restorations after 18 months of clinical service . METHODS Thirty-three patients with non-carious cervical lesions were enrolled in the study . A total of 101 lesions were restored using one of the adhesives and a hybrid composite resin . Enamel was not beveled , nor was any mechanical retention placed . The restorations were evaluated at baseline , and at 6 and 18 months after placement using modified USPHS criteria . RESULTS Cumulative 18-month retention rates were 93.6 % for OptiBond Solo and 98.0 % for Prime & Bond 2.1 . The difference in retention rates was not statistically significant . For OptiBond Solo , the only notable problems were interfacial staining and marginal adaptation , both of which were less than ideal in 9 % of restorations . Marginal problems were slightly less frequent for Prime & Bond 2.1 restorations , but the difference was not significant . CONCLUSIONS Both adhesives provided Class V retention rates exceeding the 18-month , full acceptance guidelines set by the American Dental Association . Any additional benefit provided by the use of a filled adhesive was not detected in this 18-month clinical trial This study evaluated the effect of the elastic modulus and margin configuration on the clinical performance of  resin-based composite restorations in Class V non-carious defects . One hundred and five cervical non-carious defects on buccal surfaces of canines and premolars were included in this study . Defects were r and omly divided into three Groups and restored according to the following techniques : Group 1 - -no enamel bevel was placed and the defect was restored with a microfilled resin-based composite ( Durafill VS ) ; Group 2 - -the enamel margin was beveled and the defect restored as in Group 1 ; Group 3-the enamel margin was beveled and the defect was restored with a flowable resin-based composite ( Natural Flow ) . Each group comprised 35 lesions . A total-etch , one-bottle adhesive ( One-Step ) was used in all groups . Retention rate , pre- and post-operative sensitivity , marginal discoloration and secondary caries were determined over a three-year period and the data were analyzed statistically . At six months post-insertion , the restorations placed with beveled enamel margins result ed in 100 % retention regardless of the composite used compared to a 66 % retention of the non-beveled margins . At two and three years , no significant difference in retention rate was found among the three groups . Post-operative sensitivity , marginal discoloration and secondary caries were not affected by enamel beveling and restorative material . Beveled enamel margins result ed in significantly better clinical retention in the first six months only . Enamel beveling and composite viscosity appeared to not significantly affect the clinical performance of Class V non-retentive composite restorations after three years PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to measure and compare the in vitro shear bond strengths ( SBS ) of the following dentin bonding systems to different dentin surfaces under simulated pulpal pressure : Liner Bond 2 ( self-etching ) ( LB2 ) , Liner Bond 2V ( self-etching ) ( LB2V ) , Opti Bond Solo ( single component ) ( OBS ) , Fuji Bond LC ( filled ) ( FBLC ) , Prime & Bond 2 - 1 ( single component ) ( P&B2 - 1 ) , and Solid Bond ( total etching ) ( SB ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Occlusal and buccal surfaces of 60 extracted human molars were prepared to expose the dentin bonding surface . After being wet ground with 600-grit abrasive papers , teeth were r and omly assigned to 6 equal groups of 10 each . The dentin surfaces were treated with the bonding systems mentioned above , and resin composite cylinders ( Clearfil AP-X ) were built up under simulated pulpal pressure when diluted bovine serum was used as the pulpal fluid . After one day of storage in 37 degrees C water , the specimens were shear tested to failure on an Instron machine . RESULTS The data were statistically analyzed with the Student 's t-test and a post hoc Tukey test . Comparing buccal surfaces , the post hoc Tukey test indicated no significant differences among all the test groups ( p > 0.05 ) . On occlusal surfaces , the post hoc Tukey test indicated significant differences among the tested groups ( p < 0.05 ) . The Student 's t test revealed significant differences between the occlusal and buccal shear bond strength values in LB 2 , LB2V , and SB groups ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The strength of adhesion to dentin depends upon both the adhesive system used - with self-etching systems tending to show higher bond strengths than the other material s tested - and the location of the dentin , with significantly higher SBS being found on buccal surfaces in 3 of the 7 tested bonding systems Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the treatment results using four different types of tooth colored material s for restoring class V lesions . A total of 197 class V restorations ( n=197 ) were placed by one dentist in 37 patients on incisors , canines and premolars . The fillings were placed due to different indications : erosion/non-carious cervical defects ( n=69 ) , primary carious lesions ( n=57 ) , and for replacing defective existing fillings ( 
    Output:
    
agent
RESULTS Comparison of retention of class-V adhesive restorations as a measure to determine clinical bonding effectiveness of adhesives revealed that glass-ionomers most effectively and durably bond to tooth tissue .
Three-step etch- and -rinse adhesives and two-step self-etch adhesives showed a clinical ly reliable and predictably good clinical performance .
The clinical effectiveness of two-step etch- and -rinse adhesives was less favourable , while an inefficient clinical performance was noted for the one-step self-etch adhesives .
SIGNIFICANCE Although there is a tendency towards adhesives with simplified application procedures , simplification so far appears to induce loss of effectiveness .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE This controlled clinical trial evaluated the 5-year clinical performance of a self-etching primer system including selective enamel-etching with phosphoric acid and a one-bottle adhesive system . METHODS Seventy-two non-carious cervical lesions in 8 patients ( 4 male and 4 female ) with a mean age of 61.3 years ( range 45 - 78 ) participated in the study . An enamel bevel was placed and dentin lightly ground , and cavities restored with clearfil liner bond II ( LB ) or single bond ( SB ) in conjunction with a hybrid resin composite ( Clearfil AP-X ) . In the case of 27 cavities for LB , the enamel was pretreated with 37 % phosphoric acid for 10 s. Each patient received both types of restoration , which were distributed on a r and om basis . All restorations ( 37 restorations for LB and 35 restorations for SB ) were placed by one dentist . The restorations were evaluated blind after 5 years using modified USPHS criteria . The data were statistically analyzed using the Fisher 's exact test . RESULTS All but one restoration ( which was replaced by a crown after the 2-year recall ) were evaluated after 5 years . 100 % retention rates were recorded for both restorative groups . No caries was detected in association with any restorations . The only minor problem was marginal discoloration ; superficial and localized marginal discoloration occurred around 18 % of the restorations , and mainly at the dentin margin . There were no significant differences in the marginal integrity between the LB and SB groups . CONCLUSIONS Restorative material s used in this study demonstrated a good clinical effectiveness in the restoration of non-carious cervical lesions for 5 years This study evaluated the effect of the thickness of the adhesive resin layer of two commercially available resin bonding systems on bond strengths ( Single Bond and Liner Bond 2V ) . The adhesive of Single Bond contains ethanol and water as solvents and is applied using the moist-bonding technique . The adhesive of Liner Bond 2V contains no solvents and is applied after a self-etching primer treatment . Forty-six caries-free molars were ground flat to expose the dentin surface and polished with # 800-grit silicon carbide paper under running water . A vinyl tape punched with a 6 mm diameter hole was then placed on the dentin surface to demarcate the area for bonding . The thickness of the adhesive resin layer was varied by stacking an increasing numbers of vinyl tapes together . The teeth were r and omly divided into two groups and treated with either Clearfil Liner Bond 2V or Single Bond . They were further divided into subgroups according to the number of tapes placed on the dentin surface . After the bonding procedures the teeth were incrementally restored with Clearfil AP-X resin composite , building a 5 mm high crown to produce sufficient bulk for the microtensile bond test and stored in tap water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours . The teeth were then sectioned along their long axis into 0.7 mm thick slabs and trimmed for the microtensile bond test using a super-fine diamond bur . The thickness of the adhesive resin layer was then measured with a light microscope and the slabs tested in tension at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute . The results were subjected to statistical analysis by a one-way analysis of variance and linear regressions with 95 % confidence intervals . The thickness of the Clearfil Liner Bond 2V adhesive layer ranged from 5 mm-1500 mm , and for Single Bond , it varied from < 7.5 mm-430 mm . For Clearfil Liner Bond 2V , bond strengths increased significantly as the thickness of bonding layer increased ( p < 0.05 ) . However , the bond strengths of the Single Bond decreased significantly with increased thickness of the bonding layer ( p < 0.05 ) This study evaluated the clinical performance and appearance of a resin-modified glass ionomer and a resin composite over one year . Thirty-seven pairs of restorations of Fuji II LC and Z250/Single Bond were placed in caries-free cervical erosion/abfraction lesions without tooth preparation . Restorations were clinical ly evaluated at baseline and 6 and 12 months , using modified Ryge/USPHS criteria . No significant difference ( p>0.05 ) was observed in performance of both material s , although retention of the Z250 restorations was below the minimum specified in the ADA Acceptance Program for Dentin and Enamel Adhesives . Little difference in the restorations ' appearance was observed This study evaluated the clinical performance of a self-etching adhesive for resin composites over one year . Thirty pairs of restorations of Pertac II , using the adhesive Prompt L-Pop , were placed in caries-free cervical erosion/abfraction lesions without tooth preparation . One of each pair was cured using " soft-start " polymerization , while the other was polymerized with high-intensity halogen light . Restorations were clinical ly evaluated at baseline , six and 12 months using modified Ryge/USPHS criteria . Although no significant difference ( p>0.05 ) was observed between the curing methods , adhesive performance was poor , with a 35 % loss of restorations overall Modern dental adhesive systems have improved the bond of restorative material s to mineralized tooth structures . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of composite restorations placed in abrasion and erosion lesions using the Clearfil Liner Bond dental adhesive system . Following ADA clinical guidelines for dentin and enamel adhesive material s , 62 facial class 5 smooth surface erosion or abrasion lesions with no undercuts and involving primarily root surfaces were restored in 25 adult male and female patients . The teeth were restored without preparations using Clearfil Liner Bond and Clearfil Photo Anterior composite resin . The clinical performance of the restorations was assessed by two examiners at baseline , 6 months , 1 , 2 , and 3 years using the following evaluative parameters : color match , marginal discoloration , and marginal integrity according to modified Ryge criteria ; the presence or absence of recurrent decay ; pre- and postoperative sensitivity ; and restoration failure due to loss of retention or other causes . At the end of 3 years , four of the 55 restorations remaining in the study failed due to lack of retention ( 92.7 % retention rate ) . The evaluations of the other clinical parameters demonstrated excellent performance by this system PURPOSE Acid-etched dentin has been described to easily collapse when it is dried with air after being rinsed with water under laboratorial " ideal " conditions . Manufacturers of modern dentin adhesives recommend leaving dentin moist , regardless of the solvent used in their proprietary dentin adhesives . Nevertheless , many clinicians still dry the cavity preparation after rinsing off the etching gel to check for the enamel frosted aspect . The null hypothesis to be tested in this clinical study was that drying dentin with air upon rinsing off the acid would not result in lower short-term retention rates than when the cavity was left visibly moist . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Upon Internal Review Board approval , thirty-five patients were enrolled in this study . A total of 128 restorations divided into four groups were inserted and evaluated at baseline : ( A ) Prime & Bond NT , an acetone-based adhesive , applied on moist dentin ; ( B ) Prime & Bond NT applied on dentin dried with air for 3 to 4 s ; ( C ) Single Bond , an ethanol- and water-based adhesive , applied on moist dentin ; ( D ) Single Bond applied on dentin dried with air for 3 to 4 s. A microfilled composite resin was used for all restorations . RESULTS At 6 months after initial placement , 119 restorations ( a 93 % recall rate ) were re-evaluated . Retention rates at 6 months were 97 % ( one failure ) for Single Bond/moist dentin and 100 % for the remaining three groups ; however , they were not significantly different ( retention rate vs dentin adhesive ; retention rate vs moisture ) . CONCLUSION Dentin substrate in noncarious lesions may be less sensitive to variations in dentin moisture than the " ideal " dentin substrate used under laboratory conditions OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of a filled ( OptiBond Solo ) and an unfilled ( Prime & Bond 2.1 ) " one-bottle " adhesive in Class V restorations after 18 months of clinical service . METHODS Thirty-three patients with non-carious cervical lesions were enrolled in the study . A total of 101 lesions were restored using one of the adhesives and a hybrid composite resin . Enamel was not beveled , nor was any mechanical retention placed . The restorations were evaluated at baseline , and at 6 and 18 months after placement using modified USPHS criteria . RESULTS Cumulative 18-month retention rates were 93.6 % for OptiBond Solo and 98.0 % for Prime & Bond 2.1 . The difference in retention rates was not statistically significant . For OptiBond Solo , the only notable problems were interfacial staining and marginal adaptation , both of which were less than ideal in 9 % of restorations . Marginal problems were slightly less frequent for Prime & Bond 2.1 restorations , but the difference was not significant . CONCLUSIONS Both adhesives provided Class V retention rates exceeding the 18-month , full acceptance guidelines set by the American Dental Association . Any additional benefit provided by the use of a filled adhesive was not detected in this 18-month clinical trial This study evaluated the effect of the elastic modulus and margin configuration on the clinical performance of  resin-based composite restorations in Class V non-carious defects . One hundred and five cervical non-carious defects on buccal surfaces of canines and premolars were included in this study . Defects were r and omly divided into three Groups and restored according to the following techniques : Group 1 - -no enamel bevel was placed and the defect was restored with a microfilled resin-based composite ( Durafill VS ) ; Group 2 - -the enamel margin was beveled and the defect restored as in Group 1 ; Group 3-the enamel margin was beveled and the defect was restored with a flowable resin-based composite ( Natural Flow ) . Each group comprised 35 lesions . A total-etch , one-bottle adhesive ( One-Step ) was used in all groups . Retention rate , pre- and post-operative sensitivity , marginal discoloration and secondary caries were determined over a three-year period and the data were analyzed statistically . At six months post-insertion , the restorations placed with beveled enamel margins result ed in 100 % retention regardless of the composite used compared to a 66 % retention of the non-beveled margins . At two and three years , no significant difference in retention rate was found among the three groups . Post-operative sensitivity , marginal discoloration and secondary caries were not affected by enamel beveling and restorative material . Beveled enamel margins result ed in significantly better clinical retention in the first six months only . Enamel beveling and composite viscosity appeared to not significantly affect the clinical performance of Class V non-retentive composite restorations after three years PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to measure and compare the in vitro shear bond strengths ( SBS ) of the following dentin bonding systems to different dentin surfaces under simulated pulpal pressure : Liner Bond 2 ( self-etching ) ( LB2 ) , Liner Bond 2V ( self-etching ) ( LB2V ) , Opti Bond Solo ( single component ) ( OBS ) , Fuji Bond LC ( filled ) ( FBLC ) , Prime & Bond 2 - 1 ( single component ) ( P&B2 - 1 ) , and Solid Bond ( total etching ) ( SB ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Occlusal and buccal surfaces of 60 extracted human molars were prepared to expose the dentin bonding surface . After being wet ground with 600-grit abrasive papers , teeth were r and omly assigned to 6 equal groups of 10 each . The dentin surfaces were treated with the bonding systems mentioned above , and resin composite cylinders ( Clearfil AP-X ) were built up under simulated pulpal pressure when diluted bovine serum was used as the pulpal fluid . After one day of storage in 37 degrees C water , the specimens were shear tested to failure on an Instron machine . RESULTS The data were statistically analyzed with the Student 's t-test and a post hoc Tukey test . Comparing buccal surfaces , the post hoc Tukey test indicated no significant differences among all the test groups ( p > 0.05 ) . On occlusal surfaces , the post hoc Tukey test indicated significant differences among the tested groups ( p < 0.05 ) . The Student 's t test revealed significant differences between the occlusal and buccal shear bond strength values in LB 2 , LB2V , and SB groups ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The strength of adhesion to dentin depends upon both the adhesive system used - with self-etching systems tending to show higher bond strengths than the other material s tested - and the location of the dentin , with significantly higher SBS being found on buccal surfaces in 3 of the 7 tested bonding systems Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the treatment results using four different types of tooth colored material s for restoring class V lesions . A total of 197 class V restorations ( n=197 ) were placed by one dentist in 37 patients on incisors , canines and premolars . The fillings were placed due to different indications : erosion/non-carious cervical defects ( n=69 ) , primary carious lesions ( n=57 ) , and for replacing defective existing fillings ( 
    Output:
    