human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of this study was to determine if supplementation of healthy children with milk fermented by yogurt cultures and Lactobacillus casei strain DN-114 001 could affect the incidence of acute diarrhoea when compared with traditional yogurt . The study was a multicentre , r and omised , double-blind trial , conducted over four months , on 928 children aged , at inclusion , 6 - 24 months . The study consisted of two periods : supplementation and observation . Subjects were supplemented daily with 100 g of one of the two dairy products being tested : st and ard yogurt and milk fermented by yogurt cultures and Lactobacillus casei ( 10(8 ) cfu/ml ) . Frequency or duration of any diarrhoea episode was evaluated . As far as frequency was concerned there was a statistically significant difference between the groups , the incidence of diarrhoea being significantly reduced by supplementation with L. casei fermented milk ( 15.9 % ) compared with yogurt ( 22 % ) ( p = 0.03 ) . These results suggest an additional benefit of L. casei in acute diarrhoea in children compared with st and ard yogurt ABSTRACT : Human Lactobacillus sp strain GG ( Lactobacillus GG ) administered during acute rotavirus diarrhea has been shown to promote clinical recovery . To eluci date the immune mechanisms behind such a favorable outcome , the ELISPOT ( solid phase enzyme-linked immunospot ) assay of Ig- and specific antibody-secreting cells among circulating lymphocytes was used , giving indirect evidence of the immunologic events in the gut . After rehydration , 39 children with acute rotavirus diarrhea , mean age 16 ( SD 6 ) mo , r and omly received either a Lactobacillus GG fermented milk product ( study group ) or a pasteurized yogurt ( placebo group ) . The duration of diarrhea was significantly shorter in the study group than in the placebo group [ mean 1.1 ( SD 0.6 ) versus 2.5 ( SD 1.4 ) d , p = 0.001 ] . Lactobacillus GG therapy was associated with a significantly enhanced nonspecific humoral response during the acute phase of the infection , reflected in the IgG , IgA , and IgM Ig-secreting cell numbers . At convalescence , 90 % of the study group versus 46 % of the placebo group had developed an IgA specific antibody-secreting cell response to rotavirus ( p = 0.006 ) . The results indicate that Lactobacillus GG promotes recovery from rotavirus diarrhea via augmentation of the local immune defense . Furthermore , specific IgA response to rotavirus is endorsed , which is possibly relevant in protection against reinfections In a controlled trial in Petrozavodsk , Karelia , the effects of oral rehydration and Lactobacillus strain GG ( LGG ) on  recovery  from  acute diarrhoea ( 27 % rotavirus , 21 % bacterial aetiology ) were studied in 123 children aged between 1 and 36 months of age . On admission to hospital , the patients were first r and omized to receive either isotonic oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) with osmolality 311mosmol/l and sodium 90mmol/l ( WHO‐ORS ) , or a hypotonic ORS with osmolality 224mosmol/l and sodium 60mmol/l ( Light‐ORS ) , and thereafter r and omized to receive either 5 × 109 colony forming units of LGG or a matching placebo . The two ORS performed equally for acute rehydration , and oral rehydration with either ORS was associated with a shorter duration of diarrhoea than intravenous rehydration ( p= 0.036 ) . Patients receiving LGG had a significantly shorter duration of watery diarrhoea [ mean ( SD ) 2.7 ( 2.2 ) days ] than those receiving the placebo [ 3.7 ( 2.8 ) days , p= 0.03 ] . LGG significantly shortened the duration of rotavirus diarrhoea but not diarrhoea with confirmed bacterial aetiology We compared different lactic acid bacteria for their effect on the immune response to rotavirus in children with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis . After initial oral rehydration , 49 children aged 6 to 35 months with rotavirus gastroenteritis r and omly received cither Lactobacillus casei subsp . casei strain GG ( LGG ) , L. casei subsp . rhamnosus ( Lactophilus ) , or a combination of Streptococcus thermophilus and L. delbriickii subsp . bulgaricus ( Yalacta ) twice daily for 5 days . Serum antibodies to rotavirus , total number of immunoglobulin-sec rct ing cells ( ISC ) , and specific antibody-secreting cells ( sASC ) to rotavirus were measured at the acute stage and at convalescence . The mean ( SD ) duration of diarrhea was 1.8 ( 0.8 ) days in children who received LGG , 2.8 ( 1.2 ) days in those receiving Lactophilus , and 2.6 ( 1.4 ) days in those receiving Yalacta ( F = 3.3 , p = 0.04 ) . The ISC response was comparable in the three study groups , but the rotavirus-specific immune responses were different . LGG therapy was associated with an enhancement of IgA sASC to rotavirus and serum IgA antibody level at convalescent stage . We conclude that certain strains of lactic acid bacteria , particularly LGG , promote serum and intestinal immune responses to rotavirus , and thus may be important in establishing immunity against rotavirus BACKGROUND Oral administration of live Lactobacillus casei strain GG is associated with the reduction of duration of diarrhea in children admitted to the hospital because of diarrhea . The purpose s of this work were to investigate the clinical efficacy of oral administration of Lactobacillus in children with mild diarrhea who were observed as out patients , and to see whether Lactobacillus GG can reduce the duration of rotavirus excretion . METHODS Duration of diarrhea was recorded in 100 children seen by family pediatricians and r and omly assigned to receive oral rehydration or oral rehydration followed by the administration of lyophilized Lactobacillus casei , strain GG .  Rotavirus was looked for in the stools of all children and in those in whom results were positive , stools were examined again 6 days after the onset of diarrhea . RESULTS In 61 children results were positive for rotavirus and in 39 results were negative . Duration of diarrhea was reduced from 6 to 3 days in children receiving Lactobacillus GG , with a similar pattern in rotavirus-positive and -negative children . Six days after the onset of diarrhea , stools in only 4 out of 31 children that received Lactobacillus GG were positive for rotavirus compared with positive findings in 25 out of 30 control subjects . CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of Lactobacillus GG is effective in rotavirus-positive and rotavirus-negative ambulatory children with diarrhea . Furthermore , it reduces the duration of rotavirus excretion A prospect i ve , placebo controlled , triple blind clinical trial was undertaken in Thail and to determine the effect of Lactobacillus GG on recovery from acute diarrhoea in children . Thirty-nine children ( mean age = 8 months ) were enrolled and following rehydration received either oral Lactobacillus GG ( n = 20 ) as a freeze-dried preparation or placebo ( n = 19 ) twice daily for 2 days . The clinical characteristics of the study groups were similar . There was no significant difference overall in clinical response detected between the study groups . When only those with acute non-bloody diarrhoea ( n = 26 ) were considered , the mean duration of diarrhoea was significantly shorter in the lactobacillus group ( 1.9 days ) than in the placebo group ( 3.3 days ) ( P < 0.055 ) . Stool frequency was less on the second day in the lactobacillus group ( P < 0.05 ) . The results suggest that Lactobacillus GG accelerates  recovery  from acute watery diarrhoea in young children in a tropical setting Two hypotonic oral rehydration solutions with osmolarities of 224 mosmol/l ( Na+ 60 mmol/l , glucose 84 mmol/l ) and 204 mosmol/l ( Na+ 60 mmol/l , glucose 64 mmol/l ) , respectively , and oral treatment withLactobacillus GG were evaluated in a double blind trial in children aged 6–36 months hospitalised for acute diarrhoea . Early administration ofLactobacillus GG at the start of oral rehydration result ed in the shortest duration of diarrhoea , best weight gain , and fastest correction of acidosis . A reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution  ( 224 mosmol/l ) combined with early administration of Lactobacillus GG is an effective treatment for acute diarrhoea  in young children ; further reduction of osmolarity may not be beneficial BACKGROUND Addition of a medication to the World Health Organization protocol for treatment of acute diarrhea in children is controversial . In this trial , the clinical efficacy of a medication ( Lactéol Fort sachets ; Laboratoire du Lactéol du Docteur Boucard , Houdan France ) containing lyophilized heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LB was assessed as an adjunct to oral rehydration therapy . METHODS Children aged 3 to 24 months with acute diarrhea and mild or moderate dehydration were enrolled in the study . Children received oral rehydration therapy for the first 4 hours . After this first rehydration phase , undiluted milk formula or breast milk was fed alternately with oral rehydration solution . Children were fed rice gruel as tolerated . They received either one sachet containing 10 billion of lyophilized heat-killed L. acidophilus LB or placebo at admission and at 12-hour intervals for five doses . RESULTS Seventy-three children ( 37 L. acidophilus LB , 36 placebo ) were enrolled , of whom 40 ( 17 L. acidophilus LB , 23 placebo ) received an antibiotic before inclusion . Rotavirus was identified in approximately 50 % of the children in each group . After 24 hours of treatment , the number of rotavirus-positive children with watery stools was significantly lower ( p = 0.012 ) in the L. acidophilus LB group . Mean duration of diarrhea was decreased ( p = 0.034 ) with L. acidophilus LB ( 43.4 hours ) versus placebo ( 57.0 hours ) . This decreased duration was particularly marked in children with no antibiotic therapy before inclusion ( 31.1 hours ) : 42.9 hours for the L. acidophilus LB group versus 74.0 hours for the placebo group ( p = 0.016 ) . CONCLUSIONS Addition of L. acidophilus LB to oral rehydration therapy was effective in the treatment of children with acute diarrhea by decreasing the duration of diarrhea BACKGROUND Certain lactic acid bacteria may accelerate recovery from acute diarrhea .  Lactobacillus reuteri is a commonly occurring Lactobacillus species with therapeutic potential in diarrhea . DESIGN Prospect i ve , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial in two hospitals . METHODS Children between 6 and 36 months of age admitted for rotavirus-associated diarrhea were r and omized into three groups to receive either 10(10 ) or 10(7 ) colony-forming units ( cfu ) of L. reuteri or a matching placebo once a day for up to 5 days . RESULTS The main effect of L. reuteri was on the duration of watery diarrhea . The mean ( + /-SD ) duration of watery diarrhea after initiation of treatment was 2.5 ( 1.5 ) days in the placebo group ( n = 25 ) vs. 1.9 ( 0.9 ) days in the small dosage ( n = 20 ) and 1.5 ( 1.1 ) days in the large dosage ( n = 21 ) L. reuteri recipients ( P = 0.01 ) . By the second day of treatment watery diarrhea persisted in 80 % of the placebo , 70 % of the small dosage and 48 % of the large dosage L. reuteri recipients ( P = 0.04 , large dosage vs. placebo ) . Stool cultures for lactobacilli confirmed that administration of L. reuteri result ed in good colonization of the GI tract . The mean ( + /-SD ) of total Lactobacillus count 2 days after treatment initiation was 2.8 ( 1.6 ) log 10 cfu/g in the placebo group , 4.5 ( 2.0 ) log 10 cfu/g in the small dosage L. reuteri group and 6.1 ( 1.2 ) log 10 cfu/g in the large dosage L. reuteri group ( P = 0.0004 ) . CONCLUSIONS L 
    Output:
    
agent
Only Lactobacillus GG showed a consistent effect .
There is evidence of a clinical ly significant benefit of probiotics in the treatment of  acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children , particularly in rotaviral gastroenteritis .
Lactobacillus GG showed the most consistent effect , although other probiotic strains may also be effective .
Clinical and statistical heterogeneity of the prophylactic interventions preclude drawing firm conclusions about the efficacy of probiotics in preventing acute gastroenteritis
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of this study was to determine if supplementation of healthy children with milk fermented by yogurt cultures and Lactobacillus casei strain DN-114 001 could affect the incidence of acute diarrhoea when compared with traditional yogurt . The study was a multicentre , r and omised , double-blind trial , conducted over four months , on 928 children aged , at inclusion , 6 - 24 months . The study consisted of two periods : supplementation and observation . Subjects were supplemented daily with 100 g of one of the two dairy products being tested : st and ard yogurt and milk fermented by yogurt cultures and Lactobacillus casei ( 10(8 ) cfu/ml ) . Frequency or duration of any diarrhoea episode was evaluated . As far as frequency was concerned there was a statistically significant difference between the groups , the incidence of diarrhoea being significantly reduced by supplementation with L. casei fermented milk ( 15.9 % ) compared with yogurt ( 22 % ) ( p = 0.03 ) . These results suggest an additional benefit of L. casei in acute diarrhoea in children compared with st and ard yogurt ABSTRACT : Human Lactobacillus sp strain GG ( Lactobacillus GG ) administered during acute rotavirus diarrhea has been shown to promote clinical recovery . To eluci date the immune mechanisms behind such a favorable outcome , the ELISPOT ( solid phase enzyme-linked immunospot ) assay of Ig- and specific antibody-secreting cells among circulating lymphocytes was used , giving indirect evidence of the immunologic events in the gut . After rehydration , 39 children with acute rotavirus diarrhea , mean age 16 ( SD 6 ) mo , r and omly received either a Lactobacillus GG fermented milk product ( study group ) or a pasteurized yogurt ( placebo group ) . The duration of diarrhea was significantly shorter in the study group than in the placebo group [ mean 1.1 ( SD 0.6 ) versus 2.5 ( SD 1.4 ) d , p = 0.001 ] . Lactobacillus GG therapy was associated with a significantly enhanced nonspecific humoral response during the acute phase of the infection , reflected in the IgG , IgA , and IgM Ig-secreting cell numbers . At convalescence , 90 % of the study group versus 46 % of the placebo group had developed an IgA specific antibody-secreting cell response to rotavirus ( p = 0.006 ) . The results indicate that Lactobacillus GG promotes recovery from rotavirus diarrhea via augmentation of the local immune defense . Furthermore , specific IgA response to rotavirus is endorsed , which is possibly relevant in protection against reinfections In a controlled trial in Petrozavodsk , Karelia , the effects of oral rehydration and Lactobacillus strain GG ( LGG ) on  recovery  from  acute diarrhoea ( 27 % rotavirus , 21 % bacterial aetiology ) were studied in 123 children aged between 1 and 36 months of age . On admission to hospital , the patients were first r and omized to receive either isotonic oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) with osmolality 311mosmol/l and sodium 90mmol/l ( WHO‐ORS ) , or a hypotonic ORS with osmolality 224mosmol/l and sodium 60mmol/l ( Light‐ORS ) , and thereafter r and omized to receive either 5 × 109 colony forming units of LGG or a matching placebo . The two ORS performed equally for acute rehydration , and oral rehydration with either ORS was associated with a shorter duration of diarrhoea than intravenous rehydration ( p= 0.036 ) . Patients receiving LGG had a significantly shorter duration of watery diarrhoea [ mean ( SD ) 2.7 ( 2.2 ) days ] than those receiving the placebo [ 3.7 ( 2.8 ) days , p= 0.03 ] . LGG significantly shortened the duration of rotavirus diarrhoea but not diarrhoea with confirmed bacterial aetiology We compared different lactic acid bacteria for their effect on the immune response to rotavirus in children with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis . After initial oral rehydration , 49 children aged 6 to 35 months with rotavirus gastroenteritis r and omly received cither Lactobacillus casei subsp . casei strain GG ( LGG ) , L. casei subsp . rhamnosus ( Lactophilus ) , or a combination of Streptococcus thermophilus and L. delbriickii subsp . bulgaricus ( Yalacta ) twice daily for 5 days . Serum antibodies to rotavirus , total number of immunoglobulin-sec rct ing cells ( ISC ) , and specific antibody-secreting cells ( sASC ) to rotavirus were measured at the acute stage and at convalescence . The mean ( SD ) duration of diarrhea was 1.8 ( 0.8 ) days in children who received LGG , 2.8 ( 1.2 ) days in those receiving Lactophilus , and 2.6 ( 1.4 ) days in those receiving Yalacta ( F = 3.3 , p = 0.04 ) . The ISC response was comparable in the three study groups , but the rotavirus-specific immune responses were different . LGG therapy was associated with an enhancement of IgA sASC to rotavirus and serum IgA antibody level at convalescent stage . We conclude that certain strains of lactic acid bacteria , particularly LGG , promote serum and intestinal immune responses to rotavirus , and thus may be important in establishing immunity against rotavirus BACKGROUND Oral administration of live Lactobacillus casei strain GG is associated with the reduction of duration of diarrhea in children admitted to the hospital because of diarrhea . The purpose s of this work were to investigate the clinical efficacy of oral administration of Lactobacillus in children with mild diarrhea who were observed as out patients , and to see whether Lactobacillus GG can reduce the duration of rotavirus excretion . METHODS Duration of diarrhea was recorded in 100 children seen by family pediatricians and r and omly assigned to receive oral rehydration or oral rehydration followed by the administration of lyophilized Lactobacillus casei , strain GG .  Rotavirus was looked for in the stools of all children and in those in whom results were positive , stools were examined again 6 days after the onset of diarrhea . RESULTS In 61 children results were positive for rotavirus and in 39 results were negative . Duration of diarrhea was reduced from 6 to 3 days in children receiving Lactobacillus GG , with a similar pattern in rotavirus-positive and -negative children . Six days after the onset of diarrhea , stools in only 4 out of 31 children that received Lactobacillus GG were positive for rotavirus compared with positive findings in 25 out of 30 control subjects . CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of Lactobacillus GG is effective in rotavirus-positive and rotavirus-negative ambulatory children with diarrhea . Furthermore , it reduces the duration of rotavirus excretion A prospect i ve , placebo controlled , triple blind clinical trial was undertaken in Thail and to determine the effect of Lactobacillus GG on recovery from acute diarrhoea in children . Thirty-nine children ( mean age = 8 months ) were enrolled and following rehydration received either oral Lactobacillus GG ( n = 20 ) as a freeze-dried preparation or placebo ( n = 19 ) twice daily for 2 days . The clinical characteristics of the study groups were similar . There was no significant difference overall in clinical response detected between the study groups . When only those with acute non-bloody diarrhoea ( n = 26 ) were considered , the mean duration of diarrhoea was significantly shorter in the lactobacillus group ( 1.9 days ) than in the placebo group ( 3.3 days ) ( P < 0.055 ) . Stool frequency was less on the second day in the lactobacillus group ( P < 0.05 ) . The results suggest that Lactobacillus GG accelerates  recovery  from acute watery diarrhoea in young children in a tropical setting Two hypotonic oral rehydration solutions with osmolarities of 224 mosmol/l ( Na+ 60 mmol/l , glucose 84 mmol/l ) and 204 mosmol/l ( Na+ 60 mmol/l , glucose 64 mmol/l ) , respectively , and oral treatment withLactobacillus GG were evaluated in a double blind trial in children aged 6–36 months hospitalised for acute diarrhoea . Early administration ofLactobacillus GG at the start of oral rehydration result ed in the shortest duration of diarrhoea , best weight gain , and fastest correction of acidosis . A reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution  ( 224 mosmol/l ) combined with early administration of Lactobacillus GG is an effective treatment for acute diarrhoea  in young children ; further reduction of osmolarity may not be beneficial BACKGROUND Addition of a medication to the World Health Organization protocol for treatment of acute diarrhea in children is controversial . In this trial , the clinical efficacy of a medication ( Lactéol Fort sachets ; Laboratoire du Lactéol du Docteur Boucard , Houdan France ) containing lyophilized heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LB was assessed as an adjunct to oral rehydration therapy . METHODS Children aged 3 to 24 months with acute diarrhea and mild or moderate dehydration were enrolled in the study . Children received oral rehydration therapy for the first 4 hours . After this first rehydration phase , undiluted milk formula or breast milk was fed alternately with oral rehydration solution . Children were fed rice gruel as tolerated . They received either one sachet containing 10 billion of lyophilized heat-killed L. acidophilus LB or placebo at admission and at 12-hour intervals for five doses . RESULTS Seventy-three children ( 37 L. acidophilus LB , 36 placebo ) were enrolled , of whom 40 ( 17 L. acidophilus LB , 23 placebo ) received an antibiotic before inclusion . Rotavirus was identified in approximately 50 % of the children in each group . After 24 hours of treatment , the number of rotavirus-positive children with watery stools was significantly lower ( p = 0.012 ) in the L. acidophilus LB group . Mean duration of diarrhea was decreased ( p = 0.034 ) with L. acidophilus LB ( 43.4 hours ) versus placebo ( 57.0 hours ) . This decreased duration was particularly marked in children with no antibiotic therapy before inclusion ( 31.1 hours ) : 42.9 hours for the L. acidophilus LB group versus 74.0 hours for the placebo group ( p = 0.016 ) . CONCLUSIONS Addition of L. acidophilus LB to oral rehydration therapy was effective in the treatment of children with acute diarrhea by decreasing the duration of diarrhea BACKGROUND Certain lactic acid bacteria may accelerate recovery from acute diarrhea .  Lactobacillus reuteri is a commonly occurring Lactobacillus species with therapeutic potential in diarrhea . DESIGN Prospect i ve , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial in two hospitals . METHODS Children between 6 and 36 months of age admitted for rotavirus-associated diarrhea were r and omized into three groups to receive either 10(10 ) or 10(7 ) colony-forming units ( cfu ) of L. reuteri or a matching placebo once a day for up to 5 days . RESULTS The main effect of L. reuteri was on the duration of watery diarrhea . The mean ( + /-SD ) duration of watery diarrhea after initiation of treatment was 2.5 ( 1.5 ) days in the placebo group ( n = 25 ) vs. 1.9 ( 0.9 ) days in the small dosage ( n = 20 ) and 1.5 ( 1.1 ) days in the large dosage ( n = 21 ) L. reuteri recipients ( P = 0.01 ) . By the second day of treatment watery diarrhea persisted in 80 % of the placebo , 70 % of the small dosage and 48 % of the large dosage L. reuteri recipients ( P = 0.04 , large dosage vs. placebo ) . Stool cultures for lactobacilli confirmed that administration of L. reuteri result ed in good colonization of the GI tract . The mean ( + /-SD ) of total Lactobacillus count 2 days after treatment initiation was 2.8 ( 1.6 ) log 10 cfu/g in the placebo group , 4.5 ( 2.0 ) log 10 cfu/g in the small dosage L. reuteri group and 6.1 ( 1.2 ) log 10 cfu/g in the large dosage L. reuteri group ( P = 0.0004 ) . CONCLUSIONS L 
    Output:
    