human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE . To assess whether weight-related teasing predicts the development of  binge eating , unhealthy weight control behaviors , and frequent dieting  among male and female adolescents . METHODS . A prospect i ve study was conducted with an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of 2516 adolescents who completed surveys at both time 1 ( 1998–1999 ) and time 2 ( 2003–2004 ) of the Project EAT ( Eating Among Teens ) study . RESULTS . In 1998–1999 , approximately one fourth of participants reported being teased about their weight at least a few times a year . After adjustment for age , race/ethnicity , socioeconomic status ( SES ) , and BMI , boys who were teased about their weight were more likely than their peers to initiate binge eating with loss of control and unhealthy weight control behaviors 5 years later . The predicted prevalence for incident binge eating behaviors with loss of control among boys who were teased was 4.1 % as compared with 1.4 % for those who were not teased , after adjustment for age , race/ethnicity , SES , and BMI . For unhealthy weight control behaviors at time 2 , the predicted prevalence was 27.5 % among boys who were teased and 19.3 % for boys who were not teased , after adjustment for age , race/ethnicity , SES , and BMI . Girls who were teased were more likely than their peers to become frequent dieters . The predicted prevalence for incident frequent dieting among girls who were teased was 18.2 % as compared with 11.0 % for those who were not teased , after adjustment for age , race/ethnicity , SES , and BMI . CONCLUSIONS . Weight teasing in adolescence predicts disordered eating behaviors at 5-year follow-up . The patterns of these associations differ by gender . Reducing teasing through educational interventions and policies may reduce the level of disordered eating behaviors among youths OBJECTIVE To assess whether dieting to control weight was associated with  weight change among children and adolescents . METHODS A prospect i ve study was conducted of 8203 girls and 6769 boys who were 9 to 14 years of age in 1996 , were in an ongoing cohort study , and completed at least 2 annual question naires between 1996 and 1999 .  Dieting to control weight , binge eating , and dietary intake  were assessed annually from 1996 through 1998 with instruments design ed specifically for children and adolescents . The outcome measure was age- and sex-specific z score of body mass index ( BMI ) . RESULTS In 1996 , 25.0 % of the girls and 13.8 % of the boys were infrequent dieters and 4.5 % of the girls and 2.2 % of the boys were frequent dieters . Among the girls , the percentage of dieters increased over the following 2 years . Binge eating was more common among the girls , but in both sexes , it was associated with dieting to control weight ( girls : infrequent dieters , odds ratio [ OR ] : 5.10 ; frequent dieters , OR : 12.4 ; boys : infrequent dieters , OR : 3.49 ; frequent dieters , OR : 7.30 ) . During 3 years of follow-up , dieters gained more weight than nondieters . Among the girls , frequency of dieting was positively associated with increases in age- and sex-specific z scores of BMI ( beta = 0.05 and beta = 0.04 for frequent and infrequent dieters vs nondieters ) . Among the boys , both frequent and infrequent dieters gained 0.07 z scores of BMI more than nondieters . In addition , boys who engaged in binge eating gained significantly more weight than nondieters . CONCLUSIONS Although medically supervised weight control may be beneficial for overweight youths , our data suggest that for many adolescents , dieting to control weight is not only ineffective , it may actually promote weight gain OBJECTIVE : To evaluate a modified cognitive – behavioural treatment ( M-CBT ) for weight management which addresses both the psychosocial costs and the physiological health risks of obesity , without a focus on weight loss . DESIGN : R and omized controlled trial comparing M-CBT with st and ard cognitive – behavioural therapy (S-CBT).SUBJECTS : Sixty-three overweight women with body mass index ( BMI ) ≥28 kg/m2 , mean age=47.5 and mean BMI = 35.4 .  MEASURES : Weight , waist and hip circumference , blood lipids , blood glucose , blood pressure , psychological well-being , depression , self esteem , stress , binge eating , eating style , body image , nutrient intake , aerobic fitness , activity levels , patient satisfaction with treatment . RESULTS : Both M-CBT and S-CBT achieved improvements in a broad range of physical , psychological and behavioural variables . Weight loss in the S-CBT group was greater than in the M-CBT group immediately after treatment , but both groups lost weight . Participants in the M-CBT group continued to lose weight up to the 1 y follow-up . M-CBT was evaluated positively by participants . CONCLUSIONS : Both M-CBT and S-CBT programmes were successful at inducing modest weight loss , as well as improving emotional well-being , reducing distress , increasing activity and fitness , improving dietary quality and reducing cardio-vascular disease risk factors . The improvements were maintained or continued at 1 y follow-up . These results suggest that treatment based on the new weight-control paradigm which emphasizes sustained lifestyle change without emphasis on dieting , can produce modest benefits to health and well-being BACKGROUND Several studies have examined attitudes about obesity among food and nutrition professionals , yielding mixed results , and no experimental research has tested the impact of dietitians ' attitudes on their treatment practice s or health evaluations with obese patients . OBJECTIVE This study investigated attitudes of dietetics students toward obese persons and tested whether a patient 's body weight influences students ' treatment decisions and health evaluations within a r and omized experiment . DESIGN Between the months of September and December 2007 , a convenience sample of 182 dietetics undergraduate students ( 92 % women ; mean age 23.1+/-5.4 years ) from colleges throughout the United States completed online self-report surveys to assess weight bias ( using the Fat Phobia Scale ) . Participants were also r and omly assigned to read one of four mock health profiles of patients who varied only by weight-related characteristics ( eg , obese or average weight ) and sex ( male or female ) , and asked to make judgments about the patient 's health status and participation in treatment . STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED To compare group data , multiple analysis of variance was used to test for an effect of the patient 's body mass index on participants ' health evaluations and their perceptions of patients in each of the four experimental conditions . Correlations were calculated between mean fat phobia scores and perceptions of patients . RESULTS Participants in all conditions expressed a moderate amount of fat phobia ( mean=3.7 ) , and students rated obese patients as being less likely to comply with treatment recommendations compared with nonobese patients ( P<0.05 ) . Results from multivariate analysis of variance tests showed students also evaluated obese patients ' diet quality and health status to be poorer than nonobese patients , despite equivalent nutritional and health information across weight categories for each sex in patient profiles . In contrast , obese and nonobese patients were rated to be similarly motivated , receptive , and successful in treatment . CONCLUSION Implication s of these findings for education and intervention in dietetics training are discussed , with emphasis on increasing awareness of weight bias in existing dietetics curricula Obese individuals tend to behave more impulsively than healthy weight individuals across a variety of measures , but it is unclear whether this pattern can be altered . The present study examined the effects of a mindful eating behavioral strategy on impulsive and risky choice patterns for hypothetical food and money . In Experiment 1 , 304 participants completed computerized delay and probability discounting tasks  for food-related and monetary outcomes . High percent body fat ( PBF ) predicted more impulsive choice for food , but not small-value money , replicating previous work . In Experiment 2 , 102 r and omly selected participants from Experiment 1 were assigned to participate in a 50-min workshop on mindful eating or to watch an educational video . They then completed the discounting tasks again . Participants who completed the mindful eating session showed more self-controlled and less risk-averse discounting patterns for food compared to baseline ; those in the control condition discounted similarly to baseline rates . There were no changes in discounting for money for either group , suggesting stimulus specificity for food for the mindful eating condition OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of the " My Body Knows When " intuitive-eating ( IE ) program tailored to assist Fort Drum military spouses in rejecting the dieting mentality . METHODS R and omized prospect i ve study ( N = 61 ) evaluating dieting mentality and health indicators  for a 10-week intervention based on 10 IE principles . The program was developed through the PRECEDE/PROCEED ( PP ) health promotion planning model . RESULTS The intuitive-eating program was able to significantly transition participants away from a dieting mentality ( P < 0.015 posttest ) towards intuitive-eating lifestyle behaviors . CONCLUSIONS IE is a holist approach to long-term healthy behavior change and would benefit from an extended support system to improve effectiveness This study explored the efficacy of a mindfulness-based intervention for problematic eating behavior . A non- clinical sample of 26 women with disordered eating behavior was r and omly assigned to an 8-week MBCT-based eating intervention or a waiting list control group . Data were collected at baseline and after 8 weeks . Compared to controls , participants in the mindfulness intervention showed significantly greater decreases in food cravings , dichotomous thinking , body image concern , emotional eating and external eating . These findings suggest that mindfulness practice can be an effective way to reduce factors that are associated with problematic eating behaviour OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of a " Health-At-Every-Size " ( HAES ) intervention on eating behaviors and appetite ratings in 144 premenopausal overweight women . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Women were r and omly assigned to one of the 3 groups : HAES group , social support ( SS ) group , and control group ( N = 48 in each group ) . Interventions were conducted over a 4-month period , and measurements were taken before and after this period . Eating behaviors ( cognitive dietary restraint , disinhibition , and susceptibility to hunger ) were evaluated by the Three-Factor Eating Question naire .  Appetite ratings ( desire to eat , hunger , fullness , and prospect i ve food consumption ) were assessed by  visual analogue scales  before and after a st and ardized breakfast . RESULTS More important decreases in susceptibility to hunger and external hunger were observed in the HAES group when compared with the SS group ( p=0.05 , for susceptibility to hunger ) and the control group ( p=0.02 and p=0.005 , for susceptibility to hunger and external hunger , respectively ) . In addition , women from the HAES group had more important decreases in postpr and ial area under the curve for desire to eat ( p=0.02 ) and hunger ( p=0.04 ) when compared with the control group . The change in the desire to eat noted in the HAES group was also different from the one observed in SS group ( p=0.02 ) . Women from the HAES group experienced significant weight loss at 4 months ( -1.6+/-2.5 kg , p<0.0001 ) , which did not differ significantly from the SS and control groups ( p=0.09 ) . An increase in flexible restraint was significantly related to a greater weight loss in both HAES and SS groups ( r=-0.39 , p<0.01 ; and r=-0.37 , p<0.05 , respectively ) . A decrease in habitual susceptibility to disinhibition was also associated with a greater weight loss in HAES and control groups ( r=0.31 , p<0.05 ; and r=0.44 , p<0.05 , respectively ) . DISCUSSION These results suggest that a HAES intervention could have significant effects on eating behaviors and appetite ratings in premenopausal overweight women , when compared with an SS intervention or a control group OBJECTIVE : To document attitudes and current practice s of Australian dietitians in the management of  overweight and obesity  , and to examine their training needs . DESIGN : Cross-sectional postal survey of a r and omly selected sample of members of the Dietitians Association of Australia . SUBJECTS : 400 dietitians ( 66 % of those surveyed ) . MEASURES : Question naire-based measures of dietitian 's views of obesity , education and training in weight management , definitions and perceptions of success , professional preparedness , approaches to weight management , strategies recommended for weight management , and problems and frustrations experienced . RESULTS : Dietitians viewed themselves as potential leaders in the field of weight management , and saw this area as an important part of their role . While they considered themselves to be the best-trained professionals in this area , many felt that their training was poor and many were pessimistic about intervention outcomes . Despite this , most dietitians held views that were current , and regularly employed many of the elements of known best practice in management . However , important areas of weakness included : providing opportunities for long-term follow-up ; providing a range of management interventions ; promoting self-monitoring of diet and exercise ; and promoting opportunities for social support . CONCLUSIONS : This study suggests that training in and advocacy for the management and prevention of 
    Output:
    
agent
RESULTS Non-diet interventions result ed in statistically significant improvements in disordered eating patterns , self-esteem , and depression .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE . To assess whether weight-related teasing predicts the development of  binge eating , unhealthy weight control behaviors , and frequent dieting  among male and female adolescents . METHODS . A prospect i ve study was conducted with an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of 2516 adolescents who completed surveys at both time 1 ( 1998–1999 ) and time 2 ( 2003–2004 ) of the Project EAT ( Eating Among Teens ) study . RESULTS . In 1998–1999 , approximately one fourth of participants reported being teased about their weight at least a few times a year . After adjustment for age , race/ethnicity , socioeconomic status ( SES ) , and BMI , boys who were teased about their weight were more likely than their peers to initiate binge eating with loss of control and unhealthy weight control behaviors 5 years later . The predicted prevalence for incident binge eating behaviors with loss of control among boys who were teased was 4.1 % as compared with 1.4 % for those who were not teased , after adjustment for age , race/ethnicity , SES , and BMI . For unhealthy weight control behaviors at time 2 , the predicted prevalence was 27.5 % among boys who were teased and 19.3 % for boys who were not teased , after adjustment for age , race/ethnicity , SES , and BMI . Girls who were teased were more likely than their peers to become frequent dieters . The predicted prevalence for incident frequent dieting among girls who were teased was 18.2 % as compared with 11.0 % for those who were not teased , after adjustment for age , race/ethnicity , SES , and BMI . CONCLUSIONS . Weight teasing in adolescence predicts disordered eating behaviors at 5-year follow-up . The patterns of these associations differ by gender . Reducing teasing through educational interventions and policies may reduce the level of disordered eating behaviors among youths OBJECTIVE To assess whether dieting to control weight was associated with  weight change among children and adolescents . METHODS A prospect i ve study was conducted of 8203 girls and 6769 boys who were 9 to 14 years of age in 1996 , were in an ongoing cohort study , and completed at least 2 annual question naires between 1996 and 1999 .  Dieting to control weight , binge eating , and dietary intake  were assessed annually from 1996 through 1998 with instruments design ed specifically for children and adolescents . The outcome measure was age- and sex-specific z score of body mass index ( BMI ) . RESULTS In 1996 , 25.0 % of the girls and 13.8 % of the boys were infrequent dieters and 4.5 % of the girls and 2.2 % of the boys were frequent dieters . Among the girls , the percentage of dieters increased over the following 2 years . Binge eating was more common among the girls , but in both sexes , it was associated with dieting to control weight ( girls : infrequent dieters , odds ratio [ OR ] : 5.10 ; frequent dieters , OR : 12.4 ; boys : infrequent dieters , OR : 3.49 ; frequent dieters , OR : 7.30 ) . During 3 years of follow-up , dieters gained more weight than nondieters . Among the girls , frequency of dieting was positively associated with increases in age- and sex-specific z scores of BMI ( beta = 0.05 and beta = 0.04 for frequent and infrequent dieters vs nondieters ) . Among the boys , both frequent and infrequent dieters gained 0.07 z scores of BMI more than nondieters . In addition , boys who engaged in binge eating gained significantly more weight than nondieters . CONCLUSIONS Although medically supervised weight control may be beneficial for overweight youths , our data suggest that for many adolescents , dieting to control weight is not only ineffective , it may actually promote weight gain OBJECTIVE : To evaluate a modified cognitive – behavioural treatment ( M-CBT ) for weight management which addresses both the psychosocial costs and the physiological health risks of obesity , without a focus on weight loss . DESIGN : R and omized controlled trial comparing M-CBT with st and ard cognitive – behavioural therapy (S-CBT).SUBJECTS : Sixty-three overweight women with body mass index ( BMI ) ≥28 kg/m2 , mean age=47.5 and mean BMI = 35.4 .  MEASURES : Weight , waist and hip circumference , blood lipids , blood glucose , blood pressure , psychological well-being , depression , self esteem , stress , binge eating , eating style , body image , nutrient intake , aerobic fitness , activity levels , patient satisfaction with treatment . RESULTS : Both M-CBT and S-CBT achieved improvements in a broad range of physical , psychological and behavioural variables . Weight loss in the S-CBT group was greater than in the M-CBT group immediately after treatment , but both groups lost weight . Participants in the M-CBT group continued to lose weight up to the 1 y follow-up . M-CBT was evaluated positively by participants . CONCLUSIONS : Both M-CBT and S-CBT programmes were successful at inducing modest weight loss , as well as improving emotional well-being , reducing distress , increasing activity and fitness , improving dietary quality and reducing cardio-vascular disease risk factors . The improvements were maintained or continued at 1 y follow-up . These results suggest that treatment based on the new weight-control paradigm which emphasizes sustained lifestyle change without emphasis on dieting , can produce modest benefits to health and well-being BACKGROUND Several studies have examined attitudes about obesity among food and nutrition professionals , yielding mixed results , and no experimental research has tested the impact of dietitians ' attitudes on their treatment practice s or health evaluations with obese patients . OBJECTIVE This study investigated attitudes of dietetics students toward obese persons and tested whether a patient 's body weight influences students ' treatment decisions and health evaluations within a r and omized experiment . DESIGN Between the months of September and December 2007 , a convenience sample of 182 dietetics undergraduate students ( 92 % women ; mean age 23.1+/-5.4 years ) from colleges throughout the United States completed online self-report surveys to assess weight bias ( using the Fat Phobia Scale ) . Participants were also r and omly assigned to read one of four mock health profiles of patients who varied only by weight-related characteristics ( eg , obese or average weight ) and sex ( male or female ) , and asked to make judgments about the patient 's health status and participation in treatment . STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED To compare group data , multiple analysis of variance was used to test for an effect of the patient 's body mass index on participants ' health evaluations and their perceptions of patients in each of the four experimental conditions . Correlations were calculated between mean fat phobia scores and perceptions of patients . RESULTS Participants in all conditions expressed a moderate amount of fat phobia ( mean=3.7 ) , and students rated obese patients as being less likely to comply with treatment recommendations compared with nonobese patients ( P<0.05 ) . Results from multivariate analysis of variance tests showed students also evaluated obese patients ' diet quality and health status to be poorer than nonobese patients , despite equivalent nutritional and health information across weight categories for each sex in patient profiles . In contrast , obese and nonobese patients were rated to be similarly motivated , receptive , and successful in treatment . CONCLUSION Implication s of these findings for education and intervention in dietetics training are discussed , with emphasis on increasing awareness of weight bias in existing dietetics curricula Obese individuals tend to behave more impulsively than healthy weight individuals across a variety of measures , but it is unclear whether this pattern can be altered . The present study examined the effects of a mindful eating behavioral strategy on impulsive and risky choice patterns for hypothetical food and money . In Experiment 1 , 304 participants completed computerized delay and probability discounting tasks  for food-related and monetary outcomes . High percent body fat ( PBF ) predicted more impulsive choice for food , but not small-value money , replicating previous work . In Experiment 2 , 102 r and omly selected participants from Experiment 1 were assigned to participate in a 50-min workshop on mindful eating or to watch an educational video . They then completed the discounting tasks again . Participants who completed the mindful eating session showed more self-controlled and less risk-averse discounting patterns for food compared to baseline ; those in the control condition discounted similarly to baseline rates . There were no changes in discounting for money for either group , suggesting stimulus specificity for food for the mindful eating condition OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of the " My Body Knows When " intuitive-eating ( IE ) program tailored to assist Fort Drum military spouses in rejecting the dieting mentality . METHODS R and omized prospect i ve study ( N = 61 ) evaluating dieting mentality and health indicators  for a 10-week intervention based on 10 IE principles . The program was developed through the PRECEDE/PROCEED ( PP ) health promotion planning model . RESULTS The intuitive-eating program was able to significantly transition participants away from a dieting mentality ( P < 0.015 posttest ) towards intuitive-eating lifestyle behaviors . CONCLUSIONS IE is a holist approach to long-term healthy behavior change and would benefit from an extended support system to improve effectiveness This study explored the efficacy of a mindfulness-based intervention for problematic eating behavior . A non- clinical sample of 26 women with disordered eating behavior was r and omly assigned to an 8-week MBCT-based eating intervention or a waiting list control group . Data were collected at baseline and after 8 weeks . Compared to controls , participants in the mindfulness intervention showed significantly greater decreases in food cravings , dichotomous thinking , body image concern , emotional eating and external eating . These findings suggest that mindfulness practice can be an effective way to reduce factors that are associated with problematic eating behaviour OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of a " Health-At-Every-Size " ( HAES ) intervention on eating behaviors and appetite ratings in 144 premenopausal overweight women . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Women were r and omly assigned to one of the 3 groups : HAES group , social support ( SS ) group , and control group ( N = 48 in each group ) . Interventions were conducted over a 4-month period , and measurements were taken before and after this period . Eating behaviors ( cognitive dietary restraint , disinhibition , and susceptibility to hunger ) were evaluated by the Three-Factor Eating Question naire .  Appetite ratings ( desire to eat , hunger , fullness , and prospect i ve food consumption ) were assessed by  visual analogue scales  before and after a st and ardized breakfast . RESULTS More important decreases in susceptibility to hunger and external hunger were observed in the HAES group when compared with the SS group ( p=0.05 , for susceptibility to hunger ) and the control group ( p=0.02 and p=0.005 , for susceptibility to hunger and external hunger , respectively ) . In addition , women from the HAES group had more important decreases in postpr and ial area under the curve for desire to eat ( p=0.02 ) and hunger ( p=0.04 ) when compared with the control group . The change in the desire to eat noted in the HAES group was also different from the one observed in SS group ( p=0.02 ) . Women from the HAES group experienced significant weight loss at 4 months ( -1.6+/-2.5 kg , p<0.0001 ) , which did not differ significantly from the SS and control groups ( p=0.09 ) . An increase in flexible restraint was significantly related to a greater weight loss in both HAES and SS groups ( r=-0.39 , p<0.01 ; and r=-0.37 , p<0.05 , respectively ) . A decrease in habitual susceptibility to disinhibition was also associated with a greater weight loss in HAES and control groups ( r=0.31 , p<0.05 ; and r=0.44 , p<0.05 , respectively ) . DISCUSSION These results suggest that a HAES intervention could have significant effects on eating behaviors and appetite ratings in premenopausal overweight women , when compared with an SS intervention or a control group OBJECTIVE : To document attitudes and current practice s of Australian dietitians in the management of  overweight and obesity  , and to examine their training needs . DESIGN : Cross-sectional postal survey of a r and omly selected sample of members of the Dietitians Association of Australia . SUBJECTS : 400 dietitians ( 66 % of those surveyed ) . MEASURES : Question naire-based measures of dietitian 's views of obesity , education and training in weight management , definitions and perceptions of success , professional preparedness , approaches to weight management , strategies recommended for weight management , and problems and frustrations experienced . RESULTS : Dietitians viewed themselves as potential leaders in the field of weight management , and saw this area as an important part of their role . While they considered themselves to be the best-trained professionals in this area , many felt that their training was poor and many were pessimistic about intervention outcomes . Despite this , most dietitians held views that were current , and regularly employed many of the elements of known best practice in management . However , important areas of weakness included : providing opportunities for long-term follow-up ; providing a range of management interventions ; promoting self-monitoring of diet and exercise ; and promoting opportunities for social support . CONCLUSIONS : This study suggests that training in and advocacy for the management and prevention of 
    Output:
    