human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To test the efficacy of high-velocity training in healthy older persons . DESIGN A 12-week r and omized trial , with subjects blocked for gender and residence , comparing high-velocity resistance training with a self-paced walking program . SETTING Retirement community . PARTICIPANTS Forty-three volunteers over the age of 70 years . INTERVENTION Power group : high-velocity leg exercises 3 times weekly with weekly increases in resistance combined with 45 minutes of moderate , nonresistance exercise weekly . Walking group : moderate intensity exercise 30 minutes daily , 6 days weekly . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Variables measured included leg press peak power and leg extensor strength . Functional performance outcomes included : 6-minute walk distance , Short Physical Performance Battery , Physical Performance Test , and Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey . RESULTS Peak power improved 22 % ( p = .004 ) in the power group ( 3.7 + /- 1.0 W/kg to 4.5 + /- 1.4 W/kg ) but did not change in the walking group ( 3.99 + /-.76 W/kg to 3.65 + /-.94 W/kg ) . Leg extensor power at resistance of 50 % , 60 % , and 70 % of body weight increased 50 % , 77 % , and 141 % , respectively , in the power group ( p < .0001 , repeated- measures analysis of variance ) . Strength improved 22 % in the power-trained individuals and 12 % in the walkers ( p < .0001 ) . Training did not improve functional task performance in either group . One subject developed a radiculopathy during training . CONCLUSIONS Resistance training focusing on speed of movement improved leg power and maximal strength substantially , but did not improve functional performance in healthy high-functioning older volunteers BACKGROUND The relationship between obesity and physical function is not well understood . Physical activity may be a key factor impacting on the relationship between obesity and physical function . METHODS Subjects included 171 community-dwelling women ( mean age = 74.3 , SD = 4.3 ) participating in a 14-year follow-up study to a walking intervention trial .  Measures of obesity [ body mass index ( BMI ) ] and physical activity ( Modified Paffenbarger Question naire ) were collected in 1982 , 1985 , 1995 , and 1999 . Physical function was assessed in 1999 using the Functional Status Question naire ( FSQ ) and gait speed . RESULTS Measures of obesity from 1982 to 1995 and measures of physical activity from 1982 to 1995 were related to physical function in 1999 . However , hierarchical regression analysis to predict physical function in 1999 controlling for the presence of chronic conditions indicated that physical activity from 1982 to 1995 , and not obesity from 1982 to 1995 , was an independent predictor of physical function ( FSQ : adjusted R2 = 0.09 , F = 4.68 , P < 0.001 ; gait speed : adjusted R2 = 18.0 , F = 9.41 , P < 0.0001 . CONCLUSION  Physical activity  appears to be as important if not more important than body weight in predicting future physical function This paper describes a quasi-experimental study of a musical exercise intervention to improve the physical , cognitive , behavioral status and life satisfaction of older residents in a long-term care facility in the United Kingdom . Twenty long-term care residents from three different units ( n=60 ) were recruited and assigned to one of three groups : a control ( C ) group ( no intervention ) , an occupational therapy ( OT ) group ( comparison group ) and a music exercise group ( intervention group ) . Assessment s of physical and cognitive status were made pre-intervention and repeated at the end of the 10-week exercise program and again 10 weeks after the completion of the program . The results show that both OT and exercise participation is associated with improvement in physical and cognitive function . However , the exercise group showed significant improvement in more areas than the OT group . The functional benefits from OT and exercise were not sustainable after these activities ceased and showed significant decline 10 weeks after the end of the programs OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of frequency of resistive training on gain in muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in healthy older adults . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial with subjects assigned either to high-intensity resistance training 1 ( EX1 ) , 2 ( EX2 ) , or 3 ( EX3 ) days per week for 24 weeks or to a control group ( CO ) . SETTING An exercise facility at an academic medical center . SUBJECTS Forty-six community-dwelling healthy men ( n = 29 ) and women ( n = 17 ) aged 65 to 79 years . INTERVENTION Progressive resistance training consisting of three sets of eight exercises targeting major muscle groups of the upper and lower body , at 80 % of one-repetition maximum ( 1-RM ) for eight repetitions , either 1 , 2 , or 3 days per week . MEASURES Dynamic muscle strength ( 1-RM ) using isotonic equipment every 4 weeks , bone mineral density and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) , and neuromuscular performance by timed chair rise and 6-meter backward t and em walk . RESULTS For each of the eight exercises , muscle strength increased in the exercise groups relative to CO ( P < .01 ) , with no difference among EX1 , EX2 and EX3 groups at any measurement interval . Percent change averaged 3.9 + /- 2.4 ( CO ) , 37.0 + /- 15.2 ( EX1 ) , 41.9 + /- 18.2 ( EX2 ) , and 39.7 + /- 9.8 ( EX3 ) . The time to rise successfully from the chair 5 times decreased significantly ( P < .01 ) at 24 weeks , whereas improvement in the 6-meter backward t and em walk approached significance ( P = .10 ) in the three exercise groups compared with CO . Changes in chair rise ability were correlated to percent changes in quadriceps strength ( r = -0.40 , P < .01 ) and lean mass ( r = -0.40 , P < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS A program of once or twice weekly resistance exercise achieves muscle strength gains similar to 3 days per week training in older adults and is associated with improved neuromuscular performance . Such improvement could potentially reduce the risk of falls and fracture in older adults BACKGROUND It is important to determine if permanent lifestyle changes may result from physical activity interventions and whether health may be affected by these changes . OBJECTIVE To conduct a 10-year follow-up of physical activity and self-reported health status in participants of a r and omized clinical trial of walking intervention .  METHODS Of the original 229 volunteer postmenopausal women who participated in the original clinical trial , 196 ( N = 96 intervention and 100 controls ) completed the 10-year follow-up telephone interview . The interview protocol included questions on  self-reported walking for exercise  and purpose s other than exercise , the Paffenbarger sport and exercise index , functional status , and various chronic diseases and conditions . RESULTS The median values for both usual walking for exercise and total walking  were significantly higher for walkers compared with controls ( for both , P = .01 ) , with median differences of 706 and 420 kcal/wk , respectively . After excluding women who reported heart disease during the original trial , 2 women in the walking group ( 2 % ) and 11 women in the control group ( 12 % ) reported physician-diagnosed heart disease over the last 10 years ( P = .07 ) . There were also fewer hospitalizations , surgeries , and falls among women in the walking group , although these differences were not statistically significant ( P>.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Although limited by self-report , this study may be the first to demonstrate long-term exercise compliance to a r and omized control trial in older women and to suggest that health benefits may have ensued as a result of these increased activity levels The goal was to determine the existence of differential effects of long-term moderate- or low-intensity exercise on selected bio-behavioral variables in 72 community-dwelling persons over 60 years of age . After screening , subjects were r and omly assigned to a moderate ( n = 39 , 60 - 70 % heart rate reserve [ HRR ] ) or low ( n = 33 , 30 - 40 % HRR ) intensity exercise protocol . Both groups exercised three times per week for 9 months and dependent measures were taken at baseline , 4.5 months and after 9 months . Repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post hoc comparisons constituted the analysis approach . Moderate exercise showed no superiority over low-intensity exercise ; both groups improved about equally . Variables that significantly improved included : self-reported sleep ( sleep quantity and dream recall ) , mental status ( attention/concentration , short-term memory and higher cognitive functioning ) , health perceptions ( health outlook , health worry , rejection of the sick role ) , and cardiovascular fitness indicators ( submaximum stress test heart rate , maximum oxygen consumption ( VO2max ) , maximum work capacity and maximum exercise time ) . Similarity of outcomes in both groups may mean that the moderate exercise protocol was too conservative . Conversely , the findings may indicate that lower levels of exercise , which may be safer and more feasible over time , do improve fitness levels , prolong independent functioning , and promote positive perceptions of well-being in older adults OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of 12 weeks of progressive resistance strength training on the isometric strength , explosive power , and selected functional abilities of healthy women aged 75 and over . DESIGN Subjects were matched for age and habitual physical activity and then r and omly assigned into either a control or an exercise group . SETTING The Muscle Function Laboratory , Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine , London . PARTICIPANTS Fifty-two healthy women were recruited through local and national newspapers . Five dropped out before and seven ( 4 exercisers and 3 controls ) during the study . Pre- and posttraining measurements were obtained from 20 exercisers ( median age 79.5 , range 76 to 93 years ) and 20 controls ( median age 79.5 , range 75 to 90 years ) . INTERVENTIONS Training comprised one supervised session ( 1 hour ) at the Medical School and two unsupervised home sessions ( supported by an exercise tape and booklet ) per week for 12 weeks . The training stimulus was three sets of four to eight repetitions of each exercise , using rice bags ( 1 - 1.5 kg ) or elastic tubing for resistance . The exercises were intended specifically to strengthen the muscles considered relevant for the functional tasks , but were not to mimic the functional measurements . No intervention was prescribed for the controls . MEASUREMENTS Pre- and posttraining measurements were made for isometric knee extensor strength ( IKES ) , isometric elbow flexor strength ( IEFS ) , h and grip strength ( HGS ) , leg extensor power ( LEP ) , and anthropometric indices ( Body impedance analysis , arm muscle circumference , and body weight ) . Functional ability tests were chair rise , kneel rise , rise from lying on the floor , 118-m self-paced corridor walk , stair climbing , functional reach , stepping up , stepping down , and lifting weights onto a shelf . Pre- and posttraining comparisons were made using analysis of variance or analysis of covariance ( using weight as a covariate ) for normally distributed continuous data and one-sided Fishers exact test ( 2 x 2 table ) for discontinuous data . RESULTS Improvements in IKES ( mean change 27 % , P = .03 ) , IEFS ( 22 % , P = .05 ) , HGS ( 4 % , P = .05 ) , LEP/kg ( 18 % , P = .05 ) were associated with training , but the improvement in LEP ( 18 % , P = .11 ) did not reach statistical significance . There was an association between training and a reduction in normal pace kneel rise time ( median change 21 % , P = .02 ) and a small improvement in step up height ( median 5 % , P = .005 ) . The other functional tests did not improve . CONCLUSIONS Progressive resistance exercise can produce substantial increases in muscle strength and in power st and ardized for body weight in healthy , very old women . However , isolated increases in strength and LEP/kg may confer only limited functional benefit in healthy , independent , very old women PURPOSE Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Pilot ( LIFE-P ) was a trial to examine the effects of a physical activity intervention ( PA ) compared with a health education control ( SA ) on measures of disability risk in sedentary older adults ( N = 424 ) . We examined adherence to the LIFE-P PA intervention for the first 12 months of the trial . METHODS The PA intervention consisted of walking , strength , flexibility , and balance training supplemented with behavioral skills training modules , and it used a phased , center-based schedule of adoption ( 3x wk(-1 ) , weeks 1 - 8 ) , transition ( 2x wk(-1 ) , weeks 9 - 24 ) , and maintenance ( 1x wk(-1 ) , weeks 25 to end of trial ) while transitioning to primarily home-based physical activity . SA consisted of weekly ( weeks 1 - 26 ) transitioning to monthly health education workshops . RESULTS Participation in moderate-intensity physical activity increased from baseline to months 6 and 12 in PA compared with SA ( P < 0.001 ) . At 12 months , PA participants who reported > or = 150 min x wk(-1 ) of moderate activity demonstrated a significantly greater improvement in their Short Physical Performance Battery score compared with participants who reported <  
    Output:
    
agent
Greater physical activity of an aerobic nature ( categorized by a variety of methods ) was associated with higher functional status ( expressed by a host of outcome measures ) in older age .
For functional independence , moderate ( and high ) levels of physical activity appeared effective in conferring a reduced risk ( odds ratio ~0.5 ) of functional limitations or disability .
Limitation in higher level performance outcomes was reduced ( odds ratio ~0.5 ) with vigorous ( or high ) activity with an apparent dose-response of moderate through to high activity .
Exercise training interventions ( including aerobic and resistance ) of older adults showed improvement in physiological and functional measures , and suggestion of longer-term reduction in incidence of mobility disability .
A relatively high level of physical activity was related to better cognitive function and reduced risk of developing dementia ; however , there were mixed results of the effects of exercise interventions on cognitive function indices .
Conclusions There is a consistency of findings across studies and a range of outcome measures related to functional independence ; regular aerobic activity and short-term exercise programmes confer a reduced risk of functional limitations and disability in older age .
Although a precise characterization of a minimal or effective physical activity dose to maintain functional independence is difficult , it appears moderate to higher levels of activity are effective and there may be a threshold of at least moderate activity for significant outcomes
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To test the efficacy of high-velocity training in healthy older persons . DESIGN A 12-week r and omized trial , with subjects blocked for gender and residence , comparing high-velocity resistance training with a self-paced walking program . SETTING Retirement community . PARTICIPANTS Forty-three volunteers over the age of 70 years . INTERVENTION Power group : high-velocity leg exercises 3 times weekly with weekly increases in resistance combined with 45 minutes of moderate , nonresistance exercise weekly . Walking group : moderate intensity exercise 30 minutes daily , 6 days weekly . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Variables measured included leg press peak power and leg extensor strength . Functional performance outcomes included : 6-minute walk distance , Short Physical Performance Battery , Physical Performance Test , and Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey . RESULTS Peak power improved 22 % ( p = .004 ) in the power group ( 3.7 + /- 1.0 W/kg to 4.5 + /- 1.4 W/kg ) but did not change in the walking group ( 3.99 + /-.76 W/kg to 3.65 + /-.94 W/kg ) . Leg extensor power at resistance of 50 % , 60 % , and 70 % of body weight increased 50 % , 77 % , and 141 % , respectively , in the power group ( p < .0001 , repeated- measures analysis of variance ) . Strength improved 22 % in the power-trained individuals and 12 % in the walkers ( p < .0001 ) . Training did not improve functional task performance in either group . One subject developed a radiculopathy during training . CONCLUSIONS Resistance training focusing on speed of movement improved leg power and maximal strength substantially , but did not improve functional performance in healthy high-functioning older volunteers BACKGROUND The relationship between obesity and physical function is not well understood . Physical activity may be a key factor impacting on the relationship between obesity and physical function . METHODS Subjects included 171 community-dwelling women ( mean age = 74.3 , SD = 4.3 ) participating in a 14-year follow-up study to a walking intervention trial .  Measures of obesity [ body mass index ( BMI ) ] and physical activity ( Modified Paffenbarger Question naire ) were collected in 1982 , 1985 , 1995 , and 1999 . Physical function was assessed in 1999 using the Functional Status Question naire ( FSQ ) and gait speed . RESULTS Measures of obesity from 1982 to 1995 and measures of physical activity from 1982 to 1995 were related to physical function in 1999 . However , hierarchical regression analysis to predict physical function in 1999 controlling for the presence of chronic conditions indicated that physical activity from 1982 to 1995 , and not obesity from 1982 to 1995 , was an independent predictor of physical function ( FSQ : adjusted R2 = 0.09 , F = 4.68 , P < 0.001 ; gait speed : adjusted R2 = 18.0 , F = 9.41 , P < 0.0001 . CONCLUSION  Physical activity  appears to be as important if not more important than body weight in predicting future physical function This paper describes a quasi-experimental study of a musical exercise intervention to improve the physical , cognitive , behavioral status and life satisfaction of older residents in a long-term care facility in the United Kingdom . Twenty long-term care residents from three different units ( n=60 ) were recruited and assigned to one of three groups : a control ( C ) group ( no intervention ) , an occupational therapy ( OT ) group ( comparison group ) and a music exercise group ( intervention group ) . Assessment s of physical and cognitive status were made pre-intervention and repeated at the end of the 10-week exercise program and again 10 weeks after the completion of the program . The results show that both OT and exercise participation is associated with improvement in physical and cognitive function . However , the exercise group showed significant improvement in more areas than the OT group . The functional benefits from OT and exercise were not sustainable after these activities ceased and showed significant decline 10 weeks after the end of the programs OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of frequency of resistive training on gain in muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in healthy older adults . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial with subjects assigned either to high-intensity resistance training 1 ( EX1 ) , 2 ( EX2 ) , or 3 ( EX3 ) days per week for 24 weeks or to a control group ( CO ) . SETTING An exercise facility at an academic medical center . SUBJECTS Forty-six community-dwelling healthy men ( n = 29 ) and women ( n = 17 ) aged 65 to 79 years . INTERVENTION Progressive resistance training consisting of three sets of eight exercises targeting major muscle groups of the upper and lower body , at 80 % of one-repetition maximum ( 1-RM ) for eight repetitions , either 1 , 2 , or 3 days per week . MEASURES Dynamic muscle strength ( 1-RM ) using isotonic equipment every 4 weeks , bone mineral density and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) , and neuromuscular performance by timed chair rise and 6-meter backward t and em walk . RESULTS For each of the eight exercises , muscle strength increased in the exercise groups relative to CO ( P < .01 ) , with no difference among EX1 , EX2 and EX3 groups at any measurement interval . Percent change averaged 3.9 + /- 2.4 ( CO ) , 37.0 + /- 15.2 ( EX1 ) , 41.9 + /- 18.2 ( EX2 ) , and 39.7 + /- 9.8 ( EX3 ) . The time to rise successfully from the chair 5 times decreased significantly ( P < .01 ) at 24 weeks , whereas improvement in the 6-meter backward t and em walk approached significance ( P = .10 ) in the three exercise groups compared with CO . Changes in chair rise ability were correlated to percent changes in quadriceps strength ( r = -0.40 , P < .01 ) and lean mass ( r = -0.40 , P < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS A program of once or twice weekly resistance exercise achieves muscle strength gains similar to 3 days per week training in older adults and is associated with improved neuromuscular performance . Such improvement could potentially reduce the risk of falls and fracture in older adults BACKGROUND It is important to determine if permanent lifestyle changes may result from physical activity interventions and whether health may be affected by these changes . OBJECTIVE To conduct a 10-year follow-up of physical activity and self-reported health status in participants of a r and omized clinical trial of walking intervention .  METHODS Of the original 229 volunteer postmenopausal women who participated in the original clinical trial , 196 ( N = 96 intervention and 100 controls ) completed the 10-year follow-up telephone interview . The interview protocol included questions on  self-reported walking for exercise  and purpose s other than exercise , the Paffenbarger sport and exercise index , functional status , and various chronic diseases and conditions . RESULTS The median values for both usual walking for exercise and total walking  were significantly higher for walkers compared with controls ( for both , P = .01 ) , with median differences of 706 and 420 kcal/wk , respectively . After excluding women who reported heart disease during the original trial , 2 women in the walking group ( 2 % ) and 11 women in the control group ( 12 % ) reported physician-diagnosed heart disease over the last 10 years ( P = .07 ) . There were also fewer hospitalizations , surgeries , and falls among women in the walking group , although these differences were not statistically significant ( P>.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Although limited by self-report , this study may be the first to demonstrate long-term exercise compliance to a r and omized control trial in older women and to suggest that health benefits may have ensued as a result of these increased activity levels The goal was to determine the existence of differential effects of long-term moderate- or low-intensity exercise on selected bio-behavioral variables in 72 community-dwelling persons over 60 years of age . After screening , subjects were r and omly assigned to a moderate ( n = 39 , 60 - 70 % heart rate reserve [ HRR ] ) or low ( n = 33 , 30 - 40 % HRR ) intensity exercise protocol . Both groups exercised three times per week for 9 months and dependent measures were taken at baseline , 4.5 months and after 9 months . Repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post hoc comparisons constituted the analysis approach . Moderate exercise showed no superiority over low-intensity exercise ; both groups improved about equally . Variables that significantly improved included : self-reported sleep ( sleep quantity and dream recall ) , mental status ( attention/concentration , short-term memory and higher cognitive functioning ) , health perceptions ( health outlook , health worry , rejection of the sick role ) , and cardiovascular fitness indicators ( submaximum stress test heart rate , maximum oxygen consumption ( VO2max ) , maximum work capacity and maximum exercise time ) . Similarity of outcomes in both groups may mean that the moderate exercise protocol was too conservative . Conversely , the findings may indicate that lower levels of exercise , which may be safer and more feasible over time , do improve fitness levels , prolong independent functioning , and promote positive perceptions of well-being in older adults OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of 12 weeks of progressive resistance strength training on the isometric strength , explosive power , and selected functional abilities of healthy women aged 75 and over . DESIGN Subjects were matched for age and habitual physical activity and then r and omly assigned into either a control or an exercise group . SETTING The Muscle Function Laboratory , Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine , London . PARTICIPANTS Fifty-two healthy women were recruited through local and national newspapers . Five dropped out before and seven ( 4 exercisers and 3 controls ) during the study . Pre- and posttraining measurements were obtained from 20 exercisers ( median age 79.5 , range 76 to 93 years ) and 20 controls ( median age 79.5 , range 75 to 90 years ) . INTERVENTIONS Training comprised one supervised session ( 1 hour ) at the Medical School and two unsupervised home sessions ( supported by an exercise tape and booklet ) per week for 12 weeks . The training stimulus was three sets of four to eight repetitions of each exercise , using rice bags ( 1 - 1.5 kg ) or elastic tubing for resistance . The exercises were intended specifically to strengthen the muscles considered relevant for the functional tasks , but were not to mimic the functional measurements . No intervention was prescribed for the controls . MEASUREMENTS Pre- and posttraining measurements were made for isometric knee extensor strength ( IKES ) , isometric elbow flexor strength ( IEFS ) , h and grip strength ( HGS ) , leg extensor power ( LEP ) , and anthropometric indices ( Body impedance analysis , arm muscle circumference , and body weight ) . Functional ability tests were chair rise , kneel rise , rise from lying on the floor , 118-m self-paced corridor walk , stair climbing , functional reach , stepping up , stepping down , and lifting weights onto a shelf . Pre- and posttraining comparisons were made using analysis of variance or analysis of covariance ( using weight as a covariate ) for normally distributed continuous data and one-sided Fishers exact test ( 2 x 2 table ) for discontinuous data . RESULTS Improvements in IKES ( mean change 27 % , P = .03 ) , IEFS ( 22 % , P = .05 ) , HGS ( 4 % , P = .05 ) , LEP/kg ( 18 % , P = .05 ) were associated with training , but the improvement in LEP ( 18 % , P = .11 ) did not reach statistical significance . There was an association between training and a reduction in normal pace kneel rise time ( median change 21 % , P = .02 ) and a small improvement in step up height ( median 5 % , P = .005 ) . The other functional tests did not improve . CONCLUSIONS Progressive resistance exercise can produce substantial increases in muscle strength and in power st and ardized for body weight in healthy , very old women . However , isolated increases in strength and LEP/kg may confer only limited functional benefit in healthy , independent , very old women PURPOSE Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Pilot ( LIFE-P ) was a trial to examine the effects of a physical activity intervention ( PA ) compared with a health education control ( SA ) on measures of disability risk in sedentary older adults ( N = 424 ) . We examined adherence to the LIFE-P PA intervention for the first 12 months of the trial . METHODS The PA intervention consisted of walking , strength , flexibility , and balance training supplemented with behavioral skills training modules , and it used a phased , center-based schedule of adoption ( 3x wk(-1 ) , weeks 1 - 8 ) , transition ( 2x wk(-1 ) , weeks 9 - 24 ) , and maintenance ( 1x wk(-1 ) , weeks 25 to end of trial ) while transitioning to primarily home-based physical activity . SA consisted of weekly ( weeks 1 - 26 ) transitioning to monthly health education workshops . RESULTS Participation in moderate-intensity physical activity increased from baseline to months 6 and 12 in PA compared with SA ( P < 0.001 ) . At 12 months , PA participants who reported > or = 150 min x wk(-1 ) of moderate activity demonstrated a significantly greater improvement in their Short Physical Performance Battery score compared with participants who reported <  
    Output:
    