human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The Cochrane Collaboration is strongly encouraging the use of a newly developed tool , the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool ( CCRBT ) , for all review groups . However , the psychometric properties of this tool to date have yet to be described . Thus , the objective of this study was to add information about psychometric properties of the CCRBT including inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity , in comparison with the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool ( EPHPP ) . METHODS Both tools were used to assess the method ological quality of 20 r and omized controlled trials included in our systematic review of the effectiveness of knowledge translation interventions  to improve the management of cancer pain . Each study assessment was completed independently by two review ers using each tool . We analysed the inter-rater reliability of each tool 's individual domains , as well as final grade assigned to each study . RESULTS The EPHPP had fair inter-rater agreement for individual domains and excellent agreement for the final grade . In contrast , the CCRBT had slight inter-rater agreement for individual domains and fair inter-rater agreement for final grade . Of interest , no agreement between the two tools was evident in their final grade assigned to each study . Although both tools were developed to assess ' quality of the evidence ' , they appear to measure different constructs . CONCLUSIONS Both tools performed quite differently when evaluating the risk of bias or method ological quality of studies in knowledge translation interventions for cancer pain . The newly introduced CCRBT assigned these studies a higher risk of bias . Its psychometric properties need to be more thoroughly vali date d , in a range of research fields , to underst and fully how to interpret results from its application Context Obesity is a major public health problem in North America , particularly in Aboriginal people . Objective To determine if a household-based lifestyle intervention is effective at reducing energy intake and increasing physical activity among Aboriginal families after 6 months . Design , Participants , and InterventionR and omized , open trial of 57 Aboriginal households recruited between May 2004 and April 2005 from the Six Nations Reserve in Ohsweken , Canada . Aboriginal Health Counsellors made regular home visits to assist families in setting dietary and physical activity goals . Additional interventions included provision of filtered water , a physical activity program for children , and educational events about healthy lifestyles . Results 57 households involving 174 individuals were r and omized to intervention or usual care . Intervention households decreased consumption of fats , oils and sweets compared to usual care households ( -4.9 servings per day vs. -3 servings/day , p=0.006 ) , and this was associated with a reduction in trans fatty acids ( -0.2 vs. + 0.6 grams/day , p=0.02 ) . Water consumption increased ( + 0.3 vs. -0.1 servings/day , p<0.04 ) and soda pop consumption decreased ( -0.3 vs. -0.1 servings/day , p=0.02 ) in intervention households compared to usual care . A trend toward increased knowledge about healthy dietary practice s in children , increased leisure-time activity and decreased sedentary behaviours was observed , although these differences were not statistically significant . Conclusion A household-based intervention is associated with some positive changes in dietary practice s and activity patterns . A larger and longer-term intervention which addresses both individual change and structural barriers in the community is needed . Résumé Context eL’obésité est un problème de santé publique majeur en Amérique du Nord , particulièrement chez les Autochtones . ObjectifDéterminer si une intervention de modification du mode de vie centrée sur les ménages parvient à réduire l’apport énergétique et à accroître l’activité physique dans des familles autochtones au bout de six mois . Méthode , participants et interventionEssai ouvert aléatoire auprès de 57 ménages autochtones recrutés entre mai 2004 et avril 2005 dans la réserve des Six-Nations à Ohsweken ( Ontario ) , au Canada . Des conseillers en santé autochtone ont fait des visites à domicile périodiques pour aider les familles à se fixer des objectifs de saine alimentation et d’activité physique . D’autres mesures ont aussi été instaurées : on a fourni de l’eau filtrée aux ménages , offert un programme d’activité physique aux enfants et organisé des activités de sensibilisation aux modes de vie sains . RésultatsLes 57 ménages ( 174 personnes ) ont été répartis aléatoirement en deux groupes , l’un recevant les mesures d’intervention et l’autre , les soins habituels . Les ménages recevant les mesures d’intervention ont diminué leur consommation de matières grasses , d’huile et de sucreries par rapport aux ménages recevant les soins habituels ( -4,9 portions/jour contre -3 portions/jour , p=0,006 ) , et cette diminution était associée à une baisse de la consommation d’acides gras trans ( -0,2 contre + 0,6 g/jour , p=0,02 ) . Par ailleurs , leur consommation d’eau a augmenté ( + 0,3 contre -0,1 portion/jour , p<0,04 ) , et leur consommation de boissons gazeuses a diminué ( -0,3 contre -0,1 portion/jour , p=0,02 ) . Nous avons aussi observé une amélioration des connaissances des enfants sur la saine alimentation , une augmentation de l’activité pendant les temps libres et une diminution des comportements sédentaires , mais ces changements n’étaient pas significatifs . Conclusion Une intervention centrée sur les ménages est associée à certains changements positifs dans l’alimentation et l’activité physique . Il faudrait élargir et prolonger l’initiative , en tenant compte à la fois des changements individuels et des obstacles structurels dans la communauté BACKGROUND A high prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes has been observed among the Cree of James Bay , Quebec . To address this problem , a diet and activity intervention during pregnancy , which was based on social learning theory , was initiated in 4 Cree communities . METHODS A prospect i ve intervention compared dietary , weight and glycemic indicators for 107 control subjects and for 112 women who received the intervention during the course of their pregnancy . A control period in 4 communities ( July 1995-March 1996 ) was followed by an intervention period ( April 1996-January 1997 ) when subjects were offered regular , individual diet counselling , physical activity sessions and other activities related to nutrition . RESULTS The intervention and control groups did not differ at baseline regarding their mean age ( 24.3 years [ SD 6.29 ] v. 23.8 years [ SD 5.86 ] ) , mean prepregnancy weight ( 81.0 kg [ SD 19.46 ] v. 78.9 kg [ SD 17.54 ] ) and mean gestational age at recruitment ( 17.1 weeks [ SD 7.06 ] v. 18.5 weeks [ SD 6.92 ] ) . The intervention did not result in differences in diet measured at 24 - 30 weeks ' gestation , rate of weight gain over the second half of pregnancy ( 0.53 kg per week [ SD 0.32 ] v. 0.53 kg per week [ SD 0.27 ] ) or plasma glucose level ( 50 g oral glucose screen ) between 24 and 30 weeks ( 7.21 mmol/L [ SD 2.09 ] v. 7.43 mmol/L [ SD 2.10 ] ) . Mean birth weights were similar ( 3741 g [ SD 523 ] v. 3686 g [ SD 686 ] ) , as was maternal weight at 6 weeks post partum ( 88.1 kg [ SD 16.8 ] v. 86.4 kg [ SD 19.0 ] ) . The only changes in dietary intake were a reduction in caffeine ( pregnancy ) and an increase in folate ( post partum ) . INTERPRETATION This intervention had only a minor impact on diet ; finding ways of encouraging appropriate body weight and activity levels remains a challenge This report presents the process and summative evaluation results from a  community-based diabetes prevention and control project implemented in response to the increasing prevalence and impact of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) in the Canadian Aboriginal population . The 24-month project targeted the registered Indian population in British Columbia 's rural Okanagan region . A participatory approach was used to plan strategies by which diabetes could be addressed in ways acceptable and meaningful to the intervention community . The strategies emphasised a combination of changing behaviours and changing environments . The project was quasi-experimental . A single intervention community was matched to two comparison communities . Workers in the intervention community conducted interviews of individuals with or at risk for diabetes during a seven-month pre-intervention phase ( n = 59 ) . Qualitative analyses were conducted to yield strategies for intervention . Implementation began in the eighth month of the project . Trend measurements of diabetes risk factors were obtained for ' high-risk ' cohorts ( persons with or at familial risk for NIDDM ) ( n = 105 ) . Cohorts were tracked over a 16-month intervention phase , with measurements at baseline , the midpoint and completion of the study . Cross-sectional population surveys of diabetes risk factors were conducted at baseline and the end of the intervention phase ( n = 295 ) . Surveys of community systems were conducted three times . The project yielded few changes in quantifiable outcomes . Activation of the intervention community was insufficient to enable individual and collective change through dissemination of quality interventions for diabetes prevention and control . Theory and previous research were not sufficiently integrated with information from pre-intervention interviews . Interacting with these limitations were the short planning and intervention phases , just 8 and 16 months , respectively . The level of penetration of the interventions mounted was too limited to be effective . Attention to process is warranted and to the feasibility of achieving effects within 24 months 
    Output:
    
agent
There is limited evidence and a lack of robust interventions that examine the impacts of  physical activity on health and fitness status in the Canadian Indigenous population .
Vali date d , culturally relevant tools for measuring physical activity may aid in program evaluation and focused educational material s could better support population health initiatives .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The Cochrane Collaboration is strongly encouraging the use of a newly developed tool , the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool ( CCRBT ) , for all review groups . However , the psychometric properties of this tool to date have yet to be described . Thus , the objective of this study was to add information about psychometric properties of the CCRBT including inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity , in comparison with the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool ( EPHPP ) . METHODS Both tools were used to assess the method ological quality of 20 r and omized controlled trials included in our systematic review of the effectiveness of knowledge translation interventions  to improve the management of cancer pain . Each study assessment was completed independently by two review ers using each tool . We analysed the inter-rater reliability of each tool 's individual domains , as well as final grade assigned to each study . RESULTS The EPHPP had fair inter-rater agreement for individual domains and excellent agreement for the final grade . In contrast , the CCRBT had slight inter-rater agreement for individual domains and fair inter-rater agreement for final grade . Of interest , no agreement between the two tools was evident in their final grade assigned to each study . Although both tools were developed to assess ' quality of the evidence ' , they appear to measure different constructs . CONCLUSIONS Both tools performed quite differently when evaluating the risk of bias or method ological quality of studies in knowledge translation interventions for cancer pain . The newly introduced CCRBT assigned these studies a higher risk of bias . Its psychometric properties need to be more thoroughly vali date d , in a range of research fields , to underst and fully how to interpret results from its application Context Obesity is a major public health problem in North America , particularly in Aboriginal people . Objective To determine if a household-based lifestyle intervention is effective at reducing energy intake and increasing physical activity among Aboriginal families after 6 months . Design , Participants , and InterventionR and omized , open trial of 57 Aboriginal households recruited between May 2004 and April 2005 from the Six Nations Reserve in Ohsweken , Canada . Aboriginal Health Counsellors made regular home visits to assist families in setting dietary and physical activity goals . Additional interventions included provision of filtered water , a physical activity program for children , and educational events about healthy lifestyles . Results 57 households involving 174 individuals were r and omized to intervention or usual care . Intervention households decreased consumption of fats , oils and sweets compared to usual care households ( -4.9 servings per day vs. -3 servings/day , p=0.006 ) , and this was associated with a reduction in trans fatty acids ( -0.2 vs. + 0.6 grams/day , p=0.02 ) . Water consumption increased ( + 0.3 vs. -0.1 servings/day , p<0.04 ) and soda pop consumption decreased ( -0.3 vs. -0.1 servings/day , p=0.02 ) in intervention households compared to usual care . A trend toward increased knowledge about healthy dietary practice s in children , increased leisure-time activity and decreased sedentary behaviours was observed , although these differences were not statistically significant . Conclusion A household-based intervention is associated with some positive changes in dietary practice s and activity patterns . A larger and longer-term intervention which addresses both individual change and structural barriers in the community is needed . Résumé Context eL’obésité est un problème de santé publique majeur en Amérique du Nord , particulièrement chez les Autochtones . ObjectifDéterminer si une intervention de modification du mode de vie centrée sur les ménages parvient à réduire l’apport énergétique et à accroître l’activité physique dans des familles autochtones au bout de six mois . Méthode , participants et interventionEssai ouvert aléatoire auprès de 57 ménages autochtones recrutés entre mai 2004 et avril 2005 dans la réserve des Six-Nations à Ohsweken ( Ontario ) , au Canada . Des conseillers en santé autochtone ont fait des visites à domicile périodiques pour aider les familles à se fixer des objectifs de saine alimentation et d’activité physique . D’autres mesures ont aussi été instaurées : on a fourni de l’eau filtrée aux ménages , offert un programme d’activité physique aux enfants et organisé des activités de sensibilisation aux modes de vie sains . RésultatsLes 57 ménages ( 174 personnes ) ont été répartis aléatoirement en deux groupes , l’un recevant les mesures d’intervention et l’autre , les soins habituels . Les ménages recevant les mesures d’intervention ont diminué leur consommation de matières grasses , d’huile et de sucreries par rapport aux ménages recevant les soins habituels ( -4,9 portions/jour contre -3 portions/jour , p=0,006 ) , et cette diminution était associée à une baisse de la consommation d’acides gras trans ( -0,2 contre + 0,6 g/jour , p=0,02 ) . Par ailleurs , leur consommation d’eau a augmenté ( + 0,3 contre -0,1 portion/jour , p<0,04 ) , et leur consommation de boissons gazeuses a diminué ( -0,3 contre -0,1 portion/jour , p=0,02 ) . Nous avons aussi observé une amélioration des connaissances des enfants sur la saine alimentation , une augmentation de l’activité pendant les temps libres et une diminution des comportements sédentaires , mais ces changements n’étaient pas significatifs . Conclusion Une intervention centrée sur les ménages est associée à certains changements positifs dans l’alimentation et l’activité physique . Il faudrait élargir et prolonger l’initiative , en tenant compte à la fois des changements individuels et des obstacles structurels dans la communauté BACKGROUND A high prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes has been observed among the Cree of James Bay , Quebec . To address this problem , a diet and activity intervention during pregnancy , which was based on social learning theory , was initiated in 4 Cree communities . METHODS A prospect i ve intervention compared dietary , weight and glycemic indicators for 107 control subjects and for 112 women who received the intervention during the course of their pregnancy . A control period in 4 communities ( July 1995-March 1996 ) was followed by an intervention period ( April 1996-January 1997 ) when subjects were offered regular , individual diet counselling , physical activity sessions and other activities related to nutrition . RESULTS The intervention and control groups did not differ at baseline regarding their mean age ( 24.3 years [ SD 6.29 ] v. 23.8 years [ SD 5.86 ] ) , mean prepregnancy weight ( 81.0 kg [ SD 19.46 ] v. 78.9 kg [ SD 17.54 ] ) and mean gestational age at recruitment ( 17.1 weeks [ SD 7.06 ] v. 18.5 weeks [ SD 6.92 ] ) . The intervention did not result in differences in diet measured at 24 - 30 weeks ' gestation , rate of weight gain over the second half of pregnancy ( 0.53 kg per week [ SD 0.32 ] v. 0.53 kg per week [ SD 0.27 ] ) or plasma glucose level ( 50 g oral glucose screen ) between 24 and 30 weeks ( 7.21 mmol/L [ SD 2.09 ] v. 7.43 mmol/L [ SD 2.10 ] ) . Mean birth weights were similar ( 3741 g [ SD 523 ] v. 3686 g [ SD 686 ] ) , as was maternal weight at 6 weeks post partum ( 88.1 kg [ SD 16.8 ] v. 86.4 kg [ SD 19.0 ] ) . The only changes in dietary intake were a reduction in caffeine ( pregnancy ) and an increase in folate ( post partum ) . INTERPRETATION This intervention had only a minor impact on diet ; finding ways of encouraging appropriate body weight and activity levels remains a challenge This report presents the process and summative evaluation results from a  community-based diabetes prevention and control project implemented in response to the increasing prevalence and impact of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) in the Canadian Aboriginal population . The 24-month project targeted the registered Indian population in British Columbia 's rural Okanagan region . A participatory approach was used to plan strategies by which diabetes could be addressed in ways acceptable and meaningful to the intervention community . The strategies emphasised a combination of changing behaviours and changing environments . The project was quasi-experimental . A single intervention community was matched to two comparison communities . Workers in the intervention community conducted interviews of individuals with or at risk for diabetes during a seven-month pre-intervention phase ( n = 59 ) . Qualitative analyses were conducted to yield strategies for intervention . Implementation began in the eighth month of the project . Trend measurements of diabetes risk factors were obtained for ' high-risk ' cohorts ( persons with or at familial risk for NIDDM ) ( n = 105 ) . Cohorts were tracked over a 16-month intervention phase , with measurements at baseline , the midpoint and completion of the study . Cross-sectional population surveys of diabetes risk factors were conducted at baseline and the end of the intervention phase ( n = 295 ) . Surveys of community systems were conducted three times . The project yielded few changes in quantifiable outcomes . Activation of the intervention community was insufficient to enable individual and collective change through dissemination of quality interventions for diabetes prevention and control . Theory and previous research were not sufficiently integrated with information from pre-intervention interviews . Interacting with these limitations were the short planning and intervention phases , just 8 and 16 months , respectively . The level of penetration of the interventions mounted was too limited to be effective . Attention to process is warranted and to the feasibility of achieving effects within 24 months 
    Output:
    