human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Dyslipidemia is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is also a common feature of obesity . Curcumin is a bioactive phytochemical with well-known antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , and cardioprotective properties . The present study investigated the hypolipidemic activity of curcumin in obese individuals . Participants ( n = 30 ) were treated with curcuminoids ( 1 g/day ) , or placebo in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover trial . Serum concentrations of total cholesterol , triglycerides , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , together with anthropometric parameters and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were measured before and after each treatment period . Anthropometric parameters including weight , BMI , waist circumference , hip circumference , arm circumference , and body fat remained statistically unchanged by the end of trial ( p > 0.05 ) . As for the lipid profile parameters , serum triglycerides were significantly reduced following curcumin supplementation ( p = 0.009 ) . However , curcuminoids were not found to affect serum levels of total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( p > 0.05 ) . In summary , the findings of the present study indicated that curcuminoid supplementation ( 1 g/day for 30 days ) leads to a significant reduction in serum triglycerides concentrations but do not have a significant influence on other lipid profile parameters as well as body mass index and body fat Background and Purpose — Treatment with statins reduces the rate of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients , but residual risk persists . At least part of that risk may be attributable to atherogenic dyslipidemia characterized by low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( ⩽40 mg/dL ) and high triglycerides ( triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL ) . Methods — We studied subjects with stroke or transient ischemic attack in the Prevention of Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Events of Ischemic Origin With Terutroban  in Patients With a History of Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack ( PERFORM ; n=19 100 ) and Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels ( SPARCL ; n=4731 ) trials who were treated with a statin and who had high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides measurements 3 months after r and omization ( n=10 498 and 2900 , respectively ) . The primary outcome measure for this exploratory analysis was the occurrence of major cardiovascular events ( nonfatal myocardial infa rct ion , nonfatal stroke , or cardiovascular death ) . We also performed a time-varying analysis to account for all available high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride measurements . Results — A total of 10 % of subjects in PERFORM and 9 % in SPARCL had atherogenic dyslipidemia after ≥3 months on start statin therapy . After a follow-up of 2.3 years ( PERFORM ) and 4.9 years ( SPARCL ) , a major cardiovascular event occurred in 1123 and 485 patients in the 2 trials , respectively . The risk of major cardiovascular events was higher in subjects with versus those without atherogenic dyslipidemia in both PERFORM ( hazard ratio , 1.36 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.14–1.63 ) and SPARCL ( hazard ratio , 1.40 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.06–1.85 ) . The association was attenuated after multivariable adjustment ( hazard ratio , 1.23 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.03–1.48 in PERFORM and hazard ratio , 1.24 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.93–1.65 in SPARCL ) . Time-varying analysis confirmed these findings . Conclusions — The presence of atherogenic dyslipidemia was associated with higher residual cardiovascular risk in PERFORM and SPARCL subjects with stroke or transient ischemic attack receiving statin therapy . Specific therapeutic interventions should now be trialed to address this residual risk SCOPE Curcuminoids are poorly bioavailable , but potentially lipid- and inflammation-lowering phytochemicals . We hypothesized that curcuminoids , when administered as a micellar formulation with hundredfold enhanced bioavailability , decrease blood lipids and inflammation in subjects with moderately elevated cholesterol and C-reactive protein concentrations . METHODS AND RESULTS We carried out a r and omized , double-blind , crossover study ( 4-wk washout phase ) with 42 subjects consuming 294 mg curcuminoids per day ( as micelles ) or placebo for 6 wk . At the beginning , after 3 wk and at the end ( 6 wk ) of each intervention , we collected fasting blood sample s to determine curcuminoids , blood lipids , and markers of inflammation , glucose and iron homeostasis , and liver toxicity . Daily ingestion of 98 mg micellar curcuminoids with each principal meal for as little as 3 wk result ed in fasting curcuminoid plasma concentrations of 49 nmol/L. Neither blood lipids , nor markers of inflammation , glucose and iron homeostasis , or liver enzymes differed between curcuminoid and placebo interventions . CONCLUSION Consumption of 98 mg of highly bioavailable curcuminoids with each principal meal sufficed to achieve curcuminoid accumulation in the blood , was safe , and did not alter blood lipids , inflammation , glucose , or iron homeostasis in healthy subjects with slightly elevated blood cholesterol and C-reactive protein Skin is among the first and most heavily damaged organs upon sulphur mustard ( SM ) exposure . Pruritus is the most common chronic skin complication of SM , which adversely affects the quality of life ( QoL ) . However , current therapies for the management of SM-induced pruritus are very limited and associated with side effects . The present trial investigated the efficacy of curcumin in the alleviation of SM-induced chronic pruritic symptoms . A total of ninety-six male Iranian veterans ( age 37 - 59 years ) were r and omised to receive either curcumin ( 1 g/d , n 46 ) or placebo ( n 50 ) for 4 weeks . Serum concentrations of substance P and activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured at baseline and at the end of the trial . Assessment of pruritus severity was performed using the pruritus score , visual analogue scale ( VAS ) and scoring atopic dermatitis ( SCORAD ) index . QoL was evaluated using the Dermatology Life Quality Index ( DLQI ) question naire . Serum concentrations of substance P ( P<0·001 ) as well as activities of superoxide dismutase ( P=0·02 ) , glutathione peroxidase ( P=0·006 ) and catalase ( P<0·001 ) were significantly reduced in the curcumin group , while no significant change was observed in the placebo group . Curcumin supplementation was also associated with significant reductions in measures of pruritus severity including the pruritus score ( P<0·001 ) , VAS score ( P<0·001 ) , overall ( P<0·001 ) and objective SCORAD ( P=0·009 ) , and DLQI 's first question ( P<0·001 ) . None of these measures was significantly changed in the placebo group . As for the QoL , although DLQI scores decreased in both groups ( P<0·001 and P=0·003 in the curcumin and placebo groups , respectively ) , the magnitude of reduction was significantly greater in the curcumin group ( P<0·001 ) . In conclusion , curcumin may be regarded as a natural , safe , widely available and inexpensive treatment for the management of SM-induced chronic pruritus Curcumin is a phytocompound found in the root of turmeric , a common herbal ingredient in many Asian cuisines . The compound contains anti-inflammatory activity , which is mediated through an up-regulation of adiponectin and reduction of leptin . Consumption of curcumin was shown to prevent some deteriorative conditions caused by inflammation , such as ulcerative colitis , rheumatoid arthritis and esophagitis , and so on . Inflammation-associated cardiovascular conditions such as atherosclerosis are common in diabetes patients . The anti-inflammation effect of curcumin might be beneficial to prevent such condition in these patients . We aim to evaluate an antiatherosclerosis effect of curcumin in diabetes patients . Effects of curcumin on risk factors for atherosclerosis were investigated in a 6-month r and omized , double-blinded and placebo-controlled clinical trial that included subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes . An atherosclerosis parameter , the pulse wave velocity , and other metabolic parameters in patients treated with placebo and curcumin were compared . Our results showed that curcumin intervention significantly reduced pulse wave velocity , increased level of serum adiponectin and decreased level of leptin . These results are associated with reduced levels of homeostasis model assessment -insulin resistance , triglyceride , uric acid , visceral fat and total body fat . In summary , a 6-month  curcumin  intervention in type 2 diabetic population lowered the atherogenic risks . In addition , the extract helped to improve relevant metabolic profiles in this high-risk population SCOPE We previously found that curcuminoids  decreased blood glucose and improved insulin resistance by reducing serum free fatty acids ( FFAs ) and increasing fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats . This study was to investigate whether curcuminoids have beneficial effects on type 2 diabetic patients , and its possible mechanisms . METHODS AND RESULTS Overweight/obese type 2 diabetic patients ( BMI ≥ 24.0 ; fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or postpr and ial blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L ) were r and omly assigned to curcuminoids ( 300 mg/day ) or placebo for 3 months . Bodyweight , glycosylated hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c , % ) , serum fasting glucose , FFAs , lipids , and lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ) were determined . A total of 100 patients ( curcuminoids , n = 50 ; placebo , n = 50 ) completed the trial .  Curcuminoids supplementation significantly decreased fasting blood glucose ( p < 0.01 ) , HbA1c ( p = 0.031 ) , and insulin resistance index ( HOMA-IR ) ( p < 0.01 ) in type 2 diabetic patients  . Curcuminoids also led to a significant decrease in serum total FFAs ( p < 0.01 ) , triglycerides ( P = 0.018 ) , an increase in LPL activity ( p < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION These findings suggest a glucose-lowering effect of curcuminoids in type 2 diabetes , which is partially due to decrease in serum FFAs , which may result from promoting fatty acid oxidation and utilization Numerous interventional studies in clinical and pre clinical setting stated that intake of curcumin may provide protection against cardiovascular disease . The aim of this trial was investigation of curcumin efficiency on some cardiovascular risk factors in patients with coronary artery disease ( CAD ) . A total of 33 patients with CAD who fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria were entered the study . Patients were r and omly assigned to receive curcumin or placebo , 500 mg capsules , four times daily for 8 weeks . Lipid profile , blood glucose and high sensitive C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) levels were analyzed at baseline and two months after treatment . Serum levels of triglycerides ( P=0.01 ) , LDL-cholesterol ( P=0.03 ) and VLDL-cholesterol ( P=0.04 ) significantly decreased in the curcumin group compared to baseline , without significant changes in total cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , blood glucose and hs-CRP levels . In all mentioned laboratory parameters , significant difference was not detected between curcumin and placebo . Although curcumin improved some of lipid profile components , it did not show appreciable effect on inflammatory markers in patients with CAD . Therefore , more detailed assessment of metabolic effects or anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin need to perform by extensive human study Background . Obesity is a disorder often accompanied by a heightened state of systemic inflammation and immunoactivation . The present r and omized crossover trial aim ed to investigate the efficacy of curcumin , a bioactive polyphenol with established anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects , on the serum levels of a panel of cytokines and mediators in obese individuals . Methods . Thirty obese individuals were r and omized to receive curcumin at a daily dose of 1 g or a matched placebo for 4 weeks . Following a 2-week wash-out period , each group was assigned to the alternate 
    Output:
    
agent
The effects of curcuminoids on lipids were not found to be dependent on the duration of supplementation .
Conclusion : This meta- analysis has shown that curcuminoid therapy significantly reduces plasma triglycerides and increases HDL-C levels
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Dyslipidemia is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is also a common feature of obesity . Curcumin is a bioactive phytochemical with well-known antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , and cardioprotective properties . The present study investigated the hypolipidemic activity of curcumin in obese individuals . Participants ( n = 30 ) were treated with curcuminoids ( 1 g/day ) , or placebo in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover trial . Serum concentrations of total cholesterol , triglycerides , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , together with anthropometric parameters and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were measured before and after each treatment period . Anthropometric parameters including weight , BMI , waist circumference , hip circumference , arm circumference , and body fat remained statistically unchanged by the end of trial ( p > 0.05 ) . As for the lipid profile parameters , serum triglycerides were significantly reduced following curcumin supplementation ( p = 0.009 ) . However , curcuminoids were not found to affect serum levels of total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( p > 0.05 ) . In summary , the findings of the present study indicated that curcuminoid supplementation ( 1 g/day for 30 days ) leads to a significant reduction in serum triglycerides concentrations but do not have a significant influence on other lipid profile parameters as well as body mass index and body fat Background and Purpose — Treatment with statins reduces the rate of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients , but residual risk persists . At least part of that risk may be attributable to atherogenic dyslipidemia characterized by low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( ⩽40 mg/dL ) and high triglycerides ( triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL ) . Methods — We studied subjects with stroke or transient ischemic attack in the Prevention of Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Events of Ischemic Origin With Terutroban  in Patients With a History of Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack ( PERFORM ; n=19 100 ) and Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels ( SPARCL ; n=4731 ) trials who were treated with a statin and who had high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides measurements 3 months after r and omization ( n=10 498 and 2900 , respectively ) . The primary outcome measure for this exploratory analysis was the occurrence of major cardiovascular events ( nonfatal myocardial infa rct ion , nonfatal stroke , or cardiovascular death ) . We also performed a time-varying analysis to account for all available high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride measurements . Results — A total of 10 % of subjects in PERFORM and 9 % in SPARCL had atherogenic dyslipidemia after ≥3 months on start statin therapy . After a follow-up of 2.3 years ( PERFORM ) and 4.9 years ( SPARCL ) , a major cardiovascular event occurred in 1123 and 485 patients in the 2 trials , respectively . The risk of major cardiovascular events was higher in subjects with versus those without atherogenic dyslipidemia in both PERFORM ( hazard ratio , 1.36 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.14–1.63 ) and SPARCL ( hazard ratio , 1.40 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.06–1.85 ) . The association was attenuated after multivariable adjustment ( hazard ratio , 1.23 ; 95 % confidence interval , 1.03–1.48 in PERFORM and hazard ratio , 1.24 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.93–1.65 in SPARCL ) . Time-varying analysis confirmed these findings . Conclusions — The presence of atherogenic dyslipidemia was associated with higher residual cardiovascular risk in PERFORM and SPARCL subjects with stroke or transient ischemic attack receiving statin therapy . Specific therapeutic interventions should now be trialed to address this residual risk SCOPE Curcuminoids are poorly bioavailable , but potentially lipid- and inflammation-lowering phytochemicals . We hypothesized that curcuminoids , when administered as a micellar formulation with hundredfold enhanced bioavailability , decrease blood lipids and inflammation in subjects with moderately elevated cholesterol and C-reactive protein concentrations . METHODS AND RESULTS We carried out a r and omized , double-blind , crossover study ( 4-wk washout phase ) with 42 subjects consuming 294 mg curcuminoids per day ( as micelles ) or placebo for 6 wk . At the beginning , after 3 wk and at the end ( 6 wk ) of each intervention , we collected fasting blood sample s to determine curcuminoids , blood lipids , and markers of inflammation , glucose and iron homeostasis , and liver toxicity . Daily ingestion of 98 mg micellar curcuminoids with each principal meal for as little as 3 wk result ed in fasting curcuminoid plasma concentrations of 49 nmol/L. Neither blood lipids , nor markers of inflammation , glucose and iron homeostasis , or liver enzymes differed between curcuminoid and placebo interventions . CONCLUSION Consumption of 98 mg of highly bioavailable curcuminoids with each principal meal sufficed to achieve curcuminoid accumulation in the blood , was safe , and did not alter blood lipids , inflammation , glucose , or iron homeostasis in healthy subjects with slightly elevated blood cholesterol and C-reactive protein Skin is among the first and most heavily damaged organs upon sulphur mustard ( SM ) exposure . Pruritus is the most common chronic skin complication of SM , which adversely affects the quality of life ( QoL ) . However , current therapies for the management of SM-induced pruritus are very limited and associated with side effects . The present trial investigated the efficacy of curcumin in the alleviation of SM-induced chronic pruritic symptoms . A total of ninety-six male Iranian veterans ( age 37 - 59 years ) were r and omised to receive either curcumin ( 1 g/d , n 46 ) or placebo ( n 50 ) for 4 weeks . Serum concentrations of substance P and activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured at baseline and at the end of the trial . Assessment of pruritus severity was performed using the pruritus score , visual analogue scale ( VAS ) and scoring atopic dermatitis ( SCORAD ) index . QoL was evaluated using the Dermatology Life Quality Index ( DLQI ) question naire . Serum concentrations of substance P ( P<0·001 ) as well as activities of superoxide dismutase ( P=0·02 ) , glutathione peroxidase ( P=0·006 ) and catalase ( P<0·001 ) were significantly reduced in the curcumin group , while no significant change was observed in the placebo group . Curcumin supplementation was also associated with significant reductions in measures of pruritus severity including the pruritus score ( P<0·001 ) , VAS score ( P<0·001 ) , overall ( P<0·001 ) and objective SCORAD ( P=0·009 ) , and DLQI 's first question ( P<0·001 ) . None of these measures was significantly changed in the placebo group . As for the QoL , although DLQI scores decreased in both groups ( P<0·001 and P=0·003 in the curcumin and placebo groups , respectively ) , the magnitude of reduction was significantly greater in the curcumin group ( P<0·001 ) . In conclusion , curcumin may be regarded as a natural , safe , widely available and inexpensive treatment for the management of SM-induced chronic pruritus Curcumin is a phytocompound found in the root of turmeric , a common herbal ingredient in many Asian cuisines . The compound contains anti-inflammatory activity , which is mediated through an up-regulation of adiponectin and reduction of leptin . Consumption of curcumin was shown to prevent some deteriorative conditions caused by inflammation , such as ulcerative colitis , rheumatoid arthritis and esophagitis , and so on . Inflammation-associated cardiovascular conditions such as atherosclerosis are common in diabetes patients . The anti-inflammation effect of curcumin might be beneficial to prevent such condition in these patients . We aim to evaluate an antiatherosclerosis effect of curcumin in diabetes patients . Effects of curcumin on risk factors for atherosclerosis were investigated in a 6-month r and omized , double-blinded and placebo-controlled clinical trial that included subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes . An atherosclerosis parameter , the pulse wave velocity , and other metabolic parameters in patients treated with placebo and curcumin were compared . Our results showed that curcumin intervention significantly reduced pulse wave velocity , increased level of serum adiponectin and decreased level of leptin . These results are associated with reduced levels of homeostasis model assessment -insulin resistance , triglyceride , uric acid , visceral fat and total body fat . In summary , a 6-month  curcumin  intervention in type 2 diabetic population lowered the atherogenic risks . In addition , the extract helped to improve relevant metabolic profiles in this high-risk population SCOPE We previously found that curcuminoids  decreased blood glucose and improved insulin resistance by reducing serum free fatty acids ( FFAs ) and increasing fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats . This study was to investigate whether curcuminoids have beneficial effects on type 2 diabetic patients , and its possible mechanisms . METHODS AND RESULTS Overweight/obese type 2 diabetic patients ( BMI ≥ 24.0 ; fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or postpr and ial blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L ) were r and omly assigned to curcuminoids ( 300 mg/day ) or placebo for 3 months . Bodyweight , glycosylated hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c , % ) , serum fasting glucose , FFAs , lipids , and lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ) were determined . A total of 100 patients ( curcuminoids , n = 50 ; placebo , n = 50 ) completed the trial .  Curcuminoids supplementation significantly decreased fasting blood glucose ( p < 0.01 ) , HbA1c ( p = 0.031 ) , and insulin resistance index ( HOMA-IR ) ( p < 0.01 ) in type 2 diabetic patients  . Curcuminoids also led to a significant decrease in serum total FFAs ( p < 0.01 ) , triglycerides ( P = 0.018 ) , an increase in LPL activity ( p < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION These findings suggest a glucose-lowering effect of curcuminoids in type 2 diabetes , which is partially due to decrease in serum FFAs , which may result from promoting fatty acid oxidation and utilization Numerous interventional studies in clinical and pre clinical setting stated that intake of curcumin may provide protection against cardiovascular disease . The aim of this trial was investigation of curcumin efficiency on some cardiovascular risk factors in patients with coronary artery disease ( CAD ) . A total of 33 patients with CAD who fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria were entered the study . Patients were r and omly assigned to receive curcumin or placebo , 500 mg capsules , four times daily for 8 weeks . Lipid profile , blood glucose and high sensitive C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) levels were analyzed at baseline and two months after treatment . Serum levels of triglycerides ( P=0.01 ) , LDL-cholesterol ( P=0.03 ) and VLDL-cholesterol ( P=0.04 ) significantly decreased in the curcumin group compared to baseline , without significant changes in total cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , blood glucose and hs-CRP levels . In all mentioned laboratory parameters , significant difference was not detected between curcumin and placebo . Although curcumin improved some of lipid profile components , it did not show appreciable effect on inflammatory markers in patients with CAD . Therefore , more detailed assessment of metabolic effects or anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin need to perform by extensive human study Background . Obesity is a disorder often accompanied by a heightened state of systemic inflammation and immunoactivation . The present r and omized crossover trial aim ed to investigate the efficacy of curcumin , a bioactive polyphenol with established anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects , on the serum levels of a panel of cytokines and mediators in obese individuals . Methods . Thirty obese individuals were r and omized to receive curcumin at a daily dose of 1 g or a matched placebo for 4 weeks . Following a 2-week wash-out period , each group was assigned to the alternate 
    Output:
    