human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine whether hatha yoga is an efficacious adjunctive intervention for individuals with continued depressive symptoms despite antidepressant treatment . METHOD We conducted a r and omized controlled trial of weekly yoga classes ( n = 63 ) v. health education classes ( Healthy Living Workshop ; HLW ; n = 59 ) in individuals with elevated depression symptoms and antidepressant medication use . HLW served as an attention-control group . The intervention period was 10 weeks , with follow-up assessment s 3 and 6 months afterwards . The primary outcome was depression symptom severity assessed by blind rater at 10 weeks . Secondary outcomes included depression symptoms over the entire intervention and follow-up periods , social and role functioning , general health perceptions , pain , and physical functioning . RESULTS At 10 weeks , we did not find a statistically significant difference between groups in depression symptoms ( b = -0.82 , s.e . = 0.88 , p = 0.36 ) . However , over the entire intervention and follow-up period , when controlling for baseline , yoga participants showed lower levels of depression than HLW participants ( b = -1.38 , s.e . = 0.57 , p = 0.02 ) . At 6-month follow-up , 51 % of yoga participants demonstrated a response ( ⩾50 % reduction in depression symptoms ) compared with 31 % of HLW participants ( odds ratio = 2.31 ; p = 0.04 ) . Yoga participants showed significantly better social and role functioning and general health perceptions over time . CONCLUSIONS Although we did not see a difference in depression symptoms at the end of the intervention period , yoga participants showed fewer depression symptoms over the entire follow-up period . Benefits of yoga may accumulate over time We conducted a pilot r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) comparing a prenatal yoga intervention to perinatal-focused health education in pregnant women with depression . Findings document acceptability and feasibility of the yoga intervention : no yoga-related injuries were observed , instructors showed fidelity to the yoga manual , and women rated interventions as acceptable . Although improvements in depression were not statistically different between groups , they favored yoga . This study provides support for a larger scale RCT examining prenatal yoga to improve mood during pregnancy BACKGROUND Current interventions for major depressive disorder ( MDD ) are suboptimal , and only one third respond to them on initial treatment . Neuroplasticity theories are the basis for several emerging treatments . Evidence on the impact of yoga , a well-known mind-body intervention , on neuroplasticity in MDD is limited . OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of 12-week yoga- and meditation-based lifestyle intervention ( YMLI ) on depression severity and systemic biomarkers of neuroplasticity in adult MDD patients on routine drug treatment . METHODS A total of 58 MDD patients were r and omized into yoga or control group . The severity of depression was assessed with Beck Depression Inventory-II scale ( BDI-II ) . Blood sample s were collected before and after intervention for the measurement of the biomarkers that characterize neuroplasticity , including mind-body communicative and cellular health biomarkers . RESULTS There was a significant decrease [ difference between means , ( 95 % CI ) ] in BDI-II score [ -5.83 ( -7.27 , -4.39 ) , p < 0.001 ] and significant increase in BDNF ( ng/ml ) [ 5.48 ( 3.50 , 7.46 ) , p < 0.001 ] after YMLI compared to control group . YMLI significantly increased DHEAS , sirtuin 1 , and telomerase activity levels , and decreased cortisol , and IL-6 levels , in addition to decreasing DNA damage and balancing oxidative stress . Multiple regression analyses were used to associate neuroplasticity biomarkers with depression severity . A ' post-intervention change in BDNF ' x ' group ' interaction indicated that yoga group had more BDNF in association with less BDI-II scores relative to controls . Increased sirtuin 1 and telomerase activity and decreased cortisol significantly predicted this association ( all p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION These results suggest that decrease in depression severity after YMLI in MDD is associated with improved systemic biomarkers of neuroplasticity . Thus YMLI can be considered as a therapeutic intervention in MDD management Background : Exercise training may be especially helpful for patients with generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) . We conducted a r and omized controlled trial to quantify the effects of 6 weeks of resistance ( RET ) or aerobic exercise training ( AET ) on remission and worry symptoms among sedentary patients with GAD . Methods : Thirty sedentary women aged 18–37 years , diagnosed by clinicians blinded to treatment allocation with a primary DSM-IV diagnosis of GAD and not engaged in any treatment other than pharmacotherapy , were r and omly allocated to RET , AET , or a wait list ( WL ) . RET involved 2 weekly sessions of lower-body weightlifting . AET involved 2 weekly sessions of leg cycling matched with RET for body region , positive work , time actively engaged in exercise , and load progression . Remission was measured by the number needed to treat ( NNT ) . Worry symptoms were measured by the Penn State Worry Question naire . Results : There were no adverse events . Remission rates were 60 % , 40 % , and 30 % for RET , AET , and WL , respectively . The NNT was 3 ( 95 % CI 2 to 56 ) for RET and 10 ( 95 % CI –7 to 3 ) for AET . A significant condition-by-time interaction was found for worry symptoms . A follow-up contrast showed significant reductions in worry symptoms for combined exercise conditions versus the WL . Conclusions : Exercise training , including RET , is a feasible , low-risk treatment that can potentially reduce worry symptoms among GAD patients and may be an effective adjuvant , short-term treatment or augmentation for GAD . Preliminary findings warrant further investigation OBJECTIVES The impact of Hatha yoga as add-on treatment to quetiapine fumarate extended release ( QXR ) or escitalopram ( ESC ) in depressed patients on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal ( HPA ) axis activity was assessed . METHODS 60 in patients suffering from major depressive disorder ( MDD ) according to DSM-IV were r and omized for a 5 week treatment with Yoga or not ( control group ) and with either QXR ( 300 mg/day ) or ESC ( 10 mg/day ) . Serial dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone ( DEX/CRH ) tests were performed to assess HPA axis function . The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( 21-HAMD ) was used weekly . RESULTS A more pronounced down regulation of the HPA axis activity due to yoga could not be detected . The stepwise long term cortisol reduction was seen in both medication groups , irrespectively of yoga add-on treatment . In addition , cortisol improvers in week 1 of therapy ( reduction in cortisol peak value within the DEX/CRH test ) reached significant greater amelioration of depressive symptoms after 5 weeks . CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that antidepressant agents down regulate HPA axis function to a greater extent than additional Hatha yoga treatment . Moreover , an early reduction of HPA system hyperactivity after one week of pharmacological treatment seems to raise the possibility of a favorable treatment response Exercise can be used to treat depression but there is a lack of evidence regarding the optimal intensity and mode . Our aim was to compare the effects of different exercise intensities on post-treatment depression severity . People aged 18 - 67years with mild to moderate depression ( Patient Health Question naire-9 score of ≥10 ) participated in a single-blind , parallel r and omized control trial lasting 12-weeks ( Sweden 2011 - 2013 ) . Four treatment arms were included : treatment as usual ( TAU ) ( n=310 ) , light exercise ( yoga or similar n=106 ) , moderate exercise ( aerobic conditioning , n=105 ) and vigorous exercise ( aerobic conditioning , n=99 ) . Depression severity was measured at baseline and post-treatment using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale ( MADRS ) . Differences between the groups in depression severity at post-treatment were analysed using linear regression . Differences in exercise intensity were confirmed by heart rate monitoring . At post-treatment , the light ( -4.05 Confidence Interval (CI)=-5.94 , -2.17 ) , moderate ( -2.08 CI=-3.98 , -0.18 ) and vigorous exercise groups ( -3.13 CI=-5.07 , -1.19 ) had reduced their MADRS scores significantly more than TAU . No significant differences were found between the exercise groups , and no significant interaction effect was observed between group and gender . In conclusion , exercise , whether performed at a low ( yoga or similar ) , moderate or vigorous intensity ( aerobic training ) is effective in treating mild to moderate depression and is at least as effective as treatment as usual by a physician Background : The dem and for clinical ly efficacious , safe , patient acceptable , and cost-effective forms of treatment for mental illness is growing . Several studies have demonstrated benefit from yoga in specific psychiatric symptoms and a general sense of well-being . Objective : To systematic ally examine the evidence for efficacy of yoga in the treatment of selected major psychiatric disorders . Methods : Electronic search es of The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the st and ard bibliographic data bases , MEDLINE , EMBASE , and PsycINFO , were performed through April 2011 and an up date d in June 2011 using the keywords yoga AND psychiatry OR depression OR anxiety OR schizophrenia OR cognition OR memory OR attention AND r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) . Studies with yoga as the independent variable and one of the above mentioned terms as the dependent variable were included and exclusion criteria were applied . Results : The search yielded a total of 124 trials , of which 16 met rigorous criteria for the final review . Grade B evidence supporting a potential acute benefit for yoga exists in depression ( four RCTs ) , as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia ( three RCTs ) , in children with ADHD ( two RCTs ) , and Grade C evidence in sleep complaints ( three RCTs ) . RCTs in cognitive disorders and eating disorders yielded conflicting results . No studies looked at primary prevention , relapse prevention , or comparative effectiveness versus pharmacotherapy . Conclusion : There is emerging evidence from r and omized trials to support popular beliefs about yoga for depression , sleep disorders , and as an augmentation therapy . Limitations of literature include inability to do double-blind studies , multiplicity of comparisons within small studies , and lack of replication . Biomarker and neuroimaging studies , those comparing yoga with st and ard pharmaco- and psychotherapies , and studies of long-term efficacy are needed to fully translate the promise of yoga for enhancing mental health Background Conventional pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies for major depression are associated with limited adherence to care and relatively low remission rates . Yoga may offer an alternative treatment option , but rigorous studies are few . This r and omized controlled trial with blinded outcome assessors examined an 8-week hatha yoga intervention as mono-therapy for mild-to-moderate major depression . Methods Investigators recruited 38 adults in San Francisco meeting criteria for major depression of mild-to-moderate severity , per structured psychiatric interview and scores of 14–28 on Beck Depression Inventory-II ( BDI ) . At screening , individuals engaged in psychotherapy , antidepressant pharmacotherapy , herbal or nutraceutical mood therapies , or mind-body practice s were excluded . Participants were 68 % female , with mean age 43.4 years ( SD = 14.8 , range = 22–72 ) , and mean BDI score 22.4 ( SD = 4.5 ) . Twenty participants were r and omized to 90-minute hatha yoga practice groups twice weekly for 8 weeks . Eighteen participants were r and omized to 90-minute attention control education groups twice weekly for 8 weeks . Certified yoga instructors delivered both interventions at a university clinic . Primary outcome was depression severity , measured by BDI scores every 2 weeks from baseline to 8 weeks . Secondary outcomes were self-efficacy and self-esteem , measured by scores on the General Self-Efficacy Scale ( GSES ) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale ( RSES ) at baseline and at 8 weeks . Results In intent-to-treat analysis , yoga participants exhibited significantly greater 8-week decline in BDI scores  than controls ( p-value = 0.034 ) . In sub-analyses of participants completing final 8-week measures , yoga participants were more likely to achieve remission , defined per final BDI score ≤ 9 ( p-value = 0.018 ) . Effect size of yoga in reducing BDI scores was large , per Cohen ’s d = -0.96 [ 95%CI , -1.81 to -0.12 ] . Intervention groups did not differ significantly in 8-week change scores for either the GSES or RSES . Conclusion In adults with mild-to-moderate major depression , an 8-week hatha yoga intervention result ed in statistically and clinical ly significant reductions in depression severity . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov The purpose of this study was to compare the effects 
    Output:
    
agent
With this caveat in mind , the results of the current meta- analysis suggest that hatha yoga does not have effects on acute , chronic and /or treatment-resistant mood and anxiety disorders compared to treatment as usual or active control groups .
However , when compared to psychoeducation , hatha yoga showed more reductions in depression .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine whether hatha yoga is an efficacious adjunctive intervention for individuals with continued depressive symptoms despite antidepressant treatment . METHOD We conducted a r and omized controlled trial of weekly yoga classes ( n = 63 ) v. health education classes ( Healthy Living Workshop ; HLW ; n = 59 ) in individuals with elevated depression symptoms and antidepressant medication use . HLW served as an attention-control group . The intervention period was 10 weeks , with follow-up assessment s 3 and 6 months afterwards . The primary outcome was depression symptom severity assessed by blind rater at 10 weeks . Secondary outcomes included depression symptoms over the entire intervention and follow-up periods , social and role functioning , general health perceptions , pain , and physical functioning . RESULTS At 10 weeks , we did not find a statistically significant difference between groups in depression symptoms ( b = -0.82 , s.e . = 0.88 , p = 0.36 ) . However , over the entire intervention and follow-up period , when controlling for baseline , yoga participants showed lower levels of depression than HLW participants ( b = -1.38 , s.e . = 0.57 , p = 0.02 ) . At 6-month follow-up , 51 % of yoga participants demonstrated a response ( ⩾50 % reduction in depression symptoms ) compared with 31 % of HLW participants ( odds ratio = 2.31 ; p = 0.04 ) . Yoga participants showed significantly better social and role functioning and general health perceptions over time . CONCLUSIONS Although we did not see a difference in depression symptoms at the end of the intervention period , yoga participants showed fewer depression symptoms over the entire follow-up period . Benefits of yoga may accumulate over time We conducted a pilot r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) comparing a prenatal yoga intervention to perinatal-focused health education in pregnant women with depression . Findings document acceptability and feasibility of the yoga intervention : no yoga-related injuries were observed , instructors showed fidelity to the yoga manual , and women rated interventions as acceptable . Although improvements in depression were not statistically different between groups , they favored yoga . This study provides support for a larger scale RCT examining prenatal yoga to improve mood during pregnancy BACKGROUND Current interventions for major depressive disorder ( MDD ) are suboptimal , and only one third respond to them on initial treatment . Neuroplasticity theories are the basis for several emerging treatments . Evidence on the impact of yoga , a well-known mind-body intervention , on neuroplasticity in MDD is limited . OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of 12-week yoga- and meditation-based lifestyle intervention ( YMLI ) on depression severity and systemic biomarkers of neuroplasticity in adult MDD patients on routine drug treatment . METHODS A total of 58 MDD patients were r and omized into yoga or control group . The severity of depression was assessed with Beck Depression Inventory-II scale ( BDI-II ) . Blood sample s were collected before and after intervention for the measurement of the biomarkers that characterize neuroplasticity , including mind-body communicative and cellular health biomarkers . RESULTS There was a significant decrease [ difference between means , ( 95 % CI ) ] in BDI-II score [ -5.83 ( -7.27 , -4.39 ) , p < 0.001 ] and significant increase in BDNF ( ng/ml ) [ 5.48 ( 3.50 , 7.46 ) , p < 0.001 ] after YMLI compared to control group . YMLI significantly increased DHEAS , sirtuin 1 , and telomerase activity levels , and decreased cortisol , and IL-6 levels , in addition to decreasing DNA damage and balancing oxidative stress . Multiple regression analyses were used to associate neuroplasticity biomarkers with depression severity . A ' post-intervention change in BDNF ' x ' group ' interaction indicated that yoga group had more BDNF in association with less BDI-II scores relative to controls . Increased sirtuin 1 and telomerase activity and decreased cortisol significantly predicted this association ( all p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION These results suggest that decrease in depression severity after YMLI in MDD is associated with improved systemic biomarkers of neuroplasticity . Thus YMLI can be considered as a therapeutic intervention in MDD management Background : Exercise training may be especially helpful for patients with generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) . We conducted a r and omized controlled trial to quantify the effects of 6 weeks of resistance ( RET ) or aerobic exercise training ( AET ) on remission and worry symptoms among sedentary patients with GAD . Methods : Thirty sedentary women aged 18–37 years , diagnosed by clinicians blinded to treatment allocation with a primary DSM-IV diagnosis of GAD and not engaged in any treatment other than pharmacotherapy , were r and omly allocated to RET , AET , or a wait list ( WL ) . RET involved 2 weekly sessions of lower-body weightlifting . AET involved 2 weekly sessions of leg cycling matched with RET for body region , positive work , time actively engaged in exercise , and load progression . Remission was measured by the number needed to treat ( NNT ) . Worry symptoms were measured by the Penn State Worry Question naire . Results : There were no adverse events . Remission rates were 60 % , 40 % , and 30 % for RET , AET , and WL , respectively . The NNT was 3 ( 95 % CI 2 to 56 ) for RET and 10 ( 95 % CI –7 to 3 ) for AET . A significant condition-by-time interaction was found for worry symptoms . A follow-up contrast showed significant reductions in worry symptoms for combined exercise conditions versus the WL . Conclusions : Exercise training , including RET , is a feasible , low-risk treatment that can potentially reduce worry symptoms among GAD patients and may be an effective adjuvant , short-term treatment or augmentation for GAD . Preliminary findings warrant further investigation OBJECTIVES The impact of Hatha yoga as add-on treatment to quetiapine fumarate extended release ( QXR ) or escitalopram ( ESC ) in depressed patients on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal ( HPA ) axis activity was assessed . METHODS 60 in patients suffering from major depressive disorder ( MDD ) according to DSM-IV were r and omized for a 5 week treatment with Yoga or not ( control group ) and with either QXR ( 300 mg/day ) or ESC ( 10 mg/day ) . Serial dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone ( DEX/CRH ) tests were performed to assess HPA axis function . The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( 21-HAMD ) was used weekly . RESULTS A more pronounced down regulation of the HPA axis activity due to yoga could not be detected . The stepwise long term cortisol reduction was seen in both medication groups , irrespectively of yoga add-on treatment . In addition , cortisol improvers in week 1 of therapy ( reduction in cortisol peak value within the DEX/CRH test ) reached significant greater amelioration of depressive symptoms after 5 weeks . CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that antidepressant agents down regulate HPA axis function to a greater extent than additional Hatha yoga treatment . Moreover , an early reduction of HPA system hyperactivity after one week of pharmacological treatment seems to raise the possibility of a favorable treatment response Exercise can be used to treat depression but there is a lack of evidence regarding the optimal intensity and mode . Our aim was to compare the effects of different exercise intensities on post-treatment depression severity . People aged 18 - 67years with mild to moderate depression ( Patient Health Question naire-9 score of ≥10 ) participated in a single-blind , parallel r and omized control trial lasting 12-weeks ( Sweden 2011 - 2013 ) . Four treatment arms were included : treatment as usual ( TAU ) ( n=310 ) , light exercise ( yoga or similar n=106 ) , moderate exercise ( aerobic conditioning , n=105 ) and vigorous exercise ( aerobic conditioning , n=99 ) . Depression severity was measured at baseline and post-treatment using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale ( MADRS ) . Differences between the groups in depression severity at post-treatment were analysed using linear regression . Differences in exercise intensity were confirmed by heart rate monitoring . At post-treatment , the light ( -4.05 Confidence Interval (CI)=-5.94 , -2.17 ) , moderate ( -2.08 CI=-3.98 , -0.18 ) and vigorous exercise groups ( -3.13 CI=-5.07 , -1.19 ) had reduced their MADRS scores significantly more than TAU . No significant differences were found between the exercise groups , and no significant interaction effect was observed between group and gender . In conclusion , exercise , whether performed at a low ( yoga or similar ) , moderate or vigorous intensity ( aerobic training ) is effective in treating mild to moderate depression and is at least as effective as treatment as usual by a physician Background : The dem and for clinical ly efficacious , safe , patient acceptable , and cost-effective forms of treatment for mental illness is growing . Several studies have demonstrated benefit from yoga in specific psychiatric symptoms and a general sense of well-being . Objective : To systematic ally examine the evidence for efficacy of yoga in the treatment of selected major psychiatric disorders . Methods : Electronic search es of The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the st and ard bibliographic data bases , MEDLINE , EMBASE , and PsycINFO , were performed through April 2011 and an up date d in June 2011 using the keywords yoga AND psychiatry OR depression OR anxiety OR schizophrenia OR cognition OR memory OR attention AND r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) . Studies with yoga as the independent variable and one of the above mentioned terms as the dependent variable were included and exclusion criteria were applied . Results : The search yielded a total of 124 trials , of which 16 met rigorous criteria for the final review . Grade B evidence supporting a potential acute benefit for yoga exists in depression ( four RCTs ) , as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia ( three RCTs ) , in children with ADHD ( two RCTs ) , and Grade C evidence in sleep complaints ( three RCTs ) . RCTs in cognitive disorders and eating disorders yielded conflicting results . No studies looked at primary prevention , relapse prevention , or comparative effectiveness versus pharmacotherapy . Conclusion : There is emerging evidence from r and omized trials to support popular beliefs about yoga for depression , sleep disorders , and as an augmentation therapy . Limitations of literature include inability to do double-blind studies , multiplicity of comparisons within small studies , and lack of replication . Biomarker and neuroimaging studies , those comparing yoga with st and ard pharmaco- and psychotherapies , and studies of long-term efficacy are needed to fully translate the promise of yoga for enhancing mental health Background Conventional pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies for major depression are associated with limited adherence to care and relatively low remission rates . Yoga may offer an alternative treatment option , but rigorous studies are few . This r and omized controlled trial with blinded outcome assessors examined an 8-week hatha yoga intervention as mono-therapy for mild-to-moderate major depression . Methods Investigators recruited 38 adults in San Francisco meeting criteria for major depression of mild-to-moderate severity , per structured psychiatric interview and scores of 14–28 on Beck Depression Inventory-II ( BDI ) . At screening , individuals engaged in psychotherapy , antidepressant pharmacotherapy , herbal or nutraceutical mood therapies , or mind-body practice s were excluded . Participants were 68 % female , with mean age 43.4 years ( SD = 14.8 , range = 22–72 ) , and mean BDI score 22.4 ( SD = 4.5 ) . Twenty participants were r and omized to 90-minute hatha yoga practice groups twice weekly for 8 weeks . Eighteen participants were r and omized to 90-minute attention control education groups twice weekly for 8 weeks . Certified yoga instructors delivered both interventions at a university clinic . Primary outcome was depression severity , measured by BDI scores every 2 weeks from baseline to 8 weeks . Secondary outcomes were self-efficacy and self-esteem , measured by scores on the General Self-Efficacy Scale ( GSES ) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale ( RSES ) at baseline and at 8 weeks . Results In intent-to-treat analysis , yoga participants exhibited significantly greater 8-week decline in BDI scores  than controls ( p-value = 0.034 ) . In sub-analyses of participants completing final 8-week measures , yoga participants were more likely to achieve remission , defined per final BDI score ≤ 9 ( p-value = 0.018 ) . Effect size of yoga in reducing BDI scores was large , per Cohen ’s d = -0.96 [ 95%CI , -1.81 to -0.12 ] . Intervention groups did not differ significantly in 8-week change scores for either the GSES or RSES . Conclusion In adults with mild-to-moderate major depression , an 8-week hatha yoga intervention result ed in statistically and clinical ly significant reductions in depression severity . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov The purpose of this study was to compare the effects 
    Output:
    