human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Animal studies suggest that the 2 major omega3 fatty acids found in fish , eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , may have differential effects on blood pressure ( BP ) and heart rate ( HR ) . The aim of this study was to determine whether there were significant differences in the effects of purified EPA or DHA on ambulatory BP and HR in humans . In a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of parallel design , 59 overweight , mildly hyperlipidemic men were r and omized to 4 g/d of purified EPA , DHA , or olive oil ( placebo ) capsules and continued their usual diets for 6 weeks . Fifty-six subjects completed the study . Only DHA reduced 24-hour and daytime ( awake ) ambulatory BP ( P<0.05 ) . Relative to the placebo group , 24-hour BP fell 5.8/3.3 ( systolic/diastolic ) mm Hg and daytime BP fell 3.5/2.0 mm Hg with DHA . DHA also significantly reduced 24-hour , daytime , and nighttime ( asleep ) ambulatory HRs ( P=0 . 001 ) . Relative to the placebo group , DHA reduced 24-hour HR by 3 . 5+/-0.8 bpm , daytime HR by 3.7+/-1.2 bpm , and nighttime HR by 2 . 8+/-1.2 . EPA had no significant effect on ambulatory BP or HR . Supplementation with EPA increased plasma phospholipid EPA from 1 . 66+/-0.07 % to 9.83+/-0.06 % ( P<0.0001 ) but did not change DHA levels . Purified DHA capsules increased plasma phospholipid DHA levels from 4.00+/-0.27 % to 10.93+/-0.62 % ( P<0.0001 ) and led to a small , nonsignificant increase in EPA ( 1.52+/-0.12 % to 2.26+/-0.16 % ) . Purified DHA but not EPA reduced ambulatory BP and HR in mildly hyperlipidemic men . The results of this study suggest that DHA is the principal omega3 fatty acid in fish and fish oils that is responsible for their BP- and HR-lowering effects in humans . These results have important implication s for human nutrition and the food industry Background It has been known that hypertension is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . CVD is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries . Elevation of blood pressure ( BP ) increases the adverse effect for cardiovascular outcomes . Prevention of increased BP plays a crucial role in a reduction of those outcomes , leading to a decrease in mortality . Therefore , the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary black sesame meal on BP and oxidative stress in individuals with prehypertension . Methods Twenty-two women and eight men ( aged 49.8 ± 6.6 years ) with prehypertension were r and omly divided into two groups , 15 subjects per group . They ingested 2.52 g black sesame meal capsules or placebo capsules each day for 4 weeks . Blood sample s were obtained after overnight fasting for measurement of plasma lipid , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and vitamin E levels . Anthropometry , body composition and BP were measured before and after 4-week administration of black sesame meal or a placebo . Results The results showed that 4-week administration of black sesame meal significantly decreased systolic BP ( 129.3 ± 6.8 vs. 121.0 ± 9.0 mmHg , P < 0.05 ) and MDA level ( 1.8 ± 0.6 vs. 1.2 ± 0.6 μmol/L , P < 0.05 ) , and increased vitamin E level ( 29.4 ± 6.0 vs. 38.2 ± 7.8 μmol/L , P < 0.01 ) . In the black sesame meal group , the change in SBP tended to be positively related to the change in MDA ( R = 0.50 , P = 0.05 ) , while the change in DBP was negatively related to the change in vitamin E ( R = -0.55 , P < 0.05 ) . There were no correlations between changes in BP and oxidative stress in the control group . Conclusions These results suggest the possible antihypertensive effects of black sesame meal on improving antioxidant status and decreasing oxidant stress . These data may imply a beneficial effect of black sesame meal on prevention of CVD Sesamin , one of the lignans contained in sesame , has been considered to have medicinal effects . It has been reported that sesamin suppressed the development of hypertension in rats . In this study , using a double-blind , cross-over , placebo-controlled trial , we investigated the effect of 4-wk administration of sesamin on blood pressure ( BP ) in mildly hypertensive humans . Twenty-five middle-aged subjects with mild hypertension were divided into two groups , matched by age and body mass index . Twelve subjects were allocated to 4-wk intake of capsules with 60 mg sesamin per day and 13 subjects to 4-wk intake of a placebo ( period 1 ) . After a 4-wk washout period , the subjects received the alternative administration for 4 wk ( period 2 ) . BP decreased with statistical significance with the administration of sesamin ( systolic : 137.6+/-2.2 to 134.1+/-1.7 mmHg , p=0.044 , diastolic : 87.7+/-1.3 to 85.8+/-1.0 mmHg , p=0.045 ) , but little changed with the placebo ( systolic : 135.0+/-1.8 to 135.1+/-1.7 mmHg , diastolic : 85.9+/-1.2 to 86.6+/-1.2 mmHg ) . In conclusion , 4-wk administration of 60 mg sesamin significantly decreased BP by an average of 3.5 mmHg systolic BP and 1.9 mmHg diastolic BP . These results suggest that sesamin has an antihypertensive effect in humans . Epidemiological studies suggested that a 2 - 3 mmHg decrease in BP reduces the rate of cardiovascular diseases ; therefore , it is considered that BP reduction achieved by sesamin may be meaningful to prevent cardiovascular diseases BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pre- clinical studies suggest that sesame and its lignans induce beneficial changes in risk factors related to cardiovascular disease and increase the bioavailability of mammalian lignans . However , only very few intervention trials have investigated the potential bioactivities of sesame in humans . We aim ed to investigate the effects of sesame supplementation in humans on blood lipids , blood pressure , systemic oxidative stress , inflammatory biomarkers and mammalian lignan metabolism . METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a r and omized , placebo-controlled cross-over intervention trial at a university research centre . Overweight or obese men and women ( n=33 ) consumed 25g/d of sesame ( approximately 50mg/d of sesame lignan ) and an iso-caloric placebo matched for macronutrient composition for 5 wks each . Each intervention period was preceded by a 4-wk washout period . Blood lipid profiles , day time ambulatory blood pressure , oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers and urinary mammalian lignans were measured before and after each intervention . Results are presented as the effect of sesame supplementation relative to placebo .  Urinary excretion of the mammalian lignans , enterolactone and enterodiol , increased by approximately 8-fold ( P<0.001 ) . Blood lipids and blood pressure were not altered . In addition , markers of systemic inflammation ( C-reactive protein , interleukin-6 , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ) and lipid peroxidation ( F(2)-isoprostanes ) were not affected . CONCLUSION Supplementation with 25g/d of sesame can significantly increase the exposure to mammalian lignans . However , this did not cause any improvement in markers of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight or obese men and women We examined the effects of high-dosage vitamin E treatment over a 12-month period on the vascular reactivity of micro- and macrocirculation and left ventricular function in diabetic patients . Subjects ( n = 89 ) were r and omized to vitamin E ( 1,800 IU daily ) or placebo and were followed for 12 months . High-resolution ultrasound images were used to measure the flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ; endothelium dependent ) and nitroglycerin-induced dilation ( NID ; endothelium independent ) of the brachial artery . Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was used to measure vascular reactivity in the forearm skin . Left ventricular function was evaluated using transthoracic echocardiogram . At the end of the 6-month period , a worsening in endothelium-dependent skin vasodilation ( P = 0.02 ) and rise in endothelin levels ( P = 0.01 ) were found in the vitamin E compared with the placebo group . At the end of the 12-month period , a worsening was observed in NID ( P = 0.02 ) and a marginal worsening was seen in systolic blood pressure ( P = 0.04 ) and FMD ( P = 0.04 ) in the vitamin E compared with the placebo group . In addition C-reactive protein levels decreased marginally in the vitamin E compared with the placebo group ( P = 0.05 ) . No changes were observed in left ventricular function . We concluded that long-term treatment with 1,800 IU of vitamin E has no beneficial effects on endothelial or left ventricular function in diabetic patients . Because vitamin E-treated patients had a worsening in some vascular reactivity measurements when compared with control subjects , the use of high dosages of vitamin E can not be recommended Background : The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of sesame oil on endothelial function and to detect the underlying mechanisms , both in the postpr and ial state and after long-term consumption . Design : We enrolled 30 hypertensive men in a two-phase study . In the first phase , 26 volunteers consumed 35 g of either sesame oil or control oil .  Endothelial function , inflammatory activation and nitric oxide syntase ( NOS ) inhibition was assessed after a 12-hour fast and 2 hours after consumption of an oil-containing st and ardized meal . In the second phase , 30 volunteers consumed 35 g of sesame oil or control oil daily for 2 months and the above-mentioned parameters were assessed at baseline , 15 , 30 and 60 days . Methods : Endothelial function was estimated by endothelium-dependent FMD ( flow-mediated dilatation ) of the brachial artery . Results : Flow-mediated dilatation ( FMD ) improved significantly both after acute ( p = 0.001 ) and long-term sesame oil consumption ( p = 0.015 , p = 0.005 and p = 0.011 for 15 , 30 and 60 days respectively ) . Intracellular adhesion molecule ( ICAM ) levels decreased significantly after only 60 days of daily sesame oil intake ( p = 0.014 ) . By contrast , no changes were observed in the control group in either phase of the study . Conclusions : This is the first study to show that sesame oil consumption exerts a beneficial effect on endothelial function and this effect is sustained with long-term daily use Several studies have shown that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFA ) are able to lower blood pressure ( BP ) in humans , but large doses of fish oils have been often used . Moreover , most of the studies available in the literature were not able to evaluate the specific effects of n-3 PUFA because they employed fish oils which contain , together with n-3 PUFA , many other different components . The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate if medium-term supplementation with a moderate dose of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) ethyl esters is able to reduce BP in mild hypertensive patients . Sixteen mild essential hypertensive ( diastolic BP : 95 - 104 mm Hg ) , non-diabetic , normolipidemic male out patients and 16 normotensive male controls were recruited to participate in the study . Both hypertensive and control subjects were r and omly assigned to receive either EPA and DHA ethyl esters ( 2.04 g EPA and 1.4 g DHA ) as active treatment or olive oil ( 4 g/day ) as a placebo for a period of 4 months . These subjects were followed up with 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring and blood chemistry analyses at 2 and 4 months of treatment and 2 months after its discontinuation . The intake of n-3 PUFA was checked by red blood cell ( RBC ) phosphatidylcholine ( PC ) fatty acid composition . The effect of n-3 PUFA on BP in the active group was maximum after 2 months . Both systolic ( -6 mm Hg , p<0.05 ) and diastolic ( -5 mm Hg , p<0.05 ) B 
    Output:
    
agent
The two articles that evaluated individuals with dyslipidemia showed improvement in lipid profile .
The mechanisms of action are still being studied .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Animal studies suggest that the 2 major omega3 fatty acids found in fish , eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , may have differential effects on blood pressure ( BP ) and heart rate ( HR ) . The aim of this study was to determine whether there were significant differences in the effects of purified EPA or DHA on ambulatory BP and HR in humans . In a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of parallel design , 59 overweight , mildly hyperlipidemic men were r and omized to 4 g/d of purified EPA , DHA , or olive oil ( placebo ) capsules and continued their usual diets for 6 weeks . Fifty-six subjects completed the study . Only DHA reduced 24-hour and daytime ( awake ) ambulatory BP ( P<0.05 ) . Relative to the placebo group , 24-hour BP fell 5.8/3.3 ( systolic/diastolic ) mm Hg and daytime BP fell 3.5/2.0 mm Hg with DHA . DHA also significantly reduced 24-hour , daytime , and nighttime ( asleep ) ambulatory HRs ( P=0 . 001 ) . Relative to the placebo group , DHA reduced 24-hour HR by 3 . 5+/-0.8 bpm , daytime HR by 3.7+/-1.2 bpm , and nighttime HR by 2 . 8+/-1.2 . EPA had no significant effect on ambulatory BP or HR . Supplementation with EPA increased plasma phospholipid EPA from 1 . 66+/-0.07 % to 9.83+/-0.06 % ( P<0.0001 ) but did not change DHA levels . Purified DHA capsules increased plasma phospholipid DHA levels from 4.00+/-0.27 % to 10.93+/-0.62 % ( P<0.0001 ) and led to a small , nonsignificant increase in EPA ( 1.52+/-0.12 % to 2.26+/-0.16 % ) . Purified DHA but not EPA reduced ambulatory BP and HR in mildly hyperlipidemic men . The results of this study suggest that DHA is the principal omega3 fatty acid in fish and fish oils that is responsible for their BP- and HR-lowering effects in humans . These results have important implication s for human nutrition and the food industry Background It has been known that hypertension is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . CVD is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries . Elevation of blood pressure ( BP ) increases the adverse effect for cardiovascular outcomes . Prevention of increased BP plays a crucial role in a reduction of those outcomes , leading to a decrease in mortality . Therefore , the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary black sesame meal on BP and oxidative stress in individuals with prehypertension . Methods Twenty-two women and eight men ( aged 49.8 ± 6.6 years ) with prehypertension were r and omly divided into two groups , 15 subjects per group . They ingested 2.52 g black sesame meal capsules or placebo capsules each day for 4 weeks . Blood sample s were obtained after overnight fasting for measurement of plasma lipid , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and vitamin E levels . Anthropometry , body composition and BP were measured before and after 4-week administration of black sesame meal or a placebo . Results The results showed that 4-week administration of black sesame meal significantly decreased systolic BP ( 129.3 ± 6.8 vs. 121.0 ± 9.0 mmHg , P < 0.05 ) and MDA level ( 1.8 ± 0.6 vs. 1.2 ± 0.6 μmol/L , P < 0.05 ) , and increased vitamin E level ( 29.4 ± 6.0 vs. 38.2 ± 7.8 μmol/L , P < 0.01 ) . In the black sesame meal group , the change in SBP tended to be positively related to the change in MDA ( R = 0.50 , P = 0.05 ) , while the change in DBP was negatively related to the change in vitamin E ( R = -0.55 , P < 0.05 ) . There were no correlations between changes in BP and oxidative stress in the control group . Conclusions These results suggest the possible antihypertensive effects of black sesame meal on improving antioxidant status and decreasing oxidant stress . These data may imply a beneficial effect of black sesame meal on prevention of CVD Sesamin , one of the lignans contained in sesame , has been considered to have medicinal effects . It has been reported that sesamin suppressed the development of hypertension in rats . In this study , using a double-blind , cross-over , placebo-controlled trial , we investigated the effect of 4-wk administration of sesamin on blood pressure ( BP ) in mildly hypertensive humans . Twenty-five middle-aged subjects with mild hypertension were divided into two groups , matched by age and body mass index . Twelve subjects were allocated to 4-wk intake of capsules with 60 mg sesamin per day and 13 subjects to 4-wk intake of a placebo ( period 1 ) . After a 4-wk washout period , the subjects received the alternative administration for 4 wk ( period 2 ) . BP decreased with statistical significance with the administration of sesamin ( systolic : 137.6+/-2.2 to 134.1+/-1.7 mmHg , p=0.044 , diastolic : 87.7+/-1.3 to 85.8+/-1.0 mmHg , p=0.045 ) , but little changed with the placebo ( systolic : 135.0+/-1.8 to 135.1+/-1.7 mmHg , diastolic : 85.9+/-1.2 to 86.6+/-1.2 mmHg ) . In conclusion , 4-wk administration of 60 mg sesamin significantly decreased BP by an average of 3.5 mmHg systolic BP and 1.9 mmHg diastolic BP . These results suggest that sesamin has an antihypertensive effect in humans . Epidemiological studies suggested that a 2 - 3 mmHg decrease in BP reduces the rate of cardiovascular diseases ; therefore , it is considered that BP reduction achieved by sesamin may be meaningful to prevent cardiovascular diseases BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pre- clinical studies suggest that sesame and its lignans induce beneficial changes in risk factors related to cardiovascular disease and increase the bioavailability of mammalian lignans . However , only very few intervention trials have investigated the potential bioactivities of sesame in humans . We aim ed to investigate the effects of sesame supplementation in humans on blood lipids , blood pressure , systemic oxidative stress , inflammatory biomarkers and mammalian lignan metabolism . METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a r and omized , placebo-controlled cross-over intervention trial at a university research centre . Overweight or obese men and women ( n=33 ) consumed 25g/d of sesame ( approximately 50mg/d of sesame lignan ) and an iso-caloric placebo matched for macronutrient composition for 5 wks each . Each intervention period was preceded by a 4-wk washout period . Blood lipid profiles , day time ambulatory blood pressure , oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers and urinary mammalian lignans were measured before and after each intervention . Results are presented as the effect of sesame supplementation relative to placebo .  Urinary excretion of the mammalian lignans , enterolactone and enterodiol , increased by approximately 8-fold ( P<0.001 ) . Blood lipids and blood pressure were not altered . In addition , markers of systemic inflammation ( C-reactive protein , interleukin-6 , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ) and lipid peroxidation ( F(2)-isoprostanes ) were not affected . CONCLUSION Supplementation with 25g/d of sesame can significantly increase the exposure to mammalian lignans . However , this did not cause any improvement in markers of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight or obese men and women We examined the effects of high-dosage vitamin E treatment over a 12-month period on the vascular reactivity of micro- and macrocirculation and left ventricular function in diabetic patients . Subjects ( n = 89 ) were r and omized to vitamin E ( 1,800 IU daily ) or placebo and were followed for 12 months . High-resolution ultrasound images were used to measure the flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ; endothelium dependent ) and nitroglycerin-induced dilation ( NID ; endothelium independent ) of the brachial artery . Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was used to measure vascular reactivity in the forearm skin . Left ventricular function was evaluated using transthoracic echocardiogram . At the end of the 6-month period , a worsening in endothelium-dependent skin vasodilation ( P = 0.02 ) and rise in endothelin levels ( P = 0.01 ) were found in the vitamin E compared with the placebo group . At the end of the 12-month period , a worsening was observed in NID ( P = 0.02 ) and a marginal worsening was seen in systolic blood pressure ( P = 0.04 ) and FMD ( P = 0.04 ) in the vitamin E compared with the placebo group . In addition C-reactive protein levels decreased marginally in the vitamin E compared with the placebo group ( P = 0.05 ) . No changes were observed in left ventricular function . We concluded that long-term treatment with 1,800 IU of vitamin E has no beneficial effects on endothelial or left ventricular function in diabetic patients . Because vitamin E-treated patients had a worsening in some vascular reactivity measurements when compared with control subjects , the use of high dosages of vitamin E can not be recommended Background : The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of sesame oil on endothelial function and to detect the underlying mechanisms , both in the postpr and ial state and after long-term consumption . Design : We enrolled 30 hypertensive men in a two-phase study . In the first phase , 26 volunteers consumed 35 g of either sesame oil or control oil .  Endothelial function , inflammatory activation and nitric oxide syntase ( NOS ) inhibition was assessed after a 12-hour fast and 2 hours after consumption of an oil-containing st and ardized meal . In the second phase , 30 volunteers consumed 35 g of sesame oil or control oil daily for 2 months and the above-mentioned parameters were assessed at baseline , 15 , 30 and 60 days . Methods : Endothelial function was estimated by endothelium-dependent FMD ( flow-mediated dilatation ) of the brachial artery . Results : Flow-mediated dilatation ( FMD ) improved significantly both after acute ( p = 0.001 ) and long-term sesame oil consumption ( p = 0.015 , p = 0.005 and p = 0.011 for 15 , 30 and 60 days respectively ) . Intracellular adhesion molecule ( ICAM ) levels decreased significantly after only 60 days of daily sesame oil intake ( p = 0.014 ) . By contrast , no changes were observed in the control group in either phase of the study . Conclusions : This is the first study to show that sesame oil consumption exerts a beneficial effect on endothelial function and this effect is sustained with long-term daily use Several studies have shown that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFA ) are able to lower blood pressure ( BP ) in humans , but large doses of fish oils have been often used . Moreover , most of the studies available in the literature were not able to evaluate the specific effects of n-3 PUFA because they employed fish oils which contain , together with n-3 PUFA , many other different components . The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate if medium-term supplementation with a moderate dose of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) ethyl esters is able to reduce BP in mild hypertensive patients . Sixteen mild essential hypertensive ( diastolic BP : 95 - 104 mm Hg ) , non-diabetic , normolipidemic male out patients and 16 normotensive male controls were recruited to participate in the study . Both hypertensive and control subjects were r and omly assigned to receive either EPA and DHA ethyl esters ( 2.04 g EPA and 1.4 g DHA ) as active treatment or olive oil ( 4 g/day ) as a placebo for a period of 4 months . These subjects were followed up with 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring and blood chemistry analyses at 2 and 4 months of treatment and 2 months after its discontinuation . The intake of n-3 PUFA was checked by red blood cell ( RBC ) phosphatidylcholine ( PC ) fatty acid composition . The effect of n-3 PUFA on BP in the active group was maximum after 2 months . Both systolic ( -6 mm Hg , p<0.05 ) and diastolic ( -5 mm Hg , p<0.05 ) B 
    Output:
    