human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: It is generally assumed that the oral contraceptives cause the carrier proteins to change . Notoriously this effect is used to evaluate indirectly their estrogenicity/gestagenicity ratio . In order to assess the residual intrinsic and rogenic activity of two new 19-nor-derivative components , Desogestrel ( DG ) 150 micrograms and Gestodene ( GD ) 75 micrograms , both in association with Ethinylestradiol ( EE ) 30 micrograms , Sex Hormone Binding Globulin , Thyroxine Binding Globulin , Ceruloplasmin and Free And rogen Index ( FAI ) , were studied in 40 young normally cycling healthy volunteers , matched for body mass index and age . The participants were r and omly assigned to either EE-DG or EE-GD treatment . A marked significant increase in all the carrier proteins was found . Conversely , the values for FAI decreased significantly . The changes in the two groups were substantially of the same magnitude . These results are an indirect confirmation of the well-known negligible receptor binding affinity of the two progestogen in vitro , also supporting for these compounds the lack of relevant and rogenic effects The effect of two oral contraceptive ( OC ) pills , both containing 150 micrograms of desogestrel , but with 20 ( Mercilon ) or 30 micrograms ( Marvelon/Desolett ) of ethinyl estradiol on plasma levels of lipids , lipoproteins and sex hormone binding globulin ( SHBG ) , total and free testosterone were compared in a double-blind , r and omized , two-center study in a total of 60 women over one year . A significant rise with Marvelon but not with Mercilon was seen in total cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , HDL-3 and apolipoprotein B , whereas LDL cholesterol decreased with Mercilon only . These effects result ed in significant differences between the two groups in the magnitude of responses in all these parameters except HDL-3 . HDL-2 , apolipoprotein A-1 and total phospholipids were elevated with both pills after treatment and with no difference in the degree of response between groups . The HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio tended to increase in both groups and that of apolipoproteins A-1/B in the women on Mercilon . Total triglycerides increased in both groups , but more in the women on Marvelon . Total testosterone decreased , particularly in the Marvelon group , whereas the two pills caused a similar increase in SHBG and decrease in free testosterone . It is concluded that the direction of changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins with both these pills may as a whole be interpreted as beneficial , and that the differences in effect on LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B may suggest a slightly advantageous effect of Mercilon in this aspect . However , the clinical significance of these changes is uncertain . The results indicate a lack of and rogenicity of both pills This six-cycle , multicenter , open-label , r and omized study compared the clinical experience of two low-dose oral contraceptives ( OC ) : a triphasic OC containing norgestimate ( NGM ) and 35 micrograms ethinyl estradiol ( EE ) ( Ortho Tri-Cyclen ) and a monophasic OC containing norethindrone acetate ( NETA ) and 20 micrograms EE ( Loestrin Fe 1/20 ) .  Cycle control , lipid and and rogen profiles , and user satisfaction were studied in new-start OC users ( i.e. , no prior use within 60 days ) .  Breakthrough bleeding or breakthrough spotting ( BTB/BTS ) occurred in a significantly smaller percentage of NGM/EE users than NETA/EE users during each of six cycles ( p < or = 0.002 ) . The incidence of BTB/BTS ranged from 3.7 % to 13.5 % for NGM/EE users and from 23.5 % to 49.7 % for NETA/EE users . Significantly fewer NGM/EE users than NETA/EE users experienced absence of menses at cycles 2 through 6 ( p < or = 0.003 ) . The percentages of women having no menses at each cycle ranged from 0.9 % to 4.7 % for NGM/EE users and from 10.3 % to 21.3 % for NETA/EE users . NGM/EE users reported a significantly ( p < 0.001 ) higher level of satisfaction with their OC at the end of six cycles than did NETA/EE users , but there was no significant difference in compliance , discontinuation rates , or adverse events between the two groups . NGM/EE produced a significantly ( p < or = 0.001 ) greater beneficial effect on HDL-C , HDL2 , and apo A-I than did NETA/EE . No statistically significant treatment differences were found for total cholesterol , LDL-C , triglycerides , or apo-B. Both OC increased sex hormone binding globulin and decreased free testosterone , but NGM/EE had a significantly greater effect ( p < 0.009 ) BACKGROUND Oral contraceptive is the most commonly used method of fertility control . Yasmin is a combination of a novel progestogen with anti- and rogenic and anti-mineralcorticoid activities ( 3 mg Drospirenone ( DRSP ) and 30 microg ethinylestradiol ( EE ) ) . It has been shown in many clinical trials that Yasmin is an efficacious oral contraceptive , lacking undesired effects as with other oral contraceptives such as weight gain . However the effects of Yasmin on sexual desire and libido have not been intensively investigated so far OBJECTIVE Investigate the effects of Yasmin on sexual desire , libido and changes in the free and rogen index ( FAI ) compare to  Meliane  ( 75 microg gestodene + 20 microg ethinylestradiol ) . MATERIAL AND METHOD The authors ' report the results of a double blind r and omized controlled study using a translated version of the Female Sexual Function Index question naire ( FSFI ) for the assessment of the sexual function . The free and rogen index was calculated from measurements of testosterone and sexual hormone binding globulin . RESULT The result shows statistically significant improvements regarding sexual desire , arousal and overall satisfaction in the Yasmin group . Additionally , an increased frequency of orgasms in the Meliane group was reported . Statistically significant differences between the two treatments regarding changes in the FSFI score and changes in the free and rogen index have not been observed . CONCLUSION The novel oral contraceptive containing drospirenone ( Yasmin ) and the non-anti- and rogenic progestin containing oral contraceptive ( Meliane ) do not show unfavorable effects on sexual response and libido The relationships between plasma free testosterone ( FT ) and measures of sexual attitude , sexual behavior , and gender role behavior were assessed in 55 oral contraceptive-using and 53 nonusing female undergraduates .  Plasma FT and other measures of and rogenicity were substantially lower in the oral contraceptive ( OC ) group . Correlations between FT and certain behavioral and attitudinal measures were found in the OC users but not the nonusers . In the OC users , FT was positively associated with frequency of sexual intercourse but not with frequency of masturbation . It was negatively associated with restrictive sexual morality . Correlations between FT and measures of gender role behavior were negligible , and FT was unrelated to proceptivity , homosexual interest , or the use of sexual fantasy . The occurrence of some predicted correlations among pill-using women but not the nonusers requires explanation , particularly in view of the substantially lower levels of FT in the pill-using group . It is suggested that and rogen — behavior relationships in women are easily obscured by psychosocial influences and in this sample of young women such influences may have been more powerful among those not using OCs . Such psychosocial influences are likely to differ at different stages of women 's life cycles . The importance of controlling for such influences in any study of hormone — sexual behavior relationships in women is emphasized , and the need for prospect i ve studies of women before and after starting on steroidal contraception is recognized The aim of this study was to examine whether changes in plasma and rogen levels ( total testosterone ( T ) , free testosterone ( FT ) , and dehydro-epi and rosterone-sulfate ( DHEA-S ) ) induced by oral contraceptive ( OC ) use were related to changes in sexual interest or response or in mood . Sixty-one women provided blood sample s and were assessed , using interviews and st and ardized question naires , prior to starting , and after 3 months on OCs ( Ortho-Tricyclen , Ortho-Tricyclen-Lo , or Ortho-Cyclen , all containing the same progestagen , norgestimate ) . Significant decreases in T , FT , and DHEA-S were found after 3 months , although the extent of reduction was variable across women . There was some support for a relationship between the degree of reduction in total T and FT and the frequency of sexual thoughts after 3 months on OCs . However , some women had no loss of sexual interest in spite of substantial reduction in FT , and there was overall no evidence that reduction in FT affected enjoyment of sexual activity with a partner . The findings are consistent with the idea that some women may be more sensitive to changes in T than others . No relationship was found between negative mood , as assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory , and changes in T , FT , or OBJECTIVE To compare complications of third and second generation oral contraceptive pills ( OCPs ) . METHODS In a r and omized clinical trial from October 2007 to October 2008 , 100 healthy women of reproductive age referred to Amir Hospital Family Planning Clinic and some heath centers in Semnan , Iran were r and omized in 2 equal groups . They received either a third generation OCP ( 150 microgram desogestrel [ DSG ] + 30 microgram ethinylestradiol [ EE ] ) or a second generation type ( 150 microgram levonorgestrel [ LNG ] + 30 microgram EE ) . Six months later , changes of weight , acne , and hirsutism severity , as well as serum titers of sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG ) and free testosterone were compared between the 2 groups . RESULTS Forty-five women were evaluated in the DSG+EE OCP group , and 46 women in the LNG+EE OCP group . The BMI was significantly higher in the second group ( p=0.000 ) after 6 months duration . Likewise , the decrement of acne and hirsutism severity was significantly higher in the DSG+EE users ( p=0.000 ) . Mean changes of serum free testosterone ( p=0.967 ) and SHBG ( p=0.916 ) were comparable between the 2 groups . CONCLUSION In comparison with the LNG+EE OCP , the DSG+EE OCP is a contraceptive pill that significantly decreases the severity of acne and hirsutism , without any significant change in weight The relationship between plasma testosterone ( T ) secretion and patterns of sexual behavior was examined in 18 women using oral contraceptives ( OCs ) and 13 nonusers matched for partner availability . Retrospective assessment s of perimenstrual symptoms , sexual attitudes , and sexual experience were obtained and women completed daily ratings of the frequency of sexual activities and the level of well-being for 1 month . Plasma levels of sex hormone binding globulin ( SHBG ) , progesterone , Total T , Free T , and non-SHBG bound T were determined by radioimmunoassay at four phases of the pill or menstrual cycle . Overall , women not using OCs had higher plasma levels of Total , Free , and non-SHBG bound T and lower plasma levels of SHBG than those of OC users . Further , only nonusers had perimenstrual decreases in plasma levels of Total and Free T. The two groups were comparable on most retrospective measures . However , OC users reported more satisfaction with their sexual partners than did nonusers and prospect i ve monitoring revealed that they engaged in sexual interactions more frequently than did nonusers across the cycle . In contrast , both groups reported a similar frequency of autosexual activities across the cycle . There were no correlations between average levels of T and levels of sexual desire , sexual interactions , or autosexuality . Moreover , only nonusers reported a decrease in levels of sexual desire during the perimenstrual period that was associated with the changes in Free T over the menstrual cycle The effects of different monophasic combinations of ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone on FSH , LH , sex hormone binding globulin , total testosterone , and rostenedione , and dehydroepi and rosterone sulfate levels in non-obese , non-hirsute women were compared . Retrospective analysis of frozen serum from a prospect i ve r and omized trial in which women received one of three oral contraceptive pills containing ethinyl estradiol 50 micrograms/norethindrone 1 mg , ethinyl estradiol 35 micrograms/norethindrone 1 mg or ethinyl estradiol 35 g/norethindrone 0.5 mg for nine cycles was conducted . Blood sample s were obtained prior to treatment and during the third , sixth and ninth pill cycles . Ethinyl estradiol 50 micrograms/norethindrone 1 mg and ethinyl estradiol 35 micrograms/norethindrone 1 mg suppressed FSH , LH , and total testosterone and increased sex hormone binding globulin to a similar degree . Ethinyl estradiol 35 micrograms/norethindrone 0.5 mg result ed in less suppression of FSH , LH , and total testosterone , but greater elevation of sex hormone binding globulin . Dehydroepi and rosterone sulfate was suppressed to a similar degree with ethinyl estradiol  
    Output:
    
agent
However , subgroup analyses for the estrogen dose and the progestin type in relation to changes in SHBG levels did show significant differences : COCs containing second generation progestins and /or the lower estrogen doses ( 20–25 µg EE ) were found to have less impact on SHBG concentrations .
The current literature review and meta- analysis demonstrates that COCs decrease circulating levels of total T and free T and increase SBHG concentrations .
Due to the SHBG increase , free T levels decrease twice as much as total T. The estrogen dose and progestin type of the COC do not influence the decline of total and free T , but both affect SHBG .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: It is generally assumed that the oral contraceptives cause the carrier proteins to change . Notoriously this effect is used to evaluate indirectly their estrogenicity/gestagenicity ratio . In order to assess the residual intrinsic and rogenic activity of two new 19-nor-derivative components , Desogestrel ( DG ) 150 micrograms and Gestodene ( GD ) 75 micrograms , both in association with Ethinylestradiol ( EE ) 30 micrograms , Sex Hormone Binding Globulin , Thyroxine Binding Globulin , Ceruloplasmin and Free And rogen Index ( FAI ) , were studied in 40 young normally cycling healthy volunteers , matched for body mass index and age . The participants were r and omly assigned to either EE-DG or EE-GD treatment . A marked significant increase in all the carrier proteins was found . Conversely , the values for FAI decreased significantly . The changes in the two groups were substantially of the same magnitude . These results are an indirect confirmation of the well-known negligible receptor binding affinity of the two progestogen in vitro , also supporting for these compounds the lack of relevant and rogenic effects The effect of two oral contraceptive ( OC ) pills , both containing 150 micrograms of desogestrel , but with 20 ( Mercilon ) or 30 micrograms ( Marvelon/Desolett ) of ethinyl estradiol on plasma levels of lipids , lipoproteins and sex hormone binding globulin ( SHBG ) , total and free testosterone were compared in a double-blind , r and omized , two-center study in a total of 60 women over one year . A significant rise with Marvelon but not with Mercilon was seen in total cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , HDL-3 and apolipoprotein B , whereas LDL cholesterol decreased with Mercilon only . These effects result ed in significant differences between the two groups in the magnitude of responses in all these parameters except HDL-3 . HDL-2 , apolipoprotein A-1 and total phospholipids were elevated with both pills after treatment and with no difference in the degree of response between groups . The HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio tended to increase in both groups and that of apolipoproteins A-1/B in the women on Mercilon . Total triglycerides increased in both groups , but more in the women on Marvelon . Total testosterone decreased , particularly in the Marvelon group , whereas the two pills caused a similar increase in SHBG and decrease in free testosterone . It is concluded that the direction of changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins with both these pills may as a whole be interpreted as beneficial , and that the differences in effect on LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B may suggest a slightly advantageous effect of Mercilon in this aspect . However , the clinical significance of these changes is uncertain . The results indicate a lack of and rogenicity of both pills This six-cycle , multicenter , open-label , r and omized study compared the clinical experience of two low-dose oral contraceptives ( OC ) : a triphasic OC containing norgestimate ( NGM ) and 35 micrograms ethinyl estradiol ( EE ) ( Ortho Tri-Cyclen ) and a monophasic OC containing norethindrone acetate ( NETA ) and 20 micrograms EE ( Loestrin Fe 1/20 ) .  Cycle control , lipid and and rogen profiles , and user satisfaction were studied in new-start OC users ( i.e. , no prior use within 60 days ) .  Breakthrough bleeding or breakthrough spotting ( BTB/BTS ) occurred in a significantly smaller percentage of NGM/EE users than NETA/EE users during each of six cycles ( p < or = 0.002 ) . The incidence of BTB/BTS ranged from 3.7 % to 13.5 % for NGM/EE users and from 23.5 % to 49.7 % for NETA/EE users . Significantly fewer NGM/EE users than NETA/EE users experienced absence of menses at cycles 2 through 6 ( p < or = 0.003 ) . The percentages of women having no menses at each cycle ranged from 0.9 % to 4.7 % for NGM/EE users and from 10.3 % to 21.3 % for NETA/EE users . NGM/EE users reported a significantly ( p < 0.001 ) higher level of satisfaction with their OC at the end of six cycles than did NETA/EE users , but there was no significant difference in compliance , discontinuation rates , or adverse events between the two groups . NGM/EE produced a significantly ( p < or = 0.001 ) greater beneficial effect on HDL-C , HDL2 , and apo A-I than did NETA/EE . No statistically significant treatment differences were found for total cholesterol , LDL-C , triglycerides , or apo-B. Both OC increased sex hormone binding globulin and decreased free testosterone , but NGM/EE had a significantly greater effect ( p < 0.009 ) BACKGROUND Oral contraceptive is the most commonly used method of fertility control . Yasmin is a combination of a novel progestogen with anti- and rogenic and anti-mineralcorticoid activities ( 3 mg Drospirenone ( DRSP ) and 30 microg ethinylestradiol ( EE ) ) . It has been shown in many clinical trials that Yasmin is an efficacious oral contraceptive , lacking undesired effects as with other oral contraceptives such as weight gain . However the effects of Yasmin on sexual desire and libido have not been intensively investigated so far OBJECTIVE Investigate the effects of Yasmin on sexual desire , libido and changes in the free and rogen index ( FAI ) compare to  Meliane  ( 75 microg gestodene + 20 microg ethinylestradiol ) . MATERIAL AND METHOD The authors ' report the results of a double blind r and omized controlled study using a translated version of the Female Sexual Function Index question naire ( FSFI ) for the assessment of the sexual function . The free and rogen index was calculated from measurements of testosterone and sexual hormone binding globulin . RESULT The result shows statistically significant improvements regarding sexual desire , arousal and overall satisfaction in the Yasmin group . Additionally , an increased frequency of orgasms in the Meliane group was reported . Statistically significant differences between the two treatments regarding changes in the FSFI score and changes in the free and rogen index have not been observed . CONCLUSION The novel oral contraceptive containing drospirenone ( Yasmin ) and the non-anti- and rogenic progestin containing oral contraceptive ( Meliane ) do not show unfavorable effects on sexual response and libido The relationships between plasma free testosterone ( FT ) and measures of sexual attitude , sexual behavior , and gender role behavior were assessed in 55 oral contraceptive-using and 53 nonusing female undergraduates .  Plasma FT and other measures of and rogenicity were substantially lower in the oral contraceptive ( OC ) group . Correlations between FT and certain behavioral and attitudinal measures were found in the OC users but not the nonusers . In the OC users , FT was positively associated with frequency of sexual intercourse but not with frequency of masturbation . It was negatively associated with restrictive sexual morality . Correlations between FT and measures of gender role behavior were negligible , and FT was unrelated to proceptivity , homosexual interest , or the use of sexual fantasy . The occurrence of some predicted correlations among pill-using women but not the nonusers requires explanation , particularly in view of the substantially lower levels of FT in the pill-using group . It is suggested that and rogen — behavior relationships in women are easily obscured by psychosocial influences and in this sample of young women such influences may have been more powerful among those not using OCs . Such psychosocial influences are likely to differ at different stages of women 's life cycles . The importance of controlling for such influences in any study of hormone — sexual behavior relationships in women is emphasized , and the need for prospect i ve studies of women before and after starting on steroidal contraception is recognized The aim of this study was to examine whether changes in plasma and rogen levels ( total testosterone ( T ) , free testosterone ( FT ) , and dehydro-epi and rosterone-sulfate ( DHEA-S ) ) induced by oral contraceptive ( OC ) use were related to changes in sexual interest or response or in mood . Sixty-one women provided blood sample s and were assessed , using interviews and st and ardized question naires , prior to starting , and after 3 months on OCs ( Ortho-Tricyclen , Ortho-Tricyclen-Lo , or Ortho-Cyclen , all containing the same progestagen , norgestimate ) . Significant decreases in T , FT , and DHEA-S were found after 3 months , although the extent of reduction was variable across women . There was some support for a relationship between the degree of reduction in total T and FT and the frequency of sexual thoughts after 3 months on OCs . However , some women had no loss of sexual interest in spite of substantial reduction in FT , and there was overall no evidence that reduction in FT affected enjoyment of sexual activity with a partner . The findings are consistent with the idea that some women may be more sensitive to changes in T than others . No relationship was found between negative mood , as assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory , and changes in T , FT , or OBJECTIVE To compare complications of third and second generation oral contraceptive pills ( OCPs ) . METHODS In a r and omized clinical trial from October 2007 to October 2008 , 100 healthy women of reproductive age referred to Amir Hospital Family Planning Clinic and some heath centers in Semnan , Iran were r and omized in 2 equal groups . They received either a third generation OCP ( 150 microgram desogestrel [ DSG ] + 30 microgram ethinylestradiol [ EE ] ) or a second generation type ( 150 microgram levonorgestrel [ LNG ] + 30 microgram EE ) . Six months later , changes of weight , acne , and hirsutism severity , as well as serum titers of sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG ) and free testosterone were compared between the 2 groups . RESULTS Forty-five women were evaluated in the DSG+EE OCP group , and 46 women in the LNG+EE OCP group . The BMI was significantly higher in the second group ( p=0.000 ) after 6 months duration . Likewise , the decrement of acne and hirsutism severity was significantly higher in the DSG+EE users ( p=0.000 ) . Mean changes of serum free testosterone ( p=0.967 ) and SHBG ( p=0.916 ) were comparable between the 2 groups . CONCLUSION In comparison with the LNG+EE OCP , the DSG+EE OCP is a contraceptive pill that significantly decreases the severity of acne and hirsutism , without any significant change in weight The relationship between plasma testosterone ( T ) secretion and patterns of sexual behavior was examined in 18 women using oral contraceptives ( OCs ) and 13 nonusers matched for partner availability . Retrospective assessment s of perimenstrual symptoms , sexual attitudes , and sexual experience were obtained and women completed daily ratings of the frequency of sexual activities and the level of well-being for 1 month . Plasma levels of sex hormone binding globulin ( SHBG ) , progesterone , Total T , Free T , and non-SHBG bound T were determined by radioimmunoassay at four phases of the pill or menstrual cycle . Overall , women not using OCs had higher plasma levels of Total , Free , and non-SHBG bound T and lower plasma levels of SHBG than those of OC users . Further , only nonusers had perimenstrual decreases in plasma levels of Total and Free T. The two groups were comparable on most retrospective measures . However , OC users reported more satisfaction with their sexual partners than did nonusers and prospect i ve monitoring revealed that they engaged in sexual interactions more frequently than did nonusers across the cycle . In contrast , both groups reported a similar frequency of autosexual activities across the cycle . There were no correlations between average levels of T and levels of sexual desire , sexual interactions , or autosexuality . Moreover , only nonusers reported a decrease in levels of sexual desire during the perimenstrual period that was associated with the changes in Free T over the menstrual cycle The effects of different monophasic combinations of ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone on FSH , LH , sex hormone binding globulin , total testosterone , and rostenedione , and dehydroepi and rosterone sulfate levels in non-obese , non-hirsute women were compared . Retrospective analysis of frozen serum from a prospect i ve r and omized trial in which women received one of three oral contraceptive pills containing ethinyl estradiol 50 micrograms/norethindrone 1 mg , ethinyl estradiol 35 micrograms/norethindrone 1 mg or ethinyl estradiol 35 g/norethindrone 0.5 mg for nine cycles was conducted . Blood sample s were obtained prior to treatment and during the third , sixth and ninth pill cycles . Ethinyl estradiol 50 micrograms/norethindrone 1 mg and ethinyl estradiol 35 micrograms/norethindrone 1 mg suppressed FSH , LH , and total testosterone and increased sex hormone binding globulin to a similar degree . Ethinyl estradiol 35 micrograms/norethindrone 0.5 mg result ed in less suppression of FSH , LH , and total testosterone , but greater elevation of sex hormone binding globulin . Dehydroepi and rosterone sulfate was suppressed to a similar degree with ethinyl estradiol  
    Output:
    