human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A recent large population study of 130,000 adults in the United States failed to find evidence for a link between psychedelic use ( lysergic acid diethylamide , psilocybin or mescaline ) and  mental health problems . Using a new data set consisting of 135,095 r and omly selected United States adults , including 19,299 psychedelic users , we examine the associations between psychedelic use and mental health . After adjusting for sociodemographics , other drug use and childhood depression , we found no significant associations between lifetime use of  psychedelics  and increased likelihood of past year serious psychological distress , mental health treatment , suicidal thoughts , suicidal plans and suicide attempt , depression and anxiety . We failed to find evidence that psychedelic use is an independent risk factor for mental health problems .  Psychedelics are not known to harm the brain or other body organs or to cause addiction or compulsive use ; serious adverse events involving psychedelics are extremely rare . Overall , it is difficult to see how prohibition of psychedelics can be justified as a public health measure Personality is known to be relatively stable throughout adulthood . Nevertheless , it has been shown that major life events with high personal significance , including experiences engendered by psychedelic drugs , can have an enduring impact on some core facets of personality . In the present , balanced‐order , placebo‐controlled study , we investigated biological predictors of post‐lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD ) changes in personality . Nineteen healthy adults underwent resting state functional MRI scans under LSD ( 75 µg , I.V. ) and placebo ( saline I.V. ) . The Revised NEO Personality Inventory ( NEO‐PI‐R ) was completed at screening and 2 weeks after LSD/placebo . Scanning sessions consisted of three 7.5‐min eyes‐closed resting‐state scans , one of which involved music listening . A st and ardized preprocessing pipeline was used to extract measures of sample entropy , which characterizes the predictability of an fMRI time‐series . Mixed‐effects models were used to evaluate drug‐induced shifts in brain entropy and their relationship with the observed increases in the personality trait openness at the 2‐week follow‐up . Overall , LSD had a pronounced global effect on brain entropy , increasing it in both sensory and hierarchically higher networks across multiple time scales . These shifts predicted enduring increases in trait openness . Moreover , the predictive power of the entropy increases was greatest for the music‐listening scans and when “ ego‐dissolution ” was reported during the acute experience . These results shed new light on how LSD‐induced shifts in brain dynamics and concomitant subjective experience can be predictive of lasting changes in personality . Hum Brain Mapp 37:3203–3213 , 2016 . © 2016 Wiley Periodicals , Abstract A double-blind , r and omized , active placebo-controlled pilot study was conducted to examine safety and efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-assisted psychotherapy in 12 patients with anxiety associated with life-threatening diseases . Treatment included drug-free psychotherapy sessions supplemented by two LSD-assisted psychotherapy sessions 2 to 3 weeks apart . The participants received either 200 & mgr;g of LSD ( n = 8) or 20 & mgr;g of LSD with an open-label crossover to 200 & mgr;g of LSD after the initial blinded treatment was unmasked ( n = 4 ) . At the 2-month follow-up , positive trends were found via the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI ) in reductions in trait anxiety ( p = 0.033 ) with an effect size of 1.1 , and state anxiety was significantly reduced ( p = 0.021 ) with an effect size of 1.2 , with no acute or chronic adverse effects persisting beyond 1 day after treatment or treatment-related serious adverse events . STAI reductions were sustained for 12 months . These results indicate that when administered safely in a method ologically rigorous medically supervised psychotherapeutic setting , LSD can reduce anxiety , suggesting that larger controlled studies are warranted HighlightsSerotonergic psychedelics act as agonists at cortical 5‐HT2A receptors.5‐HT2A receptors are expressed in fronto‐temporo‐parieto‐occipital areas .Some personality traits seem to be related to 5‐HT2A receptor expression . Acute and long‐term use of psychedelics is associated with personality changes  . Personality changes induced by psychedelics may have therapeutic effects . & NA ; Serotonergic psychedelics act as agonists at cortical 5‐HT2A receptors and seem to induce personality changes . We conducted a systematic review of studies assessing the effects of these drugs on personality . Papers published from 1985–2016 were included from PubMed , LILACS , and SciELO data bases . Three hundred and sixty‐nine studies were identified , and 18 were included . Specific personality traits , such as Absorption and Self‐Transcendence , seem to influence the effects of psychedelics , and  psychedelic drug users and nonusers appear to differ in some personality traits . Psychedelics administered in controlled setting s may induce personality changes , such as increased Openness and Self‐Transcendence . Increases in global brain entropy induced by acute psychedelic administration predicted changes in Openness , and Self‐Transcendence was negatively correlated with cortical thinning of the posterior cingulate cortex in long‐term religious ayahuasca users . Acute and long‐term use of psychedelics is associated with personality changes that appear to be modulated by 5‐HT2A receptors . These changes seem to induce therapeutic effects that should be further explored in r and omized controlled studies Rationale Recent clinical trials are reporting marked improvements in mental health outcomes with psychedelic drug-assisted psychotherapy . Objectives Here , we report on safety and efficacy outcomes for up to 6 months in an open-label trial of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression . Methods Twenty patients ( six females ) with ( mostly ) severe , unipolar , treatment-resistant major depression received two oral doses of psilocybin ( 10 and 25 mg , 7 days apart ) in a supportive setting . Depressive symptoms were assessed from 1 week to 6 months post-treatment , with the self-rated QIDS-SR16 as the primary outcome measure . Results Treatment was generally well tolerated . Relative to baseline , marked reductions in depressive symptoms were observed for the first 5 weeks post-treatment ( Cohen ’s d = 2.2 at week 1 and 2.3 at week 5 , both p < 0.001 ) ; nine and four patients met the criteria for response and remission at week 5 . Results remained positive at 3 and 6 months ( Cohen ’s d = 1.5 and 1.4 , respectively , both p < 0.001 ) . No patients sought conventional antidepressant treatment within 5 weeks of psilocybin . Reductions in depressive symptoms at 5 weeks were predicted by the quality of the acute psychedelic experience . Conclusions Although limited conclusions can be drawn about treatment efficacy from open-label trials , tolerability was good , effect sizes large and symptom improvements appeared rapidly after just two psilocybin treatment sessions and remained significant 6 months post-treatment in a treatment-resistant cohort . Psilocybin represents a promising paradigm for unresponsive depression that warrants further research in double-blind r and omised control trials Psilocybin-occasioned mystical experiences have been linked to persisting effects in healthy volunteers including positive changes in behavior , attitudes , and values , and increases in the personality domain of openness . In an open-label pilot- study of psilocybin-facilitated smoking addiction treatment , 15 smokers received 2 or 3 doses of psilocybin  in the context of cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) for smoking cessation . Twelve of 15 participants ( 80 % ) demonstrated biologically verified smoking abstinence at 6-month follow-up . Participants who were abstinent at 6 months ( n=12 ) were compared to participants still smoking at 6 months ( n=3 ) on measures of subjective effects of psilocybin . Abstainers scored significantly higher on a measure of psilocybin-occasioned mystical experience . No significant differences in general intensity of drug effects were found between groups , suggesting that mystical-type subjective effects , rather than overall intensity of drug effects , were responsible for smoking cessation . Nine of 15 participants ( 60 % ) met criteria for " complete " mystical experience . Smoking cessation outcomes were significantly correlated with measures of mystical experience on session days , as well as retrospective ratings of personal meaning and spiritual significance of psilocybin sessions . These results suggest a mediating role of mystical experience in psychedelic-facilitated addiction treatment Several lines of evidence suggest that classic ( 5HT2A agonist ) hallucinogens have clinical ly relevant effects in alcohol and drug addiction . Although recent studies have investigated the effects of psilocybin in various population s , there have been no studies on the efficacy of psilocybin for alcohol dependence . We conducted a single-group proof-of-concept study to quantify acute effects of psilocybin in alcohol-dependent participants and to provide preliminary outcome and safety data . Ten volunteers with DSM-IV alcohol dependence received orally administered psilocybin in one or two supervised sessions in addition to Motivational Enhancement Therapy and therapy sessions devoted to preparation for and debriefing from the psilocybin sessions . Participants ’ responses to psilocybin were qualitatively similar to those described in other population s. Abstinence did not increase significantly in the first 4 weeks of treatment ( when participants had not yet received psilocybin ) , but increased significantly following psilocybin administration ( p < 0.05 ) . Gains were largely maintained at follow-up to 36 weeks . The intensity of effects in the first psilocybin session ( at week 4 ) strongly predicted change in drinking during weeks 5–8 ( r = 0.76 to r = 0.89 ) and also predicted decreases in craving and increases in abstinence self-efficacy during week 5 . There were no significant treatment-related adverse events . These preliminary findings provide a strong rationale for controlled trials with larger sample s to investigate efficacy and mechanisms . TRIAL REGISTRATION : Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences with participant-attributed increases in well-being . However , little research has examined enduring changes in traits . This study administered psilocybin to participants who undertook a program of meditation/spiritual practice s. Healthy participants were r and omized to three groups ( 25 each ) : ( 1 ) very low-dose ( 1 mg/70 kg on sessions 1 and 2 ) with moderate-level ( “ st and ard ” ) support for spiritual- practice ( LD-SS ) ; ( 2 ) high-dose ( 20 and 30 mg/70 kg on sessions 1 and 2 , respectively ) with st and ard support ( HD-SS ) ; and ( 3 ) high-dose ( 20 and 30 mg/70 kg on sessions 1 and 2 , respectively ) with high support for spiritual practice ( HD-HS ) .  Psilocybin was administered double-blind and instructions to participants /staff minimized expectancy confounds . Psilocybin was administered 1 and 2 months after spiritual- practice initiation . Outcomes at 6 months included rates of spiritual practice and persisting effects of psilocybin .  Compared with low-dose , high-dose psilocybin produced greater acute and persisting effects . At 6 months , compared with LD-SS , both high-dose groups showed large significant positive changes on longitudinal measures of interpersonal closeness , gratitude , life meaning/ purpose , forgiveness , death transcendence , daily spiritual experiences , religious faith and coping , and community observer ratings . Determinants of enduring effects were psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience and rates of meditation/spiritual practice s. Psilocybin can occasion enduring trait-level increases in prosocial attitudes/behaviors and in healthy psychological functioning . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier Rationale Although psilocybin has been used for centuries for religious purpose s , little is known scientifically about its acute and persisting effects . Objectives This double-blind study evaluated the acute and longer-term psychological effects of a high dose of psilocybin relative to a comparison compound administered under comfortable , supportive conditions . Material s and methods The participants were hallucinogen-naïve adults reporting regular participation in religious or spiritual activities . Two or three sessions were conducted at 2-month intervals . Thirty volunteers received orally administered psilocybin ( 30 mg/70 kg ) and methylpheni date hydrochloride ( 40 mg/70 kg ) in counterbalanced order . To obscure the study design , six additional volunteers received methylpheni date in the first two sessions and unblinded psilocybin in a third session . The 8-h sessions were conducted individually . Volunteers were encouraged to close their eyes and direct their attention inward . Study monitors rated volunteers ’ behavior during sessions . Volunteers completed question naires assessing drug effects and mystical experience immediately after and 2 months after sessions . Community observers rated changes in the volunteer ’s attitudes and behavior . Results Psilocybin produced a range of acute perceptual changes , subjective experiences , and labile moods including anxiety .  Psilocybin also increased measures of mystical experience . At 2 months , the volunteers rated the psilocybin experience as having substantial personal meaning and spiritual significance and attributed to the experience sustained positive changes in attitudes and behavior consistent with changes rated by community observers . Conclusions When administered under supportive conditions , psilocy 
    Output:
    
agent
Enduring changes in personality/attitudes , depression , spirituality , anxiety , wellbeing , substance misuse , meditative practice s , and mindfulness were documented .
Mystical experiences , connectedness , emotional breakthrough , and increased neural entropy were related to these long-term changes in psychological functioning .
Finally , with proper screening , preparation , supervision , and integration , limited aversive side effects were noted by study participants .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A recent large population study of 130,000 adults in the United States failed to find evidence for a link between psychedelic use ( lysergic acid diethylamide , psilocybin or mescaline ) and  mental health problems . Using a new data set consisting of 135,095 r and omly selected United States adults , including 19,299 psychedelic users , we examine the associations between psychedelic use and mental health . After adjusting for sociodemographics , other drug use and childhood depression , we found no significant associations between lifetime use of  psychedelics  and increased likelihood of past year serious psychological distress , mental health treatment , suicidal thoughts , suicidal plans and suicide attempt , depression and anxiety . We failed to find evidence that psychedelic use is an independent risk factor for mental health problems .  Psychedelics are not known to harm the brain or other body organs or to cause addiction or compulsive use ; serious adverse events involving psychedelics are extremely rare . Overall , it is difficult to see how prohibition of psychedelics can be justified as a public health measure Personality is known to be relatively stable throughout adulthood . Nevertheless , it has been shown that major life events with high personal significance , including experiences engendered by psychedelic drugs , can have an enduring impact on some core facets of personality . In the present , balanced‐order , placebo‐controlled study , we investigated biological predictors of post‐lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD ) changes in personality . Nineteen healthy adults underwent resting state functional MRI scans under LSD ( 75 µg , I.V. ) and placebo ( saline I.V. ) . The Revised NEO Personality Inventory ( NEO‐PI‐R ) was completed at screening and 2 weeks after LSD/placebo . Scanning sessions consisted of three 7.5‐min eyes‐closed resting‐state scans , one of which involved music listening . A st and ardized preprocessing pipeline was used to extract measures of sample entropy , which characterizes the predictability of an fMRI time‐series . Mixed‐effects models were used to evaluate drug‐induced shifts in brain entropy and their relationship with the observed increases in the personality trait openness at the 2‐week follow‐up . Overall , LSD had a pronounced global effect on brain entropy , increasing it in both sensory and hierarchically higher networks across multiple time scales . These shifts predicted enduring increases in trait openness . Moreover , the predictive power of the entropy increases was greatest for the music‐listening scans and when “ ego‐dissolution ” was reported during the acute experience . These results shed new light on how LSD‐induced shifts in brain dynamics and concomitant subjective experience can be predictive of lasting changes in personality . Hum Brain Mapp 37:3203–3213 , 2016 . © 2016 Wiley Periodicals , Abstract A double-blind , r and omized , active placebo-controlled pilot study was conducted to examine safety and efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-assisted psychotherapy in 12 patients with anxiety associated with life-threatening diseases . Treatment included drug-free psychotherapy sessions supplemented by two LSD-assisted psychotherapy sessions 2 to 3 weeks apart . The participants received either 200 & mgr;g of LSD ( n = 8) or 20 & mgr;g of LSD with an open-label crossover to 200 & mgr;g of LSD after the initial blinded treatment was unmasked ( n = 4 ) . At the 2-month follow-up , positive trends were found via the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI ) in reductions in trait anxiety ( p = 0.033 ) with an effect size of 1.1 , and state anxiety was significantly reduced ( p = 0.021 ) with an effect size of 1.2 , with no acute or chronic adverse effects persisting beyond 1 day after treatment or treatment-related serious adverse events . STAI reductions were sustained for 12 months . These results indicate that when administered safely in a method ologically rigorous medically supervised psychotherapeutic setting , LSD can reduce anxiety , suggesting that larger controlled studies are warranted HighlightsSerotonergic psychedelics act as agonists at cortical 5‐HT2A receptors.5‐HT2A receptors are expressed in fronto‐temporo‐parieto‐occipital areas .Some personality traits seem to be related to 5‐HT2A receptor expression . Acute and long‐term use of psychedelics is associated with personality changes  . Personality changes induced by psychedelics may have therapeutic effects . & NA ; Serotonergic psychedelics act as agonists at cortical 5‐HT2A receptors and seem to induce personality changes . We conducted a systematic review of studies assessing the effects of these drugs on personality . Papers published from 1985–2016 were included from PubMed , LILACS , and SciELO data bases . Three hundred and sixty‐nine studies were identified , and 18 were included . Specific personality traits , such as Absorption and Self‐Transcendence , seem to influence the effects of psychedelics , and  psychedelic drug users and nonusers appear to differ in some personality traits . Psychedelics administered in controlled setting s may induce personality changes , such as increased Openness and Self‐Transcendence . Increases in global brain entropy induced by acute psychedelic administration predicted changes in Openness , and Self‐Transcendence was negatively correlated with cortical thinning of the posterior cingulate cortex in long‐term religious ayahuasca users . Acute and long‐term use of psychedelics is associated with personality changes that appear to be modulated by 5‐HT2A receptors . These changes seem to induce therapeutic effects that should be further explored in r and omized controlled studies Rationale Recent clinical trials are reporting marked improvements in mental health outcomes with psychedelic drug-assisted psychotherapy . Objectives Here , we report on safety and efficacy outcomes for up to 6 months in an open-label trial of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression . Methods Twenty patients ( six females ) with ( mostly ) severe , unipolar , treatment-resistant major depression received two oral doses of psilocybin ( 10 and 25 mg , 7 days apart ) in a supportive setting . Depressive symptoms were assessed from 1 week to 6 months post-treatment , with the self-rated QIDS-SR16 as the primary outcome measure . Results Treatment was generally well tolerated . Relative to baseline , marked reductions in depressive symptoms were observed for the first 5 weeks post-treatment ( Cohen ’s d = 2.2 at week 1 and 2.3 at week 5 , both p < 0.001 ) ; nine and four patients met the criteria for response and remission at week 5 . Results remained positive at 3 and 6 months ( Cohen ’s d = 1.5 and 1.4 , respectively , both p < 0.001 ) . No patients sought conventional antidepressant treatment within 5 weeks of psilocybin . Reductions in depressive symptoms at 5 weeks were predicted by the quality of the acute psychedelic experience . Conclusions Although limited conclusions can be drawn about treatment efficacy from open-label trials , tolerability was good , effect sizes large and symptom improvements appeared rapidly after just two psilocybin treatment sessions and remained significant 6 months post-treatment in a treatment-resistant cohort . Psilocybin represents a promising paradigm for unresponsive depression that warrants further research in double-blind r and omised control trials Psilocybin-occasioned mystical experiences have been linked to persisting effects in healthy volunteers including positive changes in behavior , attitudes , and values , and increases in the personality domain of openness . In an open-label pilot- study of psilocybin-facilitated smoking addiction treatment , 15 smokers received 2 or 3 doses of psilocybin  in the context of cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) for smoking cessation . Twelve of 15 participants ( 80 % ) demonstrated biologically verified smoking abstinence at 6-month follow-up . Participants who were abstinent at 6 months ( n=12 ) were compared to participants still smoking at 6 months ( n=3 ) on measures of subjective effects of psilocybin . Abstainers scored significantly higher on a measure of psilocybin-occasioned mystical experience . No significant differences in general intensity of drug effects were found between groups , suggesting that mystical-type subjective effects , rather than overall intensity of drug effects , were responsible for smoking cessation . Nine of 15 participants ( 60 % ) met criteria for " complete " mystical experience . Smoking cessation outcomes were significantly correlated with measures of mystical experience on session days , as well as retrospective ratings of personal meaning and spiritual significance of psilocybin sessions . These results suggest a mediating role of mystical experience in psychedelic-facilitated addiction treatment Several lines of evidence suggest that classic ( 5HT2A agonist ) hallucinogens have clinical ly relevant effects in alcohol and drug addiction . Although recent studies have investigated the effects of psilocybin in various population s , there have been no studies on the efficacy of psilocybin for alcohol dependence . We conducted a single-group proof-of-concept study to quantify acute effects of psilocybin in alcohol-dependent participants and to provide preliminary outcome and safety data . Ten volunteers with DSM-IV alcohol dependence received orally administered psilocybin in one or two supervised sessions in addition to Motivational Enhancement Therapy and therapy sessions devoted to preparation for and debriefing from the psilocybin sessions . Participants ’ responses to psilocybin were qualitatively similar to those described in other population s. Abstinence did not increase significantly in the first 4 weeks of treatment ( when participants had not yet received psilocybin ) , but increased significantly following psilocybin administration ( p < 0.05 ) . Gains were largely maintained at follow-up to 36 weeks . The intensity of effects in the first psilocybin session ( at week 4 ) strongly predicted change in drinking during weeks 5–8 ( r = 0.76 to r = 0.89 ) and also predicted decreases in craving and increases in abstinence self-efficacy during week 5 . There were no significant treatment-related adverse events . These preliminary findings provide a strong rationale for controlled trials with larger sample s to investigate efficacy and mechanisms . TRIAL REGISTRATION : Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences with participant-attributed increases in well-being . However , little research has examined enduring changes in traits . This study administered psilocybin to participants who undertook a program of meditation/spiritual practice s. Healthy participants were r and omized to three groups ( 25 each ) : ( 1 ) very low-dose ( 1 mg/70 kg on sessions 1 and 2 ) with moderate-level ( “ st and ard ” ) support for spiritual- practice ( LD-SS ) ; ( 2 ) high-dose ( 20 and 30 mg/70 kg on sessions 1 and 2 , respectively ) with st and ard support ( HD-SS ) ; and ( 3 ) high-dose ( 20 and 30 mg/70 kg on sessions 1 and 2 , respectively ) with high support for spiritual practice ( HD-HS ) .  Psilocybin was administered double-blind and instructions to participants /staff minimized expectancy confounds . Psilocybin was administered 1 and 2 months after spiritual- practice initiation . Outcomes at 6 months included rates of spiritual practice and persisting effects of psilocybin .  Compared with low-dose , high-dose psilocybin produced greater acute and persisting effects . At 6 months , compared with LD-SS , both high-dose groups showed large significant positive changes on longitudinal measures of interpersonal closeness , gratitude , life meaning/ purpose , forgiveness , death transcendence , daily spiritual experiences , religious faith and coping , and community observer ratings . Determinants of enduring effects were psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience and rates of meditation/spiritual practice s. Psilocybin can occasion enduring trait-level increases in prosocial attitudes/behaviors and in healthy psychological functioning . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier Rationale Although psilocybin has been used for centuries for religious purpose s , little is known scientifically about its acute and persisting effects . Objectives This double-blind study evaluated the acute and longer-term psychological effects of a high dose of psilocybin relative to a comparison compound administered under comfortable , supportive conditions . Material s and methods The participants were hallucinogen-naïve adults reporting regular participation in religious or spiritual activities . Two or three sessions were conducted at 2-month intervals . Thirty volunteers received orally administered psilocybin ( 30 mg/70 kg ) and methylpheni date hydrochloride ( 40 mg/70 kg ) in counterbalanced order . To obscure the study design , six additional volunteers received methylpheni date in the first two sessions and unblinded psilocybin in a third session . The 8-h sessions were conducted individually . Volunteers were encouraged to close their eyes and direct their attention inward . Study monitors rated volunteers ’ behavior during sessions . Volunteers completed question naires assessing drug effects and mystical experience immediately after and 2 months after sessions . Community observers rated changes in the volunteer ’s attitudes and behavior . Results Psilocybin produced a range of acute perceptual changes , subjective experiences , and labile moods including anxiety .  Psilocybin also increased measures of mystical experience . At 2 months , the volunteers rated the psilocybin experience as having substantial personal meaning and spiritual significance and attributed to the experience sustained positive changes in attitudes and behavior consistent with changes rated by community observers . Conclusions When administered under supportive conditions , psilocy 
    Output:
    