human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Fibres which are soluble or insoluble in water have different physiochemical properties and may therefore be expected to exert different effects on post-ingestive satiety signals . This study compared the effects on short-term ( 24 h ) appetite of two equienergetic high ( 22 g ) fibre breakfasts , an equienergetic low fibre breakfast and a low energy , ' light ' breakfast . Psyllium gum ( the soluble fibre ) and wheat bran ( the insoluble fibre ) were incorporated into breakfast cereals and consumed at breakfast by sixteen healthy , normal weight males after an overnight fast using a repeated measures , counterbalanced design . Ad libitum energy intake was assessed at a test snack 1.5 h after breakfast , later in the day using food boxes and the following day using food diaries . Motivation to eat and gastrointestinal sensations were tracked for the next 24 h. Hunger ratings showed a trend towards the subjects being less hungry and they consumed significantly less energy at snack time after the high insoluble than after the high soluble fibre breakfast cereal . The soluble fibre breakfast produced a greater suppression of snack intake than the light breakfast , but smaller suppression than the other breakfasts . Interestingly there was a trend toward reduced hunger and voluntary energy consumption following the soluble fibre compared with the insoluble fibre much later in the day ( 9.5 - 13.5 h after breakfast ) although this was not significant . There was no significant effect of breakfast type on total day energy intake . The results suggest that different types of fibre modulate the timecourse of appetite control and may produce alterations in the experience of motivation and patterns of eating without necessarily effecting total energy intake The effects of dietary fiber on subjective hunger ratings and weight losses were studied in 135 members of a weight loss club . After a run-in week , 100 members were r and omly given one sachet of either bran or ispaghula granulate before meals for two weeks . Thirty-five controls only rated hunger . One hundred and eight members completed the trial : 23  controls  , 45 on ispaghula and 40 on  bran . No change in hunger ratings was found in the controls . Both fiber preparations lowered hunger ratings during weeks 2 and 3 compared to the run-in week . Ratings were similarly reduced at all meals . The mean ( + /- SD ) weight reductions during the trial were 4.6 + /- 2.7 kg for the controls , 4.2 + /- 3.2 kg for the ispaghula group and 4.6 + /- 2.3 kg for the bran group ( p greater than 0.05 for all ) . In spite of recent changes in the diet towards food rich in dietary fibers , addition of extra dietary fiber immediately before meals reduced hunger feelings but had no effect on weight reduction BACKGROUND New dietary strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk include the addition of fiber to the diet . The effect of soluble-fiber consumption derived from Plantago ovata husk on lipid risk factors in patients with CVD is unknown . OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of soluble fiber ( P. ovata husk ) with those of insoluble fiber ( P. ovata seeds ) on plasma lipid , lipoprotein , and apolipoprotein ( apo ) concentrations within a CVD secondary prevention program . DESIGN In a r and omized , crossover , controlled , single-blind design , 28 men with CVD ( myocardial infa rct ion or stable angina ) and an LDL-cholesterol concentration < /=3.35 mmol/L consumed for 8 wk , under controlled conditions , a low-saturated-fat diet supplemented with 10.5 g P. ovata husk/d or 10.5 g P. ovata seeds/d . Fasting plasma lipid concentrations and polymorphisms of genes involved in lipid metabolism , such as apo A-IV , apo E , and fatty acid-binding protein , were measured . RESULTS Plasma triacylglycerol decreased ( 6.7 % ; P < 0.02 ) , the ratio of apo B 100 to apo A-I decreased ( 4.7 % ; P < 0.02 ) , and apo A-I increased ( 4.3 % ; P < 0.01 ) in the P. ovata husk consumers . Compared with the intake of insoluble fiber , the intake of P. ovata husk increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations by 6.7 % ( P = 0.006 ) and decreased the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol and of LDL to HDL cholesterol by 10.6 % ( P = 0.002 ) and 14.2 % ( P = 0.003 ) , respectively . CONCLUSION In the secondary prevention of CVD , P. ovata husk intake induces a more beneficial effect on the cardiovascular lipid risk-factor profile than does an equivalent intake of insoluble fiber To determine whether psyllium must be mixed with food to lower serum cholesterol , 18 modestly hypercholesterolemic subjects were studied for three 2-wk periods , in r and om order , separated by a 2-wk return to a National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet . Compared with values for subjects consuming control wheat-bran cereal ( 63 g/d ) , after 2 wk of 54 g psyllium-enriched cereal/d containing 7.3 g psyllium , serum total , LDL , and HDL cholesterol , respectively , were reduced by 8 % ( 6.15 + /- 0.15 vs 6.71 + /- 0.19 mmol/L , P < 0.01 ) , 11 % ( 4.24 + /- 0.15 vs 4.78 + /- 0.19 mmol/L , P < 0.02 ) , and 7 % ( 0.99 + /- 0.05 vs 1.07 + /- 0.05 mmol/L , P < 0.01 ) . When 7.6 g of the same type of psyllium as in the test cereal was taken between meals , serum total ( 6.50 + /- 0.19 mmol/L ) , LDL ( 4.50 + /- 0.21 mmol/L ) , and HDL ( 1.06 + /- 0.06 mmol/L ) cholesterol were no different from control values , and total cholesterol was greater than after psyllium cereal ( P < 0.05 ) . We conclude that psyllium must be mixed with foods to have the maximum effect on serum cholesterol BACKGROUND Cholecystokinin is associated with satiety . Fat stimulates cholecystokinin release , and fiber appears to prolong cholecystokinin elevation during the alimentary period . OBJECTIVE We tested whether adding fiber or fat to a low-fat , low-fiber meal increases cholecystokinin release and enhances subjective measures of satiety and whether the cholecystokinin response correlates with subjective measures of satiety . DESIGN Three isoenergetic breakfast meals were tested in a r and omized crossover design : low fiber , low fat ; high fiber , low fat ; and low fiber , high fat . Blood sample s were drawn from fasted subjects ( 7 men and 8 women ) before and at different time points after test meal consumption for 6 h. Plasma was analyzed for cholecystokinin , insulin , glucose , and triacylglycerols . Visual analogue scales were used to assess subjects ' hunger , desire to eat , fullness , and prospect i ve consumption . RESULTS In the women , the meals higher in fiber or in fat result ed in greater feelings of satiety and in significantly higher cholecystokinin responses than did the low-fat , low-fiber meal . In the men , the increase in cholecystokinin concentration did not differ between meals , but the 2 low-fat meals elicited a greater feeling of satiety than did the high-fat meal . The insulin response was significantly higher for the low-fiber , low-fat meal than for the other 2 meals , and the triacylglycerol response was greatest for the high-fat , low-fiber meal . CONCLUSION In women , the feeling of satiety caused by cholecystokinin release is enhanced by increasing either the fiber or fat content of a low-fat , low-fiber meal BACKGROUND Dietary fiber intake remains low despite increasing evidence for its health benefits , including laxation . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to assess the effects of increasing fiber intake on bowel habits and gastrointestinal tolerance in healthy persons consuming a typical Canadian or US diet . DESIGN Under a r and omized crossover design , 23 free-living participants consumed a typical Canadian or US diet ( 35 % fat , 12 g fiber/d ) and received 25.0 - 28.7 g fiber/d from each of 5 breakfast cereals : All-Bran ( AB ) , Bran Buds with Corn ( BBC ) , Bran Buds with Psyllium ( BBP ) , BBC with viscous fiber blend ( VFB ) , or a low-fiber control for 3 wk , with each study arm separated by a washout of > /=1 wk . Seven-day stool collection s and a symptom diary were obtained during the last week of each study arm . RESULTS All study cereals induced significant ( P < 0.05 ) increases in fecal bulk from the control diet at 128 + /- 38 g to 199 + /- 56 , 199 + /- 57 , 247 + /- 87 , and 197 + /- 63 g with consumption of AB , BBC , BBP , and VFB , respectively ; less intestinal transit time ; and significantly ( P < 0.05 ) greater bowel movement frequency . Despite the increased activity of the bowel , a positive level of comfort was maintained . BBP was more effective than other cereals in terms of increasing fecal wet weight ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Water-insoluble dietary fibers ( ie , AB and BBC ) and their mixtures with water-soluble fibers ( ie , BBP and VFB ) in the form of breakfast cereals ( 2.5 servings/d ) proved to be a practical way of increasing fiber intake to recommended levels , while maintaining a good level of tolerance Soluble-fiber breakfast cereals were examined for their cholesterol-lowering ability in 58 male patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study . Patients followed a step 1 diet for a minimum of 6 wk , then were r and omly assigned to groups incorporating either corn flakes or one of two soluble-fiber cereals ( pectin enriched or psyllium enriched ) in the diet for an additional 6 wk . During the diet-only phase , total cholesterol dropped 3.8 % . During the cereal-plus-diet phase , total and LDL cholesterol values of the pectin-enriched cereal group dropped an additional 2.1 % ( P = 0.243 ) and 3.9 % ( P = 0.16 ) , respectively , and they dropped 5.9 % ( P = 0.005 ) and 5.7 % ( P = 0.034 ) , respectively , in the psyllium-enriched cereal group . During the cereal-plus-diet phase , no significant effects on HDL cholesterol , triglyceride , or body weight were found within or between any cereal groups . These results support use of soluble-fiber cereals as an effective and well-tolerated part of a prudent diet in the treatment of mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia The effects of consuming foods containing 0 ( control ) , 3.4 , 6.8 , or 10.2 g psyllium seed husk (PSH)/d for 24 wk on the serum lipid profile were assessed in this r and omized , double-blind controlled study . Men and women ( n = 286 ) with LDL-cholesterol concentrations between 3.36 and 5.68 mmol/L ( 130 and 220 mg/dL ) were r and omly assigned to one of four treatment groups after following a low-fat diet for > or = 8 wk . At week 24 , LDL cholesterol was 3 % above baseline in the control group . In the group consuming 10.2 g PSH/d , LDL cholesterol remained below baseline during treatment , with a value 5.3 % below that of the control group at week 24 ( P < 0.05 compared with the control group ) . No significant differences were observed in HDL cholesterol or triacylglycerol . Although modest , the effect of 10.2 g PSH/d on LDL cholesterol ( relative to the control ) persisted throughout the 24-wk treatment period , indicating potential for long-term benefit Background Water-soluble dietary fibers intake may help control blood glucose and body weight . Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether soluble fiber supplementation from psyllium improves glycemic control indicators and body weight in type 2 diabetic patients . Method Forty type 2 diabetes patients , non-smoker , aged > 35 years were stratified to different strata according to sex , age , body mass index ( BMI ) and fasting blood sugar level ( FBS ) and r and omly assigned into two groups ; The intervention group which consists of 
    Output:
    
agent
Moreover , there was nonlinear association between duration of psyllium consumption , BMI and WC .
Conclusion : Psyllium supplementation does not reduce body weight , BMI , and WC significantly
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Fibres which are soluble or insoluble in water have different physiochemical properties and may therefore be expected to exert different effects on post-ingestive satiety signals . This study compared the effects on short-term ( 24 h ) appetite of two equienergetic high ( 22 g ) fibre breakfasts , an equienergetic low fibre breakfast and a low energy , ' light ' breakfast . Psyllium gum ( the soluble fibre ) and wheat bran ( the insoluble fibre ) were incorporated into breakfast cereals and consumed at breakfast by sixteen healthy , normal weight males after an overnight fast using a repeated measures , counterbalanced design . Ad libitum energy intake was assessed at a test snack 1.5 h after breakfast , later in the day using food boxes and the following day using food diaries . Motivation to eat and gastrointestinal sensations were tracked for the next 24 h. Hunger ratings showed a trend towards the subjects being less hungry and they consumed significantly less energy at snack time after the high insoluble than after the high soluble fibre breakfast cereal . The soluble fibre breakfast produced a greater suppression of snack intake than the light breakfast , but smaller suppression than the other breakfasts . Interestingly there was a trend toward reduced hunger and voluntary energy consumption following the soluble fibre compared with the insoluble fibre much later in the day ( 9.5 - 13.5 h after breakfast ) although this was not significant . There was no significant effect of breakfast type on total day energy intake . The results suggest that different types of fibre modulate the timecourse of appetite control and may produce alterations in the experience of motivation and patterns of eating without necessarily effecting total energy intake The effects of dietary fiber on subjective hunger ratings and weight losses were studied in 135 members of a weight loss club . After a run-in week , 100 members were r and omly given one sachet of either bran or ispaghula granulate before meals for two weeks . Thirty-five controls only rated hunger . One hundred and eight members completed the trial : 23  controls  , 45 on ispaghula and 40 on  bran . No change in hunger ratings was found in the controls . Both fiber preparations lowered hunger ratings during weeks 2 and 3 compared to the run-in week . Ratings were similarly reduced at all meals . The mean ( + /- SD ) weight reductions during the trial were 4.6 + /- 2.7 kg for the controls , 4.2 + /- 3.2 kg for the ispaghula group and 4.6 + /- 2.3 kg for the bran group ( p greater than 0.05 for all ) . In spite of recent changes in the diet towards food rich in dietary fibers , addition of extra dietary fiber immediately before meals reduced hunger feelings but had no effect on weight reduction BACKGROUND New dietary strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk include the addition of fiber to the diet . The effect of soluble-fiber consumption derived from Plantago ovata husk on lipid risk factors in patients with CVD is unknown . OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of soluble fiber ( P. ovata husk ) with those of insoluble fiber ( P. ovata seeds ) on plasma lipid , lipoprotein , and apolipoprotein ( apo ) concentrations within a CVD secondary prevention program . DESIGN In a r and omized , crossover , controlled , single-blind design , 28 men with CVD ( myocardial infa rct ion or stable angina ) and an LDL-cholesterol concentration < /=3.35 mmol/L consumed for 8 wk , under controlled conditions , a low-saturated-fat diet supplemented with 10.5 g P. ovata husk/d or 10.5 g P. ovata seeds/d . Fasting plasma lipid concentrations and polymorphisms of genes involved in lipid metabolism , such as apo A-IV , apo E , and fatty acid-binding protein , were measured . RESULTS Plasma triacylglycerol decreased ( 6.7 % ; P < 0.02 ) , the ratio of apo B 100 to apo A-I decreased ( 4.7 % ; P < 0.02 ) , and apo A-I increased ( 4.3 % ; P < 0.01 ) in the P. ovata husk consumers . Compared with the intake of insoluble fiber , the intake of P. ovata husk increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations by 6.7 % ( P = 0.006 ) and decreased the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol and of LDL to HDL cholesterol by 10.6 % ( P = 0.002 ) and 14.2 % ( P = 0.003 ) , respectively . CONCLUSION In the secondary prevention of CVD , P. ovata husk intake induces a more beneficial effect on the cardiovascular lipid risk-factor profile than does an equivalent intake of insoluble fiber To determine whether psyllium must be mixed with food to lower serum cholesterol , 18 modestly hypercholesterolemic subjects were studied for three 2-wk periods , in r and om order , separated by a 2-wk return to a National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet . Compared with values for subjects consuming control wheat-bran cereal ( 63 g/d ) , after 2 wk of 54 g psyllium-enriched cereal/d containing 7.3 g psyllium , serum total , LDL , and HDL cholesterol , respectively , were reduced by 8 % ( 6.15 + /- 0.15 vs 6.71 + /- 0.19 mmol/L , P < 0.01 ) , 11 % ( 4.24 + /- 0.15 vs 4.78 + /- 0.19 mmol/L , P < 0.02 ) , and 7 % ( 0.99 + /- 0.05 vs 1.07 + /- 0.05 mmol/L , P < 0.01 ) . When 7.6 g of the same type of psyllium as in the test cereal was taken between meals , serum total ( 6.50 + /- 0.19 mmol/L ) , LDL ( 4.50 + /- 0.21 mmol/L ) , and HDL ( 1.06 + /- 0.06 mmol/L ) cholesterol were no different from control values , and total cholesterol was greater than after psyllium cereal ( P < 0.05 ) . We conclude that psyllium must be mixed with foods to have the maximum effect on serum cholesterol BACKGROUND Cholecystokinin is associated with satiety . Fat stimulates cholecystokinin release , and fiber appears to prolong cholecystokinin elevation during the alimentary period . OBJECTIVE We tested whether adding fiber or fat to a low-fat , low-fiber meal increases cholecystokinin release and enhances subjective measures of satiety and whether the cholecystokinin response correlates with subjective measures of satiety . DESIGN Three isoenergetic breakfast meals were tested in a r and omized crossover design : low fiber , low fat ; high fiber , low fat ; and low fiber , high fat . Blood sample s were drawn from fasted subjects ( 7 men and 8 women ) before and at different time points after test meal consumption for 6 h. Plasma was analyzed for cholecystokinin , insulin , glucose , and triacylglycerols . Visual analogue scales were used to assess subjects ' hunger , desire to eat , fullness , and prospect i ve consumption . RESULTS In the women , the meals higher in fiber or in fat result ed in greater feelings of satiety and in significantly higher cholecystokinin responses than did the low-fat , low-fiber meal . In the men , the increase in cholecystokinin concentration did not differ between meals , but the 2 low-fat meals elicited a greater feeling of satiety than did the high-fat meal . The insulin response was significantly higher for the low-fiber , low-fat meal than for the other 2 meals , and the triacylglycerol response was greatest for the high-fat , low-fiber meal . CONCLUSION In women , the feeling of satiety caused by cholecystokinin release is enhanced by increasing either the fiber or fat content of a low-fat , low-fiber meal BACKGROUND Dietary fiber intake remains low despite increasing evidence for its health benefits , including laxation . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to assess the effects of increasing fiber intake on bowel habits and gastrointestinal tolerance in healthy persons consuming a typical Canadian or US diet . DESIGN Under a r and omized crossover design , 23 free-living participants consumed a typical Canadian or US diet ( 35 % fat , 12 g fiber/d ) and received 25.0 - 28.7 g fiber/d from each of 5 breakfast cereals : All-Bran ( AB ) , Bran Buds with Corn ( BBC ) , Bran Buds with Psyllium ( BBP ) , BBC with viscous fiber blend ( VFB ) , or a low-fiber control for 3 wk , with each study arm separated by a washout of > /=1 wk . Seven-day stool collection s and a symptom diary were obtained during the last week of each study arm . RESULTS All study cereals induced significant ( P < 0.05 ) increases in fecal bulk from the control diet at 128 + /- 38 g to 199 + /- 56 , 199 + /- 57 , 247 + /- 87 , and 197 + /- 63 g with consumption of AB , BBC , BBP , and VFB , respectively ; less intestinal transit time ; and significantly ( P < 0.05 ) greater bowel movement frequency . Despite the increased activity of the bowel , a positive level of comfort was maintained . BBP was more effective than other cereals in terms of increasing fecal wet weight ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Water-insoluble dietary fibers ( ie , AB and BBC ) and their mixtures with water-soluble fibers ( ie , BBP and VFB ) in the form of breakfast cereals ( 2.5 servings/d ) proved to be a practical way of increasing fiber intake to recommended levels , while maintaining a good level of tolerance Soluble-fiber breakfast cereals were examined for their cholesterol-lowering ability in 58 male patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study . Patients followed a step 1 diet for a minimum of 6 wk , then were r and omly assigned to groups incorporating either corn flakes or one of two soluble-fiber cereals ( pectin enriched or psyllium enriched ) in the diet for an additional 6 wk . During the diet-only phase , total cholesterol dropped 3.8 % . During the cereal-plus-diet phase , total and LDL cholesterol values of the pectin-enriched cereal group dropped an additional 2.1 % ( P = 0.243 ) and 3.9 % ( P = 0.16 ) , respectively , and they dropped 5.9 % ( P = 0.005 ) and 5.7 % ( P = 0.034 ) , respectively , in the psyllium-enriched cereal group . During the cereal-plus-diet phase , no significant effects on HDL cholesterol , triglyceride , or body weight were found within or between any cereal groups . These results support use of soluble-fiber cereals as an effective and well-tolerated part of a prudent diet in the treatment of mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia The effects of consuming foods containing 0 ( control ) , 3.4 , 6.8 , or 10.2 g psyllium seed husk (PSH)/d for 24 wk on the serum lipid profile were assessed in this r and omized , double-blind controlled study . Men and women ( n = 286 ) with LDL-cholesterol concentrations between 3.36 and 5.68 mmol/L ( 130 and 220 mg/dL ) were r and omly assigned to one of four treatment groups after following a low-fat diet for > or = 8 wk . At week 24 , LDL cholesterol was 3 % above baseline in the control group . In the group consuming 10.2 g PSH/d , LDL cholesterol remained below baseline during treatment , with a value 5.3 % below that of the control group at week 24 ( P < 0.05 compared with the control group ) . No significant differences were observed in HDL cholesterol or triacylglycerol . Although modest , the effect of 10.2 g PSH/d on LDL cholesterol ( relative to the control ) persisted throughout the 24-wk treatment period , indicating potential for long-term benefit Background Water-soluble dietary fibers intake may help control blood glucose and body weight . Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether soluble fiber supplementation from psyllium improves glycemic control indicators and body weight in type 2 diabetic patients . Method Forty type 2 diabetes patients , non-smoker , aged > 35 years were stratified to different strata according to sex , age , body mass index ( BMI ) and fasting blood sugar level ( FBS ) and r and omly assigned into two groups ; The intervention group which consists of 
    Output:
    