human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) with calcium hydroxide ( Ca(OH)2 ) clinical ly and radiographically as a pulpotomy agent in immature permanent teeth ( apexogenesis ) . METHODS Fifteen children , each with at least 2 immature permanent teeth requiring pulpotomy ( apexogenesis ) , were selected for this study . All selected teeth were evenly divided into 2 test groups . In group 1 , the conventional Ca(OH)2pulpotomy ( control ) was performed , whereas in group 2 , the MTA pulpotomy ( experimental ) was done . The children were recalled for clinical and radiographic evaluations after 3 , 6 , and 12 months . RESULTS The follow-up evaluations revealed failure due to pain and swelling detected at 6 and 12 months postoperative evaluations in only 2 teeth treated with Ca(OH)2 . The remaining 28 teeth appeared to be clinical ly and radiographically successful 12 months postoperatively . Calcific metamorphosis was a radiographic finding in 2 teeth treated with Ca(OH)2 and 4 teeth treated with MTA . CONCLUSIONS Mineral trioxide aggregate showed clinical and radiographic success as a pulpotomy agent in immature permanent teeth ( apexogenesis ) and seems to be a suitable alternative to calcium hydroxide Three intermediary base material s , a zinc oxide-eugenol ( Cavitec ) and two calcium hydroxide liners ( Life and Dycal ) , were selected at r and om for use as a base beneath  amalgam or composite restorations on humans following complete caries removal .  Life and Dycal , selected at r and om , were also used as direct and indirect pulp capping agents as clinical ly indicated . Clinical evaluations of signs and symptoms were made before treatment and at one-week , six-month , and one-year intervals following treatment . Histological evaluations were performed on three complete caries removal teeth and 18 direct pulp capping teeth six months following treatment . No significant differences in clinical symptomatology result ed between the material s in the complete caries removal group or the indirect and direct pulp capping groups In a prospect i ve study , partial pulpotomy was performed on six permanent molars with deep carious lesions and pulpal involvement . The bleeding pulp was irrigated with normal tap water until bleeding had stopped and the exposed pulp was covered with calcium hydroxide followed by zinc oxide eugenol , and finally covered with a semipermanent restoration . All teeth showed hard tissue barrier formation , both clinical ly and radiographically , within three months and were free from subjective and objective symptoms through the observation period ( average observation period was 26 months ) . The patients also experienced the therapy positively . These findings and those of others have helped gain more recognition for partial pulpotomy as a strong possible alternative therapy when pulps are exposed by deep carious lesions and a bleeding pulp is exposed during the excavation process . The rationale for this therapy is to remove the infected and /or inflamed pulpal areas beneath the carious lesion and disintegrated tissue . A rapid and simplified procedure would allow the general practitioner to perform this procedure when necessary at dental clinics , without specialist facilities under conditions that avoid unnecessary contamination of the pulp Diseases of the dental pulp often have an infectious origin , and treatments are aim ed to control infections of the root canal system . Endodontic treatment principles originally evolved on the basis of trial and error , and only in recent decades have scientific methods been adopted to support clinical strategies . Yet , relevant research on the disease processes , their diagnoses , and efficient treatment are rare in the endodontic literature . Hence , the advancement of biologically based knowledge significant to clinical endodontics has been slow . Therefore , many differences of opinion still prevail in this field of dentistry . This review highlights and analyzes the background of some of the more heavily debated issues in recent years . Specifically , it deals with disagreements regarding the clinical management of pulpal exposures by caries in the adult dentition , definitions of success and failure of endodontic therapy  , and causes of and measures to control infections of the root canal system . Clearly , a most apparent gap in the published endodontic literature is the lack of r and omized clinical trials that address the more significant controversial matters relating to the management of pulpal wounds , medication , and the number of appointments required for the treatment of infected root canals . However , trials in endodontics require extremely long follow-up periods if valid conclusions are to be generated . Therefore , it is not to be expected that there will be rapid solutions to these issues in the foreseeable future After 2 yrs ' follow-up , mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) appeared suitable for this purpose UNLABELLED Carious pulp exposure in permanent molars of children is a common incident . Mineral trioxide aggregate is a new material that possesses numerous exciting possibilities for pulp therapy . AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of MTA as a direct pulp capping agent in young permanent teeth . METHODS Thirty asymptomatic permanent molars with pulp exposures were treated by pulp capping using MTA . At each recall ( 6 12 , 18 and 24 months ) , the teeth were assessed clinical ly , through pulpal sensitivity tests , as well as radiographically to evaluate periapical healing . RESULTS None of the cases reported spontaneous pain at the six months follow up and the pulp showed signs of vitality and absence of periapical radiolucency . At 24 months , the clinical and radiographic success rate was 93 % with evidence of continued root growth . CONCLUSION Pulp capping with MTA is recommended for teeth with carious pulp exposures specially immature teeth with high potential for healing Aim : To prospect ively compare the clinical success rate of partial pulpotomy treatment in permanent molars using calcium hydroxide ( CH ) and mineral trioxide aggregates ( MTA ) as pulp dressing agents . Methods : Restorable permanent first molars ( 64 ) with carious pulp exposures were r and omly assigned to two groups ; CH and MTA . A st and ardized operative procedure was followed in both groups . Following isolation and caries removal , the exposed superficial pulp tissue layers were removed with a sterile flame shape diamond bur to a depth of 2–4 mm . Bleeding was controlled and pulp dressed with either a paste of non- setting Ca(OH)2 followed by a setting layer of Ca(OH)2 , or with grey MTA . The dressing material s in both groups were then covered with a layer of light cured glass ionomer cement . The teeth were either restored using amalgam , or where grossly carious with preformed metal crowns . Patients were scheduled for follow-up at 3 , 6 , 12 months and annually thereafter . Results : There were 34 patients ( 17 males and 17 females ) with 51 teeth available for evaluation . The age of patients at the time of restoration ranged between 6.8 to 13.3 years ( mean of 10.3 ±1.8 years ) . The follow-up period ranged from 25.4 to 45.6 months with an average of 34.8 ± 4.4 months . There was no statistically significant difference in the success rate of teeth treated with CH ( 91 % ) in comparison to teeth treated with MTA ( 93 % ) . Radiographically , a hard tissue barrier under CH was noticed in 12 ( 55 % ) teeth compared with 18 ( 64 % ) teeth under MTA ( p=0.4 ) . Conclusions : MTA has clinical success rate comparable to CH as a pulp dressing material for partial pulpotomy in permanent molars with carious Direct  pulp capping of carious-exposed pulp was performed on 44 teeth . We evaluated the success rates of these cases , and analyzed the relationships between the success rates and their clinical findings . Furthermore , we examined the length of time necessary for adequate postoperative follow-up . The success rate in this study was 81.8 % . Age of the patients , type of teeth , responses to thermal stimuli and percussion , and the diameter of pulpal exposure had no bearing on the success rate . However , the degree of bleeding on pulpal exposure was related to the success rate ( p = 0.042 ) . The success rates of cases in which postoperative follow-up periods were 3 to 18 months were similar ( 80 to 83 % ) , whereas those with follow-up for 21 months ( 91.7 % ) and 24 months ( 100 % ) showed higher success rates . These results showed that direct pulp capping was applicable to carious-exposed pulp , and the degree of bleeding is indicative of the prognosis of this treatment . The length of time necessary for adequate postoperative follow-up was suggested to be 21 months AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical ly and radiographically pulpotomies carried out under intrapulpal injection of anaesthetic solution . METHODOLOGY Forty-one permanent m and ibular molar teeth presenting with deep carious lesions and /or exposed pulps , with or without periapical changes on radiographic examination , were treated with pulpotomy and dressed with calcium hydroxide . The teeth were divided into three groups . Group A consisted of 15 teeth , where intrapulpal anaesthesia was administered by a slow injection of lidocaine hydrochloride 2 % . Group B , with 14 teeth , where intrapulpal anaesthesia was obtained with lidocaine hydrochloride 2 % with adrenaline 1:100,000 . Group C consisted of 12 teeth in which anaesthesia was performed with a m and ibular block using prilocaine hydrochloride 3 % with felypressin 1 : 100,000 .  Healing was evaluated using clinical and radiographic criteria : dentine barrier formation , absence of clinical symptoms and resolution of periapical involvement . RESULTS After an observation time of 6 - 8 weeks ( postoperative control ) and 24 - 32 weeks ( intermediate control ) , healing occurred in 13 teeth from group A ( 87 % ) , in 11 teeth from group B ( 79 % ) and in 10 teeth from group C ( 83 % ) . No statistical difference was demonstrated between the three groups ( Fisher 's exact test ) . CONCLUSIONS Based on the methodology adopted , intrapulpal injection of anaesthetic solution did not impair healing in pulpotomized teeth OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical performance and survival of stainless steel crown ( SSC ) restoration  and  modified open-s and wich technique using resin-modified glass ionomer cement . DESIGN R and omized clinical trial . SETTING General dental practice . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 87 children aged 4 - 7 years at baseline with one or more primary molars that have undergone pulp therapy were r and omly assigned to receive either SSC or modified open-s and wich restoration . One hundred and sixty restorations were placed and evaluated after 6 , 12 , 18 , and 24 months using the Ryge criteria . RESULTS Comparable survival rates were observed for both SSC and modified open-s and wich restoration . With only four SSCs and six modified open-s and wich restorations failing over 24 months , the survival rates were high for both material s ( 2-year survival rate : 95.0 % for SSCs and 92.5 % for modified open-s and wich restorations ) . Significantly better gingival health ( P < 0.05 ) was observed for the modified open-s and wich restorations compared with SSCs , as only one modified open-s and wich restoration was rated Charlie compared to 13 SSCs . No significant differences were observed between the two material s for marginal integrity , proximal contact , occlusion , or recurrent caries . CONCLUSION The 2-year results indicated that the modified open-s and wich restoration is an appropriate alternative to SSC in extensive restorations , particularly where aesthetic considerations are important 
    Output:
    
agent
Vital permanent teeth with cariously exposed pulp can be treated successfully with vital pulp therapy .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) with calcium hydroxide ( Ca(OH)2 ) clinical ly and radiographically as a pulpotomy agent in immature permanent teeth ( apexogenesis ) . METHODS Fifteen children , each with at least 2 immature permanent teeth requiring pulpotomy ( apexogenesis ) , were selected for this study . All selected teeth were evenly divided into 2 test groups . In group 1 , the conventional Ca(OH)2pulpotomy ( control ) was performed , whereas in group 2 , the MTA pulpotomy ( experimental ) was done . The children were recalled for clinical and radiographic evaluations after 3 , 6 , and 12 months . RESULTS The follow-up evaluations revealed failure due to pain and swelling detected at 6 and 12 months postoperative evaluations in only 2 teeth treated with Ca(OH)2 . The remaining 28 teeth appeared to be clinical ly and radiographically successful 12 months postoperatively . Calcific metamorphosis was a radiographic finding in 2 teeth treated with Ca(OH)2 and 4 teeth treated with MTA . CONCLUSIONS Mineral trioxide aggregate showed clinical and radiographic success as a pulpotomy agent in immature permanent teeth ( apexogenesis ) and seems to be a suitable alternative to calcium hydroxide Three intermediary base material s , a zinc oxide-eugenol ( Cavitec ) and two calcium hydroxide liners ( Life and Dycal ) , were selected at r and om for use as a base beneath  amalgam or composite restorations on humans following complete caries removal .  Life and Dycal , selected at r and om , were also used as direct and indirect pulp capping agents as clinical ly indicated . Clinical evaluations of signs and symptoms were made before treatment and at one-week , six-month , and one-year intervals following treatment . Histological evaluations were performed on three complete caries removal teeth and 18 direct pulp capping teeth six months following treatment . No significant differences in clinical symptomatology result ed between the material s in the complete caries removal group or the indirect and direct pulp capping groups In a prospect i ve study , partial pulpotomy was performed on six permanent molars with deep carious lesions and pulpal involvement . The bleeding pulp was irrigated with normal tap water until bleeding had stopped and the exposed pulp was covered with calcium hydroxide followed by zinc oxide eugenol , and finally covered with a semipermanent restoration . All teeth showed hard tissue barrier formation , both clinical ly and radiographically , within three months and were free from subjective and objective symptoms through the observation period ( average observation period was 26 months ) . The patients also experienced the therapy positively . These findings and those of others have helped gain more recognition for partial pulpotomy as a strong possible alternative therapy when pulps are exposed by deep carious lesions and a bleeding pulp is exposed during the excavation process . The rationale for this therapy is to remove the infected and /or inflamed pulpal areas beneath the carious lesion and disintegrated tissue . A rapid and simplified procedure would allow the general practitioner to perform this procedure when necessary at dental clinics , without specialist facilities under conditions that avoid unnecessary contamination of the pulp Diseases of the dental pulp often have an infectious origin , and treatments are aim ed to control infections of the root canal system . Endodontic treatment principles originally evolved on the basis of trial and error , and only in recent decades have scientific methods been adopted to support clinical strategies . Yet , relevant research on the disease processes , their diagnoses , and efficient treatment are rare in the endodontic literature . Hence , the advancement of biologically based knowledge significant to clinical endodontics has been slow . Therefore , many differences of opinion still prevail in this field of dentistry . This review highlights and analyzes the background of some of the more heavily debated issues in recent years . Specifically , it deals with disagreements regarding the clinical management of pulpal exposures by caries in the adult dentition , definitions of success and failure of endodontic therapy  , and causes of and measures to control infections of the root canal system . Clearly , a most apparent gap in the published endodontic literature is the lack of r and omized clinical trials that address the more significant controversial matters relating to the management of pulpal wounds , medication , and the number of appointments required for the treatment of infected root canals . However , trials in endodontics require extremely long follow-up periods if valid conclusions are to be generated . Therefore , it is not to be expected that there will be rapid solutions to these issues in the foreseeable future After 2 yrs ' follow-up , mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) appeared suitable for this purpose UNLABELLED Carious pulp exposure in permanent molars of children is a common incident . Mineral trioxide aggregate is a new material that possesses numerous exciting possibilities for pulp therapy . AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of MTA as a direct pulp capping agent in young permanent teeth . METHODS Thirty asymptomatic permanent molars with pulp exposures were treated by pulp capping using MTA . At each recall ( 6 12 , 18 and 24 months ) , the teeth were assessed clinical ly , through pulpal sensitivity tests , as well as radiographically to evaluate periapical healing . RESULTS None of the cases reported spontaneous pain at the six months follow up and the pulp showed signs of vitality and absence of periapical radiolucency . At 24 months , the clinical and radiographic success rate was 93 % with evidence of continued root growth . CONCLUSION Pulp capping with MTA is recommended for teeth with carious pulp exposures specially immature teeth with high potential for healing Aim : To prospect ively compare the clinical success rate of partial pulpotomy treatment in permanent molars using calcium hydroxide ( CH ) and mineral trioxide aggregates ( MTA ) as pulp dressing agents . Methods : Restorable permanent first molars ( 64 ) with carious pulp exposures were r and omly assigned to two groups ; CH and MTA . A st and ardized operative procedure was followed in both groups . Following isolation and caries removal , the exposed superficial pulp tissue layers were removed with a sterile flame shape diamond bur to a depth of 2–4 mm . Bleeding was controlled and pulp dressed with either a paste of non- setting Ca(OH)2 followed by a setting layer of Ca(OH)2 , or with grey MTA . The dressing material s in both groups were then covered with a layer of light cured glass ionomer cement . The teeth were either restored using amalgam , or where grossly carious with preformed metal crowns . Patients were scheduled for follow-up at 3 , 6 , 12 months and annually thereafter . Results : There were 34 patients ( 17 males and 17 females ) with 51 teeth available for evaluation . The age of patients at the time of restoration ranged between 6.8 to 13.3 years ( mean of 10.3 ±1.8 years ) . The follow-up period ranged from 25.4 to 45.6 months with an average of 34.8 ± 4.4 months . There was no statistically significant difference in the success rate of teeth treated with CH ( 91 % ) in comparison to teeth treated with MTA ( 93 % ) . Radiographically , a hard tissue barrier under CH was noticed in 12 ( 55 % ) teeth compared with 18 ( 64 % ) teeth under MTA ( p=0.4 ) . Conclusions : MTA has clinical success rate comparable to CH as a pulp dressing material for partial pulpotomy in permanent molars with carious Direct  pulp capping of carious-exposed pulp was performed on 44 teeth . We evaluated the success rates of these cases , and analyzed the relationships between the success rates and their clinical findings . Furthermore , we examined the length of time necessary for adequate postoperative follow-up . The success rate in this study was 81.8 % . Age of the patients , type of teeth , responses to thermal stimuli and percussion , and the diameter of pulpal exposure had no bearing on the success rate . However , the degree of bleeding on pulpal exposure was related to the success rate ( p = 0.042 ) . The success rates of cases in which postoperative follow-up periods were 3 to 18 months were similar ( 80 to 83 % ) , whereas those with follow-up for 21 months ( 91.7 % ) and 24 months ( 100 % ) showed higher success rates . These results showed that direct pulp capping was applicable to carious-exposed pulp , and the degree of bleeding is indicative of the prognosis of this treatment . The length of time necessary for adequate postoperative follow-up was suggested to be 21 months AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical ly and radiographically pulpotomies carried out under intrapulpal injection of anaesthetic solution . METHODOLOGY Forty-one permanent m and ibular molar teeth presenting with deep carious lesions and /or exposed pulps , with or without periapical changes on radiographic examination , were treated with pulpotomy and dressed with calcium hydroxide . The teeth were divided into three groups . Group A consisted of 15 teeth , where intrapulpal anaesthesia was administered by a slow injection of lidocaine hydrochloride 2 % . Group B , with 14 teeth , where intrapulpal anaesthesia was obtained with lidocaine hydrochloride 2 % with adrenaline 1:100,000 . Group C consisted of 12 teeth in which anaesthesia was performed with a m and ibular block using prilocaine hydrochloride 3 % with felypressin 1 : 100,000 .  Healing was evaluated using clinical and radiographic criteria : dentine barrier formation , absence of clinical symptoms and resolution of periapical involvement . RESULTS After an observation time of 6 - 8 weeks ( postoperative control ) and 24 - 32 weeks ( intermediate control ) , healing occurred in 13 teeth from group A ( 87 % ) , in 11 teeth from group B ( 79 % ) and in 10 teeth from group C ( 83 % ) . No statistical difference was demonstrated between the three groups ( Fisher 's exact test ) . CONCLUSIONS Based on the methodology adopted , intrapulpal injection of anaesthetic solution did not impair healing in pulpotomized teeth OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical performance and survival of stainless steel crown ( SSC ) restoration  and  modified open-s and wich technique using resin-modified glass ionomer cement . DESIGN R and omized clinical trial . SETTING General dental practice . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 87 children aged 4 - 7 years at baseline with one or more primary molars that have undergone pulp therapy were r and omly assigned to receive either SSC or modified open-s and wich restoration . One hundred and sixty restorations were placed and evaluated after 6 , 12 , 18 , and 24 months using the Ryge criteria . RESULTS Comparable survival rates were observed for both SSC and modified open-s and wich restoration . With only four SSCs and six modified open-s and wich restorations failing over 24 months , the survival rates were high for both material s ( 2-year survival rate : 95.0 % for SSCs and 92.5 % for modified open-s and wich restorations ) . Significantly better gingival health ( P < 0.05 ) was observed for the modified open-s and wich restorations compared with SSCs , as only one modified open-s and wich restoration was rated Charlie compared to 13 SSCs . No significant differences were observed between the two material s for marginal integrity , proximal contact , occlusion , or recurrent caries . CONCLUSION The 2-year results indicated that the modified open-s and wich restoration is an appropriate alternative to SSC in extensive restorations , particularly where aesthetic considerations are important 
    Output:
    