human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Introduction Critically ill patients are characterized by increased loss of muscle mass , partially attributed to sepsis and multiple organ failure , as well as immobilization . Recent studies have shown that electrical muscle stimulation ( EMS ) may be an alternative to active exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) and chronic heart failure ( CHF ) patients with myopathy . The aim of our study was to investigate the EMS effects on muscle mass preservation of critically ill patients with the use of ultrasonography ( US ) . Methods Forty-nine critically ill patients ( age : 59 ± 21 years ) with an APACHE II admission score ≥13 were r and omly assigned after stratification upon admission to receive daily EMS sessions of both lower extremities ( EMS-group ) or to the control group ( control group ) . Muscle mass was evaluated with US , by measuring the cross sectional diameter ( CSD ) of the vastus intermedius and the rectus femoris of the quadriceps muscle . Results Twenty-six patients were finally evaluated . Right rectus femoris and right vastus intermedius CSD decreased in both groups ( EMS group : from 1.42 ± 0.48 to 1.31 ± 0.45 cm , P = 0.001 control group : from 1.59 ± 0.53 to 1.37 ± 0.5 cm , P = 0.002 ; EMS group : from 0.91 ± 0.39 to 0.81 ± 0.38 cm , P = 0.001 control group : from 1.40 ± 0.64 to 1.11 ± 0.56 cm , P = 0.004 , respectively ) . However , the CSD of the right rectus femoris decreased significantly less in the EMS group ( -0.11 ± 0.06 cm , -8 ± 3.9 % ) as compared to the control group ( -0.21 ± 0.10 cm , -13.9 ± 6.4 % ; P < 0.05 ) and the CSD of the right vastus intermedius decreased significantly less in the EMS group ( -0.10 ± 0.05 cm , -12.5 ± 7.4 % ) as compared to the control group ( -0.29 ± 0.28 cm , -21.5 ± 15.3 % ; P < 0.05 ) . Conclusions EMS is well tolerated and seems to preserve the muscle mass of critically ill patients . The potential use of EMS as a preventive and rehabilitation tool in ICU patients with polyneuromyopathy needs to be further investigated . Trial Registration clinical trials.gov : Muscle dysfunction is a major problem in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , particularly after exacerbations . We thus asked whether neuromuscular electrostimulation ( NMES ) might be directly useful following an acute exacerbation and if such a therapy decreases muscular oxidative stress and /or alters muscle fibre distribution . A pilot r and omised controlled study of NMES lasting 6 weeks was carried out in 15 in- patients ( n=9 NMES ; n=6 sham ) following a COPD exacerbation . Stimulation was delivered to the quadriceps and hamstring muscles ( 35 Hz ) . Primary outcomes were quadriceps force and muscle oxidative stress . At the end of the study , quadriceps force improvement was statistically different between groups ( p=0.02 ) , with a significant increase only in the NMES group ( median ( interquartile range ) 10 ( 4.7–11.5 ) kg ; p=0.01 ) . Changes in the 6-min walking distance were statistically different between groups ( p=0.008 ) , with a significant increase in the NMES group ( 165 ( 125–203 ) m ; p=0.003 ) . NMES did not lead to higher muscle oxidative stress , as indicated by the decrease in total protein carbonylation ( p=0.02 ) and myosin heavy chain carbonylation ( p=0.01 ) levels . Finally , we observed a significant increase in type I fibre proportion in the NMES group . Our study shows that following COPD exacerbation , NMES is effective in counteracting muscle dysfunction and decreases muscle oxidative stress Introduction Critical illness polyneuromyopathy ( CIPNM ) is a common complication of critical illness presenting with muscle weakness and is associated with increased duration of mechanical ventilation and weaning period . No preventive tool and no specific treatment have been proposed so far for CIPNM . Electrical muscle stimulation ( EMS ) has been shown to be beneficial in patients with severe chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . Aim of our study was to assess the efficacy of EMS in preventing CIPNM in critically ill patients . Methods One hundred and forty consecutive critically ill patients with an APACHE II score ≥ 13 were r and omly assigned after stratification to the EMS group ( n = 68 ) ( age:61 ± 19 years ) ( APACHE II:18 ± 4 , SOFA:9 ± 3 ) or to the control group ( n = 72 ) ( age:58 ± 18 years ) ( APACHE II:18 ± 5 , SOFA:9 ± 3 ) . Patients of the EMS group received daily EMS sessions . CIPNM was diagnosed clinical ly with the medical research council ( MRC ) scale for muscle strength ( maximum score 60 , < 48/60 cut off for diagnosis ) by two unblinded independent investigators . Duration of weaning from mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit ( ICU ) stay were recorded . Results Fifty two patients could be finally evaluated with MRC ; 24 in the EMS group and 28 in the control group . CIPNM was diagnosed in 3 patients in the EMS group as compared to 11 patients in the control group ( OR = 0.22 ; CI : 0.05 to 0.92 , P = 0.04 ) . The MRC score was significantly higher in patients of the EMS group as compared to the control group [ 58 ( 33 to 60 ) vs. 52 ( 2 to 60 ) respectively , median ( range ) , P = 0.04 ) . The weaning period was statistically significantly shorter in patients of the EMS group vs. the control group [ 1 ( 0 to 10 ) days vs. 3 ( 0 to 44 ) days , respectively , median ( range ) , P = 0.003 ] . Conclusions This study suggests that daily EMS sessions prevent the development of CIPNM in critically ill patients and also result in shorter duration of weaning . Further studies should evaluate which patients benefit more from EMS and explore the EMS characteristics most appropriate for preventing CIPNM.Trial Registration Number Clinical Trials.gov Purpose . This is a secondary analysis of previously published data to investigate the effects of electrical muscle stimulation ( EMS ) on strength of various muscle groups in critically ill patients . Methods . One hundred forty-two consecutive patients , with APACHE II score ≥ 13 , were r and omly assigned to the EMS or the control group . EMS sessions were applied daily on vastus lateralis , vastus medialis , and peroneus longus of both lower extremities . Various muscle groups were evaluated with the Medical Research Council ( MRC ) scale for muscle strength . H and grip strength assessment was also employed . Results . Twenty four patients in the EMS group and 28 patients in the control group were finally evaluated .  EMS patients achieved higher MRC scores than controls ( P ≤ 0.05 ) in wrist flexion , hip flexion , knee extension , and ankle dorsiflexion . Collectively , the EMS group performed higher ( P < 0.01 ) in the legs and overall . H and grip strength correlated ( P ≤ 0.01 ) with the upper and lower extremities ' muscle strength and the overall MRC scores . Conclusions . EMS has beneficial effects on the strength of critically ill patients mainly affecting muscle groups stimulated , while it may also affect muscle groups not involved presenting itself as a potential effective means of muscle strength preservation and early mobilization in this patient population OBJECTIVE It is known that patients in the intensive care unit show an enormous loss of muscle mass . Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is effective in enhancing strength and endurance in immobilized patients . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on muscle layer thickness of knee extensor muscles in intensive care unit patients . DESIGN R and omized , controlled , double-blind , pilot trial . PATIENTS Thirty-three patients , male to female ratio 26:7 , mean age 55 years ( st and ard deviation 15 ) . METHODS After enrolment in the study , intensive care unit patients ( main diagnoses : polytrauma , cardiovascular diseases , transplantation , pneumonia , cancer ) were stratified ( based on the length of their stay in hospital ) into 2 groups : 17 acute patients ( < 7 days ) and 16 long-term patients ( > 14 days ) . Both groups were r and omized to a stimulation group or a sham-stimulation group . Neuromuscular electrical stimulation was applied to knee extensor muscles for a period of 4 weeks ( session time 30 - 60 minutes , 5 days/week ) . Ultrasound measurements were performed before and after the stimulation period to quantify muscle layer thickness of knee extensor muscles . RESULTS Only stimulated long-term patients ( + 4.9 % ) showed a significant ( p = 0.013 ) increase in muscle layer thickness compared with sham-stimulated patients ( -3.2 % ) . CONCLUSION Neuromuscular electrical stimulation appears to be a useful adjunct to revert muscle wasting in intensive care unit long-term patients ; however , larger studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm these promising , but preliminary , results Abstract Background : Electrical muscle stimulation ( EMS ) is applied to critically ill patients in order to improve their muscle strength , thereby preventing hypotrophy and promoting functional recovery . Objective : To assess the effects of early EMS on the range of movement of the ankle joint , and on thigh and leg circumference in critically ill patients . Methods : This is a prospect i ve r and omized clinical trial comprising 11 patients undergoing mechanical ventilation . Before and after EMS the thigh and leg circumference in both lower limbs and the goniometry of the tibiotarsal joint were measured . The angle of 90 ° on the goniometer was taken as the st and ard neutral position ( NP ) , with the arm fixed on the lateral malleolus of the ankle joint . Other measurements , namely dorsiflexion and plantar flexion , referred to as mobile arm , were taken from the NP . These recordings were obtained following an active contraction of the patients ’ muscles . Results : Compared with the electrostimulated limb , a difference in dorsiflexion of the control limb was observed ( 96.2 ± 24.9 versus 119.9 ± 14.1 ° ; p = 0.01 ) . A girth of 10 cm of the leg was found in limb reduction when compared to the electrostimulated one ( 24.7 ± 3.1 versus 26.4 ± 4.0 cm ; p = 0.03 ) . Conclusions : EMS used at low current intensity and for a short duration failed to prevent muscle atrophy in critically ill patients . However , we did find a significant improvement in active dorsiflexion of the ankle joint suggesting that it could help to prevent against stance plantar flexion in these patients STUDY OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of active limb mobilization ( ALM ) with or without electrical stimulation ( ES ) on muscle strength , respiratory rate ( RR ) , heart rate , oxygen saturation , and time needed to transfer from bed to chair in two groups of patients with COPD . DESIGN R and omized , controlled study . SETTING Respiratory high-dependency care unit . PATIENTS Twenty-four bed-bound patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure due to COPD who were receiving mechanical ventilation , with marked peripheral muscle hypotonia and atrophy . METHODS Patients were r and omly assigned either to ALM alone or to ALM plus ES ( ALM/ES ) . ES was applied using square-wave alternate , symmetric , and compensated impulses for 30 min bid . The duration of treatment was 28 days for all patients . RESULTS Muscle strength improved significantly in the overall group of patients ( from 1.75 + /- 0.73 to 3.44 + /- 0.65 , p < 0.05 ) . Comparing the change ( end minus beginning ) of the analyzed variables , ALM/ES significantly improved muscle strength ( 2.16 + /- 1.02 vs 1.25 + /- 0.75 , p = 0.02 ) and RR ( - 1.91 + /- 1.72 vs 0.41 + /- 1.88 , p = 0.004 ) , and decreased the number of days needed to transfer from bed to chair ( 10.75 + /- 2.41 days vs 14.33 + /- 2.53 days , p = 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION In bed-bound patients with COPD receiving mechanical ventilation , with marked peripheral muscle hypotonia and atrophy , application of ES in addition to classical ALM significantly improved muscle strength and decreased the number of days needed to transfer from bed to chair BACKGROUND : The functional status and outcomes in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation ( PMV ) are often limited by poor endurance and pulmonary mechanics , which result from the primary diseases or prolonged time bedridden . We evaluate the impact of exercise training on pulmonary mechanics , physical functional status , and hospitalization outcomes 
    Output:
    
agent
No outcomes evaluated the effect on participation restrictions .
NMES , as an adjunct to current rehabilitation practice s in critically ill patients , may maintain muscle strength .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Introduction Critically ill patients are characterized by increased loss of muscle mass , partially attributed to sepsis and multiple organ failure , as well as immobilization . Recent studies have shown that electrical muscle stimulation ( EMS ) may be an alternative to active exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) and chronic heart failure ( CHF ) patients with myopathy . The aim of our study was to investigate the EMS effects on muscle mass preservation of critically ill patients with the use of ultrasonography ( US ) . Methods Forty-nine critically ill patients ( age : 59 ± 21 years ) with an APACHE II admission score ≥13 were r and omly assigned after stratification upon admission to receive daily EMS sessions of both lower extremities ( EMS-group ) or to the control group ( control group ) . Muscle mass was evaluated with US , by measuring the cross sectional diameter ( CSD ) of the vastus intermedius and the rectus femoris of the quadriceps muscle . Results Twenty-six patients were finally evaluated . Right rectus femoris and right vastus intermedius CSD decreased in both groups ( EMS group : from 1.42 ± 0.48 to 1.31 ± 0.45 cm , P = 0.001 control group : from 1.59 ± 0.53 to 1.37 ± 0.5 cm , P = 0.002 ; EMS group : from 0.91 ± 0.39 to 0.81 ± 0.38 cm , P = 0.001 control group : from 1.40 ± 0.64 to 1.11 ± 0.56 cm , P = 0.004 , respectively ) . However , the CSD of the right rectus femoris decreased significantly less in the EMS group ( -0.11 ± 0.06 cm , -8 ± 3.9 % ) as compared to the control group ( -0.21 ± 0.10 cm , -13.9 ± 6.4 % ; P < 0.05 ) and the CSD of the right vastus intermedius decreased significantly less in the EMS group ( -0.10 ± 0.05 cm , -12.5 ± 7.4 % ) as compared to the control group ( -0.29 ± 0.28 cm , -21.5 ± 15.3 % ; P < 0.05 ) . Conclusions EMS is well tolerated and seems to preserve the muscle mass of critically ill patients . The potential use of EMS as a preventive and rehabilitation tool in ICU patients with polyneuromyopathy needs to be further investigated . Trial Registration clinical trials.gov : Muscle dysfunction is a major problem in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , particularly after exacerbations . We thus asked whether neuromuscular electrostimulation ( NMES ) might be directly useful following an acute exacerbation and if such a therapy decreases muscular oxidative stress and /or alters muscle fibre distribution . A pilot r and omised controlled study of NMES lasting 6 weeks was carried out in 15 in- patients ( n=9 NMES ; n=6 sham ) following a COPD exacerbation . Stimulation was delivered to the quadriceps and hamstring muscles ( 35 Hz ) . Primary outcomes were quadriceps force and muscle oxidative stress . At the end of the study , quadriceps force improvement was statistically different between groups ( p=0.02 ) , with a significant increase only in the NMES group ( median ( interquartile range ) 10 ( 4.7–11.5 ) kg ; p=0.01 ) . Changes in the 6-min walking distance were statistically different between groups ( p=0.008 ) , with a significant increase in the NMES group ( 165 ( 125–203 ) m ; p=0.003 ) . NMES did not lead to higher muscle oxidative stress , as indicated by the decrease in total protein carbonylation ( p=0.02 ) and myosin heavy chain carbonylation ( p=0.01 ) levels . Finally , we observed a significant increase in type I fibre proportion in the NMES group . Our study shows that following COPD exacerbation , NMES is effective in counteracting muscle dysfunction and decreases muscle oxidative stress Introduction Critical illness polyneuromyopathy ( CIPNM ) is a common complication of critical illness presenting with muscle weakness and is associated with increased duration of mechanical ventilation and weaning period . No preventive tool and no specific treatment have been proposed so far for CIPNM . Electrical muscle stimulation ( EMS ) has been shown to be beneficial in patients with severe chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . Aim of our study was to assess the efficacy of EMS in preventing CIPNM in critically ill patients . Methods One hundred and forty consecutive critically ill patients with an APACHE II score ≥ 13 were r and omly assigned after stratification to the EMS group ( n = 68 ) ( age:61 ± 19 years ) ( APACHE II:18 ± 4 , SOFA:9 ± 3 ) or to the control group ( n = 72 ) ( age:58 ± 18 years ) ( APACHE II:18 ± 5 , SOFA:9 ± 3 ) . Patients of the EMS group received daily EMS sessions . CIPNM was diagnosed clinical ly with the medical research council ( MRC ) scale for muscle strength ( maximum score 60 , < 48/60 cut off for diagnosis ) by two unblinded independent investigators . Duration of weaning from mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit ( ICU ) stay were recorded . Results Fifty two patients could be finally evaluated with MRC ; 24 in the EMS group and 28 in the control group . CIPNM was diagnosed in 3 patients in the EMS group as compared to 11 patients in the control group ( OR = 0.22 ; CI : 0.05 to 0.92 , P = 0.04 ) . The MRC score was significantly higher in patients of the EMS group as compared to the control group [ 58 ( 33 to 60 ) vs. 52 ( 2 to 60 ) respectively , median ( range ) , P = 0.04 ) . The weaning period was statistically significantly shorter in patients of the EMS group vs. the control group [ 1 ( 0 to 10 ) days vs. 3 ( 0 to 44 ) days , respectively , median ( range ) , P = 0.003 ] . Conclusions This study suggests that daily EMS sessions prevent the development of CIPNM in critically ill patients and also result in shorter duration of weaning . Further studies should evaluate which patients benefit more from EMS and explore the EMS characteristics most appropriate for preventing CIPNM.Trial Registration Number Clinical Trials.gov Purpose . This is a secondary analysis of previously published data to investigate the effects of electrical muscle stimulation ( EMS ) on strength of various muscle groups in critically ill patients . Methods . One hundred forty-two consecutive patients , with APACHE II score ≥ 13 , were r and omly assigned to the EMS or the control group . EMS sessions were applied daily on vastus lateralis , vastus medialis , and peroneus longus of both lower extremities . Various muscle groups were evaluated with the Medical Research Council ( MRC ) scale for muscle strength . H and grip strength assessment was also employed . Results . Twenty four patients in the EMS group and 28 patients in the control group were finally evaluated .  EMS patients achieved higher MRC scores than controls ( P ≤ 0.05 ) in wrist flexion , hip flexion , knee extension , and ankle dorsiflexion . Collectively , the EMS group performed higher ( P < 0.01 ) in the legs and overall . H and grip strength correlated ( P ≤ 0.01 ) with the upper and lower extremities ' muscle strength and the overall MRC scores . Conclusions . EMS has beneficial effects on the strength of critically ill patients mainly affecting muscle groups stimulated , while it may also affect muscle groups not involved presenting itself as a potential effective means of muscle strength preservation and early mobilization in this patient population OBJECTIVE It is known that patients in the intensive care unit show an enormous loss of muscle mass . Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is effective in enhancing strength and endurance in immobilized patients . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on muscle layer thickness of knee extensor muscles in intensive care unit patients . DESIGN R and omized , controlled , double-blind , pilot trial . PATIENTS Thirty-three patients , male to female ratio 26:7 , mean age 55 years ( st and ard deviation 15 ) . METHODS After enrolment in the study , intensive care unit patients ( main diagnoses : polytrauma , cardiovascular diseases , transplantation , pneumonia , cancer ) were stratified ( based on the length of their stay in hospital ) into 2 groups : 17 acute patients ( < 7 days ) and 16 long-term patients ( > 14 days ) . Both groups were r and omized to a stimulation group or a sham-stimulation group . Neuromuscular electrical stimulation was applied to knee extensor muscles for a period of 4 weeks ( session time 30 - 60 minutes , 5 days/week ) . Ultrasound measurements were performed before and after the stimulation period to quantify muscle layer thickness of knee extensor muscles . RESULTS Only stimulated long-term patients ( + 4.9 % ) showed a significant ( p = 0.013 ) increase in muscle layer thickness compared with sham-stimulated patients ( -3.2 % ) . CONCLUSION Neuromuscular electrical stimulation appears to be a useful adjunct to revert muscle wasting in intensive care unit long-term patients ; however , larger studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm these promising , but preliminary , results Abstract Background : Electrical muscle stimulation ( EMS ) is applied to critically ill patients in order to improve their muscle strength , thereby preventing hypotrophy and promoting functional recovery . Objective : To assess the effects of early EMS on the range of movement of the ankle joint , and on thigh and leg circumference in critically ill patients . Methods : This is a prospect i ve r and omized clinical trial comprising 11 patients undergoing mechanical ventilation . Before and after EMS the thigh and leg circumference in both lower limbs and the goniometry of the tibiotarsal joint were measured . The angle of 90 ° on the goniometer was taken as the st and ard neutral position ( NP ) , with the arm fixed on the lateral malleolus of the ankle joint . Other measurements , namely dorsiflexion and plantar flexion , referred to as mobile arm , were taken from the NP . These recordings were obtained following an active contraction of the patients ’ muscles . Results : Compared with the electrostimulated limb , a difference in dorsiflexion of the control limb was observed ( 96.2 ± 24.9 versus 119.9 ± 14.1 ° ; p = 0.01 ) . A girth of 10 cm of the leg was found in limb reduction when compared to the electrostimulated one ( 24.7 ± 3.1 versus 26.4 ± 4.0 cm ; p = 0.03 ) . Conclusions : EMS used at low current intensity and for a short duration failed to prevent muscle atrophy in critically ill patients . However , we did find a significant improvement in active dorsiflexion of the ankle joint suggesting that it could help to prevent against stance plantar flexion in these patients STUDY OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of active limb mobilization ( ALM ) with or without electrical stimulation ( ES ) on muscle strength , respiratory rate ( RR ) , heart rate , oxygen saturation , and time needed to transfer from bed to chair in two groups of patients with COPD . DESIGN R and omized , controlled study . SETTING Respiratory high-dependency care unit . PATIENTS Twenty-four bed-bound patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure due to COPD who were receiving mechanical ventilation , with marked peripheral muscle hypotonia and atrophy . METHODS Patients were r and omly assigned either to ALM alone or to ALM plus ES ( ALM/ES ) . ES was applied using square-wave alternate , symmetric , and compensated impulses for 30 min bid . The duration of treatment was 28 days for all patients . RESULTS Muscle strength improved significantly in the overall group of patients ( from 1.75 + /- 0.73 to 3.44 + /- 0.65 , p < 0.05 ) . Comparing the change ( end minus beginning ) of the analyzed variables , ALM/ES significantly improved muscle strength ( 2.16 + /- 1.02 vs 1.25 + /- 0.75 , p = 0.02 ) and RR ( - 1.91 + /- 1.72 vs 0.41 + /- 1.88 , p = 0.004 ) , and decreased the number of days needed to transfer from bed to chair ( 10.75 + /- 2.41 days vs 14.33 + /- 2.53 days , p = 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION In bed-bound patients with COPD receiving mechanical ventilation , with marked peripheral muscle hypotonia and atrophy , application of ES in addition to classical ALM significantly improved muscle strength and decreased the number of days needed to transfer from bed to chair BACKGROUND : The functional status and outcomes in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation ( PMV ) are often limited by poor endurance and pulmonary mechanics , which result from the primary diseases or prolonged time bedridden . We evaluate the impact of exercise training on pulmonary mechanics , physical functional status , and hospitalization outcomes 
    Output:
    