human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations between psychosocial and social-environmental variables and diabetes self-management , and diabetes control . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Baseline data from a type 2 diabetes self-management r and omized trial with 463 adults having elevated BMI ( M = 34.8 kg/m2 ) were used to investigate relations among demographic , psychosocial , and social-environmental variables ; dietary , exercise , and medication-taking behaviors ; and biologic outcomes . RESULTS Self-efficacy , problem solving , and social-environmental support were independently associated with diet and exercise  , increasing the variance accounted for by 23 and 19 % , respectively . Only diet contributed to explained variance in BMI ( β = −0.17 , P = 0.0003 ) and self-rated health status ( β = 0.25 , P < 0.0001 ) ; and only medication-taking behaviors contributed to lipid ratio ( total – to – HDL ) ( β = −0.20 , P = 0.0001 ) and A1C ( β = −0.21 , P < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Interventions should focus on enhancing self-efficacy , problem solving , and social-environmental support to improve self-management of diabetes OBJECTIVE This study examined the impact of a 6-month , empowerment-based diabetes self-management support ( DSMS ) intervention on clinical outcomes , self-care behaviors , and quality of life ( QOL ) compared to a 6-month control period . METHODS This control-intervention cohort study recruited 77 African-American adults with type 2 diabetes . Baseline , 6-month , and 12-month assessment s measured A1C , weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , blood pressure , lipids , self-care behaviors , and QOL . During the control period , participants received weekly educational newsletters . During the intervention period , participants attended weekly DSMS groups as frequently as they needed . Sessions were guided by participants ' self-management questions and concerns , and also emphasized experiential learning , coping , problem-solving , and goal - setting . RESULTS The control period found significant improvements for diastolic BP ( p<0.05 ) , serum cholesterol ( p<0.001 ) , following a healthy diet ( p<0.01 ) , and monitoring blood glucose ( p<0.01 ) . The intervention period found significant additional improvements for A1C ( p<0.001 ) , weight ( p<0.05 ) , BMI ( p<0.05 ) , and LDL ( p<0.001 ) . Compared to the control period , participation in the intervention led to a significant reduction in A1C ( p<0.01 ) . CONCLUSION Findings suggest that an empowerment-based , DSMS intervention is promising for improving and /or maintaining diabetes-related health , particularly A1C . PRACTICAL IMPLICATION S Incorporating empowerment principles in DSMS interventions may be useful for supporting patients ' self-management efforts in " real-world " setting OBJECTIVE To conduct a 1-year r and omized clinical trial to evaluate a remote comprehensive diabetes self-management education ( DSME ) intervention , Diabetes TeleCare , administered by a dietitian and nurse/certified diabetes educator ( CDE ) in the setting of a federally qualified health center ( FQHC ) in rural South Carolina . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were recruited from three member health centers of an FQHC and were r and omized to either Diabetes TeleCare , a 12-month , 13-session curriculum delivered using telehealth strategies , or usual care .  RESULTS Mixed linear regression model results for repeated measures showed a significant reduction in glycated hemoglobin ( GHb ) in the Diabetes TeleCare group from baseline to 6 and 12 months ( 9.4 ± 0.3 , 8.3 ± 0.3 , and 8.2 ± 0.4 , respectively ) compared with usual care ( 8.8 ± 0.3 , 8.6 ± 0.3 , and 8.6 ± 0.3 , respectively ) . LDL cholesterol was reduced at 12 months in the Diabetes TeleCare group compared with usual care . Although not part of the original study design , GHb was reduced from baseline to 12 and 24 months in the Diabetes TeleCare group ( 9.2 ± 0.4 , 7.4 ± 0.5 , and 7.6 ± 0.5 , respectively ) compared with usual care ( 8.7 ± 0.4 , 8.1 ± 0.4 , and 8.1 ± 0.5 , respectively ) in a post hoc analysis of a subset of the r and omized sample who completed a 24-month follow-up visit . CONCLUSIONS Telehealth effectively created access to successfully conduct a 1-year remote DSME by a nurse CDE and dietitian that improved metabolic control and reduced cardiovascular risk in an ethnically diverse and rural population This article describes the design and implementation of an online diabetes self-management intervention for a sample of inner-city African Americans with diabetes . Study participants were r and omly assigned to the treatment ( 26 ) and control ( 21 ) conditions . The results indicate that treatment group participants were more likely to achieve positive outcomes in terms of lowered hemoglobin A1c and body mass index measurements than were control group members . These findings support the development of telehealth interventions to promote effective chronic disease management in medically underserved communities OBJECTIVE The Informatics for Diabetes Education and Telemedicine ( IDEATel ) project r and omized ethnically diverse underserved older adults with diabetes to a telemedicine intervention or usual care .  Intervention participants had lower A1C levels over 5 years . New analyses were performed to help better underst and this difference . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS IDEATel r and omized Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes ( n = 1,665 ) to receive home video visits with a diabetes educator and upload glucose levels every 4–6 weeks or usual care ( 2000–2007 ) . Annual measurements included BMI , A1C ( primary outcome ) , and completion of question naires . Mixed-model analyses were performed using r and om effects to adjust for clustering within primary care physicians . RESULTS At baseline , A1C levels  ( mean ± SD ) were 7.02 ± 1.25 % in non-Hispanic whites ( n = 821 ) , 7.58 ± 1.78 % in non-Hispanic blacks ( n = 248 ) , and 7.79 ± 1.68 % in Hispanics ( n = 585 ) . Over time , lower A1C levels were associated with more glucose uploads ( P = 0.02 ) and female sex ( P = 0.002 ) . Blacks , Hispanics , and insulin-users had higher A1C levels than non-Hispanic whites ( P < 0.0001 ) . BMI was not associated with A1C levels . Blacks and Hispanics had significantly fewer uploads than non-Hispanic whites over time . Hispanics had the highest baseline A1C levels and showed the greatest improvement in the intervention , but , unlike non-Hispanic whites , Hispanics did not achieve A1C levels < 7.0 % at 5 years . CONCLUSIONS Racial/ethnic disparities were observed in this cohort of underserved older adults with diabetes . The IDEATel telemedicine intervention was associated with improvement in glycemic control , particularly in Hispanics , who had the highest baseline A1C levels , suggesting that telemedicine has the potential to help reduce disparities in diabetes management OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a problem-based empowerment patient education program specifically tailored for urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study used a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) pretest/post-test design with repeated measures . Patients were r and omly assigned to either a six-week intervention group or a six-week wait-listed control group . After completing the six sessions , patients were invited to participate in one of two follow-up conditions ; attend a monthly support group or receive a monthly phone call from a nurse . Assessment measures included HbA1C , lipids , blood pressure , weight , self-management behavior and psychosocial adaptation . RESULTS Both control and intervention patients showed a broad array of small-to-modest positive changes during the six-week RCT . These gains were maintained or improved upon during the one-year follow-up period . For patients in the two follow-up conditions , a positive correlation was seen between the number of follow-up contacts and their one-year HbA1C values . CONCLUSIONS We believe that results of this study can be attributed to volunteer bias , study effects ( ie , providing study data on several occasions to patients and their physicians during the one-year study period ) , and impact of the interventions . However , the study design does not allow us to examine the relative impact of these three factors on the patient improvements seen over the one-year study period OBJECTIVES We evaluated lifestyle interventions for diabetic persons who live in rural communities . METHODS We conducted a 12-month r and omized clinical trial ( n = 152 ) of " intensive-lifestyle " ( modeled after the NIH Diabetes Prevention Program ) and " reimbursable-lifestyle " ( intensive-lifestyle intervention delivered in the time allotted for Medicare reimbursement for diabetes education related to nutrition and physical activity ) interventions with usual care as a control . RESULTS Modest weight loss occurred by 6 months among intensive-lifestyle participants and was greater than the weight loss among usual-care participants ( 2.6 kg vs 0.4 kg , P<.01 ) . At 12 months , a greater proportion of intensive-lifestyle participants had lost 2 kg or more than usual-care participants ( 49 % vs 25 % , P<.05 ) . No differences in weight change were observed between reimbursable-lifestyle and usual-care participants . Glycated hemoglobin was reduced among all groups ( P<.05 ) but was not different between groups . CONCLUSIONS Improvement in both weight and glycemia was attainable by lifestyle interventions design ed for persons who had type 2 diabetes and lived in rural communities 
    Output:
    
agent
Characteristics of successful interventions included using problem solving with the patient , culturally tailoring the intervention , and using a nurse educator .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations between psychosocial and social-environmental variables and diabetes self-management , and diabetes control . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Baseline data from a type 2 diabetes self-management r and omized trial with 463 adults having elevated BMI ( M = 34.8 kg/m2 ) were used to investigate relations among demographic , psychosocial , and social-environmental variables ; dietary , exercise , and medication-taking behaviors ; and biologic outcomes . RESULTS Self-efficacy , problem solving , and social-environmental support were independently associated with diet and exercise  , increasing the variance accounted for by 23 and 19 % , respectively . Only diet contributed to explained variance in BMI ( β = −0.17 , P = 0.0003 ) and self-rated health status ( β = 0.25 , P < 0.0001 ) ; and only medication-taking behaviors contributed to lipid ratio ( total – to – HDL ) ( β = −0.20 , P = 0.0001 ) and A1C ( β = −0.21 , P < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Interventions should focus on enhancing self-efficacy , problem solving , and social-environmental support to improve self-management of diabetes OBJECTIVE This study examined the impact of a 6-month , empowerment-based diabetes self-management support ( DSMS ) intervention on clinical outcomes , self-care behaviors , and quality of life ( QOL ) compared to a 6-month control period . METHODS This control-intervention cohort study recruited 77 African-American adults with type 2 diabetes . Baseline , 6-month , and 12-month assessment s measured A1C , weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , blood pressure , lipids , self-care behaviors , and QOL . During the control period , participants received weekly educational newsletters . During the intervention period , participants attended weekly DSMS groups as frequently as they needed . Sessions were guided by participants ' self-management questions and concerns , and also emphasized experiential learning , coping , problem-solving , and goal - setting . RESULTS The control period found significant improvements for diastolic BP ( p<0.05 ) , serum cholesterol ( p<0.001 ) , following a healthy diet ( p<0.01 ) , and monitoring blood glucose ( p<0.01 ) . The intervention period found significant additional improvements for A1C ( p<0.001 ) , weight ( p<0.05 ) , BMI ( p<0.05 ) , and LDL ( p<0.001 ) . Compared to the control period , participation in the intervention led to a significant reduction in A1C ( p<0.01 ) . CONCLUSION Findings suggest that an empowerment-based , DSMS intervention is promising for improving and /or maintaining diabetes-related health , particularly A1C . PRACTICAL IMPLICATION S Incorporating empowerment principles in DSMS interventions may be useful for supporting patients ' self-management efforts in " real-world " setting OBJECTIVE To conduct a 1-year r and omized clinical trial to evaluate a remote comprehensive diabetes self-management education ( DSME ) intervention , Diabetes TeleCare , administered by a dietitian and nurse/certified diabetes educator ( CDE ) in the setting of a federally qualified health center ( FQHC ) in rural South Carolina . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were recruited from three member health centers of an FQHC and were r and omized to either Diabetes TeleCare , a 12-month , 13-session curriculum delivered using telehealth strategies , or usual care .  RESULTS Mixed linear regression model results for repeated measures showed a significant reduction in glycated hemoglobin ( GHb ) in the Diabetes TeleCare group from baseline to 6 and 12 months ( 9.4 ± 0.3 , 8.3 ± 0.3 , and 8.2 ± 0.4 , respectively ) compared with usual care ( 8.8 ± 0.3 , 8.6 ± 0.3 , and 8.6 ± 0.3 , respectively ) . LDL cholesterol was reduced at 12 months in the Diabetes TeleCare group compared with usual care . Although not part of the original study design , GHb was reduced from baseline to 12 and 24 months in the Diabetes TeleCare group ( 9.2 ± 0.4 , 7.4 ± 0.5 , and 7.6 ± 0.5 , respectively ) compared with usual care ( 8.7 ± 0.4 , 8.1 ± 0.4 , and 8.1 ± 0.5 , respectively ) in a post hoc analysis of a subset of the r and omized sample who completed a 24-month follow-up visit . CONCLUSIONS Telehealth effectively created access to successfully conduct a 1-year remote DSME by a nurse CDE and dietitian that improved metabolic control and reduced cardiovascular risk in an ethnically diverse and rural population This article describes the design and implementation of an online diabetes self-management intervention for a sample of inner-city African Americans with diabetes . Study participants were r and omly assigned to the treatment ( 26 ) and control ( 21 ) conditions . The results indicate that treatment group participants were more likely to achieve positive outcomes in terms of lowered hemoglobin A1c and body mass index measurements than were control group members . These findings support the development of telehealth interventions to promote effective chronic disease management in medically underserved communities OBJECTIVE The Informatics for Diabetes Education and Telemedicine ( IDEATel ) project r and omized ethnically diverse underserved older adults with diabetes to a telemedicine intervention or usual care .  Intervention participants had lower A1C levels over 5 years . New analyses were performed to help better underst and this difference . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS IDEATel r and omized Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes ( n = 1,665 ) to receive home video visits with a diabetes educator and upload glucose levels every 4–6 weeks or usual care ( 2000–2007 ) . Annual measurements included BMI , A1C ( primary outcome ) , and completion of question naires . Mixed-model analyses were performed using r and om effects to adjust for clustering within primary care physicians . RESULTS At baseline , A1C levels  ( mean ± SD ) were 7.02 ± 1.25 % in non-Hispanic whites ( n = 821 ) , 7.58 ± 1.78 % in non-Hispanic blacks ( n = 248 ) , and 7.79 ± 1.68 % in Hispanics ( n = 585 ) . Over time , lower A1C levels were associated with more glucose uploads ( P = 0.02 ) and female sex ( P = 0.002 ) . Blacks , Hispanics , and insulin-users had higher A1C levels than non-Hispanic whites ( P < 0.0001 ) . BMI was not associated with A1C levels . Blacks and Hispanics had significantly fewer uploads than non-Hispanic whites over time . Hispanics had the highest baseline A1C levels and showed the greatest improvement in the intervention , but , unlike non-Hispanic whites , Hispanics did not achieve A1C levels < 7.0 % at 5 years . CONCLUSIONS Racial/ethnic disparities were observed in this cohort of underserved older adults with diabetes . The IDEATel telemedicine intervention was associated with improvement in glycemic control , particularly in Hispanics , who had the highest baseline A1C levels , suggesting that telemedicine has the potential to help reduce disparities in diabetes management OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a problem-based empowerment patient education program specifically tailored for urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study used a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) pretest/post-test design with repeated measures . Patients were r and omly assigned to either a six-week intervention group or a six-week wait-listed control group . After completing the six sessions , patients were invited to participate in one of two follow-up conditions ; attend a monthly support group or receive a monthly phone call from a nurse . Assessment measures included HbA1C , lipids , blood pressure , weight , self-management behavior and psychosocial adaptation . RESULTS Both control and intervention patients showed a broad array of small-to-modest positive changes during the six-week RCT . These gains were maintained or improved upon during the one-year follow-up period . For patients in the two follow-up conditions , a positive correlation was seen between the number of follow-up contacts and their one-year HbA1C values . CONCLUSIONS We believe that results of this study can be attributed to volunteer bias , study effects ( ie , providing study data on several occasions to patients and their physicians during the one-year study period ) , and impact of the interventions . However , the study design does not allow us to examine the relative impact of these three factors on the patient improvements seen over the one-year study period OBJECTIVES We evaluated lifestyle interventions for diabetic persons who live in rural communities . METHODS We conducted a 12-month r and omized clinical trial ( n = 152 ) of " intensive-lifestyle " ( modeled after the NIH Diabetes Prevention Program ) and " reimbursable-lifestyle " ( intensive-lifestyle intervention delivered in the time allotted for Medicare reimbursement for diabetes education related to nutrition and physical activity ) interventions with usual care as a control . RESULTS Modest weight loss occurred by 6 months among intensive-lifestyle participants and was greater than the weight loss among usual-care participants ( 2.6 kg vs 0.4 kg , P<.01 ) . At 12 months , a greater proportion of intensive-lifestyle participants had lost 2 kg or more than usual-care participants ( 49 % vs 25 % , P<.05 ) . No differences in weight change were observed between reimbursable-lifestyle and usual-care participants . Glycated hemoglobin was reduced among all groups ( P<.05 ) but was not different between groups . CONCLUSIONS Improvement in both weight and glycemia was attainable by lifestyle interventions design ed for persons who had type 2 diabetes and lived in rural communities 
    Output:
    