human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of individualized classical homeopathy in the treatment of fibromyalgia . METHODS This study was a double-blind , r and omized , parallel-group , placebo-controlled trial of homeopathy .  Community-recruited persons ( N = 62 ) with physician-confirmed fibromyalgia ( mean age 49 yr , s.d . 10 yr , 94 % women ) were treated in a homeopathic private practice setting . Participants were r and omized to receive oral daily liquid LM ( 1/50,000 ) potencies with an individually chosen homeopathic remedy or an indistinguishable placebo . Homeopathic visits involved joint interviews and concurrence on remedy selection by two experienced homeopaths , at baseline , 2 months and 4 months ( prior to a subsequent optional crossover phase of the study which is reported elsewhere ) . Tender point count and tender point pain on examination by a medical assessor uninvolved in providing care , self-rating scales on fibromyalgia-related quality of life , pain , mood and global health at baseline and 3 months , were the primary clinical outcome measures for this report . RESULTS Fifty-three people completed the treatment protocol . Participants on active treatment showed significantly greater improvements in tender point count and tender point pain , quality of life , global health and a trend toward less depression compared with those on placebo . CONCLUSIONS This study replicates and extends a previous 1-month placebo-controlled crossover study in fibromyalgia that pre-screened for only one homeopathic remedy . Using a broad selection of remedies and the flexible LM dose ( 1/50,000 dilution factor ) series , the present study demonstrated that individualized homeopathy is significantly better than placebo in lessening tender point pain and improving the quality of life and global health of persons with fibromyalgia OBJECTIVES To assess the feasibility of a R and omised Controlled Trial ( RCT ) design of usual care compared with usual care plus adjunctive care by a homeopath for patients with Fibromyalgia syndrome ( FMS ) . METHODS In a pragmatic parallel group RCT design , adults with a diagnosis of FMS ( ACR criteria ) were r and omly allocated to usual care or usual care plus adjunctive care by a homeopath . Adjunctive care consisted of five in depth interviews and individualised homeopathic medicines . The primary outcome measure was the difference in Fibromyalgia Impact Question naire ( FIQ ) total score at 22 weeks . RESULTS 47 patients were recruited .  Drop out rate in the usual care group was higher than the homeopath care group ( 8/24 vs 3/23 ) . Adjusted for baseline , there was a significantly greater mean reduction in the FIQ total score ( function ) in the homeopath care group than the usual care group ( -7.62 vs 3.63 ) . There were significantly greater reductions in the homeopath care group in the McGill pain score , FIQ fatigue and tiredness upon waking scores . We found a small effect on pain score ( 0.21 , 95 % CI -1.42 to 1.84 ) ; but a large effect on function ( 0.81 , 95 % CI -8.17 to 9.79 ) . There were no reported adverse events . CONCLUSIONS Given the acceptability of the treatment and the clinical ly relevant effect on function , there is a need for a definitive study to assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of adjunctive healthcare by a homeopath for patients with FMS INTRODUCTION Chronic primary insomnia is defined as difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep or of non-restorative sleep that lasts for at least 1 month and causes significant distress or impairment in social , occupational or other important areas of functioning . The homeopathic simillimum is that remedy which most closely corresponds to the totality of symptoms ; remedy selection is based on a full evaluation of the patient 's physical , emotional and mental characteristics . AIM / PURPOSE The purpose of this r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the efficacy of homeopathic simillimum in the treatment of chronic primary insomnia . METHOD 30 participants were selected in accordance with DSM-IV TR (2000)(1 ) criterion 307.42 Primary Insomnia and then r and omly divided between treatment and placebo groups . The measurement tools used were a Sleep Diary ( SD ) and the Sleep Impairment Index (SII).(2 ) After an initial consultation , 2 follow-up consultations at 2-week intervals took place . Homeopathic medication was prescribed at the first and second consultations . The SII was completed at each consultation and participants were instructed at the first consultation to start the SD . RESULTS SD data revealed that verum treatment result ed in a significant increase in duration of sleep throughout the study , compared to the placebo treatment which result ed in no significant increase in duration of sleep . A significant improvement in SII summary scores and number of improved individual questions were found in the verum group , responses to all 11 questions having improved significantly upon completion of the study . An initial improvement occurred in the placebo group , but was not sustained . Comparison of results between the groups revealed a statistically significant difference . CONCLUSION The homeopathic simillimum treatment of primary insomnia was effective , compared to placebo . Homeopathy is a viable treatment modality for this condition and further research is justified OBJECTIVES ( 1 ) To replicate a study of the efficacy of Argentum nitricum 12X in the reduction of test anxiety as demonstrated previously . ( 2 ) To investigate the correlation between individuals identified to match the A. nitricum profile and the reduction of  test anxiety . To compare traditionally prepared homeopathic A. nitricum 12X with radionically-prepared A. nitricum 12X and placebo . DESIGN A double blind , placebo-controlled , r and omised clinical trial with three arms . SETTING The study was conducted at Southern Cross University , Lismore , Australia . SUBJECTS Sixty-two test anxious university students . INTERVENTIONS Subjects were r and omised to one of three groups : traditionally prepared homeopathic A. nitricum 12X , radionically-prepared A. nitricum 12X , or placebo . After screening , each group received treatment twice a day for 4 days after which they were re-tested . OUTCOME MEASURES Primary : The Revised Test Anxiety Scale . Secondary : The Test Anxiety Scale ; 36-item A. nitricum question naire . RESULTS The results of this study did not replicate the Stanton study . No correlation between the reduction of test anxiety and the A. nitricum profile was demonstrated . No significant differences between treatments were demonstrated . CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that homeopathic A. nitricum 12X does not reduce test anxiety in a general population of university students BACKGROUND Mild traumatic brain injury ( MTBI ) affects 750,000 persons in the United States annually . Five to fifteen percent have persistent dysfunction and disability . No effective , st and ard pharmacological treatment exists specifically for this problem . We design ed a pilot research project to study the clinical effectiveness of homeopathic medicine in the treatment of persistent MTBI . METHOD A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of 60 patients , with a four-month follow-up ( N = 50 ) , was conducted at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital ( SRH ) . Patients with persistent MTBI ( mean 2.93 years since injury , SD 3.1 ) were r and omly assigned to receive a homeopathic medicine or placebo . The primary outcome measure was the subject-rated SRH-MBTI Functional Assessment , composed of three subtests : a Difficulty with Situations Scale ( DSS ) , a Symptom Rating Scale ( SRS ) , and a Participation in Daily Activities Scale ( PDAS ) . The SRH Cognitive-Linguistic Test Battery was used as the secondary measure . RESULTS Analysis of covariance demonstrated that the homeopathic treatment was the only significant or near-significant predictor of improvement on DSS subtests ( P = .009 ; 95 % CI -.895 to -.15 ) , SRS ( P = .058 ; 95 % CI -.548 to.01 ) and the Ten Most Common Symptoms of MTBI ( P = .027 ; 95 % CI -.766 to -.048 ) . These results indicate a significant improvement from the homeopathic treatment versus the control and translate into clinical ly significant outcomes . CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that homeopathy may have a role in treating persistent MTBI . Our findings require large-scale , independent replication BACKGROUND Homeopathy , a common form of alternative medicine worldwide , relies on subjective patient reports for diagnosis and treatment . Polysomnography offers a modern methodology for evaluating the objective effects of taking homeopathic remedies that clinicians cl aim exert effects on sleep quality in susceptible individuals . Animal studies have previously shown changes in non rapid eye movement sleep with certain homeopathic remedies . METHODS Young adults of both sexes ( ages 18 - 31 ) with above-average scores on st and ardized personality scales for either cynical hostility or anxiety sensitivity ( but not both ) and a history of coffee-induced insomnia participated in the month-long study . At-home polysomnographic recordings were obtained on successive pairs of nights once per week for a total of eight recordings ( nights 1 , 2 , 8 , 9 , 15 , 16 , 22 , 23 ) . Subjects ( N=54 ) received placebo pellets on night 8 ( single-blind ) and verum pellets on night 22 ( double-blind ) in 30c doses of one of two homeopathic remedies , Nux Vomica or Coffea Cruda . Subjects completed daily morning sleep diaries and weekly Pittsburgh sleep quality index scales , as well as profile of mood states scales at bedtime on polysomnography nights . RESULTS Verum remedies significantly increased PSG total sleep time and NREM , as well as awakenings and stage changes . Changes in actigraphic and self-rated scale effects were not significant . CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated the feasibility of using in-home , all-night sleep recordings to study homeopathic remedy effects . Findings are similar though not identical to those reported in animals with the same remedies . Possible mechanisms include initial disruption of the nonlinear dynamics of sleep patterns by the verum remedies OBJECTIVES To characterize initial central nervous system responses to olfactory administration of homeopathic remedies as biomarkers for subsequently exceptional , simillimum-like clinical outcomes at a systemic level ( i.e. , both locally and globally ) . DESIGN Double-blinded , r and omized , placebo-controlled clinical trial . SETTING A private homeopathic clinic in Phoenix , AZ , and a university laboratory in Tucson , AZ . PATIENTS Sixty-two ( 62 ) persons with physician-confirmed fibromyalgia ( FM ) ( mean age , 49 years ; 94 % women ) enrolled ; 53 completed the 3-month assessment visit . Exceptional responders ( n = 6 , 23 % of active treatment group ; none on placebo ) were those with improvements in the top one-third for both tender point pain and global health ratings after 3 months . INTERVENTION Patients took daily oral doses of treatment solution in LM ( 1/50,000 dilution ) potency ( active group received individualized remedy ; placebo group received plain solvent ) . Dependent measures : Baseline and 3-month difference scores for initial prefrontal electroencephalographic alpha frequency cordance ( EEG-C , a correlate of functional brain activity ) during 16 pairs of r and omized , double-blinded bottle sniffs ( treatment minus control solutions ) . RESULTS Exceptional responders versus other patients exhibited significantly more negative initial EEG-C difference scores at prefrontal sites . Right prefrontal cordance findings correlated with subsequently reduced pain ( r = 0.85 , p = 0.03 ) , better global health ( r = -0.73 , p = 0.10 ) , and trait absorption ( genetically determined ability to focus attention selectively and fully ) ( r = 0.91 , p = 0.012 ) . CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest prefrontal EEG-C as an early biomarker of individualized homeopathic medicine effects in patients with FM who later exhibit exceptional outcomes . Prefrontal cortex controls executive function , including ability to redirect attention . Interactions between executive function , absorption , and the simillimum remedy could facilitate exceptional responses An increasing number of parents turn to homeopathy for treatment of their hyperactive child . Two publications , a r and omised , partially blinded trial and a clinical observation study , conclude that homeopathy has positive effects in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . The aim of this study was to obtain scientific evidence of the effectiveness of homeopathy in ADHD . A total of 83 children aged 6–16 years , with ADHD diagnosed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria , were recruited . Prior to the r and omised , double blind , placebo controlled crossover study , they were treated with individually prescribed homeopathic medications .  62 patients , who achieved an improvement of 50 % in the Conners ’ Global Index ( CGI )  , participated in the trial . Thirteen patients did not fulfill this eligibility criterion ( CGI ) . The responders were split into two groups and received either verum for 6 weeks followed by placebo for 6 weeks ( arm A ) , or vice-versa ( arm B ) . At the beginning of the trial and after each crossover period , parents reported the CGI and patients underwent neuropsychological testing . The CGI rating was evaluated again at the end of each crossover period and twice in long-term follow-up . At entry to the cros 
    Output:
    
agent
Efficacy was found for the functional somatic syndromes group ( fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome ) , but not for anxiety or stress .
For other disorders , homeopathy produced mixed effects .
Meaningful safety data were lacking in the reports , but the superficial findings suggested good tolerability of homeopathy .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of individualized classical homeopathy in the treatment of fibromyalgia . METHODS This study was a double-blind , r and omized , parallel-group , placebo-controlled trial of homeopathy .  Community-recruited persons ( N = 62 ) with physician-confirmed fibromyalgia ( mean age 49 yr , s.d . 10 yr , 94 % women ) were treated in a homeopathic private practice setting . Participants were r and omized to receive oral daily liquid LM ( 1/50,000 ) potencies with an individually chosen homeopathic remedy or an indistinguishable placebo . Homeopathic visits involved joint interviews and concurrence on remedy selection by two experienced homeopaths , at baseline , 2 months and 4 months ( prior to a subsequent optional crossover phase of the study which is reported elsewhere ) . Tender point count and tender point pain on examination by a medical assessor uninvolved in providing care , self-rating scales on fibromyalgia-related quality of life , pain , mood and global health at baseline and 3 months , were the primary clinical outcome measures for this report . RESULTS Fifty-three people completed the treatment protocol . Participants on active treatment showed significantly greater improvements in tender point count and tender point pain , quality of life , global health and a trend toward less depression compared with those on placebo . CONCLUSIONS This study replicates and extends a previous 1-month placebo-controlled crossover study in fibromyalgia that pre-screened for only one homeopathic remedy . Using a broad selection of remedies and the flexible LM dose ( 1/50,000 dilution factor ) series , the present study demonstrated that individualized homeopathy is significantly better than placebo in lessening tender point pain and improving the quality of life and global health of persons with fibromyalgia OBJECTIVES To assess the feasibility of a R and omised Controlled Trial ( RCT ) design of usual care compared with usual care plus adjunctive care by a homeopath for patients with Fibromyalgia syndrome ( FMS ) . METHODS In a pragmatic parallel group RCT design , adults with a diagnosis of FMS ( ACR criteria ) were r and omly allocated to usual care or usual care plus adjunctive care by a homeopath . Adjunctive care consisted of five in depth interviews and individualised homeopathic medicines . The primary outcome measure was the difference in Fibromyalgia Impact Question naire ( FIQ ) total score at 22 weeks . RESULTS 47 patients were recruited .  Drop out rate in the usual care group was higher than the homeopath care group ( 8/24 vs 3/23 ) . Adjusted for baseline , there was a significantly greater mean reduction in the FIQ total score ( function ) in the homeopath care group than the usual care group ( -7.62 vs 3.63 ) . There were significantly greater reductions in the homeopath care group in the McGill pain score , FIQ fatigue and tiredness upon waking scores . We found a small effect on pain score ( 0.21 , 95 % CI -1.42 to 1.84 ) ; but a large effect on function ( 0.81 , 95 % CI -8.17 to 9.79 ) . There were no reported adverse events . CONCLUSIONS Given the acceptability of the treatment and the clinical ly relevant effect on function , there is a need for a definitive study to assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of adjunctive healthcare by a homeopath for patients with FMS INTRODUCTION Chronic primary insomnia is defined as difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep or of non-restorative sleep that lasts for at least 1 month and causes significant distress or impairment in social , occupational or other important areas of functioning . The homeopathic simillimum is that remedy which most closely corresponds to the totality of symptoms ; remedy selection is based on a full evaluation of the patient 's physical , emotional and mental characteristics . AIM / PURPOSE The purpose of this r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the efficacy of homeopathic simillimum in the treatment of chronic primary insomnia . METHOD 30 participants were selected in accordance with DSM-IV TR (2000)(1 ) criterion 307.42 Primary Insomnia and then r and omly divided between treatment and placebo groups . The measurement tools used were a Sleep Diary ( SD ) and the Sleep Impairment Index (SII).(2 ) After an initial consultation , 2 follow-up consultations at 2-week intervals took place . Homeopathic medication was prescribed at the first and second consultations . The SII was completed at each consultation and participants were instructed at the first consultation to start the SD . RESULTS SD data revealed that verum treatment result ed in a significant increase in duration of sleep throughout the study , compared to the placebo treatment which result ed in no significant increase in duration of sleep . A significant improvement in SII summary scores and number of improved individual questions were found in the verum group , responses to all 11 questions having improved significantly upon completion of the study . An initial improvement occurred in the placebo group , but was not sustained . Comparison of results between the groups revealed a statistically significant difference . CONCLUSION The homeopathic simillimum treatment of primary insomnia was effective , compared to placebo . Homeopathy is a viable treatment modality for this condition and further research is justified OBJECTIVES ( 1 ) To replicate a study of the efficacy of Argentum nitricum 12X in the reduction of test anxiety as demonstrated previously . ( 2 ) To investigate the correlation between individuals identified to match the A. nitricum profile and the reduction of  test anxiety . To compare traditionally prepared homeopathic A. nitricum 12X with radionically-prepared A. nitricum 12X and placebo . DESIGN A double blind , placebo-controlled , r and omised clinical trial with three arms . SETTING The study was conducted at Southern Cross University , Lismore , Australia . SUBJECTS Sixty-two test anxious university students . INTERVENTIONS Subjects were r and omised to one of three groups : traditionally prepared homeopathic A. nitricum 12X , radionically-prepared A. nitricum 12X , or placebo . After screening , each group received treatment twice a day for 4 days after which they were re-tested . OUTCOME MEASURES Primary : The Revised Test Anxiety Scale . Secondary : The Test Anxiety Scale ; 36-item A. nitricum question naire . RESULTS The results of this study did not replicate the Stanton study . No correlation between the reduction of test anxiety and the A. nitricum profile was demonstrated . No significant differences between treatments were demonstrated . CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that homeopathic A. nitricum 12X does not reduce test anxiety in a general population of university students BACKGROUND Mild traumatic brain injury ( MTBI ) affects 750,000 persons in the United States annually . Five to fifteen percent have persistent dysfunction and disability . No effective , st and ard pharmacological treatment exists specifically for this problem . We design ed a pilot research project to study the clinical effectiveness of homeopathic medicine in the treatment of persistent MTBI . METHOD A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of 60 patients , with a four-month follow-up ( N = 50 ) , was conducted at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital ( SRH ) . Patients with persistent MTBI ( mean 2.93 years since injury , SD 3.1 ) were r and omly assigned to receive a homeopathic medicine or placebo . The primary outcome measure was the subject-rated SRH-MBTI Functional Assessment , composed of three subtests : a Difficulty with Situations Scale ( DSS ) , a Symptom Rating Scale ( SRS ) , and a Participation in Daily Activities Scale ( PDAS ) . The SRH Cognitive-Linguistic Test Battery was used as the secondary measure . RESULTS Analysis of covariance demonstrated that the homeopathic treatment was the only significant or near-significant predictor of improvement on DSS subtests ( P = .009 ; 95 % CI -.895 to -.15 ) , SRS ( P = .058 ; 95 % CI -.548 to.01 ) and the Ten Most Common Symptoms of MTBI ( P = .027 ; 95 % CI -.766 to -.048 ) . These results indicate a significant improvement from the homeopathic treatment versus the control and translate into clinical ly significant outcomes . CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that homeopathy may have a role in treating persistent MTBI . Our findings require large-scale , independent replication BACKGROUND Homeopathy , a common form of alternative medicine worldwide , relies on subjective patient reports for diagnosis and treatment . Polysomnography offers a modern methodology for evaluating the objective effects of taking homeopathic remedies that clinicians cl aim exert effects on sleep quality in susceptible individuals . Animal studies have previously shown changes in non rapid eye movement sleep with certain homeopathic remedies . METHODS Young adults of both sexes ( ages 18 - 31 ) with above-average scores on st and ardized personality scales for either cynical hostility or anxiety sensitivity ( but not both ) and a history of coffee-induced insomnia participated in the month-long study . At-home polysomnographic recordings were obtained on successive pairs of nights once per week for a total of eight recordings ( nights 1 , 2 , 8 , 9 , 15 , 16 , 22 , 23 ) . Subjects ( N=54 ) received placebo pellets on night 8 ( single-blind ) and verum pellets on night 22 ( double-blind ) in 30c doses of one of two homeopathic remedies , Nux Vomica or Coffea Cruda . Subjects completed daily morning sleep diaries and weekly Pittsburgh sleep quality index scales , as well as profile of mood states scales at bedtime on polysomnography nights . RESULTS Verum remedies significantly increased PSG total sleep time and NREM , as well as awakenings and stage changes . Changes in actigraphic and self-rated scale effects were not significant . CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated the feasibility of using in-home , all-night sleep recordings to study homeopathic remedy effects . Findings are similar though not identical to those reported in animals with the same remedies . Possible mechanisms include initial disruption of the nonlinear dynamics of sleep patterns by the verum remedies OBJECTIVES To characterize initial central nervous system responses to olfactory administration of homeopathic remedies as biomarkers for subsequently exceptional , simillimum-like clinical outcomes at a systemic level ( i.e. , both locally and globally ) . DESIGN Double-blinded , r and omized , placebo-controlled clinical trial . SETTING A private homeopathic clinic in Phoenix , AZ , and a university laboratory in Tucson , AZ . PATIENTS Sixty-two ( 62 ) persons with physician-confirmed fibromyalgia ( FM ) ( mean age , 49 years ; 94 % women ) enrolled ; 53 completed the 3-month assessment visit . Exceptional responders ( n = 6 , 23 % of active treatment group ; none on placebo ) were those with improvements in the top one-third for both tender point pain and global health ratings after 3 months . INTERVENTION Patients took daily oral doses of treatment solution in LM ( 1/50,000 dilution ) potency ( active group received individualized remedy ; placebo group received plain solvent ) . Dependent measures : Baseline and 3-month difference scores for initial prefrontal electroencephalographic alpha frequency cordance ( EEG-C , a correlate of functional brain activity ) during 16 pairs of r and omized , double-blinded bottle sniffs ( treatment minus control solutions ) . RESULTS Exceptional responders versus other patients exhibited significantly more negative initial EEG-C difference scores at prefrontal sites . Right prefrontal cordance findings correlated with subsequently reduced pain ( r = 0.85 , p = 0.03 ) , better global health ( r = -0.73 , p = 0.10 ) , and trait absorption ( genetically determined ability to focus attention selectively and fully ) ( r = 0.91 , p = 0.012 ) . CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest prefrontal EEG-C as an early biomarker of individualized homeopathic medicine effects in patients with FM who later exhibit exceptional outcomes . Prefrontal cortex controls executive function , including ability to redirect attention . Interactions between executive function , absorption , and the simillimum remedy could facilitate exceptional responses An increasing number of parents turn to homeopathy for treatment of their hyperactive child . Two publications , a r and omised , partially blinded trial and a clinical observation study , conclude that homeopathy has positive effects in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . The aim of this study was to obtain scientific evidence of the effectiveness of homeopathy in ADHD . A total of 83 children aged 6–16 years , with ADHD diagnosed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria , were recruited . Prior to the r and omised , double blind , placebo controlled crossover study , they were treated with individually prescribed homeopathic medications .  62 patients , who achieved an improvement of 50 % in the Conners ’ Global Index ( CGI )  , participated in the trial . Thirteen patients did not fulfill this eligibility criterion ( CGI ) . The responders were split into two groups and received either verum for 6 weeks followed by placebo for 6 weeks ( arm A ) , or vice-versa ( arm B ) . At the beginning of the trial and after each crossover period , parents reported the CGI and patients underwent neuropsychological testing . The CGI rating was evaluated again at the end of each crossover period and twice in long-term follow-up . At entry to the cros 
    Output:
    