human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Aims : To evaluate the effects of zinc with or without other antioxidants on blood glucose , lipid profile , and serum creatinine in adult diabetics on long-term follow-up . Material s and methods : Patients ( n = 96 ) were r and omly allocated to three groups : group A ( n = 29 ) was supplemented with oral zinc sulfate ( 22 mg/day ) and multivitamin/mineral ( zinc+MVM ) preparation ; group B ( n = 31 ) was given the same preparation without zinc ( MVM ) ; and group C ( n = 36 ) was given a matching placebo for a period of 4 months in a single-blinded study . Blood sample s were taken at baseline and after 4 months of supplementation to assess blood glucose ( fasting and postpr and ial ) and glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1C% ) and serum levels of zinc , creatinine , and lipids . Results : The zinc+MVM group had a mean change of fasting blood sugar −0.33 mmol/L ( st and ard error of the mean 0.21 mmol/L ) and was significant ( P = 0.05 ) when compared with the other two groups ( mean change in the MVM group + 0.19 ( 0.31 ) mmol/L and + 0.43 ( 0.23 ) mmol/L in the control group , respectively ) . The HbA1C% level reduced significantly , irrespective of the baseline level , in zinc+MVM-supplemented individuals . In the other two groups , the change of HbA1C% level was not significant . Serum lipid levels reduced significantly in the zinc+MVM and MVM groups . Conclusions : Zinc+MVM supplementation showed beneficial effects in the metabolic control of adult diabetics in addition to elevating their serum zinc level . Zinc supplementation  improved glycemic control measured by HbA1C% and fasting and postpr and ial glucose . Furthermore , zinc supplementation  lowered serum cholesterol and cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio Objective : To evaluate the effect of oral administration of selenium and zinc tablets in patients with cancer of the digestive tract during chemotherapy . Design : A case – control , r and omized study . Setting : Medical Oncology , II University of Naples , Naples , Italy . Subjects : A total of 60 patients ( median age 55 y , range 46–61 y ) with diagnosis of gut cancer were r and omized in 1999 . Patients were treated for 60 days with chemotherapy .  Interventions : Trace elements were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy .  The nutritional status of the patients was assessed by biochemical and bio-impedance analysis ( BIA ) parameters in basal condition and after 60 days of treatment . Oral administration of selenium and zinc in oral tablet form for 50 days was Se 200 μg/day ( 50 μg/tablet ) and Zn 21 mg/day ( 7 mg/tablet ) . Results : Both in the basal condition and at 60 days all patients were malnourished . Selenium and zinc concentrations were significantly lower ( P<0.01 ) whereas copper concentration was significantly higher ( P<0.01 ) in cancer patients than in control subjects . However , 21/30 ( 70 % ) of those treated with Se and Zn did not showed a further worsening of nutritional status and experienced a significant decrease of asthenia with an increase of appetite . On the other h and , 24/30 ( 80 % ) untreated patients had a significant decline of all parameters studied after 60 days ( prealbumin , cholesterol , transferrin , P<0.05 vs 0 time ; total proteins , albumin/globulin ratio , P<0.01 vs 0 time ; fat-free mass , fat mass , Na+/K+ ratio , body mass index P<0.05 vs 0 time ; fat free mass/fat mass , total body water , extra cellular/intra cellular water , basal metabolic rate : P<0.01 vs 0 time ) . Conclusions : Data indicate that Se and Zn supplementation may improve the clinical course of general conditions in patients with gut cancer . These effects of Se and Zn require confirmation in an independent trial of appropriate design before new public health recommendations regarding Se and Zn supplementation can be made . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition ( 2001 ) 55 , UNLABELLED Purpose : The aim of this study was to assess the effects of zinc supplementation on anthropometric measures , improving lipid profile biomarkers , and fasting blood glucose level in obese people . METHODS This r and omized , double- blind clinical trial was carried out on 60 obese participants in the 18 - 45 age range for one month . The participants were r and omly divided into the intervention group , who received 30 mg/d zinc gluconate , and the placebo group who received 30mg/d starch .  Anthropometric measurements ( body mass index ( BMI ) , weight and waist circumference ) were recorded before and at the end of study . Lipid profile biomarkers and fasting blood glucose were determined using enzymatic procedure . Analysis of Covariance ( ANCOVA ) test was run to compare the post-treatment values of the two groups , and t-test was conducted to compare within group changes . RESULTS Serum zinc concentration was increased significantly in intervention group ( p=0.024 ) . BMI and body weight was significantly decreased ( p=0.030 and p=0.020 , respectively ) . Lipid profile biomarkers and fating blood glucose did not change significantly but triglyceride level was significantly decreased ( p=0.006 ) in the intervention group . CONCLUSION The obtained results indicate that zinc supplementation  improves BMI , body weight , and triglyceride concentration without considerable effects on lipid profile and glucose level .  Zinc can be suggested as a suitable supplementation therapy for obese people , but more studies are needed to verify the results Antioxidant micronutrients have been reported to be associated with an improvement in the blood profile , but the results are not consistent . The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of antioxidant supplementation on changes in the serum lipid profile of adult participants in the SU.VI.MAX study . French adults ( n=12,741∶7,713 females aged 35–60 yr , and 5,028 males aged 45–60 yr ) received daily antioxidant supplementation ( 120 mg vitamin C , 30 mg vitamin E , 6 mg β-carotene , 100 μg selenium , and 20 mg zinc ) or a matching placebo . Median follow-up time was 7.5 yr . After 7.5 yr , no effect of supplementation on total cholesterol was observed in men or women after adjusting for baseline total cholesterol levels and lipid-lowering medications . The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia ( ≥6.5 mmol/L ) showed a trend toward being higher in women who received supplements compared with those who received the placebo ( P=0.06 ) . In both sexes , the group receiving supplements exhibited higher mean serum TG concentrations than did the placebo group ( P=0.06 in men ; P=0.05 in women ) . The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia ( ≥2.3 mmol/L ) was also significantly higher in men who received supplements ( P=0.03 ) , but not in women . Our results suggest than long-term daily supplementation with low doses of β-carotene , vitamins C and E , selenium , and zinc does not result in an improved lipid profile and could even adversely affect some blood lipids , possibly with a higher risk of hyperlipidemia in women One hundred and three apparently healthy elderly subjects age 60 - 89 y were r and omly assigned to one of three treatments : placebo , 15 mg zinc/d , or 100 mg Zn/d for 3 mo . Plasma Zn was significantly increased only in the 100 mg Zn group . Zn concentrations in erythrocytes , platelets , mononuclear cells , and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were not significantly increased by any treatment . None of the treatments significantly altered delayed dermal hypersensitivity ( DDH ) to a panel of seven recall antigens or in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses ( LPR ) to mitogens and antigens . Fifteen subjects had initially poor lymphocyte proliferative responses that improved in 14 of these individuals during the study ; this was not due to Zn supplementation but might have been caused by one or more components of a vitamin-mineral supplement administered to all study subjects The recent report by Hooper PL , et al. ( JAMA 1980;244:1960 - 1 ) that pharmacological doses ( 160 mg ) of zinc lowered high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol in men and that zinc might be an atherogenic agent prompted this report of the effect of zinc supplementation on HDL-cholesterol in women . Four levels of zinc supplements ( 0 , 15 , 50 , or 100 mg/day ) were given to 32 women for 8 wk . Fasting plasma HDL-cholesterol and zinc  were measured at biweekly intervals . Plasma zinc increased in the supplemented groups , peaked at wk 4 , then decreased toward initial values . The decline in plasma zinc regardless of continuing zinc administration may reflect a homeostatic response . No significant differences were seen in HDL-cholesterol over the 8 wk except in the 100 mg group at wk 4 when a transient decrease , -8.4 % ( 57 to 48 mg/dl , p less than 0.04 ) was observed . Thus we conclude that in women the reduction in HDL-cholesterol in response to the pharmacological doses of zinc used in this study was transient and not dose-related A 12-wk double-blind study was conducted to determine the effect of oral zinc supplementation upon serum total cholesterol , lipoprotein-cholesterol fractions , and serum triglycerides in white males . The subjects were r and omly assigned to one of three treatment groups and consumed either a placebo tablet ( n = 9 ) , 50 mg Zn/d ( n = 13 ) , or 75 mg Zn/d ( n = 9 ) as Zn gluconate .  Serum total cholesterol , low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol , very-low-density-lipoprotein ( VLDL ) cholesterol , and triglycerides were not affected by Zn supplements . However , serum high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels in subjects assigned to the 75 mg Zn/d group were significantly lower at weeks 6 and 12 than those for the placebo group and lower at weeks 6 , 8 , and 12 than at baseline ; subjects assigned to the 50 mg Zn/d group had lower serum HDL-cholesterol levels at week 12 than did the placebo group and lower at week 12 than at base line The effects of long-term supplementation with pharmacologic doses of zinc oxide on serum levels of zinc , lipids and hematocrit have not been studied systematic ally to date . Eleven Clinical Centers enrolled 4757 participants from 1992 to 1998 as part of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study ( AREDS ) . Of these , 3640 participants , aged 55 - 80 y , who had early-to-late age-related macular degeneration ( AMD ) were r and omly assigned to daily supplementation with or without 80 mg of zinc as zinc oxide plus 2 mg of copper as cupric oxide to study the effects of zinc supplementation on the progression to late AMD . This paper reports on the effect of a 5-y supplementation with zinc oxide and cupric oxide on serum zinc , copper , lipids , and hematocrit for 717 participants from three clinical centers . At the 5-y exam , the median increase in serum zinc levels for participants assigned to zinc formulations was 17 % compared with a 2 % increase for participants not assigned to zinc ( P < 0.001 ) . The differential effect on serum zinc was observed at 1 y and remained fairly constant over the 5-y period . After 5 y , no significant differences in changes in serum hematocrit , copper or lipids were found between participants assigned to formulations containing zinc and copper , and those assigned to formulations without zinc and copper . Estimates from a modified Block Food-Frequency Question naire suggest the AREDS population at baseline had a zinc intake from diet similar to that of the general population Background and Aims : Patients on maintenance hemodialysis ( HD ) face an increased risk of atherosclerosis , a crucial problem and the leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality . This study was design ed to evaluate the effects of zinc supplementation on paraoxonase ( PON ) enzyme activity in patients on HD . Methods : This double-blind r and omized controlled trial was conducted from June 2005 to June 2007 . Sixty HD patients were enrolled and divided into two groups : treatment ( case ) and control . The treatment and control groups were treated with 100 mg/day zinc or placebo , respectively , for 2 months . Serum zinc concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry . PON activity  was evaluated by spectrophotometric method . Lipid profile  
    Output:
    
agent
In conclusion , Zinc supplementation  has favourable effects on plasma lipid parameters .
Zinc supplementation  significantly reduced total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol and triglycerides .
Therefore it may have the potential to reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis related morbidity and mortality
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Aims : To evaluate the effects of zinc with or without other antioxidants on blood glucose , lipid profile , and serum creatinine in adult diabetics on long-term follow-up . Material s and methods : Patients ( n = 96 ) were r and omly allocated to three groups : group A ( n = 29 ) was supplemented with oral zinc sulfate ( 22 mg/day ) and multivitamin/mineral ( zinc+MVM ) preparation ; group B ( n = 31 ) was given the same preparation without zinc ( MVM ) ; and group C ( n = 36 ) was given a matching placebo for a period of 4 months in a single-blinded study . Blood sample s were taken at baseline and after 4 months of supplementation to assess blood glucose ( fasting and postpr and ial ) and glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1C% ) and serum levels of zinc , creatinine , and lipids . Results : The zinc+MVM group had a mean change of fasting blood sugar −0.33 mmol/L ( st and ard error of the mean 0.21 mmol/L ) and was significant ( P = 0.05 ) when compared with the other two groups ( mean change in the MVM group + 0.19 ( 0.31 ) mmol/L and + 0.43 ( 0.23 ) mmol/L in the control group , respectively ) . The HbA1C% level reduced significantly , irrespective of the baseline level , in zinc+MVM-supplemented individuals . In the other two groups , the change of HbA1C% level was not significant . Serum lipid levels reduced significantly in the zinc+MVM and MVM groups . Conclusions : Zinc+MVM supplementation showed beneficial effects in the metabolic control of adult diabetics in addition to elevating their serum zinc level . Zinc supplementation  improved glycemic control measured by HbA1C% and fasting and postpr and ial glucose . Furthermore , zinc supplementation  lowered serum cholesterol and cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio Objective : To evaluate the effect of oral administration of selenium and zinc tablets in patients with cancer of the digestive tract during chemotherapy . Design : A case – control , r and omized study . Setting : Medical Oncology , II University of Naples , Naples , Italy . Subjects : A total of 60 patients ( median age 55 y , range 46–61 y ) with diagnosis of gut cancer were r and omized in 1999 . Patients were treated for 60 days with chemotherapy .  Interventions : Trace elements were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy .  The nutritional status of the patients was assessed by biochemical and bio-impedance analysis ( BIA ) parameters in basal condition and after 60 days of treatment . Oral administration of selenium and zinc in oral tablet form for 50 days was Se 200 μg/day ( 50 μg/tablet ) and Zn 21 mg/day ( 7 mg/tablet ) . Results : Both in the basal condition and at 60 days all patients were malnourished . Selenium and zinc concentrations were significantly lower ( P<0.01 ) whereas copper concentration was significantly higher ( P<0.01 ) in cancer patients than in control subjects . However , 21/30 ( 70 % ) of those treated with Se and Zn did not showed a further worsening of nutritional status and experienced a significant decrease of asthenia with an increase of appetite . On the other h and , 24/30 ( 80 % ) untreated patients had a significant decline of all parameters studied after 60 days ( prealbumin , cholesterol , transferrin , P<0.05 vs 0 time ; total proteins , albumin/globulin ratio , P<0.01 vs 0 time ; fat-free mass , fat mass , Na+/K+ ratio , body mass index P<0.05 vs 0 time ; fat free mass/fat mass , total body water , extra cellular/intra cellular water , basal metabolic rate : P<0.01 vs 0 time ) . Conclusions : Data indicate that Se and Zn supplementation may improve the clinical course of general conditions in patients with gut cancer . These effects of Se and Zn require confirmation in an independent trial of appropriate design before new public health recommendations regarding Se and Zn supplementation can be made . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition ( 2001 ) 55 , UNLABELLED Purpose : The aim of this study was to assess the effects of zinc supplementation on anthropometric measures , improving lipid profile biomarkers , and fasting blood glucose level in obese people . METHODS This r and omized , double- blind clinical trial was carried out on 60 obese participants in the 18 - 45 age range for one month . The participants were r and omly divided into the intervention group , who received 30 mg/d zinc gluconate , and the placebo group who received 30mg/d starch .  Anthropometric measurements ( body mass index ( BMI ) , weight and waist circumference ) were recorded before and at the end of study . Lipid profile biomarkers and fasting blood glucose were determined using enzymatic procedure . Analysis of Covariance ( ANCOVA ) test was run to compare the post-treatment values of the two groups , and t-test was conducted to compare within group changes . RESULTS Serum zinc concentration was increased significantly in intervention group ( p=0.024 ) . BMI and body weight was significantly decreased ( p=0.030 and p=0.020 , respectively ) . Lipid profile biomarkers and fating blood glucose did not change significantly but triglyceride level was significantly decreased ( p=0.006 ) in the intervention group . CONCLUSION The obtained results indicate that zinc supplementation  improves BMI , body weight , and triglyceride concentration without considerable effects on lipid profile and glucose level .  Zinc can be suggested as a suitable supplementation therapy for obese people , but more studies are needed to verify the results Antioxidant micronutrients have been reported to be associated with an improvement in the blood profile , but the results are not consistent . The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of antioxidant supplementation on changes in the serum lipid profile of adult participants in the SU.VI.MAX study . French adults ( n=12,741∶7,713 females aged 35–60 yr , and 5,028 males aged 45–60 yr ) received daily antioxidant supplementation ( 120 mg vitamin C , 30 mg vitamin E , 6 mg β-carotene , 100 μg selenium , and 20 mg zinc ) or a matching placebo . Median follow-up time was 7.5 yr . After 7.5 yr , no effect of supplementation on total cholesterol was observed in men or women after adjusting for baseline total cholesterol levels and lipid-lowering medications . The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia ( ≥6.5 mmol/L ) showed a trend toward being higher in women who received supplements compared with those who received the placebo ( P=0.06 ) . In both sexes , the group receiving supplements exhibited higher mean serum TG concentrations than did the placebo group ( P=0.06 in men ; P=0.05 in women ) . The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia ( ≥2.3 mmol/L ) was also significantly higher in men who received supplements ( P=0.03 ) , but not in women . Our results suggest than long-term daily supplementation with low doses of β-carotene , vitamins C and E , selenium , and zinc does not result in an improved lipid profile and could even adversely affect some blood lipids , possibly with a higher risk of hyperlipidemia in women One hundred and three apparently healthy elderly subjects age 60 - 89 y were r and omly assigned to one of three treatments : placebo , 15 mg zinc/d , or 100 mg Zn/d for 3 mo . Plasma Zn was significantly increased only in the 100 mg Zn group . Zn concentrations in erythrocytes , platelets , mononuclear cells , and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were not significantly increased by any treatment . None of the treatments significantly altered delayed dermal hypersensitivity ( DDH ) to a panel of seven recall antigens or in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses ( LPR ) to mitogens and antigens . Fifteen subjects had initially poor lymphocyte proliferative responses that improved in 14 of these individuals during the study ; this was not due to Zn supplementation but might have been caused by one or more components of a vitamin-mineral supplement administered to all study subjects The recent report by Hooper PL , et al. ( JAMA 1980;244:1960 - 1 ) that pharmacological doses ( 160 mg ) of zinc lowered high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol in men and that zinc might be an atherogenic agent prompted this report of the effect of zinc supplementation on HDL-cholesterol in women . Four levels of zinc supplements ( 0 , 15 , 50 , or 100 mg/day ) were given to 32 women for 8 wk . Fasting plasma HDL-cholesterol and zinc  were measured at biweekly intervals . Plasma zinc increased in the supplemented groups , peaked at wk 4 , then decreased toward initial values . The decline in plasma zinc regardless of continuing zinc administration may reflect a homeostatic response . No significant differences were seen in HDL-cholesterol over the 8 wk except in the 100 mg group at wk 4 when a transient decrease , -8.4 % ( 57 to 48 mg/dl , p less than 0.04 ) was observed . Thus we conclude that in women the reduction in HDL-cholesterol in response to the pharmacological doses of zinc used in this study was transient and not dose-related A 12-wk double-blind study was conducted to determine the effect of oral zinc supplementation upon serum total cholesterol , lipoprotein-cholesterol fractions , and serum triglycerides in white males . The subjects were r and omly assigned to one of three treatment groups and consumed either a placebo tablet ( n = 9 ) , 50 mg Zn/d ( n = 13 ) , or 75 mg Zn/d ( n = 9 ) as Zn gluconate .  Serum total cholesterol , low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol , very-low-density-lipoprotein ( VLDL ) cholesterol , and triglycerides were not affected by Zn supplements . However , serum high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels in subjects assigned to the 75 mg Zn/d group were significantly lower at weeks 6 and 12 than those for the placebo group and lower at weeks 6 , 8 , and 12 than at baseline ; subjects assigned to the 50 mg Zn/d group had lower serum HDL-cholesterol levels at week 12 than did the placebo group and lower at week 12 than at base line The effects of long-term supplementation with pharmacologic doses of zinc oxide on serum levels of zinc , lipids and hematocrit have not been studied systematic ally to date . Eleven Clinical Centers enrolled 4757 participants from 1992 to 1998 as part of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study ( AREDS ) . Of these , 3640 participants , aged 55 - 80 y , who had early-to-late age-related macular degeneration ( AMD ) were r and omly assigned to daily supplementation with or without 80 mg of zinc as zinc oxide plus 2 mg of copper as cupric oxide to study the effects of zinc supplementation on the progression to late AMD . This paper reports on the effect of a 5-y supplementation with zinc oxide and cupric oxide on serum zinc , copper , lipids , and hematocrit for 717 participants from three clinical centers . At the 5-y exam , the median increase in serum zinc levels for participants assigned to zinc formulations was 17 % compared with a 2 % increase for participants not assigned to zinc ( P < 0.001 ) . The differential effect on serum zinc was observed at 1 y and remained fairly constant over the 5-y period . After 5 y , no significant differences in changes in serum hematocrit , copper or lipids were found between participants assigned to formulations containing zinc and copper , and those assigned to formulations without zinc and copper . Estimates from a modified Block Food-Frequency Question naire suggest the AREDS population at baseline had a zinc intake from diet similar to that of the general population Background and Aims : Patients on maintenance hemodialysis ( HD ) face an increased risk of atherosclerosis , a crucial problem and the leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality . This study was design ed to evaluate the effects of zinc supplementation on paraoxonase ( PON ) enzyme activity in patients on HD . Methods : This double-blind r and omized controlled trial was conducted from June 2005 to June 2007 . Sixty HD patients were enrolled and divided into two groups : treatment ( case ) and control . The treatment and control groups were treated with 100 mg/day zinc or placebo , respectively , for 2 months . Serum zinc concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry . PON activity  was evaluated by spectrophotometric method . Lipid profile  
    Output:
    