human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Introduction Physical activity in elderly persons contributes to prevention and treatment of chronic disease and , through its influence on the musculoskeletal system , increases physical capability and improves mental function . Aim of the study Aim of the study was to assess the effect of resistance training with elements of stretching on body composition and quality of life in women of postmenopausal age . Material and methods Thirty-eight postmenopausal women aged 62.5 ±5.8 years were r and omly divided into two groups . One group participated in an 8-week training program ( 60 minutes , twice weekly ; 4 MET [ metabolic equivalent ] 2 hours/week ) . The second group performed no training . A comparison was made of body composition and quality of life ( SF-36 Health Survey ) prior to and after 8 weeks of training . Results In the training group , after 8 weeks there was a significant reduction in body fat ( in% ; p = 0.028 ) , and an increase in fat-free mass ( in% ; p = 0.025 ) and total body water ( in% ; p = 0.021 ) , which indicates increased muscle mass . Furthermore , there were statistically significant differences in the assessment of quality of life in physical ( role-physical [ RP ] , bodily pain [ BP ] , general health [ GH ] scales ; p < 0.005 ) and mental health ( vitality [ VT ] scale ; p = 0.05 ) . In the non-exercising group no changes were observed in features examined in the initial and final test . Conclusions Resistance training with elements of stretching in postmenopausal women  improved body composition to achieve a reduction in risk factors associated with excess fatty tissue and muscle mass deficiency . It raises the quality of life in terms of both physical and mental function BACKGROUND Exercise is important as adjuvant in the chronic low back pain ( CLBP ) treatment . Functional training could involve benefits for low back pain ( LBP ) patients . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a 12-week period of functional resistance training on health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) , disability , body pain , and physical fitness in CLBP females . METHODS Nineteen females CLBP were recruited according to Paris Task Force on Back Pain criteria . Participants were r and omly assigned to an exercise group ( EG ) ; and a control group ( CG ) . Subjects were tested at baseline and at week 12 after 24 sessions , 2 days per week . Body pain was assessed using visual analog scale ( VAS ) , disability with Oswestry Disability Index ( ODI ) and HRQOL with Short Form 36 question naire . Physical fitness was measured using : flamingo test , back endurance test , side bridge test , abdominal curl-up tests , and 60-s squat test . RESULTS EG showed significant improvements in physical function ( 10 % ; p < 0.05 ) , body pain ( 42 % ; p < 0.05 ) , vitality ( 31 % ; p < 0.05 ) , physical component scale ( 15 % ; p < 0.05 ) , VAS ( 62.5 % ; p < 0.01 ) , ODI ( 61.3 % ; p < 0.05 ) , balance ( 58 % ; p < 0.05 ) , curl-up ( 83 % ; p < 0.01 ) , squat ( 22 % ; p < 0.01 ) , static back ( 67 % ; p < 0.01 ) , and side bridge ( 56 % ; p < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION Periodized functional resistance training decreased pain and disability and improved HRQOL , balance and physical fitness in females with CLBP , and can thus be used safely in this population Purpose ( 1 ) To determine the effects of a 9-month resistance training intervention on quality of life , sense of coherence , and depressive symptoms in older adults , and ( 2 ) to compare effects between different training frequencies . Methods Men and women aged 65–75 ( N = 106 ) were r and omized to four groups according to training frequency : training groups RT1 ( n = 26 ) , RT2 ( n = 27 ) , and RT3 ( n = 28 ) and non-training control group ( n = 25 ) . All training groups attended supervised resistance training twice a week for 3 months . For the following 6 months , they continued training with different frequencies ( 1 , 2 or 3 times per week ) . Psychological functioning was measured by quality of life ( WHOQOL-Bref ) , sense of coherence ( Antonovsky ’s SOC-13 ) , and depressive symptoms ( Beck ’s Depression Inventory II ) . Measurements were conducted at baseline and 3 and 9 months after baseline . The effects of the intervention were analyzed using generalized estimating equations ( GEE ) . Results After 3 months , there was an intervention effect on environmental quality of life ( group × time p = .048 ) . Between 3 and 9 months , environmental quality of life decreased among RT1 compared to RT2 and RT3 ( group × time p = .025 ) . Between baseline and 9 months , environmental quality of life increased in RT2 compared to all other groups ( group × time p = .011 ) . Sense of coherence increased in RT2 compared to the control group and RT3 ( group × time p = .032 ) . Conclusion Resistance training is beneficial for environmental quality of life and sense of coherence . Attending resistance training twice a week seems to be the most advantageous for these aspects of psychological functioning ABSTRACT Background Sarcopenic obesity is associated with disability in older people , especially in women .  Resistance exercises are recommended for this population , but their efficacy is not clear . Objective To evaluate the effects of a progressive resistance exercise program with high-speed component on the physical function of older women with sarcopenic obesity . Method Twenty-eight women 65 to 80 years old , with a body mass index ≥30kg/m2 and h and grip strength ≤21 kg were r and omly allocated to two groups . The experimental group underwent a 10-week resistance exercise program design ed to improve strength , power , and endurance of lower-limb muscles , with open chain and closed chain exercises . The control group had their health status monitored through telephone calls . The primary outcomes were lower limb muscle performance measured by knee extensor strength , power and fatigue by isokinetic dynamometry , and mobility measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery and by gait velocity . The secondary outcome was health-related quality of life assessed by the SF-36 Question naire . Results The average rate of adherence was 85 % , with few mild adverse effects . There were no significant between-group differences for any of the outcomes . Conclusion In this study , a progressive resistance exercise program with high-speed component was not effective for improving the physical function of older women with sarcopenic obesity Strength training has been reported as a potentially useful exercise to improve psychological aspects in the elderly , but its effects remain controversial . This study investigated the effectiveness of strength training conducted twice a week for 12 weeks for improving health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) and executive cognitive function . The study was a single-blind r and omized controlled trial with assessment s before and after intervention . HRQOL and executive function were assessed using the SF-36 Health Status Survey and a computerized neuro-cognitive assessment using task-switch reaction time trials , respectively . Subjects comprised 119 participants > or = 65 years old , r and omized to either strength training ( n=65 ) or health education classes ( controls , n=54 ) . The strength training program was design ed to strengthen the large muscle groups most important for functional activities and to improve balance . The effects of the intervention on the eight dimensions of the SF-36 in the control and training groups were analyzed . Only the mental health scale of the SF-36 was significantly improved for the training group compared with controls after 12 weeks . Task-switch reaction time and correct response rate remained unchanged . Short-term strength training might have modest positive effects on HRQOL , although this training period may not be sufficient to affect executive function in relatively healthy older people INTRODUCTION Increased physical activity ( PA ) is a crucial factor in the prevention of physical deterioration , and resistance training ( RT ) is also a common and effective intervention for older adults . However , the effects of PA as an adjunct to RT on frailty status remains unclear ; therefore , we clarified the effect of a PA intervention with feedback , as an adjunct to resistance strength training , on the physical and mental outcomes of frail older adults . MATERIAL S AND METHODS We employed a r and omized controlled trial . Community-dwelling frail older adults in Japan were recruited to participate . Forty-one participants ( mean age 81.5 ) were r and omly assigned to engage in a resistance training with PA ( RPA group ) or RT group for six months . Frailty status and frailty scores , which were measured according to the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria -muscle strength , mobility , instrumental activities of daily living , and health-related quality of life-were assessed . RESULTS Participants in the RPA group exhibited a significant increase in light-intensity PA , the number of steps taken daily ( p < 0.05 ) , and lower-limb muscle strength ( p < 0.05 ) and a significant decrease in frailty scores . However , pre- and postintervention frailty status , instrumental activities of daily living , and health-related quality of life did not differ significantly . CONCLUSIONS Implementation of a PA intervention as an adjunct to RT is feasible , as it reduced frailty scores and increased lower-limb muscle strength and mobility in older adults with frailty symptoms Background Prostate cancer can negatively impact quality of life of the patient and his spouse caregiver , but interventions rarely target the health of both partners simultaneously . We tested the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a partnered strength training program on the physical and mental health of prostate cancer survivors ( PCS ) and spouse caregivers . Methods Sixty-four couples were r and omly assigned to 6 months of partnered strength training ( Exercising Together , N = 32 ) or usual care ( UC , N = 32 ) . Objective measures included body composition ( lean , fat and trunk fat mass ( kg ) , and % body fat ) by DXA , upper and lower body muscle strength by 1-repetition maximum , and physical function by the physical performance battery ( PPB ) . Self-reported measures included the physical and mental health summary scales and physical function and fatigue subscales of the SF-36 and physical activity with the CHAMPS question naire . Results Couple retention rates were 100 % for Exercising Together and 84 % for UC . Median attendance of couples to Exercising Together sessions was 75 % . Men in Exercising Together became stronger in the upper body ( p < 0.01 ) and more physically active ( p < 0.01 ) than UC . Women in Exercising Together increased muscle mass ( p = 0.05 ) and improved upper ( p < 0.01 ) and lower body ( p < 0.01 ) strength and PPB scores ( p = 0.01 ) more than UC . Conclusions Exercising Together is a novel couples-based approach to exercise that was feasible and improved several health outcomes for both PCS and their spouses . Implication s for cancer survivorsA couples-based approach should be considered in cancer survivorship programs so that outcomes can mutually benefit both partners . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov BACKGROUND Resistance training programs have been found to improve muscle strength , physical function , and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults . These programs have typically been provided in clinical facilities , health clubs , and senior centers , which may be inconvenient and /or cost prohibitive for some older adults . The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an automated telemedicine intervention that provides real-time guidance and monitoring of resistance training in the home . METHODS A r and omized clinical trial in 103 middle-aged or older participants . Participants were assigned to use of a theory-driven interactive voice response system design ed to promote resistance training ( Telephone-Linked Computer-based Long-term Interactive Fitness Trainer ; n = 52 ) or to an attention control ( n = 51 ) for a period of 12 months . Measurements of muscle strength , balance , walk distance , and mood were obtained at baseline , 3 , 6 , and 12 months . RESULTS We observed increased strength , improved balance , and fewer depressive symptoms in the intervention group than in the control group . Using generalized estimating equations modeling , group differences were statistically significant for knee flexion strength ( p = .035 ) , single-leg stance time ( p = .029 ) , and Beck Depression Inventory ( p = .030 ) . CONCLUSIONS This computer-based telecommunications exercise intervention led to improvements in participants ' strength , balance , and depressive symptoms . Because of their low cost and easy accessibility , computer-based interventions may be a cost-effective way of promoting exercise in the home Summary This study aims to evaluate the effect of 18-week progressive muscular strength and proprioception training program on the muscle strength of the quadriceps , in prevention of falls in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis . The incidence of falls in the intervention group was significantly lower than in the control group ( incidence rate ratio ( IRR ) = 0.263 , 95 % CI 0.10–0.68 ) . Introduction This study aims to evaluate the effect of a progressive muscular strength and proprioception training program on the muscle strength of the quadriceps , balance , quality of life , and reduction in the risk of falls in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis . Methods One hundred sedentary postmenopausal women with osteoporosis , ages ranging from 55 to 75 , were selected and r and omized into two groups : the intervention group comprised of 50 patients who underwent a 18-week of progressive load training for the quadriceps 
    Output:
    
agent
Among the physical health measures , RT had the largest effect on body pain ( ES=0.81 , 95 % CI : 0.26 - 1.35 , I2=85.9).Initially , RT did not significantly affect measures of emotional role function , social function or physical role function .
However , after removing a single study , RT significantly increased all HRQOL measures .
Conclusion : The meta-analytic evidence presented in this research clearly supports the promotion of RT in improving HRQOL in older adults
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Introduction Physical activity in elderly persons contributes to prevention and treatment of chronic disease and , through its influence on the musculoskeletal system , increases physical capability and improves mental function . Aim of the study Aim of the study was to assess the effect of resistance training with elements of stretching on body composition and quality of life in women of postmenopausal age . Material and methods Thirty-eight postmenopausal women aged 62.5 ±5.8 years were r and omly divided into two groups . One group participated in an 8-week training program ( 60 minutes , twice weekly ; 4 MET [ metabolic equivalent ] 2 hours/week ) . The second group performed no training . A comparison was made of body composition and quality of life ( SF-36 Health Survey ) prior to and after 8 weeks of training . Results In the training group , after 8 weeks there was a significant reduction in body fat ( in% ; p = 0.028 ) , and an increase in fat-free mass ( in% ; p = 0.025 ) and total body water ( in% ; p = 0.021 ) , which indicates increased muscle mass . Furthermore , there were statistically significant differences in the assessment of quality of life in physical ( role-physical [ RP ] , bodily pain [ BP ] , general health [ GH ] scales ; p < 0.005 ) and mental health ( vitality [ VT ] scale ; p = 0.05 ) . In the non-exercising group no changes were observed in features examined in the initial and final test . Conclusions Resistance training with elements of stretching in postmenopausal women  improved body composition to achieve a reduction in risk factors associated with excess fatty tissue and muscle mass deficiency . It raises the quality of life in terms of both physical and mental function BACKGROUND Exercise is important as adjuvant in the chronic low back pain ( CLBP ) treatment . Functional training could involve benefits for low back pain ( LBP ) patients . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a 12-week period of functional resistance training on health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) , disability , body pain , and physical fitness in CLBP females . METHODS Nineteen females CLBP were recruited according to Paris Task Force on Back Pain criteria . Participants were r and omly assigned to an exercise group ( EG ) ; and a control group ( CG ) . Subjects were tested at baseline and at week 12 after 24 sessions , 2 days per week . Body pain was assessed using visual analog scale ( VAS ) , disability with Oswestry Disability Index ( ODI ) and HRQOL with Short Form 36 question naire . Physical fitness was measured using : flamingo test , back endurance test , side bridge test , abdominal curl-up tests , and 60-s squat test . RESULTS EG showed significant improvements in physical function ( 10 % ; p < 0.05 ) , body pain ( 42 % ; p < 0.05 ) , vitality ( 31 % ; p < 0.05 ) , physical component scale ( 15 % ; p < 0.05 ) , VAS ( 62.5 % ; p < 0.01 ) , ODI ( 61.3 % ; p < 0.05 ) , balance ( 58 % ; p < 0.05 ) , curl-up ( 83 % ; p < 0.01 ) , squat ( 22 % ; p < 0.01 ) , static back ( 67 % ; p < 0.01 ) , and side bridge ( 56 % ; p < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION Periodized functional resistance training decreased pain and disability and improved HRQOL , balance and physical fitness in females with CLBP , and can thus be used safely in this population Purpose ( 1 ) To determine the effects of a 9-month resistance training intervention on quality of life , sense of coherence , and depressive symptoms in older adults , and ( 2 ) to compare effects between different training frequencies . Methods Men and women aged 65–75 ( N = 106 ) were r and omized to four groups according to training frequency : training groups RT1 ( n = 26 ) , RT2 ( n = 27 ) , and RT3 ( n = 28 ) and non-training control group ( n = 25 ) . All training groups attended supervised resistance training twice a week for 3 months . For the following 6 months , they continued training with different frequencies ( 1 , 2 or 3 times per week ) . Psychological functioning was measured by quality of life ( WHOQOL-Bref ) , sense of coherence ( Antonovsky ’s SOC-13 ) , and depressive symptoms ( Beck ’s Depression Inventory II ) . Measurements were conducted at baseline and 3 and 9 months after baseline . The effects of the intervention were analyzed using generalized estimating equations ( GEE ) . Results After 3 months , there was an intervention effect on environmental quality of life ( group × time p = .048 ) . Between 3 and 9 months , environmental quality of life decreased among RT1 compared to RT2 and RT3 ( group × time p = .025 ) . Between baseline and 9 months , environmental quality of life increased in RT2 compared to all other groups ( group × time p = .011 ) . Sense of coherence increased in RT2 compared to the control group and RT3 ( group × time p = .032 ) . Conclusion Resistance training is beneficial for environmental quality of life and sense of coherence . Attending resistance training twice a week seems to be the most advantageous for these aspects of psychological functioning ABSTRACT Background Sarcopenic obesity is associated with disability in older people , especially in women .  Resistance exercises are recommended for this population , but their efficacy is not clear . Objective To evaluate the effects of a progressive resistance exercise program with high-speed component on the physical function of older women with sarcopenic obesity . Method Twenty-eight women 65 to 80 years old , with a body mass index ≥30kg/m2 and h and grip strength ≤21 kg were r and omly allocated to two groups . The experimental group underwent a 10-week resistance exercise program design ed to improve strength , power , and endurance of lower-limb muscles , with open chain and closed chain exercises . The control group had their health status monitored through telephone calls . The primary outcomes were lower limb muscle performance measured by knee extensor strength , power and fatigue by isokinetic dynamometry , and mobility measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery and by gait velocity . The secondary outcome was health-related quality of life assessed by the SF-36 Question naire . Results The average rate of adherence was 85 % , with few mild adverse effects . There were no significant between-group differences for any of the outcomes . Conclusion In this study , a progressive resistance exercise program with high-speed component was not effective for improving the physical function of older women with sarcopenic obesity Strength training has been reported as a potentially useful exercise to improve psychological aspects in the elderly , but its effects remain controversial . This study investigated the effectiveness of strength training conducted twice a week for 12 weeks for improving health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) and executive cognitive function . The study was a single-blind r and omized controlled trial with assessment s before and after intervention . HRQOL and executive function were assessed using the SF-36 Health Status Survey and a computerized neuro-cognitive assessment using task-switch reaction time trials , respectively . Subjects comprised 119 participants > or = 65 years old , r and omized to either strength training ( n=65 ) or health education classes ( controls , n=54 ) . The strength training program was design ed to strengthen the large muscle groups most important for functional activities and to improve balance . The effects of the intervention on the eight dimensions of the SF-36 in the control and training groups were analyzed . Only the mental health scale of the SF-36 was significantly improved for the training group compared with controls after 12 weeks . Task-switch reaction time and correct response rate remained unchanged . Short-term strength training might have modest positive effects on HRQOL , although this training period may not be sufficient to affect executive function in relatively healthy older people INTRODUCTION Increased physical activity ( PA ) is a crucial factor in the prevention of physical deterioration , and resistance training ( RT ) is also a common and effective intervention for older adults . However , the effects of PA as an adjunct to RT on frailty status remains unclear ; therefore , we clarified the effect of a PA intervention with feedback , as an adjunct to resistance strength training , on the physical and mental outcomes of frail older adults . MATERIAL S AND METHODS We employed a r and omized controlled trial . Community-dwelling frail older adults in Japan were recruited to participate . Forty-one participants ( mean age 81.5 ) were r and omly assigned to engage in a resistance training with PA ( RPA group ) or RT group for six months . Frailty status and frailty scores , which were measured according to the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria -muscle strength , mobility , instrumental activities of daily living , and health-related quality of life-were assessed . RESULTS Participants in the RPA group exhibited a significant increase in light-intensity PA , the number of steps taken daily ( p < 0.05 ) , and lower-limb muscle strength ( p < 0.05 ) and a significant decrease in frailty scores . However , pre- and postintervention frailty status , instrumental activities of daily living , and health-related quality of life did not differ significantly . CONCLUSIONS Implementation of a PA intervention as an adjunct to RT is feasible , as it reduced frailty scores and increased lower-limb muscle strength and mobility in older adults with frailty symptoms Background Prostate cancer can negatively impact quality of life of the patient and his spouse caregiver , but interventions rarely target the health of both partners simultaneously . We tested the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a partnered strength training program on the physical and mental health of prostate cancer survivors ( PCS ) and spouse caregivers . Methods Sixty-four couples were r and omly assigned to 6 months of partnered strength training ( Exercising Together , N = 32 ) or usual care ( UC , N = 32 ) . Objective measures included body composition ( lean , fat and trunk fat mass ( kg ) , and % body fat ) by DXA , upper and lower body muscle strength by 1-repetition maximum , and physical function by the physical performance battery ( PPB ) . Self-reported measures included the physical and mental health summary scales and physical function and fatigue subscales of the SF-36 and physical activity with the CHAMPS question naire . Results Couple retention rates were 100 % for Exercising Together and 84 % for UC . Median attendance of couples to Exercising Together sessions was 75 % . Men in Exercising Together became stronger in the upper body ( p < 0.01 ) and more physically active ( p < 0.01 ) than UC . Women in Exercising Together increased muscle mass ( p = 0.05 ) and improved upper ( p < 0.01 ) and lower body ( p < 0.01 ) strength and PPB scores ( p = 0.01 ) more than UC . Conclusions Exercising Together is a novel couples-based approach to exercise that was feasible and improved several health outcomes for both PCS and their spouses . Implication s for cancer survivorsA couples-based approach should be considered in cancer survivorship programs so that outcomes can mutually benefit both partners . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov BACKGROUND Resistance training programs have been found to improve muscle strength , physical function , and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults . These programs have typically been provided in clinical facilities , health clubs , and senior centers , which may be inconvenient and /or cost prohibitive for some older adults . The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an automated telemedicine intervention that provides real-time guidance and monitoring of resistance training in the home . METHODS A r and omized clinical trial in 103 middle-aged or older participants . Participants were assigned to use of a theory-driven interactive voice response system design ed to promote resistance training ( Telephone-Linked Computer-based Long-term Interactive Fitness Trainer ; n = 52 ) or to an attention control ( n = 51 ) for a period of 12 months . Measurements of muscle strength , balance , walk distance , and mood were obtained at baseline , 3 , 6 , and 12 months . RESULTS We observed increased strength , improved balance , and fewer depressive symptoms in the intervention group than in the control group . Using generalized estimating equations modeling , group differences were statistically significant for knee flexion strength ( p = .035 ) , single-leg stance time ( p = .029 ) , and Beck Depression Inventory ( p = .030 ) . CONCLUSIONS This computer-based telecommunications exercise intervention led to improvements in participants ' strength , balance , and depressive symptoms . Because of their low cost and easy accessibility , computer-based interventions may be a cost-effective way of promoting exercise in the home Summary This study aims to evaluate the effect of 18-week progressive muscular strength and proprioception training program on the muscle strength of the quadriceps , in prevention of falls in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis . The incidence of falls in the intervention group was significantly lower than in the control group ( incidence rate ratio ( IRR ) = 0.263 , 95 % CI 0.10–0.68 ) . Introduction This study aims to evaluate the effect of a progressive muscular strength and proprioception training program on the muscle strength of the quadriceps , balance , quality of life , and reduction in the risk of falls in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis . Methods One hundred sedentary postmenopausal women with osteoporosis , ages ranging from 55 to 75 , were selected and r and omized into two groups : the intervention group comprised of 50 patients who underwent a 18-week of progressive load training for the quadriceps 
    Output:
    