human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives : The aim of the present study was to assess the mode of delivery and type-of-feeding impact on gut microbiota . We demonstrated higher fecal bifidobacteria in infants who were breast-fed ( BF ) or fed formula with prebiotics polydextrose ( PDX ) and galactooligosaccharides ( GOS ) versus formula without prebiotics . Here , we tested feces of that cohort for lactobacilli and Staphylococcus aureus , 2 types of bacteria present in breast milk . Methods : In a double-blind , r and omized study , 21- to 30-day-old term infants vaginally delivered and exclusively formula-fed received a cow 's milk – based formula ( control , n = 80 ) or the same formula with 4 g/L ( 1:1 ratio ) of PDX/GOS ( PDX/GOS , n = 77 ) . A reference BF group ( n = 71 ) was included . Stool sample s were obtained at baseline and after 30 and 60 days of feeding to assess fecal bacteria by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction . Results : Pairwise comparisons between baseline-adjusted means log10 colony-forming unit per gram feces of total lactobacilli counts ( 8.37 in control , 8.46 in PDX/GOS , and 8.42 in BF ) showed a significant difference only between PDX/GOS and control at 30 and 60 days combined ( P = 0.035 ) , utilizing generalized estimating equations method . Baseline-adjusted odds ratio ( OR ) of colonization with S aureus was lower in control ( OR 0.47 , 95 % confidence interval 0.22–1.00 , P = 0.049 ) and PDX/GOS ( OR 0.44 , 95 % confidence interval 0.21–0.94 , P = 0.03 ) groups versus the BF group . Conclusions : Bacteria found in breast milk , such as lactobacilli and S aureus can also be found in infant feces . S aureus , traditionally considered harmful , may aid in educating the coevolving immune system . Modifying formula by adding prebiotics may bring gut microbiota closer to that of BF infants in terms of beneficial microbes In this double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled study , we investigated the effect of an infant milk formula with 6 g/L short-chain galacto- and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides [ ( scGOS/lcFOS ) ratio 9:1 ] on the development of the fecal secretory immunoglobulin A ( sIgA ) response and on the composition of the intestinal microbiota in 215 healthy infants during the first 26 wk of life . The infants received breast milk or were r and omized to receive an infant milk formula with or without scGOS/lcFOS . Stool sample s were collected after 8 and 26 wk of intervention . The concentration of fecal sIgA was determined by ELISA , and the composition of the intestinal microbiota was determined by quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization . The scGOS/lcFOS group and the control group were compared in the statistical analysis . A breast fed group was included as a reference . In total , 187 infants completed the study . After 26 wk of intervention , in infants that were exclusively formula fed , the concentration of sIgA was higher ( P < 0.001 ) in the scGOS/lcFOS group ( 719 microg/g ) than in the control group ( 263 microg/g ) . In addition , the percentages of bifidobacteria were higher in the scGOS/lcFOS group ( 60.4 % ) than in the control group ( 52.6 % , P = 0.04 ) . The percentages of Clostridium spp . were 0.0 and 3.27 % , respectively ( P = 0.006 ) . In conclusion , an infant milk formula with 6 g/L scGOS/lcFOS results in higher concentrations of fecal sIgA , suggesting a positive effect on mucosal immunity Adding prebiotics or probiotics to infant formula to improve the intestinal flora of formula-fed infants is considered to be a major innovation . Several companies have brought relevant formulations onto the market . However , comparative data on the effects of pre- and probiotics on the intestinal microflora of infants are not available . The present study aim ed to compare the effects of infant formula containing a mixture of galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides or viable Bifidobacterium animalis on the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microflora . Before birth , infants were r and omised and double blindly allocated to one of three formulas . The prebiotic ( GOS/FOS ) group ( n 19 ) received regular infant formula supplemented with a mixture of galacto-oligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides ( 6 g/l ) . The probiotic ( Bb-12 ) group ( n 19 ) received the same formula supplemented with 6.0x10(10 ) viable cells of B. animalis per litre . The st and ard group ( n 19 ) received non-supplemented regular formula .  A group of sixty-three breast-fed infants was included as a reference group . Faecal sample s were taken at postnatal day 5 and 10 , and week 4 , 8 , 12 and 16 . Compared with the groups fed Bb-12 and st and ard formula , the GOS/FOS formula group showed higher faecal acetate ratio ( 69.7 % ( sem 2.7 ) , 69.9 % ( sem 3.9 ) and 82.2 % ( sem 5.3 ) ; P<0.05 ) and lactate concentration ( 11.3 ( sem 7.9 ) , 3.1 ( sem 2.3 ) and 34.7 ( sem 10.7 ) mmol/kg faeces ) and lower pH ( 6.6 ( sem 0.2 ) , 7.1 ( sem 0.2 ) and 5.6 ( sem 0.2 ) ; P<0.05 ) at 16 weeks . Differences in percentage of bifidobacteria between the GOS/FOS ( 59.2 % ( sem 7.7 ) ) , Bb-12 ( 52.7 % ( sem 8.0 ) ) and the st and ard ( 51.8 % ( sem 6.4 ) ) groups were not statistically significant at 16 weeks . Feeding infants GOS/FOS formula result ed in a similar effect on metabolic activity of the flora as in breast-fed infants . In the Bb-12 group , composition and metabolic activity of the flora were more similar to those of the st and ard group Objective : The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of infant formula with polydextrose ( PDX ) and galacto-oligosaccharides ( GOS )  on fecal microbiota and secretory IgA ( sIgA ) . Material s and Methods : In the present double-blind , r and omized study , term infants received control ( Enfamil Lipil ) or the same formula with PDX/GOS ( 4 g/L , 1:1 ratio ; PDX/GOS ) for 60 days ; a reference breast-fed group was included . Formula intake , tolerance , and stool characteristics were collected via electronic diary and analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance . Anthropometric measurements and stool sample s were obtained at baseline and after 30 and 60 days of feeding . Fecal sIgA was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fecal bacteria by fluorescent in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction ( qPCR ) ; both were analyzed by Wilcoxon rank sum test . Results : Two hundred thirty infants completed the study . Infants consuming PDX/GOS had softer stools than control at all times ( P < 0.001 ) . Using qPCR , counts in PDX/GOS were closer to the breast-fed group , tended to be higher than control for total bifidobacteria ( P = 0.069 ) and Bifidobacterium longum ( P = 0.057 ) at 30 days , and were significantly higher for total bifidobacteria and B longum at 60 days and B infantis at 30 days ( P = 0.002 ) . No significant differences were detected between PDX/GOS and control in changes from baseline to 30 or 60 days for sIgA or total bifidobacteria by fluorescent in situ hybridization or qPCR ; however , significantly higher changes from baseline were detected between PDX/GOS and control for B infantis at 30 days and B longum at 60 days ( P ⩽ 0.035 ) . Conclusions : Infant formula with PDX/GOS produces soft stools and a bifidogenic effect closer to breast milk than formula without PDX/GOS The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of adding specific prebiotics to st and ard formula feeding on the number of fever episodes  in the first year of life . In the present r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial in seven centres in five West European countries , 830 healthy term infants , without a first-degree family history of allergic disease , of mothers who indicated to give only formula feeding were r and omised either to receive a st and ard non-hydrolysed cows ' milk-based formula to which a mixture of specific oligosaccharides was added ( prebiotics group ( PG ) ) , or to receive a similar formula without oligosaccharides ( control group ( CG ) ) . A separate reference group consisted of 300 breast-fed infants . The primary outcome was the number of fever episodes prospect ively documented by the parents . There was no difference in the number of fever episodes between the PG ( median value 1·19 ; 25th-75th percentile 0·09 - 2·34 ) and CG ( 1·16 ; 25th-75th percentile 0·06 - 2·38 ) . The median number of fever episodes in the separate breast-feeding reference group was 1·24 ( 25th-75th percentile 0·51 - 3·45 ) . There was no effect of adding specific prebiotics to st and ard formula feeding in reducing the number of fever episodes in the present study Background the addition of oligosaccharides to infant formula has been shown to mimic some of the beneficial effects of human milk . The aim of the study was to assess the tolerance and safety of a formula containing an innovative mixture of oligosaccharides in early infancy . Methodology /Principal Findings this study was performed as a multi-center , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial including healthy term infants . Infants were recruited before the age of 8 weeks , either having started with formula feeding or being fully breast-fed ( breastfeeding group ) . Formula-fed infants were r and omized to feeding with a regular formula containing a mixture of neutral oligosaccharides and pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides ( prebiotic formula group ) or regular formula without oligosaccharides ( control formula group ) . Growth , tolerance and adverse events were assessed at 8 , 16 , 24 and 52 weeks of age . The prebiotic and control groups showed similar mean weight , length and head circumference , skin fold thicknesses , arm circumference gains and stool frequency at each study point . As far as the anthropometric parameters are concerned , the prebiotic group and the control group did not attain the values shown by the breastfeeding group at any study point . The skin fold thicknesses assessed in the breastfeeding group at 8 weeks were strikingly larger than those in formula fed infants , whereas at 52 weeks were strikingly smaller . The stool consistency in the prebiotic group was softer than in the control group at 8 , 16 and 24 weeks ( p<0.001 ) and closer to that of the breastfeeding group . There was no difference in the incidence of adverse events between the two formula groups . Conclusions our findings demonstrate the tolerability and the long term safety of a formula containing an innovative mixture of oligosaccharides in a large cohort of healthy infants . Trial Registration : drks-neu.uniklinik-freiburg.de DRKS Background Human milk oligosaccharides have been shown to stimulate selectively the growth of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in the intestine . In this study , the bifidogenic effect of an experimental prebiotic oligosaccharide mixture consisting of low-molecular-weight galactooligosaccharides and high-molecular-weight fructooligosaccharides was analyzed in 90 term infants . Methods Two test formulas were supplemented with either 0.4 g/dL or with 0.8 g/dL oligosaccharides . In the control formula , maltodextrin was used as placebo . At study day 1 and study day 28 , the fecal species , colony forming units ( cfu ) and pH were measured and stool characteristics , growth , and side effects were recorded . Results At study day 1 , the median number of Bifidobacteria did not differ among the groups ( 0.4 g/dL group , mean [ interquartile range ] 8.5 [ 1.9 ] cfu/g ; 0.8 g/dL group , 7.7 [ 6.1 ] cfu/g ; and the placebo group , 8.8 [ 6.1 ] cfu/g ) ( figures in square brackets are interquartile range ) . At the end of the 28-day feeding period , the number of B 
    Output:
    
agent
The administration of currently evaluated prebiotic-supplemented formulae to healthy infants does not raise safety concerns with regard to growth and adverse effects .
Some favourable clinical effects are possible , primarily stool softening , which may be beneficial in some infants .
Currently , there is no existing robust evidence to recommend the routine use of prebiotic-supplemented formulae .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Objectives : The aim of the present study was to assess the mode of delivery and type-of-feeding impact on gut microbiota . We demonstrated higher fecal bifidobacteria in infants who were breast-fed ( BF ) or fed formula with prebiotics polydextrose ( PDX ) and galactooligosaccharides ( GOS ) versus formula without prebiotics . Here , we tested feces of that cohort for lactobacilli and Staphylococcus aureus , 2 types of bacteria present in breast milk . Methods : In a double-blind , r and omized study , 21- to 30-day-old term infants vaginally delivered and exclusively formula-fed received a cow 's milk – based formula ( control , n = 80 ) or the same formula with 4 g/L ( 1:1 ratio ) of PDX/GOS ( PDX/GOS , n = 77 ) . A reference BF group ( n = 71 ) was included . Stool sample s were obtained at baseline and after 30 and 60 days of feeding to assess fecal bacteria by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction . Results : Pairwise comparisons between baseline-adjusted means log10 colony-forming unit per gram feces of total lactobacilli counts ( 8.37 in control , 8.46 in PDX/GOS , and 8.42 in BF ) showed a significant difference only between PDX/GOS and control at 30 and 60 days combined ( P = 0.035 ) , utilizing generalized estimating equations method . Baseline-adjusted odds ratio ( OR ) of colonization with S aureus was lower in control ( OR 0.47 , 95 % confidence interval 0.22–1.00 , P = 0.049 ) and PDX/GOS ( OR 0.44 , 95 % confidence interval 0.21–0.94 , P = 0.03 ) groups versus the BF group . Conclusions : Bacteria found in breast milk , such as lactobacilli and S aureus can also be found in infant feces . S aureus , traditionally considered harmful , may aid in educating the coevolving immune system . Modifying formula by adding prebiotics may bring gut microbiota closer to that of BF infants in terms of beneficial microbes In this double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled study , we investigated the effect of an infant milk formula with 6 g/L short-chain galacto- and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides [ ( scGOS/lcFOS ) ratio 9:1 ] on the development of the fecal secretory immunoglobulin A ( sIgA ) response and on the composition of the intestinal microbiota in 215 healthy infants during the first 26 wk of life . The infants received breast milk or were r and omized to receive an infant milk formula with or without scGOS/lcFOS . Stool sample s were collected after 8 and 26 wk of intervention . The concentration of fecal sIgA was determined by ELISA , and the composition of the intestinal microbiota was determined by quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization . The scGOS/lcFOS group and the control group were compared in the statistical analysis . A breast fed group was included as a reference . In total , 187 infants completed the study . After 26 wk of intervention , in infants that were exclusively formula fed , the concentration of sIgA was higher ( P < 0.001 ) in the scGOS/lcFOS group ( 719 microg/g ) than in the control group ( 263 microg/g ) . In addition , the percentages of bifidobacteria were higher in the scGOS/lcFOS group ( 60.4 % ) than in the control group ( 52.6 % , P = 0.04 ) . The percentages of Clostridium spp . were 0.0 and 3.27 % , respectively ( P = 0.006 ) . In conclusion , an infant milk formula with 6 g/L scGOS/lcFOS results in higher concentrations of fecal sIgA , suggesting a positive effect on mucosal immunity Adding prebiotics or probiotics to infant formula to improve the intestinal flora of formula-fed infants is considered to be a major innovation . Several companies have brought relevant formulations onto the market . However , comparative data on the effects of pre- and probiotics on the intestinal microflora of infants are not available . The present study aim ed to compare the effects of infant formula containing a mixture of galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides or viable Bifidobacterium animalis on the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microflora . Before birth , infants were r and omised and double blindly allocated to one of three formulas . The prebiotic ( GOS/FOS ) group ( n 19 ) received regular infant formula supplemented with a mixture of galacto-oligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides ( 6 g/l ) . The probiotic ( Bb-12 ) group ( n 19 ) received the same formula supplemented with 6.0x10(10 ) viable cells of B. animalis per litre . The st and ard group ( n 19 ) received non-supplemented regular formula .  A group of sixty-three breast-fed infants was included as a reference group . Faecal sample s were taken at postnatal day 5 and 10 , and week 4 , 8 , 12 and 16 . Compared with the groups fed Bb-12 and st and ard formula , the GOS/FOS formula group showed higher faecal acetate ratio ( 69.7 % ( sem 2.7 ) , 69.9 % ( sem 3.9 ) and 82.2 % ( sem 5.3 ) ; P<0.05 ) and lactate concentration ( 11.3 ( sem 7.9 ) , 3.1 ( sem 2.3 ) and 34.7 ( sem 10.7 ) mmol/kg faeces ) and lower pH ( 6.6 ( sem 0.2 ) , 7.1 ( sem 0.2 ) and 5.6 ( sem 0.2 ) ; P<0.05 ) at 16 weeks . Differences in percentage of bifidobacteria between the GOS/FOS ( 59.2 % ( sem 7.7 ) ) , Bb-12 ( 52.7 % ( sem 8.0 ) ) and the st and ard ( 51.8 % ( sem 6.4 ) ) groups were not statistically significant at 16 weeks . Feeding infants GOS/FOS formula result ed in a similar effect on metabolic activity of the flora as in breast-fed infants . In the Bb-12 group , composition and metabolic activity of the flora were more similar to those of the st and ard group Objective : The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of infant formula with polydextrose ( PDX ) and galacto-oligosaccharides ( GOS )  on fecal microbiota and secretory IgA ( sIgA ) . Material s and Methods : In the present double-blind , r and omized study , term infants received control ( Enfamil Lipil ) or the same formula with PDX/GOS ( 4 g/L , 1:1 ratio ; PDX/GOS ) for 60 days ; a reference breast-fed group was included . Formula intake , tolerance , and stool characteristics were collected via electronic diary and analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance . Anthropometric measurements and stool sample s were obtained at baseline and after 30 and 60 days of feeding . Fecal sIgA was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fecal bacteria by fluorescent in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction ( qPCR ) ; both were analyzed by Wilcoxon rank sum test . Results : Two hundred thirty infants completed the study . Infants consuming PDX/GOS had softer stools than control at all times ( P < 0.001 ) . Using qPCR , counts in PDX/GOS were closer to the breast-fed group , tended to be higher than control for total bifidobacteria ( P = 0.069 ) and Bifidobacterium longum ( P = 0.057 ) at 30 days , and were significantly higher for total bifidobacteria and B longum at 60 days and B infantis at 30 days ( P = 0.002 ) . No significant differences were detected between PDX/GOS and control in changes from baseline to 30 or 60 days for sIgA or total bifidobacteria by fluorescent in situ hybridization or qPCR ; however , significantly higher changes from baseline were detected between PDX/GOS and control for B infantis at 30 days and B longum at 60 days ( P ⩽ 0.035 ) . Conclusions : Infant formula with PDX/GOS produces soft stools and a bifidogenic effect closer to breast milk than formula without PDX/GOS The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of adding specific prebiotics to st and ard formula feeding on the number of fever episodes  in the first year of life . In the present r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial in seven centres in five West European countries , 830 healthy term infants , without a first-degree family history of allergic disease , of mothers who indicated to give only formula feeding were r and omised either to receive a st and ard non-hydrolysed cows ' milk-based formula to which a mixture of specific oligosaccharides was added ( prebiotics group ( PG ) ) , or to receive a similar formula without oligosaccharides ( control group ( CG ) ) . A separate reference group consisted of 300 breast-fed infants . The primary outcome was the number of fever episodes prospect ively documented by the parents . There was no difference in the number of fever episodes between the PG ( median value 1·19 ; 25th-75th percentile 0·09 - 2·34 ) and CG ( 1·16 ; 25th-75th percentile 0·06 - 2·38 ) . The median number of fever episodes in the separate breast-feeding reference group was 1·24 ( 25th-75th percentile 0·51 - 3·45 ) . There was no effect of adding specific prebiotics to st and ard formula feeding in reducing the number of fever episodes in the present study Background the addition of oligosaccharides to infant formula has been shown to mimic some of the beneficial effects of human milk . The aim of the study was to assess the tolerance and safety of a formula containing an innovative mixture of oligosaccharides in early infancy . Methodology /Principal Findings this study was performed as a multi-center , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial including healthy term infants . Infants were recruited before the age of 8 weeks , either having started with formula feeding or being fully breast-fed ( breastfeeding group ) . Formula-fed infants were r and omized to feeding with a regular formula containing a mixture of neutral oligosaccharides and pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides ( prebiotic formula group ) or regular formula without oligosaccharides ( control formula group ) . Growth , tolerance and adverse events were assessed at 8 , 16 , 24 and 52 weeks of age . The prebiotic and control groups showed similar mean weight , length and head circumference , skin fold thicknesses , arm circumference gains and stool frequency at each study point . As far as the anthropometric parameters are concerned , the prebiotic group and the control group did not attain the values shown by the breastfeeding group at any study point . The skin fold thicknesses assessed in the breastfeeding group at 8 weeks were strikingly larger than those in formula fed infants , whereas at 52 weeks were strikingly smaller . The stool consistency in the prebiotic group was softer than in the control group at 8 , 16 and 24 weeks ( p<0.001 ) and closer to that of the breastfeeding group . There was no difference in the incidence of adverse events between the two formula groups . Conclusions our findings demonstrate the tolerability and the long term safety of a formula containing an innovative mixture of oligosaccharides in a large cohort of healthy infants . Trial Registration : drks-neu.uniklinik-freiburg.de DRKS Background Human milk oligosaccharides have been shown to stimulate selectively the growth of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in the intestine . In this study , the bifidogenic effect of an experimental prebiotic oligosaccharide mixture consisting of low-molecular-weight galactooligosaccharides and high-molecular-weight fructooligosaccharides was analyzed in 90 term infants . Methods Two test formulas were supplemented with either 0.4 g/dL or with 0.8 g/dL oligosaccharides . In the control formula , maltodextrin was used as placebo . At study day 1 and study day 28 , the fecal species , colony forming units ( cfu ) and pH were measured and stool characteristics , growth , and side effects were recorded . Results At study day 1 , the median number of Bifidobacteria did not differ among the groups ( 0.4 g/dL group , mean [ interquartile range ] 8.5 [ 1.9 ] cfu/g ; 0.8 g/dL group , 7.7 [ 6.1 ] cfu/g ; and the placebo group , 8.8 [ 6.1 ] cfu/g ) ( figures in square brackets are interquartile range ) . At the end of the 28-day feeding period , the number of B 
    Output:
    