human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a worksite health promotion program on improving cardiovascular disease risk factors . METHODS In St Louis , Missouri from 2005 to 2006 , 151 employees ( 134 F , 17 M , 81 % overweight/obese ) participated in a cohort-r and omized trial comparing assessment s + intervention ( worksite A ) with assessment s only ( worksite B ) for 1 year . All participants received personal health reports containing their assessment results . The intervention was design ed to promote physical activity and favorable dietary patterns using pedometers , healthy snack cart , WeightWatchers(R ) meetings , group exercise classes , seminars , team competitions , and participation rewards . Outcomes included BMI , body composition , blood pressure , fitness , lipids , and Framingham 10-year coronary heart disease risk . RESULTS 123 participants , aged 45+/-9 yr , with BMI 32.9+/-8.8 kg/m(2 ) completed 1 year . Improvements ( P < or = 0.05 ) were observed at both worksites for fitness , blood pressure , and total- , HDL- , and LDL-cholesterol . Additional improvements occurred at worksite A in BMI , fat mass , Framingham risk score , and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome ; only the changes in BMI and fat mass were different between worksites . CONCLUSION A multi-faceted worksite intervention promoted favorable changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors , but many of the improvements were achieved with worksite health assessment s and personalized health reports in the absence of an intervention Background Worksite nutrition and physical activity interventions are important to help overweight and obese employees lose weight , but costs and insufficient sustained motivation prevent the majority of these programs from succeeding . Tailored text messaging in aiding weight management has been effective in several studies , but no studies have evaluated the effect of a tailored text message service on weight loss in a worksite health promotion program . Objective We studied the efficacy of a tailored text-messaging intervention for obese male participants in a worksite weight loss program of 6 months duration . Methods The study was an unblinded , r and omized controlled trial . Men with a body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2 were recruited from the Korea District Heating Corporation , the Korea Expressway Corporation , and the Korea Gas Corporation . The participants were identified by nurse managers . Participants were r and omly allocated to 1 of the following 2 groups for 24 weeks : ( 1 ) intervention group , which received tailored text message reminders every other day plus 4 offline education sessions and brief counseling with monthly weight check by nurses for weight control over 6 months and ( 2 ) control group , which received the 4 offline education sessions and brief counseling with monthly weight check by nurses about weight control over 6 months . The primary outcome was the difference in weight loss at 6 months . A mixed-model repeated- measures analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of the intervention group ’s weight loss compared with the control group . Results A total of 205 obese men were r and omized into either the intervention ( n=104 ) or the control group ( n=101 ) . At the end of 6 months , the intervention group ( n=63 ) had lost 1.71 kg ( 95 % CI –2.53 to –0.88 ) and the control group ( n=59 ) had lost 1.56 kg ( 95 % CI –2.45 to –0.66 ) ; the difference between the 2 groups was not significant ( mean difference –0.15 , 95 % CI –1.36 to 1.07 ) . At the end of the study , 60 % ( 34/57 ) of the intervention group rated the message program as helpful for weight control and 46 % ( 26/57 ) would recommend the text message service to their friends . Conclusions Tailored text message reminders did not have a significant effect on weight loss in obese men as part of a worksite weight loss program . Trial Registration International St and ard R and omized Controlled Trial Number ( IS RCT N ) : 39629189 ; http://www.is rct n.com/IS RCT N39629189?q=39629189&filters=&sort=&offset=1&total Results = 1&page=1&pageSize=10 & search Type = basic- search ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6VsFkwJH6 ) Background Young women are a group at high risk of weight gain . This study examined a range of perceived personal , social and environmental barriers to physical activity and healthy eating for weight maintenance among young women , and how these varied by socioeconomic status ( SES ) , overweight status and domestic situation . Methods In October-December 2001 , a total of 445 women aged 18–32 years , selected r and omly from the Australian electoral roll , completed a mailed self-report survey that included questions on 11 barriers to physical activity and 11 barriers to healthy eating ( relating to personal , social and environmental factors ) . Height , weight and socio-demographic details were also obtained . Statistical analyses were conducted mid-2003 . Results The most common perceived barriers to physical activity and healthy eating encountered by young women were related to motivation , time and cost .  Women with children were particularly likely to report a lack of social support as an important barrier to physical activity , and lack of social support and time as important barriers to healthy eating . Perceived barriers did not differ by SES or overweight status . Conclusions Health promotion strategies aim ed at preventing weight gain should take into account the specific perceived barriers to physical activity and healthy eating faced by women in this age group , particularly lack of motivation , lack of time , and cost . Strategies targeting perceived lack of time and lack of social support are particularly required for young women with children AIMS To investigate a virtual assistance-based lifestyle intervention to reduce risk factors for Type 2 diabetes in young employees in the information technology industry in India . METHODS LIMIT ( Lifestyle Modification in Information Technology ) was a parallel-group , partially blinded , r and omized controlled trial . Employees in the information technology industry with ≥3 risk factors ( family history of cardiometabolic disease , overweight/obesity , high blood pressure , impaired fasting glucose , hypertriglyceridaemia , high LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol ) from two industries were r and omized to a control or an intervention ( 1:1 ) group . After initial lifestyle advice , the intervention group additionally received reinforcement through mobile phone messages ( three per week ) and e-mails ( two per week ) for 1 year . The primary outcome was change in prevalence of overweight/obesity , analysed by intention to treat . RESULTS Of 437 employees screened ( mean age 36.2 ± 9.3 years ; 74.8 % men ) , 265 ( 61.0 % ) were eligible and r and omized into control ( n=132 ) or intervention ( n=133 ) group . After 1 year , the prevalence of overweight/obesity reduced by 6.0 % in the intervention group and increased by 6.8 % in the control group ( risk difference 11.2 % ; 95 % CI 1.2 - 21.1 ; P=0.042 ) . There were also significant improvements in lifestyle measurements , waist circumference , and total and LDL cholesterol in the intervention group . The number-needed-to-treat to prevent one case of overweight/obesity in 1 year was 9 ( 95 % CI 5 - 82 ) , with an incremental cost of INR10665 ( £ 112.30 ) per case treated/prevented . A total of 98 % of participants found the intervention acceptable . CONCLUSIONS A virtual assistance-based lifestyle intervention  was effective , cost-effective and acceptable in reducing risk factors for diabetes in young employees in the information technology industry , and is potentially scalable Purpose . To evaluate the effectiveness of FUEL Your Life , a translation of the Diabetes Prevention Program for worksites . Design . A r and omized control group design was conducted in five worksites of a large transportation company . Measures were collected pretest , posttest ( 6 months ) , and follow-up ( 12 months ) . Setting . Railroad maintenance facilities of Union Pacific Railroad . Subjects . Participants consisted of 362 workers ( 227 treatment , 135 control ) . Intervention . FUEL Your Life was translated from the Diabetes Prevention Program to better fit within the context of the worksite . The primary difference was the use of peer health coaches to provide social support and reinforcement and an occupational nurse to provide lesson content ( six sessions of 10 minutes ) to participants instead of the lifestyle coaches employed by the Diabetes Prevention Program , result ing in a less structured meeting schedule . Measures . The primary outcomes were weight and body mass index ( BMI ) , with secondary outcomes including eating behaviors , physical activity , and social support . Analysis . Latent growth modeling was used to measure changes in the outcomes over time . Results . Participants in the intervention group maintained weight/ BMI ( –.1 pounds/–.1 BMI ) , whereas the control participants gained weight/ BMI ( + 2.6 pounds/+.3 BMI ) , result ing in a statistically significant difference between groups . Fifty-five percent of intervention participants lost some weight , whereas only 35 % of the control group lost weight . Conclusions . FUEL Your Life , a low intensity intervention , was not effective for promoting weight loss , but was effective for helping workers maintain weight over a 12-month period OBJECTIVES We assessed the effects of a  worksite multiple-component intervention addressing diet and physical activity on employees ' mean body mass index ( BMI ) and the percentage of employees who were overweight or obese . METHODS This group-r and omized trial ( n = 3799 ) was conducted at 10 worksites in the northeastern United States . Worksites were paired and allocated into intervention and control conditions . Within- and between-groups changes in mean BMI s and in the percentage of overweight or obese employees were examined in a volunteer sample . RESULTS Within-group mean BMI s decreased by 0.54 kilograms per meter squared ( P = .02 ) and 0.12 kilograms per meter squared ( P = .73 ) at the intervention and control worksites , respectively , result ing in a difference in differences ( DID ) decrease of 0.42 kilograms per meter squared ( P = .33 ) . The within-group percentage of overweight or obese employees decreased by 3.7 % ( P = .07 ) at the intervention worksites and increased by 4.9 % ( P = .1 ) at the control worksites , result ing in a DID decline of 8.6 % ( P = .02 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a worksite population strategy that might eventually reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity by minimizing environmental exposures to calorically dense foods and increasing exposures to opportunities for energy expenditure within worksite setting Background U.S. adults are at unprecedented risk of becoming overweight or obese , and most scientists believe the primary cause is an obesogenic environment . Worksites provide an opportunity to shape the environments of adults to reduce obesity risk . The goal of this group-r and omized trial was to implement a four-component environmental intervention at the worksite level to positively influence weight gain among employees over a two-year period . Environmental components focused on food availability and price , physical activity promotion , scale access , and media enhancements . Methods Six worksites in a U.S. metropolitan area were recruited and r and omized in pairs at the worksite level to either a two-year intervention or a no-contact control . Evaluations at baseline and two years included : 1 ) measured height and weight ; 2 ) online surveys of individual dietary intake and physical activity behaviors ; and 3 ) detailed worksite environment assessment . Results Mean participant age was 42.9 years ( range 18 - 75 ) , 62.6 % were women , 68.5 % were married or cohabiting , 88.6 % were white , 2.1 % Hispanic . Mean  baseline BMI  was 28.5 kg/m2 ( range 16.9 - 61.2 kg/m2 ) . A majority of intervention components were successfully implemented . However , there were no differences between sites in the key outcome of weight change over the two-year study period ( p = .36 ) . Conclusions Body mass was not significantly affected by environmental changes implemented for the trial . Results raise questions about whether environmental change at worksites is sufficient for population weight gain prevention . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov : OBJECTIVE To describe the effectiveness , reach and implementation of a weight  gain  prevention intervention among public school employees . METHOD A multi-level intervention was tested in a cluster r and omized trial among 782 employees in 12 central Massachusetts public high schools from 2009 to 2012 . The intervention targeted the nutrition and physical activity environment and policies , the social environment and individual knowledge , attitudes and skills . The intervention was compared to a material s only condition . The primary outcome measures were change in weight and body mass index ( BMI ) at 24-month follow-up . Implementation of physical environment , policy and social environment strategies at the school and interpersonal levels , and intervention participation at the individual level were assessed . RESULTS At 24-month follow-up , there was a net change ( difference of the difference ) of -3.03 pounds ( p=.04 ) and of -.48 BMI units ( p=.05 ) between intervention and comparison conditions . The majority of intervention strategies were successfully implemented by all intervention schools , although establishing formal policies was challenging . Employee participation in programs targeting the physical and social environment was maintained over time . CONCLUSION This study supports that a multi-level intervention integrated within the organizational culture can be successfully implemented and prevent weight gain in public high school employees OBJECTIVES This study tested a feas 
    Output:
    
agent
Reduction in blood pressure , lipids and blood glucose was not statistically significant .
Conclusions Workplace interventions  significantly reduced body weight , BMI and waist circumference .
Non-significant results for biochemical markers could be due to them being secondary outcomes in most studies .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a worksite health promotion program on improving cardiovascular disease risk factors . METHODS In St Louis , Missouri from 2005 to 2006 , 151 employees ( 134 F , 17 M , 81 % overweight/obese ) participated in a cohort-r and omized trial comparing assessment s + intervention ( worksite A ) with assessment s only ( worksite B ) for 1 year . All participants received personal health reports containing their assessment results . The intervention was design ed to promote physical activity and favorable dietary patterns using pedometers , healthy snack cart , WeightWatchers(R ) meetings , group exercise classes , seminars , team competitions , and participation rewards . Outcomes included BMI , body composition , blood pressure , fitness , lipids , and Framingham 10-year coronary heart disease risk . RESULTS 123 participants , aged 45+/-9 yr , with BMI 32.9+/-8.8 kg/m(2 ) completed 1 year . Improvements ( P < or = 0.05 ) were observed at both worksites for fitness , blood pressure , and total- , HDL- , and LDL-cholesterol . Additional improvements occurred at worksite A in BMI , fat mass , Framingham risk score , and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome ; only the changes in BMI and fat mass were different between worksites . CONCLUSION A multi-faceted worksite intervention promoted favorable changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors , but many of the improvements were achieved with worksite health assessment s and personalized health reports in the absence of an intervention Background Worksite nutrition and physical activity interventions are important to help overweight and obese employees lose weight , but costs and insufficient sustained motivation prevent the majority of these programs from succeeding . Tailored text messaging in aiding weight management has been effective in several studies , but no studies have evaluated the effect of a tailored text message service on weight loss in a worksite health promotion program . Objective We studied the efficacy of a tailored text-messaging intervention for obese male participants in a worksite weight loss program of 6 months duration . Methods The study was an unblinded , r and omized controlled trial . Men with a body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2 were recruited from the Korea District Heating Corporation , the Korea Expressway Corporation , and the Korea Gas Corporation . The participants were identified by nurse managers . Participants were r and omly allocated to 1 of the following 2 groups for 24 weeks : ( 1 ) intervention group , which received tailored text message reminders every other day plus 4 offline education sessions and brief counseling with monthly weight check by nurses for weight control over 6 months and ( 2 ) control group , which received the 4 offline education sessions and brief counseling with monthly weight check by nurses about weight control over 6 months . The primary outcome was the difference in weight loss at 6 months . A mixed-model repeated- measures analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of the intervention group ’s weight loss compared with the control group . Results A total of 205 obese men were r and omized into either the intervention ( n=104 ) or the control group ( n=101 ) . At the end of 6 months , the intervention group ( n=63 ) had lost 1.71 kg ( 95 % CI –2.53 to –0.88 ) and the control group ( n=59 ) had lost 1.56 kg ( 95 % CI –2.45 to –0.66 ) ; the difference between the 2 groups was not significant ( mean difference –0.15 , 95 % CI –1.36 to 1.07 ) . At the end of the study , 60 % ( 34/57 ) of the intervention group rated the message program as helpful for weight control and 46 % ( 26/57 ) would recommend the text message service to their friends . Conclusions Tailored text message reminders did not have a significant effect on weight loss in obese men as part of a worksite weight loss program . Trial Registration International St and ard R and omized Controlled Trial Number ( IS RCT N ) : 39629189 ; http://www.is rct n.com/IS RCT N39629189?q=39629189&filters=&sort=&offset=1&total Results = 1&page=1&pageSize=10 & search Type = basic- search ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6VsFkwJH6 ) Background Young women are a group at high risk of weight gain . This study examined a range of perceived personal , social and environmental barriers to physical activity and healthy eating for weight maintenance among young women , and how these varied by socioeconomic status ( SES ) , overweight status and domestic situation . Methods In October-December 2001 , a total of 445 women aged 18–32 years , selected r and omly from the Australian electoral roll , completed a mailed self-report survey that included questions on 11 barriers to physical activity and 11 barriers to healthy eating ( relating to personal , social and environmental factors ) . Height , weight and socio-demographic details were also obtained . Statistical analyses were conducted mid-2003 . Results The most common perceived barriers to physical activity and healthy eating encountered by young women were related to motivation , time and cost .  Women with children were particularly likely to report a lack of social support as an important barrier to physical activity , and lack of social support and time as important barriers to healthy eating . Perceived barriers did not differ by SES or overweight status . Conclusions Health promotion strategies aim ed at preventing weight gain should take into account the specific perceived barriers to physical activity and healthy eating faced by women in this age group , particularly lack of motivation , lack of time , and cost . Strategies targeting perceived lack of time and lack of social support are particularly required for young women with children AIMS To investigate a virtual assistance-based lifestyle intervention to reduce risk factors for Type 2 diabetes in young employees in the information technology industry in India . METHODS LIMIT ( Lifestyle Modification in Information Technology ) was a parallel-group , partially blinded , r and omized controlled trial . Employees in the information technology industry with ≥3 risk factors ( family history of cardiometabolic disease , overweight/obesity , high blood pressure , impaired fasting glucose , hypertriglyceridaemia , high LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol ) from two industries were r and omized to a control or an intervention ( 1:1 ) group . After initial lifestyle advice , the intervention group additionally received reinforcement through mobile phone messages ( three per week ) and e-mails ( two per week ) for 1 year . The primary outcome was change in prevalence of overweight/obesity , analysed by intention to treat . RESULTS Of 437 employees screened ( mean age 36.2 ± 9.3 years ; 74.8 % men ) , 265 ( 61.0 % ) were eligible and r and omized into control ( n=132 ) or intervention ( n=133 ) group . After 1 year , the prevalence of overweight/obesity reduced by 6.0 % in the intervention group and increased by 6.8 % in the control group ( risk difference 11.2 % ; 95 % CI 1.2 - 21.1 ; P=0.042 ) . There were also significant improvements in lifestyle measurements , waist circumference , and total and LDL cholesterol in the intervention group . The number-needed-to-treat to prevent one case of overweight/obesity in 1 year was 9 ( 95 % CI 5 - 82 ) , with an incremental cost of INR10665 ( £ 112.30 ) per case treated/prevented . A total of 98 % of participants found the intervention acceptable . CONCLUSIONS A virtual assistance-based lifestyle intervention  was effective , cost-effective and acceptable in reducing risk factors for diabetes in young employees in the information technology industry , and is potentially scalable Purpose . To evaluate the effectiveness of FUEL Your Life , a translation of the Diabetes Prevention Program for worksites . Design . A r and omized control group design was conducted in five worksites of a large transportation company . Measures were collected pretest , posttest ( 6 months ) , and follow-up ( 12 months ) . Setting . Railroad maintenance facilities of Union Pacific Railroad . Subjects . Participants consisted of 362 workers ( 227 treatment , 135 control ) . Intervention . FUEL Your Life was translated from the Diabetes Prevention Program to better fit within the context of the worksite . The primary difference was the use of peer health coaches to provide social support and reinforcement and an occupational nurse to provide lesson content ( six sessions of 10 minutes ) to participants instead of the lifestyle coaches employed by the Diabetes Prevention Program , result ing in a less structured meeting schedule . Measures . The primary outcomes were weight and body mass index ( BMI ) , with secondary outcomes including eating behaviors , physical activity , and social support . Analysis . Latent growth modeling was used to measure changes in the outcomes over time . Results . Participants in the intervention group maintained weight/ BMI ( –.1 pounds/–.1 BMI ) , whereas the control participants gained weight/ BMI ( + 2.6 pounds/+.3 BMI ) , result ing in a statistically significant difference between groups . Fifty-five percent of intervention participants lost some weight , whereas only 35 % of the control group lost weight . Conclusions . FUEL Your Life , a low intensity intervention , was not effective for promoting weight loss , but was effective for helping workers maintain weight over a 12-month period OBJECTIVES We assessed the effects of a  worksite multiple-component intervention addressing diet and physical activity on employees ' mean body mass index ( BMI ) and the percentage of employees who were overweight or obese . METHODS This group-r and omized trial ( n = 3799 ) was conducted at 10 worksites in the northeastern United States . Worksites were paired and allocated into intervention and control conditions . Within- and between-groups changes in mean BMI s and in the percentage of overweight or obese employees were examined in a volunteer sample . RESULTS Within-group mean BMI s decreased by 0.54 kilograms per meter squared ( P = .02 ) and 0.12 kilograms per meter squared ( P = .73 ) at the intervention and control worksites , respectively , result ing in a difference in differences ( DID ) decrease of 0.42 kilograms per meter squared ( P = .33 ) . The within-group percentage of overweight or obese employees decreased by 3.7 % ( P = .07 ) at the intervention worksites and increased by 4.9 % ( P = .1 ) at the control worksites , result ing in a DID decline of 8.6 % ( P = .02 ) . CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a worksite population strategy that might eventually reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity by minimizing environmental exposures to calorically dense foods and increasing exposures to opportunities for energy expenditure within worksite setting Background U.S. adults are at unprecedented risk of becoming overweight or obese , and most scientists believe the primary cause is an obesogenic environment . Worksites provide an opportunity to shape the environments of adults to reduce obesity risk . The goal of this group-r and omized trial was to implement a four-component environmental intervention at the worksite level to positively influence weight gain among employees over a two-year period . Environmental components focused on food availability and price , physical activity promotion , scale access , and media enhancements . Methods Six worksites in a U.S. metropolitan area were recruited and r and omized in pairs at the worksite level to either a two-year intervention or a no-contact control . Evaluations at baseline and two years included : 1 ) measured height and weight ; 2 ) online surveys of individual dietary intake and physical activity behaviors ; and 3 ) detailed worksite environment assessment . Results Mean participant age was 42.9 years ( range 18 - 75 ) , 62.6 % were women , 68.5 % were married or cohabiting , 88.6 % were white , 2.1 % Hispanic . Mean  baseline BMI  was 28.5 kg/m2 ( range 16.9 - 61.2 kg/m2 ) . A majority of intervention components were successfully implemented . However , there were no differences between sites in the key outcome of weight change over the two-year study period ( p = .36 ) . Conclusions Body mass was not significantly affected by environmental changes implemented for the trial . Results raise questions about whether environmental change at worksites is sufficient for population weight gain prevention . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov : OBJECTIVE To describe the effectiveness , reach and implementation of a weight  gain  prevention intervention among public school employees . METHOD A multi-level intervention was tested in a cluster r and omized trial among 782 employees in 12 central Massachusetts public high schools from 2009 to 2012 . The intervention targeted the nutrition and physical activity environment and policies , the social environment and individual knowledge , attitudes and skills . The intervention was compared to a material s only condition . The primary outcome measures were change in weight and body mass index ( BMI ) at 24-month follow-up . Implementation of physical environment , policy and social environment strategies at the school and interpersonal levels , and intervention participation at the individual level were assessed . RESULTS At 24-month follow-up , there was a net change ( difference of the difference ) of -3.03 pounds ( p=.04 ) and of -.48 BMI units ( p=.05 ) between intervention and comparison conditions . The majority of intervention strategies were successfully implemented by all intervention schools , although establishing formal policies was challenging . Employee participation in programs targeting the physical and social environment was maintained over time . CONCLUSION This study supports that a multi-level intervention integrated within the organizational culture can be successfully implemented and prevent weight gain in public high school employees OBJECTIVES This study tested a feas 
    Output:
    