human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background and Purpose — Reduction in the risk of stroke and increase in the speed of hospital presentation after the onset of stroke both depend on the level of knowledge of stroke in the general population . The aim of the present study was to assess baseline knowledge regarding stroke risk factors , symptoms , treatment , and information re sources . Methods — A community-based telephone interview survey was conducted in the Newcastle urban area in Australia . A total of 1278 potential participants between the ages of 18 to 80 were selected at r and om from an electronic telephone directory . A trained telephone interviewer conducted a telephone survey using the Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing ( CATI ) program . Results — A total of 822 participants completed the telephone interview . Six hundred three participants ( 73.4 % ) correctly identified the brain as the affected organ in stroke . The most common risk factors for stroke identified by respondents were smoking ( identified by 324 [ 39.4 % ] ) and stress ( identified by 277 [ 33.7 % ] ) . The most common warning sign of stroke described by respondents was “ blurred and double vision or loss of vision in an eye , ” listed by 198 ( 24.1 % ) . A total of 626 ( 76.2 % ) respondents correctly listed ≥1 established stroke risk factor , but only 409 ( 49.8 % ) respondents correctly listed ≥1 warning sign . Conclusions — The level of knowledge in the community of established stroke risk factors , warning signs , and treatment as indicated by this survey suggests that a community-based education program to increase public knowledge of stroke may contribute to reducing the risk of stroke and to increasing the speed of hospital presentation after the onset of stroke Objective : Despite evidence demonstrating that risk-factor management is effective in reducing recurrent cerebrovascular disease , there are very few structured care programmes for stroke survivors . The aim was to implement and evaluate an integrated care programme in stroke . Methods : 186 patients with stroke were r and omised to either the treatment ( integrated care ) or control ( usual care ) group and were followed up over 12 months . The Integrated Care for the Reduction of Secondary Stroke ( ICARUSS ) model of integrated care involved collaboration between a specialist stroke service , a hospital coordinator and a patient ’s general practitioner . The primary aim was to promote the management of vascular risk factors through ongoing patient contact and education . Results : In the 12 months poststroke , systolic blood pressure ( sBP ) decreased in the treatment group but increased in controls . The group difference was significant , and remained so when age , sex , disability and sBP at discharge were accounted for ( p = 0.04 ) . Treatment patients also exhibited better modification of body mass index ( p = 0.007 ) and number of walks taken ( p<0.001 ) than controls . Rankin scores indicated significantly reduced disability in treatment patients relative to controls in the year poststroke ( p = 0.003 ) . Conclusions : Through an integrated system of education , advice and support to both patient and GP , the ICARUSS model was effective in modifying a variety of vascular risk factors and therefore should decrease the likelihood or recurrent stroke or vascular event Background and Purpose — The Stroke PROTECT ( Preventing Recurrence Of Thromboembolic Events through Coordinated Treatment ) program systematic ally implements , at the time of acute transient ischemic attack ( TIA ) or ischemic stroke admission , 8 medication/behavioral secondary prevention measures known to improve outcome in patients with cerebrovascular disease . The objective of this study was to determine if the high utilization rates previously demonstrated at hospital discharge were maintained at 90 days after discharge . Methods — Data were prospect ively collected on consecutively encountered ischemic stroke and TIA patients admitted to a university hospital stroke service beginning September 1 , 2002 .  PROTECT interventions were initiated before hospital discharge in all PROTECT – target ( underlying stroke mechanism large vessel atherosclerosis or small vessel disease ) and PROTECT – ACS ( At-risk for Coronary Sequelae ) patients . Adherence to program goals was assessed 3 months after discharge . Results — During the period from September 2002 to August 2003 , 144 individuals met criteria for PROTECT intervention . Of the 130 patients ( 90 % ) with available day 90 follow-up data , mean age was 72 ( range , 37 to 95 ) , and 63 % were male .  Adherence rates in patients without specific contraindications were 100 % for antithrombotics , 99 % for statins , 92 % for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers , and 80 % for thiazides . Awareness of the importance of calling 911 in response to stroke was 87 % . Adherence to diet and exercise guidelines were 78 % and 70 % , respectively . Of the 24 smokers , tobacco cessation was maintained in 20 ( 83 % ) . Conclusions — High rates of adherence to PROTECT therapies were maintained at 90 days after hospital discharge Smoking  cessation treatment is now integrated into many health-care systems and a major research effort is under way to improve current success rates . Until now results from r and omized clinical trials have been reported in many different ways , leading to problems of interpretation . We propose six st and ard criteria comprising the ' Russell St and ard ' ( RS ) . These criteria are applicable to trials of cessation aids where participants have a defined target quit date and there is face-to-face contact with research ers or clinic staff , as follows . ( 1 ) Follow-up for 6 months ( RS6 ) or 12 months ( RS12 ) from the target quit date or the end of a predefined ' grace period ' ; ( 2 ) self-report of smoking abstinence over the whole follow-up period allowing up to five cigarettes in total ; ( 3 ) biochemical verification of abstinence at least at the 6-month or 12-month follow-up point ; ( 4 ) use of an ' intention-to-treat ' approach in which data from all r and omized smokers are included in the analysis unless they have died or moved to an untraceable address ( participants who are included in the analysis are counted as smokers if their smoking status at the final follow-up can not be determined ) ; ( 5 ) following-up ' protocol violators ' and using their true smoking status in the analysis ; and ( 6 ) collecting follow-up data blind to smokers ' allocation to trial group . We believe that these criteria provide the best compromise between practicability and surrogacy for long-term cessation and will enable meaningful comparison between studies . There may be good reasons why other outcome criteria would also be reported , and studies that involve interventions with special groups or where there is no design ated target quit date or face to face contact would need to adapt these criteria accordingly Nir Z , Zolotogorsky Z , Sugarman H : Structured nursing intervention versus routine rehabilitation after stroke . Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83:522–529 . Objective : The goal of this study was to examine the effect of a structured , comprehensive nursing intervention on the course of rehabilitation over the first 6 mos after a first-ever stroke . Design : Intervention ( experimental ) study . The participants were 155 elderly stroke survivors who were admitted to a geriatric rehabilitation department . Stratified r and om sampling generated intervention and control groups . The intervention was design ed to work together with the routine rehabilitation program and consisted of 12 consecutive weekly meetings . The control group received only the routine rehabilitation program . Study variables were measured at entry to study and after 3- and 6-mo intervals . Results : Although there were no significant differences between the two groups at entry to study , at 3 and 6 mos after stroke , the intervention group showed better scores than the control group in functional status ( FIM ™ instrument ) , depression ( Geriatric Depression Scale ) , self-perceived health , self-esteem , and dietary adherence . Conclusion : The nursing intervention had both short- and long-term effects on functional , psychological , and emotional variables . Serious consideration should be given to implementing comprehensive nursing interventions during rehabilitation tailored to meet the specific needs of stroke survivors and their caregivers Background and Purpose — Few reliable estimates of the long-term functional outcome after stroke are available . This population -based study aim ed to describe disability , dependency , and related independent prognostic factors at 5 years after a first-ever stroke in patients in Perth , Western Australia . Methods — All individuals with a suspected acute stroke who were resident in a geographically defined region ( population , 138 708 ) of Perth , Western Australia , were registered prospect ively and assessed according to st and ardized diagnostic criteria over a period of 18 months in 1989 to 1990 . Patients were followed up prospect ively at 4 and 12 months and 5 years after the index event . Results — There were 370 cases of first-ever stroke , and 277 patients survived to 30 days . Of these early survivors , 152 ( 55 % ) were alive at 5 years , and among those who were neither institutionalized ( n=146 ) nor disabled ( n=129 ) at the time of their stroke , 21 ( 14 % ) were institutionalized in a nursing home , and 47 ( 36 % ) were disabled . The most important predictors of death or disability at 5 years were increasing age , baseline disability defined by a Barthel Index score of < 20/20 ( odds ratio [ OR ] , 6.3 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 2.7 to 14 ) , moderate hemiparesis ( OR , 2.7 ; 95 % CI , 1.1 to 6.2 ) , severe hemiparesis ( OR , 4.5 ; 95 % CI , 1.1 to 19 ) , and recurrent stroke ( OR , 9.4 ; 95 % CI , 3.0 to 30 ) . A low level of activity before the stroke was a significant predictor of institutionalization , and subsequent recurrent stroke was a consistent , independent predictor of institutionalization , disability , and death or institutionalization , increasing the odds of each of these 3 adverse outcomes by 5- to 15-fold . Conclusions — Among 30-day survivors of first-ever stroke , about half survive 5 years ; of survivors , one third remain disabled , and 1 in 7 are in permanent institutional care . The major modifiable predictors of poor long-term outcome are a low level of activity before the stroke and subsequent recurrent stroke . Efforts to increase physical activity among the elderly and to prevent recurrent stroke in survivors of a first stroke are likely to reduce the long-term burden of cerebrovascular disease Background and Purpose — Increased knowledge of stroke risk factors in the general population may lead to improved prevention of stroke . The objective of the present study was to assess knowledge of stroke risk factors and to determine factors associated with knowledge . Methods — In a population -based survey , we sent a question naire to r and omly selected residents in Berlin who were ≥50 years of age enquiring about knowledge of stroke risk factors .  Knowledge was assessed in an open-ended question . In addition , we enquired about the source of participants ' information . Sociodemographic factors , including age , sex , educational level , and nationality , were also assessed . Results — A total of 28 090 of 75 720 residents ( response rate , 37 % ) responded to the question naire . Of all respondents , 68 % were able to name ≥1 correct stroke risk factor , and 13 % named 4 correct risk factors . The majority of respondents named mass media as source of information ( 82 % ) , followed by family/friends ( 45 % ) and by general physicians ( 20 % ) . In multivariable analysis , increased knowledge of stroke risk factors was significantly associated with younger age , a higher educational level , not living alone , a German nationality , and having received any information about stroke during the last year . However , characteristics of respondents using the respective sources of information varied significantly . Conclusions — Mass media was most frequently named as a source of information about stroke risk factors . Source of information used varied according to population characteristics . Health education programs should take this into account and be adapted accordingly Objective : Little is known about the long-term effectiveness after stroke of interventions for behaviour modification and ensuring concordance with therapies . We describe a follow-up study of a previous r and omized controlled trial of a brief period of behaviour modification . The aim of this study was to determine outcomes three years after the initial intervention . Design : Survivors of the original cohort were contacted and asked to attend for follow-up interview , within a geriatric day hospital . This study was carried out in the Geriatric Day Hospital at Stobhill Hospital , Balornock Road , Glasgow . Interventions : Details of risk factor control , including blood pressure , cholesterol levels and diabetic control , were assessed . Question naires used in the initial study were repeated including the Geriatric Depression Scale score , Euroqol Perceived Health Status and Stroke Services Satisfaction Question naire . Main measures : Primary outcome was collective risk factor control . Clinical outcomes including recurrent cerebrovascular events , medication persistence and perceived health status were also recorded . Results : Mean length of follow-up was 3.6 years ( SD 0.43 ) . Of the 205 patients enrolled in the initial study , 102 patients attended for repeat interview ( 49 intervention/53 control ) . There were no significant differences in the percentage of controlled risk factors between groups ( intervention 51.7 % versus control 55.9 % , P = 0.53 ) . Similarities were observed in the number of recurrent clinical events and medication persistence between groups . No overall difference was observed in perceived health status , satisfaction with care or depression scores . Conclusions : Brief intervention with respect to behaviour modification and risk factor control does not appear to have any long-term benefit . These results must be cautiously interpreted in light of the small study number and further research is required SIR— Interventions with an educational or counselling component have been reported to be effective in a variety of patient groups to encourage smoking cess 
    Output:
    
agent
Conclusion Stroke secondary prevention lifestyle interventions are effective in terms of effecting positive change in lifestyle behaviors and secondary outcomes , and appear promising in relation to physiological outcomes .
There was insufficient evidence to determine the effect of intervention on incidence of stroke recurrence
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background and Purpose — Reduction in the risk of stroke and increase in the speed of hospital presentation after the onset of stroke both depend on the level of knowledge of stroke in the general population . The aim of the present study was to assess baseline knowledge regarding stroke risk factors , symptoms , treatment , and information re sources . Methods — A community-based telephone interview survey was conducted in the Newcastle urban area in Australia . A total of 1278 potential participants between the ages of 18 to 80 were selected at r and om from an electronic telephone directory . A trained telephone interviewer conducted a telephone survey using the Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing ( CATI ) program . Results — A total of 822 participants completed the telephone interview . Six hundred three participants ( 73.4 % ) correctly identified the brain as the affected organ in stroke . The most common risk factors for stroke identified by respondents were smoking ( identified by 324 [ 39.4 % ] ) and stress ( identified by 277 [ 33.7 % ] ) . The most common warning sign of stroke described by respondents was “ blurred and double vision or loss of vision in an eye , ” listed by 198 ( 24.1 % ) . A total of 626 ( 76.2 % ) respondents correctly listed ≥1 established stroke risk factor , but only 409 ( 49.8 % ) respondents correctly listed ≥1 warning sign . Conclusions — The level of knowledge in the community of established stroke risk factors , warning signs , and treatment as indicated by this survey suggests that a community-based education program to increase public knowledge of stroke may contribute to reducing the risk of stroke and to increasing the speed of hospital presentation after the onset of stroke Objective : Despite evidence demonstrating that risk-factor management is effective in reducing recurrent cerebrovascular disease , there are very few structured care programmes for stroke survivors . The aim was to implement and evaluate an integrated care programme in stroke . Methods : 186 patients with stroke were r and omised to either the treatment ( integrated care ) or control ( usual care ) group and were followed up over 12 months . The Integrated Care for the Reduction of Secondary Stroke ( ICARUSS ) model of integrated care involved collaboration between a specialist stroke service , a hospital coordinator and a patient ’s general practitioner . The primary aim was to promote the management of vascular risk factors through ongoing patient contact and education . Results : In the 12 months poststroke , systolic blood pressure ( sBP ) decreased in the treatment group but increased in controls . The group difference was significant , and remained so when age , sex , disability and sBP at discharge were accounted for ( p = 0.04 ) . Treatment patients also exhibited better modification of body mass index ( p = 0.007 ) and number of walks taken ( p<0.001 ) than controls . Rankin scores indicated significantly reduced disability in treatment patients relative to controls in the year poststroke ( p = 0.003 ) . Conclusions : Through an integrated system of education , advice and support to both patient and GP , the ICARUSS model was effective in modifying a variety of vascular risk factors and therefore should decrease the likelihood or recurrent stroke or vascular event Background and Purpose — The Stroke PROTECT ( Preventing Recurrence Of Thromboembolic Events through Coordinated Treatment ) program systematic ally implements , at the time of acute transient ischemic attack ( TIA ) or ischemic stroke admission , 8 medication/behavioral secondary prevention measures known to improve outcome in patients with cerebrovascular disease . The objective of this study was to determine if the high utilization rates previously demonstrated at hospital discharge were maintained at 90 days after discharge . Methods — Data were prospect ively collected on consecutively encountered ischemic stroke and TIA patients admitted to a university hospital stroke service beginning September 1 , 2002 .  PROTECT interventions were initiated before hospital discharge in all PROTECT – target ( underlying stroke mechanism large vessel atherosclerosis or small vessel disease ) and PROTECT – ACS ( At-risk for Coronary Sequelae ) patients . Adherence to program goals was assessed 3 months after discharge . Results — During the period from September 2002 to August 2003 , 144 individuals met criteria for PROTECT intervention . Of the 130 patients ( 90 % ) with available day 90 follow-up data , mean age was 72 ( range , 37 to 95 ) , and 63 % were male .  Adherence rates in patients without specific contraindications were 100 % for antithrombotics , 99 % for statins , 92 % for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers , and 80 % for thiazides . Awareness of the importance of calling 911 in response to stroke was 87 % . Adherence to diet and exercise guidelines were 78 % and 70 % , respectively . Of the 24 smokers , tobacco cessation was maintained in 20 ( 83 % ) . Conclusions — High rates of adherence to PROTECT therapies were maintained at 90 days after hospital discharge Smoking  cessation treatment is now integrated into many health-care systems and a major research effort is under way to improve current success rates . Until now results from r and omized clinical trials have been reported in many different ways , leading to problems of interpretation . We propose six st and ard criteria comprising the ' Russell St and ard ' ( RS ) . These criteria are applicable to trials of cessation aids where participants have a defined target quit date and there is face-to-face contact with research ers or clinic staff , as follows . ( 1 ) Follow-up for 6 months ( RS6 ) or 12 months ( RS12 ) from the target quit date or the end of a predefined ' grace period ' ; ( 2 ) self-report of smoking abstinence over the whole follow-up period allowing up to five cigarettes in total ; ( 3 ) biochemical verification of abstinence at least at the 6-month or 12-month follow-up point ; ( 4 ) use of an ' intention-to-treat ' approach in which data from all r and omized smokers are included in the analysis unless they have died or moved to an untraceable address ( participants who are included in the analysis are counted as smokers if their smoking status at the final follow-up can not be determined ) ; ( 5 ) following-up ' protocol violators ' and using their true smoking status in the analysis ; and ( 6 ) collecting follow-up data blind to smokers ' allocation to trial group . We believe that these criteria provide the best compromise between practicability and surrogacy for long-term cessation and will enable meaningful comparison between studies . There may be good reasons why other outcome criteria would also be reported , and studies that involve interventions with special groups or where there is no design ated target quit date or face to face contact would need to adapt these criteria accordingly Nir Z , Zolotogorsky Z , Sugarman H : Structured nursing intervention versus routine rehabilitation after stroke . Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83:522–529 . Objective : The goal of this study was to examine the effect of a structured , comprehensive nursing intervention on the course of rehabilitation over the first 6 mos after a first-ever stroke . Design : Intervention ( experimental ) study . The participants were 155 elderly stroke survivors who were admitted to a geriatric rehabilitation department . Stratified r and om sampling generated intervention and control groups . The intervention was design ed to work together with the routine rehabilitation program and consisted of 12 consecutive weekly meetings . The control group received only the routine rehabilitation program . Study variables were measured at entry to study and after 3- and 6-mo intervals . Results : Although there were no significant differences between the two groups at entry to study , at 3 and 6 mos after stroke , the intervention group showed better scores than the control group in functional status ( FIM ™ instrument ) , depression ( Geriatric Depression Scale ) , self-perceived health , self-esteem , and dietary adherence . Conclusion : The nursing intervention had both short- and long-term effects on functional , psychological , and emotional variables . Serious consideration should be given to implementing comprehensive nursing interventions during rehabilitation tailored to meet the specific needs of stroke survivors and their caregivers Background and Purpose — Few reliable estimates of the long-term functional outcome after stroke are available . This population -based study aim ed to describe disability , dependency , and related independent prognostic factors at 5 years after a first-ever stroke in patients in Perth , Western Australia . Methods — All individuals with a suspected acute stroke who were resident in a geographically defined region ( population , 138 708 ) of Perth , Western Australia , were registered prospect ively and assessed according to st and ardized diagnostic criteria over a period of 18 months in 1989 to 1990 . Patients were followed up prospect ively at 4 and 12 months and 5 years after the index event . Results — There were 370 cases of first-ever stroke , and 277 patients survived to 30 days . Of these early survivors , 152 ( 55 % ) were alive at 5 years , and among those who were neither institutionalized ( n=146 ) nor disabled ( n=129 ) at the time of their stroke , 21 ( 14 % ) were institutionalized in a nursing home , and 47 ( 36 % ) were disabled . The most important predictors of death or disability at 5 years were increasing age , baseline disability defined by a Barthel Index score of < 20/20 ( odds ratio [ OR ] , 6.3 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 2.7 to 14 ) , moderate hemiparesis ( OR , 2.7 ; 95 % CI , 1.1 to 6.2 ) , severe hemiparesis ( OR , 4.5 ; 95 % CI , 1.1 to 19 ) , and recurrent stroke ( OR , 9.4 ; 95 % CI , 3.0 to 30 ) . A low level of activity before the stroke was a significant predictor of institutionalization , and subsequent recurrent stroke was a consistent , independent predictor of institutionalization , disability , and death or institutionalization , increasing the odds of each of these 3 adverse outcomes by 5- to 15-fold . Conclusions — Among 30-day survivors of first-ever stroke , about half survive 5 years ; of survivors , one third remain disabled , and 1 in 7 are in permanent institutional care . The major modifiable predictors of poor long-term outcome are a low level of activity before the stroke and subsequent recurrent stroke . Efforts to increase physical activity among the elderly and to prevent recurrent stroke in survivors of a first stroke are likely to reduce the long-term burden of cerebrovascular disease Background and Purpose — Increased knowledge of stroke risk factors in the general population may lead to improved prevention of stroke . The objective of the present study was to assess knowledge of stroke risk factors and to determine factors associated with knowledge . Methods — In a population -based survey , we sent a question naire to r and omly selected residents in Berlin who were ≥50 years of age enquiring about knowledge of stroke risk factors .  Knowledge was assessed in an open-ended question . In addition , we enquired about the source of participants ' information . Sociodemographic factors , including age , sex , educational level , and nationality , were also assessed . Results — A total of 28 090 of 75 720 residents ( response rate , 37 % ) responded to the question naire . Of all respondents , 68 % were able to name ≥1 correct stroke risk factor , and 13 % named 4 correct risk factors . The majority of respondents named mass media as source of information ( 82 % ) , followed by family/friends ( 45 % ) and by general physicians ( 20 % ) . In multivariable analysis , increased knowledge of stroke risk factors was significantly associated with younger age , a higher educational level , not living alone , a German nationality , and having received any information about stroke during the last year . However , characteristics of respondents using the respective sources of information varied significantly . Conclusions — Mass media was most frequently named as a source of information about stroke risk factors . Source of information used varied according to population characteristics . Health education programs should take this into account and be adapted accordingly Objective : Little is known about the long-term effectiveness after stroke of interventions for behaviour modification and ensuring concordance with therapies . We describe a follow-up study of a previous r and omized controlled trial of a brief period of behaviour modification . The aim of this study was to determine outcomes three years after the initial intervention . Design : Survivors of the original cohort were contacted and asked to attend for follow-up interview , within a geriatric day hospital . This study was carried out in the Geriatric Day Hospital at Stobhill Hospital , Balornock Road , Glasgow . Interventions : Details of risk factor control , including blood pressure , cholesterol levels and diabetic control , were assessed . Question naires used in the initial study were repeated including the Geriatric Depression Scale score , Euroqol Perceived Health Status and Stroke Services Satisfaction Question naire . Main measures : Primary outcome was collective risk factor control . Clinical outcomes including recurrent cerebrovascular events , medication persistence and perceived health status were also recorded . Results : Mean length of follow-up was 3.6 years ( SD 0.43 ) . Of the 205 patients enrolled in the initial study , 102 patients attended for repeat interview ( 49 intervention/53 control ) . There were no significant differences in the percentage of controlled risk factors between groups ( intervention 51.7 % versus control 55.9 % , P = 0.53 ) . Similarities were observed in the number of recurrent clinical events and medication persistence between groups . No overall difference was observed in perceived health status , satisfaction with care or depression scores . Conclusions : Brief intervention with respect to behaviour modification and risk factor control does not appear to have any long-term benefit . These results must be cautiously interpreted in light of the small study number and further research is required SIR— Interventions with an educational or counselling component have been reported to be effective in a variety of patient groups to encourage smoking cess 
    Output:
    