human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Elevated total white blood cell ( WBC ) count is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and death . Aerobic exercise is associated with lower total WBC , neutrophil , and monocyte counts . However , no studies have evaluated the effect of the amount of aerobic exercise ( dose ) on total WBC and WBC subfraction counts . Purpose To examine the effects of 3 different doses of aerobic exercise on changes in total WBC and WBC subfraction counts and independent effects of changes in fitness , adiposity , markers of inflammation ( IL-6 , TNF-α , C-reactive protein ) , fasting glucose metabolism , and adiponectin . Methods Data from 390 sedentary , overweight/obese postmenopausal women from the DREW study were used in these analyses . Women were r and omized to a non-exercise control group or one of 3 exercise groups : energy expenditure of 4 , 8 , or 12 kcal kg−1⋅week−1 ( KKW ) for 6 months at an intensity of 50 % VO2peak . Results A dose-dependent decrease in total WBC counts ( trend P = 0.002 ) was observed with a significant decrease in the 12KKW group ( −163.1±140.0 cells/µL ; mean±95%CI ) compared with the control ( 138.6±144.7 cells/µL ) . A similar response was seen in the neutrophil subfraction ( trend P = 0.001 ) with a significant decrease in the 12KKW group ( −152.6±115.1 cells/µL ) compared with both the control and 4KKW groups ( 96.4±119.0 and 21.9±95.3 cells/µL , respectively ) and in the 8KKW group ( −102.4±125.0 cells/µL ) compared with the control . When divided into high/low baseline WBC categories ( median split ) , a dose-dependent decrease in both total WBCs ( P = 0.003 ) and neutrophils ( P<0.001 ) was observed in women with high baseline  WBC counts . The effects of exercise dose on total WBC and neutrophil counts persisted after accounting for significant independent effects of change in waist circumference and IL-6 . Conclusion Aerobic exercise training  reduces total WBC and neutrophil counts , in a dose-dependent manner , in overweight/obese postmenopausal women and is especially beneficial for those with systemic low grade inflammation . Clinical Trials Identifier : CONTEXT Adiponectin and leptin are closely related to weight control and energy balance , whereas exercise affects elderly metabolic regulation and functional capacity . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate leptin and adiponectin responses in elderly males after exercise training and detraining .  DESIGN The study design was a 1-yr r and omized controlled trial . SETTING The study was performed at the Laboratory of Physical Education and Sport Science Department . PARTICIPANTS Fifty inactive men [ age , 65 - 78 yr ; body mass index ( BMI ) , 28.7 - 30.2 kg/m2 ] were recruited from a volunteer data base by word of mouth and fliers sent to medical practitioners , physiotherapists , and nursing homes in the local community . INTERVENTION(S ) Participants were r and omly assigned to a control ( n = 10 ) , low-intensity ( n = 14 ) , moderate-intensity ( n = 12 ) , or high-intensity training ( HI ; n = 14 ) group . Resistance training ( 6 months , 3 d/wk , 10 exercises/three sets ) was followed by 6 months of detraining . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Strength , exercise energy cost , skinfold sum , body weight , maximal oxygen consumption , resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) , and plasma leptin and adiponectin were determined at baseline and after training and detraining . RESULTS Strength , maximal oxygen consumption , RMR , and exercise energy cost increased ( P < 0.05 ) after training in an intensity-dependent manner . Skinfold sum and BMI were reduced by resistance training ( P < 0.05 ) , with HI being more effective ( P < 0.05 ) than moderate-intensity/low-intensity training . Leptin was diminished ( P < 0.05 ) by all treatments , whereas adiponectin increased ( P < 0.05 ) only in HI . Detraining maintained training-induced changes only in HI . The percent leptin decrease was associated ( P < 0.05 ) with the percent BMI decrease and the percent RMR increase , whereas the percent adiponectin increase was associated ( P < 0.05 ) with the percent BMI decrease . CONCLUSIONS Resistance training and detraining may alter leptin and adiponectin responses in an intensity-dependent manner . Leptin and adiponectin changes were strongly associated with RMR and anthropometric changes OBJECTIVE : To determine the effect of weight loss and exercise interventions on serum leptin and to investigate the relationship of physical function and osteoarthritis ( OA ) severity with serum leptin in older overweight and obese adults with knee OA . In addition , the study examined if serum leptin predicts weight loss . DESIGN : Longitudinal , controlled clinical trial of weight loss and exercise interventions .SUBJECTS : Community dwelling , older , overweight and obese adults ( n=316 ; > 60 years of age ; body mass index ≥28.0 kg m−2 ) with symptomatic knee OA and self-reported difficulty in performing selected physical activities were recruited . INTERVENTIONS : Participants were r and omized into one of four groups for the 18-month study duration : Healthy Lifestyle Controls , Dietary Weight Loss ( Diet ) , Exercise Training ( Exercise ) , and a combination of Dietary Weight Loss and Exercise Training ( Diet+Exercise ) . The weight loss goal for the two Diet groups was 5 % from baseline at 18 months . Participants in the Exercise groups were trained for 3 days week−1 , 60 min day−1 . MEASUREMENTS : Body weight , body mass index , serum leptin , physical function , and OA severity were measured at baseline , 6 months , and 18 months . RESULTS : Diet and Diet+Exercise groups lost 5.3 and 6.1 % of their weight , respectively , at 18 months with the Exercise group losing 2.9 % . There was a significant main effect of weight loss on serum leptin with a decrease in serum leptin averaged across the 6- and 18-month time points for the Diet and Diet+Exercise groups compared to the other two groups ( β=0.245 ; P<0.01 ) . No main effect  for exercise training was observed . Serum leptin was related to self-reported physical function . In all participants , a mixed model analysis demonstrated that lower levels of baseline serum leptin predict larger weight loss ( β=−2.779 ; P=0.048 ) . CONCLUSION : Decreases in serum leptin may be one mechanism by which weight loss improves physical function and symptoms in OA patients Abstract Background . Dysfunction of adipose tissue is one of the major factors leading to insulin resistance . Altered adipokine concentration is an early sign of adipose tissue dysfunction . The aim of this study was to assess the impact of exercise intervention on adipokine profile , glycemic control , and risk factors of the metabolic syndrome ( MeS ) in men with impaired glucose regulation ( IGR ) . Methods . Overweight and obese men with IGR ( n = 144 ) aged 40–65 years were studied at baseline and at 12 weeks in a r and omized controlled multicenter intervention study .  BMI varied from 25.1 to 34.9 . The subjects were r and omized into one of three groups : 1 ) a control group ( C ; n = 47 ) , 2 ) a Nordic walking group ( NW ; n = 48 ) , or 3 ) a resistance training group ( RT ; n = 49 ) . Results . Leptin concentrations decreased in the NW group compared to both other groups . Both types of exercise intervention significantly decreased serum chemerin concentrations compared to the C group . In the NW group also body fat percentage , fatty liver index ( FLI ) , and total and LDL cholesterol concentrations decreased compared to the RT group . Conclusions . Nordic walking intervention seems to decrease chemerin and leptin levels , and subjects in this intervention group achieved the most beneficial effects on components of The purpose of present study was to investigate the impacts of endurance , resistance and concurrent training on adiponectin resting levels of sedentary men . Forty-four sedentary students were r and omly assigned to one of four groups : endurance training ( ET ; 22 ± 0.89 yr , n=12 ) , resistance training ( RT , 21 ± 1.57 yr , n=9 ) , concurrent training ( CT , 21.38 ± 2.6 yr , n=14 ) and control group ( CG , n=10 ) . After primary measurements , blood sample s were drawn with subjects in fasting and resting state for determination of the basic level of adiponectin . The subjects participated in E , R and C training for 8 weeks . The ET group ran 3d/w at 65 - 85 % of maximum heart rate . The exercise training session for the RT group consisted of 3 sets of 10 - 15 repetitions of weight training exercise that increase progressively , and repeated 3 sessions per week . The CT group trained exactly the sum of ET and RT groups . Correlated sample s t-test and ANOVA were used . The results of the present study showed that after the eight-week training , the adiponectin levels of subjects increased in 3 groups of training but this increase was not significant . The level of adiponectin in CT group increased more than in ET and RT groups . Also , there were no significant differences in content of adiponectin among groups . In general , slight increases in adiponectin levels in training groups especially in CT group may indicate the most potential of CT group in increasing the levels of adiponectin in sedentary men . However more research es are needed to identify the effects of concurrent training ( Tab . 4 , Ref . 27 ) We assessed the major factors regulating adiponectin levels and the influence of exercise training on adiponectin levels in young obese men ( 19.2±1.1 yrs , BMI : 31.1±4.2 , % fat : 27.2±3.9 % ) . Subjects were separated into three groups ( aerobic exercise group [ AE : n=7 ] , aerobic and resistance exercise group [ AE+RE : n=7 ] , control group [ n=7 ] ) . AE underwent an 8-week training program ( three times per week , more than 30 min endurance exercise at ventilatory threshold ( VT ) intensity ) . AE+RE went through resistance exercise two or three times per week together with the above endurance exercise for 5 months . Prior to intervention ( n=21 ) , adiponectin levels were significantly correlated with percentage of fat . Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that percent body fat was an independent predictor of basal adiponectin levels ( r2=0.370 ; P<0.01 ) . After intervention , fat mass , and VT were significantly improved in AE . AE+RE exhibited significant reduction in weight , BMI , percent body fat and fat mass , and had significantly increased VT , $ $ \ifmmode\exp and after\dot\else\exp and after\.\fi{V}{\text{O}}_{2 } \max , $ $ cycling power and torque . Insulin was not changed in both groups . The control group exhibited no significant change in any variables . Although adiponectin levels were unchanged in the three groups , a significant negative correlation between delta fat mass and delta adiponectin levels was observed ( n=21 , r=−0.461 , P<0.05 ) . In addition , delta percent body fat was an independent predictor of delta adiponectin levels ( r2=0.327 , P<0.05 ) . These findings indicate that for increasing the adiponectin level , improvement of the body composition of young obese men is more important than the way training is performed The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of exercise training on adipokines , inflammatory markers , and oxidative stress in overweight children . Nineteen overweight children were r and omly assigned to an aerobic exercise training or sedentary control group for 8 weeks . Measurements included peak oxygen uptake ( V o(2)max ) , body weight and composition , adipokines ( C-reactive protein , interleukin 6 , tumor necrosis factor alpha , adiponectin , leptin , and resistin ) , and oxidative stress ( 8-isoprostane ) . There were no differences between groups for change in body weight or composition over the 8 weeks . Exercise training improved V o(2)max ( exercise group , 1.64 + /- 0.13 to 1.85 + /- 0.17L/min vs control group , 1.83 + /- 0.12 to 1.60 + /- 0.13 L/min , P < .05 ) but did not change any of the measured adipokines or the marker of systemic oxidative stress , 8-isoprostane . These data suggest that in the absence of weight loss , exercise training alone does not improve the adipokine profile or levels of oxidative stress in overweight children Little is known about the effects of different intensities of physical training on plasma leptin . This study examined the effect of two intensities of physical training on leptin in obese teenagers , and explored correlates at baseline and in response to 8 months 
    Output:
    
agent
Exercise , particularly aerobic exercise , had a significant effect on serum leptin and a possible influence on adiponectin levels , suggesting its therapeutic implication
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background Elevated total white blood cell ( WBC ) count is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and death . Aerobic exercise is associated with lower total WBC , neutrophil , and monocyte counts . However , no studies have evaluated the effect of the amount of aerobic exercise ( dose ) on total WBC and WBC subfraction counts . Purpose To examine the effects of 3 different doses of aerobic exercise on changes in total WBC and WBC subfraction counts and independent effects of changes in fitness , adiposity , markers of inflammation ( IL-6 , TNF-α , C-reactive protein ) , fasting glucose metabolism , and adiponectin . Methods Data from 390 sedentary , overweight/obese postmenopausal women from the DREW study were used in these analyses . Women were r and omized to a non-exercise control group or one of 3 exercise groups : energy expenditure of 4 , 8 , or 12 kcal kg−1⋅week−1 ( KKW ) for 6 months at an intensity of 50 % VO2peak . Results A dose-dependent decrease in total WBC counts ( trend P = 0.002 ) was observed with a significant decrease in the 12KKW group ( −163.1±140.0 cells/µL ; mean±95%CI ) compared with the control ( 138.6±144.7 cells/µL ) . A similar response was seen in the neutrophil subfraction ( trend P = 0.001 ) with a significant decrease in the 12KKW group ( −152.6±115.1 cells/µL ) compared with both the control and 4KKW groups ( 96.4±119.0 and 21.9±95.3 cells/µL , respectively ) and in the 8KKW group ( −102.4±125.0 cells/µL ) compared with the control . When divided into high/low baseline WBC categories ( median split ) , a dose-dependent decrease in both total WBCs ( P = 0.003 ) and neutrophils ( P<0.001 ) was observed in women with high baseline  WBC counts . The effects of exercise dose on total WBC and neutrophil counts persisted after accounting for significant independent effects of change in waist circumference and IL-6 . Conclusion Aerobic exercise training  reduces total WBC and neutrophil counts , in a dose-dependent manner , in overweight/obese postmenopausal women and is especially beneficial for those with systemic low grade inflammation . Clinical Trials Identifier : CONTEXT Adiponectin and leptin are closely related to weight control and energy balance , whereas exercise affects elderly metabolic regulation and functional capacity . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate leptin and adiponectin responses in elderly males after exercise training and detraining .  DESIGN The study design was a 1-yr r and omized controlled trial . SETTING The study was performed at the Laboratory of Physical Education and Sport Science Department . PARTICIPANTS Fifty inactive men [ age , 65 - 78 yr ; body mass index ( BMI ) , 28.7 - 30.2 kg/m2 ] were recruited from a volunteer data base by word of mouth and fliers sent to medical practitioners , physiotherapists , and nursing homes in the local community . INTERVENTION(S ) Participants were r and omly assigned to a control ( n = 10 ) , low-intensity ( n = 14 ) , moderate-intensity ( n = 12 ) , or high-intensity training ( HI ; n = 14 ) group . Resistance training ( 6 months , 3 d/wk , 10 exercises/three sets ) was followed by 6 months of detraining . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Strength , exercise energy cost , skinfold sum , body weight , maximal oxygen consumption , resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) , and plasma leptin and adiponectin were determined at baseline and after training and detraining . RESULTS Strength , maximal oxygen consumption , RMR , and exercise energy cost increased ( P < 0.05 ) after training in an intensity-dependent manner . Skinfold sum and BMI were reduced by resistance training ( P < 0.05 ) , with HI being more effective ( P < 0.05 ) than moderate-intensity/low-intensity training . Leptin was diminished ( P < 0.05 ) by all treatments , whereas adiponectin increased ( P < 0.05 ) only in HI . Detraining maintained training-induced changes only in HI . The percent leptin decrease was associated ( P < 0.05 ) with the percent BMI decrease and the percent RMR increase , whereas the percent adiponectin increase was associated ( P < 0.05 ) with the percent BMI decrease . CONCLUSIONS Resistance training and detraining may alter leptin and adiponectin responses in an intensity-dependent manner . Leptin and adiponectin changes were strongly associated with RMR and anthropometric changes OBJECTIVE : To determine the effect of weight loss and exercise interventions on serum leptin and to investigate the relationship of physical function and osteoarthritis ( OA ) severity with serum leptin in older overweight and obese adults with knee OA . In addition , the study examined if serum leptin predicts weight loss . DESIGN : Longitudinal , controlled clinical trial of weight loss and exercise interventions .SUBJECTS : Community dwelling , older , overweight and obese adults ( n=316 ; > 60 years of age ; body mass index ≥28.0 kg m−2 ) with symptomatic knee OA and self-reported difficulty in performing selected physical activities were recruited . INTERVENTIONS : Participants were r and omized into one of four groups for the 18-month study duration : Healthy Lifestyle Controls , Dietary Weight Loss ( Diet ) , Exercise Training ( Exercise ) , and a combination of Dietary Weight Loss and Exercise Training ( Diet+Exercise ) . The weight loss goal for the two Diet groups was 5 % from baseline at 18 months . Participants in the Exercise groups were trained for 3 days week−1 , 60 min day−1 . MEASUREMENTS : Body weight , body mass index , serum leptin , physical function , and OA severity were measured at baseline , 6 months , and 18 months . RESULTS : Diet and Diet+Exercise groups lost 5.3 and 6.1 % of their weight , respectively , at 18 months with the Exercise group losing 2.9 % . There was a significant main effect of weight loss on serum leptin with a decrease in serum leptin averaged across the 6- and 18-month time points for the Diet and Diet+Exercise groups compared to the other two groups ( β=0.245 ; P<0.01 ) . No main effect  for exercise training was observed . Serum leptin was related to self-reported physical function . In all participants , a mixed model analysis demonstrated that lower levels of baseline serum leptin predict larger weight loss ( β=−2.779 ; P=0.048 ) . CONCLUSION : Decreases in serum leptin may be one mechanism by which weight loss improves physical function and symptoms in OA patients Abstract Background . Dysfunction of adipose tissue is one of the major factors leading to insulin resistance . Altered adipokine concentration is an early sign of adipose tissue dysfunction . The aim of this study was to assess the impact of exercise intervention on adipokine profile , glycemic control , and risk factors of the metabolic syndrome ( MeS ) in men with impaired glucose regulation ( IGR ) . Methods . Overweight and obese men with IGR ( n = 144 ) aged 40–65 years were studied at baseline and at 12 weeks in a r and omized controlled multicenter intervention study .  BMI varied from 25.1 to 34.9 . The subjects were r and omized into one of three groups : 1 ) a control group ( C ; n = 47 ) , 2 ) a Nordic walking group ( NW ; n = 48 ) , or 3 ) a resistance training group ( RT ; n = 49 ) . Results . Leptin concentrations decreased in the NW group compared to both other groups . Both types of exercise intervention significantly decreased serum chemerin concentrations compared to the C group . In the NW group also body fat percentage , fatty liver index ( FLI ) , and total and LDL cholesterol concentrations decreased compared to the RT group . Conclusions . Nordic walking intervention seems to decrease chemerin and leptin levels , and subjects in this intervention group achieved the most beneficial effects on components of The purpose of present study was to investigate the impacts of endurance , resistance and concurrent training on adiponectin resting levels of sedentary men . Forty-four sedentary students were r and omly assigned to one of four groups : endurance training ( ET ; 22 ± 0.89 yr , n=12 ) , resistance training ( RT , 21 ± 1.57 yr , n=9 ) , concurrent training ( CT , 21.38 ± 2.6 yr , n=14 ) and control group ( CG , n=10 ) . After primary measurements , blood sample s were drawn with subjects in fasting and resting state for determination of the basic level of adiponectin . The subjects participated in E , R and C training for 8 weeks . The ET group ran 3d/w at 65 - 85 % of maximum heart rate . The exercise training session for the RT group consisted of 3 sets of 10 - 15 repetitions of weight training exercise that increase progressively , and repeated 3 sessions per week . The CT group trained exactly the sum of ET and RT groups . Correlated sample s t-test and ANOVA were used . The results of the present study showed that after the eight-week training , the adiponectin levels of subjects increased in 3 groups of training but this increase was not significant . The level of adiponectin in CT group increased more than in ET and RT groups . Also , there were no significant differences in content of adiponectin among groups . In general , slight increases in adiponectin levels in training groups especially in CT group may indicate the most potential of CT group in increasing the levels of adiponectin in sedentary men . However more research es are needed to identify the effects of concurrent training ( Tab . 4 , Ref . 27 ) We assessed the major factors regulating adiponectin levels and the influence of exercise training on adiponectin levels in young obese men ( 19.2±1.1 yrs , BMI : 31.1±4.2 , % fat : 27.2±3.9 % ) . Subjects were separated into three groups ( aerobic exercise group [ AE : n=7 ] , aerobic and resistance exercise group [ AE+RE : n=7 ] , control group [ n=7 ] ) . AE underwent an 8-week training program ( three times per week , more than 30 min endurance exercise at ventilatory threshold ( VT ) intensity ) . AE+RE went through resistance exercise two or three times per week together with the above endurance exercise for 5 months . Prior to intervention ( n=21 ) , adiponectin levels were significantly correlated with percentage of fat . Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that percent body fat was an independent predictor of basal adiponectin levels ( r2=0.370 ; P<0.01 ) . After intervention , fat mass , and VT were significantly improved in AE . AE+RE exhibited significant reduction in weight , BMI , percent body fat and fat mass , and had significantly increased VT , $ $ \ifmmode\exp and after\dot\else\exp and after\.\fi{V}{\text{O}}_{2 } \max , $ $ cycling power and torque . Insulin was not changed in both groups . The control group exhibited no significant change in any variables . Although adiponectin levels were unchanged in the three groups , a significant negative correlation between delta fat mass and delta adiponectin levels was observed ( n=21 , r=−0.461 , P<0.05 ) . In addition , delta percent body fat was an independent predictor of delta adiponectin levels ( r2=0.327 , P<0.05 ) . These findings indicate that for increasing the adiponectin level , improvement of the body composition of young obese men is more important than the way training is performed The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of exercise training on adipokines , inflammatory markers , and oxidative stress in overweight children . Nineteen overweight children were r and omly assigned to an aerobic exercise training or sedentary control group for 8 weeks . Measurements included peak oxygen uptake ( V o(2)max ) , body weight and composition , adipokines ( C-reactive protein , interleukin 6 , tumor necrosis factor alpha , adiponectin , leptin , and resistin ) , and oxidative stress ( 8-isoprostane ) . There were no differences between groups for change in body weight or composition over the 8 weeks . Exercise training improved V o(2)max ( exercise group , 1.64 + /- 0.13 to 1.85 + /- 0.17L/min vs control group , 1.83 + /- 0.12 to 1.60 + /- 0.13 L/min , P < .05 ) but did not change any of the measured adipokines or the marker of systemic oxidative stress , 8-isoprostane . These data suggest that in the absence of weight loss , exercise training alone does not improve the adipokine profile or levels of oxidative stress in overweight children Little is known about the effects of different intensities of physical training on plasma leptin . This study examined the effect of two intensities of physical training on leptin in obese teenagers , and explored correlates at baseline and in response to 8 months 
    Output:
    