human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Buspirone , a new nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic agent , was compared with clorazepate in a double-blind , multicenter trial conducted with 336 out patients who had moderate to severe anxiety . The two treatments were equally effective for relief of symptoms , including anxiety with associated depression . Although both agents were generally well tolerated , the profile of side effects was dissimilar . Drowsiness and depression occurred significantly ( p less than 0.055 ) more frequently with clorazepate , whereas nausea and headache occurred significantly ( p less than 0.055 ) more frequently with buspirone . Clorazepate-treated patients were significantly ( p less than 0.055 ) more likely to have had an adverse experience that was considered drug related or that interfered with the therapeutic effect . In this study , buspirone was shown to be an effective antianxiety agent , causing significantly less sedation than clorazepate Two groups of 12 out patients each ( six men and six women ) with generalized anxiety disorder , participated in this study . Each patient was treated single-blind with placebo during the first 7 days ( baseline ) , followed by a double-blind drug treatment period of 4 consecutive weeks ( active ) and ending again with 7 days single-blind placebo treatment ( washout ) . One group received buspirone 5 mg three times a day in the first week and continued with 10 mg in the morning , 5 mg in the afternoon , and 5 mg in the evening during the second , third , and fourth weeks . The other group received diazepam 5 mg three times a day in all 4 weeks . On the evening of the seventh day of each treatment week the  Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety and the Symptom Check List  ( 90 items ) were applied to assess the therapeutic effects , followed by an on-the-road driving test that started 1.5 hours after the last drug or placebo intake . The test consisted of operating an instrumented vehicle over a 100 kilometer highway circuit while attempting to maintain a constant speed and a steady lateral position within the right traffic lane . Two patients in the diazepam group were unable to complete their test after the first and second treatment week , respectively , because of serious sedative reactions . Both buspirone and diazepam were equally effective in reducing overall anxiety symptoms . The specific profiles showed that buspirone also reduced concomitant depressive symptoms and symptoms of interpersonal sensitivity and anger-hostility . In contrast , diazepam was found to be slightly more effective in reducing somatic symptoms and to positively affect sleep disturbances . Moreover , abrupt discontinuation of diazepam result ed in a relapse of psychic anxiety symptoms comparable with the placebo-baseline level and a partial relapse of somatic anxiety symptoms . Chronic treatment with buspirone had no significant effects on lateral position and speed control . In contrast , diazepam significantly impaired control of lateral position in the first 3 weeks of treatment . There was no significant impairment in the fourth treatment week and the placebo-washout week . Speed control was significantly impaired only in the first week . The relevance of the trend toward decreasing performance impairment during chronic treatment remains to be established Nondirective ( ND ) , applied relaxation ( AR ) , and cognitive behavioral ( CBT ) therapies for generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) were compared . The latter 2 conditions were generally equivalent in outcome but superior to ND at post assessment . The 3 conditions did not differ on several process measures , and ND created the greatest depth of emotional processing . Follow-up results indicated losses in gains in ND , maintained gains in the other 2 conditions , especially CBT , and highest endstate functioning for CBT . AR and CBT thus contain active ingredients in the treatment of GAD ; support exists for further development of imagery exposure methods or cognitive therapy because of their likely role in promoting maintenance of change with this disorder . Expectancy for improvement was also associated with outcome , suggesting the need for further research on this construct for underst and ing the nature of GAD and its amelioration The anxiolytic activity , the tolerance , and the withdrawal symptoms of buspirone and oxazepam were compared in two groups of 14 and 12 out patients , respectively , suffering from generalized anxiety in a double-blind study with r and om allocation of patients . The 6-week active period was preceded and followed by 1 and 2 weeks on placebo , respectively . Clinical assessment s were performed before and after the predrug placebo period and every 2 weeks thereafter and included Hamilton anxiety and depression scales and AMDP anxiety subscale . The initial daily dose was 15 mg buspirone or 45 mg oxazepam in 3 intakes and the mean final daily doses were 22.2 and 55.8 mg , respectively . Results showed a slower anxiolytic activity of buspirone compared to oxazepam with less improvement after 2 weeks of treatment . The rebound anxiety following abrupt discontinuation of the drug and the level of side effects did not significantly differ between the two compounds Fifty-one out- patients presenting with generalised anxiety disorder were included in a double-blind trial , and treated with either buspirone ( a new non-benzodiazepine antianxiety drug ) or diazepam over 6 or 12 weeks , after which they were abruptly withdrawn and continued on placebo to 14 weeks . Ratings of anxiety and other symptoms were administered fortnightly and additional withdrawal symptoms noted . Forty patients completed the study ; 8 of the 11 drop-outs were taking buspirone . Both drugs reduced anxiety , diazepam more rapidly , but with greater withdrawal symptoms , particularly after 6 weeks . Regular treatment with diazepam for 6 weeks leads to a significant risk of pharmacological dependence that is not present with buspirone Enciprazine is a propanolamine derivative with a pre clinical profile similar to buspirone but with less affinity for the postsynaptic dopamine receptor ( Linden et al. 1988 ) . We report on the outcome , using intent-to-treat data , of a 5-week , double-blind trial comparing three dose strengths of enciprazine ( 5 mg t.i.d . , 10 mg t.i.d . , and 20 mg t.i.d . ) to placebo . A dose escalation was permitted after 2 weeks of active drug treatment , which 61 percent of patients overall took advantage of . A " last observation carried forward " ( LOCF ) analysis found a mean improvement in Hamilton Anxiety Scale ( HAM-A ) scores by Week 5 of -11.0 for the combined enciprazine treatment groups , and -4.4 for the placebo group ( p less than .05 ) . Fifty-two percent of enciprazine patients were judged to be " much " or " very much " improved , whereas none of the placebo patients were judged to have comparable improvement . Enciprazine was well-tolerated , with low levels of sedative and asthenic side effects reported . The compound appears to have promise as an anxiolytic agent Pooled data for 427 patients with generalized anxiety disorders were analyzed retrospectively from six double-blind trials evaluating buspirone , a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic , in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder . After a 4- to 7-day washout period , patients were allocated at r and om to receive treatment over a 4-week period . Buspirone dose ranged from 10 to 60 mg . Patients were assessed on entry and at weekly intervals using the 14 symptom groups ( items ) of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale ( HAM-A ) .  Buspirone improved all symptom groups significantly ; onset of anxiolytic activity was observed at week 1 in 3 groups of psychic symptoms of anxiety . Within 2 weeks , 8 of the 14 symptom groups were improved significantly by buspirone versus placebo , and symptoms of anxiety improved further up to the 4-week end point . Psychic symptoms of anxiety improved earlier in general than the somatic symptoms of anxiety . At the end of treatment , analyses of the HAM-A scores indicated that all of the 14 symptom groups ( individual items ) , the total HAM-A score , and the 2 composite Psychic and Somatic Anxiety Factors were significantly improved with buspirone as compared to placebo . The beneficial effects of buspirone were not compromised by any significant side effects The safety and antianxiety and antidepressive effects of buspirone ( average 16.5 mg/day ) were compared in a double-blind trial with those of diazepam ( 15 mg/day ) . The two drugs were nearly equivalent in relieving symptoms of both anxiety and depression in 100 patients .  Scores on the impaired cognition factor of the SCL-56 and confusion factor of the POMS showed significantly greater improvement with buspirone than with diazepam . Side effects , such as sedation and drowsiness , were significantly more frequent and severe with diazepam . Buspirone may be particularly indicated for anxious patients with associated depression The efficacy and safety of buspirone ( Buspar ) , diazepam ( Valium ) , and placebo were compared in a 3-week double-blind study of 131 patients with scores of at least 15 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety .  Active drugs were administered orally in 5-mg tablets to a maximum dose of 10 mg t.i.d . Buspirone was given to 43 patients , diazepam to 46 and placebo to 42 . There was significant improvement in all three treatment groups at 1 and 2 weeks , with further significant improvement with both active drugs , but not with placebo , at 3 weeks . The incidence of side effects reported voluntarily by patients was similar with the two active drugs , but drowsiness was significantly more frequent with diazepam Thirty-six patients with generalised anxiety disorder , panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks , diagnosed by DSM-III criteria , were treated with a new non-benzodiazepine anti-anxiety drug , buspirone , and with diazepam and placebo , in a cross-over design . Each patient took buspirone , diazepam and placebo for one week each in flexible dosage and balanced order . Ratings of symptomatology using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale were made after each week 's treatment and a sub-scale used for measuring anxiety change alone was used separately . There was no overall difference in efficacy between the drugs , but when the scores for individual symptoms were analysed , diazepam was significantly superior to the other treatments for the symptom of muscle tension only . The results suggest that the common practice of giving short-term therapy with tranquilising drugs for anxiety in primary care is pharmacologically suspect The anxiolytic properties of buspirone were assessed in a 4-week double-blind study in 240 anxious patients , 81 of whom received buspirone , 81 diazepam , and 78 placebo . Patients were required to have scores greater than or equal to 9 on the Covi and greater than or equal to 18 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety , and to endorse at least 5 items on a 17-item Anxiety Entry Checklist . Among 212 evaluable patients , those who improved most were married , well-educated females who had both a positive family adjustment and a low level of depression . Diazepam produced relatively equal improvement in females and males . Diazepam seems more effective in reducing somatic symptoms , while buspirone appears more effective in reducing symptoms associated with cognitive and interpersonal problems . Main differences between the drugs were seen in side effect profiles The efficacy and safety of alprazolam and buspirone for treating  generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) were compared in a 6-week , double-blind , r and omized ,  placebo-controlled study of 94 out patients . Mean daily doses at the end of the study were 1.9 mg alprazolam and 18.7 mg buspirone . As judged by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale , Hamilton Depression Rating Scale , Physician 's Global Improvement Scale , and other efficacy scales , alprazolam and buspirone were similar in efficacy , but more effective than placebo , for treating anxiety and depression symptoms in these patients . Clinical ly important differences were noted between drugs in the onset of effect , with alprazolam producing rapid and sustained improvement within the first week of treatment and buspirone producing more gradual , continuous improvement throughout the study . Significantly more buspirone-treated than alprazolam-treated patients failed to complete the study , primarily because of side effects or inefficacy . No clinical ly important differences were noted between alprazolam and buspirone in side effects , vital signs , or laboratory test results .  Alprazolam-treated patients most frequently reported central nervous system-related side effects ( drowsiness and sedation ) , while buspirone-treated patients most frequently reported gastrointestinal system-related side effects ( appetite disturbances and abdominal complaints ) BACKGROUND The objective of this r and omized , double-blind study was to compare the efficacy and safety of venlafaxine extended release ( XR ) and buspirone in out patients with generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) but without concomitant major depressive disorder . METHOD Male and female out patients at least 18 years old who met the DSM-IV criteria for GAD and had scores of 18 or higher on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety ( HAM-A ) were r and omly assigned to treatment with either venlafaxine XR ( 75 or 150 mg/day ) , buspirone ( 30 mg/day in 3 divided doses ) , or placebo for 8 weeks . The primary efficacy variables were changes in anxiety as determined by final on-therapy HAM-A total and psychic anxiety scores and Clinical Global Impressions scale ( CGI ) scores . Other 
    Output:
    
agent
Azapirones may be less effective than benzodiazepines and we were unable to conclude if azapirones were superior to antidepressants , kava kava or psychotherapy .
Azapirones appeared to be well tolerated .
Azapirones appeared to be useful in the treatment of GAD , particularly for those participants who had not been on a benzodiazepine .
Azapirones may not be superior to benzodiazepines and do not appear as acceptable as benzodiazepines .
Side effects appeared mild and non serious in the azapirone treated group .
Longer term studies are needed to show that azapirones are effective in treating GAD , which is a chronic long-term illness
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Buspirone , a new nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic agent , was compared with clorazepate in a double-blind , multicenter trial conducted with 336 out patients who had moderate to severe anxiety . The two treatments were equally effective for relief of symptoms , including anxiety with associated depression . Although both agents were generally well tolerated , the profile of side effects was dissimilar . Drowsiness and depression occurred significantly ( p less than 0.055 ) more frequently with clorazepate , whereas nausea and headache occurred significantly ( p less than 0.055 ) more frequently with buspirone . Clorazepate-treated patients were significantly ( p less than 0.055 ) more likely to have had an adverse experience that was considered drug related or that interfered with the therapeutic effect . In this study , buspirone was shown to be an effective antianxiety agent , causing significantly less sedation than clorazepate Two groups of 12 out patients each ( six men and six women ) with generalized anxiety disorder , participated in this study . Each patient was treated single-blind with placebo during the first 7 days ( baseline ) , followed by a double-blind drug treatment period of 4 consecutive weeks ( active ) and ending again with 7 days single-blind placebo treatment ( washout ) . One group received buspirone 5 mg three times a day in the first week and continued with 10 mg in the morning , 5 mg in the afternoon , and 5 mg in the evening during the second , third , and fourth weeks . The other group received diazepam 5 mg three times a day in all 4 weeks . On the evening of the seventh day of each treatment week the  Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety and the Symptom Check List  ( 90 items ) were applied to assess the therapeutic effects , followed by an on-the-road driving test that started 1.5 hours after the last drug or placebo intake . The test consisted of operating an instrumented vehicle over a 100 kilometer highway circuit while attempting to maintain a constant speed and a steady lateral position within the right traffic lane . Two patients in the diazepam group were unable to complete their test after the first and second treatment week , respectively , because of serious sedative reactions . Both buspirone and diazepam were equally effective in reducing overall anxiety symptoms . The specific profiles showed that buspirone also reduced concomitant depressive symptoms and symptoms of interpersonal sensitivity and anger-hostility . In contrast , diazepam was found to be slightly more effective in reducing somatic symptoms and to positively affect sleep disturbances . Moreover , abrupt discontinuation of diazepam result ed in a relapse of psychic anxiety symptoms comparable with the placebo-baseline level and a partial relapse of somatic anxiety symptoms . Chronic treatment with buspirone had no significant effects on lateral position and speed control . In contrast , diazepam significantly impaired control of lateral position in the first 3 weeks of treatment . There was no significant impairment in the fourth treatment week and the placebo-washout week . Speed control was significantly impaired only in the first week . The relevance of the trend toward decreasing performance impairment during chronic treatment remains to be established Nondirective ( ND ) , applied relaxation ( AR ) , and cognitive behavioral ( CBT ) therapies for generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) were compared . The latter 2 conditions were generally equivalent in outcome but superior to ND at post assessment . The 3 conditions did not differ on several process measures , and ND created the greatest depth of emotional processing . Follow-up results indicated losses in gains in ND , maintained gains in the other 2 conditions , especially CBT , and highest endstate functioning for CBT . AR and CBT thus contain active ingredients in the treatment of GAD ; support exists for further development of imagery exposure methods or cognitive therapy because of their likely role in promoting maintenance of change with this disorder . Expectancy for improvement was also associated with outcome , suggesting the need for further research on this construct for underst and ing the nature of GAD and its amelioration The anxiolytic activity , the tolerance , and the withdrawal symptoms of buspirone and oxazepam were compared in two groups of 14 and 12 out patients , respectively , suffering from generalized anxiety in a double-blind study with r and om allocation of patients . The 6-week active period was preceded and followed by 1 and 2 weeks on placebo , respectively . Clinical assessment s were performed before and after the predrug placebo period and every 2 weeks thereafter and included Hamilton anxiety and depression scales and AMDP anxiety subscale . The initial daily dose was 15 mg buspirone or 45 mg oxazepam in 3 intakes and the mean final daily doses were 22.2 and 55.8 mg , respectively . Results showed a slower anxiolytic activity of buspirone compared to oxazepam with less improvement after 2 weeks of treatment . The rebound anxiety following abrupt discontinuation of the drug and the level of side effects did not significantly differ between the two compounds Fifty-one out- patients presenting with generalised anxiety disorder were included in a double-blind trial , and treated with either buspirone ( a new non-benzodiazepine antianxiety drug ) or diazepam over 6 or 12 weeks , after which they were abruptly withdrawn and continued on placebo to 14 weeks . Ratings of anxiety and other symptoms were administered fortnightly and additional withdrawal symptoms noted . Forty patients completed the study ; 8 of the 11 drop-outs were taking buspirone . Both drugs reduced anxiety , diazepam more rapidly , but with greater withdrawal symptoms , particularly after 6 weeks . Regular treatment with diazepam for 6 weeks leads to a significant risk of pharmacological dependence that is not present with buspirone Enciprazine is a propanolamine derivative with a pre clinical profile similar to buspirone but with less affinity for the postsynaptic dopamine receptor ( Linden et al. 1988 ) . We report on the outcome , using intent-to-treat data , of a 5-week , double-blind trial comparing three dose strengths of enciprazine ( 5 mg t.i.d . , 10 mg t.i.d . , and 20 mg t.i.d . ) to placebo . A dose escalation was permitted after 2 weeks of active drug treatment , which 61 percent of patients overall took advantage of . A " last observation carried forward " ( LOCF ) analysis found a mean improvement in Hamilton Anxiety Scale ( HAM-A ) scores by Week 5 of -11.0 for the combined enciprazine treatment groups , and -4.4 for the placebo group ( p less than .05 ) . Fifty-two percent of enciprazine patients were judged to be " much " or " very much " improved , whereas none of the placebo patients were judged to have comparable improvement . Enciprazine was well-tolerated , with low levels of sedative and asthenic side effects reported . The compound appears to have promise as an anxiolytic agent Pooled data for 427 patients with generalized anxiety disorders were analyzed retrospectively from six double-blind trials evaluating buspirone , a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic , in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder . After a 4- to 7-day washout period , patients were allocated at r and om to receive treatment over a 4-week period . Buspirone dose ranged from 10 to 60 mg . Patients were assessed on entry and at weekly intervals using the 14 symptom groups ( items ) of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale ( HAM-A ) .  Buspirone improved all symptom groups significantly ; onset of anxiolytic activity was observed at week 1 in 3 groups of psychic symptoms of anxiety . Within 2 weeks , 8 of the 14 symptom groups were improved significantly by buspirone versus placebo , and symptoms of anxiety improved further up to the 4-week end point . Psychic symptoms of anxiety improved earlier in general than the somatic symptoms of anxiety . At the end of treatment , analyses of the HAM-A scores indicated that all of the 14 symptom groups ( individual items ) , the total HAM-A score , and the 2 composite Psychic and Somatic Anxiety Factors were significantly improved with buspirone as compared to placebo . The beneficial effects of buspirone were not compromised by any significant side effects The safety and antianxiety and antidepressive effects of buspirone ( average 16.5 mg/day ) were compared in a double-blind trial with those of diazepam ( 15 mg/day ) . The two drugs were nearly equivalent in relieving symptoms of both anxiety and depression in 100 patients .  Scores on the impaired cognition factor of the SCL-56 and confusion factor of the POMS showed significantly greater improvement with buspirone than with diazepam . Side effects , such as sedation and drowsiness , were significantly more frequent and severe with diazepam . Buspirone may be particularly indicated for anxious patients with associated depression The efficacy and safety of buspirone ( Buspar ) , diazepam ( Valium ) , and placebo were compared in a 3-week double-blind study of 131 patients with scores of at least 15 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety .  Active drugs were administered orally in 5-mg tablets to a maximum dose of 10 mg t.i.d . Buspirone was given to 43 patients , diazepam to 46 and placebo to 42 . There was significant improvement in all three treatment groups at 1 and 2 weeks , with further significant improvement with both active drugs , but not with placebo , at 3 weeks . The incidence of side effects reported voluntarily by patients was similar with the two active drugs , but drowsiness was significantly more frequent with diazepam Thirty-six patients with generalised anxiety disorder , panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks , diagnosed by DSM-III criteria , were treated with a new non-benzodiazepine anti-anxiety drug , buspirone , and with diazepam and placebo , in a cross-over design . Each patient took buspirone , diazepam and placebo for one week each in flexible dosage and balanced order . Ratings of symptomatology using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale were made after each week 's treatment and a sub-scale used for measuring anxiety change alone was used separately . There was no overall difference in efficacy between the drugs , but when the scores for individual symptoms were analysed , diazepam was significantly superior to the other treatments for the symptom of muscle tension only . The results suggest that the common practice of giving short-term therapy with tranquilising drugs for anxiety in primary care is pharmacologically suspect The anxiolytic properties of buspirone were assessed in a 4-week double-blind study in 240 anxious patients , 81 of whom received buspirone , 81 diazepam , and 78 placebo . Patients were required to have scores greater than or equal to 9 on the Covi and greater than or equal to 18 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety , and to endorse at least 5 items on a 17-item Anxiety Entry Checklist . Among 212 evaluable patients , those who improved most were married , well-educated females who had both a positive family adjustment and a low level of depression . Diazepam produced relatively equal improvement in females and males . Diazepam seems more effective in reducing somatic symptoms , while buspirone appears more effective in reducing symptoms associated with cognitive and interpersonal problems . Main differences between the drugs were seen in side effect profiles The efficacy and safety of alprazolam and buspirone for treating  generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) were compared in a 6-week , double-blind , r and omized ,  placebo-controlled study of 94 out patients . Mean daily doses at the end of the study were 1.9 mg alprazolam and 18.7 mg buspirone . As judged by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale , Hamilton Depression Rating Scale , Physician 's Global Improvement Scale , and other efficacy scales , alprazolam and buspirone were similar in efficacy , but more effective than placebo , for treating anxiety and depression symptoms in these patients . Clinical ly important differences were noted between drugs in the onset of effect , with alprazolam producing rapid and sustained improvement within the first week of treatment and buspirone producing more gradual , continuous improvement throughout the study . Significantly more buspirone-treated than alprazolam-treated patients failed to complete the study , primarily because of side effects or inefficacy . No clinical ly important differences were noted between alprazolam and buspirone in side effects , vital signs , or laboratory test results .  Alprazolam-treated patients most frequently reported central nervous system-related side effects ( drowsiness and sedation ) , while buspirone-treated patients most frequently reported gastrointestinal system-related side effects ( appetite disturbances and abdominal complaints ) BACKGROUND The objective of this r and omized , double-blind study was to compare the efficacy and safety of venlafaxine extended release ( XR ) and buspirone in out patients with generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) but without concomitant major depressive disorder . METHOD Male and female out patients at least 18 years old who met the DSM-IV criteria for GAD and had scores of 18 or higher on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety ( HAM-A ) were r and omly assigned to treatment with either venlafaxine XR ( 75 or 150 mg/day ) , buspirone ( 30 mg/day in 3 divided doses ) , or placebo for 8 weeks . The primary efficacy variables were changes in anxiety as determined by final on-therapy HAM-A total and psychic anxiety scores and Clinical Global Impressions scale ( CGI ) scores . Other 
    Output:
    