human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background / Objectives : To investigate the feasibility of Fabuless ( previously called Olibra and Reducal ) as a food ingredient for food intake and appetite reduction , by assessing the effects of food processing on efficacy . Subjects/ Methods : In total , 24 healthy volunteers ( 16 female , 8 male ; age : 18–43 years ; body mass index : 18–37 kg/m2 ) took part in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blinded , cross-over trial . Yoghurt-based meal replacement drinks ( containing processed or unprocessed Fabuless , or a control fat ) were followed by an ad libitum lunch and evening meal ( dinner ) . Key outcome measures were energy intake and self-reported appetite ratings . Results : Compared with control , only unprocessed Fabuless reduced subsequent energy intake , although only during dinner ( P<0.01 ; control , processed and unprocessed : 4.3 , 3.9 and 4.2 MJ , respectively ) and not during lunch ( 3.6 , 3.7 and 3.6 MJ ) . Self-reported appetite scores did not differ between treatments . Conclusions : Although modest effects of unprocessed Fabuless were seen on food intake , but not on appetite , the ingredient was not robust to common food-manufacturing processes ( thermal and shear processing ) . Cl aims on reduced food intake and appetite relating to this ingredient in food products are , therefore , only valid if functionality has been demonstrated after all relevant processing and storage steps Many epidemiologic studies have reported a positive association between dairy products and prostate cancer .  Calcium or saturated fatty acid in dairy products has been suspected as the causative agent . To investigate the association between dairy products , calcium , and saturated fatty acid and prostate cancer in Japan , where both the intake of these items and the incidence of prostate cancer are low , we conducted a population -based prospect i ve study in 43,435 Japanese men ages 45 to 74 years . Participants responded to a vali date d question naire that included 138 food items . During 7.5 years of follow-up , 329 men were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer .  Dairy products were associated with a dose-dependent increase in the risk of prostate cancer . The relative risks ( 95 % confidence intervals ) comparing the highest with the lowest quartiles of total dairy products , milk , and yogurt were 1.63 ( 1.14 - 2.32 ) , 1.53 ( 1.07 - 2.19 ) , and 1.52 ( 1.10 - 2.12 ) , respectively . A statistically significant increase in risk was observed for both calcium and saturated fatty acid , but the associations for these were attenuated after controlling for potential confounding factors . Some specific saturated fatty acids increased the risk of prostate cancer in a dose-dependent manner . Relative risks ( 95 % confidence intervals ) on comparison of the highest with the lowest quartiles of myristic acid and palmitic acid were 1.62 ( 1.15 - 2.29 ) and 1.53 ( 1.07 - 2.20 ) , respectively . In conclusion , our results suggest that the intake of dairy products may be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer . ( Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):930–7 Fermented milk products may protect against  breast cancer  by stimulating immunologic activity . Twenty- five women [ 24.0 ± 0.7 ( SE ) yr ] were assigned r and omly to two groups : control ( n = 12 ) and  yogurt treatment ( n = 13 ) . Controls refrained from yogurt products for three months , whereas the yogurt treatment group consumed two cups ( 454 g/day ) of commercially produced yogurt for three consecutive months . Prior yogurt consumption did not exceed 4 - 6 cups/mo , and subjects consumed their usual diet during the study . Three-day diet records and fasting midluteal blood sample s were obtained during subjects ' first , second , and fourth menstrual cycles ( baseline , Month 1 , and Month 3 , respectively ) . Macronutrient intakes differed between groups only for carbohydrate . Calcium intake increased for yogurt consumers during intervention . Lymphocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A , phytohemagglutinin , and pokeweed mitogen , interleukin 2 production , and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was assessed after baseline and Months 1 and 3 for both groups . No significant immune differences between the control and yogurt treatment group were observed for concanavalin A , phytohemagglutinin , pokeweed mitogen , interleukin-2 , or cytotoxicity . In conclusion , three months of yogurt consumption did not enhance ex vivo cell-mediated immune function in young women Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate whether a plant sterol mixture would reduce serum cholesterol when added to low fat dairy products in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia , and to examine the effects of the mixture on the serum plant sterol and fat-soluble vitamin levels . Design : A parallel , double-blind study . Setting : The study was performed in three different locations in Finl and .Subjects : In total , 164 mildly or moderately hypercholesterolaemic subjects participated in the study . Methods : The subjects were r and omly divided into two groups : a plant sterol group and a control group . The subjects consumed the products for 6 weeks after a 3-week run-in period . The targeted plant sterol intake was 2 g/day in the sterol group . Results : During the treatment period , there was a 6.5 % reduction in serum total cholesterol in the sterol group while no change was observed in the control group ( P<0.0005 ) . Serum low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol was reduced by 10.4 % in the sterol group and by 0.6 % in the control group ( P<0.00005 ) . There was no change during the trial in serum high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol or triacylglycerol concentrations . The HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio increased by 16.1 % in the sterol group and by 4.3 % in the control group ( P=0.0001 ) . Serum plant sterol levels increased significantly ( P=0.0001 ) in the sterol group . None of the fat-soluble vitamin levels decreased significantly when changes in serum total cholesterol were taken into account . The hypocholesterolaemic effect of sterol administration was not influenced by apolipoprotein E phenotype . Conclusions : Yoghurt , low-fat hard cheese and low-fat fresh cheese enriched with a plant sterol mixture reduced serum cholesterol  in hypercholesterolaemic subjects and no adverse effects were noted in the dietary control of hypercholesterolaemia BACKGROUND & AIMS The study examined the value of n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched yogurt as means of improving cardiovascular health  . DESIGN Fifty three mildly hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects ( TAG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L ) participated in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel design ed study . The subjects consumed 1 ) control yoghurt ; 2 ) yoghurt enriched with 0.8 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d ; or 3 ) yoghurt enriched with 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d for a period of 10 wks . Blood sample s were taken at the beginning and the end of the study period . RESULTS Following daily intake of 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA for 10 weeks , n-3 LC-PUFA levels increased significantly in plasma and red blood cells ( RBC ) with concomitant increase in the EPA-derived mediators ( PGE₃ , 12- , 15- , 18-HEPE ) in plasma whilst cardiovascular risk factors such as HDL , TAG , AA/EPA ratio , and n-3 index were improved ( P < 0.05 ) ; the decrease of TAG and increase in HDL were associated with the CD36 genotype . CONCLUSION The observed increase of n-3 LC-PUFA in RBC and plasma lipids due to intake of n-3 LC-PUFA enriched yoghurt result ed in a reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory mediators showing that daily consumption of n-3 PUFA enriched yoghurt can be an effective way of supplementing the daily diet and improving cardiovascular health BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE In protein-energy malnutrition ( PEM ) there is a significant impairment of immunity , both cell-mediated and humoral , which may be reversed with nutritional rehabilitation . With the use of probiotics like curd ( dahi ) and micronutrient-rich leaf protein concentrate ( LPC ) , this immune recovery may be hastened . This study was conducted to assess the impact of supplementation of curd and LPC on nutritional status , and immunity as assessed by anthropometry , haemoglobin , ferritin levels , T- cell sub population and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , in children suffering from PEM . METHODS Eighty moderate to severely malnourished children ( 1 - 5 yr ) were r and omized to receive either curd or LPC in addition to WHO recommended two-step diet over 15 days . Nutritional , immunological and haematological parameters were measured before and after supplementation and compared within the groups . RESULTS The change in weight , haemoglobin level and CD4:CD8 T-cell sub population was significant in both the groups after supplementation . Response of CRP was blunted in PEM . Serum ferritin decreased significantly after supplementation in both groups . INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Curd and LPC when added to diet of malnourished children , may have therapeutic value by accelerating immune recovery . More studies need to be done on a larger sample to confirm these findings BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE High intakes of calcium , potassium , and magnesium have been hypothesized to reduce risks of cardiovascular disease , but only a few prospect i ve studies have examined intakes of these cations in relation to risk of stroke . METHODS In 1980 , 85 764 women in the Nurses ' Health Study cohort , aged 34 to 59 years and free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease and cancer , completed dietary question naires  from which we calculated intakes of calcium , potassium , and magnesium . By 1994 , after 1.16 million person-years of follow-up , 690 incident strokes ( 129 subarachnoid hemorrhages , 74 intraparenchymal hemorrhages , 386 ischemic strokes , and 101 strokes of undetermined type ) had been documented . RESULTS Intakes of calcium , potassium , and magnesium were each inversely associated with age- and smoking-adjusted relative risks of ischemic stroke , excluding embolic infa rct ion of nonatherogenic origin ( n=347 ) . Adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors , including history of hypertension , attenuated these associations , particularly for magnesium intake . In a multivariate analysis , women in the highest quintile of calcium intake had an adjusted relative risk of ischemic stroke of 0.69 ( 95 % CI , 0.50 to 0.95 ; P for trend=0.03 ) compared with those in the lowest quintile ; for potassium intake the corresponding relative risk was 0.72 ( 95 % CI , 0.51 to 1.01 ; P for trend=0.10 ) . Further simultaneous adjustment for calcium and potassium intake suggested an independent association for calcium intake . The association of risk with calcium intake did not appear to be log linear ; the increase in risk was limited to the lowest quintile of intake , and intakes > approximately 600 mg/d did not appear to reduce risk of stroke further . The inverse association with calcium intake was stronger for dairy than for nondairy calcium intake . Intakes of calcium , potassium , and magnesium were not related to risk of other stroke subtypes . CONCLUSIONS Low calcium intake , and perhaps low potassium intake , may contribute to increased risk of ischemic stroke in middle-aged American women . It remains possible that women in the lowest quintile of calcium intake had unknown characteristics that made them susceptible to ischemic stroke Background A large portion of daily intake comes from snacking . One of the increasingly common , healthier snacks includes Greek-style yogurt , which is typically higher in protein than regular yogurt . This study evaluated whether a 160 kcal higher-protein ( HP ) Greek-style yogurt snack  improves appetite control , satiety , and delays subsequent eating compared to an isocaloric normal protein ( NP ) regular yogurt in healthy women . This study also identified the factors that predict the onset of eating . Findings Thirty-two healthy women ( age : 27 ± 2y ; BMI : 23.0 ± 0.4 kg/m2 ) completed the acute , r and omized crossover- design study . On separate days , participants came to our facility to consume a st and ardized lunch followed by the consumption of the NP ( 5.0 g protein ) or HP ( 14.0 g protein ) yogurt at 3 h post-lunch . Perceived hunger and fullness were assessed 
    Output:
    
agent
For studies of a similar design and which assessed the same outcomes in similar population groups , we report the potential for the combining of data across studies in systematic review s. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review has revealed the extensive evidence base for many outcomes which could be the focus of systematic review s exploring the health effects of conventional yogurt consumption
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: Background / Objectives : To investigate the feasibility of Fabuless ( previously called Olibra and Reducal ) as a food ingredient for food intake and appetite reduction , by assessing the effects of food processing on efficacy . Subjects/ Methods : In total , 24 healthy volunteers ( 16 female , 8 male ; age : 18–43 years ; body mass index : 18–37 kg/m2 ) took part in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blinded , cross-over trial . Yoghurt-based meal replacement drinks ( containing processed or unprocessed Fabuless , or a control fat ) were followed by an ad libitum lunch and evening meal ( dinner ) . Key outcome measures were energy intake and self-reported appetite ratings . Results : Compared with control , only unprocessed Fabuless reduced subsequent energy intake , although only during dinner ( P<0.01 ; control , processed and unprocessed : 4.3 , 3.9 and 4.2 MJ , respectively ) and not during lunch ( 3.6 , 3.7 and 3.6 MJ ) . Self-reported appetite scores did not differ between treatments . Conclusions : Although modest effects of unprocessed Fabuless were seen on food intake , but not on appetite , the ingredient was not robust to common food-manufacturing processes ( thermal and shear processing ) . Cl aims on reduced food intake and appetite relating to this ingredient in food products are , therefore , only valid if functionality has been demonstrated after all relevant processing and storage steps Many epidemiologic studies have reported a positive association between dairy products and prostate cancer .  Calcium or saturated fatty acid in dairy products has been suspected as the causative agent . To investigate the association between dairy products , calcium , and saturated fatty acid and prostate cancer in Japan , where both the intake of these items and the incidence of prostate cancer are low , we conducted a population -based prospect i ve study in 43,435 Japanese men ages 45 to 74 years . Participants responded to a vali date d question naire that included 138 food items . During 7.5 years of follow-up , 329 men were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer .  Dairy products were associated with a dose-dependent increase in the risk of prostate cancer . The relative risks ( 95 % confidence intervals ) comparing the highest with the lowest quartiles of total dairy products , milk , and yogurt were 1.63 ( 1.14 - 2.32 ) , 1.53 ( 1.07 - 2.19 ) , and 1.52 ( 1.10 - 2.12 ) , respectively . A statistically significant increase in risk was observed for both calcium and saturated fatty acid , but the associations for these were attenuated after controlling for potential confounding factors . Some specific saturated fatty acids increased the risk of prostate cancer in a dose-dependent manner . Relative risks ( 95 % confidence intervals ) on comparison of the highest with the lowest quartiles of myristic acid and palmitic acid were 1.62 ( 1.15 - 2.29 ) and 1.53 ( 1.07 - 2.20 ) , respectively . In conclusion , our results suggest that the intake of dairy products may be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer . ( Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):930–7 Fermented milk products may protect against  breast cancer  by stimulating immunologic activity . Twenty- five women [ 24.0 ± 0.7 ( SE ) yr ] were assigned r and omly to two groups : control ( n = 12 ) and  yogurt treatment ( n = 13 ) . Controls refrained from yogurt products for three months , whereas the yogurt treatment group consumed two cups ( 454 g/day ) of commercially produced yogurt for three consecutive months . Prior yogurt consumption did not exceed 4 - 6 cups/mo , and subjects consumed their usual diet during the study . Three-day diet records and fasting midluteal blood sample s were obtained during subjects ' first , second , and fourth menstrual cycles ( baseline , Month 1 , and Month 3 , respectively ) . Macronutrient intakes differed between groups only for carbohydrate . Calcium intake increased for yogurt consumers during intervention . Lymphocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A , phytohemagglutinin , and pokeweed mitogen , interleukin 2 production , and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was assessed after baseline and Months 1 and 3 for both groups . No significant immune differences between the control and yogurt treatment group were observed for concanavalin A , phytohemagglutinin , pokeweed mitogen , interleukin-2 , or cytotoxicity . In conclusion , three months of yogurt consumption did not enhance ex vivo cell-mediated immune function in young women Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate whether a plant sterol mixture would reduce serum cholesterol when added to low fat dairy products in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia , and to examine the effects of the mixture on the serum plant sterol and fat-soluble vitamin levels . Design : A parallel , double-blind study . Setting : The study was performed in three different locations in Finl and .Subjects : In total , 164 mildly or moderately hypercholesterolaemic subjects participated in the study . Methods : The subjects were r and omly divided into two groups : a plant sterol group and a control group . The subjects consumed the products for 6 weeks after a 3-week run-in period . The targeted plant sterol intake was 2 g/day in the sterol group . Results : During the treatment period , there was a 6.5 % reduction in serum total cholesterol in the sterol group while no change was observed in the control group ( P<0.0005 ) . Serum low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol was reduced by 10.4 % in the sterol group and by 0.6 % in the control group ( P<0.00005 ) . There was no change during the trial in serum high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol or triacylglycerol concentrations . The HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio increased by 16.1 % in the sterol group and by 4.3 % in the control group ( P=0.0001 ) . Serum plant sterol levels increased significantly ( P=0.0001 ) in the sterol group . None of the fat-soluble vitamin levels decreased significantly when changes in serum total cholesterol were taken into account . The hypocholesterolaemic effect of sterol administration was not influenced by apolipoprotein E phenotype . Conclusions : Yoghurt , low-fat hard cheese and low-fat fresh cheese enriched with a plant sterol mixture reduced serum cholesterol  in hypercholesterolaemic subjects and no adverse effects were noted in the dietary control of hypercholesterolaemia BACKGROUND & AIMS The study examined the value of n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched yogurt as means of improving cardiovascular health  . DESIGN Fifty three mildly hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects ( TAG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L ) participated in a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , parallel design ed study . The subjects consumed 1 ) control yoghurt ; 2 ) yoghurt enriched with 0.8 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d ; or 3 ) yoghurt enriched with 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d for a period of 10 wks . Blood sample s were taken at the beginning and the end of the study period . RESULTS Following daily intake of 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA for 10 weeks , n-3 LC-PUFA levels increased significantly in plasma and red blood cells ( RBC ) with concomitant increase in the EPA-derived mediators ( PGE₃ , 12- , 15- , 18-HEPE ) in plasma whilst cardiovascular risk factors such as HDL , TAG , AA/EPA ratio , and n-3 index were improved ( P < 0.05 ) ; the decrease of TAG and increase in HDL were associated with the CD36 genotype . CONCLUSION The observed increase of n-3 LC-PUFA in RBC and plasma lipids due to intake of n-3 LC-PUFA enriched yoghurt result ed in a reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory mediators showing that daily consumption of n-3 PUFA enriched yoghurt can be an effective way of supplementing the daily diet and improving cardiovascular health BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE In protein-energy malnutrition ( PEM ) there is a significant impairment of immunity , both cell-mediated and humoral , which may be reversed with nutritional rehabilitation . With the use of probiotics like curd ( dahi ) and micronutrient-rich leaf protein concentrate ( LPC ) , this immune recovery may be hastened . This study was conducted to assess the impact of supplementation of curd and LPC on nutritional status , and immunity as assessed by anthropometry , haemoglobin , ferritin levels , T- cell sub population and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , in children suffering from PEM . METHODS Eighty moderate to severely malnourished children ( 1 - 5 yr ) were r and omized to receive either curd or LPC in addition to WHO recommended two-step diet over 15 days . Nutritional , immunological and haematological parameters were measured before and after supplementation and compared within the groups . RESULTS The change in weight , haemoglobin level and CD4:CD8 T-cell sub population was significant in both the groups after supplementation . Response of CRP was blunted in PEM . Serum ferritin decreased significantly after supplementation in both groups . INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Curd and LPC when added to diet of malnourished children , may have therapeutic value by accelerating immune recovery . More studies need to be done on a larger sample to confirm these findings BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE High intakes of calcium , potassium , and magnesium have been hypothesized to reduce risks of cardiovascular disease , but only a few prospect i ve studies have examined intakes of these cations in relation to risk of stroke . METHODS In 1980 , 85 764 women in the Nurses ' Health Study cohort , aged 34 to 59 years and free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease and cancer , completed dietary question naires  from which we calculated intakes of calcium , potassium , and magnesium . By 1994 , after 1.16 million person-years of follow-up , 690 incident strokes ( 129 subarachnoid hemorrhages , 74 intraparenchymal hemorrhages , 386 ischemic strokes , and 101 strokes of undetermined type ) had been documented . RESULTS Intakes of calcium , potassium , and magnesium were each inversely associated with age- and smoking-adjusted relative risks of ischemic stroke , excluding embolic infa rct ion of nonatherogenic origin ( n=347 ) . Adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors , including history of hypertension , attenuated these associations , particularly for magnesium intake . In a multivariate analysis , women in the highest quintile of calcium intake had an adjusted relative risk of ischemic stroke of 0.69 ( 95 % CI , 0.50 to 0.95 ; P for trend=0.03 ) compared with those in the lowest quintile ; for potassium intake the corresponding relative risk was 0.72 ( 95 % CI , 0.51 to 1.01 ; P for trend=0.10 ) . Further simultaneous adjustment for calcium and potassium intake suggested an independent association for calcium intake . The association of risk with calcium intake did not appear to be log linear ; the increase in risk was limited to the lowest quintile of intake , and intakes > approximately 600 mg/d did not appear to reduce risk of stroke further . The inverse association with calcium intake was stronger for dairy than for nondairy calcium intake . Intakes of calcium , potassium , and magnesium were not related to risk of other stroke subtypes . CONCLUSIONS Low calcium intake , and perhaps low potassium intake , may contribute to increased risk of ischemic stroke in middle-aged American women . It remains possible that women in the lowest quintile of calcium intake had unknown characteristics that made them susceptible to ischemic stroke Background A large portion of daily intake comes from snacking . One of the increasingly common , healthier snacks includes Greek-style yogurt , which is typically higher in protein than regular yogurt . This study evaluated whether a 160 kcal higher-protein ( HP ) Greek-style yogurt snack  improves appetite control , satiety , and delays subsequent eating compared to an isocaloric normal protein ( NP ) regular yogurt in healthy women . This study also identified the factors that predict the onset of eating . Findings Thirty-two healthy women ( age : 27 ± 2y ; BMI : 23.0 ± 0.4 kg/m2 ) completed the acute , r and omized crossover- design study . On separate days , participants came to our facility to consume a st and ardized lunch followed by the consumption of the NP ( 5.0 g protein ) or HP ( 14.0 g protein ) yogurt at 3 h post-lunch . Perceived hunger and fullness were assessed 
    Output:
    