human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between volume and frequency of moderate-intensity PA and step-based recommendations and individual body composition variables . Our cohort included 167 healthy ambulatory women ( mean age 62.8 ± 4.8 years ; body mass index [ BMI ] 27.3 ± 4.2 kg/m(2 ) ) who carried out daily activities while wearing the ActiGraph GT1 M accelerometer over a seven day period .  Measurements of BMI , body fat mass index ( BFMI ) , fat-free mass index ( FFMI ) , waist-hip ratio ( WHR ) and visceral fat area ( VFA ) were obtained by the InBody 720 multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis ( MFBIA ) device . The significant relationship ( r(s)=0.66 ; p<0.05 ) was found between moderate PA and steps per day . Moderate PA ( r(2)=0.03 - 0.06 ) and steps per day ( r(2)=0.05 - 0.20 ) were significantly associated with observed body composition parameters . Women spending > 300 min/week in moderate PA showed significantly lower values of BFMI ( p=0.02 ) than those who spent 150 - 300 min/week . Carrying out moderate PA for 30 min 5 days a week was significantly associated with lower BMI ( p=0.04 ; η(2)=0.02 ) , BFMI ( p=0.02 ; η(2)=0.03 ) and VFA ( p=0.03 ; η(2)=0.03 ) . In addition , higher amounts of daily steps were significantly associated with lower BMI ( p=0.00 ; η(2)=0.16 ) , BFMI ( p=0.00 ; η(2)=0.21 ) , VFA ( p=0.00 ; η(2)=0.20 ) and WHR ( p=0.00 ; η(2)=0.13 ) . A clear association was found between the generally recommended PA guidelines and body composition variables for the women examined in this study . However , the concept of 10,000 steps/day appears to be the strongest predictor of health-related body composition values Background Recent systematic review s have suggested that pedometers may be effective motivational tools to promote walking . However , studies tend to be of a relatively short duration , with small clinical based sample s. Further research is required to demonstrate their effectiveness in adequately powered , community based studies . Objective Using a r and omized controlled trial design , this study assessed the impact of a 12-week graduated pedometer-based walking intervention on daily step-counts , self-reported physical activity and health outcomes in a Scottish community sample not meeting current physical activity recommendations . MethodS ixty-three women and 16 men ( 49.2 years ± 8.8 ) were r and omly assigned to either an intervention ( physical activity consultation and 12-week pedometer-based walking program ) or control ( no action ) group . Measures for step-counts , 7-day physical activity recall , affect , quality of life ( n = 79 ) , body mass , BMI , % body fat , waist and hip circumference ( n = 76 ) , systolic/diastolic blood pressure , total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol ( n = 66 ) were taken at baseline and week 12 . Analyses were performed on an intention to treat basis using 2-way mixed factorial analyses of variance for parametric data and Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon tests for non-parametric data . Results Significant increases were found in the intervention group for step-counts ( p < .001 ) , time spent in leisure walking ( p = .02 ) and positive affect ( p = .027 ) . Significant decreases were found in this group for time spent in weekday ( p = .003 ) , weekend ( p = .001 ) and total sitting ( p = .001 ) with no corresponding changes in the control group . No significant changes in any other health outcomes were found in either group . In comparison with the control group at week 12 , the intervention group reported a significantly greater number of minutes spent in leisure time ( p = .008 ) , occupational ( p = .045 ) and total walking ( p = .03 ) , and significantly fewer minutes in time spent in weekend ( p = .003 ) and total sitting ( p = .022 ) . Conclusion A pedometer-based walking program , incorporating a physical activity consultation , is effective in promoting walking and improving positive affect over 12 weeks in community based individuals . The discussion examines possible explanations for the lack of significant changes in health outcomes . Continued follow-up of this study will examine adherence to the intervention and possible result ing effects on health outcomes Background Pedometers provide a simple , cost effective means of motivating individuals to increase walking yet few studies have considered if short term changes in walking behaviour can be maintained in the long-term . The role of physical activity consultations in such interventions is unclear . The purpose of this study was to assess the sustainability of pedometer-based interventions and empirically examine the role of physical activity consultations using long-term results of a community-based walking study . Methods 79 low active Scottish men and women ( 63 women and 16 men ) from the Walking for Wellbeing in the West intervention study were r and omly assigned to receive either : Group 1 ; pedometer-based walking programme plus physical activity consultations or Group 2 ; pedometer-based walking programme and minimal advice .  Step counts ( Omron HJ-109E Step-O-Meter pedometer ) , 7 day recall of physical activity ( IPAQ long ) , mood ( PANAS ) and quality of life ( EuroQol EQ-5D ) were assessed pre-intervention and 12 , 24 and 48 weeks after receiving the intervention . Body mass , body mass index and waist and hip circumference were assessed pre-intervention and 12 and 24 weeks after receiving the intervention . Analyses were performed on an intention to treat basis ( baseline value carried forward for missing data ) using mixed-factorial ANOVAs and follow-up t-tests . Results A significant main effect of time ( p < 0.001 ) was found for step-counts attributable to significant increases in steps/day between : pre-intervention ( M = 6941 , SD = 3047 ) and 12 weeks ( M = 9327 , SD = 4136 ) , t(78 ) = - 6.52 , p < 0.001 , d = 0.66 ; pre-intervention and 24 weeks ( M = 8804 , SD = 4145 ) , t(78 ) = - 4.82 , p < 0.001 , d = 0.52 ; and pre-intervention and 48 weeks ( M = 8450 , SD = 3855 ) , t(78 ) = - 4.15 , p < 0.001 , d = 0.44 . Significant effects were found for several variables of self-reported physical activity , mood and quality of life and are discussed . No other significant effects in health related outcomes were found . Conclusion Both interventions successfully increased and maintained step counts over 12 months . Physical activity consultations may encourage individuals to be active in other ways beyond walking and to reduce sitting time . Trial Registration NumberCurrent Controlled Trials Ltd IS RCT Background Engaging in regular physical activity ( PA ) is critical for health , and adopting a consistent PA routine early in life is associated with greater PA over the lifespan . College women with weight concerns are at risk for weight gain , which may be prevented with regular PA . However , little is known about changes in PA engagement in this at-risk group . Purpose Using an outcome expectancy framework , this study used a prospect i ve longitudinal design to examine changes in PA during the first 2 years of college . We tested for concurrent and prospect i ve within-person relations between body satisfaction/perceived eating behavior and  PA  to determine when weight-concerned college women may increase or decrease PA . Methods Women who reported weight concerns at the start of college ( n = 294 ) completed five assessment s over 2 years , including measured weight , body/eating experiences , and 4 days of pedometer steps ( per assessment ) . Multilevel models addressed the result ing nested data structure ( days within assessment s within participants ) . Results Over 2 years , within-person change accounted for 65 % of PA variability ( ICC = 0.35 ) . PA  was greatest at ( and subsequent to ) times when body satisfaction was lower , and when disinhibited eating and hedonic hunger were higher , than an individual ’s average ( ps < 0.05 ) . These changes were associated with 1–3 % of the recommended daily step totals . Conclusions Weight-conscious college women  show greater PA after negative eating and weight experiences . As these experiences change over time , health promotion efforts should help college women identify alternative , positive motivators for PA , which could facilitate consistent PA engagement We investigated the relationship between  walking levels  and the local neighbourhood physical environment during the Walking for Wellbeing in the West ( WWW ) r and omised pedometer-based community intervention .  Walking activity was recorded as step counts at baseline ( n = 76 ) , and at 3 months ( n = 57 ) , 6 months ( n = 54 ) , and 12 months ( n = 45 ) post-intervention . Objective physical environment data were obtained from GIS data sets and street surveys conducted using the SWAT audit tool . Sixty-nine environment variables were reduced to eight environment factors using principal axis factoring , and the relationship between environment factors and ( i ) step counts , and ( ii ) the change in step counts relative to baseline , was examined using hierarchical multiple linear regression , controlling for age , gender , income , and deprivation . Five environment factors were significant predictors of step counts , but none were significant predictors of the change in step counts relative to baseline . None of the demographic variables included in the analysis were significant predictors at any stage of the study . Total variance explained by the environment ranged from 6 % ( P < 0.05 ) to 34 % ( P < 0.01 ) , with lowest levels during the initial stages of the study . The physical environment appears to have influenced walking levels during the WWW intervention , and to have contributed to the maintenance of walking levels post-intervention Background Despite its health benefits , physical inactivity is pervasive , particularly among those living in lower-income urban communities . In such setting s , neighborhood safety may impact willingness to be regularly physically active . We examined the association of perceived neighborhood safety with pedometer-determined physical activity and physical activity self-efficacy . Methods and Findings Participants were 1,180 predominantly racial/ethnic minority adults recruited from 12 urban low-income housing complexes in metropolitan Boston . Participants completed a 5-d pedometer data - collection protocol and self-reported their perceptions of neighborhood safety and self-efficacy ( i.e. , confidence in the ability to be physically active ) . Gender-stratified bivariate and multivariable r and om effects models were estimated to account for within-site clustering . Most participants reported feeling safe during the day , while just over one-third ( 36 % ) felt safe at night . We found no association between daytime safety reports and physical activity among both men and women . There was also no association between night-time safety reports and physical activity among men ( p = 0.23 ) but women who reported feeling unsafe ( versus safe ) at night showed significantly fewer steps per day ( 4,302 versus 5,178 , p = 0.01 ) . Perceiving one 's neighborhood as unsafe during the day was associated with significantly lower odds of having high physical activity self-efficacy among both men ( OR 0.40 , p = 0.01 ) and women ( OR 0.68 , p = 0.02 ) . Conclusions Residing in a neighborhood that is perceived to be unsafe at night is a barrier to regular physical activity among individuals , especially women , living in urban low-income housing . Feeling unsafe may also diminish confidence in the ability to be more physically active . Both of these factors may limit the effectiveness of physical activity promotion strategies delivered in similar setting A three-wave prospect i ve design was used to assess a model of motivation guided by self-determination theory ( Ryan & Deci , 2008 ) spanning the context s of  school physical education ( PE ) and exercise .  The outcome variables examined were health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) , physical self-concept ( PSC ) , and 4 days of objective ly assessed estimates of activity . Secondary school students ( n = 494 ) completed question naires at three separate time points and were familiarized with how to use a sealed pedometer . Results of structural equation modeling supported a model in which perceptions of autonomy support from a PE teacher positively predicted PE-related need satisfaction ( autonomy , competence , and relatedness ) . Competence predicted PSC , whereas relatedness predicted HRQoL. Autonomy and competence positively predicted autonomous motivation toward PE , which in turn positively predicted autonomous motivation toward exercise ( i.e. , 4-day pedometer step count ) . Autonomous motivation toward exercise positively predicted step count , HRQoL , and PSC . Results of multi sample structural equation modeling supported gender invariance . Suggestions for future work are discussed Background This study examines associations between pedometer-determined steps/day and parent-reported child 's Body Mass Index ( BMI )  and time typically spent watching television between school and dinner . Methods Young people ( aged 5 - 19 years ) were recruited through their parents by r and om digit dialling and mailed a data collection package . Information on height and weight and time spent watching television between school and dinner on a typical school day was collected from parents . In total , 5949 boys and 5709 girls reported daily steps .  BMI was categorized as overweight or obese using Cole 's cut points . Participants wore pedometers for 7 days and logged daily steps . The odds of being overweight and obese by steps/day and parent-reported time spent television watching were estimated using logistic regression for complex sample s. Results Girls had a lower median steps/day ( 10682 versus 11059 for boys ) and also a narrower variation 
    Output:
    
agent
Surprisingly no use was made of time series analysis for analysing step count data .
The review also suggested several strategies for the personalisation of physical activity programs .
Conclusions Overall , it appears that the physical activity levels of people involved in such programs vary across individuals depending on psychosocial , demographic , weather and climatic factors .
Statistical models can provide a better underst and ing of the impact of these factors , allowing for the provision of more personalised physical activity programs , which are expected to produce better immediate and long-term outcomes for participants .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between volume and frequency of moderate-intensity PA and step-based recommendations and individual body composition variables . Our cohort included 167 healthy ambulatory women ( mean age 62.8 ± 4.8 years ; body mass index [ BMI ] 27.3 ± 4.2 kg/m(2 ) ) who carried out daily activities while wearing the ActiGraph GT1 M accelerometer over a seven day period .  Measurements of BMI , body fat mass index ( BFMI ) , fat-free mass index ( FFMI ) , waist-hip ratio ( WHR ) and visceral fat area ( VFA ) were obtained by the InBody 720 multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis ( MFBIA ) device . The significant relationship ( r(s)=0.66 ; p<0.05 ) was found between moderate PA and steps per day . Moderate PA ( r(2)=0.03 - 0.06 ) and steps per day ( r(2)=0.05 - 0.20 ) were significantly associated with observed body composition parameters . Women spending > 300 min/week in moderate PA showed significantly lower values of BFMI ( p=0.02 ) than those who spent 150 - 300 min/week . Carrying out moderate PA for 30 min 5 days a week was significantly associated with lower BMI ( p=0.04 ; η(2)=0.02 ) , BFMI ( p=0.02 ; η(2)=0.03 ) and VFA ( p=0.03 ; η(2)=0.03 ) . In addition , higher amounts of daily steps were significantly associated with lower BMI ( p=0.00 ; η(2)=0.16 ) , BFMI ( p=0.00 ; η(2)=0.21 ) , VFA ( p=0.00 ; η(2)=0.20 ) and WHR ( p=0.00 ; η(2)=0.13 ) . A clear association was found between the generally recommended PA guidelines and body composition variables for the women examined in this study . However , the concept of 10,000 steps/day appears to be the strongest predictor of health-related body composition values Background Recent systematic review s have suggested that pedometers may be effective motivational tools to promote walking . However , studies tend to be of a relatively short duration , with small clinical based sample s. Further research is required to demonstrate their effectiveness in adequately powered , community based studies . Objective Using a r and omized controlled trial design , this study assessed the impact of a 12-week graduated pedometer-based walking intervention on daily step-counts , self-reported physical activity and health outcomes in a Scottish community sample not meeting current physical activity recommendations . MethodS ixty-three women and 16 men ( 49.2 years ± 8.8 ) were r and omly assigned to either an intervention ( physical activity consultation and 12-week pedometer-based walking program ) or control ( no action ) group . Measures for step-counts , 7-day physical activity recall , affect , quality of life ( n = 79 ) , body mass , BMI , % body fat , waist and hip circumference ( n = 76 ) , systolic/diastolic blood pressure , total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol ( n = 66 ) were taken at baseline and week 12 . Analyses were performed on an intention to treat basis using 2-way mixed factorial analyses of variance for parametric data and Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon tests for non-parametric data . Results Significant increases were found in the intervention group for step-counts ( p < .001 ) , time spent in leisure walking ( p = .02 ) and positive affect ( p = .027 ) . Significant decreases were found in this group for time spent in weekday ( p = .003 ) , weekend ( p = .001 ) and total sitting ( p = .001 ) with no corresponding changes in the control group . No significant changes in any other health outcomes were found in either group . In comparison with the control group at week 12 , the intervention group reported a significantly greater number of minutes spent in leisure time ( p = .008 ) , occupational ( p = .045 ) and total walking ( p = .03 ) , and significantly fewer minutes in time spent in weekend ( p = .003 ) and total sitting ( p = .022 ) . Conclusion A pedometer-based walking program , incorporating a physical activity consultation , is effective in promoting walking and improving positive affect over 12 weeks in community based individuals . The discussion examines possible explanations for the lack of significant changes in health outcomes . Continued follow-up of this study will examine adherence to the intervention and possible result ing effects on health outcomes Background Pedometers provide a simple , cost effective means of motivating individuals to increase walking yet few studies have considered if short term changes in walking behaviour can be maintained in the long-term . The role of physical activity consultations in such interventions is unclear . The purpose of this study was to assess the sustainability of pedometer-based interventions and empirically examine the role of physical activity consultations using long-term results of a community-based walking study . Methods 79 low active Scottish men and women ( 63 women and 16 men ) from the Walking for Wellbeing in the West intervention study were r and omly assigned to receive either : Group 1 ; pedometer-based walking programme plus physical activity consultations or Group 2 ; pedometer-based walking programme and minimal advice .  Step counts ( Omron HJ-109E Step-O-Meter pedometer ) , 7 day recall of physical activity ( IPAQ long ) , mood ( PANAS ) and quality of life ( EuroQol EQ-5D ) were assessed pre-intervention and 12 , 24 and 48 weeks after receiving the intervention . Body mass , body mass index and waist and hip circumference were assessed pre-intervention and 12 and 24 weeks after receiving the intervention . Analyses were performed on an intention to treat basis ( baseline value carried forward for missing data ) using mixed-factorial ANOVAs and follow-up t-tests . Results A significant main effect of time ( p < 0.001 ) was found for step-counts attributable to significant increases in steps/day between : pre-intervention ( M = 6941 , SD = 3047 ) and 12 weeks ( M = 9327 , SD = 4136 ) , t(78 ) = - 6.52 , p < 0.001 , d = 0.66 ; pre-intervention and 24 weeks ( M = 8804 , SD = 4145 ) , t(78 ) = - 4.82 , p < 0.001 , d = 0.52 ; and pre-intervention and 48 weeks ( M = 8450 , SD = 3855 ) , t(78 ) = - 4.15 , p < 0.001 , d = 0.44 . Significant effects were found for several variables of self-reported physical activity , mood and quality of life and are discussed . No other significant effects in health related outcomes were found . Conclusion Both interventions successfully increased and maintained step counts over 12 months . Physical activity consultations may encourage individuals to be active in other ways beyond walking and to reduce sitting time . Trial Registration NumberCurrent Controlled Trials Ltd IS RCT Background Engaging in regular physical activity ( PA ) is critical for health , and adopting a consistent PA routine early in life is associated with greater PA over the lifespan . College women with weight concerns are at risk for weight gain , which may be prevented with regular PA . However , little is known about changes in PA engagement in this at-risk group . Purpose Using an outcome expectancy framework , this study used a prospect i ve longitudinal design to examine changes in PA during the first 2 years of college . We tested for concurrent and prospect i ve within-person relations between body satisfaction/perceived eating behavior and  PA  to determine when weight-concerned college women may increase or decrease PA . Methods Women who reported weight concerns at the start of college ( n = 294 ) completed five assessment s over 2 years , including measured weight , body/eating experiences , and 4 days of pedometer steps ( per assessment ) . Multilevel models addressed the result ing nested data structure ( days within assessment s within participants ) . Results Over 2 years , within-person change accounted for 65 % of PA variability ( ICC = 0.35 ) . PA  was greatest at ( and subsequent to ) times when body satisfaction was lower , and when disinhibited eating and hedonic hunger were higher , than an individual ’s average ( ps < 0.05 ) . These changes were associated with 1–3 % of the recommended daily step totals . Conclusions Weight-conscious college women  show greater PA after negative eating and weight experiences . As these experiences change over time , health promotion efforts should help college women identify alternative , positive motivators for PA , which could facilitate consistent PA engagement We investigated the relationship between  walking levels  and the local neighbourhood physical environment during the Walking for Wellbeing in the West ( WWW ) r and omised pedometer-based community intervention .  Walking activity was recorded as step counts at baseline ( n = 76 ) , and at 3 months ( n = 57 ) , 6 months ( n = 54 ) , and 12 months ( n = 45 ) post-intervention . Objective physical environment data were obtained from GIS data sets and street surveys conducted using the SWAT audit tool . Sixty-nine environment variables were reduced to eight environment factors using principal axis factoring , and the relationship between environment factors and ( i ) step counts , and ( ii ) the change in step counts relative to baseline , was examined using hierarchical multiple linear regression , controlling for age , gender , income , and deprivation . Five environment factors were significant predictors of step counts , but none were significant predictors of the change in step counts relative to baseline . None of the demographic variables included in the analysis were significant predictors at any stage of the study . Total variance explained by the environment ranged from 6 % ( P < 0.05 ) to 34 % ( P < 0.01 ) , with lowest levels during the initial stages of the study . The physical environment appears to have influenced walking levels during the WWW intervention , and to have contributed to the maintenance of walking levels post-intervention Background Despite its health benefits , physical inactivity is pervasive , particularly among those living in lower-income urban communities . In such setting s , neighborhood safety may impact willingness to be regularly physically active . We examined the association of perceived neighborhood safety with pedometer-determined physical activity and physical activity self-efficacy . Methods and Findings Participants were 1,180 predominantly racial/ethnic minority adults recruited from 12 urban low-income housing complexes in metropolitan Boston . Participants completed a 5-d pedometer data - collection protocol and self-reported their perceptions of neighborhood safety and self-efficacy ( i.e. , confidence in the ability to be physically active ) . Gender-stratified bivariate and multivariable r and om effects models were estimated to account for within-site clustering . Most participants reported feeling safe during the day , while just over one-third ( 36 % ) felt safe at night . We found no association between daytime safety reports and physical activity among both men and women . There was also no association between night-time safety reports and physical activity among men ( p = 0.23 ) but women who reported feeling unsafe ( versus safe ) at night showed significantly fewer steps per day ( 4,302 versus 5,178 , p = 0.01 ) . Perceiving one 's neighborhood as unsafe during the day was associated with significantly lower odds of having high physical activity self-efficacy among both men ( OR 0.40 , p = 0.01 ) and women ( OR 0.68 , p = 0.02 ) . Conclusions Residing in a neighborhood that is perceived to be unsafe at night is a barrier to regular physical activity among individuals , especially women , living in urban low-income housing . Feeling unsafe may also diminish confidence in the ability to be more physically active . Both of these factors may limit the effectiveness of physical activity promotion strategies delivered in similar setting A three-wave prospect i ve design was used to assess a model of motivation guided by self-determination theory ( Ryan & Deci , 2008 ) spanning the context s of  school physical education ( PE ) and exercise .  The outcome variables examined were health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) , physical self-concept ( PSC ) , and 4 days of objective ly assessed estimates of activity . Secondary school students ( n = 494 ) completed question naires at three separate time points and were familiarized with how to use a sealed pedometer . Results of structural equation modeling supported a model in which perceptions of autonomy support from a PE teacher positively predicted PE-related need satisfaction ( autonomy , competence , and relatedness ) . Competence predicted PSC , whereas relatedness predicted HRQoL. Autonomy and competence positively predicted autonomous motivation toward PE , which in turn positively predicted autonomous motivation toward exercise ( i.e. , 4-day pedometer step count ) . Autonomous motivation toward exercise positively predicted step count , HRQoL , and PSC . Results of multi sample structural equation modeling supported gender invariance . Suggestions for future work are discussed Background This study examines associations between pedometer-determined steps/day and parent-reported child 's Body Mass Index ( BMI )  and time typically spent watching television between school and dinner . Methods Young people ( aged 5 - 19 years ) were recruited through their parents by r and om digit dialling and mailed a data collection package . Information on height and weight and time spent watching television between school and dinner on a typical school day was collected from parents . In total , 5949 boys and 5709 girls reported daily steps .  BMI was categorized as overweight or obese using Cole 's cut points . Participants wore pedometers for 7 days and logged daily steps . The odds of being overweight and obese by steps/day and parent-reported time spent television watching were estimated using logistic regression for complex sample s. Results Girls had a lower median steps/day ( 10682 versus 11059 for boys ) and also a narrower variation 
    Output:
    