human
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A double blind clinical trial was carried out to clarify the effects of oil with medium- and long-chain triglyceride ( MLCT ) on body fat and blood lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic subjects . One-hundred- and -twelve subjects were enrolled and divided into two groups ; those that consumed MLCT oil and those that consumed long-chain triglyceride ( LCT ) oil for 8 weeks . All subjects were requested to consume 25 - 30 g of the oils daily and maintain a fixed level of energy intake and exercise . Anthropometric and blood biochemical parameters were measured when the study was initiated and completed . The  LCT group consisted of 50 subjects ( 34 men and 16 women ) , while the MLCT group consisted of 51 subjects ( 33 men and 18 women ) who completed the study . Larger decreases in body weight , body mass index , waist circumference , body fat , total fat area and subcutaneous fat area in the abdomen and serum triglycerides , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , apolipoprotein B , C2 , C3 and E were observed in male subjects in the MLCT group than those in the LCT group . However , no significant differences in these parameters between the female subjects in the two groups were observed . Data from this study indicate that consumption of medium- and long-chain triglycerides can reduce body weight and body fat and improve blood lipid profiles in male hypertriglyceridemic subjects OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of diets rich in medium-chain triglycerides ( MCTs ) or long-chain triglycerides ( LCTs ) on body composition , energy expenditure , substrate oxidation , subjective appetite , and ad libitum energy intake in overweight men . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Twenty-four healthy , overweight men with body mass indexes between 25 and 31 kg/m(2 ) consumed diets rich in MCT or LCT for 28 days each in a crossover r and omized controlled trial . At baseline and after 4 weeks of each dietary intervention , energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry , and body composition was analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging . RESULTS Upper body adipose tissue ( AT ) decreased to a greater extent ( p < 0.05 ) with functional oil ( FctO ) compared with olive oil ( OL ) consumption ( -0.67 + /- 0.26 kg and -0.02 + /- 0.19 kg , respectively ) . There was a trend toward greater loss of whole-body subcutaneous AT volume ( p = 0.087 ) with FctO compared with OL consumption . Average energy expenditure was 0.04 + /- 0.02 kcal/min greater ( p < 0.05 ) on day 2 and 0.03 + /- 0.02 kcal/min ( not significant ) on day 28 with FctO compared with OL consumption . Similarly , average fat oxidation was greater ( p = 0.052 ) with FctO compared with OL intake on day 2 but not day 28 . DISCUSSION Consumption of a diet rich in MCTs results in greater loss of AT compared with LCTs , perhaps due to increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation observed with MCT intake . Thus , MCTs may be considered as agents that aid in the prevention of obesity or potentially stimulate weight loss Objectives : To investigate the effects of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerol ( MLCT ) on blood triglyceride ( TG ) in Chinese hypertriglyceridemic subjects . Methods : A double-blind controlled clinical trial was carried out , in which 112 subjects with hypertriglyceridemia were r and omly divided into two dietary oil groups : ( 1 ) long-chain triacylglycerol ( LCT ) and ( 2 ) MLCT . All subjects were requested to ingest fixed energy and to continue their normal activity levels , and to consume LCT or MLCT oil at 25–30 g daily during the study period . Anthropometric measurements of body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , body fat , body fat percentage , waist and hip circumference ( WC and HC ) , areas of subcutaneous and visceral fat by computed tomography scanning and blood biochemical markers were measured at the beginning and end of the study . Results : There were 50 and 51 subjects left in LCT and MLCT groups , respectively . There were no significant differences in daily intake of energy , protein , fat and carbohydrate , as well as the daily physical activity between the two groups during the study . After 8 weeks , MLCT group showed a significant decrease in body weight , BMI , WC , HC , ratio of WC and HC , body fat , body fat percentage and subcutaneous fat when compared with the initial values . The decrease in body weight , BMI , WC , body fat and subcutaneous and visceral fat was significantly greater in MLCT group than that in the LCT group . Furthermore , the serum concentrations of TG in MLCT group were significantly lower than those in the LCT group . Conclusions : Consumption of MLCT may reduce body weight , body fat and blood TG in hypertriglyceridemic subjects under an appropriate dietary regime We investigated whether a structured medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols ( MLCT ) diet could decrease accumulation of body fat in healthy humans . The study was conducted under a double-blind r and omized design . Ninety-three subjects participated in this study . However , 10 subjects could not consume the specified meal , and one subject wished to opt out . Consequently , the study included 82 subjects . The experimental subjects consumed the test bread , which was made with 14 g of MLCT containing 1.7 g MCFA , daily at breakfast during the study period of 12 weeks , and the control subjects consumed bread made with long-chain triacylglycerols ( LCT ) . All subjects consumed the same st and ard packaged meals .  Body composition parameters were body weight , total body fat and abdominal fat , and blood analyses included serum cholesterol , triacylglycerols and phospholipids . Significant decreases of body weight , the amount of body fat , subcutaneous and visceral fat were noted in the MLCT group as compared with those of the LCT group for 12 weeks ( P<0.05 ) . Furthermore , a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol was noted in the MLCT group as compared with that of the LCT group at 8 weeks ( P<0.05 ) . However , other serum parameters were not different between the MLCT and LCT groups . The results suggest that the daily intake of MLCT diet could result in a reduction in body weight and in accumulation of body fat , and , moreover , it could reduce serum total cholesterol The effects of dietary supplementation with coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles  of women presenting waist circumferences ( WC ) > 88 cm ( abdominal obesity ) were investigated . The r and omised , double-blind , clinical trial involved 40 women aged 20–40 years . Groups received daily dietary supplements comprising 30 mL of either soy bean oil ( group S ; n = 20 ) or coconut oil ( group C ; n = 20 ) over a 12-week period , during which all subjects were instructed to follow a balanced hypocaloric diet and to walk for 50 min per day . Data were collected 1 week before ( T1 ) and 1 week after ( T2 ) dietary intervention . Energy intake and amount of carbohydrate ingested by both groups diminished over the trial , whereas the consumption of protein and fibre increased and lipid ingestion remained unchanged . At T1 there were no differences in biochemical or anthropometric characteristics between the groups , whereas at T2 group C presented a higher level of HDL ( 48.7 ± 2.4 vs. 45.00 ± 5.6 ; P = 0.01 ) and a lower LDL : HDL ratio ( 2.41 ± 0.8 vs. 3.1 ± 0.8 ; P = 0.04 ) . Reductions in BMI were observed in both groups at T2 ( P < 0.05 ) , but only group C exhibited a reduction in WC ( P = 0.005 ) . Group S presented an increase ( P < 0.05 ) in total cholesterol , LDL and LDL : HDL ratio , whilst HDL diminished ( P = 0.03 ) . Such alterations were not observed in group C. It appears that dietetic supplementation with coconut oil does not cause dyslipidemia and seems to promote a reduction in abdominal obesity BACKGROUND Dietary fatty acids that are more prone to oxidation than to storage may be less likely to lead to obesity . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chain length , degree of unsaturation , and stereoisomeric effects of unsaturation on the oxidation of individual fatty acids in normal-weight men . DESIGN Fatty acid oxidation was examined in men consuming a weight-maintenance diet containing 40 % of energy as fat .  After consuming the diet for 1 wk , subjects were fed fatty acids labeled with (13)C in the methyl or carboxyl position ( 10 mg/kg body wt ) . The fatty acids fed in r and om order were laurate , palmitate , stearate , oleate , elai date ( the trans isomer of oleate ) , linoleate , and linolenate blended in a hot liquid meal . Breath sample s were collected for the next 9 h and the oxidation of each fatty acid was assessed by examining liberated (13)CO(2 ) in breath . RESULTS Cumulative oxidation over the 9-h test ranged from a high of 41 % of the dose for laurate to a low of 13 % of the dose for stearate . Of the 18-carbon fatty acids , linolenate was the most highly oxidized and linoleate appeared to be somewhat conserved . (13)C recovery in breath from the methyl-labeled fatty acids was approximately 30 % less than that from the carboxyl-labeled fatty acids . CONCLUSIONS In summary , lauric acid is highly oxidized , whereas the polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are fairly well oxidized . Oxidation of the long-chain , saturated fatty acids decreases with increasing carbon number In contrast to the consumption of long-chain triacylglycerols ( LCT ) , consumption of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols ( MLCT ) reduces the body fat and blood triacylglycerols ( TAG ) level in hypertriacylglycerolemic Chinese individuals . These responses may be affected by BMI because of obesity-induced insulin resistance . We aim ed to compare the effects of consuming MLCT or LCT on reducing body fat and blood TAG level in hypertriacylglycerolemic Chinese subjects with different ranges of BMI . Employing a double-blind , r and omized and controlled protocol , 101 hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects ( including 67 men and 34 women ) were r and omly allocated to ingest 25–30 g/day MLCT or LCT oil as the only cooking oil for 8 consecutive weeks . Anthropometric measurements of body weight , BMI , body fat , WC , HC , blood biochemical variables , and subcutaneous fat area and visceral fat area in the abdomen were measured at week 0 and 8 . As compared to subjects with BMI 24–28 kg/m2 in the LCT group , corresponding subjects in the MLCT group showed significantly greater decrease in body weight , BMI , body fat , WC , ratio of WC to HC , total fat area and subcutaneous fat area in the abdomen , as well as blood TAG and LDL-C levels at week 8 . Based upon our results , consumption of MLCT oil may reduce body weight , body fat , and blood TAG and LDL-C levels in overweight hypertriacylglycerolemic Chinese subjects but may not induce these changes in normal or obese hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects We investigated the effect of long-term ingestion of dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols ( MCT ) on body weight and fat in humans . Using a double-blind , controlled protocol , we assessed the potential health benefits of MCT compared with long-chain triacylglycerols ( LCT ) in 78 healthy men and women [ body mass index ( BMI ) > or = 23 kg/m(2 ) : n = 26 ( MCT ) , n = 30 ( LCT ) ; BMI < 23 kg/m(2 ) : n = 15 ( MCT ) , n = 7 ( LCT ) ] . Changes in anthropometric variables , body weight and body fat during the 12-wk MCT treatment period were compared with those in subjects consuming the LCT diet . The subjects were asked to consume 9218 kJ/d and 60 g/d of total fat . The energy , fat , protein and carbohydrate intakes did not differ significantly between the groups . Body weight and body fat in both groups had decreased by wk 4 , 8 and 12 of the study . However , in the subjects with BMI > or = 23 kg/m(2 ) , the extent of the decrease in body weight was significantly greater in the MCT group than in the LCT group . In subjects with BMI > or = 23 kg/m(2 ) , the loss of body fat in the MCT group ( -3.86 + /- 0.3 kg ) was significantly greater than that in the LCT group ( -2.75 + /- 0.2 kg ) at 8 wk . In addition , in subjects with BMI > or = 23 kg/m(2 ) , the decrease in the area of subcutaneous fat in the MCT group was significantly greater than that in the LCT group at wk 4 , 8 and 12 . These results suggest that the MCT diet may reduce body weight and fat in individuals ( BMI > or = 23 kg/m(2 ) ) more than the LCT diet 
    Output:
    
agent
No differences were seen in blood lipid levels .
Replacement of LCTs with MCTs in the diet could potentially induce modest reductions in body weight and composition without adversely affecting lipid profiles .
***TASK*** the task is to summarize an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***INPUT*** the input is a biomedical literature 
    ***OUTPUT*** the output is the summary of an input biomedical literature in six sentences 
    ***DOCUMENTATION*** 
    ***EXAMPLES*** 
    Input: A double blind clinical trial was carried out to clarify the effects of oil with medium- and long-chain triglyceride ( MLCT ) on body fat and blood lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic subjects . One-hundred- and -twelve subjects were enrolled and divided into two groups ; those that consumed MLCT oil and those that consumed long-chain triglyceride ( LCT ) oil for 8 weeks . All subjects were requested to consume 25 - 30 g of the oils daily and maintain a fixed level of energy intake and exercise . Anthropometric and blood biochemical parameters were measured when the study was initiated and completed . The  LCT group consisted of 50 subjects ( 34 men and 16 women ) , while the MLCT group consisted of 51 subjects ( 33 men and 18 women ) who completed the study . Larger decreases in body weight , body mass index , waist circumference , body fat , total fat area and subcutaneous fat area in the abdomen and serum triglycerides , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , apolipoprotein B , C2 , C3 and E were observed in male subjects in the MLCT group than those in the LCT group . However , no significant differences in these parameters between the female subjects in the two groups were observed . Data from this study indicate that consumption of medium- and long-chain triglycerides can reduce body weight and body fat and improve blood lipid profiles in male hypertriglyceridemic subjects OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of diets rich in medium-chain triglycerides ( MCTs ) or long-chain triglycerides ( LCTs ) on body composition , energy expenditure , substrate oxidation , subjective appetite , and ad libitum energy intake in overweight men . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Twenty-four healthy , overweight men with body mass indexes between 25 and 31 kg/m(2 ) consumed diets rich in MCT or LCT for 28 days each in a crossover r and omized controlled trial . At baseline and after 4 weeks of each dietary intervention , energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry , and body composition was analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging . RESULTS Upper body adipose tissue ( AT ) decreased to a greater extent ( p < 0.05 ) with functional oil ( FctO ) compared with olive oil ( OL ) consumption ( -0.67 + /- 0.26 kg and -0.02 + /- 0.19 kg , respectively ) . There was a trend toward greater loss of whole-body subcutaneous AT volume ( p = 0.087 ) with FctO compared with OL consumption . Average energy expenditure was 0.04 + /- 0.02 kcal/min greater ( p < 0.05 ) on day 2 and 0.03 + /- 0.02 kcal/min ( not significant ) on day 28 with FctO compared with OL consumption . Similarly , average fat oxidation was greater ( p = 0.052 ) with FctO compared with OL intake on day 2 but not day 28 . DISCUSSION Consumption of a diet rich in MCTs results in greater loss of AT compared with LCTs , perhaps due to increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation observed with MCT intake . Thus , MCTs may be considered as agents that aid in the prevention of obesity or potentially stimulate weight loss Objectives : To investigate the effects of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerol ( MLCT ) on blood triglyceride ( TG ) in Chinese hypertriglyceridemic subjects . Methods : A double-blind controlled clinical trial was carried out , in which 112 subjects with hypertriglyceridemia were r and omly divided into two dietary oil groups : ( 1 ) long-chain triacylglycerol ( LCT ) and ( 2 ) MLCT . All subjects were requested to ingest fixed energy and to continue their normal activity levels , and to consume LCT or MLCT oil at 25–30 g daily during the study period . Anthropometric measurements of body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , body fat , body fat percentage , waist and hip circumference ( WC and HC ) , areas of subcutaneous and visceral fat by computed tomography scanning and blood biochemical markers were measured at the beginning and end of the study . Results : There were 50 and 51 subjects left in LCT and MLCT groups , respectively . There were no significant differences in daily intake of energy , protein , fat and carbohydrate , as well as the daily physical activity between the two groups during the study . After 8 weeks , MLCT group showed a significant decrease in body weight , BMI , WC , HC , ratio of WC and HC , body fat , body fat percentage and subcutaneous fat when compared with the initial values . The decrease in body weight , BMI , WC , body fat and subcutaneous and visceral fat was significantly greater in MLCT group than that in the LCT group . Furthermore , the serum concentrations of TG in MLCT group were significantly lower than those in the LCT group . Conclusions : Consumption of MLCT may reduce body weight , body fat and blood TG in hypertriglyceridemic subjects under an appropriate dietary regime We investigated whether a structured medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols ( MLCT ) diet could decrease accumulation of body fat in healthy humans . The study was conducted under a double-blind r and omized design . Ninety-three subjects participated in this study . However , 10 subjects could not consume the specified meal , and one subject wished to opt out . Consequently , the study included 82 subjects . The experimental subjects consumed the test bread , which was made with 14 g of MLCT containing 1.7 g MCFA , daily at breakfast during the study period of 12 weeks , and the control subjects consumed bread made with long-chain triacylglycerols ( LCT ) . All subjects consumed the same st and ard packaged meals .  Body composition parameters were body weight , total body fat and abdominal fat , and blood analyses included serum cholesterol , triacylglycerols and phospholipids . Significant decreases of body weight , the amount of body fat , subcutaneous and visceral fat were noted in the MLCT group as compared with those of the LCT group for 12 weeks ( P<0.05 ) . Furthermore , a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol was noted in the MLCT group as compared with that of the LCT group at 8 weeks ( P<0.05 ) . However , other serum parameters were not different between the MLCT and LCT groups . The results suggest that the daily intake of MLCT diet could result in a reduction in body weight and in accumulation of body fat , and , moreover , it could reduce serum total cholesterol The effects of dietary supplementation with coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles  of women presenting waist circumferences ( WC ) > 88 cm ( abdominal obesity ) were investigated . The r and omised , double-blind , clinical trial involved 40 women aged 20–40 years . Groups received daily dietary supplements comprising 30 mL of either soy bean oil ( group S ; n = 20 ) or coconut oil ( group C ; n = 20 ) over a 12-week period , during which all subjects were instructed to follow a balanced hypocaloric diet and to walk for 50 min per day . Data were collected 1 week before ( T1 ) and 1 week after ( T2 ) dietary intervention . Energy intake and amount of carbohydrate ingested by both groups diminished over the trial , whereas the consumption of protein and fibre increased and lipid ingestion remained unchanged . At T1 there were no differences in biochemical or anthropometric characteristics between the groups , whereas at T2 group C presented a higher level of HDL ( 48.7 ± 2.4 vs. 45.00 ± 5.6 ; P = 0.01 ) and a lower LDL : HDL ratio ( 2.41 ± 0.8 vs. 3.1 ± 0.8 ; P = 0.04 ) . Reductions in BMI were observed in both groups at T2 ( P < 0.05 ) , but only group C exhibited a reduction in WC ( P = 0.005 ) . Group S presented an increase ( P < 0.05 ) in total cholesterol , LDL and LDL : HDL ratio , whilst HDL diminished ( P = 0.03 ) . Such alterations were not observed in group C. It appears that dietetic supplementation with coconut oil does not cause dyslipidemia and seems to promote a reduction in abdominal obesity BACKGROUND Dietary fatty acids that are more prone to oxidation than to storage may be less likely to lead to obesity . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chain length , degree of unsaturation , and stereoisomeric effects of unsaturation on the oxidation of individual fatty acids in normal-weight men . DESIGN Fatty acid oxidation was examined in men consuming a weight-maintenance diet containing 40 % of energy as fat .  After consuming the diet for 1 wk , subjects were fed fatty acids labeled with (13)C in the methyl or carboxyl position ( 10 mg/kg body wt ) . The fatty acids fed in r and om order were laurate , palmitate , stearate , oleate , elai date ( the trans isomer of oleate ) , linoleate , and linolenate blended in a hot liquid meal . Breath sample s were collected for the next 9 h and the oxidation of each fatty acid was assessed by examining liberated (13)CO(2 ) in breath . RESULTS Cumulative oxidation over the 9-h test ranged from a high of 41 % of the dose for laurate to a low of 13 % of the dose for stearate . Of the 18-carbon fatty acids , linolenate was the most highly oxidized and linoleate appeared to be somewhat conserved . (13)C recovery in breath from the methyl-labeled fatty acids was approximately 30 % less than that from the carboxyl-labeled fatty acids . CONCLUSIONS In summary , lauric acid is highly oxidized , whereas the polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are fairly well oxidized . Oxidation of the long-chain , saturated fatty acids decreases with increasing carbon number In contrast to the consumption of long-chain triacylglycerols ( LCT ) , consumption of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols ( MLCT ) reduces the body fat and blood triacylglycerols ( TAG ) level in hypertriacylglycerolemic Chinese individuals . These responses may be affected by BMI because of obesity-induced insulin resistance . We aim ed to compare the effects of consuming MLCT or LCT on reducing body fat and blood TAG level in hypertriacylglycerolemic Chinese subjects with different ranges of BMI . Employing a double-blind , r and omized and controlled protocol , 101 hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects ( including 67 men and 34 women ) were r and omly allocated to ingest 25–30 g/day MLCT or LCT oil as the only cooking oil for 8 consecutive weeks . Anthropometric measurements of body weight , BMI , body fat , WC , HC , blood biochemical variables , and subcutaneous fat area and visceral fat area in the abdomen were measured at week 0 and 8 . As compared to subjects with BMI 24–28 kg/m2 in the LCT group , corresponding subjects in the MLCT group showed significantly greater decrease in body weight , BMI , body fat , WC , ratio of WC to HC , total fat area and subcutaneous fat area in the abdomen , as well as blood TAG and LDL-C levels at week 8 . Based upon our results , consumption of MLCT oil may reduce body weight , body fat , and blood TAG and LDL-C levels in overweight hypertriacylglycerolemic Chinese subjects but may not induce these changes in normal or obese hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects We investigated the effect of long-term ingestion of dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols ( MCT ) on body weight and fat in humans . Using a double-blind , controlled protocol , we assessed the potential health benefits of MCT compared with long-chain triacylglycerols ( LCT ) in 78 healthy men and women [ body mass index ( BMI ) > or = 23 kg/m(2 ) : n = 26 ( MCT ) , n = 30 ( LCT ) ; BMI < 23 kg/m(2 ) : n = 15 ( MCT ) , n = 7 ( LCT ) ] . Changes in anthropometric variables , body weight and body fat during the 12-wk MCT treatment period were compared with those in subjects consuming the LCT diet . The subjects were asked to consume 9218 kJ/d and 60 g/d of total fat . The energy , fat , protein and carbohydrate intakes did not differ significantly between the groups . Body weight and body fat in both groups had decreased by wk 4 , 8 and 12 of the study . However , in the subjects with BMI > or = 23 kg/m(2 ) , the extent of the decrease in body weight was significantly greater in the MCT group than in the LCT group . In subjects with BMI > or = 23 kg/m(2 ) , the loss of body fat in the MCT group ( -3.86 + /- 0.3 kg ) was significantly greater than that in the LCT group ( -2.75 + /- 0.2 kg ) at 8 wk . In addition , in subjects with BMI > or = 23 kg/m(2 ) , the decrease in the area of subcutaneous fat in the MCT group was significantly greater than that in the LCT group at wk 4 , 8 and 12 . These results suggest that the MCT diet may reduce body weight and fat in individuals ( BMI > or = 23 kg/m(2 ) ) more than the LCT diet 
    Output:
    