human
The task is to decide the Hallmarks of Cancer (HOC) taxonomy of the article based on its abstract. The input is an abstract text. There are 10 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. Topics: sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, genomic instability and mutation, tumor promoting inflammation, cellular energetics, avoiding immune destruction. The output should be topics from the above 10 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics.
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    INPUT: Ovarian steroids are one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer . Sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG ) binds and transports sex steroids in the blood , regulating their bioavailable fraction and access to target cells . It can also inhibit the estradiol-induced proliferation of breast cancer cells through its membrane receptor . Three coding-region polymorphisms , which lead to an amino acid change , have been reported . We studied the influence of these three polymorphisms on breast cancer risk in three different populations : Polish familial breast cancer cases , 27% of them carrying a BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation , Nordic familial and sporadic breast cancer cases . The reported G to A polymorphism in exon 1 was not found in the 423 analyzed samples . Instead , we found a C to T transition causing an arg to cys amino acid change within the same codon in one Polish breast cancer patient and her daughter . Both of them were heterozygotes for the exon 8 G to A polymorphism as well . They were diagnosed for bilateral breast cancer and carried a BRCA1 mutation ( 5382insC ) . Analysis of the tumor samples showed that they had lost the wild-type allele both at exons 1 and 8 of the SHBG gene . Analysis of the other Polish samples showed no correlation of the exon 8 polymorphism to breast cancer , bilateral breast cancer , BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations or age at diagnosis . No association of the exon 8 polymorphism with breast cancer in the Nordic familial or sporadic cases was found . The C to T polymorphism located in exon 4 was rare in all the studied populations ( overall allele frequency 0.011 ) . However , in each of the study populations there was a trend for a lower variant allele frequency in cancer cases than in controls . Variant allele frequency in all the breast cancer cases was significantly lower than in all the controls ( chi(2) = 5.27 , P-value 0.02 ; odds ratio = 0.23 , 95% confidence interval 0.05-0.84 ) .
    OUTPUT:

agent
genomic instability and mutation
The task is to decide the Hallmarks of Cancer (HOC) taxonomy of the article based on its abstract. The input is an abstract text. There are 10 topics you will need to decide whether the article is related to. Topics: sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, genomic instability and mutation, tumor promoting inflammation, cellular energetics, avoiding immune destruction. The output should be topics from the above 10 topics, that are related to the input article. Please note one article can be related to multiple topics. Output format: provide a semicolon-separated list of relevant topics.
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    INPUT: Ovarian steroids are one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer . Sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG ) binds and transports sex steroids in the blood , regulating their bioavailable fraction and access to target cells . It can also inhibit the estradiol-induced proliferation of breast cancer cells through its membrane receptor . Three coding-region polymorphisms , which lead to an amino acid change , have been reported . We studied the influence of these three polymorphisms on breast cancer risk in three different populations : Polish familial breast cancer cases , 27% of them carrying a BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation , Nordic familial and sporadic breast cancer cases . The reported G to A polymorphism in exon 1 was not found in the 423 analyzed samples . Instead , we found a C to T transition causing an arg to cys amino acid change within the same codon in one Polish breast cancer patient and her daughter . Both of them were heterozygotes for the exon 8 G to A polymorphism as well . They were diagnosed for bilateral breast cancer and carried a BRCA1 mutation ( 5382insC ) . Analysis of the tumor samples showed that they had lost the wild-type allele both at exons 1 and 8 of the SHBG gene . Analysis of the other Polish samples showed no correlation of the exon 8 polymorphism to breast cancer , bilateral breast cancer , BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations or age at diagnosis . No association of the exon 8 polymorphism with breast cancer in the Nordic familial or sporadic cases was found . The C to T polymorphism located in exon 4 was rare in all the studied populations ( overall allele frequency 0.011 ) . However , in each of the study populations there was a trend for a lower variant allele frequency in cancer cases than in controls . Variant allele frequency in all the breast cancer cases was significantly lower than in all the controls ( chi(2) = 5.27 , P-value 0.02 ; odds ratio = 0.23 , 95% confidence interval 0.05-0.84 ) .
    OUTPUT:
