***TASK***
the task is to simplify the input abstract of a biomedical literature

***INPUT***
the input is the abstract of a biomedical literature

***OUTPUT***
the output is the simplified abstract for the input abstract of a biomedical literature

***DOCUMENTATION***

***EXAMPLES***

Input: We included 12 studies with a total of 1121 women. Ten studies enrolled healthy nulliparous women only and two studies enrolled healthy parous women at term as well. All studies excluded women with complicated pregnancies. There were variations in the technique of initiation of epidural analgesia. Seven studies utilized the combined spinal epidural (CSE) technique, and the other five studies only placed an epidural catheter without any intrathecal injection. Seven studies utilized ropivacaine: six with fentanyl and one with sufentanil. Two studies used levobupivacaine: one with sufentanil and one with fentanyl. Three used bupivacaine with or without fentanyl. The overall risk of bias of the studies was low. AMB probably reduces the risk of breakthrough pain compared with BI for maintaining epidural analgesia for labour (from 33% to 20%; risk ratio (RR) 0.60; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39 to 0.92, 10 studies, 797 women, moderate-certainty evidence). AMB may make little or no difference to the risk of caesarean delivery compared to BI (15% and 16% respectively; RR 0.92; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.21, 11 studies, 1079 women, low-certainty evidence). AMB may make little or no difference in the risk of instrumental delivery compared to BI (12% and 9% respectively; RR 0.75; 95% CI 0.54 to 1.06, 11 studies, 1079 women, low-certainty evidence). There is probably little or no difference in the mean duration of labour with AMB compared to BI (mean difference (MD) −10.38 min; 95% CI −26.73 to 5.96, 11 studies, 1079 women, moderate-certainty evidence). There is probably a reduction in the hourly consumption of local anaesthetic with AMB compared to BI for maintaining epidural analgesia during labour (MD −1.08 mg/h; 95% CI −1.78 to −0.38, 12 studies, 1121 women, moderate-certainty evidence). Five out of seven studies reported an increase in maternal satisfaction with AMB compared to BI for maintaining epidural analgesia for labour; however, we did not pool these data due to their ordinal nature. Seven studies reported Apgar scores, though there was significant heterogeneity in reporting. None of the studies showed any significant difference between Apgar scores between groups. There is predominantly moderate-certainty evidence that AMB is similar to BI for maintaining epidural analgesia for labour for all measured outcomes and may have the benefit of decreasing the risk of breakthrough pain and improving maternal satisfaction while decreasing the amount of local anaesthetic needed.
Output:

The evidence is current to January 2018. We found 12 studies involving 1121 women with uncomplicated pregnancies. We did not specifically assess the impact of the funding sources on the studies. The people taking part in the trials we looked for (known as randomized controlled trials) are randomly assigned to either the group receiving the treatment under investigation or to a group receiving standard treatment as the control. This is to reduce any bias that either the investigators or the participants of the trial may have. We found that automated mandatory bolus decreases the risk of breakthrough pain (pain requiring medical intervention from an anaesthesiologist) compared with basal infusion during childbirth. It does this without increasing the risk of a caesarean section; the risk of instrumental delivery (whether the obstetrician intervenes to assist delivery using an obstetric forceps or vacuum device); or the duration of childbirth. It may also reduce the dose of medication required on a per hourly basis. In addition, five of seven studies found that mothers preferred the automated mandatory bolus over basal infusion. The evidence was of moderate-certainty for all the outcomes we measured, with the exception of the risk of caesarean delivery and risk of instrumental delivery, which had only low-certainty evidence.