A STUDY ON CODE SWITCHING USED BY MALINAU STUDENTS IN LAMONGAN

Language is foremost a means of communication used by people to convey their ideas and feelings to others when they talk directly or indirectly. Current phenomenon is common in society the code switching used by individuals who live in a bilingual or multilingual community in which the code switching can occur. The researcher chooses one of Malinau students in Lamongan. Her name is "Siti Bakhiatus Sholikhah" Faculty of Fisheries, Lamongan Islamic University, on eighth semester. The purpose of this study is to find out the types of code switching and find out the functions of code switching used by Malinau Student in Lamongan. This study examines the types of code switching that occurred during the conversations used by Malinau Students in Lamongan. The research design of this study is using qualitative descriptive method. The collection technique of the data is from of recording and chatting in social media : like a WhatsApp and Facebook from “Lika’s” talks. The data analysis techniques used found that are preparing, reading and undesrtanding, coding and classifying, interpreting and drawing te conclusion. From this data found the types and functions of code switching are analyzed by using the theory of Poplack’s and Apple and Muysken. From the results of analysis, three types of code switching (tag switching, inter-sentential switching and intra-sentential switching) and four functions of code switching are (referential function of code switching, directive function of code switching, expressive function of code switching and metalinguistic function of code switching).


INTRODUCTION
Sociolinguistics is a study of the relationship between language and society. It has 3 functions, there are a language, community, and relationships of language. Language is the ability of humans to communicate with other humans using signs, such as words and movements or some instruments for interacting and communicating, in the sense of instrument how people to express, thoughts, ideas, concepts or feelings.
According to Stockwell (2002) sociolinguistics must be familiar with a code. A code is a symbol of nationalism that is used by people to speak or communicate in a particular language a dialect a register, an accent or a style on different occasions and for different purposes a code is divided into code mixing and code switching.
Code switching or (transfer language) an alternative to have a conversation with two different languages, where the current code switching to be a widespread phenomenon in a foreign language teaching. However, code switching there are speakers, listeners, syllabic changes, or formal and informal situation to change of the topic.
Malinau which is part of the new province of the North Kalimantan, is originally of Tidungnese and Dayaknese community. Mentioning the named of Malinau comes from the Dutch people who live in the area and they asked one of the most people in the dialogue with a group of Abai tribe who made of sago from sugar palm. Then the Dutch asked: "What is the name of this river?" That is the river in their village. The people who got the question did not understand. They only suspect the intent of the Dutch question, they do or what they do. Then one of them replied: "Mal Inau dako", which means is processing or cooking palm sago / palm sugar. Mal means making, while Inau means enau tree / aren. The Dutch asked him to record it. So the name of Malinau was born by the accident.
Malinau has a type of language, the words are "bah" or "kah" is there an Indonesian accent mixed with the dialogue people in Malinau. Now, in Indonesian language, especially in Malinau, Many factors which influenced the people mix the code, such as their background as like education, culture, social. People speak based on where they came from and their environment. When people are in conversation they use the language that they have, generally people often use more than one language.
The phenomenon using of code switching in the individual who lived in bilingual and multilingual community. It is very common that people develop some knowledge and ability in a second language and so become bilingual. The simplest definition of a bilingual is a person who has some functional ability in a second language.
Malinau Students in Lamongan can be categorized just a few. The researcher chooses on one of figures who often expose the use of code switching in her utterance namely "Siti Bakhiatus Sholikhah" but in this case the researcher wants to discuss how to adapt of Malinau students in Lamongan with the dialogue and accent when they spend of some speech with other people. Example, using the Javanese language, Indonesian or Malinau language used by daily of her spoken.
In this study, the reason why the researcher chooses the title, because the researcher want to know about Malinau language and the type of the dialect in Malinau. So, the readers know how the culture and linguistic differences that spreads in Indonesia through students who immigrate from one place to another.

Sociolinguistics
According to Holmes (1972:2), ssociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. Social humans beings who cannot live alone but always interact with each other. For this purpose, human life uses a language as a communication in the community. This formation can prove that the language in the world that has unique characteristics by socially relevant factors, such as class, profession, age or gender. People use all these connections when they try to analyze language from a social perspective.
According to Trudgill (1992:13), bilingualism is the ability of an individual to speak two or more languages. Sociolinguiststics agree that bilingualism is so widespread in the world that there are probably more people in the world who are bilingual, at least in the second sense of the term, and then there are monolinguals. Many sociolinguistics use the term "bilingualism" to refer to individuals, even if they are trilingual and reserve the term multilingualism for nation or societies, even if only two languages are involved. Other experts give a definition of bilingualism as follows : 1. He can produce meaningful sentences in L2 (Haugen, 1969). 2. He can engage in communication in more than one language (Fishman 1968). 3. He speaks only one language, but uses different language varieties, register and style of that language (Holliday and Strevens,1964). According to Hoffman (2008), multilingualism describes the ability to speak more than two languages and comes about when speakers of different languages are brought together within the same political entity. Although there is barely a difference towards the concept of bilingualism, multilingualism remains a topic worth mentioning since many parts of the world. This phenomenon has become an indisputable fact of life. The fact that speakers select different languages or varieties for use in different situations shows that not all languages / varieties are equal or regarded as equally appropriate or adequate for use in all speech events.
Bilingualism and multilingualism have both the factor existences and important places in the psychological, political, and social debates that define social and ethnic groups, communities, and regions. Very widespread phenomena, they arise for a number of well understood reasons, in the main, however, they are also quite unremarkable phenomena, fueled by necessity up to, but rarely beyond, appropriately useful levels of competence.

Definition of Code
According to Wardhaugh (1986: 3), a code is a system of communication that people employ when two or more of them communicate with each other in speech. He adds that in most cases code will be something we may want to call a language. In many parts of the world, it is just a normal requirement in daily living that people speak several languages, perhaps one or more at home, another in the village, still another for purposes of trade, and yet another for contact with the outside world of wider social or political organization.

Code Switching
Code switching is decided to switch from one code to another or to mix codes even within sometimes very short utterances and thereby create a new code (Wardhaugh,1997:103).
From the definition above, it is that learned about code switching utterance in one language to mix with another language found in the bilingual or multilingual speech. People, then, are usually required to select a particular code whenever they choose to speak.

Code Mixing
According to Kachru (1978:28), code mixing uses this concept to refer to the use of one or more languages for consistent transfer of linguistic units from one language into another and by such a language mixture developing a new restricted or not restricted code of linguistic interaction. From the definition above, code mixing is a language unit from one language to another to extend the style of the language or the variety of languages. Included is the use of words, clauses, idioms, greetings, etc.

Differences of Code Switching and Code Mixing
The differences between code switching and code mixing there are code switching is a code overrides occur to suit the roles in the topics covered and the specific goals. While, code mixing can occur without any discussion topic in a language situation requiring of some mixed of language. But, it can be the factual factors, habits or the things.

Types of Code Switching
This section presents the general classification of code switching from some linguist as a follow, Code switching can be classified into three types: tag-switching, inter-sentential switching and intrasentential switching by Poplack (1980) as citied in Romaine (1995:122-123). This division is based on the scope of switching or the nature of the juncture in which the language alternation takes place: 1. Tag Code Switching Tag code switching is a tag from one language into an utterance which is entirely in the other language. Tag code switching is a subject to minimal syntactic, therefore tags may be easily inserted at a number of points in a monolingual utterance without violating syntactic rules.

Inter-sentential Code Switching
Inter-Setential Code Switching is a requires speaker to have greater fluency in both languages. Say of merely to have an ability to tag-switch, because the major portion of the utterance has to conform to the rules of both languages.

Intra-Sentential Code Switching
Intra-Setential Code Switching of language is that alternation occurs within a sentence or a clause boundary. Sometimes it includes mixing within word boundaries, because this type of code switching involves the greatest syntactic risk.

The Function Of Code Switching
The function of code switching based on the theories proposed by Gumperz and associates, Poplack, and, Scotton (in Apple and Muysken, 1987:118-120) summarize four of six the function of code switching, will be presented one by one according to each function of code switching : 1. Referential Function of Code Switching The referential function of code switching refers to this function occurs when there is a lack of knowledge of one language on certain subjects. In this certain subject, perhaps more appropriately discussed in one language and the introduction of such a subject it can lead to a switch.

Directive Function of Code Switching
The Directive function of code switching can involve the hearer directly. A very simple example was also given by Apple and Muysken. Many parents try to speak a foreign language when they do not want their children to understand what is being said.

Expressive Function of Code Switching
The expressive function It shows that the speakers emphasizes a mixed identify through the use of two languages in the same discourse. In this study, for example the conversation full of code switching is a mode of speech by itself, and individual switches no longer have a discourse function. This function may not be present in all code switching communities.

Metalinguistics Function of Code Switching
The metalinguistics function of code switching comes into play when it is used to comment directly on the languages involved. An example is when speakers switch between different codes to impress the other participants with a show of linguistic skills (Scotton, 1979;in Appel and Muysken, 1987:120).
From the review of literature above, we can see the phenomenon of code switching is closely related to language and society, bilingualism and multilingualism, code, type of code switching and the function of code switching. Therefore, this research shows that the references of language and society can also explain the phenomenon of code switching used by Malinau students in Lamongan.
Moreover, after discussing some theories which are related to code switching the researcher used code switching proposed by Poplack (1980) as citied in Romaine (1995:122-123) and Gumperz and associates, Poplack, and, Scotton (in Apple and Muysken, 1987:118-120) based on the type of code switching or the nature of the juncture in which the language alternation take place, there are tag code switching, intersentential code switching, intra-sentential code switching and the function are referential, directive, expressive and metalinguistics function of code switching.

Malinau Students of Code Switching Phenomena
Malinau Students are the Students from the Malinau, North Kalimantan They have to learn about some purposed to studying in Lamongan. Therefore, why the researcher collects the data about something different language and culture in Lamongan behind the students from Malinau.
The purpose for learning of code switching is how they can find out to something mixed of the languages between Malinau language and Javanese or Indonesian language owned by Malinau Students in Lamongan.
"Siti Bakhiatus Sholikhah" was born in Balikpapan, December 24, 1996. She's from Lamongan but She's already staying in Kalimantan. His family from the real Javanese. His father from Turi Lamongan and his mother from Plosowahyu Lamongan. She is also to adapt and learning for the Language in Lamongan such as, Javanese or Indonesian language than his meeting with his friends to understand what they're told. This research focused on the types and function of Code Switching used by Malinau Students in Lamongan.

METHOD
This research is classified as descriptive qualitative method. The reseacher took "SITI BAKHIATUS SHOLIKHAH" or "Lika's" she is Malinau student of eighth semester in Lamongan Islamic University as an object, while the subject of this research is about the code switching used by Malinau student. In this sentence can found in Malinau students on their naturalness spoken in Lamongan. However, the data can be sourced from social media (WhatsApp and Facebook) or recording by mobile phone when she was talking with her friends in Lamongan to classify the type of code switching and the function of code switching.
The researcher intended to describe the data obtained, as they were found in the field. After collecting the data, the researcher took the next step that is analyzing the data. The method of analyzing data that are used in this research related to Creswell's theories by doing following steps (Creswell, 2009:183): 1. Preparing the Data for Analysis This involved transcribing chatting and recording of conversation in the sentences of code switching used by Malinau students in Lamongan.

Reading and Understanding all the Data
This step was to obtain a general sense of the information and to reflect on its overall meaning. 3. Classifying all the Data.
The researcher started to classify the data one by one when all the switched expression in Malinau students used of code switching sentences in Lamongan. Has been marked by the analysis framework as presented: -Appendix 1 : type of code switching (tag-code switching). -Appendix 2 : type of code switching (inter-sentential code switching). -Appendix 3 : type of code switching (intra-sentential code switching). This step was to answer the research problem numbers one and two. The researcher classified the data that had been 62 marked based on the three types of code switching and the function using it. 4. Making an Interpretation or Meaning of the Data. After the classification was done, systematically the researcher describing the type types of code switching and the function of code switching Used by Malinau students in Lamongan.

Drawing Conclusions
The writer concluded about code switching that mostly occurs the types of code switching used by Malinau students in Lamongan and will conclude which function of code switching used by Malinau students in Lamongan. E-Link Journal Vol. 7 No. 1 (2020) p-ISSN: 2085-1383e-ISSN: 2621-4156

Types of Code switching Used by Malinau Students in Lamongan
The Analysis of The Type of Code Switching The analysis of types of code switching based on the theory proposed by Poplack (1980) as citied in Romaine (1995:122-123). In the daily communications, sometimes Malinau students switched of the language from Malinau into Indonesian or Javanese or from English into Malinau dialect. The Code Switching which occurs among them falls into varieties of type. The types of Code Switching can be classified as follows:

Tag Code Switching
Tag code switching is called tag switching when an utterance by a tag exclamation, or a parenthetical or entirely different language. Generally, tag switching is used to emphasize something or express some kind of feeling as a sudden surprise. Tag code switching can be shown as follows as seen in data 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6: Data 1 [1] Lika : kamu sibuk kah hari ini nah?
Ujie In the data (2), (3) English tag expression about ujie said that is for lazy expression "malas aku balik nah" and lika's answer "ndak kangen kah kalau balik" that is the missing expression to give for Ujie's. In the data (4) and (5) English tag give expression of Lika's said "ndak ngasih tau" there is apart of dissapointed expression for lika's to his friends. And "aku pun mendadak mau perginya kasihan" his friends give the sadness expression to Lika's.
In the data (9) English tag "Bosan" with Malinau sentence "aku bah cill ndak pernah jalan" give the expression about the lazy time.
[6] Lika : Tutii, ini aku bs, tutii tau kah tempat pembuatan amplang? Tuti : ada sih yang aku, tapi ngak tau masih buat atau tidak. In the data (10), (11) and (12) English tag gives the expression about "makasih" with Indonesia sentence that is grateful expression to give the person. In tag code switching the speakers often take place in exclamination. When the speakers express her emotional she/he will feel for sadness, happiness, and disappointed expression can give the person. 2. Inter -Sentential Code Switching.
Inter-sentential code switching occurs between a clause or sentence boundary where each clause or sentence is in one language or the other. The Inter -Sentential Code Switching can be shown as follows at seen in data 7, 8,9,10,11,12,13,14 and 15 : In the data (13), (14) and (15) code switching occurs within in sentence, this sentence has been happened because there is switching from Javanese into Indonesian to self regional dialect or Indonesian to Javanese language.
Intra-sentential switching occurs within a clause or sentence boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one language or another. The Intra -Sentential Code Switching can be shown as follows at seen in data 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22: [15] Data 3 The picture was taken by April, 26 nd 2018 at 08:00 [16] Boled godongan : "up" aja deh ga tau aku." (33) Lika : ndutttt. In data (33) and (34) in the sentence above, the sentence starts in English "up" and followed by the Malinau phrase "aja deh ga tau aku." And the switch back to the base langauge "tak tunggu. Okkeh. "Urgent" nah" the meaning of code switching here is "up" is atas and "urgent" is penting.

Referential Function of Code Switching
This function occurs when there is lack of knowledge of one language on certain subject by Gumperz and associates, Poplack, and, Scotton (in Apple and Muysken, 1987:118-120) that is four of the six functions of code swtiching. In addition, a specific word from one of the languages involved may be semantically more appropriate for a given concept. Here is the example of the code switching: 1) "up" aja deh ga tau aku." DATA 3 (32) 2) "tak tunggu. Okkeh. "Urgent" nah" Data 3 (33) 3) "coba "chat" aku, terus hapus." Data 3 (34) 4) "lihat aja di 'youtube', qorib minie swaya." Data 3 (35) 5) "jaringan "internet" ku radakradak." Data 3 (37) The data above can be classified as referential function, because the occurance code switching in data above is that it is more appropriate and also suitable for the speaker to discuss the topic using the English word "Up", "Urgent", "chat", "youtube", and "internet". In Indonesian, this word has to be explained with short explanation to gett some information in English word.

Expressive Function of Code Switching
It shows that the speakers emphasize a mixed identify through the use of two languages in the same course. This function of code switching here is the example: 1) "hemmmm, langsung balik deh,, tapi kan enak ndek kene dek. Wohhh enek urusan toh." DATA 2 (26) 2) Udah pindah rumah kah nah?
"Nahhhhhhh?" DATA 1 (7) The use of code switching in the data above indicated a change in expressive sentence of the conversation and the main function is highlight the information that has been conveyed.

CONCLUSION
Based on the data analysis, the researcher found three types of code switching. They are Tag Code Switching, Inter-Setential Code Switching and Intra-Setential Code Switching.
In this data, it is also analysis of Malinau student speakers occurring from the sentences in Lamongan. From the data, it is found types by Poplack (1980) as citied in Romaine (1995:122-123) and the functions of code switching by Gumperz and associates, Poplack, and, Scotton (in Apple and Muysken, 1987:118-120) which are referential, directive, expressive and metalinguistics. From this finding, the researcher can conclude that Malinau Students used almost the types and functions of Code Switching in Indonesia, Javanese, English and Malinau sentences in Lamongan.
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the phenomenon of Code Switching used by Malinau students in Lamongan. After doing this research, the researcher found some conclusions as follows; 1. The types of code switching found are three types, that is, tag code switching, inter-setential code switching and intra setential code switching. Malinau student can be changed in the language in Lamongan when they are talking to another person. In Code Switching there are several forms of redirects such as entering different word and dialect forms of languages such as (English) and (Javanese), as for basic languages (Bahasa Indonesia) and (Bahasa Malinau). Factor of code switching, based on changes on the topic and the current situation, the speakers and opponents of speech and changes from formal to informal situation. So, the researcher make sure that the Malinau students in Lamongan are correct in Code Switching when she is talking to another person. 2. The functions of code switching revealed are four. They are {referential function of code switching, directive function of code switching, expressive function of code switching and metalinguistics function of code switching). From some of these descriptions it can be concluded that the types and the functions of the code switching have a role in the language changes that occurred between Malinau students and the friends said to be viewed from the existing assertion in Chapter IV.