Functions of Tembang Dolanan as Educational Media

This study discusses the functions of Tembang Dolanan as educational media. Tembang Dolanan contains various values with both explicit and implied meanings covering moral values to develop children's noble characters. Pannen mentioned that art rooted in local tradition and culture is a crucial factor in developing the nation's characters and developing innovative and creative individuals. Based on this statement, Tembang Dolanan is likely appropriate to be inserted in education as it is one of the local traditions. Tembang Dolanan does not only function as common children songs played by the children during playing with their peers, or just for entertainment, but it affected children's attitudes and mindsets. The effects were found in its lyrics. The educational values contained in the song lyrics are expected to stimulate children to develop their good attitude and personality, to be diligent, humble, respecting each other, respecting older people, polite, and praise togetherness and conformity in social life. Therefore, Tembang Dolanan has crucial functions in education.


Introduction
Humans are cultural creatures, meaning humans live in a cultural environment full of symbols of the conditions of meaning, where the meaning can be understood and lived by the people. As explained Herusatoto that human culture is full of symbolism, namely understanding that follows patterns that base themselves on symbols (1984: 29). As cultural beings, humans can create symbols and use them as a means of communication. This means that humans can make, use, and understand or grasp the meaning of a symbol. Culture is so important to humans so that culture is always sought to be known to the nation's next-generation through education.
One form of culture is art. Art as an educational medium can be interpreted that art becomes a form or system that is used as a tool or means to achieve an educational goal. In other words, art education is education through art. Education through art can develop the ability to think and taste harmoniously and can stimulate children's overall mental growth (Triyanto, 2014: 35-37).
Art as an educational medium has various branches, one of which is literary art. Literature developed in Indonesia (both traditional and modern contexts) is the result of the thought and processing of the people so that it can be said that literary art is a product of human culture. Rokhmansyah mentioned that literature as a product of human culture contains values of life and applies in society (2014: 2). The values contained in the literature are a reflection of the outlook on life or the teachings of life in the community itself. Literature is produced from the processing of the soul of its author through a long process of reflection. So that literature is considered capable of conveying knowledge to readers or interested persons regarding good and bad moral knowledge in society.
Tembang includes literary art in the form of Javanese poetry which is transformed into beautiful musical rhythms. Nurgiyantoro (2005: 103) explains that poetry or song poetry is the same as poetry. So the song can also be called poetry that contains the element of beauty, which is achieved through the form of language. Dolanan song is a form of folklore that consists of words and songs that are circulated orally among traditional people. Folklore itself is a collective tradition of a nation that is spread in the form of verbal and gestur, so that it continues to be continuous from generation to generation (Dananjaja, 1986: 1). It was stated in the Higher Education Long Term Strategy 2003-2010 that art which is rooted in local traditions and culture, is a critical factor in the development of national character, as well as the development of creative and innovative individuals (Pannen, 2004: 2). With that statement, the Dolanan song is very likely to be applied as an educational medium, because the Dolanan song is also a form of local traditional culture. Then how can Dolanan song be one of the media in education?
In the journal, Kejawen explained that song Dolanan contains a moral message to the community. The intended moral message is like a positive education about politeness, heroism, religion, and other moral messages. At a glance, the Dolanan song appears only to be sung while playing, but if examined deeper, the Dolanan song contains a good moral message for the formation of children's character. Many children's songs are believed to be able to deliver the growth of the soul and mind of the child after adulthood.

Discussion
Dolanan song is a branch of art that lives and develops in the scope of Javanese culture (Widodo, 2013: 1). Dolanan song is also called Javanese poetry or geguritan because of the nature of the song to be read, experienced, and lived together. Dolanan song is also one type of Javanese traditional song that does not have gatra rules (number of lines per stanza), guru lagu (rhymes/vowels at the end of each line), and guru wilangan (number of syllables in each line). As for the rules in Dolanan song that is as stated by Sarwono, et al (1995: 19), that the rules for Dolanan song are simple language, simple crooked, has unlimited lines, and contains things that are following the situation of children.
Dolanan song in its application or practice has the impression of freedom. The musical taste that arises tends to be rhythmic. Rhythm as a rhythm-forming song adjusts the level of the rhythm of the song being sung. Also, the rhythm aspect is more prominent than the song melody aspect, because the melody of the song sung matches the memories and desires of each child. One of the causes is due to the inheritance of the song of Dolanan by word of mouth verbally, so that in its journey there are many changes from the melodic side of the song poetry. Because Dolanan song is a tradition of oral culture that is hereditary, most of the Dolanan song is the unknown creator or author (or commonly called anonymous).
In the past, Dolanan songs were sung by children when they were going to sleep, or sung by parents who wanted to convey a message to their children through song media. Besides, also to play and sing together. Dolanan song is identical to children, therefore the song is not difficult so it is easy to be understood and sung by every child. Although the function of the Dolanan song is identical as a means of entertainment and games, on the other hand the Dolanan song also contains social messages and moral messages that are useful for children's development.

Educational Aspect in Tembang Dolanan
Children's puppet song as a form of traditional art culture that comes from the people is believed to stimulate the development of the right and left brain in a balanced way, and also affects the refinement of character. Dolanan songs are sung in a relaxed, relaxed, and pleasant atmosphere and atmosphere so that the response of the subconscious brain can easily accept the words of a song sung. As Padminingsih explained the Dolanan song besides having harmonization of language or choice of words is very beautiful and illustrates the noble values of Javanese culture that can be reached by the minds of the listeners, including children (2012: 1). This is also reinforced by Mitchel's opinion that language games, for example, obtained through means of alliteration, assonance, rhyme, and rhythm, will make children happy, feel good, eliminate anxiety, and foster self-awareness for learning (Waryanti, 2017: 34 ).
According to Riyadi (in Djaka Lodang, 1989) Dolanan song has a didactic and social nature. Didactic means that the song Dolanan through its poetry contains elements of education, both implicit and explicit, as well as with various parables and analogies. Waryanti also explained that the song of Dolanan has many values that contain implied meaning, which contains important moral messages as forming a good character for the nation's children. The meaning and message meant among others are moral messages to children to have an attitude of togetherness and harmony in dealing with others. Not lazy or arrogant, getting along well with others, and happy to help others (2017: 34). Furthermore, Dolanan song is social, meaning that Dolanan song has the potential to establish social relationships and foster social traits. Social characteristics can be found in the song of Dolanan associated with children's games.
In the previous discussion, it was explained about the distribution of Dolanan songs based on themes, then in this discussion, the distribution was based on the contents of poetry or lyrics of Dolanan songs. Based on its contents, song Dolanan is grouped into three namely:  Dolanan songs whose contents are loaded with knowledge. Dolanan song poetry contains insights and knowledge about animals, plants, life, and natural surroundings.  Dolanan song containing contents of educational values (ethics, character, advice, honesty, sportsmanship, respect for others, etc.). The content of poetry is more about the cultivation of attitude because song poetry contains advice about goodness and things that should be done and not done. The advice contained in poetry includes teaching children to be polite to older people, honesty, mutual assistance, not lazing, discipline, etc.  Dolanan songs are attached to the game. In this group, the song is played while playing the game Dolanan. Here below are a few examples of song songs based on poetry containing knowledge, educational values, and games.

Example of Tembang Dolanan containing educational aspect:
"GAJAH" Elephants, Elephants, I tell you Eyes like flying termite, double ivory, wide ears It also has a long nose The tail is small, always moving right and left Feet is like bamboo, let alone the way migak-miguk

Analysis of the song:
Song poetry of elephants contains knowledge about the physical form of elephant animals, from the shape of the eyes, ivory, ears, proboscis, tail, legs, and how to walk. This knowledge is good for children in animal recognition. The choice of language used is also very easy to understand, it does not use ancient Javanese or figurative language, so this song can be learned from an early age.

"MENTHOG-MENTHOG"
Menthog-menthog, tak kandhani, mung lakumu angisin-isini lha mbok ojo ndeprok ono kandhang wae enak-enak ngorok, ora nyambut gawe menthog-menthog mung lakumu megal megol gawe guyu Duty as students. Permission may not be frequent Unless it is unwell, it unwell No pretense. When you get better, go back to school Don't skip class. Become more stupid Do not know anything, like a buffalo The choice of language in the Cublak-Cublak Suweng song uses figurative language. This means that in finding meaning or message contained in the poem must peel one by one from each verse of the poem. The message contained in this song is in the form of advice that property is not something that can then make humans happy, but is in the conscience of each of us.

Conclusion
Based on the description in the previous discussion, it can be concluded that apart from being a medium of entertainment and games, the song of Dolanan can also be used as a medium to deliver lessons through song poetry, as an effective medium of social communication, play a role in personal formation or mental attitude of the child in harmony, and can develop children's creative and innovative potential. Dolanan song poetry contains knowledge (animals, plants, the natural environment) and the value of moral education (ethics, manners, honesty, discipline, sportsmanship, and other moral values). And basically, every Dolanan song poetry contains advice either implicitly or explicitly.
Dolanan songs can be learned in the family environment, depending on parents' awareness and knowledge of Dolanan songs. But it will be more effective if Dolanan song can be taught in formal education institutions. The teaching of Dolanan as an educational medium should be more intensified in teaching since the level of Early Childhood Education and Kindergarten.