Literation Skill To Improve Higher-Order Thinking Skills In Elementary School Students

Higher-order thinking skill is closely related to literacy skills. However, data from PIRLS 2011 states that the reading ability of elementary school students in Indonesia is relatively low because it is ranked 42 out of 45 countries. Data from PISA 2018, Indonesia ranked 74 out of 76 countries. Though literacy skill influences mindset. The purpose of this study is to explain: a) the basic concepts of literacy, b) the basic concepts of High Order Thinking Skills, and c) the literacy skill to improve high order thinking skills in elementary school students. The approach used in this study is qualitative. The research method used is content analysis. The data sources are journals and books related to literacy and high order thinking skills. The results of this study are: first, literacy is the ability to interpret information critically and can convey knowledge to others accurately. Second, higher-order thinking skills is the process of thinking students at a higher level of knowledge from various cognitive concepts such as analysis, synthesis, evaluation, and creation. Third, literacy skills improve higher-order thinking. The strategies used by schools include conditioning literacy-friendly physical environments, seeking social and affective situations as literate models of communication and interaction, and striving schools as a literate academic environments.


INTRODUCTION
In the Millennium Era and the Industrial Revolution 4.0, students must be able to think critically, creatively, analytically, and solve problems. According to Cahyana, critical thinking is a clear and directed process that is used in mental activities. The type of this mental activities such as solving problems, making decisions, persuading, analyzing assumptions, and conducting scientific research. 1 This statement was confirmed by the report of Muhadjir Effendi, Minister of Education in 2016-2019, who said that the first thing a person will do in action is thinking. 2 32│ AL-BIDAYAH, Volume XII, Number 1, June 2020 One of the higher-order thinking skills is critical thinking competency. 3 The higher-order thinking skills process is closely related to literacy skills. 4 This statement is also relevant to Dinni's research conclusions. Dinni said that mathematics literacy skills and higher-order thinking skills were concerned not only to the ability to count alone, but also literacy to apply mathematics in daily life to solve problems. Mathematical literacy skills are also related to communication skills. 5 Thus the literacy and HOTS activities are essential to build student's critical thinking skills.
The data from PIRLS in 2011 showed the Indonesia position in ranked 42 out of 45 countries. Indonesia score of 428 from an average rating of 500. Meanwhile, the reading literacy test in PISA 2009 showed Indonesian students ranked 57th with a score of 402 (average score OECD 493). In 2016, the Indonesian National Assessment Program (INAP) or Assessment Kompetensi Siswa Indonesia (AKSI) tested the reading, mathematics, and science skills of fourth-grade elementary school students. Specifically, in reading, the results are 46.83% in the poor category, 47.11% in the moderate group, and only 6.06% in the good category. 6 The data from PISA in 2018 showed Indonesia is ranked 74 out of 76 countries. 7 From these data, the reading ability of elementary school students in Indonesia is quite low.
Many studies show that literacy skills can improve HOTS, as has been done by Asih Asiati, who stated that reading comprehension skills and high-level thinking skills contribute to scientific literacy skills together in Biology teachers in Bekasi. 8  methods, as well as the ability to think critically about scientific literacy. 9 In previous studies, no one has specifically examined the relationship between literacy skills in increasing HOTS in elementary school students. In this study, the author explains, first, the basic concepts of literacy; second, the basic concepts of Higher-Order Thinking Skills; and third, the analysis of the relationship of literacy to improve high-level thinking skills in elementary school students.

RESEARCH METHODS
The approach used in this study is qualitative. The research method used is content analysis. Content analysis is a study that combines original research, systematic, planned, retrospective observation, and formal statistical analysis. The data sources in this article are journals and books related to literacy and high order thinking skills, which are

Basic Concepts of Literacy
In terms, the word "literacy" comes from the Latin literature (littera), which is equivalent to the word letter in English that refers to the meaning of "reading and writing ability." Definition of the literacy is "the ability to read and write," which then developed into "the ability to master the knowledge of a particular field." 10 Literacy is not just reading and writing, but also the literacy is also how to communicate in the community. 11 The UNESCO Declaration also mentions that literacy is meaningful as a practice and social relationship related to knowledge, language, and culture. 12 Kern also defines the meaning of literacy. He states that literacy is the use of socially, historically, and culturally-situated practices of creating and interpreting meaning through texts. It entails at least an implicit awareness of the relationship between  to environmental changes. 14 The following is Table 1 describing the skills of the 21 st century. Table 1 The Skills of the 21 st Century 15

LITERATION FOUNDATION
Literacy It is the ability to read, understand and use written language Numeration It is the ability to apply for numbers and other symbols. The purpose of it is to understand and express quantitative relationships.

Science Literacy
It is the ability to apply scientific knowledge and principles to understand the environment and test hypotheses.

Digital Literacy
It is the ability to apply and create technologybased content, including finding and sharing information, answering questions, interacting with others and computer programming

Financial Literacy
It is the ability to understand and apply the conceptual and financial aspects of daily activities.

Cultural Literacy and Citizenship
It is the ability to understand, appreciate, analyze, and apply knowledge of the culture and civic.

Critical thinking/ Solution to Problem
It is the ability to identify, analyze and evaluate situations, ideas, and information to convey responses and solutions Creativity It is the ability to imagine and design innovative new ways to solve problems, answer questions or express meaning through application, synthesis or adapt to the diverse objectives of acquiring knowledge

Communication
It is the ability to listen, understand, convey, and contextualize information verbally, nonverbally, visually, and in writing

Collaboration
It is the ability to work in teams to achieve common goals, including the ability to prevent and manage conflict Students need the 21 st -century skills above because the literacy foundation consists of literacy, numeracy, scientific literacy, digital literacy, financial literacy, and cultural and citizenship literacy. These skills will improve students' competence in higherlevel thinking, such as critical thinking or problem-solving, creativity, communication, and collaboration. The results of Guzel's research stated that numeracy literacy skills increase student confidence. 16 This research supports the statement that 21st-century skills become student's needs in the 4.0 Industrial Revolution era.

Basic Concepts of Higher-Order Thinking Skills
High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) is the process of thinking students at a higher level of knowledge than various cognitive concepts. HOTS is not aments to analyze, synthesize, evaluate, and create. Alice Thomas and Glenda define that HOTS is an achievement of the ability to think towards higher-level thinking whose thinking is more than just a repetition of facts. 17    Order Thinking Skills in the activity of analyzing, evaluating, creating knowledge following conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive.
Kurniati stated that to know one's high-level thinking skills, indicators were needed to measure these abilities. 21  (2) designing a way to solve the problem; and (3) organizing elements or parts into new structures like never before.

Literacy Skills Improve High Order Thinking Skills in Elementary School Students
Literacy activities are central to the development of activities that are integrated into learning. Literacy activities are developed by improving literacy skills of subjects by using enrichment books and reading strategies in all subjects with stages: habituation, development, and learning. 23 Reading activity 15 minutes before the lesson begins is the habituation phase. The development phase can be carried out by providing a variety of reading experiences, reading and writing activities, and reading fiction and nonfiction enrichment books. The next stage is carrying out integrated literacy activities by adjusting themes and subjects. The step is, namely, the learning phase. Students learn more by themselves and develop students' creativity in solving problems. The higher the involvement of students, the more meaningful student learning experiences. The habit of reading culture fosters students 'curiosity so that it raises issues that must be solved, thus requiring students to have high-level thinking skills as well. The main aim of this literacy activity is to foster and lead the student to higher-order thinking skills through students' critical thinking skills. 25 Literacy culture activities have a positive impact on learning. 26 Teachers have to have good delivery skills to form the character of students who are skilled and think critically that ultimately learning is based on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). 27 HOTS based learning requires students to be active in learning, so the teacher is only a facilitator; the teacher bridges students when students find difficulties in solving problems they encounter. 28 Three strategies to foster a literacy culture that have an impact on high-level thinking processes for students in elementary schools are; 29 the first strategy is condition literacy-friendly physical environment. The designing of the physical environment at school so as very friendly and conducive such as displaying students 'work, there is a reading room in every corner of the classroom and in the corner of the room, it will increase students' enthusiasm for reading which ultimately will make student implement in their lives.
The second strategy is the promotion of the social and affective environment as a literal model of communication and interaction. The communication and interaction model of all school components is a method to build the social and affective environment.
The awarding can be done during the flag ceremony every week to appreciate the progress of students in all aspects. Achievements are valued not only academically, but also students' attitudes and efforts. Thus, every student has the opportunity to get a school award. 25 Kisyani-Laksono et al. 26 Cahyana, Kadir, and Gherardini, "Relasi  thinking skills, and one important thing is the ability to use media safely, as described in Table 3 below.

CONCLUSION
The result of this research show literacy is the ability to interpret information critically in the fields of literacy, numeracy, science, digital, finance, culture, and citizenship. It can convey this knowledge well to others as a social relations practice to improve critical thinking/ problem-solving competencies, creativity, communication, and collaboration. Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) is the process of thinking students at a higher level of knowledge than various cognitive concepts in the form of analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Literacy activities foster students' curiosity so that it raises problems that must be solved and require students to have Higher-Order Thinking Skills.
School strategies to promote literacy culture involve conditioning of literacy-friendly physical environments, the seeking of social and affective environments as literate models of communication and interaction, and the striving from schools as literate academic environments. Fostering of literacy culture has an impact on students' high-level thinking processes.
The next research agenda on literacy skills and HOTS can focus on quantitative and qualitative testing of the impact of literacy skills on HOTS in the field. Besides, research on literacy skills and HOTS in various levels, from basic education to higher education in large populations, is an exciting research plan for the future.