Status of Human Trafficking in South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia: Implication for Counseling

The main purpose of this study was to examine situations of human trafficking with particular reference to South Wollo zone, Amhara regional state. Crosse sectional research design was applied and 40 Participants were took part in the study using availability sampling technique .This means those who were available at agar Ethiopia refugee’s camp during the time of data collection were inculcated into the study. The required data was collected through questionnaire and interview and then data was analyzed by using both quantitative methods such as one sample t-test and percentage as well as qualitative methods like thematic analysis. The finding of this study in on one sample ttest revealed that, the status of human trafficking, in the sample zone is high; there is increment of migration of Amhara dwellers from their native area to Areb countries. The root causes for the outbreak of human trafficking is linked with economic reason, be fool of brokers, inappropriate contestation among parents who live in the same geographical area. In line with the consequences of human trafficking, the trafficked have encountered different challenges such as exploitation of money for brokers, rape by brokers as well as paymasters as well their relatives and assassination too. Among these, rape is the most common one that the majority of trafficked are faced.


Introduction
Human trafficking is defined as transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons by means of threat or other forms of coercion, abduction, of fraud, of deception, abuse of power or a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation (Kelly & Regan, 2000;ILO report, 2013). Human trafficking is an act of crime related to human rights violations. This action is related to human rights to get a prosperous life as a human (Hathaway, 2008).
Humane trafficking has been and still intimately connected with the transformations of the world economy. Mass migration was a common phenomenon in pre-modern world politics in which they shaped the fates of empires and entire civilizations. In relation to this, the process of economic globalization and gradual decline of the territorial state are now accompanied with the growth of migration (Caouette, 2002). Similarly, The United nation estimates that number of persons living outside their country of origin has reached 175 million more than twice the number a generation ago (Perruchoud, 2004). In such pursuit, Perry & McEwing, (2013) noted that trafficking is one aspect of illegal labor migration. Likewise, Beck et al., (2017) elucidated that, 600,000-800,000 human beings are trafficked internationally each year with 80 percent of this population as women and children.According to UN report, trafficking in Ethiopia mostly JOURNAL LA SOCIALE VOL. 01, ISSUE 03 (001-004), 2020  takes the form of transporting migrants by fraud, deception and different forms of coercion and the problem is getting more and more (IOM, 2010). In Ethiopia, investigations in this area are not sufficient so that this study seeks to fill this existing gap. As trafficking is masked by the lager dynamics of human migration the cause of trafficking in part are related to factors for migration like poverty, unemployment and hope of securing better life in the prospective destination countries (Ethiopian Herald, 2013). In addition to that lack of awareness on the legal migration process and preference for swifter migration ways were identified as cause of human trafficking. Consequences of trafficking include physical; psychological, social and economic (Simkhada, 2008). The main objective of this study was to assess the status of human trafficking in south wollo zone Amhara regional sate, identify the root causes of migration and to find out, consequences of human trafficking.

Methods
The study design was cross sectional. This study was conducted in South Wolo zone Dessie zuria worda with a total of 40 returnee's .To collect the required data, interview and questionnaire were constructed and adopted from previously carried out researches and the collected data was analyzed through one sample t-test , thematic analysis and percentage.  Table 1 showed that 28(70%) of female and 12 (30%) male participants were took part in the study As inferred from the above figure, human beings are migrated from their native area to Arb countries for the seek of generating income that is economic reason which accounted 65% followed by brokers fraud that 30% and the least cause which lead participants to exile to Arb countries is in appropriate contestation among parents which contained 5%. Result from qualitative data showed that traffickers had encountered different consequences. Among others, participants of this study mentioned that, physical injuries, exploitation of money for brokers, assassination and rape by brokers and paymasters. Rape is the most common one that the majority of trafficked are faced. This sexual exploitation leads women at risk of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections if it is unsafe.

Results and Discussion
In this section, the finding of this study in relation to related review literature is elucidated. The status of human trafficking in the sample area is high and this finding is supported by the report of IOM (2010) which noted that the issue of human trafficking is increasing in alarming rate.
.Concerning with etiologies of human trafficking the finding of this study revealed that, poverty/ economic reason, competition among parents of trafficked and fraud on the side of brokers. Similarly the International Labor Organization (ILO) report portrayed on Ethiopian, Herald 2013 on migrant workers indicated that one of the largest current international migration flows is Ethiopian migrating to the Middle East and other Arb countries as domestic workers for economic demand which also often occurs through trafficking.
Regarding to consequences, the result of this study displayed that trafficked are encountered physical injuries, rape, assassination and economic exploitation. Likewise the previous finding by (Simkhada, 2008) displayed that trafiked had encountered psychological, physical, social and economical problems.

Conclusion
This study was tried to examine the status of human trafficking in south wollo Amhara regional state. The result of the investigation, displayed that the status is high in the study area. Regard to causes of human trafficking in the sample area, participants of this study explained that, economic reasons, in appropriate contestation of parents and fraud of brokers are the most etiologies that pules traffickers to exile from their native areas to Arb countries. Concerning with consequences, traffickers mentioned that, physical injuries, sexual exploitations (rape), economic exploitations of traffickers by brokers and assignation are effects of human traffickers have been encountered. , trafficking of people in south wollo zone is increasing from time to time and seeks urgent consultations from professionals hence, professionals should provide counseling service for victims and rehabilitate them as well as concerned bodies like Ministry of labor and social affairs have to consult about the horribleness of migration for others who decide to exile in the near future

Declaration
The undersigned, declare that this short communication manuscript is my original work and all sources of material used for this short communication have been duly acknowledged: Mezgebu Bayu