THE PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE OF TRANSLATORS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

The present manuscript is devoted to developing communicative competence and speech etiquette which are very important in the process of intercultural communication. The author analyses literature on the topic of investigation and gives her opinion on discussed points. Besides, the author enumerates main principles of training translators and specialists of intercultural communication.


ISSN: 2320-5407
Int. J. Adv. Res. 8(01), 758-763 759 closely connected with new ideas, images, events, objects of the surrounding world. To transfer this multifunctional information is not easy. Translation can be done, but the most important task herenot only to translate in a proper way, but convey the whole meaningful information with its expressiveness, stylistic colour, emotions. Moreover, it should be done on the most polite way.
The result of intercultural dialogue depends much on translator's work and choice of language means. That is the main reason why modern linguistics starts to tackle the problems of intercultural communication. The information of the communicants can be transferred from one language into another by using correctly chosen lexical means and applying necessary structure due to the lingual regulations and rules of both languages. So, a translator has to know both languages very well: 1) pronunciation and phonetic rules; 2) choice of words, synonyms, word combinations, set expressions; 3) grammar rules and sentence structures; 4) stylistics and language styles; 5) cultural aspect of both languages.
Many linguists had their investigations over the problems of translation. Among them: L. Barkhudarov, V. Komissarov, G. Salomov, K. Musaev, G. Rahimov, Sh. Safarov, I. Tukhtasinov and others. Among foreign scientists there are: L. Visson, T. Kazakova, L. Latipov and others. Problems of intercultural communication and translation started to draw linguists' attention since the end of 20 th century when active relations between countries of the world got the top position and globalization process occupied the whole world. Translation is studied as the means or "bridge" of communication between different nations and cultures.
Researches on the problems of translation led to opening scientific schools and centers in many parts of the world, especially Russia, Uzbekistan and European countries. Among Uzbek scientists who investigated translation problems, the contribution of G. Salomov deserves a special attention. These are his main issues written in the aspect of translation study: "Translation of proverbs, sayings and phraseologisms", "Lexical-phraseological problems of translation", "Translation of proverbs and sayings from Russian into Uzbek", "Language and translation", "Introduction to the theory of translation", "The art of translation", "The basics of translation theory" and others [4].
Besides G. Salomov the theory and practice of translation has been actively investigated and developed by the following Uzbek linguists and translators: Khurshid Davron, I. Gofurov, K. Musaev, A. Abduazizov, N. Komilov, B. Kholbekova and others. We should mention the English-Uzbek, Uzbek-English dictionary compiled by Sh. Butaev and A. Iriskulov containing 70.000 words and expressions. A number of manuals prepared by A. Ismoilov, O. Muminov, N. Kambarov devoted to theory and practice of translation also made a significant contribution into the sphere of translation study and intercultural communication.
In the issue printed by V.V. Alimova "Translation theory. Translation of professional communication" such problems as linguistic readiness of translators, the significance of interlingual communication between representatives of various nationalities, grammatical problems of translation of professional texts are enlightened. Linn Visson in her "Synchronic translation from Russian into English" is considered to be the first step in developing the aspect of synchronic translation. She advised translators to be aware of English grammar if they want to be good translators from Russian into English.
Another work which deserves a special attention is T.A. Kazakova's manuel "Practical ground of translation" which is designed for English learners. It prepares translators from English into Russian and from Russian into English. L.K. Latishev in his turn prepared and printed a book "Technology of translation" for translators of German language, in particular translators from German into Russian and vice versa from Russian into German.
It is known that intercultural communication deals closely with translation theory because representatives of different lingual societies have to communicate in the frame of any economical, cultural, scientific, etc. spheres of human activity. it is appreciated when both sides are aware of the language of communication but more often only one side knows the language, another one has a translator. Mostly, in the international dialogues which take place between specialists of our country and foreign partners, English is used as a world language of communication. The foreign partners by all means know the language. Though there is a national tendency of wide teaching and learning English by people of all spheres, it is not enough sometimes for a specialist of economical, political, medical and other spheres to hold the dialogue without a translator's help. That's why the aspect of intercultural communication is considered to be "interwoven" with theory of translation because the content of interlingual communication is 760 transferred by a translator. As explanatory dictionaries point, translation is a text transferred from one language into another.
The linguists of our country, who deal with the problems of translation, pay a special attention to linguistic, stylistic, syntaxical, rules of both languages of translation. Being the means of communication between different languages, translation also deals with psychological and social-linguistic aspects because it reflects people's emotions, attitude, connotations and social conditions. Translation is based on correct choice of semantic and structural means of two languages which is resulted not only in correct transfer of meaningful information but also polite flow of common. For example, an English word combination "an old driver" is translated into English as "yoshi katta haydovchi", not "qari haydovchi", because the lexeme "qari" though being a full equivalent of the English word "old"is not suitable in this micro context, it adds rude meanings to the combination. In this way translation doesn't mean using full equivalents of both languages, often (as the above given example shows) lexical or structural equivalence is replaced by semantic and culturally adequate analogy.
Translation of information in the process of intercultural communication doesn't consist of common words only. On the contrary, its content is rich in expressive means of language, stylistic devices, archaic words, comparisons, dialectal words, slang and jargon words, proverbs and sayings, etc. Certainly, to convey all this in proper shape and proper meaning is a translator's responsibility. Language styles require a special attention, especially in translating political speeches, scientific issues, diplomatic expressions, and literary works. Obviously, every communication act takes place in the frame of scientific, professional (e.g. medical), political, economical or cultural spheres of human activity. A specialist's duty is to find an appropriate style of language due to a definite sphere of communication. Besides, the communicants' speech sometimes can be unclear due to his/her dialect and non-standard way of pronunciation. Nevertheless, a translator has to understand and guess the meaning of the utterance.
In the sphere of translation study the language which is translated is called original language, the second language into which the given information or text should be transferred is called a translating language. Sometimes it is a big problem to choose the words in translating language for the words and expressions of original language because they can be translated in different ways, both are correct. For example, if a foreigner says something about his/her sister and uses a sentence like "My sister came with me", an Uzbek translator will be baffled by using "opa" or "singil", because English "sister" can be translated into Uzbek as both "opa" (elder sister) and "singil" (younger sister). In this situation a translator should know about the age of both sisters and reveal himself/herself whether the second sister (whose visit is mentioned) is either older or younger than the sister-communicant. But translation can't wait and a proper way out of similar situation has to be found too quickly and smartly. So, we see that translation is connected with social norms as well. As N.Z. Nasrullaeva mentioned, social-moral sphere of language contains such notions as social norms, social-moral relations, social role, etc. [2, p. 1504].
Very often when intercultural communication takes place at international seminars, meetings and conferences, the speakers utter specific information with concrete details, features, terms, descriptions and other characteristics of the objects described. Here, in order not to omit any detail of information which should be translated into another language, a translator can make some helpful notes for himself/herself and render them while translating.

G.H. Rahimov in his book "Theory and practice of translation" enumerates several types of translation:
1. Oral text of source language into oral text of target language 2. Written text of source language into written text of target language 3. Written text of source language into oral text of target language 4. Oral text of source language into written text of target language [3, p. 24]. 5. In its turn, oral-oral translation can be consecutive interpretation and synchronic translation.
To do oral translation is rather difficult. It needs enough time to render the information of oral text, there should be pauses for interpreter to think and give semantically, grammatically and stylistically correct translation of the given content. It should be noted that intercultural communication mostly takes place in the frame of oral translation while literary texts are usually done in written form and a translator has time to choose the appropriate language means. Due to this, G.H. Rahimov distinguishes two main characters of translation: informative and literary [3, p. 25].
Different linguists suggest various classification of translation due to the content, structure, style of translation. In the present work more attention is paid to oral translation (of set expressions and fixed phrases) because, as it was mentioned before, international dialogues are mostly held in oral way. But sometimes written texts are also met, especially in writing letter, recommendations, invitations, etc. If oral translation besides perfect grammar, stylistics and lexics demands correct pronunciation, the written one is based on spelling of words and above mentioned language aspects.
According to the content the information of intercultural communication can be divided into several types: 1. General and common information, which is the easiest for a translator to convey from one language into another. Here a translator has to know various speech formulas and set expression to use properly in different situations. A wide range of synonyms, good grammar and perfect pronunciation are recommended to enrich the quality of speech. 2. Economical-political and business information. This type of information demands special attention to politeness and diplomacy of speech. Moreover, a translator has to possess a rich lexical fund of economical-political discourse as well as knowledge about economy and politics of both countries between which the international dialogue takes place. 3. Scientific-technical information which can have many aspects, e.g. medicine, biology, bioethics, bioengineering, mathematics, etc. This type of information requires a perfect knowledge of specific vocabulary and terms of this or that sphere of human activity. Not every translator can fulfill his/her duties when there is a communicative act in specific field. He/she needs a special training to be the interpreter in this case. Moreover, there is often a lack of knowledge of terms which are necessary in order to transfer scientific or technical content. 4. Literary information can fill the content of any cultural event devoted to poetry and prose, literary works of any writer. In this case the problems can appear by unawareness of literary word, poetic words, different stylistic devices and expressive means. Besides, the interpreter is recommended to be introduced to the literature and plot of the discussed book or writer. 5. Information which belongs to a definite sphere of human activity, e.g. sport, military service, painting, cooking, etc. Each sphere has its own stock of words, word combinations, terms, expressions and idioms which in case of proper use in communication can lead to successful flow of the process and mutual understanding. So, as the above mentioned types of information show, international communicative acts are held in the frame of diplomatic, trade, cultural, scientific-technical relations. Translation which is done from English into Uzbek can rise problems due to word order in sentence structure because in the English sentence we have subject + predicate + object, as for Uzbek sentences: subject + object + predicate.
Besides proper use of sentence structures in the English and Uzbek languages, an interpreter or communicant has to possess correct pronunciation, speech fluency and logical-semantic connection between sentences. As it was mentioned before, oral translation is much more complicated than written one. Oral translation demands deep knowledge of word combinations, idioms, grammar rules, equivalents to the words of original language. Sometimes words can obtain a new, contextual meaning which is apart from dictionary meaning. It should be mentioned that word-for-word translation is not a proper way-out. Many scientists criticize this kind of translation (M.L. Gasparov, G. Salomov, T. Gnedich and others).
In the process of intercultural communication a translation takes place both if it is held with the help of translator or communicants themselves (e.g. English is not mother tongue for one of them). It is clear when translation is done by translator/interpreter. If one of the communicants is, for example, Uzbek person and another is English, we also have a translation process done by the Uzbek communicant himself/herself without translator's help. It can be explained: an Uzbek communicant, though masters English and is able to hold international dialogue in English, doesn't think in English. Mentally this person thinks in Uzbek as it is his/her mother tongue. He/she translates his/her ideas and thought mentally, automatically in mind and finds proper language means and structures in order to express all this. Translation is hidden in this case, it is not openly done, it is formed in a person's mind.
It should be mentioned that one and the same information in translation process varies between different interpreters who have their individual style of translation. That is the main reason why literary books, for example, are translated 762 by different translators and are either approved or criticized by readers. Every person has own world view and understanding of this or that image and event.
When information is scientific, economical or technical, it doesn't differ as the result of translation done by different interpreters because this kind of is direct, open, not hidden "between lines" and is not designed for the listener / reader to be understood according to his/her degree of perception or imagination. As for literary translation of a novel or poem, it requires from a translator to feel the author's words, to see all details which hint at some information which is often not given openly, it should be guessed and found by the reader or listeners. Besides, literary texts often include idiomatic expressions and proverbial constructions which must be translated into the similar units of the target language and should serve as equivalents or analogues to those ones used in the original language. The practice of translation shows it is seldom possible. In most cases there are no equivalents in the target language as original expressions belong to national, cultural, historical and ethnic side of the language and its native speakers.
For doing literary translation a specialist should possess a deep knowledge of different stylistic devices, expressive and emotive means and ways of transferring all feelings, colours, images that are depicted in the original text. Mostly, literary translation is done by writers or poets because only they can do it with preserving literary content. When literary translation is done by a common translator, the text will lose its emotional colour, expressiveness and beauty of language means. The text will be "dry". On this reason not every translator deals with literary texts. However, some translators of literary texts can exaggerate the plot of the text and use too many stylistic and expressive means of the target language. So, emotional and imaginary content of the literary translation also has its bounds which shouldn't be overstepped.
During intercultural conversation an interpreter more often uses a simple translation, i.e. transfers the meaning of the translated information using proper structures and language means of the target language. This kind of translat ion is good for translating replicas of common dialogue between representatives of two different language societies but it is not appropriate for translating literary personages' replicas and speech because they will lose their imaginaryliterary content, they will seem "faded" and hackneyed, commonplace and unimpressive.
Sometimes, on the contrary, an interpreter uses colourful idioms, "bright" emotional expressions, and thus breaks the norm of literary content, overloading it. This is not correct, of course. From one side, this kind of expressive exaggeration brings aesthetic imagination to the utterance, from another sidethey may cause too many emotions and feeling, thus influencing on communicants' general mood which can later influence on the whole conversation. The "golden midst" or lingual norm should be preserved in every translation act.
It should be noted, that if jokes, anecdotes are used in communication, a translator often hesitates because of extreme difficulty of transferring humoristic effect from one language into another. Most jokes are based on the pun interplay of words. The pun which exists in one language is broken in translating into another one, because these words don't create humoristic effect in the language of translation. In such situation a translator can overcome the problem because of his/her background knowledge and resourcefulness; or the humoristic effect can be transferred by explaining of the interplay of words in original form.
In the frame of intercultural communication an academic translation is often used. It means that only content of information is translated, the shape and structures can be broken and not match in the original and target languages. Mostly this kind of translation is used when different objects, events of real surrounding world are depicted. As the result, we have the whole information conveyed into target language but the negative side of it is the lost of expressiveness and aesthetic content of the original text. Academic translation can be used at scientific conferences, public meetings, forums and seminars, but not at literary parties and not in translating literary works.

Conclusion:-
So, translation is both complicated and honorable task. For doing literary translation a person should possess artistic skills and talent. A translator needs deep knowledge of both native and foreign languages very well. Perfect mastering of both languages, skillful use of sentence structures, rich word stock and being aware of "delicate" peculiarities of languages can be helpful in translating communicants' replicas in the process of intercultural dialogue. Besides, a wide outlook and background knowledge, life experience, deep culture and etiquette are demanded from a good translator. He/she must know customs, traditions, holidays, national mentality and way of life of the people, whose language is used in translation process. As we see a special training is necessary here because a translation is a means of direct cultural communication between different nations. Translation is bridge for