The Use of Comic-Based Technology: Media Cultivation of Values in the Nation Defense

The onslaught of the current globalization has a significant influence on the fading of love for the nation and the country, so that it impacts on the weak spirit of defending the younger generation. Therefore, the inculcation of national defense values has become a necessity. The strategy used must use media that are favored by young people and are digital based, this aims to make these values more attractive, innovative and easier to access. Based on this background, researchers are interested in creating a digital comic model, with the aim of being a medium to instill the values of the country's defense for the young generation of Indonesia. using the Research and Development approach (R&D) with data collection techniques using questionnaires, interviews, literacy studies and documentation studies. The subjects used in the study were youth organizations and students who were in five big universities in West Java, namely Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Universitas Padjajaran, Universitas Islam Negeri and Institut Pertanian Bogor. From the results of this research, it can be seen that first, the urgency of the management of the values of nation defense starts from developing characters such as patriotism, willingness to sacrifice, setting hearts to the ideology of Pancasila and being part of the initial nation defense. Second, digital comic media have a positive impact in instilling the values of the country's defense. This is already done through the insertion of values in the dialogue, characterizations and storylines contained in the comic.


I. INTRODUCTION
The cultivation of noble values towards the young generation becomes a necessity, considering the position and function of young people who are so vital in achieving the ideals and hopes of the nation. Especially at this time, Indonesia is preparing to face a demographic bonus with a large population classified as young. According to the 2018 Susenas results, Indonesia is home to 63.82 million young people, this number is a quarter of the total population of Indonesia. As the Z generation born in the era of globalization and technological advancements, young people are often attracted to new things without thinking about the risks and negative impacts. [1]. Globalization has encouraged people to like the lifestyle of foreign countries and increasingly leave their own culture. In the midst of increasingly heavy globalization, the main way to foster a love for the motherland is to instill values defense of the country or Bela Negara.
The efforts of defending the nation must be carried out within the framework of fostering awareness of defending the nation as an effort to realize Indonesian citizens who understand and live up to the meaning of independence. Defending the country is not just a military obligation, but the main task for all people. The obligation to defend the country is nation in the formulation of Article 27 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which nations that "Every citizen has the right and obligation to participate in efforts to defend the country". With the intention of looking at the two sides of the effects of globalization, in addition to the negative impacts, it is also important to utilize the positive impacts of technological progress and globalization. Citing the opinion of Alvin Toffler, who nation that currently we are facing a third wave, a period marked by the increasingly active human beings in using technology. In addition, they are a generation that is creative, innovative and adaptive to technological advancements. The Central Bureau of Statistics says that there are 87.44 percent of youth who have mobile phones and 93.02 percent of youth use mobile phones. In addition, there are also around 34.01 percent of youth using computers and 73.27 percent of youth using the internet during the last three months of 2018. The current generation prefers using technology in various ways, including in choosing reading. And one of the most popular is in the form of digital comics.
Media with colorful illustrations with the stories presented have a special attraction for the reader [2]. Based on data from the Line Web toon digital comics platform, in April 2015 Indonesia became the largest reader of digital comics compared to other countries with around 6 million active users. This number continues to increase until the end of 2018, CIAYO Corp's Head of Business Development revealed that at least more than 13 million people in Indonesia read comics via cellphones, this number is predicted to increase 20% in the next 5 years. Looking at these served data, it is undeniable that Indonesia is considered as a promising market for the digital comic industry. With so much interest in young people as readers, comic media can be used as a powerful alternative in inserting moral messages for young people. Therefore, the use of comic media-based technology can be an effective way to instill the values of defending the country, so that young people who have a love for the country, nationally and loyalty towards the Pancasila and the only nation ideology, willing to sacrifice for the nation and the nation, have the initial ability to defend the country, and have the spirit to realize a sovereign, just and prosperous nation.

A. Digital Comic Technology
Technology is a term used to describe interesting and innovative ways to provide lifelong learning with global access to information, learning and support. According to UNDP (2005), the potential opportunities and benefits associated with the use of technology in education are manifold. By providing a learning style and delivery of information makes it easy to access a content that is provided. An extensive network can be a source of learning that is able to promote the learning of meaning analysis with various information and forms of media presented.
The main characteristics of the internet as a medium are as follows [3]: 1. Computer based technology 2. Its characteristics are hybrid, not dedicated, and flexible 3. Interactive potential 4. Public and private functions 5. Strict regulations 6. Connecting with each other 7. It does not depend on location 8. Can be accessed by individuals as mass communication media.
One of them which is currently popular among the younger generation is digital comics. [4] Comics themselves can be interpreted as a form of cartoon that expresses characters and plays a sequential story line that is associated with images and designed with the aim of providing entertainment for the audience [5]. This is in agreement with Mc Cloud's view which reveals that the cartoon appears as a sequential whole that has the purpose of conveying information and aesthetic input / responses from its readers [6]. There are several advantages of digital comics, which include: 1. Borderless. Comics that are made are not limited by size and format. There can be many possibilities in its creation, for example it can be sideways or downward. 2. Timeless. The form of digital comics does not have a usage limit like ordinary comics that are limited by the age of paper. Digital comics can be stored in bytes and can be stored in a more varied form of storage media. 3. Multimedia. Digital comics can be combined in the form of limited animation, are interactive with additional sounds, and so on [7].
Some of the advantages possessed by digital comics have more impact on readers, including the current generation of young people. Conveying the message of values is certain to be more effective and efficient and provide more impact or experience compared to the use of classical media.

B. The Values of Nation Defense
Nation defense is a constitutional term contained in Article 27 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which reads "Every citizen has the right and obligation to participate in efforts to defend the country". This means that constitutionally the defense of the nation binds the entire Indonesian nation as the rights and obligations of every citizen.
Efforts to defend the nation are essentially a form of honor that must be carried out with full awareness and sense of responsibility and are willing to sacrifice various interests to maintain the sovereignty of the nation and nation. It needs a movement from all walks of life to realize and develop these values. The defense of the nation becomes the attitude and behavior of citizens imbued with his love for the Unitary Nation of the Republic of Indonesia based on the Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution in ensuring the survival of the nation and nation.
Defending the country is a basic obligation of humans as creatures of the nation to maintain the country's honor. This must be carried out with full awareness, responsibility and willingness to sacrifice in the service of the nation and nation. In addition, defending the country becomes an effort to realize Indonesian citizens who understand and appreciate and are confident in fulfilling their rights and obligations. The Indonesian people also want to have a superior and noble civilization. Such a civilization can be achieved if our society and nation are also a good society and nation, peaceful, just and prosperous, as has been nation by the founding fathers in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution [8].

III. RESEARCH METHOD
The method used in this research is Research and Development (R&D). The selection is based on the goal to be achieved, namely the birth of a product in the form of digital comics as an effort to foster national defense for the younger generation [8]. Data collection techniques used several techniques, namely the first questionnaire distributed to 502 students spread across five universities in West Java, namely the Indonesian University of Education, Bandung Institute of Technology, Padjajaran University, Bogor Agricultural University, Bandung Nation Islamic University.
Second through interview techniques, third through documentation studies, and finally through literacy studies. The research subjects consisted of two components, namely youth organizations and students located in West Java. The research design includes the following: (a) potential and problems, (b) data collection, (c) product design, (d) design validation, I design revision, (f) testing, (g) product refinement, (h) product usage (i) mass products [9].

A. The Urgency of Cultivating Values of Martial Arts for Young Generation.
Since the era of globalization begin, there have been enormous challenges for the Indonesian people. the challenge is none other than the waning of pride and love Indonesia. Under these conditions, resulting in decreased concern or defending the country.

Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 418
Therefore, inculcating and fostering the values of national defense is absolute.
The concept of Defending our country is understood together as a concept of nation which is very important to be implemented by all elements of the nation [10] be it the government, nation institutions or the people of Indonesia. The inculcation of the basic values of nation defense is also regulated by the Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Defending the country in terms of the constitution, is clearly nation in article 27 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which reads "Every citizen has the right and must participate in efforts to defend the country ". This explains that the true defense of the nation is the responsibility of all elements of the nation together.
The Nation Administration Institute (2019) through the module of national insight and national defense values revealed that nation defense is closely related to guaranteeing the existence of the Indonesian Nation and also for the realization of the nation's ideals as contained in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, namely: protecting the whole of the Indonesian people and all of Indonesia's bloodshed, promoting public welfare, educating the nation's life, and participating in carrying out world order based on independence, eternal peace and social justice.
The inculcation of the values of national defense has a high urgency value for the young generation [11], where the implementation has the aim to realize the younger generation who have the ideal character or attitude, with the following characteristics [12]. 1. Love the motherland 2. National and nation awareness 3. Confidence in Pancasila as the nation ideology 4. Willing to sacrifice for the nation and nation 5. The initial ability to defend the country both physically and psychologically.
Achievement of these objectives should and should be complemented with appropriate target designs, namely in order to: 1. Realizing the younger generation who have the attitude and character of defending the country; 2. The achievement of the spirit of togetherness, brotherhood, kinship and mutual cooperation within the framework of Unity and National Unity; 3. The realization of resilience that is able to avoid and overcome all forms of threats, interference and filtration from anti-Pancasila groups; 4. The realization of a critical attitude and quality of the young generation with integrity, wide-minded in order to advance the interests and prosperity of Indonesia; and 5. The emergence of the initial ability to defend the country for the younger generation [13].
If the goal of instilling the values of the country's defenses can be achieved, then rest assured that the achievement of the nation's goals to obtain and create prosperity, true independence [14] . Lasting peace and the strength of the nation's competitiveness over other countries in the world will be realized.

B. Digital Comic as a Media for Instilling Values of Nation Defending among Young Generation
Defending the country in accordance with the mandate of the law is a form of the rights and obligations of citizens. This has democratic meaning in two ways. The first side means that defending country is a form of citizen participation in determining policy through authorized institutions [15]. The other side, means that every citizen has an obligation to participate in efforts to defend the country. Efforts to defend the country carried out by every citizen can be done with several things, in accordance with current regulations, which are nation in article 9 of Law No. 3 of 2002 [16] concerning national defense, which nations the implementation of national defense by citizens through the following activities: 1) Citizenship Education 2) Basic military training is reasonable 3) Serving as a soldier either voluntarily or compulsorily 4) Dedication in accordance with the profession. This is can be concluded that, learning and understanding citizenship education is one manifestation of defending the country [17]. This is consistent with the results of research through a questionnaire distributed to five universities in West Java including the Indonesian Education University, Padjadjaran University, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung Institute of Technology and Bogor Agricultural Institute. There were 502 respondents involved in West Java. Based on these results, in general can be seen in Figure 1  Based on the picture above, it can be seen that providing or studying Citizenship Education (PPKn) as well as national insights is the best thing for young people in carrying out national defense. This is in accordance with the position and needs of the youth themselves. The next thing that is interesting is that the strategies used so that the concepts and values contained in the contents of Civics Education and national insights can be well understood by the younger generation [17]. Need to be contemporary with a digital based multimedia approach. So that everyone in general, and the younger generation in particular can easily see and get the content. One of them is digital comics. Namely the form of comics in other media links such as digital.
The inculcation of the values of national defense and nationalism was arranged in the form of comics through dialogue, characterization and some forms of educational games [18]. In addition, there are several advantages of digital comics, including: Borderless. Comics created are not limited by size and format. There can be many possibilities in its creation, for example it can be sideways or downward. Second, Timeless. The form of digital comics does not have a time limit for use like ordinary comics that are limited by the age of paper. Digital comics can be stored in bytes and can be stored in a more varied form of storage media. Third, from the Multimedia side. Digital comics can be combined in the form of limited animation, are interactive with additional sounds and so on. So that the message of the values of nation defense taken from the content of Civics Education is easier to be accepted, understood, internalized until finally it is willing to implement it. This is in line with the results of research conducted by Aarsen which nations that digital comics have a positive influence on the inculcation of character values for student [19]. The aim of developing the values of the national defense character through digital comics is so that the younger generation is able to capture moral messages or positive messages and be able to implement and develop them in their daily lives.

V. CONCLUSION
From the results of research that has been done, researchers can conclude that, first, the urgency of inculcating the values of nation defenses starts with the development of characters such as patriotism, willingness to sacrifice, setting hearts to the ideology of Pancasila as well as the provision of early nation defenses. Second, digital comic media have a positive impact in instilling the values of the country's defense. This is done through the insertion of values in the dialogue, characterizations and storylines contained in the comic. With the use of digital comic-based technology, this is a novelty in the application of the concept of nation defense embedded in youth, which can be implemented and developed in everyday life.