The Impact of Social Networking on Enhancing Digital Citizenship among Princess Alia College, Al- Balqa’a University Students

The study aimed to identify the impact of social networking on enhancing digital citizenship among students of Princess Alia University College at Al-Balqa Applied University. To achieve study objectives, the researcher used descriptive analytical methodology, where the researcher prepared a questionnaire consisting of (36) statements distributed over six dimensions: Digital citizenship awareness, digital access, digital commerce, digital etiquette, digital rights and responsibilities, digital safety. After verifying tool validity and reliability, the tool was distributed over the study sample that consist of (300) female students from Princess Alia University College, that was randomly selected, during the year 2019/2020. The study concluded that there is a high level of awareness with a value amounting 3.96 among students of the Princess Alia University College at Al-Balqa Applied University for Digital Citizenship. α =(0.05) on the impact of social networking on enhancing digital citizenship with its dimensions digital access, digital commerce, digital etiquette, rights and responsibilities and digital safety) among students of Princess Alia University College at Al-Balqa Applied University attributed to scientific level and specialization, The study recommended a set of recommendations, including: the need to establish a working group of Jordanian universities, government departments and private, working to raise the values of citizenship in general and digital citizenship in particular.


Introduction
The world today is witnessing advancement in both communication and information technology fields. Such scientific and technical development has become an indication of international competition. This rapid and successive advancement in technical field is accompanied by global trend towards e-learning, due to its importance and various advantages and interactive applications in the field of education and knowledge industry; to achieve the goals of the educational system, to meet the learners' needs, and to qualify him /her to deal with different modern life changes.
Social media networking plays an important role in enhancing students' intellectual construction and consolidating their awareness system. It provides various concepts that introduce alternatives in which students interact in light of ongoing discussions. It also provides dialogues between students that lead to convergence or diverging of their views in certain situations. This convergence or divergence leads to an intellectual asset from which communities can benefit in building citizenship behavior, Social networking can provide deepening awareness and establishing a positive culture that contributes to change the prevailing stereotypical behavior in communities, and achieve a shift in student behavior and enabling them to take advantage of available opportunities. (Al-Masry and Shaath, 2017) Accordingly, the role of social networking in consolidating and promoting citizenship values depends mainly on these networks impact in shaping students' national identity and citizenship requirements from students who know their responsibilities, and who have sense of duty to sacrifice and work for home, and to establish positive convictions and starting that allow citizenship.
Moreover, social networking in light of digital citizenship concept are considered means to deep students' practice in their national role by their commitment to rules, principles, ethics, realize their duties, rights and obtaining mechanisms according to laws and legislations. In general, there is a growing interest in improving students' digital citizenship through education. Digital citizenship realization has become an urgent necessary requirement in the context of current scientific developments and challenges, in order to achieve integration and approach the gap between them.

Problem Statement
Students use social media networking widely in daily life. Such use has a major impact on their behaviors; it causes an increase in digital citizenship concept as a result of technology intense use .Based on social media widespread use, it is necessary to reinforce the positive aspects of such use and to benefit from through guiding students to achieve digital citizenship standards. This use led to create digital citizen within digital society, and imposed controls and standards to ensure positive impact and overcome negatives, digital citizenship is not technical, but it is a culture that must be available to all digital users. So the study problem can be summarized by answering the following question: What is the impact of social networking on promoting digital citizenship for Princess Alia University College students at Al-Balqa Applied University?

Research Questions
-What is the perception level of Digital Citizenship among students of Princess Alia University College at Al-Balqa Applied University? -What is the impact of social media networking on enhancing digital citizenship with its dimensions (digital access, digital commerce, digital etiquettes, digital rights and responsibilities, digital safety) among Princess Alia University College at Al-Balqa Applied University students? -Are there statistically significant differences at significance level (α = 0.05) in impact of social networking on enhancing digital citizenship with its dimensions (digital access, digital commerce, digital etiquette, digital rights and responsibilities and digital security) among students of Princess Alia University College at Al-Balqa Applied University due to (scientific level, major)

Research Importance
The research importance stems from the topic importance represented by social media networking and its impact on enhancing students' digital citizenship. The research addressed an important community segment, represented by female students segment at Al-Balqa Applied University, who forms an important part of Jordanian community. The research is an attempt to shed light on a new phenomenon represented by digital citizenship. The research results may provide universities management in enhancing digital citizenship among their students by employing social networking.

Research Objectives
The study aims to investigate the impact of social networking on enhancing digital citizenship of Princess Alia University College at Al Balqa Applied University students, and more specifically the research seeks to achieve the following goals: -To investigate the impact of social networking on enhancing digital citizenship of female students in Princess Alai University College in Al-Balqa Applied University -To find out digital citizenship concept level among Princess Alia University College students at Al-Balqa Applied University.

Social networking
Social networking is defined as "web-based services that allow individuals to construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system and to articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection ( Hutter et al., (2013)

Digital citizenship
It is defined as the appropriate and responsible code of conduct for the use of technology (Bolkan, 2014)

Princess Alia University College Students
All Princess Alia University College students, who are enrolled in the academic year 2019/2020

Research limits
-Human Limits: The research procedures are limited to female students of Princess Alia University College, (diploma, bachelor's and master's degrees). -Geographic Limits: Al-Balqa Applied University / Princess Alia University College.
-Time Limits: represented by the academic year 2019/2020.

Research Limitations
The results of the study were limited to the tools used (the questionnaire of social networking) used and their psychometric characteristic

The Concept of Social Networking
Social networking is defined as forms of electronic communications, social networking websites and microblogging through which users create online communities to exchange information, ideas, personal messages and other content. (Smith, 2013).
It is also known as a term called a group of sites on the Internet that allows communication between individuals in the environment of a virtual society, which is united by interest or affiliation networks, and all of this is done through direct communication services. ( Al Jarar 2011) Kaplan and Heinlein (2010) defined social networking as "a group of internet-based Applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 and that allow the creation and exchange of User Generated Content Social networking is defined as cultural, social, health, legal and security determinants related to technology, which enable individual to determine technology using standards in acceptable manner, and practicing ethical behavior while dealing with that can him to keep pace with digital world and serve his country (Al-Hosary, 2016) Social networking plays an important role in enhancing young people intellectual construction and raising their awareness. It also provides new concepts for communication, discussion and interactive dialogue regarding their issues. This helps in emergence of their convergence and divergence degree. Accordingly, this helps in building citizenship behavior and enhancing positive culture in changing the prevailing behavior in societies. Therefore, the role of social networking in citizenship linked to their influence in shaping the youth national identity and establishes high levels of trust in their competence and capacity-building. and citizenship requirements of conscious thought of its responsibilities, and a sense of duty to sacrifice and work for the country, and to promote values of citizenship through the employment of these interactive sites. (Al-Saadi and Al-Dahwi, 2016).

Digital Citizenship Concept
There are various definitions that dealt with digital citizenship. Some defined it as individual interaction with others using digital tools and sources such as computers in their different forms, information networks, as a mean of communication with others by using many means or programs such as: electronic e-mail, blogs, and different networking websites (Sharaf, Demerdash 2014).
Digital citizenship is a power that enables integration between civil, cultural and social society. Digital citizen combines skills of digital fluency, knowledge and direction to participate in an active, continuous learning community (Netsafe, 2016).
Some studies have viewed digital citizenship from the ninth dimensions perspective represented by digital access or digital availability, digital commerce, digital communications, digital literacy, digital etiquette or digital ethics, digital laws, digital rights and responsibilities, digital health and safety, digital security or digital protection (Talabeh , 2017) Digital behavior is based on treating others with respect and harming their feelings in addition to participating in digital community and making social contributions such as helping others, solve specific problems or sharing skills with others (Mitchell & Jones 2015).
Digital citizenship is a concept that helps teachers, technology leaders, and parents to understand what students and technology users should know how to use technology appropriately.
As digital citizenship is not just an educational tool, but it is a way to prepare students who use technology for a healthy technological community, and to address the misuse and exploitation of technology we are witnessing. As it aims to find the right way to direct and protect all users, by encouraging desired behaviors and combating discarded behaviors in digital transactions, for the sake of a digital citizen striving to preserve his homeland and his advancement.

Digital Citizenship Element
Digital citizenship has many elements; this research used five of these elements as follows: Digital Access: It is defined as digital availability or digital access, full participation in society, and it means that all individuals and students have access to digital technology. Digital institution must provide all digital resources that fit with all groups of different mental and physical abilities and economic conditions. Digital access is equal opportunities for all individuals, without exception, with regard to access and use digital technologies (Al-Maslamani, 2014: p3) Digital commerce: it is the sale and purchase of goods via digital technologies, while providing knowledge and protection for buying and selling process in digital world, using search engines to find the best offers in purchasing, identifying ways to detect consumer safety in buying and selling process and it also means awareness of payment and receipt of funds processes. (Al-Maslamani, 2014) Digital Etiquette: it is also called digital etiquette or digital behavior, and it means the behavior electronic standards or procedure, and individual should bear self-responsible in the digital world, so that he places for himself specific standards for good digital behavior, values and principles of his own that he implements and follows while dealing with digital technologies, that is the owner of digital etiquette. (Ribble2012,) Digital rights and Responsibilities: It is the "requirements and freedoms that cover all individuals in the digital world, and help to increase individual's awareness of his/her rights (individual interests) and the corresponding duties (collective interests), and are determined by the laws that govern his use of digital technologies to the benefit of him and other users (Couros & Hildebrandt, 2015, p37) Digital Security: That is, digital reserves to ensure safety or the preventive measures those users of digital technologies follow to preserve their personal identity, and the security of their information, devices, and programs, in order to avoid the occurrence of personal information and programs. (2012Ribble) A number of previous studies investigated the relationship between social networking and digital citizenship.
Al Madhoun's (2018) study focused on the role of Palestinian Satellite Channels in enhancing Citizenship among University Students at Gaza Governorates. The study used media survey for a sample selected for students of media colleges at universities of (AL-Azhar, Islamic, Al-Aqsa, Palestine, Gaza, and University College of Applied Sciences). The research sample totaling (777) respondents,. The study results indicated that Palestinian Satellite Channels had an active role on enhancing citizenship values .Al-Suleihat, Al-Falouh and Al-Sirhan's (2018) study aimed to identify the awareness degree of digital citizenship concept among undergraduate students in Educational Sciences Faculty at the University of Jordan, and to determine if samples estimates vary due to gender, age, residence and degree of Internet use. The research used the descriptive method. The research sample consisted of (230) students whom are randomly selected. The study concluded that students' awareness of digital citizenship the concept of is medium. The study also concluded that there were no statistically significant differences in sample estimates due to gender, residence, internet usage, and age. Mahdi(2018 ) study aimed to find out digital citizenship awareness levels among social networking users of Al-Aqsa University students and its relation with some variables (the used network, gender, skill and knowledge of the Internet, accept dealing with the Internet). In order to achieve research objectives, the research used descriptive methodology... The study sample consists of (700) students of Al -Aqsa University., The study concluded that the level digital citizenship awareness was (76.08%), Gleason, and von Gillern, 2018) study investigated how social media can support the development of digital citizenship for high school students. They provide conceptual analysis of civic participation as digital citizenship, and it examines how digital media applications can support citizenship education in middle and high school grades... Shun, et al, (2018) study identified the efficiency of social networking and digital citizenship among 772 university students. . They provided evidence of a relationship between social networking and digital citizenship …Al-Masry and Shaath (2017), identified the estimation of digital citizenship level among a sample of students from the University of Palestine, as well as to indicate whether there are statistically significant differences in averages of sample individuals degrees of estimation due to gender variable The study used descriptive analytical approach, the study sample consisted of 30 students. The study found that the overall estimate of the level of digital citizenship among the study sample individuals was 71.13%, and the study also found that there were no statistically significant differences between averages of estimates of individuals .El Sayed (2016) identified the role of new media in supporting digital citizenship for university students, and the study used the descriptive analytical method and the questionnaire was used to collect information. The study found that students are using social networking sites.

Research Methodology
The research used the mixed methodology . Zikmund et al. (2013) indicated that mixed methodology uses quantitative and qualitative research designs for the purpose of research data collection and analysis ..

Data collection Methods
Two methods were used to collect the required data as follows:

Primary Data
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2009) argued that most common instruments used to collect the primary data are questionnaires and interviews In this regard. Structured questionnaire is used to collect the primary data needed for this research.

Secondary Data
According to. Zikmund et al. (2013) secondary data refers to the data is collected before by other researchers for different purposes. It is worth to mention that secondary data is cheap and easy to have than primary data. Different resources are available for secondary data collection such as: books, journals, dissertations, government publications and the Internet.

Targeted Population
Target population is a group of potential respondents which can be used to the current research purposes. In this research, the targeted population was Princess Alia at Balaqa University female students. The research population consisted of all 3021 Princess Alia University College students at Al-Balqa Applied University.

Research Sample
The study sample was selected randomly amounting (300) students  Table (1) indicates that number of diploma holders is (26), at percent of (8.7%), while number of bachelor's degree is (268) students with a percent of (89.3%). The number of master's holders is (6) students with a percent of (2%), Table indicates that the sample majority have scientific qualifications. As for the scientific specialization, (91) students, that is a percent of (30.3%), while the applied social science are (41) students, that is (13.7%). As for administrative science (35) students that are a (11.7%). The number of other majors was 133, that is44.3%.  Table (2) indicates that number of students who use social media is (296) that is (98.7%), while the number of students who did not use social media is (4) students that is (1.3%), so the majority of respondents use social media.

Research Instrument
Self administrated questionnaire was used the questionnaire consisted of consisted of (36) statements, divided into six dimensions, the instrument consisted of two parts: The first Part: includes demographic information. The second Part: It includes questions related to study dimensions, which included six fields (digital citizenship awareness, digital access, digital commerce, digital etiquette, digital rights and responsibilities, digital security) that measure the impact of social networking on promoting digital citizenship) The study instrument used the Likert five options as follows (Strongly agree= 5, Agree = 4, Neutral, =3 Disagree= 2, strongly disagree = 1). Zikmund, et al. (2013:303) stated that to ensure that research findings are valid, the research techniques, approaches and methods must be appropriate. In order to verify the validity of the instrument the researcher displayed the questionnaire in its initial form to a (13) universities staff who are specialized in educational psychology, special education, measurement and evaluation. The comments were taken in consideration for the purpose of using the questionnaire.

Research Instrument Reliability
To ensure the consistency of the used instrument to measure the variables involved in the resolution of the final image, the reliability was calculated by calculating the internal consistency coefficient of the paragraphs Cronbach Alpha. The general reliability coefficient of the instrument is more than (0.60), and it is considered acceptable for the purposes of the study, and Table No. (3) Shows the results of the reliability The results in Table (3) indicate that Alpha value is more than 60%, which is the acceptable that enabled the researcher to rely on the responses in the analysis process

Data Analysis
Data analysis is the data collected statistical analysis for the purpose of determining if the research hypothesis formulated was supported... According to Remenyi and Bannister (2012) stated that data analysis includes processing, testing and assessing collected data from research sample respondents. With respect to this research the researcher upon completing the collection process of the distributed questionnaire, reviewed the questionnaires in order to be sure that if sample's respondents answered all questionnaire statement. The researcher used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 for Windows to analyse sample's responses.

Research Results
The study aimed to identify the impact of social networking on enhancing digital citizenship, the research concluded the following results: Results related to the first question, which states: What is the level of students of Princess Higher University College at Al-Balqa Applied University for Digital Citizenship perception?
To show the level perception of digital citizenship means and standard deviations have been calculated for the responses of the sample individuals.   (11) " Social media provides digital rights, like respecting others, and accepts the other opinion equally for everyone" ranked the first, while statement no. (13) " Social media promotes equal access to various websites." ranked the last. The general mean (3.78) confirms the results.   (6) shows that means of sample subjects' responses that measure digital commerce ranged between (3.76-4.08). The results indicate high degrees of sample's agreement. Table also indicates the total mean is (3.86) which indicate that the impact of social networking in enhancing digital commerce is high. Table also indicates that statement no. (21) " Social media helps in promotion campaigns. "Ranked the first with a mean amounting (4.08). The result also indicates that statement no. (18) "Social media helps in explaining the regulations related to each product in accordance with the companies 'legislations." ranked the last with a mean amounting (3.76).   (22,23,24) "Social media promotes an optimal way for users to interact. Social media trains users to take responsibility. Social media promotes civilized behavior "ranked the first with a mean amounting (3.75). The results also indicate that statement no.
(26) "Social media trains users in observing values and principles." ranked the last with a mean amounting (3.67).  (27) "Encourages users to perform their duties using the media." ranked the last with a mean amounting (3.75).   Table (10) indicated that calculated values of (t) are more than tabulated values. And they are statistical significance. This means that there is a statistically significant impact of social networking on digital citizenship dimensions (digital access, electronic commerce, digital etiquette, rights and responsibilities and digital security) .Such results indicate that there is a level of digital citizenship perception among Al-Balqa Applied University students Results related to the third question: Are there statistically significant differences at level (α = 0.05) in the impact of social networking on enhancing digital citizenship with its dimensions (digital access, digital commerce, digital etiquette, digital rights and responsibilities and digital security) among Princess Alia University college at Al-Balqa Applied University students, due to (scientific level, specialization)?   (11) above indicates that all values of statistical significance for demographic variables are more than 0.05, which indicates that there are no differences in social networking impact on digital citizenship with its dimensions (digital access, digital commerce, digital etiquette, rights and responsibilities, and digital security) due to demographic variables (educational level, major) at Al-Balqa Applied University.

Results
The study concluded a set of results, the most important of which are: -There is a level of awareness among students of Princess High University College at Al-Balqa Applied University for Digital Citizenship, and the level of awareness of digital citizenship was high. -There is an impact of social networking on the dimensions of digital citizenship (digital access, electronic commerce, digital etiquette, rights and responsibilities and digital security) among Princess Alia University College students at Al-Balqa Applied University. -There were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α = 0.05) in the impact of social media networks in promoting digital citizenship in its dimensions (digital access, electronic commerce, digital etiquette, rights and responsibilities and digital security) among students of Princess High University College at Al-Balqa Applied University due to scientific level and specialization.

Recommendations
The study recommended a number of recommendations based on the results, including: -There is a need to establish working group from Jordanian public and private universities departments and should raise citizenship values in general and digital citizenship in particular. -Activating the application of electronic crime law and holding accountable those who insult and support information security, in addition to strengthening cooperation efforts between universities and holding sessions, conferences, dialogues and programs that enhance and support citizenship, its values and its role in fortifying generations.
-Developing awareness campaigns that should be carried out by public and private universities to aware students of citizenship concept and its importance and to encourage educational institutions, whether public or private education, and through all stages.