DEIXIS IN THE SONG LYRICS OF LEWIS CAPALDI'S "BREACH" ALBUM

Article History Received: August 2020 Revised: September 2020 Published: October 2020 The research aims to analyze the three types of deixis analysis using Yule's theory and interpret the reference meaning of that are found in the Lewis Capaldi's "Breach" album song lyrics. The researcher selected this song as the subject of analysis because of the song's popularity and the deictic words used. The researchers select this song as the subject of analysis because of the popularity of the song and deictic words. Therefore, the "Breach" album song lyrics are analyzed by using a pragmatic approach, especially using the theory of Yule (1996) about deixis analysis. This study was conducted by using a descriptive qualitative method. The kind of research is content analysis. The data which used song lyrics of Lewis Capaldi's "Breach" album (2018). In addition, this song was classified into three types of deixis analysis based on their own criteria. The result of this research showed that the three types of Deixis using Yule's theory, such as person Deixis, spatial Deixis and temporal Deixis are used in the Lewis Capaldi's "Breach" album. The most dominant type of Deixis in this research were found is person Deixis with 11 data (55%), spatial Deixis with 6 data (30%), and temporal Deixis with 3 data (15%). The use of person deixis indicated the participant in this song. While, the spatial Deixis indicated location and place of event from the participant. Moreover, the temporal Deixis indicated the timing of the speech event, which is used in this song.


INTRODUCTION
Language is a mean of communication and interaction between individual and group by which individuals cooperate and live together in society. Hutajulu& Herman (2019) stated that language as the tool of communication that has essential part in making communication. It is for someone to master the language, so that she or he can share their ideas with somebody else, no matter that the communication will be done either orally or in written manner. Moreover, Marpaung (2019) added that, language is a tool communication that allows the people to communicate one each other and describe their purpose to keep interacting in showing new ideas. So, language is the basic modal to interact with other people wherever she or he lives.
To communicate, there are many kinds of languages in the entire world, such as Indonesian, South Korean, Chinese, Javanese, Scottish, Arabic, English and many others. From the various languages which are used by the people, one of them is English. Sinaga, Herman & Pasaribu (2020) mentioned that English is a vital for our life besides in building relationship with others, English is a significant for our education because English has become one of the subject of national examination that demands the students must comprehend English. In learning English, there are four basic skills need to be learned in schools, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing. All of those language skills are very important to learn.
Talking about English language, it directly relates to linguistics. Linguistic is a scientific study of human language. Thus, linguistic deals with the meaning express by modulation of a speaker's voice and the listeners related new information to the information they already have. There are many sub-fields of structure focused linguistic. One of them is Pragmatics. Pragmatics is the study of "invisible" meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it isn't actually said or written Yule. According to Levinson (1997) as quoted in Pardede, Herman & Pratiwi (2019), pragmatics is the study of ability of language users to pair sentences in the context which they would be appropriate. Furthermore, Yule (1996) as cited Herman (2015) defined that pragmatic is the study of relationship between linguistic forms and the users of those forms. Pragmatic is also the only one allowing human into the analysis, because pragmatics, can talk about people's intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes, and the kinds of actions such as requests and apologizes when they speak. From all definitions above, it can be deduced that pragmatics is the study of meaning based on the context here are expression of relative distance and contextual meaning. Pragmatic have several parts namely; Deixis, reference, presupposition, speech acts, politeness, discourse analysis, conversation analysis, the co-operative principle, implicatures. In this research, the researcher discuss about Deixis.
Deixis are words that are pointed at certain things, such as people, objects, place, or time like you, here, now. So, a word can be called as Deixis if the referent change, depending several sources who are the speaker and when the word is spoken. Furthermore, Deixis is claimed by Yule (2010), are words such as here and there, this or that, now and then, yesterday, today or tomorrow, as well as pronouns such as you, me, she, him, it, them. He continued, "They are technically known as deictic expression, from the Greek word deixis, which means "pointing" via language." According to Nisa, Asi& Sari (2020), Deixis is an important study in pragmatic when the listener (especially the music lovers) does not understand the context in a song lyric. A song lyric can be understood when the listener knows what the references are, or when, and where the utterances are spoken. This also deals with the listeners who do not understand what the speaker means so that the communication cannot run properly because of their misinterpretation, Sari (2015). Moreover, Dallin (1994) in Firdaus (2013) mentioned that lyrics are written as a form of interaction between the writer and listener. Song lyric is essentially a language in its formulation which is not separated from the rules of music such as the rhythm, melody and harmony of the song. Lyrics can be categorized as a part of discourse, because it consists of word or sentences which have different grammatical function. By writing a song lyric, people are easy to show their feeling and emotion.
Furthermore, most people find it confusing and slightly, when they are listening to some songs as well as noticing at the lyrics of the songs. They do find it confusing and difficult with the referents to which or whom the words or pronoun refer to. As example, the research stated some lyrics from Lewis Capaldi's songs which contain Deixis in its lyric with the title "Someone you loved" in 'Breach' album below: (1) "I'm going under and this time I fear there's no one to save me" Person deixis Spatial Deixis Temporal Deixis I (singular first person), Me (singular first person ) Under, This, There Sinaga, Herman, and Marpaung The Deixis in the Song……….. JOLLT , under, this, time, there, me, somebody, it's, you. Those are just a little example, the research assume there still many deixis words left in the Breach album that could be found.
Other researcher, Amaliyah (2017) also depicted the problems in entitling "A Pragmatics Study on Deixis Analysis in The Song Lyrics of Harris J's Salam Album Song", analyzed that are three types of Deixis in pragmatic of Harris J's Salam Album based on Yule's theory. This previous research shows that the problem is the people listen to the song lyrics not only to try to apprehend the meaning of lyrics itself, and it is different with this research, and another difference is the object of the research. The object of the previous research is Harris J's Album. Meanwhile, the object of this research is Lewis Capaldi's Sinaga, Herman, and Marpaung The Deixis in the Song……….. JOLLT  "Breach" Album. In addition, the researchers are interested to conduct a research entitling "Deixis in The Song Lyrics of Lewis Capaldi's "Breach" Album".

RESEARCH METHOD Research Design
The research design is the researcher's plan of how to proceed to gain understanding of some group in it is context. The researchers used qualitative research design. According to Creswell (2014), writing a methods section for a proposal for qualitative research partly requires educating readers as to the intent of qualitative research, mentioning specific designs, carefully reflecting on the role the researcher plays in the study, drawing from an everexpanding list of types of data sources, using specific protocols for recording data, analyzing the information through multiple steps of analysis, and mentioning approaches for documenting the accuracy or validity of data collected. Moreover, According to Nassaji (2015), qualitative research is more holistic and often involves a rich collection of data from various sources to gain a deeper understanding of individual participants, including their opinions, perspectives, and attitudes.
There are some qualitative research types such as basic interpretative studies, case study, document or content analysis, ethnography, grounded theory, historical studies, narrative inquiry, phenomenological. Based on the kinds of the way to do qualitative research, this research is a kind of document or content analysis. The content analysis focuses on analyzing and interpreting recorded material to learn about human behavior. The material may be public records, textbooks, letters, films, tapes, diaries, themes, reports, or other documents. Content analysis usually begins with a question that the researcher believes can best be answered by studying documents. Content analysis is sometimes quantitative, such as when one investigates middle school science textbooks to determine the extent of coverage given to minority scientists' achievements. The research is considered document or content analysis because it describes and analyzes the song lyrics' data.

Data Source of the Research
The subject of the research is song lyrics of Lewis Capaldi's "Breach" Album. The object of the research is Deixis found in that Song Lyrics. The researcher later identified and analyzed all the songs in the album and seek for the types of Deixis found within. It means the source of the data is a kind of document. According to Ary et al. (2010), the term 'documents'here refers to a wide range of written, physical, and visual materials, including what other authors may term artifacts. Documents may be personal, such as autobiographies, diaries, and letters, official, such as files, reports, memoranda, or minutes; or documents of popular culture, such as books, films, and videos. Document analysis can be of written or text-based artifacts (textbooks, novels, journals, meeting minutes, logs, announcements, policy statements, newspapers, transcripts, birth certificates, marriage records, budgets, letters, e-mail messages, etc.) or of nonwritten records (photographs, audiotapes, videotapes, computer images, websites, musical performances, televised political speeches, YouTube videos, virtual world settings, etc.).
The analysis may be existing artifacts or records. In some cases, the researcher may ask subjects to produce artifacts or document, for example, asking participants to keep a journal about personal experiences writing family stories, to drawing pictures in expressing memories, and explaining thinking aloud as it is audiotaped.
The reason of choosing this album because, the Deixis in this album have not analyzed yet. This album contained many Deixis in the song lyrics. That is why that the researchers are interested to analyze the Deixis in this album. As we all know, the song is the second extended play by Scottish singer-songwriter Lewis Capaldi. It was released as a digital Sinaga, Herman, and Marpaung  download on 8 November 2018. It includes the singles "Tough", "Grace" and "Someone You Loved" and a demo of "Something Borrowed".

Instruments of the Research
Instruments are tool facilities that are used by any researcher in order to collect the data. Instruments make a researcher does the research project easily on the other hand it can be clearer, complete, and systematic. This part is also very important in any form of research. This research instrument is a script of song lyrics downloaded from the suitable downloading link on the internet of Lewis Capaldi's "Breach" Album.

Technique of Data Collection
This part is very important in any form of researchers. According to Ary et. al. (2010), the most common data collection methods used in qualitative research are observation, interviewing, questionnaire, and document or artifact analysis. In this research, the researcher used the document to obtain the data. In addition to that, the technique of data collection is document or content analysis. As in Ary et al. (2010) explained, content or document analysis is a research method applied to written or visual materials to identify the material's specified characteristics. The materials analyzed could be textbooks, newspapers, web pages, speeches, television pro-grams, advertisements, musical compositions, or any of a host of other types of documents.
In collecting the data, the researchers used listening and taking notes methods. The steps were as follows: First, searching the scripts of the lyrics of "Breach" album, second, transcribe all of the lyrics in "Breach" album and the last coding all the lyrics to be analyzed based on Deixis.

Techniques of Data Analysis
The data will then be analyzed using the theory of Cresswell (2009). There are essentially five steps in analyzing the data, they are as follows: First data preparation, at the beginning, in preparing the data, the researcher choosed the song lyrics to be identified. Furthermore, the researcher identifies it so that they can be related to the focus and formulated problems, Second data reading, after preparing the data, the researcher read the whole song lyrics carefully in order to find out and the types of Deixis found within the selected song lyrics, third data classification, the researcher uses an instrument called qualitative code-book. According to Cresswell (2009), qualitative code-book is a table which contains predetermined codes, forth data confirmation, after all types of Deixis were certainly found, the data were then confirmed by using the theory of Yule (1996) in Fitria (2015). It was used to determine the types of Deixis found so that they could be classified correctly and appropriately into their own types, fifth frequency and percentage calculation, after all the data are classified, the researcher finally calculated the data in order to know the frequency of the most dominant type of Deixis found within the whole song lyrics.

Triangulation
The validity of a qualitative research can be seen by triangulation. As a qualitative research, triangulation made the research can be believed, became conventional, acceptable, and responsible. So, triangulation is the technique to examine the data using something others to the output of the data for needs of checking or as comparison to the data. According to Denzin (1978) in Unaids(2010), identified four basic types of triangulation: (1) data triangulation: the use of multiple data sources in a single study; (2) investigator triangulation: the use of multiple investigator/ researchers to study a particular phenomenon; (3) theory triangulation: the use of multiple perspectives to interpret the results of a study, and (4), methodological triangulation: the use of multiple methods to conduct a study.
In this research, the researcher used data triangulation. Denzin (1978) in Unaids (2010) stated that data triangulation is the use of a variety of data sources, including time, space and persons, in a study. Findings and any weaknesses in the data can be corroborated and compensated by the strengths of other data. Thereby, it is increasing the validity and reliability of the results.
In this research, the researcher used written documents, archives, historical documents, official records, personal notes or writing, or simply as known as journal, books or articles. While, in this research, the researcher uses time triangulation which is the part of data triangulation. Data triangulation involved the use of various qualitative models, if the conclusions of each method are the same, so that truth was established. Data triangulation was chosen because this research was attempt to check the validity of the data (types of Deixis) within the subject of the research (selected song lyrics) and it was attempt to check the degree of trust of the data.

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Research Findings
The data analysis shows that three are types of Deixis that used in song lyrics of Lewis Capaldi's "Breach" album. There are 11 data of person deixis (55%), 6 data of spatial Deixis (30%), and 3 data of temporal Deixis (15%). Involving the total data of the types of Deixis are 20 data. Based on the data analysis above, the dominant type of Deixis in the song lyrics of Lewis Capaldi's "Breach" album is person Deixis. The detailed findings of the data can be seen in the following table 1.

Discussion
After analyzing the data using Yule's theory in Lewis Capaldi's "Breach" album, there are three types of Deixis, namely: person deixis, spatial Deixis and temporal Deixis. Person deixis is deictic reference to the participant role of a referent, which means first person deixis, second person deixis and thirs person deixis. Spatial Deixis is a replace relation between peoples, and it is something borrowed to this basic difference. Temporal Deixis concerns itself with the various times involved in and referred to in an utterance.
In the album there are 4 songs, namely: Lewis Capaldi's Breach Album is the second extended play by Scottish singer-songwriter Lewis Capaldi. It was released as a digital download on 8 November 2018. It includes the singles "Tough", "Grace" and "Someone You Loved" and a demo of "Something Borrowed". The reason in choosing this album because, the Deixis in this album have not analyzed yet. This album contained many Deixis in the song lyrics. That is why the researcher interested to analyzed Deixis in this album.
Based on the findings of this research, the researchers inferred that there was a similarity with the research findings by Amaliyah (2017). The theory used was same In Yule (1996), it was about the deixis analysis in the song lyrics. The difference of the research done by Amaliyah (2017) is the object of the research. The object of this previous research is Harris J's Album. Meanwhile, the object of this research is Lewis Capaldi's "Breach" Album. The English song lyrics entitling Harris J's Salam Album have a moral value, speaker's experiences and feelings in his religious life. Meanwhile, this research was only conducted by using theory of Yule (1996). The researcher selected these songs as subject of analysis because the popularity of the songs and also it consisted of such as deictic words.

CONCLUSION
Based on the findings and discussion in the previous chapter, the researchers conclude that types of Deixis occur in the song lyrics of Lewis Capaldi's "Breach" album: person deixis, spatial Deixis, and temporal Deixis. The most types of Deixis that occurs in Lewis Capaldi's "Breach" album is person Deixis. The researchers found 20 data that contained Deixis, including 11 person deixis, 6 spatial deixes, and 3 temporal deixes. In this research, the researchers found all the types of Deixis. The researchers also found the most dominant types of Deixis in uses in the song lyrics based on Yule's theory; it can be concluded that there are three types of Deixis found in the song lyrics. Based on the research findings, the researcher found the most dominant type of Deixis in this research is person deixis. Furthermore, this research hopefully becomes a reference for the types of deixis field for students and the next researcher.