A Mini Review: The Application of Eupatorium Plants as Potential Cosmetic Ingredients

: The Eupatorium plant has been well used in medication and as a decorative plant. Some studies have reported that this herb has biochemical compounds, such as sesquiterpenes, pheno-lics, polysaccharides, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Thus, it has pharmacological effects, including antifungal, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antinociceptive properties, that can be utilized for cosmetic purposes. However, only a few published works have summarized the active compounds and the application of Eupatorium plants as cosmetic agents. Therefore, this article aims to review the application of Eupatorium plants as a potential cosmetic agent. The active compounds of Eupatorium are contained in the whole plant, as well as the stems, leaves, roots, and aerial parts (ﬂower, fruit, and seeds). In terms of cosmetic applications, the activities of Eupathorium are antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-melanin/melanogenesis, anti-acne, and anti-inﬂammatory. This review aims to contribute to a better understanding for expanding the utilization of this plant for cosmetic purposes by using these active compounds.


Introduction
The cosmetic and skincare industry needs to reconfigure itself in order to meet the new necessities and solicitations of a volatile and conscious market. The main aim is to achieve a balance between "natural" and "synthetic" cosmetics. Many customers pick "green beauty care and cosmetic products", such as herbal skin creams and makeup, trusting that the products are safe for their well-being, health, and that they have no contamination. A cosmetic product can be considered "green" if it contains dynamic, active biochemical agents derived from plants, such as minerals or other nutrients, and if it is not practically the Hokkaido, Honshu, and Shikoku Islands, particularly in the mountain, typically in the range of 1000 and 1800 m above sea level [47]. Another species, E. lindleyanum DC., is a Chinese medication broadly used to treat cough and tracheitis [48]. Different natural benefits from these species have been recognized, including its anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties [49][50][51][52][53][54].
E. japonicum Thunb is broadly distributed in China, Japan, and Korea. Previous research has found that the leaves and stems have anti-inflammatory and vascular smooth muscle relaxant properties. As a result, E. japonicum Thunb has antibacterial, antiviral, diuretic, vermifuge, pain reliever, and carminative properties. Thus, it is used to treat nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and indigestion symptoms [55][56][57][58]. With all of these advantages, Eupatorium plants have the potential to be applied in cosmetics. However, only a few published works have investigated the application of Eupatorium plants for cosmetic agents. Therefore, this article aims to review the application of Eupatorium plant species as a potential cosmetic agent. Accordingly, this mini review is based on an analysis of the research studies developed, using keywords such as Eupotarium plant, Eupotarium genus and species, chemicals components of Eupotarium, the bioactivity of Eupotarium, anti-acne, anti-bacterial activity, anti-melanogenesisi activity, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and anti-tyrosinase activity, using the search engines of www.pubmed.gov, www. researchGate.net, www.scholar.google.com, and www.google.com without limits for the year of publication. We also used software services such as Mendeley Desktop ® , which allowed for the analysis of the type of publications on the topic and the visualization of the most relevant data, providing rigorous information on the application of Eupatorium plants as a potential cosmetic agent.

Antioxidant Activity
Medicinal plants affect the human body as a result of various chemical compounds, and one type of influence is anti-oxidative interaction [87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94]. As energy consumption increases during pregnancy, and lactation encourages the formation of free radicals in a woman's body, investigating their antioxidant qualities is warranted [95][96][97][98][99][100]. The presence of phenols and flavonoids in plant extracts has been linked to its antioxidant activity. Phenolic compounds are antioxidants that act as free radical deactivators [40,[101][102][103]. E. cannabinum, comprised of phenolic mixtures and essential oil, showed positive results in 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) examination and when using electrochemical potential sweep technique [104][105][106]. The methanolic concentrate of E. triplinerve has been found to show hepatoprotector and anti-cancer effects against carbon tetrachloride-actuated hepatotoxicity in rats, as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-septic effects in the therapy of various ulcers and hemorrhages. The matured leaf extracts have a 50.24-60.39% (petrol ether, chloroform, and methanol) anti-DPPH effect [65,107,108].
UV radiation has received particular attention because it affects medication stability and produces the greatest loss to the active structure of melatonin as a medicine [109,110]. In addition, UVA radiation may increase the risk of skin cancer [111]. Jarco et al. [112] declared that UVA radiation reduces the antioxidant interactions of all of the investigated infusions, particularly the infusion of the E. cannabinum L. herb, which should be protected from UVA radiation during storage. Table 2 presents the potency of the radical scavenging activity from Eupatorium species.

Anti-Melanin/Melanogenesis Activity
Yamashita et al. [114] searched for heat sock protein 70 (HSP70) inducers in Chinese medical plants, and selected an ethanol concentrate of E. lindleyanum. Melanin development was found to be inhibited, as well as the tyrosinase effect and the articulation in the cells treated with E. lindleyanum and in the HSP70-overexpressing cells. MITF articulation was clearly stifled in the cells treated with the concentrate of E. lindleyanum, yet not in the HSP70-overexpressing cells. These findings imply that E. lindleyanum inhibits tyrosinase articulation and melanin development through both HSP70-subordinate and HSP70-autonomous pathways.
Skin hyperpigmentation diseases caused by abnormal melanin production caused by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation are both clinical and cosmetic issues. Here, the melanin production is mediated by tyrosinase, whose expression is favourably controlled by the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) [114]. Melanin is a pigment in human and animal skin generated by tyrosinase from L-tyrosine, following the oxidation of L-DOPA to L-DOPA quinone. Skin whitening compounds have long been sought after as a treatment for skin illnesses caused by an excess of melanin on human skin, as skin darkening is one of the most significant cosmetic issues concerning humans [115].
An earlier study reported that a methanol extract of E. triplinerve Vahl exhibited the inhibitory activities on the melanin formation in B16 melanoma cells with IC 50 1780 µM and both tyrosinase enzyme activity of L-tyrosine (IC 50 = 2360 µM) and L-DOPA (IC 50 = 2840 µM) [63].

Anti-Acne Activity
Britto [116] tested the antimicrobial activity of E. odoratum against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, which have been identified as pus-forming bacteria triggering inflammation in acne. The antimicrobial assay revealed that E. odoratum exhibited potent inhibitory effects on P. acnes. The minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) values for both bacterial species were 0.039 mg/mL, while the minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) values were 0.039 and 0.156 mg/mL against P. acnes and S. epidermidis, respectively. Rahman et al. [117] reposted that the MICs value of E. odoratum against P. acnes was 0.625 mg/mL. In Ramesh and Subramani's [118] research, the antimicrobial properties of E. odoratum leaves against S. aureus with a methanolic extract of a greater concentration (100 µL) performed well compared with using an aqueous extract of the same plant.
The leaf extract of E. triplinerve has shown a considerable antibacterial activity against a wide range of microorganisms, i.e., S. aureus. Extracts containing phenol and triterpenes (chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol) were more effective regarding their antibacterial efficacy than other extracts. The present study reveals that different extracts from E. triplinerve leaves contain a diverse range of secondary metabolites and had an antibacterial activity against all of the microorganisms tested. In addition, the E. triplinerve plant can be used to find natural products, which may lead to new pharmaceutical development [27].

Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Some Eupatorium species have exhibited a potential anti-inflammatory activity. The ethanolic extract of E. triplinerve had an analgesic effect in an inflammatory pain model [119]. Cheriyan et al. [64] reported that a dose-dependent antinociceptive action of 7-methoxy coumarin isolated from E. triplinerve was shown by the present research, which supports the traditional usage of E. triplinerve in pain and inflammatory disorders. Therefore, Ouyang et al. [69] focused on developing a biopesticide using E. adenophorum, because of its bioactive composition, which exhibited potential anti-inflammatory, insecticidal and antibacterial activities [120][121][122][123].
Garcia-Oliveira [106] collected the data that sesquiterpene lactones of E. cannabinum have an anti-inflammatory activity in vitro (modulation of pro-inflammatory factors) and in vivo (reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice models). The aqueous extract of E. odoratum leaves has shown numerous pharmacological activities, including an antiinflammatory activity [124].

Conclusions
In this literature study, various extracts from whole parts of Eupatorium demonstrated a wide range of biochemical compounds, including steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, coumarins, and sesquiterpenes, along with their biological activities. Thus, these biochemical compounds have the potential to be used as cosmetic agents because they have antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-melanin, anti-acne, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, Eupatorium plants can be used as cosmetic ingredients in the near future, but they should first be proven to be safe for human application in the cosmetic field.