In Vitro Antimicrobial Evaluation, Single-Point Resistance Study, and Radiosterilization of Novel Pyrazole Incorporating Thiazol-4-one/Thiophene Derivatives as Dual DNA Gyrase and DHFR Inhibitors against MDR Pathogens

A series of thiazol-4-one/thiophene-bearing pyrazole derivatives as pharmacologically attractive cores were initially synthesized using a hybridization approach. All structures were confirmed using spectra analysis techniques (IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR). In vitro antimicrobial activities, including the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC), and time-kill assay, were evaluated for the most active derivatives 4a, 5a, 7b, 10, and 13. These derivatives were significantly active against the tested pathogens, with compound 7b as the most active derivative (MIC values range from 0.22 to 0.25 μg/mL). In the MBC and MFC, the active target pyrazole derivatives showed -cidal activities toward the pathogenic isolates. Further, the inhibition of biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis was also carried out. Additionally, these derivatives displayed significant antibiofilm potential with a superior % reduction in the biofilm formation compared with Ciprofloxacin. The target derivatives behaved synergistically with Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole, reducing their MICs. Hemolytic results revealed that these derivatives were nontoxic with a significantly low hemolytic activity (%lysis range from 3.23 to 15.22%) compared with Triton X-100 and showed noncytotoxicity activity with IC50 values > 60 μM. In addition, these derivatives proved to be active DNA gyrase and DHFR inhibitors with IC50 ranging between 12.27–31.64 and 0.52–2.67 μM, respectively. Furthermore, compound 7b showed bactericidal activity at different concentrations in the time-kill assay. Moreover, a gamma radiation dose of 10.0 kGy was efficient for sterilizing compound 7b and enhancing its antimicrobial activity. Finally, molecular docking simulation of the most promising derivatives exhibited good binding energy with different interactions.


INTRODUCTION
Bacterial infection is among the top 10 causes of death and the first infectious disease-causing mortality worldwide. 1 The evolution of drug-resistant strains, viz., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), has unfortunately augmented both nosocomial and inherent mortality rates, which poses an imperative threat to human health. 2 Nowadays, the development of new antibacterial compounds to combat human bacterial infections has become a big challenge, and that may be related to the explicit and repeated use of antibiotics. 3,4 Recently, only four new classes of antibiotics have been approved by FDA over the past 17 years, while most current drugs have the same wellunderstood target. 5,6 The thiazole moiety is found in several substances, including thiamine (vitamin B1), thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), bacitracin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, and sulfathiazole. 7−10 Additionally, thiazole derivatives have emerged as a new class of potent antimicrobial agents, which are reported to inhibit bacteria by many different mechanisms such as blocking the biosynthesis of certain bacterial lipids 11 and inhibiting DNA gyrase B 12,13 and dihydrofolate reductase. 14 Pyrazole is one of the most prevalent nitrogen heterocyclic cores in many biologically active natural and synthetic compounds, which has received substantial attention in medicinal chemistry and drug design research. 15, 16 Some drugs with pyrazole pharmacophores such as Celecoxib and Lonazolac (anti-inflammatory), Betazole (H2-receptor agonist), and Fezolamine (antidepressant) have been used in clinical applications. 17 Furthermore, persistent biofilms are a key virulence factor, which is recognized as the principal cause of chronic and frequent bacterial infections ensuing an estimated 17 million new biofilm infections and more than five hundred thousand deaths each year. 18 Biofilms make the bacteria resistant to conventional antibiotics by around 1000-fold. 19 Subsequently, there is an urgent need to counter biofilm formation and develop new antibacterial agents to exert anti-biofilm activities. 20 This situation requires the development of new antibacterial drugs with entirely distinct chemical structures, which may have a different mode of action than currently available therapeutic medications. 21 DNA gyrase is composed of two subunits, GyrA and GyrB, forming a complex in the active form of the enzyme to which DNA binds. Both subunits interact with DNA; the GyrA subunit contains the tyrosine required for DNA cleavage, while the GyrB subunit contains the ATPase active site. 22,23 The crucial role of DNA gyrase in the bacterial and mycobacterial viability and its lack in the higher eukaryotes make this enzyme a proper target for developing potential drugs from the viewpoint of selective toxicity. 24 −26 Sterility of the different pharmaceutical products is a serious aspect of ensuring their safe and effective use upon administration via the parenteral route. Sterilization by gamma irradiation has shown significant applicability for a wide range of pharmaceutical agents and has been approved by the European Pharmacopeia. Additionally, gamma sterilization is a very attractive method for terminal sterilization, considering its ability to attain a 10 −6 probability of microbial survival without causing excessive product heating or exposure to toxic chemicals. 27 Hybridizing two or more scaffolds in one molecule to create a new hybrid molecule is useful for developing new therapeutic agents. 28−34 Based on these things mentioned above, herein, we report the design and synthesis of novel series of pyrazole derivatives incorporating thiazol-4-one/thiophene in one molecule via conventional synthetic approaches to obtain new pyrazole derivatives ( Figure 1). The new hybrid molecules were screened against three Gram-positive, three Gramnegative bacteria, and two Candida albicans isolates. The five most active derivatives were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) using the broth microdilution technique, Staphylococcus biofilm mass reduction, synergistic effect, time-kill ACS Omega http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf Article kinetic assay, in vitro cytotoxic activity against three normal cell lines, and finally study of their mode of action using two different mechanisms as DNA gyrase and DHFR inhibitors. A molecular docking study was performed to confirm the binding mode and confirm the target's action.
The structures of both 2-(4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)acrylonitrile 4a and 4b and 4-amino-2-(substituted)thiophene-3-carboxylate 7a and 7b were confirmed by spectroscopic data and elemental analysis. The IR spectra of compounds 4a and 4b displayed absorption bands at υ 2202−2210 and 1714− 1720 cm −1 related to the cyano and carbonyl of thiazolin-4one. Conversely, the IR spectra of compounds 7a and 7b showed the absence of absorption bands for the cyano and carbonyl of thiazolin-4-one and presented new bands at υ 3345−3432, 1685−1686 cm −1 corresponding to the amino and carbonyl of ester groups. The 1 H NMR spectrum of 2-(4oxo-4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)acrylonitrile derivative 4b demonstrated four singlet signals at δ 2. 49, 4.72, 8.80, and 8.85 ppm due to methyl, methylene groups, methine-H, and pyrazole-H, respectively. On the other hand, the 1 H NMR spectra of the thiophene-3-carboxylate derivative 7b displayed triplet and quartet signals due to five protons at δ 1.30 and 4.31 ppm for the ethoxy group and three singlet signals at δ 2.39, 8.09, and 9.13 ppm corresponding to methyl, two protons of a methine group, and a pyrazole moiety. In addition, the singlet signal at δ 7.49 ppm was related to an amino group that was exchangeable with D 2 O and the absence of methylene singlet signal at nearly δ 4.72 ppm. The 13 C NMR spectra of the thiophene-3-carboxylate 7a are characterized by signals at δ 13.96, 62.13, 155.20, and 161.83 ppm, assignable to an ethoxy group, C-NH 2 , and carbonyl group (CO), respectively.
Furthermore, the acetonitrile derivative 14 was condensed with different aromatic aldehydes (1:1 molar ratio) in ethanol with drops of piperidine to give the corresponding 3-aryl-2-(5-(2-substituted-hydrzono)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)acrylonitrile derivatives 15a and 15b. The IR spectra of compounds 15a and 15b displayed bands at υ 3181−3200, 2196−2205, and 1703−1708 cm −1 corresponding to NH, CN, and carbonyl groups, respectively. The 1 H NMR spectrum of compound 14 presented signals at δ 2.54, 3.31, 4.04, and 7.39 ppm corresponding to the two methyl groups of an antipyrine moiety, methylene, and NH groups. In a similar manner, the 1 H NMR spectra of compound 15a presented four singlet signals at δ 2.49, 3.01, 7.35, and 8.37 ppm owing to two methyl groups of an antipyrine derivative, a methylinic proton, and a NH group, in addition to 10 aromatic protons ranging between δ 7.42 and 7.66 ppm. The 13 C NMR spectrum of compound 15a showed signals at δ 10.91 and 34.11 ppm related to two methyl groups and δ 143.37, 148.91, 157.84, and 174.93 ppm corresponding to CN, S−CN, and two carbonyl groups, in addition to the aromatic carbons that were observed between δ 105.89 and 134.52 ppm.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentration (MBC/ MFC) Determination.
The MIC values of the most active pyrazole derivatives 4a, 5a, 7b, 10, and 13 were measured in vitro using the broth microdilution technique, as presented in Table 2 and Table S1. It was noticed that the pyrazole containing thiophene-3-carboxylate derivative 7b exhibited the highest MIC value among the other derivatives over all the tested pathogens, with MICs ranging between 0.22 and 0.25 μg/mL. Moreover, the pyrazolo-thiazolin-4-one derivatives 4a and 5a were equally potent with the reference, Ciprofloxacin, against E. coli (MIC = 0.45 and 0.46 μg/mL, respectively), and A. baumannii (MIC = 0.44 and 0.48 μg/mL, respectively) and exhibited a two-fold increase in the potency compared to the standard Ketoconazole against the C. albicans 200 (MIC = 0.22 and 0.24 μg/mL, respectively). Additionally, pyrazolothiazolin-4-one derivatives 4a and 5a displayed MIC values of 0.45 and 0.43 μg/mL, respectively, close to that of Ketoconazole (MIC = 0.49 μg/mL) against the C. albicans 100 . Furthermore, 1,5-dimethylpyrazol-3-one incorporating thiazolin-4-one derivatives 10 and 13 demonstrated a good antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative bacteria used in this study with MIC values 0.43−0.98 μg/mL and against Gram-positive bacteria with MIC = 0.95−0.98 μg/mL compared with Ciprofloxacin (0.46−0.49 μg/mL). All the remaining derivatives demonstrated promising to moderate antimicrobial activity. It was interesting to show the antimicrobial activity of the tested derivatives considered as bactericidal or fungicidal depending on whether the MBC or MFC is not more than four-fold the MIC value. 43,44 Regarding the MBC and MFC, our pyrazole derivatives had prominent MBC/MIC and MFC/MIC that were approximately ≤4, indicating their bactericidal/fungicidal effect.

Staphylococcus Biofilm Mass Reduction.
Biofilms formed by bacterial pathogens are one of the major health problems. They are life-threatening blood infections associated with both high morbidity and mortality rates, as well as high treatment costs. 45 S. aureus and S. epidermidis are responsible mostly for several invasive infections due to their capability to form biofilms. What worsens the case is that the traditional antibiotics are not effective enough to disrupt the biofilms due   to their high resistance to most agents. It becomes essential to develop new antimicrobials capable of disrupting these biofilms and therefore overcome the increasing resistance. 46 In our study, the ability of the potent pyrazole derivatives to reduce the biofilm formation was analyzed, and the findings are illustrated in Figure 2. The data obtained confirmed that the most promising pyrazole derivatives 4a, 5a, 7b, 10, and 13 all significantly disrupted the biofilm-forming Staphylococcal isolates at their MIC, reducing the S. aureus biofilm formation by 74.3, 89.1, 67, 55.6, and 51.2%, respectively. At the same time, the S. epidermidis biofilm formations were reduced by 64.8, 79.5, 58, 53.3, and 47.8%, respectively. These pyrazole derivatives showed superior antibiofilm activity to the reference antibiotic, Ciprofloxacin, by 43.2% for S. aureus and 38% for S. epidermidis.
2.2.5. Synergistic Effect. The extensive use of antibiotics increases the rate of resistance to pathogens. The combination therapy of commercially used antibiotics with other antimicrobials has been used in the medical system to reduce the emergence of resistant isolates to these antibiotics. 47 The most potent pyrazole derivatives 4a, 5a, 7b, 10, and 13 were further evaluated to act as an adjunct to potentiate a reduction in the MIC of Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole against the clinical isolates. A checkerboard dilution assay has been used to determine the active compounds' fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). A ΣFICI ≤ 0.5 indicates synergism between the antibiotic and the compound and shows partial synergism if greater than 0.5 and less than 1.
As shown in Table 4, we observed the ΣFICI range from 0.25 to 0.75 in the drug combinations reported, indicating synergistic and partial synergistic effects between the compounds and the reference antibiotics. There was a substantial reduction in the MIC of both Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole against the pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Three compounds 4a, 5a, and 7b exhibited synergistic relationships with Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole against all the tested pathogens with ΣFICI ≤ 0.5 ranging from 0.25 and 0.5 able to re-sensitize the pathogenic isolates to antibiotics, reducing their MICs. The N-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)acetamide derivative 10 has behaved synergistically with Ciprofloxacin against S. aureus, E. coli, and A. baumannii and with Ketoconazole against C. albicans 200 . Also, the synergistic effect was observed between compound 13 and Ciprofloxacin against A. baumannii and with Ketoconazole against the two Candida isolates.
2.2.6. Hemolytic Assay. The development of new antimicrobial agents requires the assurance of their safety to be used. Many compounds can be biologically active, but they also can exert several toxic effects such as hemolysis (i.e., rupture the RBCs), causing damage to vital organs such as the kidney, liver, and heart. 48,49 In our study, the results of the hemolytic activity of the five active compounds 4a, 5a, 7b, 10, and 13 in Table 5 rendered that they were nontoxic with low hemolytic activity. Compound 7b was the least cytotoxic due to its lowest hemolytic activity (3.23%) relative to standard Triton X-100   50 values of enzyme inhibition in μM in Table 6.
The order of the inhibitory activity of the most active derivatives against DNA gyrase and DHFR can be represented as 7b > 4a > 5a > 10 > 13. All of the most active derivatives exhibited DNA gyrase inhibitory potential with IC 50 values ranging between 12.27 ± 0.34 and 31.64 ± 0.17 μM, lower than Ciprofloxacin (IC 50 = 47.68 ± 0.17 μM). Also, the promising pyrazole derivatives displayed inhibitory activity against DHFR with IC 50 values 0.52 ± 0.20 to 2.67 ± 0.14 μM, lower than Trimethoprim (IC 50 = 5.16 ± 0.23 μM). As shown in Table 6, pyrazole derivatives 4a and 7b proved to be the highest active inhibitors with IC 50 values 18.25 and 12.27 μM for DNA gyrase and with IC 50 values of 0.98 and 0.52 μM for DHFR, respectively. However, compounds 5a and 10 revealed a moderately high inhibitory activity for DNA gyrase (IC 50 = 22.13 and 28.88 μM, respectively) and moderate inhibitory activity for DHFR with IC 50 of 1.11 and 1.42 μM, respectively. Moreover, compound 13 expressed a DNA gyrase inhibitory activity with an IC 50 of 31.64 μM and a DHFR inhibitory activity with an IC 50 of 2.67 μM.
Finally, the above results confirmed the validity of our design, and the hybridization of pyrazole derivatives containing thiazol-4-one or thiophene could result in compounds with excellent antibacterial activities.
2.2.8. In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity on Normal Cell Lines. In order to evaluate the safety of the five synthesized active compounds 4a, 5a, 7b, 10, and 13 toward the normal cells, in vitro cytotoxic activity evaluation was carried out on three normal noncancerous cell lines (BNL, Vero, and H9C2) to investigate the toxicity and selectivity of these new derivatives, as presented in Table 7. To our delight, the five compounds were found to be noncytotoxic with IC 50 (Table 7). 2.2.9. Time-Kill Kinetic Assay. Determination of the timekill kinetics of the synthesized compounds is essential to evaluate the efficacy and killing rate of these antimicrobial agents. The time-kill kinetic profiles of pyrazole derivative 7b displayed bactericidal and fungicidal activities toward all the pathogenic isolates tested, showing ≥3log 10 reduction in the viable cell count relative to the initial inoculum with the reference antibiotics (Figures 3 and 4). The bacterial cells of S. aureus, E. coli, and A. baumannii were rapidly reduced at 2 × MIC after 8, 4, and 8 h, respectively, and after 12 h for S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, and K. pneumoniae. For C. albicans 100 and C. albicans 200 , the maximum killing rate was observed after 16 h, respectively. The maximum reduction in the viable cell counts was observed with Ciprofloxacin at the MIC after 20, 24, 24, 12, 24, and 20 h for S. aureus, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, E. coli, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae, respectively. Alternatively, the reduction in the colony-forming units was detected against C. albicans 100 and C. albicans 200 with Ketoconazole after 48 h. At 1/2 × MIC, only S. aureus and E. coli showed a maximum reduction after 24 h. Contrariwise, the remaining bacterial isolates and C. albicans 200 showed continuous growth up to 24 h. Also, it was noticed that   . Effect of Gamma Sterilization on the Antimicrobial Activity of the Active Compound. Gamma radiation is considered a conventional sterilization method for a wide range of pharmaceuticals either in their dry form or as raw materials. 51 It has been reported that gamma radiation doses up to 25.0 kGy were sufficient to sterilize the pharmaceutical products without causing any physico/chemical changes. 52 The active pyrazole derivative 7b was exposed to an array of gamma irradiation doses ranging from 1.0 to 20.0 kGy. The data obtained revealed that the gamma irradiation dose of 15.0 kGy was the minimum adequate dose to sterilize the target compound, i.e., yield SAL < 10 −6 . Table 8 shows that the antimicrobial activity of the derivative tested remained unchanged at gamma irradiation doses 1.0 and 5.0 kGy. Contrariwise, the activity was increased at gamma doses of 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 kGy.

Molecular Docking Study.
Owing to the favorable results obtained by previous studies, molecular docking simulation of the most promising derivatives 4a, 5a, 7b, 10, and 13 were performed inside the active sites of S. aureus DNA gyrase (PDB: 2XCT) and dihydrofolate reductase (PDB: 1DLS). 53 The docking process was performed using Molecular Operating Environmental (MOE) 10.2008. 54,55 Results obtained from the docking study are presented in Table 9 and Figures 5a,b, 6, and 7a,b. These results exhibited that the most promising pyrazole-thiazol-4-one or pyrazole-thiophene derivatives can recognize the active site of the protein and make different types of interactions (H-bond, arene−cation, and arene−arene) with the key amino acids in the active site of the pocket.
Additionally, 3-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)acrylonitrile derivative 4a revealed a good binding energy S = −18.90 Kcal/mol through one hydrogen bond sidechain acceptor with Arg1048 with a bond length 3.11 Å and strength 26%. Additionally, the residue His1081 formed an arene−cation interaction with a phenyl ring at C3 of pyrazole in compound 4a, as described in Figure 5b.  On the other hand, to study the activity of the most promising derivatives 4a, 5a, 7b, 10, and 13 against the DHFR enzyme, a molecular docking study inside the active site of dihydrofolate reductase (PDB: 1DLS) was performed. Trimethoprim as another positive control (used in the in vitro study) displayed a binding energy S = −19.92 Kcal/mol through a two hydrogen bond donors between the residue Val115 and amino group at position four in the pyrimidine ring (backbone donor) with a bond length 2.85 Å and strength 24%, in addition to the residue Glu30 and the other amino group at position two in the pyrimidine ring (side chain donor) with a bond length 2.49 Å and strength 30%. Also, there is one hydrogen bond sidechain acceptor between Ser59 and oxygen of a methoxy group with a bond length 2.94 Å and strength 38%. (All figures are shown in the SI).  Figure 7a. Meanwhile, the thiophene derivative 7b revealed an interesting interaction with a binding energy S = − 20.17 Kcal/mol by its ability to form two hydrogen bond sidechain acceptors between Ile7 and Val115 with the amino of thiophene with bond lengths 3.07 and 2.75 Å, respectively (Figure 7b). Also, the N-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothiazole-2-carbohydrazonoyl derivative 13 showed a binding energy S = −15.46 Kcal/mol through one hydrogen bond sidechain acceptor between Tyr 121 with the nitrogen of a cyano group with a bond length 3.11 Å and strength 23%, as well as the arene− arene interaction between Phe31 and phenyl of a pyrazole ring.
Finally, the docking results confirmed the validity of the most promising derivatives 4a, 5a, 7b, 10, and 13 against DNA gyrase and dihydrofolate reductase. In addition, the hybridization of thiazol-4-one or thiophene with pyrazole could improve the antibacterial activities with a lower binding energy and through different types of interactions such as hydrogen bonds and arene−arene and arene−cation interactions with bond lengths not exceeding 3.43 Å.

CONCLUSIONS
We herein reported a novel route for synthesizing some new pyrazole derivatives containing thiazol-4-one/thiophene. The newly synthesized derivatives are based on the reaction of 1,3diaryl-4-formyl pyrazole or 4-amino antipyrine derivatives with different chemical reagents. The formyl pyrazole derivatives 2a and 2b were condensed with thiazolidine-4-one derivatives 1a and 1b to form 5-arylmethylidine derivatives 3a and 3b that reacted with the further aromatic aldehyde to produce bis-aryl methylidene derivatives 5a and 5c. The pyrazolo-arylidene derivatives 6a−d reacted with sulfanylacetic acid to produce thiazoline-4-one 4a and 4b and thiophene derivatives 7a and 7b depending on the active methylene of arylidene. Further, 4aminoantipyrine was used as a precursor substance for the synthesis of thiazolo-pyrazole 10, 13, 14, 15a, and 15b depending on the conversion of the amino group by cyanoacylation or diazotization and then reacted with sulfanylacetic acid. Also, this article includes the synthesis of some thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridine derivatives 16a and 16b that were designed and synthesized by reacting the mono-and bis-aryl methylidene derivatives 14 and 15a and 15b with arylidenemalononitrile or malononitrile, respectively. Additionally, all the synthesized analogs were examined for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against eight isolate pathogens. Among them, five pyrazole derivatives 4a, 5a, 7b, 10, and 13 revealed the ability to inhibit the growth of the screened panel of eight isolates with excellent MICs and MBCs/MFCs values compared with Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole with a low resistance rate and potential for resistance. Moreover, the in vitro inhibitory activity for the biofilm formation illustrated these derivatives as the most potent biofilm inhibitors compared with the reference drugs against two strains, S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Furthermore, the most active derivatives 4a, 5a, 7b, 10, and 13 showed synergistic effects when combined with Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole, reducing their MICs and reducing their resistance frequency. The five active compounds have low hemolytic activity compared with CIP, KCA, and Triton X-100, which makes them safe to be used as antimicrobial agents. The enzyme Melting points are uncorrected. The IR spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu 440 infrared spectrophotometer (υ/cm −1 ) using the KBr technique (Shimadzu, Japan). 1 H NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Gemini spectrometer (δ/ppm) 300 and 400 MHz using TMS as an internal standard. Mass spectra were recorded on a Jeol-JMS-600 mass spectrometer. 13 C NMR spectra were run at 75 and 101 MHz. Micro analytical data were obtained from the Micro Analytical Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Cairo University. The reactions were monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using TLC sheets with UV fluorescent silica gel Merck 60f254 plates using a UV lamp and different solvents as mobile phases. 2-(4-Oxothiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetonitrile (1a) and ethyl-2-(4-oxothiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetate (1b) were prepared according to the reported method. 35 Furthermore, 1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde (2a), 1-phenyl-3-(p-tolyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde (2b), 37   The MIC of the target compounds (having inhibition zones > 9 mm) was then determined using the broth microdilution method. 58 Two-fold serial dilutions of the tested compounds were prepared to give a concentration range 0.125−128 μg/mL. Sterile test tubes containing the target compounds were placed in sterile TSB medium for bacteria and sterile SDB for the fungi. The TSB and SDB tubes with and without the compounds were used as controls. The MIC was detected as the lowest concentration of the compound showing no visible growth of the tested organisms. The experiment was performed in triplicate, and the data was analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 software. To determine the MBC and MFC for each test tube in the MIC determination, a loopful of 5 μL was collected from those tubes that showed no growth and inoculated on sterile TSA and SDA plates by streaking. The plates were then incubated with bacteria and fungi at 37°C for 24 h and at 28°C for 48 h, respectively. The lowest concentration at which no visible growth was observed was noted as the MBC or MFC. 59 In addition, MBC/MIC and MFC/MIC ratios were determined, and if the tested agent yields an MBC or MFC/MIC ratio ≤ 4, then it is considered to be -cidal, but if it yields a ratio > 4, then it will be -static. 60 4.6.3. Staphylococcus Biofilm Mass Reduction Determination. The microtiter dish biofilm formation assay 47,61 was employed to assess the ability of the compounds to disrupt the biofilm formed by the Staphylococcal isolates (S. aureus and S. epidermidis). Each tested bacterial isolate was transferred to TSB and incubated at 37°C for 24 h 60 followed by further dilution using the TSB with 1% glucose to reach a concentration of 1:200. For each bacterial isolate, the suspension was transferred onto the wells of a 96-well microtiter plate and incubated to allow biofilm formation. The planktonic bacterial cells were removed by washing the wells three times using PBS. The synthesized compounds and Ciprofloxacin were added to the wells and serially diluted. After incubation at 37°C for 24 h, the plate was washed three times using water, stained by 0.1% crystal violet, and then left for 20 min before addition of 95% ethanol for decolorization. Using a microtiter plate reader, the optical density of each well at 595 nm was measured. The % of biofilm mass reduction was calculated for each treatment compared with the control (wells with no treatment). 4.6.4. Single-Step Resistance Selection. The frequency of single-step resistance of the most active pyrazole compounds 4a, 5a, 7b, 10, and 13 and antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole) for the tested bacterial and fungal isolates was determined as reported. 47,62 In brief, cultures of 1 × 10 9 CFU/ mL were spread onto TSA and SDA plates containing each compound and each antibiotic at 4 × MIC concentration. The plates were incubated at 37°C (for bacteria) and at 28°C (for fungi) for 48 h. the frequency of resistance was calculated by counting the number of resistant colonies per inoculum. 4.6.5. Combination Therapy Analysis of Active Pyrazole Derivatives with Antibiotics. The combination between active pyrazolo-thiazole derivatives 4a, 5a, 7b, 10, and 13 and antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole) was assessed via a standard checkerboard assay 63 and represented as the fractional inhibitory concentration index (ΣFICI) i.e., the sum of the FIC for each compound. Bacterial suspensions were prepared in PBS equivalent to the 0.5McFarland standard. The bacteria were then diluted in TSB to achieve a starting bacterial density of 1 × 10 5 CFU/mL. The MIC of each test compound in combination with each antibiotic studied was determined as the lowest concentration of each combination in which no visible growth was observed. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (ΣFICI) was calculated for each combination using the following equation: MIC of antibiotic in combination MIC of antibiotic alone MIC of target compound in combination MIC of target compound alone FICI ≤ 0.5 (synergism); 0.5 < FICI <1 (partial synergism); 1 ≤ FICI <2 (indifference); and FICI ≥2 (antagonism). 4.6.6. Hemolytic Assay. Hemolytic activity was studied according to the reported studies. 64,65 Three milliliters of fresh heparin-added human blood was obtained from healthy donors, who contributed voluntarily and had their oral informed consents before collecting the samples. Initially, the plasma and WBCs were removed after centrifugation of the blood at 1000g for 5 min, and the blood cells were washed using fresh sterile cold isosmotic phosphate-buffer saline (PBS) three times. The RBCs were prepared to be 1 × 10 8 cells/mL for each assay, and the active compounds 4a, 5a, 7b, 10, and 13 were prepared at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. The assays of cells in the presence of the active compounds were incubated at 37°C for 35 min followed by agitation after 10 min. All samples were held on ice for 5 min followed by centrifugation at 1000g for 5 min. Aliquots of 100 μL was taken from each tube and 10-fold diluted with cold PBS. PBS and Triton X-100 (0.1% v/v, Sigma-Aldrich, MO, UK) were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Also, CIP and KCA were also used as antibiotic controls. The %lysis of RBCs was measured for each sample by noting the absorbance at 570 nm using a UV/Vis spectrophotometer. 4.6.7. Inhibitory Effects against DNA Gyrase and DHFR Enzymes. The newly synthesized active targets 4a, 5a, 7b, 10, and 13 were assessed for their in vitro inhibition against both DNA gyrase and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzymes using Ciprofloxacin and Trimethoprim as reference drugs. The assay was carried out using an E. coli DNA gyrase kit (TopoGEN Inc., Port Orange, FL) and DHFR assay kit (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) following the manufacturers' procedures. The results are depicted as IC 50 values of enzyme inhibition. 4.6.8. In Vitro Cytotoxicity Activity on Normal Cell Lines. The cytotoxic activity of the new active derivatives was evaluated in vitro against three normal noncancerous cell lines (BNL: mouse normal liver cells, Vero: green monkey kidney, and H9C2: rat heart/myocardium). The cell lines were obtained from Nawah Scientific Inc., Cairo, Egypt. The cells were maintained in DMEM media supplemented with 100 mg/mL streptomycin, 100 units/mL penicillin, and 10% heatinactivated fetal bovine serum in a humidified 5% (v/v) CO 2 atmosphere at 37°C. The cell viability was assessed by a colorimetric SulphoRhodamine-B (SRB) assay. Aliquots of 100 μL cell suspension (5 × 10 3 cells) were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated in complete media for 24 h. Cells were treated with another aliquot of 100 μL media containing the compounds tested at various concentrations. After 72 h of compound exposure, cells were fixed by replacing media with 150 μL of 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and incubated at 4°C for 1 h. The TCA solution was removed, and the cells were washed five times with distilled water. Aliquots of 70 μL SRB ACS Omega http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf Article solution (0.4% w/v) were added and incubated in a dark place at room temperature for 10 min. Plates were then washed three times with 1% acetic acid and allowed to air-dry overnight. Then, 150 μL of Tris base (10 mM) was added to dissolve protein-bound SRB stain; the absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a BMG LABTECH-FLUOstar Omega microplate reader (Ortenberg, Germany). The viability was calculated as (A 540 of treated samples/A 540 of untreated sample) × 100, and the inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC 50 ) was determined from the exponential curve of viability vs concentration. Also, the selectivity index (SI) was determined to estimate the safety and selectivity of the tested compounds. The IC 50 values, viability %, and SI for the tested compounds were calculated as IC 50 of the normal cell lines/IC 50 of DNA gyrase or DHFR. Three independent experiments for each concentration were performed. 4.6.9. Time-Kill Assay. Time-kill assay was performed using the broth microdilution method following the CLSI guidelines. Each bacterial isolate at the exponential growth phase (∼1 × 10 5 CFU/mL) was inoculated in TSB containing compounds 7b, CIP, and KCA at 1/2 × MIC, MIC, and 2 × MIC. A growth control containing each bacterial and fungal isolate without the tested compound was included in each trial. The bacterial cells were incubated at 37°C, and aliquots of 100 μL were removed at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 20, and 24 h. The aliquots were 10-fold serially diluted and plated on TSA plates. Similarly, each fungal isolate at the exponential growth phase (∼1 × 10 4 CFU/mL) were inoculated in SDB containing the compound 7b at 1/2 × MIC, MIC, and 2 × MIC concentrations. The tubes were incubated at 28°C. Aliquots of 100 μL were removed at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 48 h. The aliquots were 10fold serially diluted and plated on SDA plates. The number of both bacterial and fungal colonies were counted after incubating the plates at 37 and 28°C for 24 and 48 h, respectively. Data were analyzed as killing curves by plotting the log 10 CFU/mL vs time (h) as described previously. 63,66 4.6.10. Effect of Gamma Sterilization on the Antimicrobial Activity of Pyrazole-Thiophene Derivative 7b. The most active compound 7b was subjected to different irradiation doses (1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 kGy) using the radioactive source ( 60 Co) located in the National Center of Research and Radiation Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt. The radiation dose was 1.0 kGy/h at the time of experiment. Changes in the chemical structure of the irradiated derivative was detected using the UV−Vis spectrophotometer at 570 nm. In addition, the effect of gamma radiation on the antimicrobial activity of the active target was studied against the different bacterial and fungal isolates by determination of their MICs values after exposure to radiation, according to the CLSI protocol. 58 In the tests, microbial culture with a standardized O.D. was used, and the assay was run in triplicate. The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.1c05801.
All spectral analysis such as IR, 1 H NMR, and 13 C NMR spectra for the newly synthesized compounds as well as all docking figures (PDF)