Permanent draft genome sequence of the gliding predator Saprospira grandis strain Sa g1 (= HR1)

Saprospira grandis Gross 1911 is a member of the Saprospiraceae, a family in the class ‘Sphingobacteria’ that remains poorly characterized at the genomic level. The species is known for preying on other marine bacteria via ‘ixotrophy’. S. grandis strain Sa g1 was isolated from decaying crab carapace in France and was selected for genome sequencing because of its isolated location in the tree of life. Only one type strain genome has been published so far from the Saprospiraceae, while the sequence of strain Sa g1 represents the second genome to be published from a non-type strain of S. grandis. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 4,495,250 bp long Improved-High-Quality draft of the genome with its 3,536 protein-coding and 62 RNA genes is a part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project.


Introduction
Strain Sa g1 (= HR1 = DSM 2844 = ATCC 49590 = LMG 13157) belongs to the species Saprospira grandis [1,2] in the monospecific genus Saprospira [2,3]. The type strain of the species is Lewin WH T (= ATCC 23119 = LMG 10407) [1,3] and is known for its predatory life style when capturing and preying on other bacteria via 'ixotrophy' [2]. Strain Sa g1 was isolated in 1975 from decaying crab carapace in Roscoff, France [4]. The genus name was derived from the Greek adjective sapros, meaning rotten/putrid, and the Latin spira, a coil/spiral, resulting in the Neo-Latin Saprospira, a spiral associated with decaying matter [5]; the species epithet was derived from the Latin adjective grandis, large [5]. Life style and ecological role of members of the species was recently summarized by Saw et al. [6] when they reported the genome sequence of strain Lewin (isolated from La Jolla beach in San Diego; not to be confused with strain Lewin WH T , the type strain of the species which was also isolated by Lewin, but from a rockpool near high water, Woods Hole). Strain Lewin was the first member of the genus Saprospira to be completely sequenced. Here we present a summary classification and a set of features for S. grandis Sa g1, together with the description of the genomic sequencing and annotation.

Classification and features
A representative genomic 16S rRNA sequence of strain Sa g1 was compared using NCBI BLAST [7,8] under default settings (e.g., considering only the high-scoring segment pairs (HSPs) from the best 250 hits) with the most recent release of the Greengenes database [9] and the relative frequencies of taxa and keywords (reduced to their stem [10]) were determined, weighted by BLAST scores. The most frequently occurring genera were Saprospira (82.0%), Aureispira (5.4%), "Aureospira" (4.8%), Cytophaga (3.9%) and Lewinella (3.8%) (16 hits in total). Regarding the three hits to sequences from members of the species, the average identity within HSPs was 99.4%, whereas the average coverage by HSPs was 98.6%. Among all other species, the one yielding the highest score was Aureispira maritima (AB278130), which corresponded to an identity of 87.3% and an HSP coverage of 98.0%. (Note that the Greengenes database uses the INSDC (= EMBL/NCBI/DDBJ) annotation, which is not an authoritative source for nomenclature or classification.) The highestscoring environmental sequence was FJ792500 ('Unexpectedly archaeal species shift between rare and dominant over thousand year time scales carbonate chimney Lost City Hydrothermal Field clone SGYF672'), which showed an identity of 99.2% and an HSP coverage of 100.3%. The most frequently occurring keywords within the labels of all environmental samples which yielded hits were 'lake' (3.8%), 'sludg' (2.9%), 'microbi' (2.8%), 'mat' (2.7%) and 'activ' (2.3%) (234 hits in total) and correspond to the already known habitats for strains of this species. Figure 1 shows the phylogenetic neighborhood of S. grandis strain Sa g1 in a 16S rRNA based tree. The sequences of the four 16S rRNA gene copies in the genome differ from each other by up to one nucleotide, and differ by up to seven nucleotides from the previously published 16S rRNA sequence (M58795), which contains 52 ambiguous base calls.  [11,12] of the 16S rRNA gene sequence under the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion [13]. Rooting was done initially using the midpoint method [14] and then checked for its agreement with the current classification ( Table 1). The branches are scaled in terms of the expected number of substitutions per site. Numbers adjacent to the branches are support values from 250 ML bootstrap replicates [15] (left) and from 1,000 maximum parsimony bootstrap replicates [16] (right) if larger than 60%. Lineages with type strain genome sequencing projects registered in GOLD [17] are labeled with one asterisk, those also listed as 'Complete and Published' with two asterisks [18]. Standards in Genomic Sciences General features of S. grandis were summarized previously by Saw et al. in the short genome report of strain Lewin [6], and are therefore not repeated here. Individual features of strain Sa g1 are largely unknown due to a lack of relevant publications, as are chemotaxonomical data. A description of the isolation and some morphological features of strain Sa g1 are reported by Reichenbach [4]. Figure 2 shows an electron micrograph of the S. grandis Sa g1 cells. Table 1. Classification and general features of S. grandis Sa g1 according to the MIGS recommendations [19] and the Names for Life database [2].

Genome sequencing and annotation Genome project history
This organism was selected for sequencing on the basis of its phylogenetic position [32], and is part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project [33]. The genome project is deposited in the Genomes On Line Database [17] and the complete genome sequence is deposited in GenBank. Sequencing, finishing and annotation were performed by the DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI). A summary of the project information is shown in Table 2.
Growth conditions and DNA isolation S. grandis strain Sa g1, DSM 2844, was grown in DSMZ medium 172 (Cytophaga (marine) medium) [34] at 28°C. DNA was isolated from 0.5-1 g of cell paste using Jetflex Genomic DNA Purification kit (GENOMED 600100) following the standard protocol as recommended by the manufacturer without modification. DNA will be available on request through the DNA Bank Network [46].

Genome sequencing and assembly
The genome was sequenced using a combination of Illumina and 454 sequencing platforms. All general aspects of library construction and sequencing can be found at the JGI website [35]. Pyrosequencing reads were assembled using the Newbler assembler

Genome annotation
Genes were identified using Prodigal [40] as part of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory genome annotation pipeline, followed by a round of manual curation using the JGI GenePRIMP pipeline [41]. The predicted CDSs were translated and used to search the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non-redundant database, UniProt, TIGRFam, Pfam, PRIAM, KEGG, COG, and InterPro databases. Additional gene prediction analysis and functional annotation was performed within the Integrated Microbial Genomes -Expert Review (IMG-ER) platform [42].

Genome properties
The Improved-High-Quality draft assembly of the genome consists of 84 contigs in four scaffolds representing the chromosome (4,422,561 bp, 11,045 bp, 2,786 bp and 2,223 bp length, respectively) and one 56,635 bp plasmid scaffold, with an overall 46.1% G+C content (Table 3 and Figure 3). Of the 3,598 genes predicted, 3,536 were protein-coding genes, and 62 RNAs; 70 pseudogenes were also identified. The majority of the protein-coding genes (57.4%) were assigned a putative function while the remaining ones were annotated as hypothetical proteins. The distribution of genes into COGs functional categories is presented in Table 4. * four scaffolds for the chromosome and one for a plasmid ** only two rRNA operons appear to be complete; the third copy appears to be split into two incomplete fractions due to unresolved assembly problems. Figure 3. Graphical map of the largest scaffold, SapgrDRAFT_Contig123.4, which represents >99.6% of the chromosome. The smaller contigs of the chromosome and the plasmid are not shown, but accessible through the img/er pages on the JGI web pages [35,42]. From bottom to top: Genes on forward strand (colored by COG categories), Genes on reverse strand (colored by COG categories), RNA genes (tRNAs green, rRNAs red, other RNAs black), GC content, GC skew.  . 778), which may reflect the differences in the gene calling and annotation process (strain Lewin is not yet featured in IMG [42]. As for the number of genes associated with the general COG functional categories (see Table 4 . 52), which again might be partially attributed to different procedures in the annotation processes.
The sequences of SapgrDRAFT_Contig123.4 and the chromosome of strain Lewin (CP002831), which represent roughly 99% of the respective genomes, were also compared with the GGDC-Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator [44,45]. The inferred distances from formulas 1 and 3 were 0.1139 and 0.1741, respectively, corresponding to 83.1% and 77.9% DDH values, respectively, estimated via regression-based predictions. These values indicate that both strains belong to the same species, S. grandis.
The sequence of the three smaller scaffolds (SapgrDRAFT_Contig118.2 with 11,045 bp length, SapgrDRAFT_Contig106.1 with 2,786 bp and SapgrDRAFT_Contig119.3 with 2,223 bp) were compared against the NCBI nr database and revealed significant similarities only with the chromosome of strain Lewin.