Five new species and three new females of the genus Endotricha Zeller from China (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Pyralinae)

Abstract Five new species of the genus Endotricha Zeller are described from China: Endotricha dentiprocessa sp. n., Endotricha unicolor sp. n., Endotricha shafferi sp. n., Endotricha convexa sp. n. and Endotricha whalleyi sp. n. Females of three species are described for the first time: Endotricha hoenei Whalley, 1963, Endotricha luteogrisalis Hampson, 1896 and Endotricha simipunicea Wang & Li, 2005. Photographs of the adults and both male and female genitalia are provided.


Introduction
The genus Endotricha Zeller, 1847 was erected for the type species Pyralis flammealis [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775. It belongs to the tribe Endotrichini of the subfamily Pyralinae, which includes seven genera and are characterized by having Rs anastomosed with Sc+R 1 in the hindwing (Solis and Shaffer 1999). Solis and co-authors dis-cussed the structures and the systematic position of the tribe, the subfamily and family (Solis and Mitter 1992, Solis and Shaffer 1999, Solis and Metz 2011. Endotricha is characterized by the forewing usually having a dark-colored ground coloration, the male gnathos being flat and plate-like, and the female corpus bursae having a spined signum. Currently, it comprises over one hundred species worldwide (Whalley 1963, Yoshiyasu 1987and 1989, Solis and Shaffer 1999, Kirpichnikova 2003, Wang and Li 2005, Lee et al. 2007, Sun and Li 2009, Nuss et al. 2003-2011, occurring throughout the Old World. Thirty-three species were recorded in China prior to this study (Wang andLi 2005, Sun andLi 2009). The aim of the present paper is to describe five new species and report the females of three species for the first time based on the Chinese specimens collected in Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan and Tibet (Map 1).

Material and methods
This study is based on the examination of the specimens collected in mountainous areas or nature reserves in China by using light traps. Terminology mainly follows Whalley (1963). Genitalia dissection and mounting methods follow Li (2002). Images of the adults were taken with a Nikon D300 digital camera plus macro lens, and the genitalia were prepared with an Olympus C-7070 digital camera. All the examined specimens are deposited in the Insect Collection, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
Diagnosis. This species is superficially similar to E. costaemaculalis Christoph, 1881, but can be distinguished in the male genitalia by the valva having the basal 1/4 ventrally dentate and the sacculus being distally produced into a stout thumb-shaped process, and in the female genitalia by the corpus bursae having basal half wider than distal half. In E. costaemaculalis, the valva is not dentate ventrobasally, the sacculus process is narrowing to a point; and the basal half of the corpus bursae is narrower than the distal half.
Description. Adult ( Fig. 1): Wing expanse 17.0−18.5 mm. Head blackish brown. Antenna yellowish brown, scape grayish white dorsoapically, flagellum with blackish brown dorsal annuli. Labial palpus blackish brown except second and third segments grayish-white at apices. Thorax and tegula dark yellowish brown. Forewing blackish brown, covered with dense reddish brown scales; costal margin black, interrupted with white dots, with a large ill-defined yellow spot before subterminal line; antemedian line white, slightly arched outward; discal spot inconspicuous; subterminal line purplish red, discontinuous, edged with black; terminal line black, edged with a broad purplish red band along inner margin; fringe reddish brown mottled black at apex, from below apex to anterior 1/4 of termen creamy white, from anterior 1/4 to tornus black mottled purplish red, blackish grey mottled reddish brown on dorsal margin, with a white basal line. Hindwing concolorous to forewing, yellowish white on costal margin; antemedian line white; postmedian line grayish white, edged with black, sinuate; terminal line black; fringe blackish grey mottled purplish-red and white along termen, grayish white on apex and along dorsal margin. Legs pale yellow on dorsal surface, blackish brown on ventral surface; tarsi with brown rings.

Distribution (Map 1). China (Guangxi).
Etymology. The specific epithet is from the Latin prefix dent-, meaning dentate, and processus, meaning process, in reference to the valva with narrow sclerotized plate bearing large teeth ventrobasally. Diagnosis. This species is similar in appearance to E. consobrinalis Zeller, 1852 from Africa, with some external variation. It can be distinguished in the male genitalia by the apically bluntly rounded uncus arm, the distally dilated gnathos, and by the sacculus produced to a distal-curved process; and in the female genitalia by the oval corpus bursae with signum placed in posterior 1/3. In E. consobrinalis, the forewing is ocherous brown, the uncus arm is narrowly rounded, the gnathos is slightly narrowed distally and the sacculus is produced into a distal-straight process; and the corpus bursae is elongate rectangular, and the signum is situated in its posterior 1/4. Description. Adult ( Fig. 2): Wing expanse 20.0 mm. Head yellowish brown. Antenna yellowish brown, with blackish brown dorsal annuli. Labial palpus blackish brown on outer surface, yellowish brown on inner surface, third segment greyish white at apex. Thorax and tegula greyish brown. Forewing brown, irrorate with purple reddish brown scales throughout in female, from base to antemedian line in male; costal margin black, interrupted with white dots, distinct on distal 2/3; antemedian line white, edged with black on inner margin, extending from costal 1/3 obliquely outward to near middle of cell, then inward to fold, and finally arched outward to dorsum; discal spot black, kidney-shaped; postmedian line white, distinctly edged with black on inner margin, extending from about costal 1/8 curved inward to dorsal 3/4; termen with interrupted short black streaks; fringe deep grey. Hindwing yellowish grey, tinged with black distally; ante-and postmedian lines pale silvery grey on dorsal surface, sinuous along both edges, black on ventral surface; termen with black dots and short streaks; fringe greyish brown basally, greyish yellow distally, pale yellow along dorsal margin. Legs yellowish white on dorsal surface, blackish brown on ventral surface.

Endotricha unicolor
Male genitalia (Fig. 10). Uncus rectangular, gently arched caudally; uncus arm broad, bluntly rounded apically; uncus processes triangular, situated at about 3/5. Gnathos somewhat racket-shaped, rounded at apex. Valva elongately narrow, arched ventrally, rounded at apex; transtilla a curved narrow band. Sacculus elongate triangular, wide basally, tapering to a long spine-shaped process curved distally, apex reaching middle of ventral margin, curved backward. Vinculum broad; saccus short and broad, rounded anteriorly. Juxta broad basally, narrower and nearly parallel distally; lateral lobe short, about 1/3 of its length. Phallus slender and long; ductus ejaculation from basal 1/4. Female genitalia (Fig. 15). Ovipositor nearly triangular, narrowly rounded caudally. Apophysis posterioris long and slender, about 2.5 times length of apophysis anterioris. Ostium bursae broad funnel-shaped, weakly sclerotized; antrum heavily sclerotized, lateral sides nearly parallel, slightly longer than half length of apophysis anterioris; ductus bursae membranous, shorter than antrum. Corpus burase oval; signum small, weak, placed at posterior 1/3. Diagnosis. This species is similar to E. hoenei Whalley, 1963. It can be distinguished by the black or deep blackish brown body; the male genitalia with the sacculus squared basally; and the female genitalia with antrum as thick as ductus bursae and having the signum located at posterior 1/3 of corpus bursae. In E. hoenei, the body is purplish red; the sacculus is triangular basally; and the antrum is narrower than the ductus bursae.
Description. Adult (Fig. 3): Wing expanse 21.0 mm. Head yellow. Antenna yellowish brown, with blackish brown dorsal annuli. Labial palpus with basal and second segments blackish brown except second segment pale yellow at apex, third segment pale yellow. Thorax and tegula blackish brown. Forewing blackish brown in male, black in female; costal margin with creamy white dots interrupted by short black streaks along distal 2/3, with an ill-defined ocherous yellow patch at inner side of subterminal line; antemedian line yellow, widened to an inverted triangular spot on anterior 1/3, narrowed to beyond dorsal 1/3; discal spot black, small, placed on outer margin of antemedian line; subterminal line purplish reddish brown, sinuate, extending inward to tornus; terminal line black; fringe orange yellow except black at apex and from 1/2 to 3/4 of termen, with a distinct black line at base from anterior 1/4 to before tornus, reddish brown on dorsal margin. Hindwing black; median line yellow, broad, slightly widened medially, narrowed posteriorly; terminal line black; fringe yellow, with a distinct black basal line, pale yellow along dorsal margin. Legs yellow except fore-and midlegs blackish brown on ventral surface.
Etymology. This species is named after the late Michael Shaffer (BMNH) in memory of his friendship with the corresponding author as well as for his outstanding work in the taxonomy of Pyraloidea. Diagnosis. This species is similar to E. lobibasalis Hampson, 1906. It can be distinguished by the forewing in male having a hump from costal 1/5 to 2/5; in the male genitalia by the conspicuous gnathos, the ventroapically right-angled valva, and the oval juxta being deeply concave to mid length on posterior margin. In E. lobibasalis, the basal 1/3 of the forewing has a gentle hump; the gnathos is inconspicuous, the valva is bluntly angled ventroapically, and the nearly trapezoidal juxta is not concave.

Endotricha convexa
Description. Adult (Fig. 4): Wing expanse 20.0−22.0 mm. Head reddish brown. Antenna yellowish brown, flagellum with blackish brown dorsal annuli. Labial palpus with basal segment reddish brown, second and third segments blackish brown except second segment pale yellow at apex. Thorax and tegula greyish yellow. Forewing purplish red in male, covered with dense black scales on basal 1/3, scattered with black scales on distal 2/3; costal margin with prominent hump extending from 1/5 to about 2/5, then gently concave to before apex, basal 1/3 orange yellow, interrupted with black dots, distal 3/5 black, with yellow spots; large inverted triangular orange yellow patch placed between middle of costal margin and before subterminal line extending downward, its inner margin obliquely extending to middle of subterminal line, outer margin straight, just adjacent to subterminal line; antemedian line yellowish white, slightly arched outward, not reaching anterior margin; discal spot a short strip, black; subterminal line whitish yellow, thin, curved, edged with black on outer margin; terminal line black; fringe purplish red, tinged with black. Hindwing concolorous to forewing except anteriorly whitish yellow from base to distal 1/5; antemedian line whitish yellow, edged with black on inner margin; postmedian line whitish yellow, both margins edged with black, between two lines pale yellow mixed with dense reddish brown scales; terminal line black; fringe purplish red, with blackish brown dots along basal half, pale yellow along dorsal margin. Legs greyish white dorsally, greyish black ventrally, mid tibia with purplish red scales.
Forewing in female greyish yellow from base to antemedian line, from antemedian line to subterminal line yellow with dense reddish brown scales, from subterminal line to apex purplish red; costal margin straight, interrupted with short blackish brown and yellow streaks. Other characters as in male.
Distribution (Map 1). China (Hainan). Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin convexus, meaning convex, referring to the forewing hump from costal 1/5 to 2/5.  Diagnosis. This new species is superficially similar to E. metacuralis Hampson, 1916, but can be distinguished by the triangular uncus process placed more posteriorly, the elongate elliptical gnathos not reaching the base of uncus, the elongate triangular sacculus, and the columniform juxta having clustered strong distal spines. In E. metacuralis the nearly squared uncus process is placed medially, the larger racketshaped gnathos reaches the base of uncus, the sacculus is semicircular, and the juxta has weak distal spines.
Remarks. The female of Endotricha luteogrisalis simipunicea Wang & Li, 2005 is described for the first time.