Impact of oncogenic driver mutations on feedback between the PI3K and MEK pathways in cancer cells

Inhibition of the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt/mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) and Ras/MEK [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase]/ERK pathways for cancer therapy has been pursued for over a decade with limited success. Emerging data have indicated that only discrete subsets of cancer patients have favourable responses to these inhibitors. This is due to genetic mutations that confer drug insensitivity and compensatory mechanisms. Therefore understanding of the feedback mechanisms that occur with respect to specific genetic mutations may aid identification of novel biomarkers that predict patient response. In the present paper, we show that feedback between the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 and Ras/MEK/ERK pathways is cell-line-specific and highly dependent on the activating mutation of K-Ras or overexpression c-Met. We found that cell lines exhibited differential signalling and apoptotic responses to PD184352, a specific MEK inhibitor, and PI103, a second-generation class I PI3K inhibitor. We reveal that feedback from the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 to the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway is present in cancer cells harbouring either K-Ras activating mutations or amplification of c-Met but not the wild-type counterparts. Moreover, we demonstrate that inhibition of protein phosphatase activity by OA (okadaic acid) restored PI103-mediated feedback in wild-type cells. Together, our results demonstrate a novel mechanism for feedback between the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 and the Ras/MEK/ERK pathways that only occurs in K-Ras mutant and c-Met amplified cells but not the isogenic wild-type cells through a mechanism that may involve inhibition of a specific endogenous phosphatase(s) activity. We conclude that monitoring K-Ras and c-Met status are important biomarkers for determining the efficacy of PI103 and other PI3K/Akt inhibitors in cancer therapy.


INTRODUCTION
The PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt/mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) and MEK [MAPK PI103 (Merck), a dual inhibitor of class I PI3K and mTORC1, was used at a concentration of 10 μM. PD184352, a specific MEK1/2 inhibitor, was a gift from Dr Rudi Marquez, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K. and was used at a concentration of 2 μM. Rapamycin was obtained from EMD Biosciences and used at a concentration of 100 nM. OA (okadaic acid; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was used at a concentration of 20 nM.
MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2Htetrazolium bromide] cell survival assay MTT assay was performed as described previously [26]. Briefly, cells were seeded in a 96-well plate and allowed to grow for 24 h. Inhibitors were then added to the culture medium. At the indicated time point, cells were incubated with MTT (Sigma) at a concentration of 200 ng/ml for 4 h. The crystallized MTT was then dissolved in DMSO (Sigma) and the absorbance at 595 nm was recorded.

Prolonged inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway by PD184352 up-regulates Akt phosphorylation
Previously, treatment of MDA MB 231 cells with PD184352 blocked pERK1/2 and enhanced pAkt, for up to 24 h [9]. In the prsent study, up-regulation of pAkt was observed following PD184352 treatment in MDA MB 231 at 24 h ( Figure 1A) but further increased at 48 and 72 h. Conversely, pAkt did not increase substantially following treatment with PD184352 at 48 h, but was increased at 72 h in A549 lung cancer cell line ( Figure 1A). In other breast cancer cell lines, including Hs578t and MDA MB 157, but not T47D cells, prolonged PD184352 treatment also increased pAkt ( Figure 1B). These results suggest that inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway feeds back on to the PI3K/Akt pathway, in a cell-line-specific manner. A PI3K/Akt-negative-feedback loop on to the MEK/ERK pathway that is mTORC1 dependent is present in glioblastoma cell lines [27]. Since PI103 is also known to inhibit mTORC1 activity [15], MDA MB 231 cells were exposed to PD184352 with or without serum and either PI103, the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin, or combinations of inhibitors ( Figure 1E) to investigate whether the observed increase in pERK by PI103 is dependent on the activity of mTORC1. Serum withdrawal did not abolish PD184352-induced pAkt, suggesting that an extrinsic stimulus is not required for the MEK/ERK to PI3K/Akt feedback. On the other hand, pAkt was abolished and pERK was increased in MDA MB 231 cells treated with PI103 ( Figure 1E). Rapamycin treatment also induced pERK in MDA MB 231 cells, but not as effectively as PI103, suggesting that PI3K and mTORC1 activities are both required. MEK activation promotes expression of Bcl-X L [28,29]. As expected, PD184352 treatment decreased Bcl-X L expression, although neither rapamycin nor PI103, which increased pERK, altered Bcl-X L expression ( Figure 1E).

Feedback between the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways is cell-line-specific
To assess whether cross-talk is conserved in cancer cells of different origins, the effect of combining PD184352 with either PI103 or rapamycin was examined in breast (MDA MB 231, MDA MB 157 and Hs578t), lung (A549), prostate (DU145) and oesophageal (EC109) cancer cell lines. As expected, treatment with PD184352 inhibited pERK in all cell lines examined. .

C 2012
The Author(s) This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/2.5/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Inhibition of pERK up-regulated pAkt in MDA MB 231 and MDA MB 157 cells, but less so in Hs578t, A549 and DU145 cells (Figures 2A-2F). Surprisingly, in the oesophageal cancer cell line EC109, a significant down-regulation of pAkt was observed and was concomitant with decreased Akt protein expression.
Conversely, treatment with PI103 resulted in inhibition of pAkt in all the cell lines examined, as expected. It also led to an increase in pERK in MDA MB 231, MDA MB 157, Hs578t, A549 and EC109 cells, but not in DU145 cells (Figures 2A-2F). Inhibition of mTORC1 can reportedly activate the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways [27,30,31] in some cells, but inhibits the PI3K/Akt pathway in others [32]. Rapamycin treatment slightly increased pERK, without affecting pAkt in MDA MB 231 cells ( Figure 2A). However, in MDA MB 157, A549 and EC109 cells, treatment with rapamycin resulted in increased pAkt, but pERK was unaffected (Figures 2B, 2D and 2F), further suggesting that class I PI3K inhibition is required to enhance pERK phosphorylation in these cell lines. In Hs578t cells, rapamycin treatment increased pAkt, while pERK was decreased ( Figure 2C). Finally, in DU145 cells, rapamycin treatment had minimal affects on either pAkt or pERK ( Figure 2E). Together, our results suggest that the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK negative-feedback loops are cell line/genetic-context-specific.

Reduced cell survival following combined blockade of both pathways
We next investigated whether inhibition of both of these pathways affected cell survival. In MDA MB 231 and A549 cells, in addition to decreased pERK and Bcl-X L expression, cyclin D1 expression was also decreased by PD184352 treatment and completely abolished when PD184352 was combined with PI103 ( Figures 2G and 2H). Treatment with PD184352 and PI103, but not rapamycin, led to PARP and caspase 3 cleavage in both cell lines as early as 24 h ( Figures 2G and 2H). However, a combined treatment of rapamycin and PD184 352 in A549 cells resulted in a subtle increase in PARP cleavage, but not caspase 3, compared with treatment with either inhibitor alone ( Figure 2H). These results suggest that inhibition of both PI3K and MEK is required for the observed synergistic activation of the apoptotic signalling pathway.
Cell survival was assessed by MTT assay to determine whether treatment of cells with PD184352 alone, or in combination with PI103 or rapamycin was inhibitory. PD184352 treatment reduced cell survival by 50 % in MDA MB 231 cells ( Figure 2I), but not A549 cells ( Figure 2J). Rapamycin treatment did not affect survival of either MDA MB 231 or A549 cells, but when combined with PD184352, survival was slightly reduced compared with PD18453 alone, in both cell lines (Figures 2I and  2J). PI103 treatment severely impaired cell survival in MDA MB 231 and A549 cells by 60 and 80 % respectively, and this was further reduced when combined with PD184352 treatment (Figures 2I and 2J). Combined treatment with PI3K and MEK inhibitors is more efficient at inhibiting cell survival and promoting apoptosis.
K-Ras status affects feedback between the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways K-Ras mutations drive hyper-activation of the MEK/ERK pathway to increase cell proliferation and are associated with drug resistance in most human cancers. Treatment of K-Rasactivating mutant HCT116 cells with PD184352, with or without serum, inhibited pERK and up-regulated pAkt at 24 and 48 h ( Figures 3A-3C). Conversely, PI103 inhibited pAkt but also increased pERK (Figures 3A-3C, and Supplementary Figure S2 at http://www.bioscirep.org/bsr/032/bsr0320413add.htm). In Hkh-2 cells that are K-Ras wild-type treatment with PD184352 also down-regulated pERK and enhanced pAkt in the presence ( Figures 3D and 3E) or absence ( Figure 3F) of serum. However, in Hkh-2, irrespective of serum withdrawal, PI103 down-regulated pAkt while pERK was unaffected ( Figures 3D-3F, and Supplementary Figure S2). Similar results were also observed in a second colorectal isogenic cell line pair, DLD1/DKO3, where DKO3 also showed no sensitivity to PI103, unlike DLD1 cells (see Supplementary Figure S3 at http:// www.bioscirep.org/bsr/032/bsr0320413add.htm). Thus the K-Ras mutation is required for the activation of MEK/ERK pathway upon PI103-dependent inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway.

K-Ras status affects cell apoptosis and survival
Western blot analysis of PARP and caspase 3 cleavage showed that K-Ras wild-type Hkh-2 cells were more sensitive to PI103 than K-Ras mutant HCT116 cells (Figure 3). Thus sensitivity of the HCT116/Hkh-2 isogenic cells to treatment with PD184352, PI103 and both drugs together was assessed in a cell survival assay. Treatment with PD184352 alone reduced the percentage of surviving cells in both cell lines to a similar extent, and this was more obvious at 48 h ( Figure 4). Similarly, PI103 also reduced cell survival but more potently in Hkh-2 than HCT116 cells and this was also more apparent at 48 h. Combined treatment with PI103 and PD184352 at 48 h also had a more profound effect on cell survival in Hkh-2 cells (Figure 4). Thus a K-Ras activating mutation confers resistance to PI103 and a combinatorial inhibition of both the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways may enhance the apoptotic response in cancer cells harbouring a K-Ras activating mutation.

c-Met amplification affects drug responses in HCC827 lung cancer cells
The HCC827 lung cancer cell line and its gefitinib-resistant derivative GR5 cell line (amplified c-Met), were used to investigate the effect of c-Met amplification on drug sensitivity. Amplification of c-Met in HCC827 (GR5) cells caused up-regulation of pAkt and pERK ( Figure 5A). Treatment with PD184352 suppressed pERK and up-regulated pAkt in both cell lines, irrespective of c-Met amplification ( Figure 5A). However, PI103 treatment downregulated pAkt, but did not up-regulate pERK in HCC827 cells, unlike GR5 cells ( Figure 5A). Thus c-Met amplification sensitizes cells to MEK/ERK pathway activation following inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway by PI103 and renders them    Inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin alone increased pERK in HCC827 cells, but was insufficient to up-regulate pERK in GR5 cells, compared with PI103 ( Figure 5B). Combined use of both PD184352 and PI103 blocked both pathways and induced a synergistic induction of apoptosis in both cell lines and this synergistic effect was more potent in GR5 cells ( Figure 5B). These results suggest that a combination treatment of PI3K and MEK inhibitors may give rise to a better killing effect in c-Met amplified cells, in which both negative-feedback loops are active.

OA restores PI103-dependent pERK activation in K-Ras wild-type Hkh-2 and c-Met wild-type HCC827 cancer cells
Drug-induced feedback activities can be controlled by either kinase or phosphatase activities. We assessed whether a phosphatase activity is participating in the feedback networks in the two pairs of isogenic cancer cell lines. In wild-type K-Ras harbouring Hkh-2 cells and c-Met normal HCC827 cells, PI103 treatment did not increase pERK, while PI103 did in their K-Ras mutant and c-Met amplified counterparts. PI103-induced pERK in HCT116 and GR5 cells was substantially increased in the presence of OA, although OA also increased basal pERK in both control and rapamycin-treated cells (Figures 6A and  6C). In Hkh-2 and HCC827 cells, OA also increased basal pERK in both control and rapamycin-treated cells, but in contrast, while  PI103 alone failed to induce pERK, co-incubation of PI103 with OA further increased pERK compared with control ( Figures 6B  and 6D). These results suggest that the intrinsic phosphatase activities may be required to suppress the PI3K/Akt to MEK/ERK feedback loop.

DISCUSSION
In the present study, we provide evidence for cell-line-specific feedback mechanisms that predict sensitivity to combined thera-peutic targeting of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 and Ras/MEK/ERK signalling pathways. Using K-Ras active/wild-type isogenic cells and c-Met amplified cells, we reveal that activating K-Ras mutations and c-Met amplification facilitate enhanced activation of the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway, following inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway. Activation of this feedback mechanism appears to be required for protection from apoptosis and hence cell survival in the presence of PI103 alone, since combined treatment with PI103 and PD184352 abrogates this cytoprotective effect. In addition, the importance of phosphatase(s) in this regulatory loop has also been demonstrated in the present study. Our results show that determination of both genetic background and whether these feedback mechanisms are active in cancers will inform treatment decisions. Mechanistically, we show that inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway leads to activation of the Ras/MEK/ERK signalling cascade and this is dictated by K-Ras and c-Met status and protein phosphatase activity. Active K-Ras harbouring HCT116 cells are more resistant to inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway than its wild-type K-Ras derivative Hkh-2 cells, which do not exhibit increased pERK following PI103 treatment. Similar results were observed in another isogenic cell line pair, DLD1/DKO3, where DKO3 also showed no sensitivity to PI103, unlike DLD1 cells (Supplementary Figure S3). HCT116 parental cells harbour a PIK3CA gain-of-function mutation, whereas DLD1 parental cells do not, suggesting that K-Ras mutations dictate sensitivity to PI103. Indeed, this is consistent with a mouse lung cancer model that is driven by mutant K-Ras; the tumour was not substantially responsive to a dual PI3K and mTORC1 inhibitor, NVP-BEZ235, but was synergistically inhibited by combined treatment of both NVP-BEZ235 and a MEK inhibitor, ARRY-142886 [33]. Thus we may have provided a molecular mechanism that explains the observation reported by Engelman et al. We propose that cancer cells harbouring active K-Ras mutations are able to activate ERK in response to PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway inhibition. This negative-feedback loop is cytoprotective, thus combined inhibition of both pathways abrogates the negative-feedback loop, resulting in synergistic induction of apoptosis. Our results suggest that the efficacy of PI103 or other PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway inhibitors would be greater in K-Ras wild-type patients.
Amplified c-Met signalling promotes cancer cell survival by activating both the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 and the Ras/MEK/ERK pathways [34]. In a recent report, an HGF (human growth factor)stimulated (c-Met agonist), gefitinib [EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) inhibitor] resistant, xenograft model for lung cancer was shown to be resistant to PI103 alone but was highly sensitive to combined treatment with PI103 and gefitinib [35]. Their results suggest that enhanced methionine receptor signalling following HGF treatment in lung cancer cells results in resistance to the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway by PI103. We show that c-Met amplification in GR5 cells generates a negative-feedback loop from the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway to the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway, which is absent in the parental isogenic HCC827 cells. Importantly, GR5 cells are also more resistant to inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway compared with HCC827 cells. We further show that combined inhibition of these pathways, by PI103 and PD184352, synergistically induces the apoptotic pathway in GR5 cells. Our results, therefore suggest that c-Met amplification and signalling may be a biomarker for determining the sensitivity of lung cancers to PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 inhibitors and that a combinatorial inhibition of these pathways will be more effective in lung cancers with c-Met amplification.
The Ras/MEK/ERK pathway is regulated by various phosphatases, including VHR (vaccinia H1-related) phosphatase [36], protein phosphatase 5 [37], MAPK phosphatase [38] and DUSP6 (dual-specific phosphatase 6) [39]. DUSP6 is also involved in cross-talk between mTORC1 and the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway [40]. In the present study, we show that the PP1 and PP2A/B phosphatase inhibitor, OA, restored the PI103-dependent increase in pERK in K-Ras wild-type and c-Met normal cells. This may be through accumulation of pAkt; however, PI103 acts on both PI3K, upstream of Akt and also on mTORC1 and mT-ORC2, while siRNA of Akt increased pERK, at least in MDA MB 231 cells. Thus accumulation of Akt phosphorylation, and therefore increased Akt activity, as a result of phosphatase inhibition is unlikely to cause increased pERK. Thus we propose that a protein phosphatase(s) activity is present or activated in K-Ras wild-type and c-Met normal cells preventing feedback from the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway to the Ras/MEK/ERK pathways. Conversely, this phosphatase activity is inhibited in K-Ras mutant or c-Met amplified cells, thereby preventing attenuation of ERK phosphorylation. Furthermore, identification of the phosphatase(s) activity that is involved may provide a useful biomarker that could distinguish PI3K/Akt/mTORC1-inhibitorsensitive and-insensitive cancers and whether a combined inhibition of both pathways could be beneficial to the patients.
In conclusion, we report the importance of K-Ras mutation or c-Met amplification in controlling feedback from the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 to Ras/MEK/ERK pathways. We have tested a number of cell lines of breast and colorectal origin and the phenomenon of cross-talk appears to be common, at least in the cell types we have examined. We argue that genetic subtyping of primary tumours for K-Ras mutation or c-Met amplifications will be valuable predictors of tumour response to PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway inhibition. This approach will allow for patient stratification and tailored therapeutic choices, ultimately improving patient response rates and outcome.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION
Hiu-Fung Yuen did the majority of the experimentation and wrote the paper. Olga Abramczyk, Grant Montgomery and Ka-Kui Chan did additional experimental work. Yu-Han Huang, Takehiko Sasazuki, Senji Shirasawa, Srivastava Gopesh, Kwok-Wah Chan, Dean Fennell and Pasi Janne provided reagents and critical comments on the paper. Mohamed El-Tanani and James Murray devised the hypothesis and experimental plan, and wrote the paper.  Figure S2 Effect of inhibitors on Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation HCT116 and Hkh-2 cells were treated with various combinations of PI103, PD184352 and rapamycin. Phosphorylation of Akt and ERK was examined by Western immunoblotting. Increased ERK phosphorylation was observed following PI103 treatment in HCT116, but not Hkh-2, cells. Co-treatment with PI103 and PD184352 abolished Akt and ERK phosphorylation. Figure S3 K-Ras status affects response to PD184352 and PI103 in a second colorectal cancer isogenic pair Expression of PARP , pAkt, pERK, cleaved caspase 3 in K-Ras mutant DLD1 or wild-type DKO3 cells treated with PD184352 or PI103 for 24 (A and D) and 48 h (B and E) in the presence of serum or in serum-free conditions (C and F). Representative of three independent experiments.