Interleukin-11 Promotes the Progress of Gastric Carcinoma via Abnormally Expressed Versican

Versican, a ubiquitous component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), accumulates both in tumor stroma and cancer cells and is highly regulated by various cytokines. The aberrant expression of versican and its isoforms is known to modulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, all of which are features of the invasion and metastasis of cancer; versican is also known to favour the homeostasis of the ECM. Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is an important cytokine that exhibits a wide variety of biological effects in gastric cancer development. Here, we analysed the expression of versican isoforms and found that the major isoforms expressed by both gastric carcinoma tissue and gastric cell lines were V0 and V1, and V1 was significantly higher in gastric carcinoma tissue. The treatment of the gastric cell lines AGS and MKN45 with rhIL-11 resulted in a significant increase in the expression of V0 and V1. Exogenous IL-11 increased migration in AGS and MKN45 cells, whereas these effects were reversed when the expression of V0 and V1 were abolished by siRNA targeting versican V0/V1. Collectively, these findings suggest that the abnormally expressed versican and its isoforms participate, at least in part, in the progress of gastric carcinoma triggered by IL-11.


Introduction
Gastric carcinoma, the fourth most common malignancy and the second most frequent cause of cancer death, is the result of accumulated genomic damage, affecting cellular functions essential for cancer development [1,2]. A considerable body of evidence suggests that the tumour environment is one of the major factors that determine the behaviour of malignant cells. Additionally, the tumour cell invasion and subsequent metastasis, which are complex and mul-ti-step mechanisms are critical steps in the progression of malignant tumours, including gastric carcinoma.
The extracellular matrix (ECM), which is mainly composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and collagens, is a complex structural entity surrounding and supporting cells within tissues and playing many physiological and pathological roles. The ECM maintains tissue integrity and homeostasis and provides a Ivyspring International Publisher reservoir of cytokines and growth factors. Modification of the ECM composition through a large array of molecules and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions may be crucial for tumour initiation and progression [3].
Versican is an ECM molecule, and it accumulates both in tumour stroma and cancer cells [4]. It is known to modulate cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and migration, all of which are features of the invasion and metastasis of cancer, and versican is known to favour the homeostasis of ECM [4,5]. Thus, this molecule may play a wide range of roles in the invasion and metastasis of tumour cells. Structurally, versican consists of N-and C-terminal globular domains and two chondroitin sulphate domains (CS-α and CS-β), which are encoded by differential splicing exons. Alternative splicing generates at least four isoforms of versican, known as V0, V1, V2, and V3 [6]. V0 contains both CS-α and CS-β; V1 and V2 possess only CS-β and CS-α, respectively; and V3 has only the globular domains. The versican V0 and V1 isoforms are mainly expressed in the late stage of embryonic development [7], whereas V2 is one of the main constituents of the mature neural ECM [8]. By virtue of its differing domains and motifs, versican binds to a number of molecules in the ECM such as hyaluronan, type I collagen, tenascin-R, fibulin-1, and -2, fibrillin-1, fibronectin, P-and L-selectins, and chemokines [9][10][11][12][13][14], and interacts with the cell surface proteins epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), CD44, integrin β1, and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 [15,16]. As a large member of the lectican family of proteoglycans, versican also affects the cytokeleton rearrangement and assembly [17]. Moreover, the versican conditional knock-out mice exhibit distorted digits and delayed cartilage development [18].
The literature spanning the last decade has ascertained a significant involvement of versican in tumour progression. An increased concentration of versican may be obligatory for angiogenesis and metastasis in tumours [19]. A number of reports within the last few years have identified a significant involvement of versican in gastric carcinomas: one report provided evidence that the level of versican in gastrointestinal stromal tumours was significantly higher, and the highly expressed protein was correlated with poor disease-free survival [20]. From an analysis of Δ-disaccharides, it was observed that versican expression was significantly increased by approximately 3-fold in human gastric carcinomas [21]. Naohide Oue et al. determined that versican was expressed at much lower levels in tumour-associated stromal areas of atomic-bomb-exposed patients than in non-exposed patients [1]. Additionally, the genetic variants A1826H and D2937Y in the GAG-β domain of versican could influence a patient's susceptibility to intestinal-type gastric cancer [22].
Studies to date have identified a number of cytokines or growth factors such as transforming growth factors β2 and β3 (TGF-β2 and TGF-β3), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), that regulate the synthesis of versican [23][24][25], and among these factors, IL-1β down-regulates the expression of versican in arterial smooth muscle cells [25]. However, because the related data remain limited and fragmentary, it is nebulous to determine which factors regulate the synthesis of the ECM components in gastric carcinoma.
Interleukin-11 (IL-11), a cytokine that exhibits a wide variety of biological effects in neutrophils as well as in the haematopoietic and immune systems, is also involved in gastric cancer development [26]. The majority of gastric carcinomas express IL-11 and its receptor-α [27]. Sharing gp130 as a signalling mechanism with several cytokines and growth factors, including IL-6, oncostatin M, and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), IL-11 promotes the migration of gastric cancer cells by the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase pathway [27,28].
IL-11 and versican have been independently reported to be upregulated in gastric carcinomas [20,21,29], suggesting a possible link between the upregulation of these two species. Additionally, no study has been conducted to determine whether IL-11 has specific effects on proteoglycan, specifically versican synthesis by gastric cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the differential expression of versican and its isoforms in gastric carcinoma tissue and cells, and analyzed whether treatment with exogenous IL-11 could regulate versican synthesis in the gastric cell lines AGS and MKN45. Furthermore, we explored the effects of IL-11 on the migration and proliferation of AGS and MKN45 cells, and analyzed whether these effects were reversed when the expression of V0 and V1 were abolished by siRNA targeting versican V0/V1.

Clinical materials
Fourteen freshly frozen tissue samples and the corresponding normal areas adjacent to where the tumour specimens (≥5cm) were taken from the patients (ten men, four women; aged from 47-79 years, mean 64) with gastric cancer were collected. All of the patients who underwent curative resection for primary gastric adenocarcinomas (referred to ''gastric carcinoma'' in this report) were operated on at Shanghai Changhai Hospital. All of the tissue specimens were obtained for the present study with the patient's informed consent. The collection of these tissue samples was undertaken with the approval of the Changhai Hospital Institutional Review Board. Each tissue fragment was divided into two parts. One portion was processed for quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR) analyses, the second portion for Western blot analyses, freezing them in liquid nitrogen.

Cell culture
The following human gastric carcinoma cell lines were used: AGS was purchased from American Type Culture Collection; MKN45, SH-10-TC, and HGC-27 were obtained from Riken Bio Resource Centre; and MKN28, SGC-7901, MGc80-3, BGC-823, and GES were provided by the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology of the Chinese Academy of Science. All of the cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 (Biowest) medium supplemented with 10% FBS (Biowest), 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin sulphate, and 1 mM sodium pyruvate at 37°C in 5% CO2. The cells were passaged with trypsin-EDTA (0.05% trypsin and 0.53 mM tetrasodium EDTA).
To elucidate the effect of exogenous IL-11 on the regulation of versican isoforms, we performed treatment assays with different concentrations of rhIL-11. The gastric carcinoma cells were seeded at an equal density in cell culture flasks containing growth medium as described above. After 24 h, triplicate samples of subconfluent cells were treated with four different concentrations (0, 20, 50, 100 and 200 ng/ml) of activated rhIL-11 protein (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and incubated for 24 h. The cells were harvested to prepare mRNA and protein as described below. In the time-point assays, the cells were treated with 100 ng/ml of rhIL-11 and harvested at three different time points: hours 24, 48 and 72.

RT-PCR and Q-RT-PCR
The total RNA was isolated from frozen tissues, and cells were treated with the TRIzol (Takara, Dalian, China) method or left untreated according to the manufacturer's protocol. The RNA quality (A260/A280 ratio) and quantity were determined using a standard spectrophotometer. One microgram of total RNA was used for cDNA synthesis using the RevertAidtm First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit #1622 (Fermentas, Vilnius, Lithuania) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Appropriate forward and reverse primers to detect transcripts of interest were used in the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs) for cDNA amplification.
Q-RT-PCR was conducted using a 7300 Real-time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). For the semi-quantification of the genes of interest, we utilised the QPK-201 SYBR Green master mix (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan). The target cDNA-specific primers of versican isoforms as described above were established. Standard curves were plotted for each optimised assay, each of which produced a linear plot of the threshold cycle (Ct) against log (dilution). The amount of each target was quantified based on the concentration obtained from the standard curve and was presented in arbitrary units. The quantity of each target was normalised against the quantity of GAPDH.
According to the manufacturer's specifications, the transfection of siRNA-V0/V1 was achieved with Lipo2000 (Invitrogen, Gaithersburg, MD) in 6-well plates. In brief, one day before transfection, 2.0×10 5 cells in 2 ml of growth medium without antibiotics were grown such that they would be 30-50% confluent at the time of transfection. The Lipo2000 diluted in Opti-MEMⅠ Reduced Serum medium (Gibco) with-out serum was used to supplement the dsRNA mixture, and the formulation lasted for 25 min. Next, 6 μl of 20 μM dsRNA formulated with 8 μl Lipo2000 was added to a final volume of 2 ml Opti-MEMⅠ Reduced Serum medium. Cells were incubated at 37°C in a CO2 incubator for 24-48 h. The medium was changed after 6 h.

Western blot analysis
Whole-cell lysates were prepared from human tissue specimens and treated cells. The insoluble tissue debris was removed by centrifugation at 13,000×g at 4˚C for 15 min. The supernatant was collected, and the protein concentration was quantified using a protein assay reagent (BCA, Beyotime, Shanghai). The proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and incubated with the polyclonal antibody anti-Versican V0/V1 Neo (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), polyclonal antibody anti-human IL-11 (Peprotech, NJ, USA) at 4°C overnight. The immunocomplexes were visualised using a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody followed by a chemoluminescence reagent (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and detected on photographic film.

Cell proliferation assay
The AGS and MKN45 cells were treated with rhIL-11 (100 ng/ml) at various time points (0, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h). And, after treated with siRNA for 24 hours, the proliferation of AGS cells was also analysed at two time points (24 and 48h). The cell growth was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay (R&S Biotechnology, Shanghai) according to the manufacture's protocol. Experiments were performed in triplicate.

Scratch migration assay
Scratch migration assays were performed as described previously [30,31]. Briefly, 1.8×10 6 cells per well were seeded in 6-well plates and incubated with growth medium as described above. After allowing the cells to adhere to the plates and reach 95% confluence, the nearly confluent cell monolayers were scratched using yellow sterile pipette tips. Cells were then washed with PBS to remove the cellular debris, and the wounded monolayers were incubated in 5% FBS medium containing rhIL-11 (100 ng/ml) and bovine serum albumin (BSA, 100 ng/ml) as a control. The migration of the cells into the scratch was observed by a blinded investigator and photographed at time points of 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h. The distance migrated by the cells was quantitated and compared with that of the untreated control using statistical analyses. The experiments were repeated in duplicate wells at least three times.

Transwell assay
Transwell assays were performed using polycarbonate transwell filters (Corning, 8μm) placed over the bottom chambers that were filled with culture medium containing 20% FBS. The cells suspended in RPMI1640 medium containing 1% FBS were added to the upper chamber containing rhIL-11 (100 ng/ml) or BSA (100 ng/ml) as a control. A sample of 1.75×10 5 cells that was treated for 24 h with a siR-NA-V0/V1/Lipo2000 mixture and a NC/Lipo2000 mixture was seeded into the upper well. After 48 h, cells on the upper surface of the well were removed, and cells on the lower surface were fixed in cold methanol and stained with 0.4% crystal violet. For each experiment, the number of transmigrated cells in five random fields on the underside of the filter was counted and photographed, and three independent filters were analysed.

Statistic analysis
Data were expressed as the mean±SD. The statistical analyses were performed using a Student's t-test as indicated in the figure legends. A p value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Identification of differential versican expression in gastric carcinoma tissue and cells
Recently, there has been evidence that the expression level of versican in gastrointestinal stromal tumours is significantly higher, and the highly expressed protein is correlated with poor disease-free survival [20]. In our study, Q-RT-PCR was performed on gastric samples to screen for the differential expression of the versican isoforms. V1 exhibited a significantly higher expression in the gastric carcinoma tissue than the other isoforms did ( Fig. 1A; P<0.05). In the RT-PCR results, the isoforms exhibited profiles nearly identical to those obtained by Q-RT-PCR (Fig.  1B). To further compare the differential expression of versican in the gastric tissue, all 28 gastric samples (14 in situ carcinomas and 14 corresponding to adjacent normal gastric mucosa) were analysed by Western blot targeting versican V0 and V1. The results showed that V0/V1 revealed a significantly higher expression in gastric carcinoma tissue than in adjacent normal tissue ( Fig. 1C; P<0.05). Additionally, the expression profiles of versican isoforms were examined in nine human gastric carcinoma cell lines by means of RT-PCR at the mRNA level, using GAPDH as the control gene.  Fig. 1 A. (C) The expression of versican V0/V1 was determined by Western blot. Versican was significantly up-regulated in gastric carcinoma tissue than in adjacent normal tissue (*P<0.05). GAPDH was used as the loading control. (D) Versican isoform variants in human gastric carcinoma cell lines. V0 and V1 were found to be expressed in most gastric cells. GAPDH was used to adjust for cDNA quantity.
The experiments showed that most gastric carcinoma cell lines expressed the V0 and V1 isoforms in different amounts but with the same expression pattern. V3 was expressed only slightly in some cell lines, whereas V2 was not found in any cell lines (Fig. 1D).
These findings, which are consistent with the previous results, suggested that the expression of versican was significantly higher in gastric carcinoma tissue in comparison with the adjacent normal tissue, and V0 and V1 were the most highly expressed isoforms in these samples as well as some gastric carcinoma cell lines.

Both V0 and V1 exhibit variant expression in cell culture after treatment with exogenous IL-11
It has been shown that cytokine IL-11 can increase the proliferation and metastasis of gastric epi-thelial cells and promote inflammation-associated gastric tumourigenesis [29,32]. Versican, which is regulated by many cytokines, is a TLR2 agonist and metastasis-enhancing factor [33]. These observations suggest that a possible link between IL-11 and versican exists in gastric cells. Here we mainly studied the effect of rhIL11 on the versican V0 and V1 isoforms because they were the most highly expressed isoforms in the gastric tumours and cell lines. After treatment of AGS cells with four different concentrations (10, 50, 100, and 200 ng/ml) of rhIL-11, V0 and V1 both showed a significant increase in a concentration-dependent manner ( Fig. 2A; P<0.05, P<0.01). Similarly, in MKN45 cells treated with 100 ng/ml of rhIL-11, the expression of V0 and V1 reached a peak of 2.6-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively, and then decreased ( Fig. 2A; P<0.05, P<0.01). Using Western blot, it was confirmed that the expression levels of versican V0/V1 in both cells, which treated with four different concentrations of rhIL-11, kept a line with the Q-RT-PCR results ( Fig. 2A). To investigate the time-dependent regulation, three different time points (hours 24, 48 and 72) were used. Both V0 and V1 were upregulated in the two cell lines in a time-dependent manner ( Fig. 2B; P<0.05, P<0.01). Moreover, the western blot also showed a time-dependent upregulation in both cells, which is consistent with results from the Q-RT-PCR analyses (Fig. 2B). Collectively, these results suggested that IL-11 could regulate versican synthesis through the increase of V0 and V1 transcripts in both the AGS and MKN45 cell lines.

Exogenous IL-11 increases migration and proliferation in gatric carcinoma cell lines
To determine if exogenous IL-11 has an effect on gastric carcinoma cells, a transwell assay was performed to assess the migration of AGS cells. In the absence or presence of rhIL-11 (100 ng/ml), AGS cells showed differential migration efficiency. Exposure to rhIL-11 induced the migration rate of AGS cells in spheroid assays more significantly than the untreated control and BSA (Fig. 3A; Fig. 3B; P<0.01) did. In CCK-8 proliferation assay, both cell lines which were treated with rhIL-11 (100 ng/ml) didn't show significantly proliferation until 60 hours ( Fig. 3C;P<0.05, P<0.01). A scratch migration assay was also used to validate the effects of rhIL-11 on AGS and MKN45 cells migration. The migration rate was quantitatively assessed at different time points (0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h). By 36 h, there was an apparent difference in both cells, as shown in Fig. 3D. Similarly, the cells treated with rhIL-11 (100 ng/ml) migrated into the wound with a significantly decreased distance between the edges as compared to the untreated control (Fig. 3D). (D) A scratch migration assay was used to assess the migration of AGS and MKN45 cells that were treated with rhIL-11 (100 ng/ml). The migration rate was quantified by measuring the distance between the edges of the scratch at t=0 relative to t=36 h. After incubation, the cells can be seen migrating into the wound with a decreased distance between the edges.

Abnormally expressed versican participates in gastric carcinoma progression mediated by exogenous IL-11
Because versican and IL-11 had the same pro-migratory characteristics in gastric carcinoma cells and because the versican isoforms V0 and V1 were upregulated by IL-11, it was of high interest to assess whether versican participates in gastric carcinoma progression mediated by IL-11. To address this question, we performed transwell assays on the AGS cells transfected with the inhibitory siRNA-versican or the corresponding NC siRNA. After transfection with siRNA for 24 h, the cells were treated with IL-11 (100 ng/ml) or BSA (100 ng/ml) in parallel in the two assays.
At the molecular level, V0 and V1 gene expression were significantly decreased, which was verified by realtime PCR (Fig. 4A). In parallel, a quantitative evaluation of the inhibition of versican V0/V1 proteins levels in AGS cells was analysed by a Western blot analysis (Fig. 4B). At the gene level, the results were consistent with those at the protein level and revealed that siRNA-versican inhibits versican expression markedly, but the NC siRNAs do not result in inhibition. And under the same condition, the expression of endogenous IL-11 did not been affected by siRNAs transfection (Fig. 4B). Moreover, after transfected with siRNAs, the cells viability did not reveal a significantly difference, at least within 48 hours (Fig.  4C; P>0.05). In the transwell assay, neither BSA nor the NC siRNAs showed any influence on AGS cell migration ( Fig. 4D; Fig. 4E; Fig. 3A). Additionally, after being transfected with NC siRNAs, the cells revealed a significantly higher migration rate in the presence of rhIL-11 (100 ng/ml) compared to untreated controls ( Fig. 4D; Fig. 4E; P<0.01). However, following treatment with siR-NA-versican, the enhanced migration of the cells by rhIL-11 was reversed. When IL-11 (100 ng/ml) was added, the migration of the siRNA-versican-treated cells decreased relative to the untreated control ( Fig.  4D; Fig. 4E; P<0.01).
Collectively, these results led the authors to conclude that both versican and IL-11 play an important role in regulating the migration of malignant gastric cells, and versican, together with IL-11, participates in the regulation of gastric cell migration.

Discussion
In the present study, our results agree well with previous reports of significantly elevated versican expression in human gastric carcinomas relative to the adjacent normal gastric mucosa [20][21][22]. Versican mediates cell-ECM interaction and the stable expression of it enhances cell attachment and the expression of β1 integrin and fibronectin [34]. It has been suggested that the abnormal expression of versican is related to cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and even the homeostasis and integrity of the ECM [5]. The up-regulated versican, interacting with its partners, modulate the organization of the ECM and promote tumor growth [9,24]. While versican V0/V1 silencing has been suggested to cause a decrease in cell proliferation and migration, both in wound healing assays and in transwell chambers [35]. So, the elevated versican may be obligatory for angiogenesis and metastasis in tumours [19]. Metastasis is the most critical aspect of tumourigenesis, and more than 90% of cancer mortality is caused by metastasis [36]. Recent studies unambiguously show that the extracellular matrix component versican, which activates macrophages through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and its co-receptors TLR6 and CD14, strongly enhances Lewis lung cell carcinoma metastasis [33]. Thus, to some extent, one can say that versican is a metastasis-enhancing factor.
The four identified versican isoforms and their differential expression have been observed in multiple human cancers. It has been suggested that all four isoforms were significantly overexpressed in human breast cancer [37]. Additionally, higher steady-state levels of mRNA transcripts and gene products of the versican variants V0, V1, and V3 were detected in the nodular tissues than in the non-nodular parenchyma of benign prostatic hyperplasia [38]. The differential expression of specific isoforms may be involved in and even influence tumour cell behaviour [39,40]. For instance, all melanoma cell lines with an early or intermediate degree of differentiation expressed V0 and V1 isoforms, whereas V2 and V3 expression were observed only in undifferentiated cell lines [41]. Syrokou et al. have proved that the synthesis and expression of mRNA encoding for different versican splice variants were related to the aggregation of human epithelial mesothelioma cells [42]. In our present work, the differential expression of versican isoforms was detected for the first time, and V0 and V1 were found to be the predominant isoforms present in gastric samples as well as some gastric carcinoma cell lines. Our findings, which were consistent with previous reports, suggested that the differential expression of specific isoforms may participate in the progression of gastric carcinoma.
Next, we showed that the exogenous IL-11 alone could increase the migration and proliferation of the gastric carcinoma cell lines. This corresponds to previous data that IL-11 acts as a cell mitogen and upregulates the invasive activity of human gastric carcinoma cells [27,29]. Through proangiogenic and pro-proliferative mechanisms, IL-11 has been implicated in gastric restitution [43,44]. Merchant suggested that IL-11, via Stat3, promotes inflammation-associated gastric tumourigenesis [45]. Additionally, Ernst et al. also reinforced the critical importance of the IL-11/Stat3 signal transduction pathway in gastric tumours in mice [32]. IL-11 and versican have been individually implicated in tumour progression [20,21,29], but their potential regulations or interactions under these conditions have not been considered. Thus, the knowledge that these two species are regulated or mediated by each other may further our understanding of their functions in cancer.
Interestingly, in our research, we demonstrated that exogenous IL-11 could directly affect the expression of the versican variants both in the AGS and MKN45 cell lines, favouring the GAG-rich variants. Furthermore, the expression of versican V0/V1 was markedly inhibited by siRNA-versican, and the enhanced migration of the cells by IL-11 was reversed. Perhaps the most intriguing question that needs further investigation is how versican expression is regulated by exogenous IL-11. IL-11 could regulate epithelial cell turnover by STAT3 and ERK1/2 dependent pathway [29]. And versican interacts with EGFR through its C-terminal globular domains [9]. In addition, treatment with rhIL-11 stimulated expression of several MMPs (Matrix Metallo Proteinases) in stomachs of wild-type mice [46]. While MMP types -1, -2, -3, -7, and -9, have also been shown to cleave versican in vitro [47,48]. So, by bridge of STAT3 and ERK1/2 signalling or MMPs, IL-11 may regulate the synthesis of versican, at least partly. Nevertheless, on the basis of the achieved results, one can propose that the IL-11-induced migration change was, to some extent, a result of elevated versican.
These results not only support the proposed role of versican as a proliferative and pro-migratory molecule, but also prove that IL-11 triggers the malignant phenotype of gastric carcinoma cells by the induction of migration and that this effect is mediated by versican V0/V1. Thus, our research, which is consistent with previous studies, demonstrates that IL-11 can regulate the expression of versican and its variants in gastric cell lines, and versican, together with IL-11, participates in the regulation of gastric cell migration. Alternatively, our results suggest that some growth factors or cytokines that act as important mediators of inflammation might exert their effects first on the extracellular matrix components, such as versican, to create a hostile microenvironment for tumour progression or subsequent steps of inflammation. The identification of the nature of the interaction of versican with these and other inflammatory mediators awaits further study.
In conclusion, our study demonstrates, for the first time, the differential expression of versican variants in gastric samples as well as some gastric carcinoma cell lines and the alterations in the mRNA patterns of V0 and V1 isoforms when cells are treated with rhIL-11. IL-11 promotes the malignant phenotype of gastric carcinomas by the induction of migration, and this effect is, at least in part, mediated by versican V0/V1.