A Study on E-rozgar Opportunities for Pakistani ESL Graduates in Web Content Writing

Riaz Hussain, Muhammad Zeeshan Khan, Muhammad Sumair Zahid 1 Assistant Professor, Department of English Linguistics, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Email: dr.riazhussain@iub.edu.pk 2 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of English Linguistics, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Email: zeeshan.khan@iub.edu.pk 3 PhD Scholar, Department of English Linguistics, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Email: sumair.zahid.92@gmail.com

Introduction
Pakistan is rich in natural resources. It has mountains, deserts, green fields and warm waters of the Arabian Sea. But, these resources have not been effectively explored and channelized yet . Perhaps, this is why, the people of this land have been facing economic challenges since 1947. The unemployment rate in Pakistan in 2013, according to International Labour Organization (ILO) , was 5.17. Sidiki (January 22, 2014) of the Express Tribune reports, 'The Global Employment Trends report issued by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) projected that Pakistan's unemployment rate was 5.17% in 2013. This high rate of unemployment, directly or indirectly, was linked with social problems such as juvenile crimes, violence caused by urban gangsters, drug addiction and low turnout of graduates for higher education.
The government of Pakistan, over the years, has taken steps to reduce unemployment in the country. Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP), Waseela-i-Haq, Waseela-e-Rozgar, Yellow Cab Schemes, Prime Minister's Youth Business Loan, Khudkafalat Rozgar Scheme (Khaiber Pakhtunkhwa) and Kamyab jawan program by PTI current government are some such programmes launched for the alleviation of poverty and reduction of unemployment in the country. In addition, the different political governments have focused on equipping youths with technical skills so that they may earn honourbale living. Technical Education & Vocaltional Training Authority (TEVTA) and Skill Development Council( SDC) have been constitiuted to develop and arrange demand-driven technical education and vocational programmes for the youths of Pakistan. But, there are still miles to go before the nation gets rid of this high rate of unemployment and the social problems caused by unemployment. The government alone can not meet the challenges. We have to make our own contributions. It is in this background of the need to contribute towards the solution of unemployment in the country that the researchers have made the current study. Before we come to the focus of the study, let us look at how the Internet has changed our world.
Communication is an integral aspect of life on the earth. Collective social life of humans necessitates communciation. Therefore, communication appears to be as old as human existence itself. Human communuication involves speech , writing and other non-verbal forms of communicaton which have some semiotic significance-sign language, body language, gestures, braille and the like. Of these forms of communciation, writing appears to be a later development when compared with speech. Writing is a way of communication in which humans use symbols, signs and letters for interpersonal communication. The snatches and stretches of writing are called texts. Those who read the texts are called readers. For ages man has written for man. However, things changed with the advent of the Internet in the 1980s.
The Internet is an international network of regional networks of interconnected computers. Craig (2003) explains that 'the Internet is in fact a global network of computers that is split between clients and servers (p.6). The Internet contains huge amount of information. This infomration is availbale in the form of texts, images and graphics. The Internet seems to contain the hugest amount of text at one place in human world. This dynamic presence of language on the Internet has aroused the interests of linguists. Crystal (2011) argues; "Wherever we find language, we find linguistics. That is what linguists are for: to seek out, describe and analyze manifestations of language everywhere. So when we encounter the largest database of language the world has ever seen, we would expect to find linguists exploring it, to see what is going on. It has begun to happen. And a new field is emerging as a consequence: Internet linguistics' (p.1)".
In order to study language on the Internet, researchers of linguistics need to work in collaboration with professionals of computer science and experts of Web technologies. The current study combines insights from Information Technology and linguistics and tries to study the impact of search engine optimization on the writing preferences of web content writers.

Web Technologies: the Internet as an Interactive Medium
There are millions of websites on the Internet. The Internet is not a traditional , static medium, as a newspaper is. It has become now an interactive medium of sharing information. With the advent of web tecghnology, the Internet has become an interactive medium of sharing information. Craig (2003) argues that 'unlike traditional forms of media such as newspapers and radio, the Internet allows users to interact with whatever they are looking for (p.8). He further explains that conetn on the websites can be changed every moment to update it with newerer and latest situations, developemnts and requirements. Businesses can communicate with the customers on the basis of updated situations. Significant point in these ideas of Craig is that the content on the Web can be changed on a moment-by-moment basis. This dyanamic nature of the Internet did not exist in the past. Therefore, owners of websites hire the services of Web content writers to maintain and update content on their websites. Craig (2003) explains that the roles content writers in the development of websites are underestimated. A web content writer's job is to create the textual content of a website. There are people who work as writers and editors of the Web content. But writing Web content requires different skills. Craig (2003) further explains that working as web content writer on the Internet requires a different set of skills. One's command in traditional writing may not sufficient for the creation of successful conent. Some companies hire traditional writers. This is a mistake in web content writing. Writing and reading on the screen are different from reading and writing on the paper. These words of Craig, then, explain that a Web content writer has to face different challenges as compared with a traditional writer. While we normally read for paper pages of the book, on the Internet, reads from Web pages. Reading the text on the Web pages may cause eye-strain and therefore, readers' eyes may not linger long on the Web pages. Gay, Charlesworth, and Esen (2006) argue that on the Internet context, and mode of reading are different. Even with high-resolution monitors prolonged, reading on a computer screen can be painful. This is why readers rarely read a complete web page. They quickly scan the text and focus on important words. They leave out those words which hold no infromation for them. So, in this situation, web content writers need to add effective descriptive headers and sub-headers bullet points and shorter paragrpahs in the text. In additon, hypertext links can be inserted in the text to guide the reader for further infirmation. Lee (2014) explains that good content is clear, useful and friendly. It helps in acheiveing the set goals. Lee (2014) gives the follwing figure to illustrate how from confusion to refinement writing moves. Stuart (2007) argues that the best thing is to keep content simple, short and easy. Miller (2012) explains that web content writers should write short paragraphs. Thus, Web content writers have to face different challenges. They have to take into account how long users stay on the page and what information they look for. Comprehensibility and legibility of the text are not the only aspects they have to keep in mind. These two aspects are important if your readers are humans only. In fact, the Internet contains mllions of texts. We refer to these texts on the Internet as Web content. Web content texts are written for a broad range of purposes. They edcuate, inform and instruct the readers.
In addition, they are written to promote businesses. Political parties and social movements devlop their own Web content to win greater number of supporters. The ultimate intended readers of the Web content are humans but when Web content writers write web content , they have in their minds not only humans as the intended readers of their texts but also machines-search engines. How do the workings of search engines influence the writers of Web content ? What strategies do they adopt to make their content search-friendly on the Intrnet? These are the questions that we need to asnwer to study this unprecedented phenomenon of texts of human writing being written for machines.

Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
Search engines are not heavy machines made of steel or some metal. They are software systems which are used to collect relevant information. Stand-alone computers and cell phones have their own search engines but here we are concerned with the Internet search engines or web search engines .We are familiar with search engines on the Internet because most of us use them every day when we want to arrive at the right available information .Google, Yahoo!, Bing, Baidu, YANDEX RU, Duck Duck Go and Gigablast are some of the wellknown web search engines. Of all these web search engines, Google has the greatest worldwide usage, as the figure 2 shows. In order to understand the importance of web content writing in SEO, we have to understand how search engines work. Rognerud (2011) explains that a search engine is defined as an information retrieval system (p.19). Thus, a web search engine retrieves the relevant information for us from the World Wide Web. The term 'Search Engine Optimization' is a combination of two words: 'search engine' and optimization. Optimization is the process of making something effective and functional. Olsen, Viglas, and Zvedeniouk (2010) argue that 'Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is a fast-growing industry that deals with optimizing the ranking of web pages in search engine results' (p. 87). Search Engine Optimization includes a number of strategies. The figure 3 shows important strategies employed in SEO.

Figure 3: SEO Strategies
Source: Retrieved December 5, 2013, from http://www.helpalocalbusiness.com/services/local-search-engine-optimization/ Figure 3 shows that SEO begins with a need analysis which helps SEO experts know the requirements of their clients. The second step is website analysis. Keyword research is the third step. Elmansy and Majure (2013) explain that keywords are the most important part of SEO. Most SEO procedures require that you choose the keywords that best represent your website's function and to enhance your website either by optimizing the website content files for precise keywords, or by sending online users' traffic and links to your website using these keywords. Therefore, it is important that as a content writer working on the Internet you understand how to select website keywords and how to optimize them. Your website can focus on a number of particular keywords, and each page in your website should be optimized for a specific keyword to help the search engine display this page when users type this keyword in their search queries. These ideas of Elmansy and Majure (2013) underline the importance of keywords and understanding working of search engines and the behavior of online users' traffic.
The third step, keyword research, then, is based on the knowledge gained in the first two steps. Clay and Esparza (2011) argue that a keyword in SEO is 'a specific word or phrase a search engine looks for in its index (the list of web sites it looks at duirng a search), based on what the user typed as the search query. For example , [cars] could be a keyword for a website that deals with restoring classic cars'(p.85). Thus, in keyword research web content writers try to know which keywords are required for the optimization of the web pages of a given site. Ledford (2009) explains that there are website applications like 'Google Analystics' which track visitors' keywords and show us reports about keyword-based traffic. Once we know the right keywords that can optimize a given web page, we need to determine the density of the keywords and how those words should be placed on the page.

Density and Position of Keywords
Keywords are important for SEO. Clay and Esparza (2011) argue that 'the mantra of search engines should be "keywords, keywords, keywords" (p.85). These words seem to forcefully emphasise the importnace of keywords in SEO. If search engines simply rank pages on the basis of the presence of keywords, then a logical course of action should be to have higher density of keywords on the web page. But, search engines seem to take other aspects into account. Talking about density of keywords on a given web page, Dunford (2008) explains: Keyword density is the ratio of a keyword or key phrase on a page in relation to all other keywords on that page. If a particular keyword is repeatedly used on a webpage , then that keyword will have a higher desnity compared to all the other words that appear on the page. For example, if you have a 500 word page and your specific keyword is repeated 50 times , then the keyword density of that page would be 10 % for the specific keyword. A good rule of thumb is is to consider when optimizing a page is that search engines typically regard a webs page with a 6 to 8% keyword density a high quality page for thatb keyword or key phrase. If the key word desnsity is over that amnount, then search engines may penalize your web page or site for key word spamming' (P.68).
There are situations where density of words is not defined by the advertisers of content writing job ads. The density of words is left to the discretion of the content writer. Web content writers may find themselves in trouble, if the advertiser insists of higher desnity of keywords. Repeating keywords may make the text stylistically weak. As far as the position of keywords is concerned, Sweeney (2004) explains that 'some search engines rank sites by how early the keyword appears on the site. The earlier a keyword is mentioned on your site, the higher your site may be positioned in search results' (p.102). At times, the advertisers of content writing jobs themselves give out clear instructions to content writers regarding the keywords. They specify the keywords which content writers have to naturally incorporate in the text of the required content, as the following job ad on www. Odesk.com shows in figure 4.

Figure 4: A Web Content Writing Job Ad
Source: https://www.odesk.com/jobs/Basic-Website-Content_~0188177b28444abf62?search_result=1 In the job ad given above, we see that the advertiser has mentioned the keywords that the selected content writer will have to incorporate in the text of the content. The keywords given are 'Toronto', 'Pickering' and 'By the Bay'. The advertiser is a cake creating company, perhaps, operating in Canada. In order to attract online buyers of cakes in Canada, they want the content writers to use these words repeatedly in the text so that their website gets better ranking for searches that are made on the given keywords.
Thus, successful Web content writing partly depends on how much you know about the workings of the Web search engines and how much a content writer knows about the most searched words which are related to the content being developed. In this way, web content writers not only write for humans but for machines (software systems) called web search engines as well. So, we can say that machines are now the intended readers or target audience of the texts written by humans on the Internet. If we impart the practical knowledge of SEO along with good English writing skills to our graduates in Pakistan, they need to waste precious years of their youth in pursuit of comfortable job because this unprecedented form of writing is in great demand in the online freelancing market.

E-freelancing Market and Pakistani Graduates
E-freelancing is a growing market in the world. Skilled professionals in Asian countries are turning to this huge market to monetize their potential and skills. Hamid (July 5, 2014) talks about unemployment in western Asia and the job opportunities the e-freelancing market offers them. The news reporter explains, ' Now, some of those unemployed are turning to the world of freelance to put their skills and university education to use -and they are finding that the easiest way to secure some of this work is online. The global e-freelancing market was estimated to be worth US$1.5 billion last year' (para1). Hamid's words show how extensive and huge is the online freelancing market. South Asians are benefiting from this e-freelancing market. While freelancers may not have permanent jobs, they may have handsomer income than the income of permanent employees. Schwartz and Locander (2010) explain that 'freelancing is to work for yourself without being on staff or salaried with a specific company' (p.22). Thus, as a freelancer, you are not bound to work for a specific company. You can work for multiple companies. There is no age-limit in freelancing market. It is an open market where clients from developed countries hire professionals from the developing countries of the world. The clients get their work done by Asians and Africans on cheap rates and Asian freelancers earn dollars from the comfortable environment of their homes.
When we survey the world of online freelancing, we see that Indians, Filipinos and Bangladeshis are leading the freelancing market. A good number of Pakistanis are also carrying out these desktop jobs from their homes. E-freelancing market includes a large variety of jobs which can be done at home. Web development, web design, computer programming, graphic design, journalism, proofreading, publishing, copy editing, translating, copywriting and Web content writing are some of such jobs. Gandia (2012) conducted a survey among '1,491 freelancers working in more than 50 different fields and professions'. He explains, 'We asked several questions to determine the survey participants 'makeup, and we began by asking participants about their profession. Designers comprised the biggest professional category (20%), followed by writers (18%), editors/ copyeditors (11%), copywriters (10%), translators (8%) and web developers (5%)(p.7)'. His findings show that writers, editors, copy writers and translators make 47% of all online freelancers. These online jobs are related to language and linguistics.
When we teach linguistics and English to our students, we should keep in mind the practical application of the subjects taught in the job market. If the subjects we teach in the university have market value, then our graduates may not go through the ordeals of unemployment. For instance, if we introduce Web content writing as a 100-marks subject in M.Phil. and MA English / linguistics classes, the students may immediately benefit from the subject. They may start earning dollars from their very hostel rooms, since the Internet is available these days in the university hostels in Pakistan. If we cannot introduce 100-marks subject in our MA English / linguistics and M.Phil. English / linguistics classes, we may design short courses which students can attend in summer vacation. Since the government cannot give permanent jobs to all educated people of the country, we have to provide our graduates lucrative alternatives.
Another trend reported by Gandia (2012) study is that women constitute the largest group of freelancers. This may be happy news to working mothers who want to be good mothers and good professionals. They can do these virtual jobs from their homes. For instance, Tara Orchard is a working woman who is virtual consultant these days. In an interview with Hussain (June 25, 2015) she explained that she ran her office from her home. Most of the work she performed was virtual business offering her to work in flexible hours. She can easily adjust strike a balance between her work and family engagements.
Thus, her flexible online job offers him freedom to give time to her family. In addition, these home jobs may dovetail with the cultural and social norms of Pakistan with regard to working women. Thus, online job market offers great opportunities for freelancers and writers who are good at English. People prefer online jobs because online jobs offer flexible working hours. There is need to pay attention to this segment of international labor market which is a few clicks away. But, e-freelancing market does not contain only rosy pictures. There are swindlers as well who try to ambush online job hunters.
While thousands of independent freelancers in South Asia are benefiting from these lucrative jobs in open market of the online world, there are scammers who are exploiting the unemployed Asian youths. Humayon (Aug 8, 2013) of Times of India warns, 'Naive young people, who are on the lookout for jobs, are increasingly falling prey to online scammers, who promise quick money and lucrative employment' (para 1). Scammers are active not only in India but in Pakistan and other Asian countries as well. Talking about scammers in Pakistan, Rizvi (November 21, 2013) of The News reports, 'A notorious network of fraudulent groups has been taking advantage of the high unemployment numbers in the country by swindling people desperately searching for employment in the country' (para 1). There are cyber-crime courts in Pakistan which deal with such affairs. However, there are companies and websites which offer guaranteed reward of the work.
Pakistan needs to take freelancing seriously. The young population of the country is educated having degrees in their hands. They have fewer job opportunities especially in small cities. They leave their homes to get jobs in Lahore and Karachi. In this context, the global world of freelancing offers them great opportunities of finding work online. The government in Pakistan needs to facilitate them grab better opportunities as freelancers. In freelancing and online business, as already explained, content creation occupies a unique niche. (Ouellette, January 7, 2022) observes that '72% of online marketers describe content creation as their most effective SEO tactic' (para. 2). Thus, it implies that content creation is vital for professional existence and corporate growth on the Internet. Kilian (2015) argues that creating, designing and developing an effective website has much more to do with engaging text for the target people. This dimension offers unique opportunities to students studying at departments of English language in Pakistan. With better writing and communicative skills they can make a difference in the national income and their own financial position.

Conclusion
In this study we have tried to examine how the workings of web search engines influence the writing preferences of web content writers. In order to bring web pages on better ranking, web content writers have to interpolate certain keywords in the web content they develop and manage. We have looked at how the position and density of keywords is determined by the functions of Web search engines. There is a need to further explore the phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to acquaint the readers with the available erozgar opportunities in Web content writing. As researchers of linguistics, we need to draw our students' attention to the huge e-freelancing market which offers great opportunities to people with good linguistic skills.


Analysis of the Different Scenarios of Coach’s Anger on the Performance of Youth Basketball Teams

In spite of the negative effects of anger, coaches are often seen becoming angry during games. This is especially worrying in U18 categories. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the influence that the coach’s anger has on the performance of a basketball team in competition. For this, an ad hoc observation tool was designed, in which 587 moments of anger from the coaching staff (64 coaches) were recorded in the 24 semi-final and final matches of the Spanish Autonomous Region Team Championships in 2019 and 2020 in the infantil (M = 14 years old) and cadete (M = 16 years old) categories. The results show that, in response to most incidents of coach anger, the performance of the team did not change. Significant differences were identified in some scenarios, with low- or medium-intensity anger targeted at the defence, where the team performance improved. However, anger towards the referee in the last quarter with scores level had a negative influence on the team’s performance.

Introduction
Basketball is a collective, competitive sport with considerable social impact in Spain, which is why it triggers various emotions among its participants [1]. Depending on the significance and intensity, these emotions are expressed quite frequently through aggressive behaviour [2]. This energy caused by emotional impulses sometimes induces a certain activation and desire to improve, and in many other cases blocks, inhibits, paralyses, and leads to feelings of failure, low self-esteem, and negative attitudes [3]. Coaches play a fundamental role in this regard, due to the emotional contagion that exists between the leader's mood and the climate generated among the members of a team [4]. Therefore, in addition to planning training sessions and leading the team in competitions, coaches need to develop and maintain motivation in athletes, fostering an emotional climate that engages the team and facilitates learning and goals [5][6][7][8]. In the educational field, it has been shown that the teacher's attitude creates an emotional climate that can facilitate or hinder the achievement of the proposed objectives [9].
In competition, the positive emotions of one team's members can influence the failure of those in the other [10]; likewise, the emotions shown by the coach will affect the emotional state of the players-positively or negatively-and the resulting behaviour influences team cohesion and performance [11]. Many coaches are unaware of the negative effect that their attitude can have on athletes, with consequences that affect their motivation, decision making, anxiety, confidence, and even aspects of their physiology and, therefore, their performance [12]. Perhaps the most frequently observed negative emotion in coaches is anger, which according to Izard [13] is a primary reaction resulting from preventing an individual from achieving a targeted goal or satisfying a need. Spielberger et al. [14] define anger as an emotional state that varies in intensity from irritation to rage, and is expressed internally and/or externally. The former includes angry feelings and thoughts without being overtly expressed, while the second is communicative, sometimes with non-threatening expressions, and at other times aggressive and intended to hurt. For [15], the level of anger is notable, and varies according to the level of the league in which the athletes participate. This emotion, which according to Smith [16] has a characteristic facial expression, has been studied in sports, with various objectives-for example, the relationship of anger with aggressive behaviour [17], with the athlete's internal dialogue [18], with their physiological responses [19], with sports performance [20,21], and with the level of competition [22]. In football, it was shown that the teams that played with more anger scored fewer goals, while the teams that played with more happiness and confidence scored more goals, in a world championship [23]; this was confirmed by the authors of [24], who showed that the teams that showed more aggressiveness achieved a worse performance.
In basketball, anger has predicted how much negative performance influences team behaviour at the collective level [25], manifesting itself more often in lost matches [26]; however, in sports such as rugby, it has been associated with higher performance levels [27], perhaps because they require a greater amount of energy [28], as occurs in contact or combat sports disciplines, such as ice hockey, karate, and boxing [21,29]. Thus far, sporting performance in basketball has been measured based on the statistics of the matches, such as percentage of shots, rebounds, or assists [30], or physical variables such as internal or external load [31]. It would be wise and original to find data on the influence of emotions, such as the influence of the coach's emotional state on the score in basketball competitions. Based on the above, our hypothesis is that the coach's anger during the game negatively influences the team's score; therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify the influence that the coach's anger has on the performance of the team in competition during each match played.

Design of the Study
This study is framed in descriptive observational research, in which the behaviours to be analysed were recorded, as they developed, in a natural context without the intervention of the researcher [32].

Participants
There were n = 587 moments of anger from 64 coaches and technical assistants in 24 semi-final and final matches of the Spanish Autonomous Region Team Basketball Championships for School Age (CESA), held in the province of Huelva (Andalusia, Spain) in the years 2019 and 2020 in the infantil (13 and 14 years of age) and cadete (15 and 16 years of age) categories, for both male and female teams.

Measures
An ad hoc observation sheet was designed to identify the moments in which the coaches and technical assistants expressed anger during the game, in which the following variables were observed. A similar tool has been used in previous research [33]: (f) Intensity-1: low (an angry gesture or tone of voice); 2: medium (when the level of anger causes the team to perceive it clearly); 3: high (when the gesture or tone shows aggressiveness); (g) Cause-1: attack situation; 2: defence situation; 3: referee's decision; 4: others; (h) At whom-1: team on the field; 2: team on bench; 3: specific player; 4: referees; 5: control table; 6: others; (i) Observations: to describe the play or identify relevant aspects that complement the information.
The sheet identified the match data (year, category, gender, teams, etc.). Subsequently, the matches were observed on video, identifying each anger event recorded live to complete the observation sheet with the following data: (j) Accumulated anger: 1 if cumulative; 0 if not cumulative; (k) Points scored and conceded in the 3 previous and subsequent possessions in attack and defence, taking the score carried over. For example, after the anger event we wrote down the points score in the first attack possession and the points conceded in the first defence possession [33].

Procedure
Initially, a pilot was carried out in a tournament for the U14 and U16 categories, in which the researchers observed two live basketball games, recording the data in the observation tool, which served to precisely define and screen the criteria. Subsequently, during the group phase of the Spanish Championship, observations were made for training, choosing matches including the teams that had qualified for the semi-finals, so that some traits of the coaches and technical assistants on the game management were also identified. In the first quarter of the game, the researchers collected data together and agreed on the reasons why the moment of anger was recorded. During the second quarter, each researcher took records individually, and at the end of the quarter, they met to compare one another's data, identifying and discussing the discrepancies in the recorded events. In the 3rd and 4th quarters of the game, the procedures for the 1st and 2nd quarters were applied again. This process was repeated for two games, going from 70% intercoder agreement in the first data collection to more than 90% for the last three records, so the agreement among observers was high. This training was carried out by two different researchers in each game.
In the semi-finals, each researcher recorded data from different matches live on the instrument, and in the four final matches, two matches were taken individually and two matches jointly by two researchers. Subsequently, the video of each game was observed in detail, thus completing the variables of points scored and conceded and accumulated anger in the possessions before and after the coaches' moments of anger. The official videos were downloaded using the Mozilla Firefox browser's Video DownloadHelper Plugin from the contest's official media page, with prior permission from the Basketball Federation.

Data Analysis
First, a two-stage cluster analysis was carried out to try to differentiate the types of episodes of anger based on the factors or contexts in which they occurred (e.g., period of the game, score difference, intensity, cause, accumulation of anger, whether there were changes due to the anger, whether a time-out was called, and which coach was the one who got angry). The model enables exploration of the best classifications based on categorical and continuous variables using Schwartz's Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and the silhouette measure. Second, the normality (Shapiro-Wilk) tests were performed, finding that all the variables responded to non-normal distributions (p < 0.05). Third, repeatedmeasures comparisons (Wilcoxon test) were carried out for the variables points scored and conceded before and after the anger episode (1, 2, and 3 ball possessions) in each cluster. Fourth, the differences in points scored and conceded (before vs. after the anger episode) between the 6 clusters were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The Bonferroni test was used for pairwise comparisons. All analyses were performed with the IBM SPSS statistical package for Macintosh version 25.0 (IBM. Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The level of significance was established at p < 0.05.

Results
The results of the two-stage cluster analysis (see Table 1) showed the classification of the coaches' anger episodes into six groups (scenarios or contexts or situations). The model was significant, with good values for the silhouette value (>0.5), highlighting the importance of five factors (i.e., the period of the game, the intensity of the anger, the cause, the accumulation of anger, and the difference in the score) to clarify the episodes (variables with importance values greater than 0.1 within the model). The six episodes found can be characterised as follows (in order of % occurrence): C1 is the context that occurs most, prevailing in the second quarter of the game, during defensive actions, with accumulated anger of low intensity when the scores are level (−4 to +6 points); C6 is the second most common context, which occurs in the first quarter of the match, as a single episode of low intensity, mainly due to the referee and when the scores are level; C4 is the context that occurs in the fourth quarter of the game as a single episode of medium intensity, linked to defence, and ends with scores level; C5 represents episodes that occur mainly in the third quarter of the game as single low-intensity episode of anger due to the referee, when the game is being lost by between 7 and 20 points; C2 represents episodes that occur in the second quarter of the match as a single episode of low-intensity anger towards the referee, when the scores are level; and C3 represents lowintensity anger episodes, in the third quarter of the game, constituting only anger towards the referee, and when the team is losing or winning by more than 20 points, or when the scores are level. Table 2 presents the descriptive results of points scored and conceded one, two, and three ball possessions before and after the episode of anger. The results of repeated-measures comparisons (see Table 2; Wilcoxon test) for points scored and conceded before and after the episode of anger (one, two, and three ball possessions) showed the following statistically significant differences: (1)

Discussion
The objective of this study was to identify the influence that the basketball coach's anger has on the performance of a team in competition. For this, the points scored and conceded during the game in the three possessions in attack and defence before and after the anger were analysed. To analyse the influence of other variables-such as the situation, the cause, the intensity, or at whom the anger was directed-the events were classified into six scenarios that show different trends in sports performance.
In the most frequent scenario, cluster 1, the results show that after the accumulated low-intensity anger of the coaches when the scores are level (−4 to +6 points) while the team is defending, the team scores more points in the first and third possessions. Finding the right activation level is essential to achieving effective performance [34]. Anger is a source of energy [35], and its effectiveness will depend on the control of actions in relation to the proposed objective [3]. This may explain why low-intensity anger in defensive actions can activate some players. Something similar occurs in cluster 4, in which single bouts of medium-intensity anger in the fourth quarter-also related to defence-are somewhat effective, in that the team concedes fewer points in the first post-anger defensive possession. This increase in defensive activation in the players in a controlled manner can have a positive impact on performance-something that the coach should take into account when directing the games.
The second most frequent scenario was cluster 6, which occurs in the first quarter, with scores level, and the anger is of low intensity and directed at the referee. In these situations, teams score more points in the first possession and, conversely, concede more points in the subsequent three possessions. Anger is an emotion that provides energy and, depending on the cause, can generate anxiety and frustration [36,37], which can have a negative effect on the concentration and confidence of athletes-particularly in the face of external causes [38], such as a refereeing decision. Zur, Cooke, Woodman, Neil, and Udewitz [39], in their study of elite fencing athletes, found very similar results; initially, anger improved the reaction time of athletes, but subsequently reduced their performance. The results show that, contrary to what the coaches may believe, the referees are not influenced by the comments of the coaches; furthermore, they can have a negative effect on performance. According to the above, it is preferable to avoid protesting to the referee, no matter how minimal it may be.
Protests directed at referees with a certain level of anger are a constant in sport at any level [40]; however, as in the situation described above, previous studies show that unsportsmanlike techniques and fouls given against a team cause worse subsequent performance [41]. Along these lines, Ring, Kavussanu, Al-Yaaribi, Tenenbaum, and Stanger [41] showed that anger damages performance, among other causes, due to the distraction it creates with respect to the sporting objective. Emotions are contagious [42]; thus, in situations of tension between the coach and the referees, the negative effects of anger could influence the team's performance. In fact, anger leads to a negative internal dialogue in the athlete that damages their performance [18]. Uphill et al. [26] showed that anger and shame are the two emotions that are most related to failure in basketball.
In the situation of cluster 5, which occurs mainly in the third quarter with single low-intensity episodes of anger directed at the referee, and when the team are losing by between 7 and 20 points, the differences were not significant. The same occurred in the context of cluster 2, which occurs in the second quarter with a single episode of mild anger directed at the referee when the scores are level. This once again shows that angry protests to the referees are ineffective, as the performance remains the same or decreases. Different groups of athletes take part during a match. The referees participate actively in the game, showing that the pressure exerted on them does not cause them to change their criteria, since there are other factors that affect their stress [43].
The differences in points scored and received in the three offensive and defensive possessions before and after anger were not significant. As described by Bisquerra [35], anger is a basic emotion that appears, essentially, when things do not happen as we would like, or when we consider someone to be treating us badly. In sport, this usually occurs when an individual makes an assessment of the situation and it is far from their objectives or expectations [44]. Therefore, in basketball, the coach's anger is usually caused by frustration that the game is not going as intended, or by some refereeing decision, and only occasionally when someone treats them badly. In fact, the appearance of anger in sport is more frequent when perceived self-esteem is low [45]. These data indicate the need to be aware of anger, reflecting on its cause(s), and especially on the behavioural reaction. It was observed in this study that, in general, anger is ineffective. Therefore, it is recommended that coaches train in emotional awareness and control, so as to prevent episodes of anger from negatively affecting the performance of their team.
The natural reaction to anger is usually one of irritation and fury shown through gestures, tones, insults, or aggressions [35]. In this sense, the number of high-intensity anger events did not produce significant values. González-García et al. [46], concluded that the greater the manifestation of anger, the lower the levels of competence in the athletes. At the collective level, García-García et al. [24], showed that aggressiveness negatively influenced performance in football.
This study has some limitations, such as the sample focusing on a single championship, or the difficulty of externally observing an emotion such as anger. However, the importance of emotional education in coaches makes further research on this topic worthwhile. Therefore, it would be necessary to analyse the effects of anger in adults and professional teams, with audio included, in order to analyse the coaches' language, as well as to understand the players' perceptions of their coaches' anger.

Conclusions
In conclusion, this study shows that, in most situations of coach anger, the performance of the team does not change. Significant differences only appear in a scenario with low-or medium-intensity anger aimed at the defence, in which the team's performance improves. However, anger towards the referee in the last quarter with scores level has a negative influence on the team's performance.
Based on these results, coaches should be encouraged to train in emotional skills to manage anger with awareness and effectiveness. In training, it should be recommended that coaches take part in the education of the players, including emotional aspects such as anger management. In addition, generating a positive emotional climate in athletes through the example of the coach will help to achieve this goal of improving commitment, and probably to achieve a better performance [23,47,48].
In high-level competition, low-and medium-intensity anger could be managed, provided they produce positive results. Even so, it has been observed that, in recent decades, elite coaches have shown ever greater control of negative emotions. In any case, it is necessary to carry out studies in different contexts that delve deeper into this issue. Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to the observations have been done in a public event with all permission to be recorded.

Informed Consent Statement:
Patient consent was waived due to they take part in a public event which it has even been recorded. Data Availability Statement: Data can be supply by the authors.


Scalable quantum computational chemistry with superconducting qubits

Quantum chemistry is one of the most promising applications of quantum computing with wide applications in chemistry, drug discovery, material science, etc. Recent theoretical and experimental works have demonstrated the potentiality of solving molecular electronic structures with existing quantum hardware. However, scalable realisations of these algorithms on current quantum devices remain challenging. The state-of-the-art experiments are either restricted to a few qubits or have limited scalability or accuracy. Here, integrating experimental and theoretical advances in more accurate operations and dedicated optimisation of the algorithm, we show an implementation of variational quantum eigensolver with a scalable and optimised multi-reference unitary coupled cluster circuit for H2, LiH, F2 from 4 to 12 qubits. Combining error mitigation schemes, we show high-accuracy results of the ground-state energy with around two orders of suppression in errors, and we achieve chemical accuracy for H2 at all bond distances and LiH at small bond distances. Our work demonstrates a feasible path to a scalable solution of electronic structures, validating key technological features and identifying future challenges for this goal.

I. INTRODUCTION
Quantum computers have great potential to solve classically challenging many-body physics problems, particularly the molecular electronic structure in quantum chemistry [1][2][3]. Many quantum algorithms [4][5][6][7][8] have been proposed to simulate molecules with deep quantum circuits using fault-tolerant quantum computers, which are yet far beyond the current technology [9]. Meanwhile, recent theoretical and experimental results considered the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) method [10][11][12], which relieves the requirement for quantum computing with the assistance of classical optimisation and thus potentially enables the solution of electronic structures using current and near-term quantum devices [2,3]. Indeed, in the post-quantum supremacy era [13,14], quantum computational chemistry [2,3,[15][16][17] has become one of the promising candidates for realising practical quantum advantages in the near future.
Since the first experimental demonstration of VQE in 2014 [10], a variety of experimental implementations for quantum chemistry problems from H 2 (2 qubits) [10,18], LiH (4 qubits) [19], BeH 2 (6 qubits) [20] to H 12 (12 * These authors contributed equally to this work. qubits) [21] and others [22][23][24][25][26] have been reported. However, many of the experiments are either at a small scale or restricted, assuming either nonscalable (hardware efficient) or classically simulable (Hartree-Fock) ansatz. The unitary coupled cluster (UCC) ansatz is believed to be scalable and accurate [27][28][29]. However, its implementation remains challenging, and its experimental demonstration is still limited to a few qubits [18,23,24]. Along with circuit ansatz, we face crucial challenges, including deep circuit depth, large measurement costs, and experimental errors. Any of these factors could significantly affect the accuracy or efficiency of the algorithm and thus restrict the experimental demonstration for quantum chemistry problems.
In this work, we address these challenges with a systematic study of the molecular electronic structure problem. To enable the efficient implementation of the algorithm, we consider a multi-reference initial state, design an efficient circuit by selecting operators from the UCC operator pool, which conserve the molecular symmetry and have dominant contributions to the energy decrease, and compile it into a 2D grid structure with a reduced circuit depth. To optimise the parameters efficiently, we consider stochastic gradient descent with analytical gradients from the parameter shift rule [30] and apply a refined overlapped grouping measurement scheme [31] that speeds up the measurement process. Finally, to suppress : :  1. A diagrammatic scheme for the variational quantum eigensolver on a superconducting quantum processor: device, quantum circuit, measurement, and error mitigation. Mid: The experimental circuit for the 12-qubit F2 VQE experiment over a 2 × 6 qubit grid on the "Zuchongzhi 2.0" quantum processor. Mid left: Topology of qubits on the quantum processor. The twelve selected qubits used in the experiments with the encoding of spin up and spin down are coloured. Mid right: Schematic diagram of the VQE process. Top left: Selection of the operators from the UCC operator pool that contribute dominantly to the energy decrease. Top mid: The elementary gate in UCC, which is composed of CNOT gates, single-qubit Pauli rotation gates, and single-qubit Clifford gates. The single-qubit Pauli rotation is decomposed into the YZY gate in our experiment. Top right: An example of the overlapped grouping method for measuring observables, which exploits the qubit-wise compatibility of the observables. Below: Hardware optimisation and error mitigation techniques integrated into the experiments. Distortion correction and dynamical decoupling are first applied to improve the fidelity of the basic operators and suppress dephasing during idle times, respectively. Then readout error mitigation, Clifford circuit fitting, symmetry verification, and connected moment expansion are applied sequentially to calculate the error-mitigated observable expectation values. experimental errors, we introduce a systematic way to improve the implementation accuracy of basic operations in UCC and integrate four error mitigation methods, including readout error mitigation [32], symmetry verification [32], Clifford noise learning [33,34], and connected moments expansions [35,36] to improve the calculation accuracy. We implement VQE experimentally for H 2 , LiH, and F 2 with 4, 6, and 12 qubits, respectively. We observe that error mitigation enables two orders of improvement of the calculation accuracy, allowing the saturation of chemical accuracy for H 2 at all bond distances and LiH at small bond distances. Further experimental improvements are needed to achieve chemical accuracy for F 2 and larger molecules.

II. METHODS
We briefly summarise the basic building blocks of the algorithm and refer to Supplementary Information for a detailed discussion. We consider second-quantised molecular HamiltoniansĤ under the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and Jordan-Wigner transformation. We apply variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) to find the ground state ofĤ. The main idea is to prepare a parametrised quantum state |Ψ(θ) by a quantum processor and update the parameters classically. A physically inspired choice for |Ψ(θ) is the unitary coupledcluster (UCC) ansatz |Ψ(θ) = exp (T (θ) −T † (θ))|Ψ 0 , which effectively considers excitations and de-excitations above the reference state |Ψ 0 [22][23][24][25]. HereT (θ) is the truncated cluster operator concerning first-and secondorder excitations from occupied orbitals to virtual or-bitals. However, direct implementation of UCC on a quantum computer requires CNOT gates scaling as O(N (N −η) 2 η 2 ) with system size N and electron number η, which goes beyond the limit of the current technology.
To reduce the gate count, we design the circuit by selecting the operators from the UCC operator pool, which satisfy the symmetry constraint imposed by the selection rule [37]. Moreover, the operators inT have different effects on the ground state, and we thus adopt a classically efficient algorithm to select the qubit operatorŝ V that contribute dominantly to the ground state energy decrease [38]. For instance, the total gate count is reduced by two orders of magnitude for N = 12. Furthermore, we compile the circuit according to the 2D topology structure of the superconducting processor to reduce the circuit depth. The gate count and circuit depth reduction strategies are scalable and essential for the efficient implementation of UCC ansatz. We illustrate the procedures in Fig. 1.
In VQE, the ground state is approximated by solving min θ H θ using a classical optimiser of stochastic analytic gradient descent. For the k-th iteration with parameters θ k , we obtain the gradient element g k j (θ k ) by the parameter shift rule, which requires the measurement of H θ ± with θ ± = θ k ± π∆ k j e j /2 and unit vector e i [30]. We stochastically choose the parameters to be optimised to reduce the sample cost for the estimation of gradients. The gradient estimation is unbiased, and has a smaller variance compared with the finite difference method. The parameters are updated by θ k+1 = θ k + α k g k (θ k ) with the learning rate α k until convergence. For each H θ ± , it generally consists of O(N 4 ) terms, whose measurement cost could be prohibitively large in practice. However, as many of the observables have small coefficients and are qubit-wise compatible (hence could be measured simultaneously), we could exploit more efficient measurement schemes to alleviate the measurement cost. Specifically, we apply a refined overlapped grouping measurement scheme [31,39], which significantly reduces the required measurement count and hence the running time by two orders of magnitude for F 2 compared to importance sampling.
In order to implement the algorithm experimentally and obtain reliable results, we need to optimise the quantum processor and mitigate the experimental errors. We employ various strategies to optimise the gate operations and mitigate different kinds of errors appearing in the circuit and measurement. We apply dynamical decoupling sequences to suppress dephasing errors for idle qubits and introduce a calibrated implementation of basic operations in the circuit to improve the circuit fidelity. We further integrate several error mitigation methods for the remaining errors. For measurement errors, we apply readout error mitigation (REM) to the classical measurement outcomes [32]. For gate errors, we adopt three types of error mitigation methods. Considering the particle number conservation, we apply an effective symmetry verification (SV) of the particle number parity [40]; To mitigate the The operation fidelity is closer to the direct estimation after experimental optimisations, in which we used the Ry(−π/2)-Rz(θ)-Ry(π/2) gate sequence to replace the amplitude-based Rx(θ) gate and corrected the pulse distortion on relative couplers. (c) An example of Clifford fitting for H2 with observable XXY Y . The orange dots correspond to the ideal-noisy expectation values for Clifford-analogue circuits. The blue solid line is the linear fit of the data to learn the function, which is used to mitigate gate noise. The blue squares correspond to the ideal-noisy VQE data, which aligns well with the linear fit. (d) The optimisation procedure for H2 with bond length R = 2.6. The ground state energy with chemical accuracy (blue region) is calculated theoretically as a benchmark. The yellow square, orange triangle, blue diamond, and grey right triangle are the energies without error mitigation, with REM, with REM + CF, and with REM + CF + SV, respectively. The red dot is the final result of ground state energy with CMX applied. dominant two-qubit gate errors, we apply Clifford fitting (CF) by learning the noise model from noisy and ideal Clifford circuits [33,34]; Finally, we apply connected moment expansions (CMX) that effectively implement imaginary time evolution using Hamiltonian moments up to the third order to correct theoretical and experimental imperfections from incapable ansatz and implementation errors [35,36]. These techniques are essential for accurate experiment implementations of variational quantum algorithms.

III. RESULTS
The experiment is realised on a 66-qubit superconducting quantum processor "Zuchongzhi 2.0" [14]. We select 12 high-quality qubits arranged in a two-dimensional array shown in Fig. 1. We first optimise the single-qubit gates, CZ gates and readout performance following a series of optimisations (see Supplementary Information). The readout fidelity is 96.3% on average, and the correlated readout error is negligible with the optimisation of readout qubit frequency and suppression of the residual ZZ coupling. The remaining product readout errors are further alleviated by REM. The parallel single-qubit and CZ gate fidelities are 99.90% and 99.19% on average, respectively (see Fig. 2a), characterised by crossentropy benchmarking (XEB) [13]. The high-fidelity parallel gates are achieved with the advantage of the flip-chip structure and tunable couplers, which suppress the crosstalk significantly. We further optimise the basic operations (consisting of multiple CZ gates and single-qubit operations) in the UCC circuit by correcting the Z pulse distortion on couplers and replacing the amplitude-based Rx(θ) gate. As shown in Fig. 2b, the operation fidelity has a notable increase after optimisation and matches the product of the fidelity of the individual quantum gate, indicating its scalability for larger systems.
We apply three error mitigation techniques to further reduce the effects of gate errors: SV, CF, and CMX. For CF, we first run a Clifford analogue circuit of UCC by replacing most of the non-Clifford gates with random Clifford gates. Since Clifford circuits are classically simulable, we can compare the ideal and experimental results, which generally has a linear dependence, as shown in Fig. 2c for the XXYY observable and the 4-qubit H 2molecule. We refer to Supplementary Information for the implementation and comparison of the other two error mitigation techniques. As shown in Fig. 2d, error mitigation plays a critical role in improving calculation accuracy. In particular, the combination of REM, CF, and SV clearly improves the energy accuracy along the optimisation iteration. CMX further enhances the final energy within the chemical accuracy compared to the ideal ground state energy for the H 2 molecule.
Together with the theoretical and experimental improvements, we now show the calculation of the potential energy curves for H 2 (4 qubits), LiH (6 qubits) and F 2 (12 qubits) molecules. As shown in Fig. 3, we again observe a significant decrease (around two orders) in energy errors with error mitigation for all three molecules. The raw experiment results indicate that the simulation becomes less accurate with an increasing system size, for instance, the error for LiH and F 2 are above 0.1 and 1, respectively. This is because even for the VQE experiment a large number of gates and measurement shots are required, which remains exceptionally challenging for the current hardware. These challenges result in difficulty of demonstration for large molecular systems. In our experiment, we improve the simulation accuracy with device optimisation and error mitigation. In particular, we achieve chemical accuracy for H 2 at all bond distances and LiH at small bond distances. The error increases for large bond distances for LiH since UCC becomes less accurate in the dissociation regime, which is alleviated by optimised initial state preparation, such as a multireference state which is a superposition of the Hartree-Fock state and the dissociated state, see Supplementary Information. Owing to the larger system size and deeper circuit depth, the energy errors for F 2 are around 10 −1 to 10 −2 , above the chemical accuracy threshold. Nevertheless, if we numerically calculate the energy using the experimentally found parameters, the error could be consistently suppressed below 10 −2 . The experimental results indicate that the gate and readout fidelities need to be further improved in order to decrease the error below the chemical accuracy.
With the results of the three molecules, we analyse the resource cost and scalability of VQE in our experiment. As shown in Fig. 4a, our optimisation strategy consistently reduces the gate count and circuit depth of UCC for molecules with different system sizes. The circuit reduction strategy are scalable and crucial for the extension to larger molecules. Comparing the three molecules with an increasing system size in Fig. 4b, we also find that the resource cost (running time and measurement shots) increases almost linearly. Nevertheless, we need to pay more attention to calculation accuracy. The major error sources include readout and gate errors. We analyse their contribution to the energy calculation in Fig. 4c. We find that readout errors dominate for small molecules, while gate errors become more serious when the system size increases. We thus need to systematically improve the readout and gate fidelities to achieve high accuracy for large molecules.

IV. DISCUSSION
In this work, we experimentally implement variational quantum eigensolver with the UCC ansatz for quantum computational chemistry. We show that with dedicated theoretical improvements and experimental optimisations, we can achieve chemical accuracy for H 2 at all bond distances and LiH at small bond distances. We observe a significant enhancement of the accuracy to be around two orders with a combination of different quantum error mitigation techniques for the three molecules. We also find that the current hardware is still insufficient for larger molecules, such as F 2 , mostly owing to non-negligible hardware errors. Our resource analysis indicates the necessity for improved gate and readout operations to achieve chemical accuracy for large molecules. The data shown in this paper are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Code availability: The code in this paper is available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Note: During the preparation of this work, we became aware of two independent works realising the unitary pair coupled cluster double ansatz with respectively superconducting qubits [41] and trapped ions [42] for chemistry problems with at most 10 and 12 qubits.