Do renewable energy sources improve clean environmental-economic growth? Empirical investigation from South Asian economies

This study investigates the causal relationship between renewable energy sources and clean environmental economic growth among South Asian economies. This study comprises the panel data sets for eight (8) South Asian countries, and data start from 2003 to 2017. This study implies a Hausman test to identify which particular tests are more suitable and selected a fixed effect test and granger causality test for effective analysis perspective. Moreover, this study further relies on the panel vector error correction model (PVECM) test to suggest for long-run relationship existence among variables. Furthermore, the evaluation of the panel and the dynamic ordinary least squares regression shows that the production of renewable energy has compelled an effect on economic growth. While other sources of energy for instance, hydropower, geothermal, wind, and solar, have valuable and considerable influence on the economic growth of South Asian economies. The results reveal with these remarks the existence of positive associations among productions of renewable energies, energy dependence, and gross domestic product per capita. The obtained results reveal that renewable energy sources show a momentous effect on the economic growth of South Asian economies.

Introduction
Energy resilience is the outcome of sustainable energy through a structure that is decentralized. It decreases the influence instigated by possible failures of technical nature or attacks, which might considerably impair the national electricity grid. Consequently, it transmits profits via oil resources and can run insecure states at the governmental level (Valentine, 2011). The intake of 1% of renewable energy marks the real GDP growth of 0.12%, per capita GDP of 0.16%, from rural households income per capita on annual base as 0.44%, whereas households income from the urban region shows 0.37% increase per capita annually (Fang, 2011). Greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by 0.5 per unit approximately due to consumed fossil energy consumption in European Union countries (Boluk and Mert, 2014). Renewable energy can provide sustenance to the goal of reduction in emissions in 2050 by 8.2%, roughly, forestry with 5.3%. Forest carbon sequestration could not pass by renewables sources without the aid of the government (Vass, 2017).
Technologies related to renewable energy can assemble into mainstream energy technologies and emerging energy technologies (Hussain et al., 2017). According to Kele and Bilgen (2012), renewable resources should not harm the environment, boundless, and renewable energy should be low-priced over protracted periods apart from satisfying the desires of the community accompanying with the future and actual civil rules. Short-term socio-economic benefits can be gained by the renewable distribution that affects the vigorous green growth, which is vital for the transition to the green economy (Arif et al, 2020;Gasparatos, 2017;Pahle et al., 2016;Shabbir and Yaqoob, 2019). The interaction among the dispersion of renewable energy and the value of the fossils fuels discussed by Foster et al. (2017). The "green paradox theory" of Sinn (2008) suggests that the strategy complying with reducing global warming may accelerate the use of fossil fuels despite being expensive. Energy technologies are apprised for sustainability and are overlooked as renewable energy sources in various fields such as energy security, progress related to socio-economic aspects, security for energy, and alleviation in climate change (Carrera and Mack, 2010;Saleem and Shabbir 2020;Sen and Ganguly, 2017). The welfare of residents gets threatened with the sound of wind turbines, or the danger of reflecting sunlight units with photovoltaic type through solar energy, threatening the health and renewable energy of nearby residents (Botelho et al., 2016;Chiabrando, 2009).
Renewable energy is a crucial source for sustainable economic growth, particularly in developing countries and less developed economies to attract foreign investment. This study investigates the impact and relationship between renewable energy sources and sustainable environmental economic growth among South Asian economies such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. We did not find any comprehensive study on this topic where they develop a relationship between five renewable energy sources, for instance, (biomass, geothermal, hydropower, solar, and wind) and sustainable environmental economic growth among all eight South Asian countries. Whereas, some individual countries' studies highlight the importance of renewable energy sources and its impact on different dimensions. These studies include Shahbaz et al. (2015) who investigated if renewable energy consumption adds to economic growth using an application of auto-regressive distributed lag model in Pakistan. Aized et al. (2018) examined energy security and renewable energy policy analysis of Pakistan. Moreover, Ishaque (2017) studied, is it wise to compromise renewable energy future for the sake of expediency? An analysis of Pakistan's long-term electricity generation pathways.
We have divided the contributions of the present study into five distinct points. First, the novelty of this research explains the effects of renewable sources of energy, by type or total, on the sustainable environmental growth level for South Asian countries from 2003 to 2017. Successively, the underlying connection of renewable energy, GDP (per capita), and energy dependence are investigated by an empirical approach. This study uses five different sources of renewable energy and their effect on South Asian economies. This study is different from the preliminary investigation to some extent, particularly the innovation of this research supervenes from investigating the consequences of renewable sources from the energy sources. Second, the paper demonstrates the causal relationship between the production of renewable energy sources, energy dependence, and economic growth, regarding capital formation, consumption of renewable energy, and labour force regarding the South Asian economies.
Third, our research contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the given subject matter by analysing the association of the consumption of renewable energy in the form of hydroelectricity and its impact on economic growth. The importance of this topic also comes to light when we consider the fact that the eight countries were chosen for the purpose of this study with some countries rank as top pollutants, considering the minimal impact of hydroelectricity on the environment. The present research is contributing to a limited set of studies consisting only of two prior studies to be precise first by Omay and Kan (2010) and second by Apergis and Payne (2012) who had earlier utilised the utilised technique of "nonlinear panel smooth transition vector error correction model" in order to assess the impact of electricity consumption on the growth of the economy. Omay and Kan (2010) analysed the consumption of total electricity; meanwhile, Apergis and Payne (2012) used the total consumption of renewable electricity for their analysis. For the purpose of this study, we mainly focus on the consumption of hydroelectricity as the previous studies seem to lack this aspect; at the same time, we utilize the same technique i.e. "nonlinear panel smooth transition vector error correction model," for our analysis as justified by literature review. The fourth contribution relates to the fact that we have used panel data rather than timeseries data in order to establish the causal relationships between the above-mentioned factors as this approach reduces the issues relating to multicollinearity and provides much better estimates as compared to time series data. Fifth, this study addresses the following research objectives and questions respectively; to what extent renewable energy sources increase the clean environmental economic production. Do renewable energy sources improve the clean environmental economic growth level among South Asian economies?

Literature review
The existence of causal relationships amongst the economic growth and generation of electricity from renewable sources such as wind, hydroelectricity, geothermal sources, etc., was examined by Ohlers and Fetters (2014) using the data of twenty OECD countries ranging from the period of 1990 up to 2008. The framework of the production function is applied by them. In order to ascertain the properties of time series of panel data, they used as many as six separate panel unit root tests resulting in first-order integration of all variables. Since they applied Pedroni (2004), the results indicated the existence of a co-integrated relationship among the variables in question. Granger causality test pointed to the favourable bidirectional relationship of hydroelectricity with growth of GDP in the short run. Meanwhile, their results also indicated that hydroelectricity had a major impact on real GDP in the long-term, when it came to renewable energy sources. investigated the relationship between environmental innovation, knowledge spillover and firm's productivity. The results indicate that mix coherent policy implementation has increased economic growth sustainability. The ecological deprivation escalates with the growing income up to the stage that borders the excellence of ecology level with the increased income per capita. On the other hand, there has been no unanimity among the connotation from energy sources and development sector of the economy from the samples selected, features of states explored, variables employed and quantitative methods used (Bhattacharya et al., 2016;Liu et al, 2020;Nguyen et al, 2020;Payne, 2009;Shabbir and Wisdom, 2020;Yu et al., 2020).
In addition, various studies have yielded dissimilar results, such as a study conducted in 82 countries from 1972 -2002, which are categorized as "higher income, upper middle income, lower middle income, and low income." The neutral hypothesis supports the category of small income countries and recommends the preservation hypothesis to middle income (Huang et al., 2008). Ozturk and Acaravci (2010) used the ARDL method from 1980 to 2006 to use the VEC model that exposed Hungary's feedback hypothesis but gave the neutrality hypothesis in Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania. Al-Mulali (2013) observed in a survey of 108 countries. It found that causality and bi-directionality exist in 79% of countries, with one-way causality in 2% of countries, and a fully modified OLS regression where the sample from growth to renewable energy and neutral causality is within 19%.
The feedback hypothesis has shown economic development and usage of biomass energy for Q1 of 1991 to Q4 of 2015 for the countries of BRICS region (Shahbaz et al., 2016). There exists a positive influence of biomass energy usage and economic development in G7 nations for 1980 to 2009 and 51 states of "Sub-Sahara Africa" for 1980 -2009 according to growth hypothesis (Bilgili and Ozturk, 2015). The association among consumption of biomass energy and economic development in long term causality that is unidirectional for Argentina, Nicaragua, and Bolivia whereas long-run unidirectional causality is observed for Costa Rica to GDP through biomass energy for El Salvador, Cuba, Jamaica and Panama from ten emerging and developing states for 1980 to 2009 (Bildirici, 2013). Among seven Latin American countries for 1970 to 2012, long-run bidirectional causality has been observed among economic development and hydroelectricity usage in Venezuela and Argentina, long-run unidirectional causality is supported from use of hydroelectricity to growing economy in Chile, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru (Solarin and Ozturk, 2015). The hypothesis proposed for the GDP or the basic per capita ISEW, and consumption of energy and feedback hypothesis proposed for energy consumption and solid ISEW per capita by applying the ARDL panel model (Menegaki and Tugcu, 2017). The response hypothesis reinforced in the case of the ISEW framework and neutrality supported in the case of GDP framework according to this study and computed ISEW for 20 American countries from 1990 to 2013. They followed fixed effects and quantile regression with the PVECM approach. Murshed (2018) describes that an improvement in trade openness facilitates renewable energy transition gathering evidence from selected South Asian economies. Moreover, some studies from developed economies, such as Bilagi and Ozturk conducted a study regarding bioenergy and economic growth from G7 countries. Bildirici and Gokmenoglu (2017) examined the relationship between environmental pollution, hydropower energy consumption and economic growth generating evidence from G7 countries. Apergis and Payne (2010) investigated renewable energy consumption and economic growth relying on evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Apergis and Payne (2011) studied about renewable energy consumption-growth nexus in Central America. Muhammad et al. (2020) explored the nexus between willingness to pay for renewable energy sources from Turkey. The findings of this study indicate that people are willing to pay more for renewable energy sources in order to get better facilities. Finally, Li et al. (2021) explored the relationship between renewable energy sources and economic growth of SAARC countries.

Methodology
This examination takes a panel data set regarding south Asian economies for the period 2003-2017. The data were obtained from "World Development Indicators" (WDI), World Bank. The usages system of multi-variation consists of total national output per capita as measure for sustainable economic growth (Amri 2017;Chontanawat et al., 2008;Huang et al. 2008;Jebli and Youssef 2015;Koc¸ak and Sarkgu¨ne, 2017;Lin and Moubarak, 2014;Sadorsky, 2009). This study measures the renewable energy (general and by category) and controls the measures at the national level. The goal is to enhance the impact of sustainable energy demand by using panel data. This study implies a fixed-effect regression model with the following general specifications The Y signifies the dependent variable, one-to-one regarding logarithmic values as GDP per capita, X indicates the expounding construct for the renewable energy sources, by type and overall, Z denotes control variables at the country-level, e it is the error term, i is the country, and t is the time dimension. This study has implemented the approach of fixed effects that one may overcome the omitted variables biases. Further, it used the "heterogeneous panel cointegration test" investigated by Pedroni (1999Pedroni ( , 2000. This method permits the interdependence cross-sectional with separate effects that are different from each other. This examination has adopted a settled impact approach to defeat the overlooked variable bias. Additionally, we will utilize the heterogeneous board cocombination test created by Pedroni (1999Pedroni ( , 2000 that grants for cross-area association with various individual impacts:
By combining the third equation into the second equation, the following form takes place Whereas, Pi denotes the sum of lags in the amplified "dickey fuller regression." This study employed a panel cointegration analysis. To investigate "panel cointegration," it is compulsory to check the presence of a unit root test of the data series. This study has used Im Pesaran and Shin IPS analysis (Im et al., 2003) based on "dickey fuller procedure". IPS proposed the test for a unit in panel. It combines statistics with the "time series" dimension along with cross-sectional. Whereas  used this method in their research to estimate panel data. The t-bar (t) is then standardized, and it is showing the standardize t statistics convergence to the standard normal distribution as N and T tend to infinity. While the IPS (2003) shows that the t-test performs better, mainly when N and T are small, where errors in different regressions contain common and specific components, the proposed cross-section diluted versions of both tests are used.
Where the parameters a i and a t license for a country with the definite fixed effects and defined tendencies, mit represents the predictable residuals, which indicates the dispersion of the association in the long run. The null hypothesis reveals that there is no cointegration for non-stationary residuals. While, Y indicates reliant variable, separately total national output "per capita" (logarithmic qualities), X implies the logical factors to a sustainable power source, generally and by type, Z speaks to the national control level factors and block e it is the blunder terms, and for states, and t explains the time measurement. Additionally, this study utilizes the heterogeneous board co-combination test created by Pedroni (1999Pedroni ( , 2000 that grants for cross-area association with various individual impacts: Where the parameters a i and a t allow for nation particular settled impacts and deterministic patterns, e it means the evaluated residuals which delineate the dispersion from the long-term association. The invalid theory uncovers the absence of co-reconciliation and individual residuals, which are non-stationary. Whereas, Y indicates the reliant variable, separately total national output "per capita" (logarithmic qualities). X implies the logical factors towards the sustainable power source. Z speaks to the national level control factors and block parameters areas a 1 and a 2 .It utilizes the heterogeneous board co-combination test created by Pedroni (1999Pedroni ( , 2000 that grants for cross-area association with various individual impacts: The above equation (5c) defines the parameters as a 1i and a 2i allow for national particular settled impacts and deterministic patterns, and m means the evaluated residuals. The invalid theory uncovers the absence of co-reconciliation, individual residuals, which are nonstationary.
Therefore, in subsequent steps, researchers used "modified ordinary least squares" (FMOLS) and dynamics (DOLS) as did by Shabbir (2020), . The empirical analysis estimated the PVECM intends to perform a Granger causality test. In this study, Engel-Grange's two-step process is used to obtain the projected residuals. Through expressing the lagging residuals in the 5th eq as "error correction" (ECT), the subsequent "dynamic error correction model" is framed: The above describes the values as D ("first difference operator"), q ("lag length criteria set at one as per likelihood ratio test"), and u ("serially uncorrelated term").

Descriptive statistics of the variables
The empirical findings in Table 1(a), (b) and (c) show descriptive statistics. The correlation analysis investigates stationary or non-stationary among variables. The summary statistics regarding above tables show that, mean values of renewable energy sources in gross final usage regarding energy is 13%, fuel consumption in transportation is 2%, electricity generation by renewable resources in terms of electricity generation by percentage is 16%, final renewable energy usage in the household part is 15%. However, Table 1 (d) indicates descriptive statistics for country-level control variables. Whereas, less value of mean RD as (0.02) and higher value as GGE (81.16).
This study observed all primary variables, such as the production of solid fuels excluding charcoal (SBIOFUELS), production of biogas (BGAS), municipal waste (MW), biodiesel (B-diesels), other liquid fuels (OLB), with all of the registered highest mean values among variables. Whereas, "Hydro, Geothermal, Wind, Solar_ T, and Solar_P" all of these main variables also showed the highest mean values, except, biogasoline, other liquid fuels (OLB) in Table 1(a) and solar-t in Table 1(b) which showed lower mean values. Moreover, crosssectional level control variables for the energy dependence of specific country(ED), resource productivity (RP), research and development expenses in terms of GDP percentage (RD) are showing low mean values as compared to greenhouse gas emission(GGE), pollutant emission from transport (PET). The above Table 2 shows correlation and a high correlation observed among the relevant measure of renewable energy. The Pearson correlation (PC) indicates to what extent, there is an association of population exists between dependent variable with other independent and explanatory variables. This study develops a hypothesis in order to better understand the correlation among variables. The null hypothesis shows that there is zero correlation between the dependent and independent variables. Which means that no relationship exists between renewable energy sources, environmental economic growth and other explanatory variables. Whereas the alternative hypothesis of this study explains that a correlation present among variables. The above table clearly indicates that a correlation exists among variables, it could be positive or negative relationship, but no zero relationship found here. Therefore, a distinct panel regression model was used to avoid multicollinearity problems.

Cointegration and causality examination
In Table 3a, column 1 shows the relationship between LLC with other variables. The results show that the test LLC reveals "GDPC, PRE, CRE, SRE_FCT, SBIOFUELS, BGAS MW, BGASONLINE, BIOESELS, HYDRO, WIND, SOLAR_T, SOLAR_P, pet, RD, AND LF" are at stationary level. Table 3 discloses the output of "panel unit root" examination. By observing examination results, all the indicators are at fixed level. Pedroni has three parts like individual intercepts, "individual intercept and trend' and no intercept or trend. This study addresses two statistics. When the majority of variables are significant, the cointegration exists in the model among the variables. When fewer variables are significant then there is no cointegration. The next step is to deal with determining number of co-integration vectors. The FMOLS statistics indicates the rejection for the null hypothesis of no co-integrating vectors under both the trace and maximal Eigen value forms of the test. When the cointegrated exist in the variables the (FMOLS) panel model can be used. Table 4 explains the case of Model 1 variables PRE and GGE that have notable association with sustainable growth. In model 2, another variable CRE included and excluded PRE variable that positively associated with sustainable growth. Our third model shows that SRE_GFEC has a direct and major effect on growth. In Model 4, the SRE_FCT is also having a substantial influence on sustainable growth. Similarly, in model 5, another variable EGRS included, which has also a significant effect to determine the growth level. Hausman test is applied to data set for the heteroscedasticity problem. The above table indicates significant outcomes and meet the asymptotic assumption of Hausman fixed test regarding renewable energy and environmental economic growth. In other words, the data set does not have heteroscedasticity problem. This study did not reveal any systematic variation between fixed and random effect coefficient. According to the statistical results of Table 4, the coefficient of the random model is more effective than the fixed model of renewable energy and growth level regarding South Asian economies. On the other hand, facts and figures of the above table show that the coefficient for the fixed model is efficient for both sources of renewable energy and economic growth.
The above Table 5 is about biomass energy. The results show the case of Model 1; the variable SBIOFUELS has notable relation to sustainable growth. In Model 2, this study includes another variable BGAS and excluded SBIOFUELS that has a major influence on sustainable growth. Our third model shows as MW has a noteworthy effect on growth. In Model 4, the BGASOLINE also has a substantial influence on sustainable growth.      Similarly, in Model 5 the study includes another variable BDIESELS to determine the growth. From the viewpoint of an economic indicator, renewable energy sources and economic growth both reflect significant outcomes regarding South Asian economies. However, liquidity and inflation are inversely related to environmental economic growth of South Asian economies. Based upon the above-mentioned results we reject null hypothesis that there is a relationship exist between renewable energy sources and growth level for South Asian region. This suggests that the industrial growth of the economy affects the energy demand in the country. Table 6 shows the impact of "hydropower, geothermal energy, wind energy, and solar energy" on sustainable economic development. The outcomes of this research show that in the case of Model 1, the variable HYDRO is insignificantly influencing sustainable growth. This implies that conserving the hydroelectricity by adopting the energy conservation policies in these countries will have no impact on economic growth. In Model 2, GEOTHERMAL is included, and it shows the direct and significant effect on sustainable growth. Our third model as WIND shows momentous influence on growth. In Model 4, the SOLAR_T has major influence on economic growth. Our empirical findings are in line with those of Ewing et al. (2007), Bildirici and Gokmenoglu (2017), , Tugcu (2018), Bilgili et al. (2019), Bulut and Inglesi-Lotz (2019), who all concluded similar results as our study results. Similarly, the Johnson method with Fisher influence known as "Fisher-type panel cointegration test" applied for further analysis. The results reject the non-cointegration null hypothesis. Subsequently, the experimental results in Tables 7 and 8 show that the degree of long-term stability is close between the necessary durable power, vitality, and per capita GNP (Table 9). Table 8 states the Kao test results. The Pedroni test evaluates uniform cointegration relationships through pooled regression and considers each fixed effect. Based on ADF panel cointegration to prove that the cointegration vector is consistent, there is cointegration hypothesis between specific variables. The hypothesis for the nearness of a lasting relationship was affirmed. The following stage includes the evaluation of this association for the panel pooled method. The outcomes from Table 10 uncovers 1 percent expansion in the power sources builds total national output per capita by 0.06 percent (if there is an occurrence of "FMOLS") or 0.05 percent (in the event of "DOLS"). The Akaike information criterion was nominated for lag length. The possibilities are calculated by using the "asymptotic Chi-square distribution method." The relationship examined using the FMOLS model for panel data analysis. The FMOLS model is very important to test the relationship because in the econometric relationship, it gives satisfactory results as compared to the other data analysis models. The panel data FMOLS test results are illustrated that earning spread and money supply growth is significantly affected the renewable energy sources among South Asian countries. In the essential sustainable energy power generation, there is a causal relationship between vitality dependence, and the per capita GNP was checked by using the "PVECM Granger causality" and the results are transmitted in Table 11. It demonstrates approximate post-effects assumptions for short-and long-term transport factors as shown by equations (6) to (8). Schwarz information criterion has two lags. Whereas, ECT tells the coefficient of the "error correction term." The equation (6) has the essential creation of sustainable sources of the power and vitality reliance has a measurably immaterial effect on total   output of national per capita in the short term. The equation (7) shows GDP per capita that affects the important generation of maintainable power sources in the short-run, along these lines, the protection theory being upheld comparable. While the equation (8) has the essential, creation of sustainable power sources emphatically influences vitality reliance in the short-run. Finally, the outcomes support for monetary development, vitality reliance on the essential generation of sustainable power sources, and the reinforcement of the conservation hypothesis. As per the findings of our research, the increase in renewable sources of energy and its consumption enable GDP to expand. Besides that, renewable energy, coupled with energy-saving and shocks in energy supply, have a determinant impact on GDP and slows down the growth rate of the economy. So, for policymakers to balance the need for renewable sources of energy, the economic impact has to keep in mind.

Conclusion
This study analyses the causal association among renewable sources of the energy and sustainable development of economics both by large and by type among South Asian  countries. It uses the panel data set of "South Asian countries" for the period 2003-2017, from "World Development Indicators" (WDI) of World Bank. The total national output per capita is used as a proxy for sustainable economic development measures of renewable energy.
• The fixed-effects regression model was used for statistical analysis. This study has used the heterogeneous panel co-integration test. • This technique allows the interdependence of cross-sectional analysis with separate effects that support in overcoming neglected variable bias. • The outcomes of Solar_T model has a major effect on sustainable growth. The renewable energy results show a momentous effect on the economic growth of South Asian region. • Besides this, environmentalists and energy experts have similar studies to get the views of local communities and organizations. • The current study focuses on the Asian countries, but in the future, researchers can choose specific geographical or economic regions to study the impact of hydroelectricity on the economic growth and environmental well-being of both developing and developed countries. • They can also consider the substantial positive environmental impact of hydroelectricity on the CO2 omissions around the world in conjunction with its economic impact. • The other variables that can also be included may include R&D budgets of companies and governments dedicated to exploring different options of hydroelectricity and its impact on financial and economic devilment of communities etc.

Declaration of conflicting interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/ or publication of this article.

Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.


Motifs in East Java Traditional Batiks: Cultural Visual Language

Batik and its traditional motifs imply cultural values. Various regions provide various motifs, thus, this research explores traditional batiks from Gresik, Lamongan, Tuban and Bojonegoro. This study is a qualitative research. The approach is cultural analysis, the data are collected by sampling, and the data analysis is analytical description. The result shows that Bandeng Loh motif from Gresik, Singo Mengkok from Lamongan, Lokcan and Gedog from Tuban, and Sekarjati and Jonegoroan from Bojonegoro contain cultural values and they are the most popular motifs of young people today. Keywords—motif, consumer, creative, batik, young people

I. INTRODUCTION
Batik is the pride of Indonesia. Batik is the national icon of Indonesia [1]. Traditional Batik Nusantara, which comes from many regions and diversities, already has its own history. Therefore, tracing back the various motifs from various regions scattered throughout the Archipelago, is indispensably crucial. It provides a concept of the way of thinking of the indigenous tribes of each region. Ironically, many young generations mislead to understand the concept of motifs, for example, they do not understand the concept of motifs for the fabric of the corpse cover. Behind each motif, there must be a hidden meaning, even it is a toilet cover motif. Therefore, motifs in Batik of Nusantara must be interpretatively hyped for the better future for young generations. Moreover, the complex batikmaking process is less attractive to the younger generation [2]. This study with its tracing-back effort to the traditional old motifs purposes to traverse the historical meaning behind of the motifs up to the development of those motifs.
Motifs in Batik is an artwork that can be observed with a semiotic approach, or at least visual semiotics. As a knife of analysis, semiotics can be used to reveal the purpose of communicating any thoughts, feelings, or expressions. Art is a way of expression, communication, conveyance to the people through the composition of signs. Semiotics is a discipline that examines signs (including the meaning of symbols, indexes, icons) and works of art are the composition of signs both verbally and non-verbally [3]. In other word, art with its visual expression is a sort of visual language. It is a word that can be seen than read, an image that can be felt than seen. This research explores the fundamental research problems about the development of motifs that undergo changes and transformations, or even have disappeared because of time's fluctuation that rushes and races paradigm and perspectives.
Batik is a mirror that can be said as a culture of glorify (in accordance with the concept of the king of the god culture) with that view, would the concept of the King (god culture) still stand on these motifs at this time. Of course, it indicates that Batik implicitly infers the inseparable linkage with political elements and the recognition of government elitist [4]. Economically, regarding to trade, Batik represents an important export unique to Indonesia; it bears a national pride [5]. Thus, it cannot be naively taken aside that Batik is completely and extremely important for Indonesia in many aspects.
Moreover, defending Batik as Indonesia heritage is not that simple allegedly. It is not a surprise that relations between Indonesia and Malaysia are mostly characterized by diplomatic conventions and pleasantries [6]. These two countries seem to be judged with shared values, special relationship and common cultural traditions while all of which are ostensibly attached by the same racial and ethnic stock (in Bahasa it is called as serumpun). Malaysian politicians and its media particularly often give a sort of allusion for this familial bond because of its similar language, culture, and history. However, generally speaking, this bilateral tie, over the last decade, have been plunged in rivalry, rancor, and conflict. It is roasted by Malaysia's arrogant, cavalier, and big-headed conduct of Indonesian foreign workers and territorial disputes. Underlying these stiffness's, shared Indo-Malay cultural heritage and art forms increasingly overshadows all other aspects of the bilateral relationship [7]. Even in historical note, a Dutch textile printing company since 1846 used to produce Batik cloth for the West African consumer market [8]. Thus, can we be more aware with Batik and its historical tradition?
Batik for Nusantara is too valuable to describe. The uniqueness leans on its varieties. Nusantara has many cultures because of the plural ethnicities, tribes, cultures, and so on. A heritage has to be preserved. There's been a lot of preservation work going on. It is designed to make young people feel good about their own products, and the scale increases of the batik item itself. The preservation can be also practiced in online marketing to make this traditional heritage is reachable for young generation [9]. One of unique varieties is the north side of East java.
In the north side of East Java, there are some cities including Gresik, Lamongan, Tuban, and Bojonegoro. The touch of coastal regions makes the uniqueness of the artwork in the Batik. Conclusively speaking, this research sees strategies for developing new motifs and simultaneously for trending it to young generation.

II. METHODS
The research is about analysing the development of traditional batik motifs in the northern region of East Java province. The regions include traditional batik design from Gresik, Lamongan, Tuban, and Bojonegoro. It is a qualitative study in the field of fine art because it is phenomenologicalbased analysis. This research puts two-dimensional images of old batik motifs that still appear in the millennium era as the object of analysis. To interpret the data, this research uses linguistic studies, especially semiotics. The steps to analyse are data collection, classification and analysis. Through the analysis. To make it simple, just take a look at the diagram to see how this research works. Based on the figure 1, it can be known that Motifs of Batik in East Java (Gresik, Lamongan, Tuban, and Bojonegoro explore traditional concepts which are developed by creativity of the society, including visual language, myths, philosophy, and cosmology. These values can be integrated with the market demands. Therefore, culture and consumerism can be still in line relevantly.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Gresik, Lamongan, Tuban, and Bojonegoro are the representative cities of the northern areas in East Java to be taken as the limitation of the Batiks in the analysis. The motifs are Bandeng Loh motif from Gresik, Singo Mengkok motif from Lamongan, Lokcan and Gedog motif from Tuban, and Sekarjati and Jonegoroan motif from Bojonegoro. Those are the most popular motifs of young people today. Before it strikes directly to the core of e of this analysis, it requires an understanding how the young generations look like because they are the subjects of this analysis.
Modern society is full of creative young generations. They represent today's life. They tend to be consumptive but also creative at the same time. They are well-connected to gadgets or smartphone and they are very familiar to use it. When it comes to their high capacity for technological use, they are also known as society of the network [10]. On the other hand, Smartphones are going to transform the culture, social life, technology landscape and other diverse aspects of modern society. From modernization to gadget, from process to instant. Society is full of rapidity, especially information. The abundant information changes the people's perspective to be more pragmatist which leads to capitalist society.
Sharing information can influence various processes and organizations, because information is part of human activity, and carries a great impact, because of its flexibility. It is in these societies that turn the market into a network with new tastes and impact on people's production, including centuriesold batik cloth. On traditional batik with sacred motifs is getting further eroded as global societies are organized in global finance through a universal network and information system. Let us look at the table 1 that are the result of traditional, slightly altered and even existing motifs, by modifying the basic ingredient.

No.1 Motif Bandeng Loh, Gresik Visual Language
Fabric Aesthetic Motive appears to be on the chase, with a variety of positions in a single direction that only the tail appears, with the sense of movement. It's distortion and decorative These motifs do not exist vertical or horizontal patterns. Therefore, not part of the motifs resulting from Indonesia's primordial thinking. So this motive is the pure notion of modern society today.

2.
Motif Singo Mengkok, Lamongan Visual Language Fabric Aesthetic This motif is repeated splicing, in the form of decorative stilling objects, composed of depictions of lions in the form of plants, flowers, leaves that propagate. The Angle of the shot looked up, and the picture of the single pattern, side by side, to be related.
This motif is found in the use of the primordial pattern, all of the fabrics is fulfilled. The concept of its origins, the motive of its singo kok, serves motifs of evil-revellen, to those who use it, these motifs is craetion of todays society, even still follow the pattern of making primodial concept of the living, prior society 3.
Motif Lokcan, Batik Gedog, Tuban Visual Language Fabric Aesthetic Lokcan's motive, batik gedog, the style of its overhead description, which is the Chinese lokcan bird feather, is in the form of decorative stills and says more important than smaller bird gestures. This motif is found in the use of the primordial pattern of kacu (mandala) concepts. Because of the repetition of the picture pattern, all of the fabric is fulfilled. Larger bird feathers, surrounded by smaller birds. The concept of making Lokcan motive, forgetting symbols of goodness and virtue and excellence. These motifs, the pure creations of the ancient rakes, which are still dominated by today's societies, so that this pattern survives to this day.
We can finally explain further, that the fabric's motifs were different, as a result of their altered societies and distinct tastes. We've had a lot of previous studies discussing classic batik, especially from central Java, no longer known as classics, Karen was worn by anyone. Including the batik motifs found in the northern region of east Java, some were originally created for ceremonial symbols to help with developing market taste motifs. Virtualise have a profound influence on all forms of production because of globalized tissue thinking. As a result our local culture has been restricted collectively, because the market demands branding, because of the vulnerability to impersonation and the destruction of the creation process.

IV. CONCLUSION
In this study, researchers can call for batik motif-motifs based on the changes that underlying existence. Such motifs, when examined as they were successfully analysed, have resulted in a successful early motive to be found in an old, damaged form, and the wearer was brought to the attention of sometimes subtle craftsmen. Changes that occur are poorly understood because of different ways of thinking. New motifs are the most marketable and well-liked and thus continue to be produced, until then new motifs of society's creative work adjust to market tastes.


INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION AND THE FUTURE OF THE WORLD OF WORK

The article analyses the activities of the International Labour Organization (ILO) to determine the social and labour strategy for the future of the world of work. 2019 marked the 100th anniversary of the ILO, and in connection with this anniversary, research on the role of the ILO in determining the future of the world of work has been updated around the world, including in Russia. In this study, specific historical and sociological approaches were used, which made it possible to show the continuity, scale and social orientation of the ILO's activities. The main historical milestones and achievements of the ILO are highlighted. The question of the role and significance of the USSR – Russia in the activities of the ILO is examined through the prism of the uneasy and sometimes conflicting relations between the USSR and the USA. The authors point out modern challenges and problems in the labour sphere, new opportunities and guidelines for cooperation between states, governments, employers and workers in achieving social justice. Particular attention is paid to the report of the ILO Global Commission on Social and Labour Issues “Work for a brighter future” published in 2019 and the ILO Centenary Declaration “The future of work”. The main goals of the ILO today are the establishment and preservation of social justice and harmony, the protection of workers' rights, the development of the principles of tripartism and social progress throughout the world.

Introduction
In 1919, in Paris, the 13th part (Articles 387-427) of the Versailles Peace Treaty under the League of Nations created the International Labour Organization (ILO). On April 11, 1919, the ILO Constitution was adopted, which began with the words: "Universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice" (these words still remain the ideological foundation of the ILO). On October 29, 1919, the First International Labour Conference (the highest body of the ILO) began its work in Washington (USA), which adopted the first six Conventions (the first of which established an 8-hour working day and a 48-hour working week in industry). The opening date of the conference became the Founding Day of the ILO, although the conference continued its work until January 27, 1920. The Director of the International Labour Office (the governing body of the ILO) for the period from 1919 to 1932 became Albert Thoma -a politician and minister in government France during the First World War.
From the very beginning, the ILO has been characterized by tripartism, i.e. activities based on tripartite representation: governments of states, entrepreneurs, workers. The goal of the ILO is to promote social justice and decent work (Kostin, 2002). In connection with the anniversary of the ILO all over the world, including in Russia, various events were held: conferences, seminars, exhibitions, Internet projects, telethons, etc. demographic policy of the state, living standards, wages, employment and social protection of the population, as well as the relationship between the ILO and the Russian Trilateral Commission, Russian trade unions.

Problem Statement
In 2019, the ILO Global Commission on the Future of Work "Work for a brighter future" and the ILO Centenary Declaration "The future of work" were published. In this regard, in this article we will try to answer the questions: "What is the essence, features of the social and labour strategy of the ILO in the future of the world of work? How can this be reflected in social and labour relations in Russia?"

Research Questions
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized UN agency dealing with the regulation of social and labour relations on a global scale, to determine the social and labour strategy for the future of the world of work. The goal of the ILO is to promote social justice and decent work. The article analyses the activities of the International Labour Organization (ILO) to determine the social and labour strategy for the future of the world of work. 2019 marked the 100th anniversary of the ILO, and in connection with this anniversary, research on the role of the ILO in determining the future of the world of work has been updated around the world, including in Russia. In 2019, the report of the ILO Global Commission on Social and Labour Issues "Work for a brighter future" and the ILO Centenary Declaration "The future of work" were published. Taking these documents into account, a characteristic is given and the content of the social and labour strategy of the ILO in the field of future work is revealed. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.118 Corresponding Author: Krainov Grigory Nikandrovich Selection and peer-review under

Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study is to analyse the activities of the International Labour Organization (ILO), a specialized UN agency dealing with the regulation of social and labour relations on a global scale, to determine the social and labour strategy for the future of the world of work.

Research Methods
In this study, specific historical and sociological approaches were used, which made it possible to show the continuity, scale and social orientation of the ILO's activities.

Findings
The first ideas for creating an international organization for social and labour problems emerged at the beginning of the 19th century in the context of the industrial revolution and industrialization in Europe, North America, when economic growth was achieved through the unrestrained exploitation of workers. Working in factories was exhausting and low paid. Working children were common in factories and in agriculture. Social protection was virtually non-existent. In 1818, at the congress of the Holy Alliance in Aachen (Germany), the English industrialist and utopian socialist Owen  proposed to adopt the Regulation on the Protection of Workers and to create a special commission on social and labour issues. In 1855, the French industrialist Legrand, in the development of Owen's ideas, pointed out that possible social upheavals in the future could be prevented by "only social reform" (Kostin, 2002).
In 1864, the International Workers' Association, the First International, was founded in London.
The Congress of the First International, convened in 1866, proposed the drafting of international labour legislation.
In 1889, the Second International was formed in Paris, and in 1890 in Berlin, representatives of 14 states proposed their recommendations for improving labour legislation. A noticeable role in the development of international labour law was played by the congresses of the I and II Internationals and the emerging social democratic movement. At the end of the XIX century in industrialized countries, trade unions -organizations of workers who demanded democratic rights, decent working and living conditions -began to emerge. The first revolutionary democratic organizations and parties were also created, including in Russia (in 1898 the RSDLP, which split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in 1903).
In 1905, the first trade unions were established in Russia.
In 1906, at a conference in Bern, two international conventions were adopted -on the limitation of the use of poisonous white phosphorus in the production of matches and on the prohibition of night work by women.
The First World War, which began in 1914, exacerbated the socio-political and labour contradictions in the world and prevented the adoption of new conventions. In 1917, a revolution takes place in Russia, The Specter of Revolution is wandering around Europe (revolutionary actions began in Germany and Hungary). In order to prevent revolutions and provide peaceful and evolutionary resolution https: //doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.118 Corresponding Author: Krainov Grigory Nikandrovich Selection and peer-review under  During the preparation for the formation of the League of Nations and the International Labour Organization, "The American Paradox" emerged: disagreements between the presidential administration and the US Senate. On November 20, 1919, the Senate refused to ratify the Versailles Agreement, the treaty establishing the League of Nations, and removed the American representatives from participating in this work. Therefore, when the League of Nations and the ILO were created, the Americans did not officially take part, and the main work was carried out by the Anglo-French representatives. At the first conference of the ILO in 1919, the first 6 Conventions were adopted concerning the protection of the labour rights of adolescents, women, the unemployed, etc. (Kostin, 2002).
In  The ILO has focused on institution building, norm setting and the dissemination of the mission, purpose and objectives of the ILO. The following ILO documents were taken as a basis: Conventions, which are subject to ratification by the ILO member countries and being international treaties that are binding upon ratification; Recommendations and Declarations that did not become legally binding acts, but had to be taken into account in their activities by members of the organization.
Since 1920, the headquarters of the ILO and its governing body, the International Labour Office, have settled in Geneva. In 1926, the ILO headquarters moved to a new building on Lake Geneva. A Latin dictum was written on the stone laid in the foundation of the building: "Si vis pacem, cole justitiam" ("If you want peace, seek justice"). The arrangement of the front gate of this building was symbolic: to open it, it was necessary to use three keys, symbolizing tripartism -equivalent representatives of governments, employers and workers.
Since 1924, the ILO has established ties with the Soviet Union. The leadership of the USSR was suspicious of the ideas of class cooperation and until 1934 did not dare to join the ILO. At the same time, the People's Commissariat for Labour had contacts with the Office on some technical issues, on the exchange of information and statistical data. In 1934 the USSR and the USA joined the ILO, which significantly increased the influence of this organization. However, until 1956, the USSR had not ratified a single ILO Convention. By 1939, the ILO had adopted 63 Conventions, the number of member countries reached 57, and the number of ratifications averaged 15 Conventions per country (Kostin, 2002).
In 1939, the Soviet-Finnish war began. The League of Nations accused the USSR of aggression and expelled it from its ranks, including from the ILO. In 1940, in connection with the outbreak of World War II, the headquarters of the ILO was temporarily relocated to Montreal (Canada). During the war, there were no meetings of the ILC, the Administrative Council in 1943 invited representatives of the USSR to a meeting of the 26th session of the ILO, but this invitation was not accepted by the Soviet government.
At the 26th session of the ILO in 1944 in Philadelphia (USA), the Declaration on the Goals and Objectives of the ILO was adopted, which was included in the Charter, as well as Recommendation No. 71 "R071 -Employment (Transition from War to Peace) Recommendation." The Philadelphia Declaration stipulated the following principles: labour is not a commodity; freedom of speech and https: //doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.118 Corresponding Author: Krainov Grigory Nikandrovich Selection and peer-review under  In 1948, the ILO adopted Convention No. 87 "C087 -Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention", which indicated the need to provide freedom and protection of the rights to organize for workers and employers; in 1949 Convention No. 98 "C098 -Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention" was adopted. Regional offices of the ILO began to be created, regional conferences of the ILO were held. In 1950, an expanded UN technical assistance program gave a new impetus to cooperation with developing countries (Lyutov, 2014).
In 1954, the USSR renewed its membership in the ILO and two years later ratified 17 Conventions at once. The ILO also included Ukraine and Belarus as independent members. But until 1959, delegatesheads of enterprises in the USSR and other socialist countries were not allowed to work in the committees of the ILO. Since 1959, the ILO Decent Work Technical Support Team and the ILO Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia have been working in Moscow. A feature of the ILO at that time was the coexistence within its walls of two ideologies -capitalistic and socialistic -and their struggle.
In 1966, on the recommendation of the ILO, the UN General Assembly adopted the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which provided for the right to work that included the right of every person to receive the opportunity to earn a living in work that they freely choose or freely accept. The USSR and a number of other socialist countries, where there was no unemployment, insisted on the adoption of the Convention on the Right to Work, but to no avail.
In 1969, the International Labour Organization was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for helping to improve the living conditions of workers. In the 1970s, the concept of "basic needs" became widespread in the ILO, i.e. the establishment of the minimum standard of living of people, which the state should give to the poorest groups of its population in terms of personal consumption. To achieve these goals, the ILO proposed rapid economic growth and a significant redistribution of incomes between the rich and the poor in favour of the latter. In 1976, the World Employment Program was launched to help developing countries make better use of human resources.
In 1977, under the ILO Director General French F. Blanchard, the United States left the ILO, accusing its leadership of excessive discussion of the conflict in the Arab territories occupied by Israel, of "erosion of tripartism" and of "pro-Soviet orientation." In 1980, the United States returned to the ILO.
In 1986, Convention No. 160 "C160 -Labour Statistics Convention" was adopted, obliging every member of the ILO to publish statistics on labour. In 1991, the ILO adopted a new strategy to combat https: //doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.118 Corresponding Author: Krainov Grigory Nikandrovich Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference eISSN: 2357-1330 884 child labour, aimed at the gradual elimination of the exploitation of child labour in the world, and the elimination of the worst forms of exploitation of child labour.
In 1998, the ILO adopted the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, which enshrined four principles: freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining; the prohibition of discrimination in labour relations; eradication of forced labour; the prohibition of child labour. These four principles are devoted to eight ILO Conventions (respectively -Conventions Nos. 87 and 98; 100 and 111; 29 and 105; 138 and 182), which are called fundamental (Lyutov, 2008).
In its work, the International Labour Organization uses four main methods: the development of social partnerships between governments, workers 'and employers' organizations (tripartism); development and adoption of international labour standards (conventions and recommendations) and control over their use (rule-making); helping countries to solve social and labour problems (at the ILO this is called technical cooperation); research and publication on social and labour issues (Grimshaw et al., 2014).
After the collapse of the USSR, Russia, as the successor to the international obligations of the In 2008, with the onset of the global economic crisis, some countries called for a revision of the traditional values of the ILO: the rejection of direct labour contracts with workers, for "flexible employment", for the curtailment of social guarantees for workers (Barzilay & Ben-David, 2017). In these conditions, Russia came out in favour of maintaining the achieved level of social security and the traditions of the ILO.
The intensification of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the ILO indicates progress in the development of the social and labour sphere in our country, international standards in such areas as labour migration, labour safety, employment, etc. are taken into account. In 2018, Russia became the 56th member of the ILO that ratified Convention No. 102 "C102 -Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention" which defines the responsibility of the state for social security, whether it is the payment of sick leave, maternity leave, or pensions. This is a basic document of the norms of social security of the population, which must still be implemented in real life (Krainov, 2019).
On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the ILO, the report of the ILO Director general G. Ryder on the future of the world of work "Work for a brighter future" was published, which defined the goals of creating new prospects for people of work: guaranteed social protection from birth to old age; the universal right to lifelong learning; universal guarantees in the world of labour and employment; management of technological changes in connection with the development of automation, digitalization, artificial intelligence, robotization; increase in investments in the household, green economy, agriculture, etc. (Work for a brighter future ..., 2019).
The social and labour strategy of the ILO in the context of globalization at the present stage is aimed at the development and implementation of norms and fundamental principles and rights at work; https: //doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.118 Corresponding Author: Krainov Grigory Nikandrovich Selection and peer-review under  885 creating greater opportunities for women and men to achieve decent employment; expanding the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all; strengthening the tripartite structure and maintaining social dialogue. The ILO strategy sets forth the task of interstate regulation of globalization in order to reduce its negative consequences. In this regard, it is necessary to strengthen the social protection of workers through social partnership, tripartism (Krainov, 2018). In the context of globalization with the growth of income differentiation between countries and within them, mutually beneficial cooperation of the ILO with the IMF, World Bank, WTO is necessary to help developing countries and the poor. The ILO aims to develop The International Labour Code.

Conclusion
Thus, today the ILO is one of the oldest and largest international organizations dealing with the regulation of social and labor relations. It unites 187 states (out of 193 UN members), in which more than 98% of the world population lives, therefore international social and labor standards have become universal. Over 100 years of its activity, the ILO has adopted 3 Declarations, 190 Conventions and 206 Recommendations, 5 protocols of a conventional nature, many resolutions and statements on social and labor issues. 108 International Labor Conferences (ICL) were held, at which topical issues of regulation and development of the world of work were discussed (Krylov, 2019). The ILO has gone through a difficult evolutionary path, despite objective difficulties, has stood the test of time and is currently the world center of social and labor legislation and social partnership. It acts with the aim of establishing and preserving social justice and harmony, protecting the rights of workers, developing the principles of tripartism, and social progress throughout the world.


Community-based sanitation as a complementary strategy for the Jakarta Sewerage Development Project: What can we do better?

Indonesian wastewater sector management has been marked as having low coverage and slow in development, even though the system has been initiated since 1969 and the first masterplan for Jakarta Sewerage System and Sanitation Project was developed in 1977. In addition, two other master plans were developed in 1991 and 2012. The long history of planning to develop the citywide sewerage coverage resulted in only marginal coverage. As a complementary and short-term strategy, the Indonesian government also developed community-based sanitation to solve local sanitation problems such as RW Kumuh. In this paper, ideas will be proposed on how to improve the latter strategy and integrate it to the citywide sanitation.

Introduction
The world has become more urbanized, and the human settlements pose its own issues and challenges. In some countries, the result of such rapid urbanization is the failure of the authorities to provide sufficient infrastructure and services to keep up with the increase of population. One of the most pressing issues in most of the cities of the global South is the poor state of sanitation, particularly the provision of wastewater infrastructure and management.
Indonesian wastewater sector management has been marked as low coverage and slow in development [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. The under performance of the sector is attributed to many factors e.g. lack of political support, very low budget allocation (from central and local government) [9], lack of institutional and human resource capacity.
The low coverage of improved sanitation causes about 0.3 million tons of human faeces and two million tons of urine to be released into surrounding water bodies each year in Jakarta [10]. All rivers in Jakarta and most of its ground water are highly contaminated (75% and 70% respectively) [11]. In addition, more than 60% of wells sampled in a WSP-EAP study in 2004 were contaminated with E. coli, despite most of the wells being classified as protected. Furthermore, in 2006 the Jakarta Environmental Monitoring Agency (BPLHD Jakarta) estimated that 80% of deep wells were contaminated with E. coli [12].
Various initiative develops by Indonesian government to expand the coverage of improved wastewater management system. Within the Indonesian decentralization, wastewater management is one of mandatory sector of the local government. In addition, sanitation budget is one among other sectors that * Corresponding author: rusli.cahyadi@lipi.go.id/ruslic27@gmail.com received significant increase in national budget [13]. Various institutions have been developed to meet the need for better provision and management of wastewater. At national and local level, a Working Group on water and sanitation has been formed (Kelompok Kerja Air Minum dan Penyehatan Lingkungan/Pokja AMPL) to serve as a forum for communication and coordination for better development of water and sanitation [14].
To expand the service and to increase the coverage of better wastewater management, the Jakarta government develop the centralized city scale and community scale sewerage system. However, in Jakarta the development of sanitation infrastructure has been very slow and marked by constant delays. The development of Zona 1 and 6 of Jakarta Sewerage System (JSS) set to be completed in 2020 is nowhere to finish.
To accelerate the improved wastewater management, the DKI Jakarta government is also developing a local off-site system as a complement to the centralized off-site system. As a short-term strategy, the local off-site system is implemented by promoting the community-led total sanitation (CLTS) approach or the community-based sanitation (Sanimas). This approach emphasizes community participation in the planning, development, and maintenance of groupbased communal sanitation systems.
However, the integration of the two systems (i.e. city-scale centralized and community-based systems) has never been a concern of the stakeholders involved. Various community-based sanitation development initiatives operate independently without coordination among one another. The requirements and processes for determining the location of the community-based system development also vary. The integration of the two systems is the focus of this paper. Using a variety of available data, this paper demonstrates on how to make the two systems complementary to each other.

Material and methods
This research uses a qualitative approach in interpreting the sanitation level based on the existing sanitation data and determining the priority of the communal sewerage system area on the kelurahan level. The priorities are determined by integrating data from several existing sanitation data in Jakarta, including the RW Kumuh, Buku Putih Sanitasi, and Naskah Akademis Rencana Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. In addition, the priority of the communal sewerage system is also determined based on the geographic location of the Jakarta Sewerage System (JSS) zone.
Each sanitation data determines the sanitation status of each kelurahan. Based on the three sanitation's data, sanitation conditions were compiled into three categories: (1) very poor, (2) poor, (3) less poor. Zones that have been defined are also divided into three categories: (1) Zone 0 as non-priority, (2) Zone 1 and 6 as low priority, and (3) other zones as high priority (table  1).
The list of kelurahan that are included in sanitation programs were then compiled and then combined with the list of kelurahan based on the location on the JSS zone. The kelurahans that are included are considered as areas with poor sanitation condition. However, if the kelurahan is in Zone 0, Zone 1 and Zone 6, the priority level is lowered with the assumption that these areas can use existing sanitation infrastructure (particularly Zone 0).
The use of GIS software is important in spatial analysis [15]. Many methods and analyses have been carried out using GIS software. In this research, we use ArcGIS for the analysis. This research method was carried out in several stages: (1) collecting data on the number of sanitation programs based on kelurahan, (2) digitizing the JSS zone based on JICA report, and (3) visualizing priority levels based on analysis using ArcGIS. First, the number of sanitation programs were collected manually based on each program's document. This data was combined with the administrative data using Join and Relate tools in ArcGIS, which combine .xls file into .shp (shapefile) data based on the same attributes. The attribute used in this process is the kelurahan names. Secondly, this combined data needs to be overlaid with the Jakarta Sewerage System (JSS) zone.
The JSS zones used in this paper were digitized from the map available on the JICA report. The digitization of the JSS zones were done using Georeference and Digitize tools in ArcGIS. The digitizing process took quite an effort because it requires accuracy in tracing the existing zone boundaries. After † Governor Regulation number 41/2016. all the digitization processes were done, the combined data will be overlayed with the JSS zones to categorize the sanitation status. The last stage is visualization using symbology that emphasizes cartographic principles. In this paper, graduated colours were used to visualize the sanitation priority levels in DKI Jakarta.

Management of Wastewater in DKI Jakarta
Management of wastewater in Jakarta is based on two systems, on-site (i.e. including the use of septic tanks) and off-site systems at the city scale and community scale (see image 2). Further development of the sewerage system is to be directed at the off-site system † because the city's high population density means that the on-site system is increasingly ineffective, especially in preventing groundwater pollution [19].
On-site sanitation is the dominant type of sewerage treatment used by the Jakarta population. A recent study [20] stated that 71% of the population uses toilets with septic tanks (this figure was 64% in the 2012) as their means to manage wastewater (mainly in the form of black water, since grey water is typically channelled directly to drainage lines or rivers). Most of the existing septic tanks are insufficient, do not meet relevant technical requirements or lack regular desludging and maintenance [21,22]. Effective sewage management can be accessed by only 3-4% of Jakarta's population within the covering of the existing centralized piping system; and there is no data available on the number of communal sewerage systems (community scale sewerage). However, the Jakarta government stated that 86% of the population access to toilet while 14% (equal to 470 thousand households) still practice open defecation [23].
Access to proper domestic wastewater management according to PD PALJaya is only 16.96% (13.52% offsite/centralized system and 3.44% on-site system) of Jakarta's population. Thus, 86% of the city population wastewater is not treated properly [24]. The low coverage of the better/proper wastewater treatment explains various environmental problems stated in the introduction.

Pig. 1. Wastewater management system
In addition to the low coverage of the sewer network, the existing Jakarta sewerage system also has idle capacity of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) which is at odds considering the long history of efforts to develop the system. Since 1969 the Jakarta city government has initiated efforts to improve the general state of sanitation, when the well-cited and worldwide Furthermore, the government divided the zones into three different plans, i.e. short, medium, and long terms plans. The plans are set to be completed in 2020, 2030, and 2050, respectively. The development of each plan is projected to increase the coverage of Jakarta's wastewater services from the current state of 4% to 20%. Once the whole zone operates in 2050 the service coverage is expected to reach 90%.
In line with the development of a centralized system, the government has also developed the communal off-site system as a complementary and considered as short-term strategy. The problem that has arisen is the slow pace of the centralized piping system, so it is important to encourage the local system. However, the integration of local systems into a centralized system does not appear to have received attention.

Table 2. Jakarta Sewerage System (JSS) development priority and target year of development
In line with the development of a centralized system, the government has also developed the communal offsite system as a complementary and considered as shortterm strategy. The problem that has arisen is the slow pace of the centralized piping system, so it is important to encourage the local system. However, the integration of local systems into a centralized system does not appear to have received attention.
Within the urban context, the Indonesian government developed the Community-based Sanitation Program (sanitasi berbasis masyarakat also known as Sanimas). Now, there are at least four projects under Sanimas developed by the Indonesian Government, i.e. Sanimas Regular, Sanimas DAK SLBM, Sanimas USRI, Sanimas IDB. In addition, there are also initiatives conducted by NGO and business entities as part of corporate social responsibility.
However, it is suggested that the two strategies do not complement each other, in addition to lack of fair mechanism in the selection of location for the community-based sanitation program. A concerted effort to develop both systems are in need if the development of wastewater management for all people is at stake. The results showed that the level of sanitation based on the existing programs in various kelurahan in Jakarta varied widely. Based on the table below, West Jakarta is the area with the most very poor sanitation level (28 kelurahan) followed by North Jakarta (24 kelurahan). Meanwhile, Central Jakarta, South Jakarta and East Jakarta have 18, 14, 13 of kelurahan in very bad sanitation levels respectively. Geographically, the proportion of kelurahans with the very poor sanitation are highest in the North Jakarta followed by West, Central, East and South Jakarta. 77% of total areas of the North Jakarta having very poor sanitation levels. In addition, West Jakarta also has the same pattern with half of the region having a very poor sanitation level (50%).

Pig 3. State of sanitation based on various existing programs
However, after classifying the sanitation level based on existing programs, the community-based sewerage systems' priority level was then defined by these sanitation levels overlayed with the JSS zone. The area which has a very poor sanitation level and are not within the Zone 1 or 6 will be put on the highest priority. This also applies to the next classification, areas with a poor sanitation level will be put on the second priority (middle priority), and so on.

Pig.4. Community-based sewerage system' priority level
The results show that North Jakarta is an area that should be prioritized for the development of community-based sewerage systems. Nearly half of the total high priority is in North Jakarta (21 out of 52 kelurahan). On the other hand, despite having the poorest sanitation conditions, West Jakarta only has 4 kelurahan with high priority status. This is due to the large number of kelurahan in Zone 1 which are assumed to be facilitated by the Jakarta sewerage system. Even so, West Jakarta has the most kelurahan with middle priority status among other cities (26 kelurahan), followed by East Jakarta (20 kelurahan). Central Jakarta (20 kelurahan), South Jakarta (17 kelurahan), and North Jakarta (6 kelurahan).
19.9% of areas in Jakarta, or 52 kelurahan, are areas with high priority status. These high priority areas are scattered in the northern part of Jakarta, followed by some areas in South Jakarta and East Jakarta (see Map). This distribution can assist policy makers in determining priority areas that should be considered in communitybased management development. The community-based sewerage system must be integrated with an established information system, so that the project locations are based on the priorities set or proposed by this paper.

Integrating centralized and communitybased sewerage systems
The idea of distributive justice is related to "the morally proper distribution of benefits and burdens among society's members" [29]. Meaning that, the distribution of urban infrastructure should follow certain accepted criteria. The most used criteria of social justice within urban development is the value of Need. As exemplified by the case of the Sanimas project distribution, the DKI Jakarta government develop priority to allocate the project based on value of Need [30]. Kelurahan with poor state of sanitation, therefore, are prioritized in receiving the project. However, the application of the Need value simply ignores the existence of the Jakarta Sewerage System plan that places kelurahan in an unequal position in relation to the development of sanitation.
Poor state of sanitation are conditions that equally distributed in DKI Jakarta area. However, an area with poor sanitation and geographically situated in the shortterm plan of JSS have bigger benefit compared to area with same state of sanitation but situated in the long-and mid-term plan of JSS. The community who reside in Zone 0 have the chance to connect their domestic wastewater to the developed centralized system in addition to the community-based sewerage system. The same benefit also applied for those who live in the Zone 1 and 6. With the current development of the centralized piping system, the community will also have two benefits at the same time. However, the same benefits are not shared by the community who live in the midand long-term plan of JSS. For the mid-term planned area they have to wait up to 10 years (2030) to have the same level of benefit and roughly 30 years for those in the long-term development areas. To justly distribute the "benefits and burdens" or "conditions and goods" [31] the idea of integrating the distribution of communitybased sewerage with the development of centralized is proposed.
The importance of the proposed idea is related to the fact that the number of Community-based Sanitation (Sanimas) programs are limited. Therefore, a just mechanism in the distribution of the project are necessary. Literatures suggest that the uneven distribution of public services have led to the development of socio-spatial inequality [32-35] echoing the need for a more just distribution of urban resources.
The proposed idea is based on principle of Equality in the allocation of urban infrastructure. While the principle of Need is used to develop the priority (very poor, poor, and less poor kelurahan), the value of Equality concerns with existence or non-existence of certain advantage in one area compared to other. The development of Jakarta Sewerage System in three phases, leave the communities and areas in the the midand long-term are not in equal position. Therefore, the development of Sanimas IDB should be prioritize in these areas.

Discussion
Sanitation development in Jakarta is very slow, which resulted in the number of areas (kelurahan) that having sanitation problems are evenly distributed in the city. The plan to develop a wastewater management system in Jakarta is primarily directed at the development of a centralized piping system (JSS). However, since the system requires massive funds, the government divides its development into three stages with three development zones. As an intermediate strategy, the Jakarta government is also developing a community-based wastewater management system (the Sanimas). The communal system was mainly developed in poor slum areas. A Need-based priority system was then developed by the government, where areas with very bad, bad, and less bad sanitation conditions respectively became a priority.
This article proposed a robust way to identify Need by integrating different Need-based identification of the state of sanitation at kelurahan level. Furthermore, the article also proposed the inclusion of principle of equality to develop an even more just mechanism in the allocation of resource. The three stages development of JSS has resulted in uneven distribution of "benefit and burden" in relation to the allocation of Sanimas program. Poor state sanitation areas within the already developed Zone 0 and the short-term development plan (Zone 1 & 6) have the chance to connect their domestic wastewater to the system, in addition to the chance of allocated community-based sewerage system (Sanimas). The benefits that are not shared by areas and communities who reside in the mid-and long-term development plan areas. The proposed idea of integrating the JSS with the community-based sewerage system development is based on the application of principle of Need and Equality within the literature of urban resources allocation. The principle of Need operates by identifying the area or community with the most Need or and then prioritize them in the allocation of urban resource. The principle of equality is added to make sure that certain benefits or burdens that entails an area or community is considered in developing the priority.


extfieldsofstudy:
Economics
Computer Science

s2fieldsofstudy:
Economics
Computer Science

text:
Random Rank-Dependent Expected Utility

We present a novel characterization of random rank-dependent expected utility for finite datasets and finite prizes. The test lends itself to statistical testing using the tools in Kitamura and Stoye (2018).

Introduction
The rank-dependent expected utility (RDEU) model, first proposed by Quiggin (1982), is one of the main alternatives to the expected utility (EU) model. RDEU is popular because it extends EU to accommodate known empirical anomalies that violate the predictions of EU (e.g., Allais Paradox) while at the same time it produces sharp comparative statics and preserves transitivity (Quiggin, 1991).
The RDEU model extends EU by allowing cumulative probabilities of lotteries to be weighted by a weighting function. This means that RDEU does not rely on the independence axiom. 1 According to Quiggin (1991), RDEU is EU with respect to a transformed probability distribution. Formally, we say a decision maker (DM) that can be described by a RDEU ranks lottery p over lottery q if and only if there exist a (Bernoulli) utility function u and a weighting where prizes x k are ranked by some primitive order and we use convention that 0 t=1 p t = 0.
Here we study the empirical implications of RDEU when we observe a cross-section of choices, from a finite collection of menus and lotteries, made by DMs that follow the RDEU rule. Since we allow the primitives of RDEU to be heterogeneous among the DMs (e.g., random φ and random u) we call this model of population behavior Random Rank-Dependent Expected Utility (RRDEU). We fully characterize the RRDEU model and provide a statistical test of it using the tools in Kitamura and Stoye (2018) (henceforth KS).
As a byproduct of our characterization of RRDEU in a finite stochastic choice dataset (limited stochastic dataset), we provide a characterization of random expected utility (REU).
The characterization of REU is the first of its type for limited stochastic datasets. The seminal work of Gul and Pesendorfer (2006) (henceforth GP) characterizing the REU for an infinite stochastic dataset may provide false positives when applied to a limited stochastic dataset. The two main axioms in the GP characterization are regularity and independence.
Regularity requires that the probability of choosing a lottery weakly decreases as the number of alternatives in a menu grows. Independence in GP requires that if we expand a menu A by mixing all the lotteries inside it with an outside lottery r, then the probability of choice of the mixture lotteries in the new menu is the same as the probability of choice of the original ones.
The problem with the characterization in GP is that if we have only 3 menus that are not ranked by the set inclusion relation and are not related by the mixture operations required by the independence assumption in GP, the axioms are trivially satisfied. However, we will show that even with 3 menus such as the ones we have described there are still empirical properties of REU that may fail showing that the test in GP fails for limited stochastic choice dataset.
Example 1 (Counterexample to Gul and Pesendorfer (2006) The previous example shows that the test in GP fails when we consider a limited stochastic dataset. Since EU is a special case of RDEU this is also a problem for the latter. Indeed similar issues will appear in GP's style characterizations of RRDEU. Our results provide a fix for this issue. The intuition behind our test is that for any linear order on the set of finite lotteries, we can uncover whether there is u and φ that can describe this order and, hence, make it consistent with RDEU. If the answer to the previous question is affirmative, then we can use that linear order as the support of a random utility rule. We show that this test can be done using a simple quadratic program in the case of RRDEU that simplifies to a linear program in the case of REU.
Since we have characterized the empirical content of RRDEU that has a natural population interpretation, our tests can be used in experimental and field datasets that have a crosssection of choices with limited menu variation. Finally, since our test lends itself to statistical testing it can deal with sampling variability which is not the case of GP. To the best of our knowledge no other work has provided a characterization and statistical test for RRDEU in a cross-section of choices. The closest work to ours is by Polisson, Quah and Renou (2020) that provides a nonparametric test of EU and RDEU for a setup with linear budgets and a time series of choices from the same individual in contrast to our cross-section setup.
In Section 2, we describe our setup and formally define the RRDEU. In Section 3, we provide a construction of the set of all linear orders consistent with RDEU for a given finite set of lotteries and establish the main theoretical result. In Section 4, we apply our method to an experimental dataset. Finally, we conclude in Section 5.

Model
We consider a finite set of distinct alternatives X = {x k } K k=1 ⊂ R such that x k < x k+1 for all k = 1, . . . , K − 1. Let ∆(X) be the set of all lotteries (distributions) defined on X and Π ⊆ ∆(X) be a finite subset of it. Let A ⊆ 2 Π \ {∅} be a collection of menus of lotteries.
The probabilistic choice rules are ρ A ∈ ∆(A), where A ∈ A and ∆(A) is the simplex defined on menu A. A stochastic choice dataset is ρ = (ρ A ) A∈A . The set of all linear orders on ∆(X) × ∆(X) is denoted by S.
Definition 1 (Random Utility, RU). We say that ρ admits a random utility (RU) represen- for all A ∈ A and a ∈ A.
Let U be the set of all utility functions from X to R, and P be the set of all weighting functions φ : [0, 1] → [0, 1] such that φ(0) = 0 and φ(1) = 1. Every u and φ together define a rank-dependent expected utility function over the set of lotteries ∆(X) as for any p ∈ ∆(X), where we use convention that 0 t=1 p t = 0. The rank-dependent expected utility function coincides with the standard expected utility function if φ(x) = x.
Similar to the case with the expected utility function, the rank-dependent expected utility function allows us to define preference orders that are consistent with rank-dependent expected utility.
Definition 2. We say that the linear order ≻∈ S is rank-dependent expected utility linear order or ≻∈ R if there exists u ∈ U and φ ∈ P such that for any p, q ∈ ∆(X) Given the set of all rank-dependent expected utility orders we can define when observed data ρ could have been generated by a heterogeneous population of DMs with rank-dependent expected utility orders.
Definition 3 (Random Rank-Dependent Expected Utility, RRDEU). We say that ρ admits a random rank-dependent expected utility (RRDEU) representation if there exists µ ∈ ∆ (R) such that for all A ∈ A and a ∈ A.
The definition of RRDEU allows us to test whether a given data is consistent with it the same way we do it for RU. The only difference is that instead of working with all possible strict linear orders S, we need to compute the set R.

Construction of the set of rank-dependent expected utility linear orders
Before we describe the general procedure for construction of R, we explain how the procedure works with EU.

Expected Utility Model
As we mentioned before, the standard expected utility model is the special case RRDEU with φ(x) = x. Thus, to check whether a given linear order ≻ is expected utility linear order we need to check whether there exists a utility function u such that for all p, q ∈ ∆(X). Note that, in spirit of revealed preference inequalities, the latter is equivalent to requiring the existence of a set of reals {v k } K k=1 such that Since the last inequality must hold for all possible p and q, we end up having a system of If there are finitely many lotteries (i.e., we consider p, q ∈ Π, |Π| < ∞), then let p ≻(l) denote the l-th best lottery in Π according to ≻, then it suffices to conduct |Π| − 1 comparisons to get the following system of linear inequalities: Checking whether a finite set of linear inequalities has a solution is a linear programming problem and can be done very efficiently and fast.

Rank-dependent Expected Utility
Next we describe how to extend the procedure for the standard expected utility model to the rank-dependent one. Given a candidate linear order ≻∈ S, we need to check that there exist u and φ such that for any lotteries p and q For a finite set of lotteries, we can reformulate the problem as requiring existence of two sets The first set of inequalities just imply that the rank-dependent utilities imply the order consistent with ≻. The rest of the constrains just follow from the definition of φ (i.e., φ : [0, 1] → [0, 1], φ(0) = 0, and φ(1) = 1). Checking whether the system (1) is satisfied for some {v k } K k=1 and {f l,k } K−1, |Π| k=1, l=1 is a quadratic problem, which also can be solved efficiently and fast.
The next lemma formally establishes that the system (1) provides necessary conditions for ≻ being rank-dependent expected utility order.
Next, we state the extension proposition that guaranties that the system (1) leads to a rank-dependent expected utility order.

Proof. The proposition requires building functions u and φ from {v
The simplest utility function that will make ≻ rank-dependent expected utility order is any peace-wise linear function with nods at points {(x k , v k )} K k=1 . To construct φ one can also take any piece-wise linear function with nods at points After the set R is constructed, the problem of testing whether a stochastic dataset ρ admits a RRDEU representation can be done by testing the restricted RU model as in McFadden Richter McFadden and Richter (1990) and KS.
Let R Π be the set of all linear orders on Π × Π that consistent with RDE (i.e., the restriction of R to Π). 2 We can use system 1 to uncover the elements of R Π . We want to test whether ρ admits a RRDEU representation, this turns out to be equivalent to testing whether ρ can be generated by a population of DMs whose preferences are in R Π . Let B be the matrix of where k corresponds to a pair (a, A) such that a ∈ A, and ≻ l is l-th linear order from R Π .
By McFadden and Richter (1990) and KS, ρ can be explained by a population of DMs whose preferences are in R Π if and only if + . This is our main result: Theorem 1. The following are equivalent: The proof of Theorem 1 follows from Lemma 1, Proposition 1, and KS.
The RRDEU model is a strict generalization of REU. It is less general that RU because it predicts first order stochastic dominance (under mild monotonicity constraints) which RU does not require. Quiggin (1991) provides additional implications of RDEU.

Shape Restrictions
Our framework allows us to impose monotonicity or concavity/convexity on φ. Monotonicity is a normatively desirable property. Abdellaoui (2002) shows that convexity of φ is related to risk aversion. In particular, imposing it will guarantee that consumers are risk averse if the Bernoulli utility is set to the identity.
In particular, to impose the restriction that φ is weakly monotonically increasing it suffices to enhance the system (1) with the following set of linear inequality constraints: (2) Convexity (concavity) can be imposed using cyclical monotonicity (Rockafellar, 2015). In particular, for all cycles of indices {l j , k j } J j=1 such that l J = l 1 and k J = k 1 let {f l,k } Proposition 2. Given a finite set of lotteries Π, the linear order ≻∈ S is rank-dependent expected utility linear order with weakly increasing and convex φ if and only if there exist k=1, l=1 such that the system (1) together with restrictions (2) and (3) is satisfied.

Econometric Testing
Here we deal with sampling variability. Sampling variability arises from the fact that ρ can be only consistently estimated by the realized choice frequenciesρ. This section follows closely Aguiar et al. (2021). First we need some additional notation. For every A ∈ A, let n A denote the number of individuals in the sample that faced choice set A, and let a i,A , i = 1, . . . , n A , be the observed choice of individual i from choice set A. Here we assume that the researcher observes a cross-section of observations for every A ∈ A. Given this we define the estimated stochastic choice rule asρ

for any a ∈ A.
A natural test statistic based on Theorem 1 is where n = A n A is the sample size.
Letρ * l , l = 1, . . . , L, be bootstrap replications ofρ. Let τ n ≥ 0 be a tuning parameter and ι be a vector of ones of dimension |R Π |. 4 To compute the critical values of T n we follow the bootstrap procedure proposed in KS: (iii) Use the empirical distribution of the bootstrap statistic to compute critical values of T n .

Data
To illustrate the proposed methodology we use a subsample of the dataset from Aguiar et al. (2021) to test for consistency of the behavior of a population of DMs with RRDEU and REU. Crucially, we use only one treatment (frame) of Aguiar et al. (2021) corresponding to a situation where the cost of experimental subjects to pay attention is designed to be low. In that sense, we can avoid thinking about limited attention/consideration in this paper. Aguiar et al. (2021) conducted the experiment in Amazon MTurk for a large cross-section with at most two (disjoint) choice sets per individual. In the experiment, the set of prizes is X = {0, 10, 12, 20, 30, 48, 50}. The set of lotteries Π is presented in Table 1. For example, the first lottery can be written as l 1 = (1/2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1/2) ′ (i.e. it assigns positive probability to prizes 0 and 50 only). Similarly, the second lottery can be written as l 2 = (0, 0, 1/2, 0, 0, 1/2, 0) ′ . For more details on the experiment see Aguiar et al. (2021).

Structure of the Lotteries.
Here we show the special structure of our alternatives that allows us to test EU (and the independence axiom) as a restriction on the set of linear orders (i.e, we use R EU Π to denote the restriction of the set of linear orders consistent with EU to Π). The experiment was design with power against REU. Here we will use the Aguiar et al.
However, the previous restrictions are only implications of the expected utility assumption.
The necessary and sufficient conditions have been spelled out in Theorem 1.

Results
We apply the procedure described in Section 3.4 to test whether REU and RRDEU can explain the data. The results of testing are presented in Table 2. In this table, we report the values of the test statistic and the corresponding p-values coming from the bootstrap distribution (1000 bootstrap replications for every test statistic were conducted) for two models. 5 We reject expected utility at the 5 percent significance level. At the same time, we cannot reject the rank-dependent expected utility model at any standard significance level.
We must highlight that the fact that RRDEU is not rejected while REU is, is not entirely surprising since RRDEU is a strict generalization of REU. However, there is no reason a priori to think that RRDEU explains the experimental datasets used here. In that sense, we add some robust nonparametric empirical evidence supporting the use of RRDEU instead of REU to explain choice over risky prospects.

Conclusions
We have proposed a new characterization of RDEU when we observe a cross-section of choices from heterogeneous DMs that choose from a finite set of lotteries and a finite collection of 5 The p-value is interpreted as the probability of observing a realization of the test statistic that is above the one that is actually observed due to sample variability, if the null hypothesis is indeed correct. Then, the smaller the p-value is, the more evidence the researcher has to reject the hypothesis of the validity of a given model.