Evaluation of the Implementation of the Policy for the Granting of Permits for Establishing Minimarkets in Garut Regency

Garut Regency, in the implementation of granting minimarket permits, has several problems in its performance, such as the distance between minimarkets is too close, operational hours exceed the stipulated time and lack of supervision. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of granting permits to establish minimarkets in the Garut Regency. The method used in this study is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The research location is the Integrated Licensing and Investment Office (DPMPT) of Garut Regency. The data were obtained using library research and field studies in observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the evaluation of the implementation of the Policy for Giving Permits to Establish Minimarkets in Garut Regency is following existing regulations. But in its performance, there are still problems in additional rules and lack of supervision. The shortcomings in the implementation of the minimarket permit are the absence of good coordination between agencies related to management and the existence of regulations that are less relevant to existing rules.

INTRODUCTION
The rapid growth of minimarkets to remote villages is the forerunner of changes in cultural patterns, especially people's habits in shopping and for daily needs (Triyuda, 2017). So the most in contact with the establishment of minimarkets in each location are small traders in the form of traditional stalls/shops. The intersection is because the consumer community who initially shopped at traditional stalls/stores switched to minimarkets (Rusli, 2011). This will lead to conflict between modern stores and traditional retailers because they feel powerless in the face of unbalanced competition. Modern stores are stores with a self-service system by selling various types of retail goods in minimarkets, supermarkets, department stores, hypermarkets or wholesalers in the form of wholesalers (Utomo, 2011). The modern meaning itself is the arrangement of goods according to the exact needs grouped in the same section that can be seen and taken directly by the buyer, the use of air conditioning, and the presence of professional salespeople (Puspitasari & Subowo, 2016).
Modern shops and minimarkets are increasing in Indonesia. The Indonesian Retail Entrepreneurs Association (Aprindo) estimates that the total modern retail spending this year will reach Rp. 100 trillion. A total of Rp. Sixty-five trillion in food spending, and the rest is non-food. Of this total food shopping, hypermarkets account for 35 per cent, minimarkets 35 per cent, and supermarkets 30 per cent. Food, a basic human need, requires us to shop for food and drinks every day. This is what causes minimarkets to experience very rapid growth (Triyuda, 2017).
Government policies in implementing minimarket licensing activities are essential, and this is because minimarkets have been able to bring innovation both in terms of service to consumers and modern facilities and infrastructure found in each minimarket (Dimyati, 2018). The Minimarket self-service system makes consumers more flexible to see commodities and commodity prices in each minimarket. In addition, Minimarket consumers can reach the items they want to buy at the storefronts in Minimarkets to then make payments at the cashiers available at each Minimarket (Paulus & Murdapa, 2018). In addition to the self-service system, Minimarkets are also supported by facilities and infrastructure including magnificent and luxurious buildings, airconditioned shopping rooms, information radios, large parking lots, cafeterias, banking and Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), to the availability of children's playgrounds (Dewi et al., 2014).
Public interest in shopping at minimarkets has also increased because modern markets (minimarkets) are neater, cleaner, and more practical than traditional markets. However, few people choose to be loyal to conventional markets (Candrawati, 2015). Indeed, the change in consumer behaviour is a shift from functional needs to psychological needs.
In Garut Regency, the type of franchise business that is currently proliferating is the type of retail business or modern store in the form of minimarkets such as Indomaret, Alfamart, Alfamidi, and Yomart, which can be seen in almost all major roads in Garut Regency and even entered residential streets. Inhabitant. Based on the principle, the presence of minimarkets is undoubtedly permitted and developed in an area. On the one hand, the company of minimarkets is beneficial for the community in meeting their needs. Still, it can create new problems, namely losing the competition for conventional stall businesses if the policy of establishing minimarkets is not seen as a whole.
The very rapid growth of minimarkets in Garut Regency has a positive and negative impact on the community, a positive impact for the community, more choices in meeting daily needs at competitive prices, making it relatively easy for people to meet their daily needs, especially with today's technology, minimarkets are not only selling daily necessities for consumption only but also serving in electricity payments, vehicle instalments, sending money and others, this is undoubtedly very helpful for the community.
Based on direct observations and observations in the field, some minimarkets have problems that are not following existing regulations. It can be stated that the granting of permits for the establishment of minimarkets is not following the determination of distance and service time in many rules that are not appropriate. The negative impact caused by the presence of this minimarket makes traditional stalls begin to be replaced with many minimarkets, especially with all the facilities available at minimarkets, more and more people choose minimarkets to shop. Indeed we cannot prohibit people from shopping. Still, the government must provide healthy competition in trade, especially the impact on the economy for small stalls by the presence of the minimarket. Look at the regulations that have permits to establish minimarkets. It would help if you looked at the socio-economic aspects in the community itself and the socio-economic characteristics, namely the distance between minimarkets and traditional markets, which reached 228 stores that almost spread throughout the Garut Regency area, whether it does not harm traditional stalls. So in giving policy in the establishment permit, has the Garut Regency Government been cautious in issuing the permit.

B. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Public Policy
According to Sulistio (2012), public policy is a series of decisions and actions taken by the government and elite political actors to solve general problems for the benefit of the community. Nugroho (2011) explains that public policy can be interpreted as a strategy to lead the community early, enter society in the transition period, and get to the society they aspire to. Meanwhile, according to Laswell & Kaplan in Nugroho (2011), public policy is a projected program with specific goals, specific values, certain values, and certain practices. From the various definitions above, it can be concluded that public policy is a series of actions made by the government and/or, together with political actors, to overcome various public problems to achieve the desired goals for the benefit of the general public. Policy setting is an essential factor for organizations to achieve their goals (Iskandar, 2012). Furthermore, the policy has two aspects (Thoha, 2012), namely: a. The policy is a social practice, and policy is not a single or isolated event. Thus, the policy is produced by the government, which is formulated based on all events that occur in the community. This incident grew in social life and was not an isolated, isolated and alien event for the community. b. The policy is a response to events to create harmony from the conflicting parties or create incentives for joint action for the parties who receive irrational treatment for the collaborative effort. Thus, the policy can be expressed as an effort to achieve specific goals and solve problems using particular means and exact time stages. c. A detailed specification of the program, i.e. how and where the institution or organization should run the program and how the law or program is interpreted; d. Resource allocation, namely how the budget is distributed, personnel who will implement the program and the organization responsible for program implementation.
Decisions, namely how decisions will be made. The policy implementation process does not only concern the behaviour of administrative/government bodies that are responsible for implementing the program and lead to adherence to the target group but also involves networks of political, economic, and social forces, which can directly or indirectly influence the behaviour of the parties involved (stakeholders). Errors or imperfections of a policy can usually be evaluated after the procedure is implemented. The success of policy implementation can be analyzed on the consequences as a result of implementing the policy. Assessment of policies can include policy content, policy implementation, and policy impact.

Policy Evaluation
Policy evaluation is an assessment of policies that are currently or have been implemented. According to Lester et al. (2000), policy evaluation also seeks to assess the consequences of policies shown by their impacts and assess the success or failure of an approach based on the criteria and standards made. Kahneman & Sugden (2005) understand policy evaluation as an activity carried out for decision-making, producing recommendations for program improvement. If so, then policy evaluation is essentially an activity designed to solve a problem in an ideal way through the following methods: (i) identify the problem or phenomenon that exists, (ii) generate available alternative program choices. To reduce the problem, (iii) assess the available alternatives, and then (iv) propose implementing and using the best alternative options to reduce the problem.
Then according to Vedung (2017), other public policy scholars also stated that policy evaluation is a determination of the results obtained from several activities designed to meet specific worthwhile goals or objectives. Based on this opinion, evaluation and analysis include a series of activities to support the decision-making process. These activities include program mapping studies, budget testing, management analysis, institutional research, program budgeting, system analysis, fulfilment of facilities and infrastructure, economic analysis, program and policy evaluation, costbenefit analysis and so on.
In a policy evaluation model, according to Leo Agustino (2017), there are five criteria including: a. SDA /apparatus resources the success of a policy implementation evaluated for results are primarily determined by SDA. In a sense, when considering, the implementer or apparatus must be assessed first. The extent to which they understand and understand what they have to do, what they should make, etc. If the instrument does not understand and understand their duties and functions in carrying out a task, the evaluation results will inevitably not turn positive. b. Institutional; In this context, smooth coordination, flexible discretion, organizational systems, leadership patterns, and inter-institutional synergy indicate a positive evaluation direction. c. Facilities, infrastructure, and technology are other criteria that can be used to assess a policy evaluation. The implementation of licensing and supervision of minimarket licensing facilities, infrastructure and technology have been met. d. Financial support is also an essential criterion in assessing a policy because finances are influential in the implementation itself and supervision. e. Regulation (supporting); a policy sometimes requires supporting rules to be operationalized more applicable; laws can also be in the form of regulations or technical guidelines to make it easier to carry out the policy. As for the concept, according to Dunn (1994) in Leo Agustino, policy evaluation is as follows: Policy evaluation is concerned with the production of information about the values or benefits of policy outcomes. When they are valuable and helpful in assessing problem-solving, they contribute to goals and objectives for evaluators, in particular, and other users in general. This is valuable and useful when the policy evaluation function is fulfilled correctly. To assess the success of a policy, several indicators need to be developed because the use of a single hand will be dangerous in the sense that the assessment results can be biased from the real one.

Minimarket
In its definition, a minimarket is a small shop or supermarket that sells most of the daily necessities needed by consumers with a sales area radius of between 100 and 1000 m2 (Sujana, 2012). Minimarkets as a role for people's daily needs have become a favourite shopping place for people who want light shopping but don't need to go far like a supermarket. In the modern era, many minimarkets have started to grow, which have provided adequate facilities to pamper their consumers.
Minimarkets can be said to be part of retailers. Definition of a retailer is a trader who trades goods in small quantities. Usually, in the form of retail stores that directly sell goods to consumers for consumption. Modern retail has a type of business in managing its company. There are two types of companies in the community, including franchising or franchising and regular or owned by certain companies that do not cooperate with individuals. Franchising is a business arrangement in which a franchising company (franchisor) gives an independent franchisee (franchisee) the right to sell the company's products or services under the rules set by the franchisee. Franchising is a way to expand business networks by selling brands accompanied by a standard or standard concept in running the same business for all franchisees. Franchising is usually accompanied by an obligation to pay a certain amount of funds to the franchisee, the initial franchise fee and royalties, or a share of profits.

C. METHOD
The qualitative method is the method used in this research. Sugiyono (2017) suggests, "In qualitative research, the research instrument or tool is the researcher himself". Because this research is qualitative, the research instrument is the researcher himself. In this case, the researcher explores information regarding the evaluation of the implementation of the policy of granting a permit to establish a minimarket in the Garut Regency. Sources of data used are primary data and secondary data. Preliminary data was generated by conducting observations and interviews with related parties to obtain information regarding the granting of permits for the establishment of minimarkets in Garut Regency and seeking information on the extent of supervision over the granting of licenses for the establishment of minimarkets. At the same time, secondary data is data in the form of documentation available in the field, such as data on minimarkets that violate the rules.

D. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The qualitative method is the method used in this research. Sugiyono (2017) suggests, "In qualitative research, the research instrument or tool is the researcher himself". Because this research is qualitative, the research instrument is the researcher himself. In this case, the researcher explores information regarding the evaluation of the implementation of the policy of granting a permit to establish a minimarket in the Garut Regency.
Sources of data used are primary data and secondary data. Preliminary data was generated by conducting observations and interviews with related parties to obtain information regarding the granting of permits for the establishment of minimarkets in Garut Regency and seeking information on the extent of supervision over the granting of licenses for the establishment of minimarkets. While secondary data is data in the form of documentation available in the field, such as data on minimarkets that violate the rules;  Article 13 1. The arrangement of the distance between pre-existing shopping centres, supermarkets and people's markets, as referred to in Article 9 paragraph (1) letter d, is determined as follows: a. Minimarket The distance from the establishment of the minimarket to the people's market: 1) Located approximately 200 m (two hundred meters) from the people's need which has a district service scale; 2) A minimum distance of roughly 250 m (two hundred and fifty meters) from the People's demand for the sub-district service scale; and 3) A minimum length of approximately 300 m (three hundred meters) from the People's market has a Village service scale. 2. The distance between the establishment of a minimarket and the existence of a shop/stall or similar independent business is a minimum of approximately 100 m (one hundred meters) from a similar store located on a collector road unless the business owner was earlier established and is under a radius of 100 m (one hundred meters) give written approval on stamp duty; 3. Minimarket located on the side of a residential road with an area of 200 m (two hundred square meters) at a distance of approximately 500 m (five hundred meters) from the people's market and 250 m (two hundred and fifty meters) from a business shop. Kind. 4. Supermarkets and department stores are approximately 1,500 m (one thousand five hundred meters) from the people's market, which is located from the side of the collector or atari road; 5. Hypermarkets and wholesalers are approximately 2,500 m (two thousand and five hundred meters) from the people's market, located on the side of the collector or arterial road. The determination of the distance, as referred to in paragraph 1, letter a number (1), is calculated starting from the outermost point of the people's market. The determination of the distance for the establishment of minimarkets as referred to in paragraph 1 letter a can be reviewed by taking into account: 1. The level of population density and growth in each region according to the census data of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) for the last year; 2. The potential of the local area 3. Regional accessibility (traffic flow); 4. Support infrastructure security and availability; 5. Development of new settlements; 6. The pattern of life of the local community; and or 7. The working hours of supermarkets are synergistic and do not kill the traditional retail shops in the vicinity. Adapun dalam hal waktu pelayanan minimarket atau usaha sejenis yang di perbolehkan oleh pemerintah kabupaten Garut yang seperti tertuang dalam pasal 25 perbub no 3 tahun 2016:  DPMPT Garut Regency should grant a permit to establish a minimarket referring to the PERBUB. A discussion of the supervision carried out by the local government on the implementation of a license to develop a minimarket where the researcher uses the theory of policy evaluation model according to Leo Agustino (2017:108), which will discuss the results of interviews and observation and by using triangulation with phenomena.

a. Human Resources
In general, the apparatus resources owned by DPMPT Garut Regency have an education that meets the criteria in carrying out their duties and functions seen from the educational background. They all have received a strata 1 (S1) degree, which is a formal guarantee in carrying out their duties. However, even though the educational background has been met, there are still employees who still do not fully master in carrying out their duties; seen during registration, it is not uncommon for officers to be unable to solve the problems that arise, especially regarding the online registration of licensing. And the decisions are taken by employees when determining whether or not minimarkets are appropriate often cause problems.

b. Institutional
Looking at indicators from institutions where there is a demand for synergy between employees in carrying out supervision both internally and externally, synergy appears when coordination is well established. Suppose you look at it from the point of good coordination. In that case, there is still a lack of coordination between agencies wherein issuing permits to show minimarkets there are at least seven agencies. A letter of recommendation must be attached to apply for a license to establish a minimarket. But there are still problems in coordination, especially in terms of supervision and in issuing recommendation letters which are a reference in granting permits to establish minimarkets so that there is often throwing of responsibilities when there are minimarket shops in trouble. In addition, the length of time in managing recommendation letters between agencies and lack of supervision has led to many minimarkets. Problem.

c. Facilities, Infrastructure and Technology
In the integrated investment and licensing office of Garut Regency, facilities, infrastructure, and technology are sufficient to support all the needs needed to help carry out all activities in this DPMPT for buildings and other electronic equipment, which is adequate to support licensing services for the community. Likewise, DPMPT technology has used all online-based services that applicants can access. However, problems arise when the technology is still unable to reduce the number of the issues, there are still unlicensed minimarkets. There is no synchronization between related agencies in terms of letters of recommendation in technology.
The technology in the future is not only for licensing registration but there is the technology that can monitor hundreds of minimarkets, especially those that violate existing rules to create a balanced business condition, there is no monopoly or control of a few; this is what the government must address or think about in building facilitiesinfrastructure in the implementation of a permit to establish a minimarket.

d. Financial
Financial support is significant in the implementation of a policy without financial will be hampered all process activities. In the licensing process stage, all applicants will charge and levy according to the applicable rates according to the regulations. The entire process is carried out in a transparent manner, where the applicant directly pays the levy funds at the BJB bank to avoid the practice of illegal levies. e. Supporting regulations Regulation, supporting is a supporting rule to simplify and clarify what will be implemented can be in the form of derivative regulations or guidelines that become a reference for carrying out an implementation of the policy, in PERBUB Number 3 of 2016 in implementing DPMPT Garut Regency provides guidelines in procedures for submitting The process for applying for a permit to establish a minimarket can be accessed on the Garut Regency DPMPT website.
But in practice, this regulation is seen as not in line with the law's parent; in principle, it is apparent that the distance between minimarkets is 100 meters. Still, in additional regulations, it can be side by side as long as there is a letter of no objection from the competitor. This will backfire for the Garut Regency government where the distance is too close, plus regulations like that will increase the proliferation of minimarkets because they will give each other permission to achieve their respective goals, plus the issuance of PERBUB NO 14 of 2018 that DPMPT can no longer participate in supervising technical matters where all supervision of recommendation letters from other agencies is the responsibility of the relevant agencies so that DPMPT can no longer participate optimally in management or in checking the validity of the recommendation letter.

E. CONCLUSION
The procedures and requirements have been carried out quite well by the DPMPT following the mandate of the regulation, namely PERBUB Number 3 of 2016; every minimarket establishment must first obtain a permit from the local government, before receiving a ticket, it must meet administrative requirements and meet the technical specifications of the building according to applicable regulations. In the implementation of licensing, there are problems where there are violations, as well as regulations that are contrary to the PERBUB rules themselves and a letter of recommendation from the relevant inter-agency is needed, which takes a long time. The supervision carried out by the Garut Regency DPMPT on the implementation of the permit to establish a minimarket has not been optimal due to the lack of coordination between agencies, especially after additional regulations are issued, which further narrows the DPMPT to supervision both before the permit or after the license is given because the management is carried out by the relevant technical services so that the DPMPT can no longer supervising is so extensive that it makes many minimarket buildings without a permit.


extfieldsofstudy:
Political Science
Medicine

s2fieldsofstudy: Economics History

text:
Cultivating New Directions

Citing potential economic harm to the state, the tobacco industry has a history of opposing tobacco control efforts in North Carolina. This commentary discusses the changing role of tobacco in North Carolina's economy, argues that tobacco control causes little economic harm to the state, and explores development of alternative industries.

age caused by such legislation [9]. Such arguments are based on beliefs that tobacco is central to North Carolina's economy and that tobacco control causes economic harm. Tobacco is a part of North Carolina's history and economy, but its role in the state's economy is evolving, and new industry is taking its place.

North Carolina, the "Tobacco Country?"
Although tobacco has a deep-rooted history in North Carolina, the nickname "Tobacco Country" now appears to be a misnomer for the state. The number of tobacco farms in North Carolina has shriveled from 150,000 farms in 1954, to 18,000 in 1992 and 1,682 in 2012 [10,11]. The average acreage per tobacco farm has increased, likely a result of the reduction in small tobacco farm operations and consolidation of larger farm entities [12]. Despite growth in size, the percentage of farm cash receipts from tobacco has dropped from 27% in 1983 to 6.8% in 2015 [13,14]. Although tobacco was the leading cash crop in North Carolina, accounting for $647 million in 2016, it was followed closely by soybeans ($572 million), corn ($491 million), sweet potatoes ($342 million), and hay ($185 million) [13]. The majority (68%) of North Carolina's total farm income in 2015 came from dairy, livestock, and poultry [13].
The decline in tobacco farms and revenues can be partly attributed to the Tobacco Transition Payment Project, commonly known as the tobacco buyout. The Project provided payments to tobacco farmers from 2005 to 2014 to help them transition from the federally-regulated tobacco quota program. As a result, many tobacco farmers went into retirement or diversified their crops [15]. Among flue-cured tobacco farms in the United States, the number of commodities per farm increased from 3.3 to 4.6 from 2004 to 2007. The number of commodities per farm among burley tobacco farms increased from 2.8 to 4.1 [15]. Although tobacco farmers have diversified, the average revenue per acre of alternative crops is often lower than that of tobacco [16]. NCMJ vol. 79, no. 1 ncmedicaljournal.com North Carolina also ranks first in the United States in total number of tobacco manufacturing jobs, yet this workforce is shrinking [10]. North Carolina is home to R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company and was home to Lorillard Tobacco Company, which was acquired by Reynolds in 2015. Tobacco product manufacturing employed 6,033 persons in the state in 2013, down from 9,257 in 2003 [10]. Total compensation for tobacco manufacturing employment was $340.9 million in 2013, which accounted for less than 2% of total state compensation for manufacturing employment. Rather than being attributable to tobacco control, the tobacco industry itself has been cited as responsible for the reduction in tobacco manufacturing employment, as mechanization of cigarette production plants and their decision to purchase imported, as opposed to locally grown, tobacco has led to declines in tobacco-related employment levels [17].

Tobacco Control and the North Carolina Economy
Despite the relatively modest contribution of tobacco to the state's agriculture, and even less so to manufacturing employment, tobacco control is perceived as detrimental to North Carolina's economy. Arguments that tobacco control will result in profound job loss are typically based on studies funded by the tobacco industry [18]. Most tobacco control, however, does not cause economic harm. An economic analysis performed by the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services found that the Smoke-free Restaurants and Bars Law enacted in 2010 actually had a positive impact on restaurant and bars' income [19]. Another study projected the impact of raising the minimum age of tobacco sales to 21 years in the United States [20]. Such a policy was estimated to decrease total cigarette sales by an immediate 2%. The authors noted that the gradual aging of young adults would allow local business to adjust to market changes, as was done in the alcohol industry when the legal age was raised [20]. A simulation study examined the economic effects of declining cigarette consumption among all smokers and showed minimal to no impact on tobacco retailer (eg, convenience stores) employment [12]. Research examining the economic effects of higher state cigarette taxes also showed no adverse impact on tobacco retailer business [21].
On the other hand, there are benefits to the economy that can be expected from tobacco control. Taxing tobacco products is one of the most effective ways to reduce tobacco use, and it provides significant government revenue. Although North Carolina has the fifth lowest cigarette tax in the country, the state still received $294.8 million in tax revenues in 2012 [3]. These funds, along with the $141 million in tobacco settlement payments from the Master Settlement Agreement (the largest civil litigation settlement in US history where tobacco manufacturers agreed to make annual payments to 46 states, 5 US territories, and the District of Columbia to compensate for tobacco-related health care costs), are used to support diverse state programs, includ-ing grants focused on economic development and job creation in the state. Only a small proportion of these funds are recycled back into tobacco control [22]. In 2017, $4.4 million in state and federal funds were allocated toward North Carolina tobacco control programs, just 4.4% of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended amount and about 1% of state tobacco-related revenue [1]. This funding is dwarfed by the money that the tobacco industry spends yearly to market tobacco products in the state. Raising the tobacco state excise tax to levels on par with other states and earmarking a portion to tobacco control would reduce tobacco use initiation among youth, promote quitting, and raise other needed revenue for North Carolina.
Brief interventions to encourage cessation can also save the state money by reducing health care costs from treating tobacco-related illnesses. Brief, one-time tobacco counseling is estimated to save $65 per smoker counseled [23]. Repeated counseling can expect savings of more than $500 per smoker. Despite expected savings, the state does not adequately invest in these services [1,23,24]. North Carolina provides just $0.97 per smoker in funding for QuitlineNC (the state's smoking cessation support program), which is below the national average of $3.46 for similar programs [1]. Primary and secondary prevention can be cost-effective since the management of tobacco-related diseases are expensive due to high cost therapies and the often chronic nature of such diseases [25].

New Industry
New industries have developed in North Carolina. The "Big Five" (ie, technology, pharmaceuticals, banking, food processing, and vehicle parts sectors) rose in the late 20th and early 21st centuries as tobacco declined [26]. An important change in these industries is the labor requirements. Tobacco was dependent on low-cost labor. The "Big Five" industries require more skilled and higher educated workers, especially in the technology, pharmaceutical, and banking industries [26]. This has led to an increase in the proportion of North Carolina workers holding positions that require higher education degrees and a decrease in those holding blue collar occupations [26]. Investment in community colleges and workforce training may help prepare or retrain residents who previously might have found work in the tobacco industry for jobs in new industries.
Some of the features of North Carolina that served the tobacco industry can easily be repurposed for new industry. For example, the state has excellent soil for producing tobacco, but this same soil is also optimal for other crops, such as sweet potatoes, cotton, and corn. In fact, North Carolina is the top producer of sweet potatoes in the country [13]. Cash farm receipts for fruits and nuts increased over the past few years in the state, suggesting opportunity for further growth in these commodities [13]. Meanwhile, agriculture technology represents a nice blend of the state's older and new leading industries. Farmers with experience in tobacco production could be good resources for collaborating in the development of innovative technologies, given their familiarity with local agriculture. Investment in research and technology that supports lucrative crop diversification will help North Carolina continue to transition away from tobacco.
Growth in the health care industry can also be expected. A state with above-average smoking rates and significant tobacco-related health costs will place large demands on the health care system [1]. Durham, North Carolina, or the "City of Medicine," has already declared itself a leader in health care and research. This branding is a far cry from its history as the epicenter of tobacco. Durham was home to the American Tobacco Company, the largest manufacturer of cigarettes in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries [27]. The American Tobacco Company, founded by James Buchanan Duke, held a monopoly over the US cigarette market until the company was divided into separate firms after the 1911 Supreme Court antitrust decision [27]. Durham's turn toward health care was a strong economic decision for the city: Durham has more than 300 medical and health-related companies and practices that have an annual payroll of over $1.5 billion [28]. A robust health care system, as well as a sizable health care workforce, will be needed statewide. Health care professionals are particularly needed in rural and less-developed areas as physicians and other health care professionals tend to cluster around universities or cities [29].

Conclusion
North Carolina is disproportionately burdened by tobacco use and the state lags behind in key areas of tobacco control. Tobacco's role in North Carolina's agriculture and manufacturing sectors has been declining due to changing state and federal regulations as well as automation and outsourcing of tobacco farming. As a result, small tobacco farms are less common in the state and other commodities have become more dominant. Despite tobacco industry claims otherwise, enhancing state tobacco control is unlikely to significantly harm the economy and provides health and economic benefits. Raising the tobacco excise tax and increasing funding for tobacco control programs could raise government revenue and reduce tobacco-related health costs. As industries change in the state, North Carolina should consider the education and training needs of new industry professions and their impact on all North Carolinians.


Public Debt and Economic Growth: A Scissor Effect in Developing Countries? The Case of Gabon

The multiple attempts at empirical evidence, yet recent, fail to truly dispel the theoretical vagueness of the effects of public debt on economic growth. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that public overindebtedness negatively impacts economic activity in developing countries. From estimation by the generalized moments’ method in the system of the relationship between economic growth and outstanding public debt on data of the Gabonese economy, we get that an increase in the public debt in this country, causes a deceleration of economic activity, thus reflecting a scissor effect between public debt trend and that of economic growth.

Introduction
Unconventional economic policies used to curb economic and financial crises seem to favour the public overindebtedness of economies [1]. The consequences of such behaviour on economic activity exacerbate discussions about the role of public debt. In this light, the use of excessive public debt poses a problem of economic efficiency in relation to the heavy consecutive tax burden and uncertainty about future tax conditions and the extent of public services that will be available in the future.
The analyses built around the impact of the public debt on economic growth followed two broad guidelines.
On one side, the one that reaffirms with new Keynesian arguments, that the public debt is an additional means for households to smooth their consumption   [3], on the one hand, and to reduce the costs of macroeconomic fluctuations that exacerbate the idiosyncratic risk of non-insurable income, thereby altering the need and cost of precautionary savings [4], on the other hand.
On another side, the one that argues that the incidence of public borrowing is generally neutral [5] and, at worst, that its introduction is not desirable because of the eviction of the physical capital it induces [6].
The first orientation is given by the Keynesian who praise the positive effect of an increase in public debt on growth, arguing that a budget deficit is an economic stimulus and therefore a job creation factor. The deficit to which the loan is applied stimulates demand and reduces the cost of reimbursement. Moreover, even in the event of a sub-activity, an increase in expenditure entirely financed by taxes leads to an equivalent increase in GDP, as tax burdens no longer hinder demand. Thus, the correlation between public debt and growth is clearly positive [7].
Mostly in the context of dynamic models of general equilibrium, these analyses neglect the relationship that could exist between the accumulation of the public debt and the policy mix within a monetary union, because the organization that Structure such a grouping may favour excessively lax, isolated budgetary policies. A clandestine passenger behaviour at the Olson [8], which would remain within such groupings of countries, coupled with macroeconomic fluctuations, would justify an exacerbation of the level of public debt.
The many attempts to demonstrate empirical evidence, however recent, fail to effectively dispel the theoretical vagueness of the debt effects on growth. The dominant vehicle design that the public deficit can stimulate short-term growth, but appears harmful in the long term [9].
In some circumstances, a negative effect on growth may occur, even in the short term.
First, high levels of public debt can cause markets to worry about the sustainability of the public debt or the slightest leeway for the counter-cyclical budget policy. Such concerns may result in an increase in the sovereign risk premium, that is, an increase in interest rates on the public debt, a swelling of the burden of public debt and perhaps ultimately a tightening of credit conditions For households and businesses. As well as Grauwe [10] pointed out, such effects may be more important for countries belonging to a monetary union, since they issue a debt in a currency on which they have no control.
Secondly, a country with a high level of public debt may be tempted to use inflation to erode the real value of debt held by creditors (monetization of debt), which in turn may lead the officers to raise their expectations Inflation [11].
In the end, the government of a country with a large debt is more inclined to use taxes to increase the necessary revenue and thus provide the service of its debt.
The second orientation is brought about by neo-classical reasoning, which focuses particularly on the eviction of productive investments and Ricardian equivalence. Debt is thus equated with future tax [5] [12].
At the same time, the relationship between public debt and growth raises the problem of overindebtedness.
Indeed, the theory of Overindebtedness considers that a high debt has a disincentive effect on the debtor country which is unable to undertake reforms conducive to economic growth or investment [13] [14]. This theory opposes the so-called "exogenous" relief decision to "endogenous".
As a result, the analysis demonstrating an exogenous relief decided by creditors may, in certain circumstances, increase the debtor's incentives to undertake reforms and avoid recourse to reimbursement [15].
However, the idea of endogenous relief demonstrates that by increasing the incentive of an overindebted country to undertake economic reforms, creditors can see the value of their receivables in the secondary market improve, as the prospects Repayment of the debtor increase [16] [17] [18].
On the other hand, due to the effects of overindebtedness on growth and the repayment capacity of low-income countries, the need to alleviate debt and the relevance of such a strategy can be relativized because debt accumulation is Not the cause but the consequence of a low growth [19], in other words debt reduction is not enough to restore investment and growth [20].
On the other hand, due to the effects of overindebtedness on growth and the repayment capacity of low-income countries, the need to alleviate debt and the relevance of such a strategy can be relativized because debt accumulation is Not the cause but the consequence of low growth [19], in other words debt reduction is not sufficient to restore investment and growth [20] [21]. A high debt is therefore a symptom rather than a cause of low growth; the latter being the result of poor macroeconomic management [19].
To believe Easterly [20], this appears in a stronger way in developing countries characterized by a strong preference for the present. Indeed, the governments of these countries are generally seeking to accumulate new debts once reductions have been achieved and in the hope of being eligible for new relief initiatives. The failure of so-called traditional analyses to reduce debt ratios in low-income countries is an illustration of the existence of a moral hazard problem and is indicative of the fact that the relief granted has failed to change the Behaviour of many heavily indebted countries. For example, developing countries are more aware of liquidity problems (debt servicing) than problems of incentives (related to debt).
In line with the work of Easterly [20], our study aims to demonstrate that public overindebtedness negatively impacts economic activity in developing countries. It stands out, however, by giving primacy to the problems of incentives related to the outstanding public debt. The point is to show that a high level of public debt can have a negative impact on economic growth in developing countries.
We then carry out an econometric estimation of a MMG model in the system of a linear relationship between the stock of the public debt and the gross domestic product per capita, based on the data of the Gabonese economy. The interest in Gabon follows two justifications. The first is that Gabon is a developing country member of an economic and monetary economy which remains very vulnerable to external shocks (MaruEburekeceku, 2012). All things that expose it to the distrust of public bond markets, thus reducing its budget area in terms of public bond financing. The second is that the Gabonese economy is recording financial events in recent years that significantly affect its economy, which is akin to a crisis in public debt. According to the IMF and the World Bank [22], the Gabonese public debt increased by more than 5 points The present work will be structured around two axes. The first presents the analytical framework (I) and the second carries out an empirical analysis (II).

The Analytical Framework
The framework of analysis relies on a state of both theoretical and empirical literature the scissor effect of the public debt.

The Theoretical Foundations
The debates on the impact of the debt burden on investment decisions, and hence on growth, are not recent.
Indeed, since Ricardo and Stuart Mill, the reflection had already looked at the subject, in particular on the notion of the "double burden" of transfers from one economy to another. Known as the "Transfer theory", it stipulates that the payment of debt would create a negative change in the terms of the exchange of the indebted economy, which is a double burden on the economy.
It is necessary to wait for the 80 years for economists to highlight the detrimental role of debt on the anticipation of agents and thus on investment through the theory of the "virtual debt burden" or debt overhang in the strict sense [23]. According to this theory, when an economy can no longer repay its debt, the incentives to invest are changing and take into account the likely impact of the sanctions incurred, which has a declining effect on the investment and, more broadly, on the whole Actions designed to increase income.
This hypothesis will then be the subject of intense debate around the reference article in Eaton and Gersovitz [24]. It remains a burning issue in the economic debates [1]. In particular, the theory of excessive debt, developed by Krugman [16], Sachs [25] [26] and Cohen [27], which establishes that a given threshold of external debt discourages consumption and investment and, therefore, reduces economic growth. These authors differentiate between the "primary" burden of debt, constituted by a high debt service, and the "virtual" burden, which consists of an outstanding debt [28].
The virtual burden can affect through several channels, however, an emphasis is placed on the private investment channel. Indeed, when the debt burden is can lead to a reduction in investment and hence growth.
One approach to the effects of indebtedness is the impact of the primary burden, in other words, the reduction of resources resulting from the payment of debt servicing. In this regard, debt servicing is the most relevant measure of the debt burden. The debt service would have a foreclosure effect on the investment.
The state, forced to reduce its investments in order to ensure the service of the debt, can see two types of effects arise: 1) a direct effect, which consists of a decrease in the level of total investment.
The latter can play a decisive role in poor countries where public investment is a significant part of the overall investment; 2) two indirect effects, the first arises from the complementarity between public investment and private investment. Public investment is considered to generate positive externalities for the private sector (by increasing the stock of infrastructure or the stock of human capital, etc.), at least to a certain level [29]. In this perspective, a decrease in the state's expenditure can lead to a decrease in the volume of the investment or a decrease in its productivity. The second indirect effect operates via the exchange rate. A repayment of the external debt creates a puncture on the foreign currency reserves, which helps to depreciate the real exchange rate with the consequence of an improvement of the competitiveness, but also an increase in the cost of capital, the goods Equipment is generally imported into low-income countries.
The theory of the virtual debt burden stipulates that when an economy can no longer repay its debt, the incentives to invest change and take into account the likely impact of the sanctions incurred. This result in a depressing effect on the investment and on all the actions designed to increase income.
In this respect, there are two aspects of the virtual debt burden.
The first aspect comes from the narrow view of the burden. It is based on the outstanding debt, which is the future weight of the debt service. Thus, the expected amount of reimbursement becomes an increasing function of the level of production generated by the debtor country. If the debt is high, potential domestic and foreign investors will anticipate that its repayment is to be financed through increased tax pressure [16]. In other words, the expected return on after-tax capital decreases, which tends to discourage investment and may even lead to capital leakage [30] [31].
The second aspect proceeds from a broader view that any activity involving costs with a view to obtaining higher income in the future may be discouraged, as economic agents anticipate taxation of the fruits of their efforts [15]. An increase in the future debt service may encourage Governments to pursue inflationary policies [30] or to refrain from implementing certain reforms. Furthermore, the uncertainty as to the amount of the debt service that will actually be paid may be a negative signal for investors [32] who would prefer to defer their decision to invest [33].

The Review of Empirical Literature
The empirical analysis of the relationship between public debt and growth is Other analyses show that the debt service does not directly affect the rate of growth, but rather through the predatory effect of debt servicing on public expenditures [41]. The payment of the external debt service tends to oust public spending leading to a decline in overall investment and its outstanding influence on the incentives of private economic agents by increasing tax pressure [23].
The vast majority of the work mainly relies on the investment or growth of the gross domestic product (GDP), but some of them retain the total investment for reasons of data availability. As for the explanatory variables, the studies take the external debt, in the context of the debt overhang, to the forefront, and the indebtedness of GDP or exports to introduce the crowding-out effect. The explanatory variables taken into account are the investment rate or inflation rate and Using several alternative variables to measure overindebtedness, in the case of the Philippines using time series for a single country, Borensztein [42] shows that there is a negative relationship between external debt and the investment.
But this impact differs depending on the type of overindebted variables used.
Using a panel of 13 heavily indebted countries, DESHPABD [43] highlights, on the one hand, a negative relationship between external debt and investment and shows, on the other hand, that when there is debt overhang, external debt tends to capture the effect Variables that traditionally explain the investment. In this context, the debt overhang would explain the decline in investment in developing countries [44].
It should be noted that some studies using the linear form rather emphasize a positive relationship (Devarajan et al., 1996).

Empirical Analysis
We would mainly like to make an econometric analysis of the hypothesis of an inverse relationship between public debt and economic growth. For this purpose, we estimate the linear form of the relationship between public debt and economic growth.
We first present the estimation strategy before highlighting the results of the estimation and their interpretation.

Estimation Strategy
Following Mendoza et al. [45], which builds on the growth model of Barro and Sala-i-Martin [46], we estimate a linear relationship between public debt and economic growth with a view to highlighting the negative impact of growth in the debt on investment in Gabon, which results in the scissor effect of the public debt.
Our estimate is unique, however, in that it holds economic growth as the only dependent variable. It is in the explanatory variable public debt that we distinguish the service of the debt and its outstandings, in order better to verify the assumptions of debtoverhang and debtcrowding out in the case of Gabon.
We proceed in turn to the estimation of the following linear equations: With regard to the variables of interest, we have the public debt that we define as the ratio of the outstanding public debt to GDP in the Equation (1) and as the ratio of the public debt service as a percentage of GDP in Equation (2) [22].
These two variables allow us to test our hypothesis of work, namely that public debt has a negative impact on economic growth, which we interpret as a chisel effect. Precisely, we check through the impact of the outstanding public debt the assumption of the debt overhang. That of the public debt service allows taking into account the foreclosure effect of the debt, describing the crowding out of the public debt.
It is therefore expected that a 1 and m 1 are negative.
With regard to the control variables, we are leaving both recent work on economic growth [47] [48] and the traditional explanations of economic growth.
We first retain the growth rate per head of the previous period in order to measure the remedial effect or conditional convergence.
Indeed, the neoclassical economic model argues that low-income countries that initially have lower technological and financial levels will tend to grow faster than more advanced countries. The conditional convergence hypothesis therefore implies that the coefficient of the growth rate per retarded head is significantly negative.
Secondly, the ratio of investment to GDP, seized by the gross formation of fixed capital as a percentage of GDP, is taken into account because it is a traditional determinant of economic growth. In the neo-classical growth model, in the closed economy, the savings rate is exogenous and equal to the ratio of the investment on production. A higher saving rate increases the long-term equilibrium level of production per worker and thus increases the growth rate for a starting value of GDP. However, an inverse causal relationship (growth to investment) may occur, particularly in the case of open economies. While differences in savings rates are exogenous in relation to growth, the decision to invest in the country rather than abroad reflects the prospects for investment returns, which refers to the internal opportunities opened by the Growth.
Therefore, let us involve the growth rate of the population as growth models positively link it to the growth rate of the economy. In favourable circumstances, industrialization can make population growth a valuable stimulus to increase the standard of living, both by providing a workforce to exploit natural resources and Expanding the markets needed to absorb and profit from mass production.
Lastly, we feed the model by four other explanatory variables, namely the commercial opening seized by exports as a percentage of GDP, the seigniorage captured by the money supply, the inflation measured by the change in the index Prices and the real interest rate. In this we rely on the broad economic literature and mainly on the work on the Determinants of economic Growth [29] [47]- [52].  [17].
The interest of introducing all control variables is to make the model more robust. Even if we run the risk of getting the low-significant coefficients.
The estimation of the public debt impact on economic growth does not escape the econometric difficulties more generally encountered by growth regressions [53]. This can lead to several inconsistencies.
First, there may be reverse or simultaneous causality between the explanatory variables and economic growth, which poses a problem of endogeneity that could skew the estimation.
Second, like Ehrhart et al. [47], we introduce a delayed dependent variable (the growth rate per head) in the explanatory variables to look for the possibility of conditional convergence. However, such a presence may produce biased estimated coefficients since, according to Nickell [54], GDP per capita is by construction correlated with the term error.
To address these problems, we use the econometric technique of the Generalized System moments Method (GMM) proposed by Arellano and Bover [55] and Blundell and Bond [56], which has the triple advantage of replacing the moments Theoretical of the population by empirical moments, to correct the bias of endogeneity of the explanatory variables and to evaluate without bias the dynamic processes.
Inscribed in the deepening of the GMM Estimator proposed for the first time by Hansen [57], Blundell and Bond [56], suggest a system MMG estimator using simultaneously the equations in first difference and those in level, which proves to be more efficient than the GMM estimator in the first difference developed by Arellano and Bond [58].
We use the GMM estimator in one step system.
To test the validity of the use of lagged variables, we proceed to Hansen's standard test which is based on the null hypothesis of the absence of correlation between instrumental variables and the residual and the correlation test, which is based on the null hypothesis of the absence of second-order correlation in errors.

Results of the Estimate and Their Interpretation
The results of the estimate are carried over in Table 1.
The tests are consistent with the GMM system estimation in terms of autoregressive processes and instrument validation. Indeed, the Sargan over-identification test and the second-order autocorrelation test (A (2) validate the specification of the GMM estimation in the system, since the parameters of the AR (1) and the AR (2) are significantly different from zero. The critical probability associated with Hansen's J statistic shows that at nearly 96% for the model with outstanding public debt and 95% for the model with public debt service, the over-identification hypothesis is valid. Source: Calculation made by the author using Eviews 7. NB: (***) significant coefficients at the threshold of 1%, (**) significant coefficients at the threshold of 5% and (*) coefficients significant at the 10% threshold.

M. M. Bidzo
All factors are significant. If the assumption of a virtual debt burden is confirmed in Gabon, the primary burden is reversed. In the virtual sense, public debt is a burden on the Gabonese economy. Indeed, the results show that the relationship between the outstanding public debt and the rate of economic growth is negative in Gabon over the period 1980 to 2015. An increase in the public debt of 1% leads to a decrease in the relatively low per capita economic growth rate of 0.04%. In other words, Gabon is unable to adequately repay its debt. Its outstanding debt is so important that incentives to invest are changing by taking the mistrust of lenders and the impact of high default risk, thus depressing economic growth.
In the primary sense, the public debt does not seem to demotivate economic activity. Rather, the increase in the debt service is accompanied by an increase, certainly low, in the growth rate of the economy by 0.02%. In these circumstances, it may be thought that the payment of the debt service does not reduce resources to the point of thwarting economic activity. The debt service would therefore not have a predatory effect on investments in particular public. In other words, the state is not forced to reduce its investment to ensure its debt service.
Better to believe the results, the payment of debt service would play for the Gabonese economy a kind of guarantee of economic growth. This situation does not seem plausible if we refer to Gabon's sluggish economic growth while its public debt increases ( Table 2).
The assessment of debt sustainability based on the institutional strength and quality of policies in Gabon effectively shows that this country is positioned in the category of the worst performers. Of the five debt indicators, three are assessed below the thresholds for low economic performance. That is to say that Gabon does not seem able to maintain a higher debt burden, which puts it in the face of a high risk of high debt.
A more specific analysis shows first that the updated ratio of public debt to budgetary revenues that determines the share of public debt in state financing is lower than the average threshold of 250% recommended by the IMF. However, a state is considered to be overindebted when the public debt represents an important part of the public revenue. This is the case of Gabon, which records a ratio of 233.15%. Secondly, with a debt-servicing ratio of 16.22% in budgetary revenue, Gabon is at a high risk of overindebtedness. The same level of risk is assessed by the ANV debt ratios (91.42%) and debt service (6.36%) compared to exports. Finally, only the ANV ratio of debt to GDP, culminating in 52.54% and corresponding to sufficient performance of economic policies, suggests that Gabon is able to withstand its debt. The risk of overindebtedness is very low.
Overall, the analysis of the debt sustainability framework suggests that Gabon's public debt is excessive.
There are so many things that are necessary to believe that debt servicing is not the most relevant measure of the debt burden for this economy, which is easily understood with regard to the opacity in the management of the Gabonese public debt that leads to Unreliable data.
Added to this is the fact that debt-related data are often confusing because of the diversity of definitions, the covered area and the Methods of Evaluation (Fournier and Fall, 2015); (Bloch and Fall, 2015).
This means that the Gabonese public debt has scissor effect on economic activity.

Conclusions
The point was to show that the public debt captured by the stock of public debt had a negative impact on economic growth in developing countries. Based on the Gabonese economy, we have estimated a model GMM system of a linear relationship between the stock of public debt and the gross domestic product per capita over the period from 1980 to 2015. It appears that an increase in the public debt causes a deceleration of economic activity, reflecting a situation of over-indebtedness whose consequence is the disincentive to investment due to the existence of a risk of high default of the debt.
Public debt is thus a burden in the virtual sense for the Gabonese economy, which must be reduced in order to restore efficiency in the financing of the economy through public bonds.


Contributions of the National Programme on Food Security (NPFS) on Household Food Security in Enugu State

In Nigeria, two-third of the population lives in food poverty, and poor access to the means of supporting rural development being among the causative factors. Consequently, food security which goes with food self-sufficiency and sustainability is still elusive. Agriculture remains a key component of the Nigeria economy. The Government has made very frantic efforts to ensure food security by introducing a number of programmes including the National Programme on Food Security however, the extent to which it has moved in the direction of ensuring food security is unknown. This study therefore sought to determine the contributions of the National Programme on Food Security on household food security in Enugu State. A hypothesis was formulated to guide the study. A well-structured questionnaire was validated and used to collect relevant information from 450 respondents who were randomly selected from three Local Government Areas which were hitherto used as sites for the National Food Security Programme in Enugu State. Findings indicated that the National programme has helped farmers to improve in some areas by providing loans, seedlings, machines, and these led to an increase in household food security. Recommendations were made at strengthening efforts on food security. Key words-Food Security, National, Programme

I. INTRODUCTION
Food security has generated a lot of concern all over the world. A household is considered food secured when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear of starvation (FAO 2001) [1]. Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (Idachaba, 2006) [2]. Food security for a household means access by all members at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. According to Wibberley (2005) [3], food security at household, village, national and international levels require: availability of adequate quantity and quality of locally-grown agricultural produces; accessibility of supplies for urban and land-remote areas (food attainable and affordable); appreciation of the close link between nutrition and health for work and enjoyment; avoidance of undue risk through livelihood vulnerability, hazard and shock.
In Nigeria, two-third of the population lives in food poverty, and poor access to the means of supporting rural development being among the causative factors. Consequently, in Nigeria, food security which goes with food self-sufficiency and sustainability is still elusive. Agriculture remains a key component of the Nigeria economy; currently contributing about 40% of the Nigeria GDP and employing about 70% of the active population. The sector has however significantly underperformed its potential (NFSP, 2012) [4]. Nigeria has 79 million hectares of fertile land, however, only 32 million hectares (46%) of these are cultivated. More than 90% of agricultural output is accounted for by with less than 2 hectares under cropping. Typical farm sizes range from 0.5 hectares in the south to 4 hectares in the north (NFSP, 2012). extension services are grossly inadequate. There is currently 1 extension worker to 25,000 farm families in Nigeria compared to best practice of 1 to 500-1000. Mechanized assistance is also grossly inadequate. There are only about 30,000 tractors for all 14 million farming groups/families in Nigeria. On the processing front, Nigeria loses significant value of between 15%-40% due to its inability to process most of its agricultural produce (NFSP, 2012).
Nigeria, in spite of her great potentials, has been experiencing food shortage and serious protein deficiency for her teaming population since the sixties. This has caused a continuous rise in the country's import bill on food items over the years as a result of decreasing domestic production. Nigeria currently faces serious food and agricultural problems, manifesting in the declining per capita food production, growing food importation and accelerating ecological degradation ENADEP (2008) [5]. This is in spite of the fact that the country has the human and natural resources to produce in sufficient quantity the kind of food needed.
In a bid to solve the problem of food production in the country, the Federal Government of Nigeria has initiated different programmes over the years. For instance, on May 21st, 1976, the Obasanjo led Military Government launched the Operation Feed the Nation (OFN) (ENADEP, 2008). The aim of this programme was to make the nation self-sufficient in the basic needs of the people. There was also the Green Revolution launched in 1979. Besides the Green Revolution of the Shehu Shagari Administration, another practical step taken to address the growing poverty and malnutrition problems among Nigerians was the National Directorate of Employment of the Babangida's Administration. The directorate had various programmes which included National Youth Empowerment and Vocational Skills Development, especially in livestock and poultry production (ENADEP, 2008). There was also the Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI) established in 1986. Under this programme, people were mobilized and organized to participate actively in production activities which would ensure abundance of food in terms of protein, availability of housing, rural health and nutrition, manpower development, and rural industrialization. The Family Economic Advancement Programme (FEAP) was launched in 1997 by the then wife of the Head of State, Mrs. Abacha as a welfare scheme. Most of these programmes have been abandoned at some point in time due to change in government and in certain cases, perceived ineffectiveness.
All the above mentioned programmes and a number of other ones because of one reason or the other, failed to meet target of self-sufficiency in food production (Nyam, 2005) [6]. As a result, and as a first step towards the Millennium Development goals target of reducing by half the number of hungry people by 2015, the Federal Government of Nigeria operated a pilot project of the National Programme on Food Security (NPFS) in 3 sites of Kano State. Based on the successful experience, a five year nationwide National Programme for Food Security (NPFS) was launched in 2001 with the objective to increase and stabilize food production rapidly and sustainably through the wide spread dissemination of improved technologies and management practices in areas with high potential, and to create an economic and social environment conducive to food production as well as reaching some 30,000 farming families in each selected areas (NFSP, 2012). The extent of success or otherwise of the National Programme on Food Security on its mandate and on ensuring food security is yet to be x-rayed.

II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The broad objective of this study was to access the contributions of NPFS on the living standard of farmer's household food security in the study area. The specific objectives were to: 1. Determine the Farmers access to supportactivities of NPFS in the study area; 2. Assess the state of household food security before and after the NPFS programme in the study area; 3. Determine the effect of NPFS programme on the farmer's household food security based on availability, accessibility, quality and stability of food in Enugu state.

III. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
Ho -Support activities of NPFS have not significantly improved farmers' household food security in Enugu State.

National Programme on Food Security (NPFS)
The NPFS is one of government's efforts towards boosting agricultural production. It does this by extending relevant financial and material assistance to the rural farmers. Under the NPFS farmers are expected to organize themselves into various enterprise cooperative groups before they are eligible to access the NPFS benefits. The pilot phase was launched in November, 2001. The project was fully financed by the Nigerian Government. The NPFS funded three production/demonstration sites in each state and one in the federal capital territory. According to Onugha (2008) [7], the implementation of the NPFS resulted to a rapid improvement in food production, food security at household and community levels and rural poverty alleviation in concerned project areas. Based on the success of the programme, the Federal government decided on its expansion for a period of five years. This led to tripling the number of the demonstration sites. However, the facilitators of the project are of the view that the NPFS phase was more viable than the NPFS. According to them, more farmers benefitted from the loan and they were more motivated.
The NPFS objectives as outlined by Onugha (2008) are to: 1. Improve household food security and incomes through increase in agricultural productivity, diversification and sustainable use of natural resources; 2. Enhance food security of consume through improved availability of and access to a variety of foods; 3. Increase income of producers through valueadded primary processing and more efficient marketing. 4. Enhancing farmers and consumers access to support services such as extension, credit, nutrition and health education; and 5. Foster the participation of the poorer section of the rural population including women, youths and other vulnerable groups in the development of the community.

IV. RESEARCH METHOD
The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Igbo-Etiti. One hundred and fifty farmers each were randomly selected from each of the three Local Government Areas ensuring spread of the communities in the Local Government Areas. Therefore a total of 450 farmers constituted the sample of the study. The main instrument for the collection of primary data was the questionnaire specifically designed for this study. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation. The hypothesis was tested using one sample T-test.   1 shows the support activities NPFS provides for its members. Members agreed that the Support activities which the respondents received which were high include; provision of loan to members, encouraging members to do things in common, assists members to acquire poultry, processing house, encouraging members to save, provision of basic rural infrastructures (borehole), enhancing their social welfare, helping members to acquire entrepreneurial skills.  joining NPFS. On the other hand, with 3.51 the respondent agreed that there has been availability of food (quantity) since joining the NPFS indicated that there was an improvement in the availability of household food security.

V. TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Ho -Support activities of NPFS have not significantly improved farmers' household activities food security in Enugu State. The table above reveals that the support activities of NPFS are significant at 0.05 relative to their effect on farmers' household food security. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected while the alternate hypothesis was accepted which is that the support activities of NPFS have significantly improved farmers' household activities on food security in Enugu State.

Summary of Findings
After a thorough investigation and analysis of data generated from this research work the following findings were made; a farmer must be a member of a cooperative group before he is eligible to benefit from the NPFS. In order words, under the NPFS scheme, farmers are encouraged to form and register themselves as cooperative groups.
The research showed the support activities NPFS provides for its members. Members agreed that the support activities they received include; provision of loan to members, encouraging members to do things in common, assists member to acquire poetry, processing house, encouraging members to save, provision of basic rural infrastructures (borehole), enhancing their social welfare, helping members to acquire entrepreneurial skills. It also showed the influence of NPFS on availability of household food security of members. With a grand mean of 2.23, the respondents agreed that there was no availability of food (quantity) before joining NPFS. On the other hand, with a mean of 3.51 the respondents agreed that there has been availability of food (quantity) since joining the NPFS, which indicates that there was an improvement in the availability of household food security.
The study also showed the influence of NPFS on the accessibility of household food security. The result revealed (with the grand mean of 2.02) that the respondents were not able to access the household food security before joining NPFS. It also showed the grand mean of 3.32 which is a positive change and means that there was an improvement in the accessibility of household food security. The result revealed a grand mean of 2.51 before joining NPFS and 3.52 after joining the NPFS. This result implies that there has been an improvement in the quality of household food security of the respondent since joining the NPFS. There was influence of the NPFS on the stability of household food security. This was revealed in a grand mean of 2.12 before joining the NSPFS and 3.20 after joining the NPFS. This indicated that there has been an improvement in the stability of household food security of the respondents.

CONCLUSION
Despite the problems associated with the NPFS, the researcher found that the programme has a significant effect on household food security. Farmers in the various NPFS demonstration sites have benefitted from the programme and have been able to increase household food security; as such the effort made by the government through the NPFS is not a wasted one.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Nevertheless, a lot more still needs to be done for the impact of the NPFS to be felt so as to prevent the fate of other previous programmes from befalling it. It is therefore based on this that the researcher makes the following recommendations; 1. The NPFS should be expanded. This should be in the form of establishing more demonstration sites in each state. These sites should be established in farming areas. 2. Intensive seminars and workshops should be organized for farmers on the need for formation of cooperatives. Cooperative education should be imparted on them. This should be targeted at educating the farmers on the benefits of cooperatives. 3. The facilitators of this programme should be motivated. 4. The government should provide subsidies on the farm inputs. 5. Proper monitoring to ensure that the credit given out are channeled into agricultural uses and to make sure that it gets to the targeted people. 6. Tractors should be provided to motivate farmers more specially the youth. 7. The NPFS services should be made more available, accessible, quality and adequate.