Current Status of Social Entrepreneurship: Social Enterprises and State

In the last decade the concept of development and promotion of social economy and social entrepreneurship are part of EU policy to tackle the social exclusion of persons in a vulnerable position. Also, the model of social economy is one of the key instruments for achieving social objectives within the framework of the sustainable and inclusive growth. Social benefits are measured by integration and employment of disadvantaged people, the contribution to the process of social inclusion of other vulnerable people, and the economic indicator is expressed by saved public funds for social welfare, on the one hand, and the additional funds compensating the social costs of long-term unemployment. What is important to happen is to create suitable conditions for the development of social enterprises with the widest possible range -- vulnerable groups themselves and their problems are diverse and different, and the "answer" to their needs must be flexible in order to be efficient and effective; "way to solutions" is not important (the path may be different, as are diverse and vast opportunities for economic initiatives) that leads to the result itself, the result is important -- better integration and sustainable tackling of social exclusion.

INTRODUCTION
Social entrepreneurship is one of the most innovative ways to achieve a better quality of life, independence and inclusion in society of persons from vulnerable groups. Need to be taken key legislative changes in order set in strategic and political national documents measures to become real mechanisms to support social entrepreneurship in Bulgaria, as well as the successful development of social enterprises, requires the creation of sustainable partnerships between business, NGOs and the public sector -partnerships in which each of these actors recognizes its role to achieve socially important objectives and is willing to invest resources in that.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Economic and Social Council of the Republic of Bulgaria (ESC) believes that social enterprises in Bulgaria are still an untapped business model. Current social enterprises are mainly non-governmental organizations by applying the relevant legislation creating social enterprises whose business is focused on the realization of the social purpose and mission of the organization. Social enterprises in Bulgaria operate in various sectors, the most serious part are in: the delivery of social services; providing jobs for people with disabilities; mediation in finding employment of unemployed persons; provision of health services; аctivities in the field of education and others.
In realizing these activities the leading is not the end product but the achieved social effect on individuals themselves expressed in obtaining the necessary support to integrate into society. In this sense, there are three basic models of social enterprises:  The most common model is the one that creates jobs and develops the workforce. By business jobs are created primarily for people with disabilities. Most often the social enterprise is the employer of people with disabilities in order to achieve the integration of persons with disabilities in the labor market and create conditions for a better life.  Another popular model of a social enterprise is the one in which the enterprise produces goods and seeks markets, also engaging with their distribution. Most often social enterprises involve persons with disabilities in the form of occupational therapy involved in the production of certain goods. Existing social enterprises in Bulgaria within this model are engaged in the manufacture of certain products by persons who are unemployed or socially excluded. The aim is to enable them to work and improve their social inclusion.
 The third existing model in Bulgaria is related to the provision of social services generally through payment of external customers, while social enterprise provides social services to its members. Payment is under contract with the state or a municipality. Within this model, services are provided to different users paid directly to social enterprise for direct service.
Implementing the strategy "Europe 2020" in Bulgaria, a National Reform Programme is developed. There are four priority areas: better infrastructure; competitive youth (reducing the share of early school leavers, increasing the number of young graduates, encouraging young scientists realization of young people in Bulgaria); better business environment (higher employment, more investment, incl. in innovation); more trust in state institutions (protection of interests of citizens and businesses, social justice and security).
It is important to note that the National development program: Bulgaria 2020 identifies a specific area of impact and measures related to the social economy and entrepreneurship, in particular in Priority 2: Reducing poverty and promoting social inclusion, Sub-priority 2.1 Providing employment opportunities and raising wages: "promoting entrepreneurship -encouraging entrepreneurship, including social entrepreneurship for unemployed persons and persons from disadvantaged groups." According to this document, policy of social inclusion requires a special approach for the most vulnerable groups in the Bulgarian society, which contribute to the overcoming of their social exclusion and to break the transmission of poverty between generations. The political decision to strengthen the status and role of social enterprises would provide an additional tool to achieve the national target of Bulgaria to reduce the number of people living in poverty with 260,000 by 2020.
The vision and priorities to promote development of social economy are defined in National concept of social economy adopted in 2011. It follows the priorities of the strategy "Europe 2020" to promote the social economy to achieve sustainability, economic growth and quality of life (mostly of disadvantaged groups). To realize these commitments, the state should create an appropriate legal and institutional environment and coordinated sectoral policies to allow in an accelerated scope to put into practice successful models of social enterprises. In the concept criteria for identification of enterprises and organizations of the social economy are developed, which could serve as a basis for creating a favorable (administrative and legal) environment for the development of social enterprises (access to finance, social clauses in public contracts, tax breaks and etc.). The concept serves as a standard to support the development of social economy and encouraging all participants to promote the spirit of social solidarity. According to the concept social economy is "both part of the real economy and of civil society in which individuals and / or legal persons, associations of volunteers or other organized entities doing business in the public interest and reinvest profits to achieve social objectives".
In the National Strategy for the youth 2010-2020 is noted that Bulgaria should improve economic activity and career development of young people, promote social entrepreneurship among them. For this purpose it is necessary to promote public-private partnerships and social entrepreneurship in services for the development of young people. For the realization and active participation of young people in social and economic life, an appropriate and favorable environment is required, as well as conditions for school and university education in the field of social entrepreneurship.
The priority of the National Strategy for reducing poverty and promoting social inclusion (2020) is to provide employment opportunities and increase income through active involvement of citizens in the labor market. Among the specific measures is promoting entrepreneurship, including social entrepreneurship.
The long-term strategy for employment of people with disabilities 2011-2020 aims to provide opportunities for people with disabilities of working age to effectively exercise their right to free choice of employment realization and to improve their quality of life for a free and full involvement in public life.
Within the Operational Programme "Human Resources Development" (OP "HRD") 2007-2013, Area of Intervention 5.1 "Support of social economy" provides support to existing specialty businesses, cooperatives of people with disabilities and social enterprises. It also supports the creation of new forms of social enterprises, including sheltered workshops, creating conditions for strengthening community and voluntary initiatives contributing to raising the level of social capital.
The strategy of the OP "Human Resources Development" 2014 -2020 relies on the notion that the most critical to tackling poverty and social exclusion is the application of such social policies that give people access to economic opportunities and the needed knowledge and skills to utilize set up options -so that they managed to cope with the trap of poverty and social exclusion, dependence on social protection system, vulnerability to the adverse KNOWLEDGE -International Journal Vol.30.6 March, 2019 events of economic or social nature. The implementation of such active social policies must take into account not only national but also local specifics and characteristics. Here the important role of the social economy and social entrepreneurship in solving the problems of poverty and social exclusion. The potential of social enterprises lies in two of their essential characteristics.
First, they act locally networked with multiple stakeholders and knowing well the local problems and they can offer solutions proven to work in a place like reach those groups at risk of poverty or social exclusion to which active social policies reach very rarely in comparison to purely passive assistance.
Second, social economy organizations have the potential to mobilize and activate people themselves at risk of poverty and social exclusion and thus enable them to engage themselves in improving their living situation.
These two circumstances allot an important place of support for the social economy in the overall strategy of OP "HRD" to promote social inclusion.
Providing support for social enterprises through European structural and investment funds is fully in line with the Initiative for Social Business (COM (2011) 682 final), but also announced in February 2013 Social Investment Package (COM (2013) 83 final), in which the European Commission recommends member states to support social entrepreneurs by providing incentives for starting and developing businesses, expanding their knowledge and networking.
Specific opportunities for project financing of social enterprises will provide investment priorities №1: "Socio-economic integration of marginalized communities such as the Roma" and №4: "Promoting social entrepreneurship and professional integration in social enterprises and promotion social solidarity economy in order to facilitate access to employment", thematic objective 9: "Promoting social inclusion, fighting poverty and all forms of discrimination".
Indicative eligible activities аре in the following areas: • Improving access to employment -activation of economically inactive persons; mediation to find a job; vocational information and counseling; psychological support; motivational training; providing of training; inclusion in internships, apprenticeships, employment including in the social economy; promoting self-employment, etc.; • Support the activities of social enterprises specialized enterprises and cooperatives of people with disabilities in relation to employment; • Social marketing and promotion of the social economy and social entrepreneurship; • Social and professional integration of representatives of vulnerable groups in the social economy sector; • Education and training for persons who are employed in social enterprises, specialized enterprises and cooperatives of people with disabilities; • Equipment and adaptation of jobs; • Support for activities related to creating partnerships and dissemination of best practices in the field of social economy; • Improving the capacity and human resources to effectively manage social enterprises specialized enterprises and cooperatives of people with disabilities; • Provide "supported employment" for people with disabilities; • Public awareness campaigns on the potential of social economy. OP "HRD" defines the types of beneficiaries who may be: Ministry of labor and social policy; Agency for Social Assistance; Agency for Persons with Disabilities; social enterprises; employers; specialized enterprises and cooperatives of people with disabilities; educational and training institutions and organizations; NGOs; municipalities and districts of municipalities; social partners; financial institutions, social service providers.
There are other documents defining the key role of social entrepreneurship in combating poverty and social exclusion of various vulnerable groups. Reforms are needed and implementing innovative measures aimed to develop new approaches and models to tackle poverty and social exclusion. The social economy and entrepreneurship is one of the key instruments through which to complement ongoing government policy targeted to social support and smart and sustainable growth.

Social enterprises and state (Bulgaria)
Social enterprises in Bulgaria operate in several directions: delivery of social services; providing jobs for people with disabilities; mediation in finding employment of unemployed persons; provision of health services; activity in the field of education and others.

KNOWLEDGE -International Journal
Vol.30.6 March, 2019 In realizing these activities lead is not an end product, and the social impact on the people themselves expressed in this to obtain the necessary support to integrate into society.
Social service providers One of the most outstanding areas of work of the Bulgarian social enterprises is the delivery of social services. This became possible after the conducted reforms in the social sphere in 2003 with amendments to the Social Assistance Act / SAA / and its implementing Rules. The provisions of the law regulating the circle of persons capable of being designated to provide necessary services, it is not proposed comprehensive range of subjects, and are described with the following features -the state, municipalities, Bulgarian physical persons registered under the Commerce Act and legal entities , individuals carrying out commercial activities and legal entities arising under the laws of another state -member of the European Union or another country of the European economic Area. And here the emphasis is not on the legal form of social enterprise, but on this activity is to support individuals and leads to social inclusion within the meaning of the SAA.
In pursuance of national policy in the social state delegate the performance of certain functions of the mayors of the municipalities in Bulgaria, as in turn give them the right to dispose of the funds for this by themselves means are provided and translated based on the state budget each calendar year. Mayors reserve the right to supplement designated by the state to local activities, providing them with funding by the respective municipal budget.
Bulgarian legislation expressly provides for the so called social negotiation -assigning social services financed by public funds to private providers. This is done through a competition organized by the Mayor of the municipality or the terms of negotiation involving the sole candidate. The control over the legality of the procedure may be exercised by administrative order in front of the customer or by court order before the Administrative Court. The law provides for the possibility provider of social services to provide these services alone against the agreed remuneration on market principles.
The degree to achieve quality in the service appears: • compliance with the criteria and standards set by the regulations to implement the SAA and the ordinance on criteria and standards for social services for children adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria; • required by law special registration to the Agency for Social Assistance /ASA/ and the State Agency for Child Protection in cases where beneficiaries of social services are children.

Specialized enterprises for people with disabilities
One of the regulations envisaged opportunities for development of social entrepreneurship is reflected in the Law for Integration of Persons with Disabilities /IPDA/. This approach of the legislator is different manifestation being placed focus on two main criteria by which to accept going concern as socially. The criteria are: introduced a requirement specialized enterprises and cooperatives of people with disabilities are registered in a particular legal form; Cooperatives should carry out activities related to the production of goods or provision of services, among employees should have a relevant share of people with disabilities.
Particular attention causes restriction of the law social enterprise occur in the form of commercial legal entity established under the Trade law or the Cooperatives Act. So now cannot exist as a joint venture, limited liability company, limited partnership, limited partnership shares and partnership, as well as cooperative. Practically more used forms are joint venture and limited liability companies and with this in mind that capital companies to clearly distinguish the amount of liability.
Another possibility for the registration of social enterprise, according to the special law is a cooperative of disabled people covered in the Cooperatives act. For its occurrence is sufficient declaration of intention at least seven individuals. IPDA does not clarify whether the very founders /members/ and how many of them should be tied to membership in the cooperative relationship.
The second requirement is that social enterprise is engaged in the production of goods or the provision of services, making it an active participant in the economy. In addition to that introduced quantitative dimensions of staff: Specialized enterprises and cooperatives for the blind and partially sighted persons -no less than 20 percent of the employee number; Specialized enterprises and cooperatives of people with hearing impairments -not less than 30 percent of the employee number;

KNOWLEDGE -International Journal
Vol.30.6 March, 2019 Specialized enterprises and cooperatives of persons with other disabilities -not less than 30 percent of the employee number.
In so set laws can conclude that the presence of the required legal form and economic criteria must be met cumulatively. To complete factual giving legal status to a union as a specialized enterprise for people with disabilities it is compulsory to fit in the Agency for Persons with Disabilities. Social enterprise registered under the IPDA, benefiting from more favorable treatment under Bulgarian legislation.
Health support The activity of social enterprises in the field of health services is relatively limited, confined mainly to the guidance of some patients what type of health insurance rights and obligations are, and offering free-hold medical examinations, free distribution of drugs and devices not requiring specialized prescription. According to the main law in this area -Health Act, health facilities are structures of the national health care system in which medical and non-medical specialists carry out activities to maintain and strengthen citizens' health. Although satisfy some of these traits, social enterprises not having the status of a health establishment cannot provide health services and should limit their activity to that. The status of health institutions are national centers on public health issues, the National Expert Medical Commission (NEPC), health offices, opticians and pharmacies. According the Health act quality of medical care based on medical standards established under the Hospitals Act. It regulates medical institutions as separate organizational structures on a functional basis in which doctors or dentists alone or with other medical and non-medical specialists carry out diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of ill persons. These organizationally separate units should have the status of legal persons registered under the Trade law or the Cooperatives act. Social enterprises in the health sector achieve the desired social impact or limit its sphere of activity to the extent permitted, without the need for special registration under the Hospitals act or register as a separate company or a cooperative in accordance with legal requirements. Unfortunately, the Bulgarian legislator has not provided the opportunity the legal form of medical institutions to NGOs, which actually deters many organizations -social enterprises to offer integrated health and social services for vulnerable groups (Bencheva, Stoeva, Todorova, 2018; Terziev, Bencheva, Arabska, Stoeva, Tepavicharova, Nichev, 2016; Bencheva, Tepavicharova, 2016a; Tepavicharova, Bencheva, 2016b, Bogdanova, 2018a).

CONCLUSION
The study conducted an analysis on what extent is developed and adopted the concept of social entrepreneurship and the role of social enterprises for socio-economic development of Bulgaria by exploring opportunities to promote social entrepreneurship in the country through government policy, NGOs, business initiative, training and counseling.
This report provides an analysis of the development of social entrepreneurship in Bulgaria according to: International project Social enterprise skills for business advisors -SESBA of the European program for education, training, youth and sport "Erasmus +", Grant Agreement №2015-1-ЕL01-KA202-014097 (2015-2018).


Gender Analysis of Time Use Patterns in Households in Ondo State, Nigeria

A gender-differentiated time use pattern is crucial to understanding the roles men and women play in the family and society at large. The study thus explored time use patterns among households in Ondo state Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 120 households for the study. The data was analysed and presented using frequencies, percentages and charts. The results of the study give an in-depth understanding of what obtains across households in the study area. It further highlighted implications for the welfare of women and made recommendations for family living and policy.

less likely to be able to take full advantage of economic opportunities, to respond to changing market conditions and incentives, and to participate in income-generating activities. Time poverty impedes individuals' ability to expand their capabilities through education and skills development that could enhance economic returns in the market place. However, the question can also be asked in a different way: to what extent could more time spent working (but without making a larger share of the population time poor) help reduce poverty? The logic is then inverted, by showing that even if many men and women work a lot; there may be a reserve of time that if jobs were available, could be tapped to reduce consumption poverty.

Time as a Resource
Time has been known to be very scarce for women especially women farmers, it contributes to land left uncultivated, farm operations that are not performed at the right moment and conversation means not undertaken (Awumbila and Momsen 1995). Generally, woman's productive activities on the farm compete for the time with her reproductive activities of bearing and raising children, managing the household and playing a role in community management. Lack of time can cause deterioration of the environment in terms of loss of available resources. This means women have to spend longer time obtaining these resources and have less time to spend on farming. This can also be one of the causes of declining food production because women in most parts of the world have a longer working day than men, most especially during the period of peak demand in the agricultural calendar when they are called upon to work for 18 hours per day (FAD -West and Central Africa Division, 1999). This combination of physiological demand as well as heavy agricultural labour has led to physiological stress and no wonder why the health of women in their reproductive years is worse than that of men (Jejeebhoy, 1998). This state has also contributed to the factors affecting subsistence production thereby increasing the rate of poverty.

Problem Statement
The lack of data on time use and the omission of the household economy from conventional development planning mean that the picture of the development process is incomplete and our understanding of the labor supply of households is insufficient i.e. much of what we are or should be concerned with occurs in an invisible realm. There is therefore a tendency to make misleading assumptions about labor availability and labor mobility. Overlooking the differences in men's and women's contributions to "household time overhead" can lead to inappropriate policies which have the unintended effect of raising women's labor burdens while sometimes lowering those of men. Furthermore, as a community of policymakers and development practitioners, we often do not invest (or prioritize) in what is not visible: so, if the household economy is not visible to policymakers and planners, they are unlikely to prioritize investment in it. This means that we do not recognize the tradeoffs or positive links among different tasks and activities, and by extension do not focus on reducing or minimizing the tradeoffs and on building on the positive linkages.
It is important to examine time use for at least three reasons. First, time use data show what people actually do in their daily lives, and therefore provide important information on work and on labor allocation within households. Second, in doing this, they make apparent not only that there is a division of labor, in that different people do different things, but also that differences in how men and women use their time are of considerable importance in understanding poverty in the study area. Thirdly time allocation data reveal not only the substantial market economy contributions of men and women to community's development, but also the existence of a whole realm of human activity (household economy) that is largely invisible and uncounted in economic data and in the system of national accounts.
Examination of time use data therefore performs the critical important function of giving policymakers and development practitioners a much completer and more comprehensive picture of employment and labor effort than would otherwise be afforded by labor force data alone. This is done by making visible and providing quantified estimates of nonmarket contributions to total household production and welfare, alongside market-based work. Because these contributions are essential for family survival, it is important for policymakers and development practitioners to focus on them explicitly. Non-market labor is of particular importance from a gender standpoint, as the household economy is where women predominantly work. This study therefore aims to enhance the understanding of the roles played by men and women in household development.

Objectives of the Study
The general objective of the study was to conduct a gender analysis of the time use patterns in households in Ondo State. Specifically, the study,  Ascertained The Socio-Economic Characteristics Of The Respondents In The Study Area;  Identified The Specific Jobs Performed By Respondents Within And Outside Their Households; And  Examined How The Respondents Allocated Their Time To Various Activities.

The Study Area
The study was carried out in Ondo State of Nigeria. Ondo State was created in February, 1976 with Akure as its Capital. The state lies between latitudes 05° 45' and 07° 52'N and longitudes 40°20' and 06° 5'E. Its land area is about 15,500 square kilometers. Edo and Delta States bound Ondo State in the East, Ogun and Osun States in the West, on the North by Ekiti and Kogi States and to the south by the light of Benin and Atlantic Ocean. The state has eighteen (18) Local Government Areas (LGAs) with a population of 3.4 million inhabitants (National Population Commission, 2006). Annual rainfall varies from 2000mm in the southern part to 1150mm in the northern extremes. The state is tropical with two distinct seasons of rain and dry seasons. The raining seasons occur between April and October, while the dry season begins in November and last till April, although in recent times, minor attention is noticeable in rainfall regimes due to global climate change. Agriculture is the dominant occupation of the people of Ondo state providing income and employment opportunities for over 70% of the population. Arable crops cultivated are rice, cassava, maize, yam, beans and host of other vegetables. Tree crops grown are oil palm, cocoa, kolanut, forest trees of iroko and teak.

Sources of Data
Primary data was used for this study. Data was collected with the aid of well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule. Information were sought on a number of variables which include the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and gender division of time use on their different activities.

Sampling Techniques and Sample Size
A multi-stage sampling technique was employed using Ondo State Agricultural Development Programme administrative divisions. The state is divided into 2 Zones; Zone 1 with 8 Blocks and Zone 2 with 10 Blocks. A Block was purposively selected from each Zone to represent urban and rural households for this study. The blocks were Akure South Local Government Area (representing urban households) from Zone 1 and Ifedore Local Government Area (representing rural households) from Zone 2. Each Block has 8 Cells while each cell has 8 Groups; a Group is composed of 10 households. 3 Groups were randomly selected from each Zone which is equivalent to 60 households. In each household, the head and the spouse served as respondents. In all, the study focused on 6 Groups and a sample size of 120 respondents (20 respondents per Group).

Method of Data Analysis
The data that was generated were analyzed to achieve the stated specific objectives. Descriptive statistical tools used in the study included frequencies, percentages, bar charts and pie charts.

Age of the Respondents
This is presented in Table 1 which shows that 3.32% of the male and 10% of female respondents were below 31 years of age, 28.34% of male and 36.8% of female respondents were between the ages of 31-40 years, 45% of male and 36.6% of female respondents were between 41-50 years while 23.34% of the male and 16.7% of female respondents were above 50 years of age respectively. The total percentage reveals that 20% of respondents were above 50 years, 73.33% were middle aged (31-50 years) while 6.67% were below 31 years of age. The mean age of respondents was 44 years and it indicated that a larger percentage of the respondents are still energetic enough to be involved in activities that can enhance their income level.

Male
Female

. Religion of the Respondents
From the data; 81.7% of male and 88.3% of female respondents were Christians while 18.3% of male and 11.7% of female respondents were Muslims respectively. In all, 85% of the sample size were Christians while 15% were Muslims as shown in Table 2. It is therefore expected that most of the male respondents will be more considerate in helping their wives with house chores in conjunction with their religious doctrine.  The predominant household size was that of 5-7 members which accounted for 67.5% of the sample. Twenty five percent had household size of 2-4 persons while 7.5% had household size of 8-10 persons as presented in Table 3. Most of the respondents had large household size which means more mouth to feed, cloth, shelter and cater for therefore substantial amount of household income will be consumed.

. Dependency Ratio of Respondents
This is the proportion of the non-working population (adults above 65 and children below 14 years) to the working adult in the sampled population. The working adult accounted for 47.5%, non-working adults were 6.3% while the children accounted for 46.2% of the sampled population as indicated in Table 4. Therefore, the dependency ratio is approximately ratio 1:1 which means that consumption will be high as a result of large number of dependents. This will have adverse effect on the income.

Educational Status
Results in Table 5 indicate that 5% of male and 1.7% of female respondents had non-formal and adult education respectively, 16.7% of male and 5% of female respondents had primary education, 23.3% of male and 30% of female had secondary education while 50% of male and 61.6% of female had tertiary education respectively. In all, 3.33% of the sample size had non-formal and adult education respectively, 10.83% had primary education, 26.67% had secondary education while 55.83% had tertiary education. This reveals that larger percentage had formal education and in civil service for instance, levels of education are synonymous with income level.

Male
Female Total

Respondents' Involvement in Social Organizations
Majority (85% male and 83.3% female) of the respondents as shown on Table 6 did not belong to any social organization while 15% of male and 16.7% of female respondents were involved in social organizations respectively. In all, 15.83% of the sampled population was involved in social organizations.

Male Female Total
Social organization F   Table 7 shows that 3.3% of male and 11.7% of female respondents were involved in Religious organizations, 10% of male and 1.7% of female respondents belong to Occupational organizations while 1.7% of male and 3.3% of female respondents were involved in Recreational organizations. This indicates that most of the respondents are very religious as 7.5% of 15.83% of those involved in social organizations belong to the religious organisations.

Male Female Total
Type of social organization

. Respondents' Social Organization Membership Status
This reveals that 8.3% of male and 5% of female respondents were ordinary members while 6.7% of male and 11.6% of female were executive members in their various social organizations as shown in Table 8.

Male
Female Total   Table 9, women outnumbered men in most of these activities; men only outnumbered women in Ironing and assisting children with assignments while there was a tie in Eating and Drinking. Another fact that was discovered is that women perform most of these activities relatively on daily basis as compared to men and women spent longer time carrying out these activities as shown in Figure 1.  Outdoor Activities performed by the respondents were fetching of water and firewood, roof and gutter maintenance, lawn care, gardening, automotive cleaning, shopping, food and household goods purchases and other household errand commuting. The involvement of both sexes in these activities was relatively the same as well as the frequencies as shown in Table 10. However, women still spent longer time performing most of these activities as shown in Figure 2.  The Social, Recreational and Care giving Activities were attending social meetings/gatherings, attending religious meetings, walking, playing/training with pets, grooming and veterinarian visits, accompanying household member to doctor/dentist, watching television, listening to radio, caring for elderly ones and sleeping/relaxing. Respondents' involvement and frequencies of performing these activities was relatively the same except for accompanying household member to doctor/ dentist and watching television where women spent more time than the men as shown in Table 11. It is clearly seen in Figure 3 that men spend longer time to sleep and to attend social gathering than women 3

Conclusion
The study investigated time use patterns in households on gender basis in Ondo State, Nigeria. The study revealed that women work for longer hours on domestic indoor and outdoor activities and have fewer hours of rest than men. Men also had more time for social and recreational activities than women. Men however spent longer duration of hours in agricultural activities than women.

Recommendations
On the basis of the findings of this study, the following measures are recommended to create some level of equilibrium of time use between the genders.
 Husbands are advised to render helping hands to their wives especially in the area of domestic work so that they can also have enough time to rest thereby reducing deterioration of women's health.
 Family planning programmes should be adopted so as to have moderate household size thereby reducing work load on women in domestic activities.  Government should create more employment opportunities through training and sensitization for women because many of the respondents were well learned but not gainfully employed especially the females.


Economic- Juristic Analysis of Usury in Consumption and Investment Loans and Contemporary Jurisprudence Shortages in Exploring Legislator Commandments

In this article, by analyzing the deduction methodology of jurisprudence commandments, we try to touch the existing shortages in its methodological aspects. By discussing on different sources of Islamic jurisprudence like the Quran, Sunna (Tradition), consensus, intellect, fame, analogy, preference, public interest considering, blocking the means, we will explicates that the divine authority (person who is allowed by the messenger or by someone whom messenger has allowed him) has been ignored in religious deduction, and thus these different ideas have emerged in Islamic commandments. In this regards, juristic decrees may be compared, which are different and even conflict solutions to a unique problem or question. These conflicts enlighten two important propositions.

The juristic deduction methodology needs revision.
Ignorance to theosophy principle of jurisprudence is the main source of conflicts.

By defining and analyzing usury and interest in an economic-juristic frame and specifically in the Quran and with respect to wisdom or theosophy principle in jurisprudence to distinguish usury and non-usury finance, we conclude:

The loaner must share in profit and loss of the economic activity of the loan receiver.
The rate of interest-because of inability to determine the capital productivity rate a priori- should not be determined and conditioned in advance.
Receiving interest in consumption loans is usury and not allowed.

Transformation of credit and deposit markets’ oscillations to the real sector is the main initiation of real sector economic fluctuations. Respect to wisdom (theosophy) principle of religious legislation, and by introducing a mathematical model, we show that usury causes economic fluctuations and by deleting usury from the economy, we conclude that real economy will be more stable.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3402329

Introduction
Interest rate is critical economic and juristic debates. Certainly, concrete results in this debate may improve the functioning of Islamic banking; because, non-usury banking is based on the juristic approach to defining usury. In this paper, we examine the interest and usury from the economic and juristic points of views. We try to examine this hypothesis: whether is the received interest from a loan for any purposes usury or not? On the other hand, we may distinguish consumption loans from investment loans. The former is usury, and the latter is not. To analyze this hypothesis, we try to investigate the methodology of deducting 3 Araaf: 179.  14 and in the other one: "For all nations there are messengers" 15 . Thus the obedience of this governor is lawful, and no one else may be adopted to be obeyed. This governor must be alive. That is, we are not allowed to obey those governors who have been assigned and died before. This pronouncement is accepted by all Shiite and Sunnite peoples. That is my Sunnite and Shiite brothers all believe and decree that the God's divine governor must be alive and obeying dead governor is not allowed. The conclusion of this debate may be summarized to the fact that the deductive reasoning to find religious commandments of religion in nowadays formed shape cannot be acceptable, and thus, the methodology should be revised.

Quran
The main juristic sources in jurisprudence principles are: Quran, tradition, consensus, and intellect. In prevailed juristic texts, these four items are cited as the main sources of jurisprudence. The main source, which is the divine governor of God has been forgotten or ignored! Quran is not a simple book for all human being to find out its description and prescription or explicitly meaning. Quran itself says: "nobody knows the meaning of the Quran except Allah". 16 So the absolute meaning of Quran is at the hands of Allah. Only those people who got the knowledge, only, may be asked for the relative (and not absolute) meaning of Quran and implication of commandments. It should be noted that knowledge, as cited before, is different from literacy. Knowledge comes from understanding/comprehending due to observing the light of Allah in all of things/objects, but the prevailed meaning of knowledge -literacy -is due to getting a presence at schools/universities. Therefore, without knowledge, our finding and understanding are some kind of doubt and presumptive opinion. Quran explicates: "They do not know the Quran except some doubting opinion". 17 There may be knowers who are illiterate versus literate people who have passed many religious schools or universities but are ignorant. Quran explicates: "If you do not know ask possessors of edifications, men who study and remember the name of Allah". 18 Despite this debate, in exploring the religious commandments, we see that the jurists refer to Quran less than the prophet's sayings, narrations, and stories.

Tradition (Sunna)
The validity of tradition as a source of commandment deduction is doubtful. All types of tradition, including "practical tradition" and "assertional tradition" and "argumental tradition" suffer from validity.
In "practical tradition", the practice of prophet leads to its lawfulness (or unlawfulness). It is important to say that prophet action does not necessitate validity because the prophet special advice may meliorate someone, but the advice may be harmful to another person. Since his advice is similar to medicine which may recover someone to live or kill another.
The "assertional tradition" is based on disclaiming of the prophet against a witnessed action. This tradition does not necessitate validity because we may visualize prophet or impeccable in cases of precautionary dissimulation. That is, he should dissimulate the truth regarding dangers. This is also the case for homonymy, amphiboly, and paronomasia. 19 Thus their silence does not lead to the validity of the action.
The "argumental tradition" is based on sayings, stories, narrations and etc. This tradition has a wide discussion in jurisprudence, and all stories and narrations are classified according to their narrators or tellers. This tradition suffers from many doubts in stories and narrations. 20 Many narrators and storytellers have inserted wrong and pseudonym stories in religious literature. Distinguishing correct story from incorrect stories should be compared with the Quran, and if it was not in line with the Quran, The men whose works are thinking" refers to those people who try to survey and analyze and remember the name of God. This world and all of things are the names of God. In philosophical terms, name is anything who leads to its named. And the named of all existing thing is God. That is we say: In the name of God.
it is false. This tradition, as noted before, does not guarantee that prophet or speaker had exposed the proposition for all people. It may be particular for the audience of that session not for all people and all times. That is, their speech may not be used for other people who had not been there. It should be added that narration transmission is restricted to divine permission. That is, nobody has the right to transmit the speech of prophet or impeccable without their leaves or permission. As it prevails among jurists, every jurist must receive permission from the previous jurist, and this permission must back reach the prophet. In the opposite case -without permission-transmission of their speech may be encountered as some kind of impoliteness to the prophet. That is, some kind of eavesdropper might occur.
Therefore, the stories and narrations are all doubtful, and Quran explicates: "And most of them do not follow truth, and follow doubts and conjectures. Certainly, conjecture and doubts can not avail anything against the truth". 21 In the other side, the prophet and impeccable are human beings. In Quran, the prophet himself explicates: "I am human being similar to you". 22 This means that some of their speeches are regular human being speeches and do not relate to their divine duties and comes from their fancies or niceties or tastes. On the other hand, sophists believe that all religion's messengers/prophets/impeccables/leaders must be permitted by the previously allowed person, and this is an inevitable chained order and rule of leaves.
Consensus (االجماع) The third source of jurisprudence deduction is the consensus of jurists. According to our Sunnite brothers' opinions, this source is the first source of juristic deduction. Original (not pseudo) Shiites believe that consensus may not be valid. They believe that any religious pontification must be restricted to permission from the previous permitted person. However, this is not the case in Shiite societies, and only a few orders of Sufis believe and practice this rule.
Generally, the consensus of the majority should not validate a juristic commandment. Since the majority of people are not qualified, and the qualified persons are not accessible, because we do not know them. In the Quran there are lots of verses which expose: "But very few of my worshippers are (practically) grateful." 23 "Majority of peoples are (practically) not thankful." 24 "That, man is indeed in a grave loss." 25 "The majority of people are ignorant." 26 "Their majority do not know." 27 "Their majority do not think." 28 "Their majority is ignorant." 29 These verses clarify that majority is not a consolidated base for juristic deductions. Knowing qualified jurists is a difficult problem. Philosophically, the nominator should be superfine than nominative. That is lower jurists can not nominate higher jurist. The only logical solution to this rule is that higher jurist nominates lower one. This is the main debates that sophists insist. That is the jurist must be allowed by higher previous leave or permission. Otherwise, consensuses of majorities are due to wrong decisiveness, as Quran explicated. 21 Yunus: 36 and also see: Najm: 28.
Shiite more or less accepts intellectual/rational demonstration or proof as a source of juristic deduction. The Sunnite brothers restrict commandments sources to traditional verities. 30 Thus, the intellect locates in a wide range from acceptable and credible to unacceptable and incredible source to juristic reasoning. All different sects have special treatments for intellect. The discussion among their defenders more or less had been reached to anathematization and excommunication of the others.
Rational demonstration refers to any rational commandment that determines a juristic commandment. The rational demonstration is classified into two categories of rational independencies and dependencies. In the former category, intellect issues a commandment independently and the latter includes those realms of demonstrations that intellect issues a commandment following a juristic judgment.
Responding to this question that: is it possible to accept intellect as a deduction source, is not simple. But as a reservation, it should be noted that intellectual power is different in different people, and the criterion of intellect and ration is not absolute. This causes rational demonstration to be proved by one and to be negated by the other. By the way, this conclusion is to be raised that the intellect of who should be used as a juristic source. The response to this question is: intellect of the perfect man who has refined and purified himself and has reached transcendental mental characteristics would be the juristic source. Certainly, he will be quite different from a person who has passed the school/university courses about juristic deduction. His (perfect man) intellect is defined as: "instrument of Allah servitude and finder the secrets" 31 . This intellect is different from prevailed idiomatic intellect. This intellect classifies as prophetic intellect.
Thus the debate on this juristic source conveys us again to this claim that only the perfect man with prophetic ration is the main source of jurisprudence.
Fame (شهرة) Some partial sources of jurisprudence as fame or publicity suffer from their own deficiencies. Decreeing fame (lots of decrees of different jurists on the unique subject) and practical fame (based on the fame practices of jurists against unique subject) all defect from validity as we talked before in criticizing consensus. That is the fame opinion of the majority does not necessitate validity in juristic deductions.

Islamic intellectuals' way of life (السيرة)
Intellectual way of life in jurisprudence means the continuous operational way of life of intellectuals and Moslems and may be of juristic source necessitating prophet or impeccable agreements. The validity of this source is defective.
The analogy is: to prove a commandment in a subject because of its proof in other subject based on their analogies. Sunnite's brothers insist on the validity of analogy in the juristic deduction. Shiite jurists introduce "rational analogy" as a source of jurisprudence. That is, they use a rational analogy based on appointed reason as a juristic source. In this kind of analogy, logical minor and major are defined, and the commandment is derived from. This analogy in all situations is not deterministic.
Another type of analogy is "aprioristic analogy". In logic, this analogy is named by reason connotation or signification. For example, if one has no right to get in the house using the door, he has no right getting in by climbing the wall too.
Deductive reason analogy (complexity reexamination) is the case that the reason for the commandment has not been explained by legislator and jurist simulates a similar reason by analogy. Since reasoning is based on the opinion of jurist and not legislator's, may be a source of probable errors. This is the famous case of : "The first who analogized was Satan. Considering public interest المرسله) مصالح او (االستصالح Considering of public interest (transmitting expedients) means the expedient that legislator has not talked about and can not be found in any partial or general commandment of legislator and jurist deems advisable or proper. Malekite and Hanbalite sects accept expediential reasoning in the case of no written text or consensus. But Shafeite sect validates an expediential deduction. Shiite jurisprudence does not validate public interest consideration same as preference.
Blocking the means الزرايع) (سد Blocking the means, implies: those actions causing destruction should be prevented. Shiite jurists refer to "Obligatory preliminary". It means an action antecede another action and by referring to legislator rule on the first action to prevent destruction from the second action explore the "blocking the means" rule. This rule may not be general to be performed in different subjects.
To summarize the juristic deduction, we should conclude that the rule and permission of legislator to deduce the divine commandments is neither tradition and nor intellect and consensus and analogy and preference and transmitting expedients and blocking the means. But the direct divine command of Allah by his representatives who are allowed to deliver the commandments is the main source of jurisprudence. Quran explicates: "Obey Allah and obey the prophet and obey those people among yourselves who are allowed." 32 The obedience of these people is lawful. Otherwise, we may assert a commandment erroneously and assuming that it is God's commandment. There is no guarantee that it is God's commandment.

Interest
There are lots of definitions for interest in an economic point of view. One of the old definitions defines interest as the price of money. Though this definition is public, analytically is defective, because, the price of one unit of a commodity is equal to the value of one unit of the same commodity. 33 This does not satisfy for money. Value of one unit of money in a period of time is equal to the value of one unit of money at the starting point of period plus interest value. Therefore interest is an excess that creates surplus value during the time period, and not the price of money. If interest were the price of money, it would be equal to the value of one unit of money. But in different time periods interest may be less than or equal or greater than the value of one money unit which does not conform to price implication.
Other different definitions of precedent economists often are related to capital essence of interest. On the other hand, the derived income resulting from different assets such as capital goods, financial resources, wealth, human capital, entrepreneurship has different definitional ambiguity. Since capital similar to interest has different meanings. Capital functioning also increases the vagueness of the problem. For example, in one problem, technology and land may be classified as factors of production and different from capital. In another problem may be classified as capital.
Neoclassical economists interpret interest as the surplus resulting from the postponement of consumption. On the other hand, the capital owner postpones his consumption and loan it till at the end of the period by his capital, and the derived interest will get more consumption. This may be defined as the supply of investment sources incentive. At the demand side, the investor demands financial sources to produce value added. Thus, whenever the interest rate is less than the capital rate of return, investor demand for receiving loan increases. This simple mechanism is the base of incentives for requesting and granting loans, which 32 Nesa: 59. have a sophisticated mathematical presentation in related literature.
Let us assign the term "interest" to financial capital. Financial assets are credible capitals and include valuable papers and notes and coins which are physically invaluable but possess high credible values. We assign productivity to all kind of capitals; this means that capital is a production factor and accompanying with other production factors produces value added. Financial asset/capital can be treated as a kind of capital -in general definition. Now, another element is defined as a monetary intermediary or bank. His duty is to intersect demand and supply schedules of financial resource at the market. Banks or financial intermediaries are responsible for collecting the financial resources of suppliers and sell them to investment demanders. 34 If bank operated as an intermediary, that is: receiving only a percentage of demander interest paid to supplier of resources from one side or both sides of the transaction, we would have a simple model of financial transaction, and many juristic problems would be removed. However, the bank operates as a profit-maximizing firm and does not work as a pure intermediary. This means that in the financial market instead of one supply and one demand, we have two supplies and two demands schedules. That is the bank is a supplier and demander. When the bank comes into account, we will have two markets naming saving market and loan market. In the former, bank demands and in the latter, supplies financial resources.
Bank's endeavor as a profit-maximizing firm is to widen the banking spread (difference of loan and saving interest rates). Widening banking spread causes the bank's revenue to be increased, and banking competition tightens the spread. Thus, the bank in the saving market is demander, and in the loan market is a supplier. In the first market, the saving interest rate, and in the second market, the loan interest rate are determined. Now we try to investigate the bank's behavior in these two markets by a juristic-economic approach. To analyze this, we are going to compare the concepts of interest, usury, and profit.

Usury
Usury in Arabic terminology 35 means "excess". There are lots of discussions about this term in the literature and all of them more or less imply usury as: an excess of property over the capital regarding a timed repayment. 36 Ragheb Isfahani 37 means usury in Islamic legislation as: "excess of the property with no acceptable reason". 38 In Quran, the following verses are about usury: "That which ye give in usury in order that it may increase (other) people's property hath no increase with Allah; but that which ye give in charity, seeking Allah's countenance, hath increased manifold" 39 .
"And of their taking usury when they were forbidden it, and of their devouring people's wealth by false pretenses. We have prepared for those of them who disbelieve a painful doom" 40 .
"O ye who believe! Devour not usury, doubling and quadrupling (the sum lent). Observe your duty to Allah, that ye may be successful". 41 "Those who swallow usury cannot rise up save as he ariseth whom the devil hath prostrated by (his) touch. That is because they say: trade is just like usury; whereas Allah permitteth trading and forbiddeth usury. He unto whom an admonition from his Lord cometh, and (he) refraineth (in obedience thereto), he shall keep (the profits of) The second group is called "subjective exit". That is to act in a way that the subject of usury does not conform to the action. This category includes; transaction on credit; conditional transaction; currency exchange; annexing non-kind annex; replaced gift; saving in a manner that interest payment is according to borrower's option. Some jurists believe that subjective exit also can be encountered in the restriction of usury in double usury and being lawful in productive lending. There are also lots of explanations to legalize usury in the rate of inflation and paying the excess in debt transmission (repayment) delay. However, the former is more doubtful, but the latter is less erectable.

Consumption and Investment Loans
We focus on non-usury lending in production loans. Intellectual reasons for usury prohibition have been discussed by Islamic economist, and many of them are conceivable. The reasons such as fairness and equality establishment financing, full employment, and optimal growth of the economy, fair redistribution of wealth; economic stability and similar reasons are cited as intellectual causes of usury prohibition. Quran expositors cite other reasons as payment without replacement, prevention of commerce and borrowing and unfair wealth distribution, increasing social class differences, losing human benevolence; profiteering, and increasing social crises, oppression, moral losses, and many similar reasons.
Economically, by considering different opinions, we can conclude that the main theosophy of usury prohibition is excess receiving without producing value added. As it cited before in barter usury; the transaction is done for a commodity by the same kind of commodity with some excess in weight/measure. Barter usury, simply by annexing non-kind annex, becomes lawful. That is one may lend 1 ton wheat and receive 10 ton wheat with 1 gram of something else let's say salt at the end of the period. This is completely obvious that the intent of legislator had not been to increase the transaction formalities. The theosophy principle in jurisprudence affirmates that legislation of this law has been done for more important causes and not an incremental barter exchange. On the other hand, Islam legislator is wise and theosophist. His approach to usury prohibition is that: if a person does not share in profit or loss of value-added production, what would be his share of the produced value added? The answer can be: nothing. This exposition is verified by other verses of the Quran as: "And that man hath only that for which he maketh effort". 46 This theosophy is also true for the loan usury. Since one lends money to the other and at the end of period receives some excess, and this is not lawful. The lawfulness can be exposited in this way that he has not been directly impressed in the process of value-added production. If borrower gains or losses, the lender receives his excess. This excess is unlawful. This is the elegant difference between usury and other legal Islamic financial contracts as a financial partnership ("Mozaribah") and other Islamic financial contracts. In Islamic financial contracts, the share of profit or loss is determined to be paid to the lender. But in usury contract, the rate of excess repayment (usury) is conditioned a priori. In the former, the lender participates in profit/loss of investment, and in the usury contract, he does not.
Both contracts are the same if the planned profit is equal to the actual profit of investments, and this occurs seldom because the non-zero risk rates and market changes and planning deviations are inherent characteristics of an investment. This reasoning is also deducible from this verse: "O ye who believe! Devour not usury, doubling and quadrupling. Observe your duty to Allah, that ye may be successful." 47 That is, the Quran prohibits usury receipt over usury (or compound interest), and this is the case when a borrower cannot fulfill or repay his debt and fall in debt compounding inevitably. This is the case in which first: the lender is not an investment partner and does not participate in profit or loss of investment project; and second: loan has been expended to purchase unproductive goods, or investment was unproductive; on the other hand, the loan has been expended for consumption and not for investment. This is the difference between investment and consumption loans.
For this reason in the verse: "And if the debtor is in straitened circumstances, then (let there be) postponement to (the time of) ease; and that ye permit the debt as almsgiving would be better for you if ye did but know" 48 , emphasizes that would be better to not receive the loan principal and interest whenever the borrower is in straitens. And to confirm this almsgiving says: "Allah hath blighted usury and made almsgiving fruitful". 49 And based on these reasons swallowing this property has been negated by the verse: "And of their taking usury when they were forbidden it, and of their devouring people's wealth by false pretenses". 50 The reasoning in Quran explanation of Soltan Mohammad Gonabadi 51 about the verse: "They say: trade is just like usury whereas Allah permitteth trading and forbiddeth usury" 52 is referring to this point that usury (Reba) in Arab words was not used by the meaning in jurisprudence, and usury had been being used for some kind of debt repayment delay penalty which makes usury unlawful. He says 53 : "They said the trade by increasing the price is the same as usury in excess. Thus usury is ok as trade is ok. Therefore the similarity of these two is in excess of repayment and this excess is Reba (usury), and comparison between trade and usury is not a matter of their correctness, and this objection to the correctness of trade is not the case. Thus it deserved to be said: usury is the same as trade and not: trade is the same as usury. Thus this objection is not right. And by this point that they resemble trade to usury in excess of price refers to the similarity of trade to usury because of the permitted situation of trade and they used this resembling to espress their intents more explicit. Thus, Allah broke their analogy and said: "Allah permitteth trading". This expression is a response to their proposition. And continued: "and forbiddeth usury". This means that: correctness and incorrectness are not because of the similarity of trade and usury but, is because of normative and negation of God. Some other said: whenever in maturity (due) date ower requested his owe, debtor demanded increasing repayment period and excess and agreed to postpone the repayment. Whenever it was said to them that this is usury, they respond both are the same. Their intents were that: increasing the price of a commodity at the time of sale and increasing the loan by lengthening its period are equal. In the age of ignorance (paganism) they traded in this way and loaned a property for a due date with a determined/conditioned profit -as it prevails in our age. Then they said this profit that we receive is compensation of the time period that our commodity has not been used in commerce and had been idle. Or loaned a commodity like wheat and barley up to harvesting time and receive more than they had loaned and said cash price is for example 10 drachmas and it is right to credit sale by 15 drachmas, and it is right to loan to 15 drachmas. Since this action completely relies on profit/gain and reliance on God is left and body members and powers in searching livelihood which is of the most important worship and adoration had been stopped and left idle and the soul has stopped from supplication and praying God and the debtor has been harmed by receiving his property without compensation/replacement and the good work of "good loan" (loan without excess repayment) is left and all these affairs which are opposite to the God's will for his bondmen caused the God to prohibit usury and clash to usurer." 54 By this explanation about the theosophy of unlawfulness of usury, we can summarize that: if the debt resources are to be expended in consumption is encountered as usury and is prohibited. And if is expended in investment, then the excess receipt is profit and lawful. The above reasoning leads us to the theosophies of the legislator in forming production activities. By the name production, we mean value added as a system of national and product accounts of United Nations encounters in production and transaction of goods and services in all sectors of the economy. In summary: 1.
The loaner must share in profit and loss of the economic activity of the loan receiver.

2.
The rate of interest -because of the inability to determine the capital productivity rate a priori-should not be determined and conditioned in advance.

3.
Receiving interest in consumption loans is usury and not allowed.
According to these theosophies of usury prohibition, some of Shiites and Sunnites jurists consider non-usury of investment loans. 55 Though, some others encounter this as a trick to exit usury. Summing up different reasoning and scrutinizing the Quran indications and narratives, consolidates the conclusion that it is not a trick to exit usury and reveals the wisdom of God's decree. Of course, the theosophy of forbidding usury has also been cited from the social viewpoints which we do not touch them in this paper. 56 This group believes that in the age of the prophet and legislation of usury, in Arabia, usury was applicable in consumption loans, and the majority of loans were financed for consumption needs and Islam prohibited these loans. Thus, loans with interest in production affairs were excluded from usury realm. 57 That is, for example, one who borrows to construct or to buy a house will . benefit from this investment and is fully rational to pay some share of this profit to lender. This share may be as some percents of profit or be in different forms of Islamic contracts. Juristic opinion and decrees of Shiite and Sunnite jurists about sale and purchase of note strengthen this proposition. The decrees about the lawfulness or unlawfulness of purchasing note have a wide range of fully lawful to completely unlawful. Many jurists believe that notes are numerable and not weighable and measurable. Thus its transaction is lawful. They encounter note as a commodity. Another group believes that purchasing/sale of note is unlawful because it is debt usury. This group believes that note is an instrument to purchase and sale commodity and is representative of enumerating the commodity value and has no propertyship by itself. Comparison of various conflict decrees leads to an important conclusion. Since some decree that note lending is legal and some other decree as illegal. That is, some decree that notes lending-which is another expression of the loan-to lawful and some decree to unlawful. On the other hand, some say usury is legal, and some other says it is illegal. These conflicts enlighten two important propositions.
1. The juristic deduction methodology needs revision. 2. Ignorance to theosophy principle of jurisprudence is the main source of conflicts. 58 Regarding the first paradigm, if we ask this question (usury definition) from "this age divine legislator", we would receive a unique response that passes over the conflicting decrees and rules them out. Thus, the methods to find out the legislator opinion should be different from the prevailed methodology. As mentioned in the first part of the paper, the methodology of juristic deduction has many shortages and necessitates revision. The permitted person who has divine authority is the solution to this problem. On the other side, the juristic deduction methodology is not a scientific methodology. If it were, its answer to the unique particular problem should be unique. But in juristic deduction, we find different decrees and solutions to a specific (unique) problem. That is, it does not possess a scientific methodology 59 .

Usury initiates real sector fluctuations
By the second paradigm, we try to analyze the economic theosophy of usury prohibition. Generally, many economic fluctuations in the real economy come from money market oscillations. There is huge literature about this proposition in economic literature. If the money market fluctuation of the economy dampens, then the real economy will become much stable. The main effect of usury deletion from the economy is to make a direct link from the economy's real sector (investment at first) to the saving sector. As it cited before whenever banks are profit maximizer, financial intermediaries will operate as an independent sector, and the created differences in demand and supply sides of money resources will be the main sources of oscillation in the economy. On the other side, since, loans contracts are time period contracts; there should be a delay for the market agents to adjust themselves with new interest rate and market conditions. This delay is the source of continuous oscillations in financial markets. This phenomenon is displayed at the following figure: Bank's loan supply And also at the saving markets, at equilibrium, we have the equality of the amount of saving and bank's demand for resources and depositors' supply of saving deposits. That is: By generalizing this phenomenon, we will observe that any shock in supply of saving resources or demand for loans because of time-dependent contracts and consequently their inflexibility to adjust-will transfer to other market and oscillations will be transferred from saving to investment market and then from investment to saving market. The real economy will suffer from this oscillation, and the business cycle occurs.
By examining sign of the three equations of (1) and (5) and (7), it is obvious that the behavior of B R in different periods is oscillatory. The behavior of saving and loan markets can be modeled as a cobweb model that will have different time oscillations relating to the slopes of the demand and supply schedules in both markets.
The interest rates at the two markets will be: On the other hand, the interest rate in the saving market is a function of the interest rate in the credit market in the previous period. This adjustment will complete by the return path in the next periods. That is the interest rate of the credit market is a function of saving interest rate at the previous period. That is: By replacing (10) in (12), we will have: This equation is a second order difference equation. This equation type can oscillate simply during the time. This will be also true for interest rates. By replacing (12) in (10) we have: This equation, similar to the previous one, can be oscillatory. By replacing (12) in (9), we will have: Equation (15) and (11)   and these two variables can be oscillatory according to (13) and (14). Thus, interest rates similar to saving and loans resources in both markets can be oscillatory.