The Status of Corruption in Chennai District

Corruption is a multifaceted phenomenon which makes it difficult to have a single definition. There are several schools of thought on the degree of impact of corruption, but there is a consensus that corruption stifles growth, hampers development, worsens income inequality, and affects poor people the most. The development of a country depends on four aspects, namely, growth in agricultural production, development in the industrial activities, maintaining a huge amount of foreign exchange reserves and possessing adequate gold reserves to strengthen the financial activities in the country. These four aspects play an important part in the progress of a country. In fact, almost all the developmental activities are marred by corruption. Most of the funds allotted for various programmes and policies are siphoned in the name of implementation and the desired results are not achieved within the stipulated time. The well-known reason is corruption. It is prevalent everywhere and Tamil Nadu State is not an exception to this one. Generally, Bureaucrats are supposed to play a pivotal role, but in the words of Nobel Laureate Economist Amartya Sen “bureaucrats exercise discretionary powers in the absence of rules due to an incomplete contract situation which often leads to corruption,” says Nobel Laureate economist Amartya Sen. Further to say that India’s anticorruption institutions have been facing a growing shortage of resources of varied nature from funds to personnel. To reduce corruption citizens trust is a must and more importantly simplified government procedures are the need of the hour in reducing corruption in essential services,” said B.K. Chaturvedi, a former cabinet secretary who headed several committees on governance reforms. There are three pillars considered essential for the country’s growth, namely, the legislative, the executive and judiciary. These pillars when they are deviating from the established righteous path, corruption erupts to an unimaginable level. The present study focusses on Tamil Nadu State primarily and the outcome of the study shown by way of using simple percentage analysis.

INTRODUCTION
The development of a country depends on four aspects, namely, growth in agricultural production, development in the industrial activities, maintaining a huge amount of foreign exchange reserves and possessing adequate gold reserves to strengthen the financial activities in the country. These four aspects play an important part in the progress of our country. The success of all the four things are interrelated and due diligence must be paid carefully towards all programmes for the development. Planning various programmes is important and furthermore important is in its timely execution.
All the developmental activities are marred by corruption. Most of the funds allotted for various programmes and policies are siphoned in the name of implementation and the desired results are not achieved within the stipulated time. The well-known reason is corruption. Its role is too much in all spheres and poses a great danger in the country. Even in Tamil Nadu State, all the welfare programmes are delayed or not meeting its established targets on account of corruption. Anything to do, instead of planning what and how well to do a business or something like that, due care and diligence should be given to the term corruption because it is omnipresent and most powerful.
An increase in income alone would not help much in the reduction of corruption but rather it requires strengthening of anti-corruption institutions with suitable infrastructure facilities to maintain it in full swing with the help of egovernance, skilled manpower, simplified procedures and to reduce discretionary powers of the bureaucrats. "Often bureaucrats exercise discretionary powers in the absence of rules due to an incomplete contract situation which often leads to corruption," says Nobel Laureate economist Amartya Sen.
Further to say that India's anti-corruption institutions have been facing a growing shortage of human resources, which puts a question mark on the government's sincerity in fighting corruption. In India, the judge to population ratio is at 17.86 judges per million people against 50 as recommended by the Law Commission in its 1987 report. The Central Vigilance Commission, as on 31 December 2016, has a shortage of 27.77% personnel in Group "A" posts and 28.57 % in Group "B" posts when compared to the sanctioned strength. Similarly, the Central Bureau of Investigation also faces a shortage of 1,584 officers against the sanctioned strength of 7,274 as per the latest data from the department of personnel and training.
The critical need for trust in citizens and simplified government procedures are also important for reducing corruption in essential services," said B.K. Chaturvedi, a former cabinet secretary who headed several committees on governance reforms. And the institutions are also tainted. The CBI, for instance-one of the watchdogs-is like a "caged parrot speaking in its master's voice" as per the Supreme Court.
The first pillar, namely, the legislative consisting of elected people is responsible for creation of corrupt practices on account of floor crossing which ultimately cost the exchequer to a greater extent. The second pillar is ministers who makes laws to govern the people, may at times, corner the money with various dubious programs meant for the common people. The bureaucratic who is well known for red tapes, complicated procedures, poor transparency in various policies and programs are also responsible for more corruption activities. The third pillar, judiciary is highly responsible for unleashing corrupt activities and corrupt people by freeing from the clutches of law by their own judgements, at times may not be worthy of their tall stature.

Meaning of corruption
Corruption is a multifaceted phenomenon which makes it difficult to have a single definition. There are several schools of thought on the degree of impact of corruption, but there is a consensus that corruption stifles growth, hampers development, worsens income inequality, and affects poor people the most. The World Bank measures corruption on a scale of -2.5 to +2.5 with higher index value meaning lower corruption.
It may be referred to as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain in any form. It may also be referred to the act of dishonestly receiving unmerited favors from an individual, company, or government. The person giving the bribe is usually the one looking for the favor.
Such people may also be in a superior position that gives them power, authority or influence, and they use the same for selfish or personal benefits.
Corruption is an ambiguous subject to address because it can take place in a very organized and discreet way. Moreover, there are many types of corruption that range from small favors, which may be termed as trivial, to mega scandals that embezzle huge funds and resources. Here is the low-down about the different aspects of corruption.

Nature of the study
The above captioned topic "The State of Corruption in Chennai Region" is a research paper undertaken in Chennai region. This paper tried to elicit the perception of corruption in the minds of people from different walks of life. Lot of inputs was provided by them to eliminate corruption in the society which plays havoc in individuals' life to a greater extent.
Objectives of the study 1. To study the current status of corruption in the country. 2. To analyze the trends in corruption activities. 3. To identify the causes of corruption. 4. To find out the people's attitude towards corruption.

Methodology
The present study is purely based in primary and secondary data. The primary data is in the form of questionnaire wherein people from different walks of life were considered for the study. The inputs provide by them were arranged in an orderly manner for analysis purpose. The secondary data constitute published reports from various organizations, magazines and newspapers.

Analysis of data
The data so collected were analyzed by simple statistical tool to find out the perception about corruption in the minds of the people. The outcome considered as the basis for framing suggestions for the removal of corruption in the society. From the above Table 1, which relates to the Nature of Leaders, 88 percent of the people mentioned that the present rulers are not possessing the required minimum moral and ethical qualities in the public life. And further, 12 percent of the people opined that some of the leaders possess the same and they are working for the common people with utmost interest and care.
But if you consider in total, majority of the leaders are lacking in these values which are expected from them once they started their public. In fact, these things are somewhat inborn qualities, some others learn from others and some people start realizing their own by comparing with other leaders who are revered and respected by the people. In a nutshell, we can say that the present leaders' attitudes are far from satisfactory considering the above values. The Table 2 relates to the causes of corruption in the State. People who have been interviewed, 88 percent mentioned that poverty and illiteracy play a direct role in the corruption and 12 percent of the people stated that these two alone are not reasons for the cause of corruption, but other aspects are also related to it.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Reference Paper ID -IJTSRD20286 | Volume -3 | Issue -2 | Jan-Feb 2019 Page: 88 Owing to poverty people are not able to acquire the basic knowledge of functioning in their day to day life. They are finding it very difficult to get their legitimate work done with so much of difficulties leading to toiling of their time and energy. Leaders are capitalizing the poverty state coupled with illiteracy and minting money like anything. Even the simplest tasks of the common people are made somewhat cumbersome and snatching their hard-earned money to provide their legitimate requirements. In short Government should take utmost care in eradicating poverty and illiteracy among the masses with suitable time bound programme. The Table 3 shows the relationship between education and corruption. The importance of education was mentioned by almost 94 percent, and only a paltry 6 percent not agreed to that point.
True to say that a good education will nurture good habits and makes them to think everything for the welfare of all. The present-day leaders do not possess broad minds in their approach to various problems. In a country when teachers are given due respect, the learning atmosphere will be conducive to make people to learn well. Not only the memory aspect of learning but also the analyzing and thinking capacity are considered as an essential one in good education. This alone will facilitate people to take some concrete decision, be in the personal life or in the public life. One who learned well, will be considered as the embodiment of knowledge and anything said or done will, undoubtedly, be of good for all.
In fact, the real education is related to attitude and behavior with others. It defines the entire personality, no matter how qualified a person is, and a little bit of analytical capacity is needed while dealing with the public cause. The need for removal of corruption appears in Table 4, wherein 92 percent stated that corruption cases pending should be closed as early as possible and 8 percent mentioned that there is no need to be hurry in closing the same.
Overall, speedy clearance will be considered good for various reasons. When the cases are dealt with firmly, and actions are initiated within a short duration, it will result in fear psycho in the minds of people who are accustomed to corruption attitudes, by hook or crook. It is the duty of the Government to identify knowledgeable people and give respect to their knowledge by placing them in a responsible place. When such things are done, people will automatically sincere in their work, and do only the righteous way. In such circumstances, actions may be initiated well in advance and to see that the real culprits are booked and punished, which will be a lesson for others. The above Table 5 relates to Transparency and Corruption. Of the 275 people who were considered for the study, 238 people with 86 percent mentioned that transparency is needed in all acts undertaken by the Government and the others in general. And people with 14 percent said that transparency may not be needed for eradication of corruption in the society.
Transparency in procedures will make people to find out the time it takes in a job. Once, it is clear, there is no need to pay anything extra to others. People, who are in the habits of corruption mentality, will find it difficult to cheat people. One day or the other, they will be forced to accept the righteous way of functioning.
Rules, regulations, and procedures should be simplified and be made known to people in print and electronic media time and again. Any changes in rules and regulations must be informed to the people immediately to avoid paying money to get their due job done. Timely informing will go a long way in educating the people, and these people may not be witnessing the corruption before the unscrupulous people. The above Table 6 implies to Changes in Government and Corruption scene in the country. It is with great pain to note that 94 percent of the people raised their voice in relation to increase in corruption due to changes in Government once in five years. At times, the duration of the Government may be less than the established duration of five years, which may @ IJTSRD | Unique Reference Paper ID -IJTSRD20286 | Volume -3 | Issue -2 | Jan-Feb 2019 Page: 89 be due to political problems. Only 6 percent not supported the idea of increase in corruption due to changes in the Government.
The fact of the subject matter is when a Government plans some programmes and allocation of huge amount takes place, rarely will it see the light. The completion of the programmes at times may be dragged to more than five years. In such cases, the same party which is in power, won the election and assumed the power subsequently, there will not be, rarely, any increase in cost of the programmes. Even when it increases, it may be limited to minimal level.
On the contrary, when a new Government assumes power, the plans and programmes of earlier Government may be cancelled out rightly, leading to wastage of public money.
The new Government which is in power may start a new programme and, naturally, there will be ample room for corruption. Unnecessarily, public money is being wasted. If they are morally good enough, continuation of earlier programmes will be of something an appreciable act. But it rarely takes place in the country, and thereby corruption becomes the order of the day. The Table 7 denotes employees and corruption. It has been noticed that 79 percent of the people mentioned that corruption is on the high, in terms of number, at lower levels and nearly 21 percent of the people disagreed to that idea.
When the economy is dull, and the market is of negative, things may not be good in the society. People, who are having regular fixed income, will be affected a lot due to increase in prices and high inflation rate. People may be finding it difficult to lead a happy life and resorting to short cut method of earning which ultimately increases the level of corruptions. To tide over this situation, a just and reasonable pay is of highly required and the government should lend their ears to various associations raising voice for the cause of these people, in terms of providing financial benefits. The above Table 8 deals with complex laws and procedures and corruption. Wherein it has been mentioned that 86 percent of the people mentioned that complex laws and procedures are adding fuel to corruption. But on the contrary only 14 percent of the people not favoured the above aspect of increasing the corruption status.
It is widely known that people who are prone to corruption attitudes are escaping the clutches of law due to unclear nature of laws and under hand dealings with the higher officials. Even the law makers, at times, finding it very difficult to cope up with the laws and procedures while dealing with the corrupt people. In connivance with the politicians and higher officials, these people are finding it easy to do corrupt practices, without any difficulty. No laws are daring enough to reach the corrupt and put them behind the bars. By making laws and procedures simple, eradication of corruption may be possible to some extent. From the above Table 9, it gives a glimpse about the extent of public awareness about corruption attitudes. Out of 275 people contacted for this purpose, 74 percent of the people said that people are not showing any reactions to the corrupt attitudes and 26 percent mentioned that public awareness is there towards corrupt practices.
The practical point is that, people who are somewhat educated are finding it difficult to deal with the corrupt people. The main reason being, they are having muscle power and money power and the real mind power of the educated are not equal to that level. Dealing with these people, may result in loss of life, and other problems in the family circle. That is the reason; they are not ready to take any action against these people. They are just a silent spectator for all the happenings in the society. Even the law maker and protector of public are also in line with the corrupt people. In these circumstances, the role of Government is important in dealing with such corrupt people. The Table 10 shows the relationship between technology and corruption. The importance of technology was felt by the people very much. 78 percent of the people said that technology will reduce the corruption and only 22 percent of the people said that it may not solve the corruption problem to a greater extent.
To go still deeper into that concept, people are indulging in corrupt methods on the ground that the money earned by them may not be reflecting in their regular bank account. For the purpose of income tax, amount reflecting in the bank account, normally, considered to be the regular income and accounted for tax purpose. Income earned by other means, not as per the law of the land, escapes from the original tax net. When the income is narrowed down, and that too, making only one way of getting and receiving, through proper bank account, the magnitude of corruption can be minimized to a greater extent.
All receipts and payments when routed through bank account, considered to be a legal one, and there is a possibility of eradicating corruption soon. Even when any income not forming part of the bank account, if noticed, the law enforcing authorities must be so strict in taking punitive actions against those culprits.

Findings of the research study
1. The present-day leaders are not having any moral and ethical values in their day to day functioning with the people. 2. As population is on the increasing trend, which added more fuel to the problems of population and poverty. 3. The Government machineries dealing with the corruption charges are not equipped with qualified and dedicated people. Instead of working for the common cause they are having illicit relations with the corrupted people and living for their sake, and not for others. 4. The present-day rules and regulations are cumbersome in nature and dealing with the corrupt people, almost a herculean task. 5. A reasonable pay, especially, at the lower level should ensure a good standard of living. This will make them to stand away from the corrupt practices. 6. The General publics are finding it difficult to deal with the corrupt people in all possible ways, as per the laws of the land. 7. The use of technology will mitigate the corruption problem facing the Chennai State in particular and the country in general.

Suggestions
1. The standard of education should be increased by framing syllabus at regular intervals taking in to account the requirements of the State and the Society. 5. People who are entering the political field must possess some basic degree to understand the concept of Government and its functioning and the nature of common people. 6. Age restrictions should also be placed for entering the political area and staying in political life. 7. Past records are analyzed thoroughly and if any criminal records are noticed, immediately they must be stripped of their political color. 8. Funding of election should be done at a minimum level. 9. Instead of spending money on canvassing by the politicians, Government must help with their available print and electronic media to all politicians contesting election by charging a reasonable amount and slotting good time to all politicians. There by reducing the circulation of black money and corrupt practices in the election process. 10. The existing laws and procedures should be simplified, thereby, making the common man to get the things done without spending any extra amount. 11. Transparency in all activities should be ensured. 12. Government must educate the people with the help of available print and electronic media about the various practices to be followed for getting their day to day requirements from the Government. It must also be ensured a time bound action plan for all activities affecting the common man. 13. In relation to corruption charges also, a reasonable time frame is the need of the hour. This will ensure reduction of corruption level in the state. 14. The policies and programmes followed by one Government should continuously be followed by the subsequent Government. This will avoid corruption practices in a new program and policies of the new Government. 15. A well-defined wage formula must ensure a reasonable pay to all, especially it must be perfectly suiting the lower levels, which forms the major part of the corruption activities in all areas. Causes of corruption 1. Insufficient income Inability to meet basic needs or regular expenditure can lead an individual into engaging in corrupt acts for the sole purpose of achieving financial gain. 2. An ingrained culture of corruption. The habitual practicing of corruption in an organization usually leads to an ingrained culture of being corrupt.

Unenforceable rules and regulations -Rules that have
loopholes can be another recipe for corruption. Unethical individuals in a company can be scheming by taking advantage of gaps that exist in the regulations that govern the organization. 4. Scarcity of services If it is hard to get public services, people tend to pay to receive such services and enjoy preferential treatment. 5. Low levels of integrity -As "the abuse of entrusted power for private gain". Corruption can be classified as grand, petty and political, depending on the amounts of money lost and the sector where it occurs.
The above causes give some scope for having different faces of corruption depending on the circumstances that emancipates from the needs of the common people and the steps taken to fulfill those needs.

Types of corruption Petty corruption
Petty corruption involves very few people and happens within small circles. This type of corruption also involves small unwarranted favors. It is a prevalent type of bribery and requires no or minimal planning. Petty corruption is prevalent in government and private sectors where people buy a service that they do not deserve.

Grand corruption
Grand corruption is the abuse of high-level power that benefits the few at the expense of the numerous and causes serious and widespread harm to individuals in particular and the society in general. It often goes with impunity. It is a major obstacle to the achievement of sustainable development. It undermines and distorts sound financial practice and clean business, both domestically and internationally. It deepens poverty, inequality and it increases exclusion.
The act of bribery or corruption in this case is played by a very influential person in leadership who forces the political, economic and judicial systems to bend the law for their interest. These influential individuals may not facilitate the action physically but have other people doing the job on their behalf. Grand corruption majorly takes place in the government or organizations where the leadership is either dictatorial or authoritarian.

Systematic corruption
Systematic corruption is as a result of existing loopholes within the government or private sectors. The loopholes offer a discreet passageway where acts of dishonesty for selfish gain can take place without the knowledge of several people in the system. Systematic corruption can be propelled by low compensation, an embedded culture of impunity, lack of transparency, and open powers among many other factors. This type of corruption can further be divided into centralized systematic bribery and decentralized systematic bribery.

Political corruption
Political corruption takes place when an elected leader uses his or her power or resources for unfair personal gain. There are many ways in which political corruption can happen. Besides, influential people who commit political corruption have loyal networks of people who perform the actual corrupt acts. The following are some of the tools or instruments used in political corruption.
a. Bribery -This is the oldest type of corruption crime. Generally, bribery refers to the action of giving out money in exchange for something that is gainful or of interest. For instance, a person may pay off a government official to allow him or her to operate an illegal business like operating without an official permit or drug trafficking. b. Preferential treatment -All elected officials should be persons of high integrity acting in utmost good faith, fair and just offering services to the ordinary citizens. However, some elected officials end up giving preferential treatment to some people. These officials do so through the unfair use of their office responsibilities or power. An act of Nepotism falls under this category. c. Extortion, blackmail, and manipulation -This is widely common and prevalent where leadership is authoritarian or dictatorial nature. Ideally, an elected leader gets away with unlawful acts through instilling fear or diplomatically toying around with junior officials. Influential and corrupt officials can also use force when things are not in the expected manner from the juniors.

d. Graft and embezzlement -People in higher positions
have the role of initiating and delivering development projects to the grass-root level. The leaders do have access to and responsibility of managing public funds. Unfortunately, corrupt officials opt to channel the public funds to personal projects and developments. The embezzlement translates to personal gain instead of developing the welfare of common people in the society.

Judicial corruption
Judicial corruption refers to the criminal acts by judges or judicial officials. This results in giving of bribes to officials so that they deliver a tilted ruling that favors them... Judicial corruption can involve the government or powerful individuals in the private sector. The connection between these two institutions can imply that the government controls the judiciary. However, the bench should work independently and in an impartial manner.

Business corruption
Business corruption is a form of dishonesty by an entity for a gain or benefit. For instance, an entity may be operating an illegal business for a monetary gain. Some of the activities involved in this type of corruption include not paying taxes, acquiring improper registration documents, forgery, falsification, and operating with no valid licenses. This corruption type leads to inefficiency in resource use, encourages crime, and weakens the trade and business systems through sluggish developments.

Economic corruption
Economic corruption refers to the acts of dishonesty that affect existing financial systems for a personal gain. Ideally, such corrupt acts weaken the systems and rendering them inefficient. Instances of this type of corruption involve individuals or organizations who in money laundering activities or fraud. Money laundering, allows the channeling of millions of unaccounted currencies into the economy. As a result, few individuals do benefit from the activity at the expense of the economy. Money laundering can alter the average circulation of money in an economy by introducing excess cash resulting in an unhealthy business environment.

Corruption and Income
There is a strong relationship between income and corruption. Foreign direct investment in India increased 2.5 times from $24.3 billion in 2013-14 to $60.1 billion in 2016-17. However, the economic progress has not resulted in a fair reduction in corruption practices in the country.
The chart 1 shows the relationship of corruption with income. And the chart 2 shows the average level of corruption in various income groups of countries. Both the charts are self-explanatory. Corruption levels depend on an environment largely determined by per capita income. One of the reasons why low-income countries are unable to reduce corruption to the level of high-income countries is because the low-income countries do not have resources to build and sustain anti-corruption institutions.

Studies on Corruption -Corruption Perceptions Index-2016
Almost all the countries considered for the survey failed to touch the chosen mark of perfectness in the Corruption Perceptions Index 2016. Roughly two-thirds of the 176 countries and territories in this year's index fall below the midpoint of calculated scale of "0 -highly corrupt -to 100 -very clean". The global average score is a paltry 43, indicating rife corruption in a country's public sector. This year's results highlight the connection between corruption and inequality, which creates a vicious circle between corruption, unequal distribution of power in society, and unequal distribution of wealth. Mr. Jose Ugaz, Chairperson of Transparency International said that in many countries, people are deprived of their most basic needs and go to bed hungry every night for the reason that of corruption. On the other hand, the powerful and the mighty corrupt cream of the crop group enjoy extravagant lifestyles with impunity."-This is really an ugly sorry state prevailing in the present world. India had the highest bribery rates of all the countries surveyed for access to public schools and healthcare with 58% and 59% respectively, suggesting serious corruption risks. In comparison these numbers for Pakistan and China for public schools and health care accounts for 9%, and 11%, and 29% and 18% respectively.
Ilham Mohamed, Regional Coordinator for Asia at Transparency International feels that people in these regions find it tough to access basic services. "People don't pay bribes for quicker access to services," says Mohamed. "The problem is most don't have access to basic services like healthcare, school or law and order. Further the poor are disproportionately affected by petty bribery, and low civil service salaries. Even the prevalent systems allows little or no access redress mechanisms, are main reasons behind corruption.
One of the main objectives of the current Indian government has been to make India free from corruption. But it seems the country still has a long way to go. More than half the people living in India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Indonesia felt that their government was doing a good job in fighting corruption. In contrast people in South Korea, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia didn't think highly of their government in its fight against corruption.
India has the highest bribery rate among the 16 Asia Pacific countries surveyed and nearly seven in ten people who accessed public services in India had paid a bribe whereas, Japan has the lowest bribery rate, with 0.2% respondents paying a bribe. Further, 900 million --or over one in four -people across 16 countries in Asia Pacific, including some of its biggest economies like India and China, are estimated to have paid a bribe to access public services.
The lower-ranked countries are plagued by untrustworthy and badly functioning public institutions like the police and judiciary. Even where anti-corruption laws are on the books, the same has been ignored. The terms bribery and extortion become a way of life. The requirements of basic services have been weakened by the misappropriation of funds and confront official indifference when seeking redress from the authorities concerned.
The Higher-ranked countries tend to have high level of press freedom, access to information, well defined future planning for growth, great integrity for public officials, and greater independence to judicial systems. Here the impact of corruption on the common is miniscule in nature.

Media and corruption
Interestingly, the study found that countries with the least press freedom have a penchant to be the most corrupt. The Philippines, India and Maldives are among the worst regional offenders and they score high for corruption and have fewer press freedoms and account for higher numbers of journalist deaths. In the last six years, 15 journalists working on corruption stories in these countries were put to death. As per the report from the Committee to Protect Journalists, a non-profit organization working for the cause of press freedom mentioned that In India, at least six journalists were killed between 2016 and 2017.

The state of Fraud in Banking Sector in India -2017
Indian banks had reported frauds, in total to the tune of Rs.160,00,00,00,000, at an average of at least one every hour in financial year 2017. First, there was the $2 billion loan fraud at Punjab National Bank in February 2018 and subsequently, in March, the suspected irregularities at ICICI Bank. According to a report by Institutional Investor Advisory Services, a proxy advisory firm mentioned that between April 2016 and March 2017, Indian lenders reported 12,533 cases of fraud, totaling Rs18,170 crore.
In a surprise note to say that some of the banks, such as, Bank of Maharashtra, Bank of India, South Indian Bank, PNB, and Dena Bank the aggregate quantum of losses due to frauds are low, the average fraud size is high. In the Punebased Bank of Maharashtra's case, the fraud amount as a percentage of total assets of the state-run lender was 1.02%. "Added to a gross NPA of about 19%, this means more than one-fifth of the asset size is at risk every year due to weak controls and lack of adequate due diligence,".
In the words of Shri K. C. Chakrabarty, former Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, the higher magnitude of frauds can be ascribed to weak internal controls and oversight by the management. The loss of most amount of money to frauds, spent significantly more on audit than their private sector in the same field. The overall quantity of bad loans of Rs9.5 lakh crore, and such a high incidence of loan frauds have exposed the awful state of governance at India's banks. The repair and reform of this functioning, and reviving confidence of public and investor are, indeed, going to be a long and grueling task.

Conclusion
The ensuing year 2019 happens to be a year of General Election. There are lots of scopes for corruption activities. Instead of focusing on the policies and programs of the present Government, people are joining as a team to give a death blow to an Individual in the name of religion. The progress made in the last four years should have been made some sixty years before by the erstwhile rulers of the country. The reason for the progress not made earlier may be attributed to widespread corruption in all spheres in the country. Some sections concentrated in cornering the money for self, not minding their fellow citizens' problems and growth prospects. The size and structure of fraud committed, the amount of black money generated, and nepotism practiced shows the extent in which the corruption played an indomitable role in the Indian Economy. We should have made an appreciable progress in the field of education, agriculture, and industrial and technological, provided we got eliminated the corruption practices in all fields.


The model of choice of machine retaining devices for technological preparation of production

Optimization models are proposed for selecting the required number of universal prefabricated devices and non-separable special devices. As a modeling apparatus, nonlinear programming problems and discrete dynamic problems are used. The work formulates mathematical models that allow implementing a management technique based on the principles: Just in Time, Design to Cost, Risks Management.

Introduction
In the transition to digital production, there is a demand for the development of information intelligent systems to accompany all stages of the production process, which allows to increase process control, improve the quality of process monitoring, reduce production costs, increase the company's profit and the company's competitiveness in the market [1,2].
As part of cost reduction, Aviastar-SP JSC implements a program for the rational selection of machine retaining devices for technological preparation of production [3]. As one of the solutions, it was proposed to develop an automated decision support system for choosing a machine retaining device, which would analyze the design, technological, economic and organizational factors of the aircraft part and the proposed device [4] and make recommendations to the process engineer on the request of the most appropriate type of technological equipment. The main types of technological equipment were selected universal machine retaining devices (UMRD) and special machine retaining devices (SMRD) [4].
The article proposes a model for choosing the necessary set of SMRD and UMRD for the production process.

Problem statement
We assume that for some workshop there is a production line for many parts and assemblies = { 1 , . . , } ( − the number of types of parts and assemblies in the workshop) using the set of SMRD or UMRD = { 1 , . . , }, where the number of SMRD in the workshop, sindicator of the machine retaining device type. For s = 1 UMRD will be further implied, and for s=2 -SMRD will be implied. In this case, there is a correspondence: ⊆ × , which determine the belonging of the types of parts and assemblies to the types ( ∈ {1,2, … , }, ∈ {1,2, … , }, from sets. A part or assembly may mean a semi-finished product if machining using UMRD / SMRD is not ultimate for the process. Suppose that for a given period of time (measured in months) there is a need to produce a certain number of parts and assemblies in volumes of = { (1), (2), … , ( )}. Here ( ) is the set of 2 required values of the volumes of parts and assemblies per month ; ( ) = ( 1 ( ), 2 ( ), … , ( )), ( )planned number of the devices of type. The distribution of volumes by SMRD and UMRD is ambiguous and can be determined based on some quality criterion. We will focus on some of the most important characteristics that differentiate the choice of UMRD and SMRD: performance, risks when used in the production process, and cost. We will introduce the notation for the performance of UMRD and SMRD: is productivity of of type while producing devices of type, ∈ {1,2, … , }, ∈ {1,2, … , } (number of details per 1 month).
When planning production activities, it is possible to adjust the number of different types of UMRD and SMRD, as well as the duration of the use of devices, and we will introduce the following variables: ( )number of of type, necessary for the production of type devices, at moment, ∈ {1,2, … , }, ∈ {1,2, … , }, ∈ {1,2, … , }. continuous unit work duration of of type while producing devices of type, ∈ {1,2, … , }, ∈ {1,2, … , } (number of months in shares); It is necessary to note that each regulatory changeover or repair of [5] after the release of the specified number of parts will be considered a new position and will be included into ( ). In this case, the value ( ): is ambiguous and must satisfy a number of natural limitations. Natural limitations are the number of UMRD elements in assembly areas, workshop space, structural rigidity, etc. [5,6]. All possible variants of UMRD and SMRD for use in the workshop, subject to the presence of natural restrictions, are denoted by the ( ) set .
There are also restrictions associated with the use of labor resources. Let the vector function ( ) = ( 1 ( ), 2 ( ), … , тр ( )) be known, here 1 ≤ ≤ , is the number of types of labor resources of different qualifications, ( ) is the number of labor resources of type, which can be used in time cycle. ( ) function is determined by the staffing table, vacation schedule, and other factors. According to the norms of technological processes for each type of UMRD and SMRD for the corresponding part, fixed labor costs of the corresponding qualifications are required.
We will introduce the designation for labor costs: labor costs vector in the -th for -th device, = ( 1 , 2 , … , тр ) , labor cost rate of the -th type to ensure functioning of -th UMRD and SMRD, devices of type.
Thus, ̃( ) labor cost vector, aimed at the production of devices of type, can be calculated by the formula: ( Thus, full labor costs ̃( ) = ∑̃( ) =1 , i.е. they amount to the cost of each type of part. The provision of labor resources can be written as: ̃( ) ≤ ( ).
An important factor is machine resources. In the case of using CNC machines, one operator can service several pieces of equipment. The total engine costs ( ) and ̃( ) will be calculated similarly to the total labor costs ( ) and ̃( ). The condition of provision with machine resources will also be written in the form ̃( ) ≤ ( ). Let us consider the financial costs that affect the cost of production of various sets of UMRD and SMRD. Let be the value of the costs associated with the design, manufacture and dismantling of UMRD and SMRD for the j-th part, reduced to the beginning of the planning period, respectively. If before the start of the planning period the SMRD or UMRD were not put into action, then the value represents the total cost of the costs. If the device was used in the production process for a certain period of time, then part of the cost is debited in proportion to the nominal operating time of the device, and the remainder is recorded in , respectively. In this case, the total cost of expenses П ( ) from the design, manufacture and dismantling of UMRD and SMRD for parts of type transferred to the products in one cycle can be calculated by the formula: Also, various types of devices require the use of labor resources of various qualifications, therefore, different costs of labor hours. We will introduce rate of payment of labor resources of type, set the rate in the form of payment for one time step (month). Then the total wage ( ) for one-time cycle for parts of the form j is determined by the scalar product: Similarly, ( ) machine costs will be calculated per time cycle for parts of type. Also, variable costs include the costs associated with supporting the functioning of UMRD and SMRD, such as depreciation of fixtures, readjustment, repair, completion of design documentation, electrical energy costs, etc. We will introduce cost rate per unit of UMRD and SMRD. In this case, ( ) variable costs can be calculated as follows: Thus, ( ) total cash costs per time cycle, determined by the support of the UMRD and SMRD fixtures for the devices of j type, as well as the gross output, are the sum of the costs defined above: Let us consider the most significant risks caused by the operation of UMRD and SMRD: temporary losses, financial losses, defective products. The factors determining the above risks should include the qualifications of the personnel, the type of devices, the intensity of loading devices.
We will introduce the following random variables when using -th for a device of the type at time ( ∈ {1,2, … , }, ∈ {1,2, … , }, ∈ {1,2, … , }): ( -financial losses; ( )temporary losses; ( ) is the scrap volume of the parts. Due to natural limitations, the quantities ( ), ( ), ( ) are non-negative; in the general case, the values of the quantities are subject to a temporary effect. Evaluation of these values can be carried out on the basis of statistical analysis, in which it is possible to determine the possible seasonal nature of risks, the constancy of risks, etc.

Formalization of principles for the choice of UMRD and SMRD
Due to the choice of factors that determine the production activity of the enterprise, it is possible to change certain criteria that are most important when making a managerial decision.
It should also be noted that the duration of use of the UMRD and SMRD devices is determined by the management decision. However, for each type of device there is a standard term of work, exceeding this period entails an increase in risks: an increase in the number of defects, an increase in financial costs, and time delays.
We will introduce the standard terms for the use of devices: The values entered indicate the risks corresponding to similar risks, if the devices operate in the normal mode, not exceeding the normative terms, and the value of the corresponding risks increases (the mathematical expectation, dispersion increases), if the devices work longer than the established standards. Parameters , and in this case are the amount of the penalty for exiting acceptable standards.
We will formalize the implementation of the principle of "just in time." To ensure the principle of "just in time" it is necessary to fulfill the conditions ( ) = ( ), 1 ≤ ≤ . Taking into account random time delays ̃( ) of -th for a detail of j type, we can reevaluate the actual performance of the fixtures: instead of the nominal performance we get the performance: Different production methods give rise to different values of defective products ̃( ), which cannot be used in further production or for sale. The latter means that in order to ensure the necessary planned indicators, it is necessary to produce more products by the amount of rejects.
In this case, the expected output ̃( ) will be a random variable and can be calculated based on the expression: (12) Then, to ensure the principle of "just in time" the condition ( ) = ( ), 1 ≤ ≤ should be changed for the condition ̃( ) = ( ), 1 ≤ ≤ . We will introduce the set ( ) which is one of the valid sets of UMRD and SMRD, which provide the necessary number of devices and assemblies at a given time according to plan : From a mathematical point of view, the set ( ) is determined by a set of linear constraints such as equalities and inequalities, while the system contains random variables that, in the general case, can be correlated with each other. Correlation may be due to general logistics, management system, a single workshop, etc. If the set has more than one solution, the choice of a solution that satisfies the principle of "just in time" is determined by the introduction of an additional quality criterion.
Due to the presence of random variables in the system, the use of standard optimization methods is difficult. One of the solutions to the problem is the transition to a deterministic system based on the (16) Functional ( (•)) represents the sum of variances of temporary risks affecting "just-in-time" execution.
It is natural to set the task of finding a solution * (•) based on risk minimization: This optimization task, in essence, includes two important principles: "risk management" and "just in time." The instrumental solution to this optimization problem can be reduced to methods for solving quadratic programming problems.
We will consider the cost of production, which is due to activities in the workshop. We introduce the quantity ( ) which is the cost of production of the form j at time t, which is formed by all UMRD and SMRD at the current moment. The calculation of this value can be represented: However, it is worth noting that with a large diversification of production, consideration of the cost of each type of part is not always correct, the total cost of all products manufactured in the workshop is much more important.
In this regard, we will consider the integrated cost of all products in ( ) workshop at a time step : In the process of using devices, situations arise when additional financial resources are required, which are not considered in regulatory documents, to ensure the operation of devices. We will introduce the expected costs for the production of devices of type: . (20) In this case, the expected costs ̃( ) for each type of devices: If we take into account the random effects exerted on production, we can get an idea of the integrated cost ̃( ) in the form of a random variable: (22) The cost of each ̃( ) device type can be calculated on the basis of the relationship: The cost of production can be set when planning production. Let the integrated cost price * be given, as well as the partial costs for each type of device * , 1 ≤ ≤ . In this case, it is possible to set the condition for ensuring the prime cost in the form of ̃( ) ≤ * or in the form of ̃( ) ≤ * , 1 ≤ ≤ . It is possible to introduce the stochastic set ( ) which is a set of solutions with a given cost price If the set = ( (1), (2), … , ( )) contains more than one solution, then the choice of a single solution requires the introduction of an additional criterion, for example: To formulate the optimization problem, we will introduce the quantities ̅ ( ) = П ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ̅ ( ).
In this case, the cost function can be written in a deterministic form: We will introduce a deterministic set of solutions with a given cost price ̅ : Thus, the following optimization problem can be formulated: ( * (•)) = min (•)∈ ̅ ∩ ̅ ( ( (•))).
This task is to minimize the risks associated with increasing costs, while ensuring the planned production output. Thus, the solution to this problem provides the principles: Just in Time, Design to Cost, Risks Management.

Conclusion
The article proposes optimization models for choosing the required number of UMRD and SMRD, as well as the duration of their use to ensure the production activities of the workshop.
The implementation of these models as part of the decision support system in the overall complex of enterprise information support will allow decision makers to make informed management choices in the design and implementation of UMRD and SMRD.
The proposed models comply with the principles of management: Just in Time, Design to Cost, Risks Management.
In the software implementation of the proposed models, it is necessary to use numerical methods for solving high-dimensional nonlinear programming problems.


Alternative Local Food Shopping Communities in Hungary

. As a result of concerns about the long-term sustainability of globalized retail trade and the stronger presence of health conscious consumer behaviour, governments and groups of conscious consumers worldwide are increasingly focusing on the promotion and development of local food systems and small-scale retail chains and the production of quality local food products to promote the market. In our paper, we would like to give an overview of community-led alternative types of local food systems, with particular attention to shopping community-type consumer and consumer communities. We also describe the main results of our primary research in the population and the shopping community. During the questionnaire we revealed general consumer behaviour and the demand and attitude of local food, the popularity of the customer communities in the settlement of the respondents. In the survey conducted among members of the consumer community, we looked at the analytical areas designated as a target in the population questionnaire for the purpose of comparability and our aim was to explore the sociometrics and lifestyles of communities as well as their community experiences and possible developments. Our hypothesis is that there is a close correlation between the respondents with higher education and income and the preferences of local food. Furthermore, it is assumed that there is a significant difference between the food consumption behaviors of the two samples examined.

Types of Short Food Supply Chain Systems
Requirements for the globalized retail long-term sustainability concerns and a stronger presence in the health-conscious food consumer behavior as a result of the EU rural development policy places great emphasis on the short food supply chains in the promotion, development and quality, local food products are small producers directly distributes the promoters. There is an ever growing need for the development and improvement of short supply chains in Hungary as well, both from the demand and from the supply sides; therefore, the Shorty Supply Chain (SSC) Thematic Sub-Programme have been included in 2014-2020 Rural Development Programme. Hungarian small-scale producers mainly consist of private-and micro enterprises but the majority of those do not have sufficient professional and legal knowledge, lobby capacity and skills for applying for funds. Because of this they face difficulties in joining SSCs. The sub-programme concentrates on the development of those key areas, in which there are significant programmes related to small-scale farmers. These goals were harmonised and joined together with the following national strategies and development programmes: -Selection of short supply chain collaborative organization of producers access to the market, -The social demand strengthening for a short supply chain, -Improve the safety of the food chain is a short supply chain, -Selection of short supply chain, sales and marketing readiness of producers in developing, -Knowledge, knowledge transfer and development of innovation activity related to short supply chains. (RDP from 2014(RDP from to 2020Juhász, 2014). There are several definitions in the Hungarian and international literature regarding the short supply chain. The local short food chains shorten the physical distance between the producer and the consumer, they give room and space for the development of personal relationships typically given to local food from organic farming market access for direct sales. The 1305/2013/EU regulation of the European Parliament and European Council gives a plenty of space to the member states to create their own SSC concepts. The thematic sub-programme states that SSCs are "…the groups of producers and processers, which sell their goods to the consumers (or to the groups of consumers) directly or through one intermediary." (RDP 2014(RDP -2020 The SFSCs first grouping Marsden et al carried out in 2002. Typing is based on the spatial dimension meant what Renting and his colleagues (2003), revised after a yearlong focus on the timeliness and quality as well. Szabó study (2014) the direct or one-step SFSCs types are grouped into four main categories based on the sales method, separates traditional and innovative forms (Table 1) it is part of. It believes that these groups outlining the domestic SFSCs development orientations as well. The SFSCs new types of development and has managed SFSCs thematic sub-programs to encourage the development, promotion and socialization of the Community Supported Agriculture schemes as priorities by Hungary 2014-2020, Rural Development Operational Programme.

Community-supported agriculture
The idea of community-supported agriculture began in Japan in the 1970s, as a response to the adverse consequences of the agro-industrial development. The movement was named "Teikei", which means "Food labelled with the farmer's face". By the middle of the 1980s, self-organizing economies, based on community support and sustainability, have already appeared in Europe and the United States. Today, around 6,000 in the United States, and in the western part of Europe, there are thousands of similarly organized economies and related communities. These communities are differentiated in space, and differ greatly in their size and organizational form. Considering their local features and needs, they have many forms of manifestation. In traditional Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), the farmer distributes weekly fruits equally among the members in a "box system". The members pay for the products at the beginning of the season and get the food they serve in a given season on a weekly basis. In the wording of the European CSA (Community Supported Agriculture) research group, "The CSA is a direct partnership between a group of consumers and a producer(s) where the risks, responsibilities and rewards of agricultural activity are divided into long-term contracts. In general, the CSA works at a small or local level and is aiming for quality food supply in an agro-ecological way. " (European CSA Research Group, 2016, 8 p.) Member Choice CSA is a CSA operation in which members get some freedom to choose from seasonal foods to their "box" from week to week. Members pay in advance at the beginning of the season and each week they can place their orders on a list that includes the currently available crops. Those who do not issue their weekly order will receive the products harvested by the farmer. Buying clubs allow their members to order the food they need at regular intervals, typically on a weekly basis. In each club, members will issue their orders for the next 4-5 weeks at the end of the month. In other clubs, there is a chance for more frequent orders. Unlike classic CSA, members have the option to choose the so-called "pay-as-you-go" option. So they do not have to pay in advance, only when they pick up the shipment and select from week to week what they need and what quantity they need. Similarly to CSA transport techniques, buying clubs can usually receive orders at preselected delivery points. Some foods offered by buying clubs are nowhere else available. For example, hand-made meats and cheeses, dairy products of naturally reared animals, indigenous local vegetable and fruit varieties. Consumers can contribute to local farmers' support and the preservation of the local environment by purchasing their food from buying clubs. At the same time, they can enjoy the benefits of fresh and nutritious seasonal foods. In the case of buying clubs, the consumer has a greater leverage and the risk of the producer is greater, as there is no guarantee that he will be able to fully sell the food he produces. The members of the buying clubs / communities are typically conscious and committed to sustainability, keeping in mind not only the interests of their own but also the producers, and in most cases ensure the optimal operation of the model. Some farmers make the options offered by the shopping clubs available to the members besides the opportunities offered by the classic CSA. In this CSA and Buying Club Combinations the members pay in advance at the beginning of the season, but afterwards they have the option of ordering the "box" portions of them besides the food products offered by the buying club.

Local food from tourist aspects
Local food products are playing an increasingly stronger role in local economic development and local tourism (Áldorfai-Czabadai, 2014;Káposzta et al., 2015;Kassai et al., 2016;Péli-Némedi, 2016;Bakos-Tóth, 2016;Nagy et al.;2016, Bakos-Topa, 2016. These high value-added, artisan foods have both a tourist attraction for domestic and foreign tourists and tourist destination channeled towards specific consumers are able to gastronomy and culinary delights interested. Different gastronomical and fairs are good examples for this. "Food products, similarly to many other tangible and intangible cultural heritage, represent regional and ethnic identities, in a similar way as religion, language and folklore does. Foodand beverage consumption have a high position in tourism, and they are considered basic services in catering (Kim -Eves -Scarles 2009, Mak -Lumbers -Eves 2012). Touristic space, the definition of good places and the analysis of the destinations' milieu was also included (in. Michalkó 2010). Based on the results of previous investigations, we can state that the milieu of destinations include the image of the lands, of the local population and foods which should receive a high priority within the marketing-communication of destination (Füreder -Rátz 2009)." (Irimiás-Füreder in. Michalkó -Rátz, 2013, 105 p.) According to Michalkó (2008), the milieu of a tourist destination consists of seventeen parts which have different volume of effects on how the tourists perceive the destination. One of these elements is the "variety of tastes", which is made up by the factors related directly to gastronomy, and to the food production and consumption culture of the locals. (Michalkó, 2008) Local food, besides satisfying the need for food locally, can significantly consent to attracting tourists. For example, through the newly popular rural guest-tables the local farmers and caterers serve food prepared from ingredients from their own-or neighbouring farms. It is a very popular initiative among both domestic and foreign tourists. Moreover, not only the food served, but the way they are served and prepared is authentic, because the pots containing the food is made by local craftmen, thus strengthening and emphasising the uniqueness of the place. According to Szalók (2015, 6. p.), the tourists interested in local food products have the following main motivation categories: "The desire to buy and consume healthier food, To try something interesting and new compared to "city life" and quick food consuming habits, Curiousity about traditional Hungarian food products, Nostalgia, the memories of childhood spent in rural areas, Helping children in the cities getting to know the traditional food products, Supporting Hungarian and local economies, Environmental protection (shorter transportation distance, less packaging) Eating in authentic environment, perhaps learing about traditional ways of cooking, Tracking the short route of food from the farm to fork".
Tourists interested in authentic and traditional culinary experience can access to local food products through the different channels. Besides the numerous traditional and new channels of promoting local food products and other values, different innovative initiatives aiming to improve tourism, have started to be more prominent, both domestically and internationally. It is also important to note that consumers as Khademi Vidra (2013) states the consumers require the sense of personality during buying, so the current conventional selling models must be reformed. For example, Austria has been divided into taste-regions by Genuss Region Marketing, and each region had to specialise in a certain food products. Altogether, 110 taste-regions were created. Agricultural producers may join to these regions, if their products can fit in the region's taste-category: rural catering, directly from the producer, wineries, traditional pig-slaughtering, local producers' markets, or webshop, gastronomic exhibitions, festivals, local fairs. Besides the numerous traditional and new channels of promoting local food products and other values, different innovative initiatives aiming to improve tourism, have started to be more prominent, both domestically and internationally. For example, Austria has been divided into taste-regions by Genuss Region Marketing, and each region had to specialise in a certain food products. Altogether, 110 taste-regions were created. Agricultural producers may join to these regions, if their products can fit in the region's taste-category. For differentiating the regions they use different marketing tools, e.g. logo, label, posters. The local population supports the initiative so much that in many villages they position information boards inside the settlements, so the tourists can learn about the local food specialities. The concept also includes an innovative tourist package as well, and many villages provide electric bicycles, which contain a GPS device that leads the user through a local product path. We can find more and more creative and innovative initiatives in Hungary as well. The Alliance of Rural-and Agricultural Tourism created a website, which offers accommodation and programmes (e.g. gastronomic programmes), as well as recepies for local food products. The initiative is endorsed by many Hungarian celebrities (Élelmiszer Online).

The environmental impact
The unconventional and highly globalized food systems directly and indirectly have a negative impact on the natural environment. This phenomenon is not surprising, since the consumption area food consumption associated with one of the greatest environmental impact today (Thogersen, 2005;Druckman-Jackson, 2010;Tukker et al, 2011;Reisch-Eberle-Lorek, 2013). The large-scale industrial food production depletes the soil for something significant energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions (Lorek, Spangenberg, 2001;McMichael et al., 2007;FAO, 2009). Figure 1 shows the associated environmental impacts and socio-economic costs associated with the relation of food work harder.
The food has changed consumer behavior, such as meat-based diet is a high degree of spread as well as food waste phenomenon is even more enhance the impact on the natural environment. It is estimated that one third of the food produced annually is thrown away, which also represents a waste of energy resources is excessive. According to another survey of 550 billion cubic meters of water is used for watering plants you've never consumed. Bognár (2013), according to causes other than the food waste are developed and the developing world. In developing countries, the producer side is obsolete infrastructure and outdated farming method may cause the food waste, while in developing countries the reckless hedonist and consumer behavior. It is estimated that in Europe and North America food waste could be three times from cover food needs of the world's hungry. The supply chain is characterized by short-conscious consumers involved in food purchasing behavior, which supports and promotes sustainable consumption in the immediate and wider environment. We can hear more and more about the expression of sustainable consumption but do not always know what exactly does this term mean-sounding label. By definition, most agreed that sustainable consumption ".. the basic requirements used to improve the quality of life of the products and services that minimize the whole life, the use of natural resources and waste and emissions without toxic substances compromising the satisfaction of the needs of future generations" (in. KÖTHÁLÓ, 2007, 1. p.). Opinions are divided about the sustainability of the Short Food Supply Chains. Some studies argue that local food systems lower carbon dioxide emissions than conventional chain. The SFSCs environmental impacts synthesizing studies Benedek (2014) concluded that there can be an axiom handle the SFSCs environmentally friendly nature, as this can only be true that if you are a small chain of producers and consumers cooperation potential network, optimization and delivery processes according to the season typically accompanied by plant-based foods. In addition, a key element of conscious consumption in many cases available for the "victims", the familiar "always available regardless of the season and all in one place", eradication convenience only. Along supported by the community agricultural systems organized at these lines and strong awareness and the role of community-building (eg. Administrator visits, joint harvesting etc) you can load allows a high degree of confidence in the personal on both producers and consumers to build. Agreeing with Gerencsér and Szeberényi (2016, 813 p.) statement we consider that the environmentally friendly solutions "…has many potential benefits, including a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, the diversification of energy supplies and a reduced dependency on fossil fuel markets (in particular, oil and gas). The growth of renewable energy sources may also have the potential to stimulate employment in the EU, through the creation of jobs in new 'green' technologies."

Food shopping communities types in Hungary
In Hungary, the demand for developing and improving a network of short supply chains, both supply and demand, has increased, so in the 2014-2020 Rural Development Program, Hungary has developed the Short Supply Chain Thematic Programming (REL).
Small-scale producers are typically composed of micro-enterprises, the majority of which do not have the appropriate skills, legal knowledge, attentiveness and ability to participate in the circulation of the short sales channel. Therefore, the sub-program focuses on the development of key areas, where very small deficiencies can be identified for small producers. These objectives have been harmonized and linked to further national strategies and development programs, which are as follows: -Food Chain Security Strategy 2013-2022, -National Rural Strategy, -Hungary's medium and long-term food development strategy, -Territorial and Settlement Development Operational Program (VP 2014-2020). There is an increasing number of forms for consumer engagement towards local food systems. Based on the classification of Vadovics and Hayes (2007) in. Réthy and Dezsény (2013, 5 p.) categorized local food systems into two large groups. They distinguish between so-called "economic systems", which are based on cooperation between farmers and consumers, and "non-economic systems", in which consumers produce for themselves in their homes or in the nowadays popular "community gardens". Within the economic systems, "community supported agriculture" and their subtypes, as well as "local product trademark systems" and "producer markets" are distinguished. It can be seen that the degree of consumer engagement is the highest in the case of community-supported agricultural systems. In the wording of the 2014 Statue of the Hungarian National CSA Network (KöKiSz -Community Smallholders' Association), the Community Supported Agriculture is a system based on trust, solidarity, mutual commitment and personal contact between a group of consumers and one or more producers. It is a local food system based on the principles of organic farming (whether proven ecologically or not). At the initiative of individual farmers or NGOs, consumer members are committed to agricultural production for a given period. According to the terms of such an agreement, consumer members may share the produced food without the attached price tag, but they pay a flat fee to finance the operation of the farm with regular contributions. The buying groups are an alternative and innovative type of Community Supported Agriculture. Buying groups are grass-roots initiatives that support local food production and sales. Farmers and their buyers are a community, so that cooperation is beneficial to both the producer and the consumer. The primary advantage of the producer is that it can build up a direct and long-term relationship with its customers, locally sell its quality products, so it can operate cost-effectively and optimally. The consumer's advantage is that he is able to acquire food from healthy and safe sources, contributing to the preservation of his health and the development of the local economy. These good practices can fundamentally reform the increasingly globalizing consumer behaviour, strengthen identity and community spirit. Buying groups are still in their infancy in our country but have latent potential for stimulating many local economies and tourism. Nowadays, in our country, customer communities operate in the northern axis of the country and in urban areas, agglomeration areas. Of course, their number may be different, but in our research, only those categories are considered, that are competent enough to consciously organize their activities and reach a wider audience, for example by appearing online (eg, their own website, web shop, Facebook). Regarding to consumer communities, consumers have the greatest choice because they do not have to pay in advance and have no obligation to take over the portion of their food products produced in cooperating economies, such as the system of permanent buyers (Community farms) or proportional farming (box systems). As a matter of fact, we can also regard consumer communities as an alloy of these two types, since members informally commit themselves to food products from local farmers, accepting the seasonal selection, but the consumer decides on what product and how much would the basket organizers. Several local producers, a non-governmental organization or a small consumer community (s) arrange a delivery and distribution system (door to door or a permanent reception point), typically for small farmers, locally or regionally produced goods. Customer communities offer high quality, value-added, reliable and traceable resources to local consumers and their customers. These communities distribute foodstuffs from farms with a maximum of 80 km, at a producer price. In consumer community systems, many products of a variety of producers are usually displayed, depending on the size of the community. Customer communities in Hungary are typically non-profit organizations operating on a civil basis. Community members can make their orders by phone (by phone, fax, online) on a regular basis for delivery and receipt for a specific day. These systems are flexible enough and can vary depending on their operation and product range (L rincz, 2017):

Personal system:
o The organisers co-ordinate the orders o The producer is present when the consumer receives the product o The consumer pays to the producer directly o The transaction is finished in about two hours o The producers may sell more goods than ordered (to other consumers) Advantage: direct contact between the producer and the consumer Disadvantage: It requires more space and infrastructure. Transactions are not as traceable as other possibilities, buying communities may become more market-like. Examples: Kiskosár Buying Group, Szatyor Debrecen, Tatai Fészek Buying Group, Gördül Kosár Buying Group

Community system:
o The producer is not present at the transaction o Contribution of volunteers, compilation of unit boxes o The buyer pays to the organizer who transfers the money to the producers Advantage: that it can be handled in a smaller place, more traceable product traffic and administration. Disadvantage there is no direct customer-to-customer relationship, and a large volunteer portfolio and hard work is needed. Examples: Miskolc Green Basket Community, Community of Nyíregyháza Community, Kecskemét Szatyor

Institutional system:
o Similar to the community system, the producer and the buyer do not meet personally o The circle of buyers is represented by an institution, a work group, and the transfer takes place in the given institution o Payment is made with a one-week slip drawn by a volunteer appointed by the institutional / workplace customer group and handed over to basket organizers who forward it to the producers Advantage: buyers are concentrated in one place, the transaction is quick Disadvantage: there is no direct producer-consumer contact and it requires plenty of volunteer work Examples: Pannon Helyi Termék We identified two more categories based on our empirical research:

Community system + shop + providing related services
o It combines the community system with a permanent point of sale / shop where not only pre-surgeons can receive their food packages but also occasional buyers can buy from a basic product range o They are intensifying approaches, community building activities and complementary services such as home delivery, cookery courses, team building food and venue insurance etc. Advantage: reaching a broader consumer segment, fix transaction point Disadvantage: the organisers must form an official organisation, which might be costly and takes a permanent staff.

Buying group organised on a social media website:
o The community does not have the basic infrastructure that is needed to organize and operate a permanent producer-consumer community, so an enthusiastic volunteer creates a community site / forum where local producers and customers can meet. o The volunteer takes care of site maintenance, content filtering, but handover and acceptance processes are co-ordinated between producers and buyers. Advantage: it requires more simple organisation and infrastructure capacities, Disadvantage: it is more difficult to ensure and control quality and the community-building function is lower than in other forms Examples: Közös Batyu Vásárlói Közösség, E-Kofa

System of recurring consumers (community farms)
In this type of community farms, consumers join to the farmer for a whole year and take products from the farm every week. Consumers pay a flat fee for varied seasonal crops. The range and amount of food to be obtained depends on seasonality. At the end of summer there is a wider range of products than spring. (TVE, 2016). Typically, in this system, members can get a wide range of vegetables and fruits, but in the assortment of other commodities (meat, dairy, eggs, bread, etc.), as well as consumer goods, there are other processed and durable foods as well as various spices.

Proportional farming (box system)
Essentially, the principle of community economies is based on proportionate farming, more commonly called box systems. In this case, consumers are also offered a fixed price for food products on the farm, except that the consumer can decide whether to order a box or not. (TVE, 2016)

Material and methods
Questionnaires were conducted by the framework of the main author doctoral work, who is researching the alternative local food systems since 2016. The showed results in this paper is based on her primary research study and some panels are already published in conferences and journal papers. Sampling of the questionnaires between consumers of Hungarian shopping communities was representative and the number of relevant respondents was 297. Among the general population in whom settlement there are shopping communities was conducted a questionnaire study too, with the help of second year students of the Szent István University. We made the research in spring of 2016 and 2017 in the following settlements: Esztergom, Kecskemét, Érd, Csömör, Miskolc, Eger. Sampling was arbitrary and not representative, but we achieved a demographically wide sample. The IBM SPSS Statistics 20 statistical programme package was used for processing the questionnaire database.

Results of the population survey
For 42.8% of the respondents it is very important and for 33.9% of them it is important to be able to buy locally produced and processed food. Regarding the demographic characteristics, we could find significant, but weak correlation between consuming local food and gender (-2 = 24,304; df = 3; p = 0,000; Cramer's V = 0,173), the education level ( 2 = 50,002; df = 12; p = 0,000; Eta = 0,154) and the occupation ( 2 = 81,470; df = 27; p = 0,000; Cramer'V = 0,183). In spite of our preliminary assumption, the perception of local food products among household respondents is independent of the income situation. Responses suggest that women are more committed to local foods than men, as 82.5% consider it important for local food to be available to consumers. By contrast, 32.4% of men do not consider this important at all. The respondents with tertiary education have a higher demand for local food (85.6%). 40.6% of young people in student status do not consider local foods important at all, which is a great problem, since a few years later they will determine a significant part of the demand for food. For housewives it is important to buy high-value, healthy and traceable food (91.7%).
For 34.0% of respondents it is very important, and for 51.6% it is important to have a grocery store in their town where only local and Hungarian food products would be available. There is a significant demand for local food, but only 11.0% of the buying communities in their settlement are members and 30.3% of them heard about them, but have never bought anything in it. 58.7% of respondents have never heard about buying communities. Among the respondents in Csömör and Esztergom, most of them knew the buying community in their settlement. This is probably due to the fact that Csömör is not a large community with only 8 723 people where the fame of such a community spreads more easily, and the Esztergomi Kiskosár ("small basket") has a very good marketing activity. Behind the consumer communities there is usually a civilian organization and most of them struggle with resource shortages and infrastructural problems, so their survival and development largely depends on cost-effective online communication. 34.0% of respondents would be willing to pay more for local food, with 38.7% for only a few basic foods.
In the case of meat products and breads, different types of shops are still popular, and the market as well in the case of vegetables and fruits, eggs and acidified products. Regardless of the type of settlement, for the respondent Hungarian households it was usual to buy and prepare pickles and jams. Based on the calculations of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office in 2014, with the increase in income, the proportion of purchased and self--produced foods decreases, and the proportion of workplace-, school-and restaurant meals is increasing. In the case of households in the top quintile, nearly three quarters of food expenditures are purchased, only 3.0% of their own production and about 23% of out-ofhome meals. It was remarkable to find that in 2014 the structure of the food consumption of lower income categories has changed favourably, compared to comparable prices the purchased and in-house consumption expense as well as those living in better financial conditions, which resulted in the year 2013 more favourable rates for their food costs.

The results of the survey among 'Basket members'
Surveying among the consumer community has brought the expected results, as by purchasing in a buying community, they are committed to high added value local foods. It is not surprising, therefore, that for 62.6% of respondents it is very important and for 34.0% it is partly important to buy locally produced food. Our hypothesis that purchasing communities, primarily those with a higher education qualification and households with higher than average income, have been certified since 70.7% of respondents have a higher education degree and have higher income than 250,000 HUF. The basket members could be labelled on Likert scale ranges from one to six (1-none at all ... 6-fully-characterized) that the motivations listed by us are characteristic of them when purchasing them in consumer communities (Table 2). Based on the averages of responses, the main motivations of their community purchases reflect modern conscious consumer behaviours, as it is important for them to get their basics from trusted sources (5.60), fresh (5.60) and healthy (5.47). At the same time, in addition to the individual interests, there is a strong emphasis on social responsibility in their purchasing decisions, as the motivation of the local economy (5.22) and local producers (5.20) is strongly emphasized by their purchases. This consumer segment also has an environmentally friendly attitude (4.97). In spite of the fact that this is a purchasing segment with a higher disposable income, it can be stated that they are somewhat price sensitive. Contrary to our preliminary assumption, consumer communities do not yet fully fulfil the role of community development and identity in Hungary. Based on our empirical experience, currently few communities have the capacity to accommodate the food procurement and distribution system on this front and the consumer circle is not open enough for it either. Of course, one or two smoother and more organized and functioning communities such as the Budapest Szatyor Buying Community, the Esztergom Kiskosár Buying Community or the Miskolc Green Shopping Community. It is very difficult to "slow down" and "engage" the accelerated consumers of our time and give them a community experience. It was clear from the research that this form of purchasing was chosen because of health and environmentally conscious functional food procurement, rather than membership in the community or participation in community programs. However, it is clear that their consumer behaviour is the closest to the so-called LOHAS's (Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability) behavioural pattern. The special character of the group is given by the environmentally and health-conscious consumer attitudes (Kotler-Keller, 2006) and the buzzwords of consumers in the consumer community are reliability, traceability, health, freshness, environmentally friendly and local / neighbourly farmers.
The main purpose of the survey among basket members was to find out what kind of lifestyle characteristics were to be written along with these customer groups. Based on the averages of responses, the examined consumer segment has the lifestyle characteristics shown in Table 3 according to their responds. Personal demographic characteristics go beyond the lifestyle, as it generally shows the way people want to "lead" their lives and thus reveal a lot about their individual goals and goals (Tör csik, 2007) and thus reveal the basic consumer habit. In the life of the respondents, on the Likert scale which ranges from one to six (1-not at all ... 6-fully-featured), the main priorities are health (5.68), family (5.64) and a calm, balanced life (5.48). They try to be autonomous (5.14) and live a secure life (5.31), they are eco-conscious (5,28), they are supporters of meaningful life (5.26), friendships are important to them (5.19), as well as spiritual development (5.18) and leisure time (5.02). Based on dominant lifestyle characteristics, they could be described best with the functional consumer behaviour (Tör csik, 2007). They show a pure consumer types, whose consumption is not motivated by symbolism, but by internal motivations, their own "wellbeing".

Conclusion
In our study, we gave a brief overview of the international and domestic types of local food systems, which are commonly characterized by the fact, that for small farms in the background, due to global competition, there is a direct or maximum supply of an intermediate, alternative sales channel. On the consumer side, they also enable the purchase of high-value, traceable foodstuffs. These innovative and grass-roots forms of sales bring producers and end consumers closer together, contributing to the direct marketing of local food and supporting the local economy. The creation and development of small-scale food systems a priority in the European Union and Hungary 2014-2020, the rural development policy. This kind of direct and personal form of marketing more and more popular among health and environment-conscious consumer segment. In contrast to the short supply chain environmental sustainability are divided professional opinion, however, it stated that producers and consumers coordinated cooperation and possible networking, optimization and the season of the transport processes are adequate and typically plant-based foods providing significant reductions in environmental impact. Local food systems undisputed positive impact on the local economy as well as tourism and gastronomy activation. The global competition squeezed out small producers can sell their food products directly or through a local maximum of one intermediate players and can connect to the local gastronomy and tourism in shaping the image of the local.
Our survey among basket members highlighted that households with higher than average earnings and higher education typically use this alternative food supply option. Contrary to our preliminary assumption, consumer communities do not yet fully fulfil the role of community development and identity in Hungary. Based on our empirical experience, currently few communities have the capacity to accommodate the food buying and distribution system on this front and the consumer circle is not open enough for it either. However, it is clear that their consumer behaviour is the closest to the so-called LOHAS's (Lifestyle Of Health and Sustainability) behavioural pattern. Their support for local producers, their health and environmental awareness are serious for them. Their dominant lifestyles are based on their mature, clear, consumer-type image, which is not motivated by symbolic food consumption and the appearance of the outside world, but motivated by internal motivations and their own "well-being". As a possible continuation of the research, the collection of good practices and primary research carried out among other actors can facilitate the design of a sample model for shopping communities.