EXTRACTION OF ORTHOGONAL BUILDING BOUNDARY FROM AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA BASED ON FEATURE DIMENSION REDUCTION

: Building boundary extraction is an active research topic in the field of feature extraction from airborne LiDAR point cloud data. Owing to the high complexity of most building extraction algorithms based on point clouds, multiple feature parameters must often be combined with iterative operations, particularly in the process of mitigating the sawtooth phenomenon using the sleeve algorithm and its improved versions. To improve the degree of automation and ensure accuracy, this study proposes a fast corner point detection method based on a dimensionality reduction technique, which utilizes reduced data mapping from 3D to 2D. We converted the boundaries extracted by the alpha shape algorithm to a 2D image and applied recursive Gaussian filtering with a relatively high level of automation to smoothen the image edges and mitigate the sawtooth phenomenon, thereby improving upon the sleeve algorithm, which requires a large number of iterations. Subsequently, the DouglasPeucker algorithm is used to retrieve the contour key points after extracting the contour lines and obtaining the regularized building contours using the grouped orthogonal regularization method. To verify the accuracy of the algorithm, it was compared with a cluster and adjustment (CAA)method based on the sleeve algorithm using three major evaluation metrics with respect to four representative building instances in two experimental datasets of urban areas. The value of the RMSE was reduced by an average of 43.79%. In addition, the time complexity decreased from O ( n 2 ) to O ( n ). These results demonstrate that the proposed method improves not only the accuracy of boundary extraction, but also the efficiency of data processing.

INTRODUCTION
The identification and extraction of building boundaries are important for topographic map repair, change detection, and many location-based services (Rau, 2012). Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can provide precise surface 3D information of buildings and is able to preserve the real structure of the buildings after extraction (Fan et al., 2014;Guo et al., 2021). However, the LiDAR data used to generate simplified boundary lines require a significant number of iterations. By contrast, extracting buildings from high-resolution images cannot guarantee the recovery of the real building shape because key building parts may be missing. Despite these limitations, the process of building boundary extraction and simplification based on images is highly automatic and fast. Guo et al. (2021) used two types of data, namely point cloud and image, to extract buildings from the same area and demonstrated that the method based on LiDAR can provide more accurate extraction results. Therefore, the geometric properties and echo information of LiDAR point clouds are currently used by most researchers for building extraction (Dey et al., 2020;Polewski and Yao, 2019;Yao and Wu, 2021;Yi et al., 2017;Zhang et al., 2018). The alpha-shape algorithm is generally used to determine building boundaries (Chen et al., 2017;Jung et al., 2017;Sohn et al., 2012) and is simple, efficient, and stable. However, the results of the alpha shape algorithm exhibit sawtooth phenomenon and cannot be formed into regular shapes because of the discreteness of the point distribution. To solve these problems, the sleeve algorithm (Wei, 2008) * Corresponding author and its improved versions (Liu et al., 2020;Ping et al., 2020) have been proposed to filter out the rough boundaries in the extracted point cloud and retain key corner points, such as turn points. However, it is challenging to simultaneously find a suitable threshold for screening and obtain accurate results owing to the presence of the sawtooth phenomenon. Moreover, a large number of iterative experimental steps are generally required to obtain satisfactory results. Hence, this process is time and resource intensive. Furthermore, Widyaningrum et al. (2020) applied a shrinking circle algorithm to convert the ALS boundary points extracted by the alpha shape algorithm into medial axis transform (MAT) points. These MAT points were grouped into corresponding medial branches using corner-aware segmentation to extrapolate the corner point positions based on the radii. The segmentation step requires a large number of iterations to adapt the thresholds, which is time consuming. By contrast, the process of building boundary extraction and simplification based on images (Turker and Koc-San, 2015;Zhu et al., 2020) is automatic and fast. RAN et al. (2020) proposed an automated method to extract and optimize building boundaries using Canny detection and the Hough algorithm. This method features a high degree of automation in the boundary extraction process without the need for a tedious iterative process. However, it does not make full use of the structural characteristics or rules of the building target, which may affect the accuracy of subsequent building extraction. Image-based methods for building extraction can be broadly classified into two categories: (1) building extraction based on artificially designed features (Alshehhi et al., 2017;Ghanea et al., 2016) and (2) building extraction based on deep learning (Lv et al., 2019;Szegedy et al., 2015;Zhou et al., 2020). The artificial-feature-based ap-proach relies mainly on geometric, spectral, and architectural information features to achieve building extraction in remote sensing images. Owing to the complex background information present in remote sensing imagery and the low distinguishability between building features and backgrounds, building contours can often be missing or distorted. Although an automated neural network can extract the distinctive features of an input image, it may fail to detect certain object details because of large variations in building textures. Therefore, the imagebased automatic building boundary extraction method may not be suitable for accurate extraction of buildings from images, but is more efficient.
To solve the problem of inaccurate and ineffective corner point extraction resulting from simplifications in the sleeve algorithm, this study proposes a method based on a dimensionality reduction technique, which reduces the initial contour extracted by the alpha shape algorithm from airborne LiDAR data into a 2-D image. The image is used to mitigate the sawtooth phenomenon by smoothing the image edges to achieve effective corner point extraction. Subsequently, the building boundary is extracted again and boundary simplification and regularization are performed. This method can improve the degree of automation of the entire process while ensuring accuracy.

METHODOLOGY
In this study, we propose a fast corner-point detection method based on dimensionality reduction. First, a method based on airborne LiDAR data was used to extract the building points, and the alpha shape algorithm was used to extract the initial boundary. Second, the extracted contour was converted into a 2-D image. Finally, the image-based method was used to extract the boundary of the building again and perform boundary simplification and regularization. This process is illustrated in Figure 1.

Building Extraction
Filtering is a technique of dividing a LiDAR point cloud into ground and non-ground points. The non-ground points are subsequently separated from the building points. This study utilizes a filtering method based on the cloth simulation filter (CSF ) proposed by Zhang et al. (2016). The principle of the algorithm is that a piece of virtual cloth sinks on the reversed surface of the terrain due to gravity (Liu et al., 2020). The change in the terrain can be observed directly and clearly by controlling rigidity, which represents the stiffness of the cloth in the previous analogy. Buildings, automobiles, vegetation, and other non-ground points were among the points generated using filtering. To distinguish the buildings from the non-ground points, we used a clustering segmentation method proposed by Hong et al. (2014) using the convergence area and slope of the point cloud as thresholds after classifying the point cloud based on elevation. Specifically, the surface equation of the local region (the eight neighborhoods of the point cloud) is fitted using the least squares method (equation1). In space, the slope of the tangent plane of the fitted surface at a point can be calculated using the gradient formula (Equation 2 ).
where xi, yi are the coordinates of LiDAR points The general steps of the algorithm are as follows: (1) select the bottom-left point in the point cloud as the seed point and create two 3 × 3 arrays C and N in the argument space; (2) fit the surface equation corresponding to the area of array C using equation 1; (3) calculate the gradient values of the seed point and its 8 neighboring points in the fitted surface and compare them with the slope threshold: if a gradient value is greater than or equal to the slope threshold, the corresponding position in C of the point is assigned a value of 0; otherwise, the assigned value is 1; (4) calculate the sum of all values in array C, which represents the area statistics of the local area where the seed point is located. If the sum of C is larger than N, the seed point is considered a building point. (5) The remaining points are searched from left to right and bottom to top, and the steps (1) through (4) are repeated until all points are determined. This method can effectively overcome the problem of missing details in the local areas of buildings resulting from noise and observation errors (Huo et al., 2019). After identifying the building points, each building roof is extracted using the region growing segmentation algorithm, which is based on the angle difference between the surface normal vectors to classify the point set associated with the same plane.

Initial Boundary Extraction and Image Conversion
The alpha shape algorithm was used to perform the initial 2D boundary extraction from the projected roof points. Figure 2 depicts the alpha shape algorithm workflow (Shen et al., 2008), where the S1 point cluster randomly selects a point from S1 and selects a point P2 from the S2 point cluster, which is composed of points whose distance to P1 is less than twice the alpha value, as shown in Figure 2(a). A circle with radius alpha passes through any two points P1 and P2. If there are no points in this circle, the two points are regarded as boundary points and the line between P1 and P2 as the boundary line. The specific judgment process is as follows: we can use the distance intersection algorithm (Pradhan et al., 2019) hybrid to obtain the center of the circle when the coordinates of P1(x1,y1) and P2(x2,y2) are known: where After acquiring the center of the circle, we determine if there are other points falling into this circle by comparing the distance between the points in S2 and the center of the circle with radius alpha. If the distance is less than alpha, the point is within the circle, and the line between P1 and P2 is not a boundary line. Finally, another point from S1 is selected, and the procedure is repeated until all points in S1 are classified, as shown in Figure  2(b).

Figure 2. Alpha Shapes algorithm principle
In Figure 3(a), the initial boundary exhibits the sawtooth phenomenon owing to uneven point density. To mitigate this and improve operational efficiency, this study used image-based boundary smoothing instead of the popular point-cloud-based sleeve algorithm. This process consists of two steps. First, the initial contour point cloud is rasterized at a certain resolution (0.1 m/pixel in this study) to a 2D image using the initial contour, as shown in Figure 3(b). Second, this image is smoothed by recursive Gaussian filtering (Van Vliet et al., 1998), which divides the two-dimensional convolution into independent convolutions in the X and Y directions for the smoothing operation. Subsequently, the image is converted to a binary image, as shown in Figure 3(c). Comparing Figure 3 (a) and (c), it can be seen that the sawtooth phenomenon is effectively suppressed, which provides a good basis for efficient and accurate boundary extraction from the binary image.

Boundary Extraction and Regularization
After boundary smoothing in the binarized image by Gaussian convolution, the sawtooth phenomenon of the original point cloud is effectively alleviated the resulting image can be easily filtered to obtain the key corner points. The boundary-tracking algorithm (Suzuki et al., 1985) was applied for fast contour detection on the binary image. The border point judgment principle underlying this function is as follows: in the 4-(8-) connected case, a 1-pixel containing a 0-pixel in its 8-(4) neighborhood is designated as a border point. The boundary represented by the topological structure derived from the algorithm can be applied to the image storage. This is because the topology allows simpler image processing without the need to restore the original image. The image processing include feature extraction for the boundary, such as the perimeter and area of the connected domain, which is useful for calculating the area of the extracted buildings. Subsequently, polygon construction is implemented using the D-P algorithm (Douglas and Peucker, 1973), as shown in Figure 4. First, we set a distance threshold ε and formed the baseline by connecting the first and last boundary grid vertices. Next, the distance of the remaining points to the line was calculated; if the largest distance was greater than ε, the point with the greatest distance was retained; otherwise, all the points between the two endpoints of the baseline were discarded. Finally, the calculation and judgment procedure are repeated until the distance between the points and the line is less than or equal to ε. Starting from the polygons, the direction of the longest edge was set as the main direction, and the other lines were sorted in the clockwise direction. The cosine of the angle between the remaining lines and the main direction was calculated to perform regularization. If the absolute value of the angle was greater than or equal to a, the line was considered parallel to the main direction and the slope of the main direction was assigned. Similarly, if the absolute value was between 0 and b, the line was considered perpendicular to the main direction; a cosine value between a and b indicates a straight line, which does not need to be regularized. In the final step, all adjusted lines were connected to generate the outline polygon ( Figure 5).

Data Sets
Two test areas were selected from airborne LiDAR point cloud datasets: the ISP RS V aihingen dataset (area V) and the ISP RS T oronto dataset (area T) (Rottensteiner et al., 2012). Most of the buildings in area V are rural buildings with a sparse distribution density and relatively homogeneous shapes. It has an average point density of 4 point/m 2 . By contrast, the buildings in Toronto are denser and more variable, with an average point density of 6 points/m 2 . Applying the proposed boundary extraction method to two completely different scenarios, the  Figure 6, the original point clouds of area V and area T are colored by classification labels. The grey points are the ground extracted by CSF , with the classification thresholds of 0.5m for the both areas . The green points denote trees while the red points indicate buildings, which are classified using the slope threshold (2.0 in area V; 1.5 in area T) and the area threshold ( 50m 2 in area V; 30m 2 in area T ).

Evaluation Metrics
To quantitatively analyze the performance of the direction prediction algorithm, we selected three evaluation metrics proposed in Guo et al. (2020): 3.2.1 M AD: This reflects the maximum deviation degree of the extracted corner points by the method. The smaller the MAD value, the better the method.
where xi, yi are the coordinates of the extracted point, and xj, yj are the coordinates of the point in the ground truth 3.2.2 RM SE: It reflects the true error of corner point extraction. The closer the RM SE value is to zero, the better the extraction result.
where xi, yi are the coordinates of the extracted point, xj, yj are the coordinates of the point in the ground truth, and N is the total number of extracted points 3.2.3 REA: It reflects the overall extraction effect of the method on the building boundaries. The smaller the value of REA, the closer the extracted building footprint is to the actual value.
where Sc is the area of the extracted building, and Sr is the reference area of the extracted building

Results
After extracting the buildings from the datasets, the regiongrowing algorithm to was used to perform monolithic extraction of the roof of each building, as depicted in Figure 7. The reason for the missing buildings compared to Figure 6 is that the proposed method cannot be applied to buildings with nonpolygonal shapes such as circular arcs; therefore irregular buildings are manually removed before roof extraction. In addition, the extracted building in area T loses some points on the roof due to the shading effect resulting from vegetation and noise. However, this effect only occurs inside the roof and has negligible influence on the corner of the roof; therefore, it can preserve the basic shape of the building. Figure 8 shows the boundary extraction results using the proposed method introduced in section 2.2 and 2.3. As is evident, building border point extraction is relatively complete and conforms to the outline of the building. The average results of each evaluation metric are presented in Table 1 to provide a quantitative comparison. The value of RM SE in area T (0.0537) is higher than that in area V (0.0418); because more complex buildings and vegetation are present in area T, the loss of a few point clouds will significantly affect the extraction accuracy owing to increased occlusion. However, the values of RM SE in both the areas are lower than 0.5, which indicates that the proposed method extracts corner points with high precision. In addition, the value of REA in area V and area T are 0.0418 and 0.0537, respectively, which indicates that the building outlines composed of the boundary extracted by the proposed method are consistent with the real shapes. In conclusion, the proposed method exhibited good boundary extraction performance for regular buildings in areas V and T.

Comparison and Analysis
To demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method with respect to building boundary extraction over the sleeve algorithm, we conducted a comparison based on two aspects: (1) algorithmic time complexity, and (2) boundary extraction precision.
(1) Algorithmic time complexity: The most significant difference between the proposed method and the method based on the sleeve algorithm is that this method uses image recursive Gaussian filtering instead of the sleeve algorithm to mitigate the sawtooth phenomenon resulting from the point cloud. Therefore, we only compared the time complexity of recursive Gaussian filtering with that of the sleeve algorithm. Recursive Gaussian filtering has a time complexity of O(n), whereas, the sleeve algorithm, which uses angle and distance thresholds to perform nested judgments for filtering the initial boundary, has a time complexity of O(n 2 ). This implies that the convergence time of the sleeve algorithm increases by an order of n 2 compared to that of the proposed method when the size of the data increases by n times. This shows that the proposed method can significantly improve the efficiency by mitigating the sawtooth phenomenon close to boundaries. In addition, as opposed to the sleeve algorithm, which requires two thresholds, Gaussian filtering only requires one threshold (standard deviation) in practice. This results in a decrease in the number of iterations required to find a suitable threshold and the associated costs compared to the sleeve algorithm.
(2) Boundary extraction precision. We select the four specific building instances in area V (shown in Figure 9) as examples to perform a comparison in terms of precision with the CAA method proposed in Guo et al. (2020), which is based on an improved version of sleeve algorithm. This comparison reflects the effectiveness of the proposed method in mitigating the sawtooth phenomenon and improving the accuracy of building boundary extraction. The results of this comparison are presented in Table 2.  As is evident from the results in Table 2, the values of the three evaluation metrics are lower for the proposed method compared to those of the CAA method proposed in Guo et al. (2020), indicating that the proposed method exhibits better performance in building boundary extraction. The higher precision is because of the supplementary effect of Gaussian filtering on parts of the building corner. Specifically, owing to uneven point density and occlusion, the point cloud at the corner may be missing. Gaussian filtering introduces a dilation effect on the image boundaries, which complements missing corner points to a certain extent. Therefore, the proposed method can recover corner points closer to the true value to obtain a more precise shape.
In addition, among the four buildings listed in Table 2, the enhancement effect of the proposed approach for building I was the most significant. The value of M AD decreased from 1.428 to 0.487, RM SE was reduced by approximately three times, and REA decreased from 0.165 to 0.011. Notably, the shape of building I was the most complex among the four buildings, with the largest number of corner points. The accuracy of each extracted corner point may be improved; thus, it reaches the maximum cumulative improvement in precision. In other words, the proposed method can effectively improve the precision of the building boundary extraction.

CONCLUSION
In order to achieve fast and accurate extraction of building boundary, this paper proposed a method based on feature dimension reduction of the LiDAR point clouds. First, the alpha shape algorithm is employed to conduct the initial boundary extraction from the point clouds of building roofs extracted by the region growing algorithm. Next, the initial boundary points are converted into the two-dimensional image. The contour lines are then extracted again on the image using boundary tracking algorithm after Gaussian smoothing. Finally, the DouglasP eucker algorithm is used to extract the contour key points and obtain the regular building outlines by using the grouped orthogonal regularization method. The extraction results (RM SE) of the proposed method upon two experimental airborne data are promising: 0.361 m in area V and 0.497 m in area T. To verify the accuracy of the pipeline, the algorithm is compared against the CAA method proposed in Guo et al. (2020), which is based on an improved version of sleeve algorithm for four representative building objects in area V. By contrast, the values of RM SE is reduced by 43.79% on average. In addition, the time complexity of the proposed method (O(n)) is lower than CAA method proposed in Guo et al. (2020) (O(n 2 )). Based on the above analysis, it is proved that the proposed method not only improves the accuracy of boundary extraction but also increases the efficiency of data processing.


The Effectiveness of The Marriage Management Information System (SIMKAH) Program as an Effort to Prevent Data Manipulation

The problem in this study is that there are some Muslims who are trying to manipulate marriage data because they want to perform a nationwide legal double marriage. With this problem that occurs almost in all parts of Indonesia, the Director General of Bimas Islam issued the instruction number DJ.II/369 of 2013 on the implementation of the Marriage Management Information System (SIMKAH) in the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) sub-district The problem in this study is that there are some Muslims who try to manipulate marriage data because they want to perform a nationwide legal double marriage. However, when using the SIMKAH application, there are also recurring server errors caused by dense access to the central SIMKAH server. The purpose of this study is to describe the effectiveness of the Marriage Management Information System Program (SIMKAH) to prevent data manipulation in the Religious Affairs Office (KUA) of Kefamenanu City District, TTU Regency. This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach, so the technical data analysis is presented in the form of a presentation or overview of the findings in the field, both in the form of data and information from interviews and other documents. The results of the research in the field show that since the use of SIMKAH application, KUA Kefamenanu Municipality recorded as many as 18 data manipulation experiments conducted in 2018-2020. This SIMKAH application is very effective in the effort to prevent manipulation of marriage data, because the SIMKAH application has been linked to the data of DUKCAPIL, so that only by entering the NIK of the bride and groom, all the data will appear automatically, starting from name, birthplace, date, address, parents' name and marital status. Future brides whose dates are married will need to provide a divorce certificate to register a second marriage, which will be uploaded to the SIMKAH application. If the person cannot provide the divorce certificate, the marriage registration process will not proceed.

Introduction
The need for information is becoming increasingly important and urgent in the age of Industrial Revolution 4.0. The implementation of a competency-based management information system is an absolute must and can provide a competitive advantage, making it a high priority. The implementation of public services requires a e-ISSN: 2622-1659 Jurnal Teknologi dan Open Source, Vol. 5, No. 1, June 2022: 8 -23 9 management information system to process public data and provide information to support management functions and the decision-making process. The Marriage Management Information System (SIMKAH) is a Windows-based computer application useful for online collection of marriage data from all religious affairs offices (KUA) in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. The program uses Internet techniques that are considered more accurate, faster, and more secure than traditional backup methods. One of the goals of this program is to verify duplicate serial numbers to avoid errors and forgeries, and to verify the identity of the bride and groom using various means. This program requires a system for standardizing data and an integrated backup system.
The SIMKAH program is considered necessary to improve the quality and performance of marriage administration services in the District Religious Affairs Office (KUA). Therefore, since 2007, the Director General of Islamic Community Guidance (Bimas Islam) has been working to increase the capacity of KUA by improving the information and technology-based services (IT), especially the marriage services in terms of marriage registration, which was previously done manually. Based on this idea, the government, in this case the Directorate General of Islamic Community Guidance, issued Kefamenanu City District has also deployed the SIMKAH application for wedding services. This facilitates the registration process for the prospective brides because by entering the NIK, the marriage form is already filled with the data required for the issuance of the marriage certificate, marriage book and marriage card. When a marriage book is printed, the QR code is also published automatically. QR The code is a security feature to prevent marriage books from being easily forged by irresponsible parties (Kemenag, 2018). Before using the SIMKAH web application (manual marriage registration), there were some people who intentionally falsified their data to get married, which was very detrimental to one of the parties. The SIMKAH program is an innovation of the General Directorate of Islamic Bimas in the revitalization of Kua district, so the existence of SIMKAH is also an indicator of the increase of human resources, improvement of facilities and infrastructure, and transparency of services. The use of SIMKAH in marriage registration is highlighted in the Minister of Religious Affairs Regulation No. 20 of 2019 on marriage registration.

Marriage Data Based on SIMKAH (Couple) Sum
Manipulation Cases (oknum )  Sum   2018 2019  2020  2018 2019 2020  16 Insana Barat  --------17 Insana Tengah  --------18 Insana Fafinesu  --------19 Biboki Selatan  --------20 Biboki Tanpah  --------21 Biboki Moenleu  --------22 Biboki Utara  ----- SIMKAH operators are aware of attempts to manipulate data when entering the NIK of potential spouses into SIMKAH. When data is entered into the SIMKAH application, the balance of the marriage status of the potential spouse's personal information is known. Potential spouses who are registered as married are asked to attach a divorce certificate, but the individual is unable to provide it. From discussions with SIMKAH operators, it is known that marriage candidates who manipulate marriage data come from outside the NTT area. Most of them have left their families in their home areas and started their destiny in TTU regency. They are trying to manipulate the data to be able to have a legal marriage. Initially, SIMKAH was in the form of a desktop where the operator had to download the application and then install it on a laptop/computer, but the obstacle was that the SIMKAH application was often terrorized when entering data if it had not been updated/updated. In 2018, the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia released a web SIMKAH that facilitates the entry of marriage data. SIMKAH Web was also developed to facilitate the management of marriages and refer to KUA with the support of data validity integrated with population data and civil records. At the beginning of using SIMKAH in KUA, Kefamenanu City District, the operator had difficulties because he had never participated in any training, so he had to learn SIMKAH independently through the Youtube channel and ask other operators in other KUA. The operators attended SIMKAH application training in August 2017. After attending the training, operators became more familiar with the SIMKAH application and standard operating procedures (SOPs). SIMKAH operators are also able to operate computers. The obstacle often faced is the length of the process of entering the bride and groom's data caused by loading the server because all religious affairs offices that have used the SIMKAH application access one server to enter data, so there is a traffic jam and they have to wait until they can enter / log in to the central server. In addition, menu changes (updates) are constantly made in the SIMKAH web, so the operator needs time to get familiar with the application before starting to enter data.
Based on the problem description, this study aims to describe the effectiveness of the Marriage Administration Information System (SIMKAH) in efforts to prevent data manipulation in KUA Kefamenanu City District, North Central Timor Regency.

Research Methodology
The research method used in this study is qualitative research. This study focuses on facts related to the effectiveness of the Marriage Administration Information System (SIMKAH) as a measure to prevent data manipulation in Kua, Kefamenan City District, North Central Timor Regency. The sub-focus of this 11 study was developed based on Gordon's (1991: 112) theory, i.e. inputs such as staff, facilities, data and procedures, processes related to the ability of human resources to use SIMKAH, and facilities and infrastructure that support the use of SIMKAH, and outputs in the form of valid and accurate data (Gordon B Davis, 2002: 112).
The data sources in this study are informants and documents. The criteria for selecting informants are groups of people or individuals who are directly involved in or have detailed knowledge of what is happening in the KUA of Kefamenanu City District. Based on the above, the informants in this study were the head of KUA Kefamenanu City District, KUA Staff of Kefamenanu City District, SIMKAH KUA Operator of Kefamenanu City District, and several bridal couples who used the SIMKAH application. The documents used in this study are documents related to the use of SIMKAH in marriage in KUA Kec. Kefamenanu City.
The data analysis techniques used in this study used an interactive analysis model by Milles and Huberman. The data analysis steps of Milles and Huberman's model are data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and inference [4] Data collection is done through the interview method. The type of interview used in this study was a free guided interview. Free guided interviews are conducted using interview guides that are created according to the sub-focus of the research and open the possibility for follow-up questions according to the informant's responses [23] The interview method in data collection is very useful to obtain data directly from informants, it is complementary to the data collected by other instruments and can control the results of data collection of other instruments [5].
After collecting the data, the researcher reduces the data by summarizing the interview results and determining the most important things from the interview results that match the research focus, grouping the most important things according to the research results, and eliminating interview results that do not match the research focus. Then, the research results grouped according to the research focus are described in the form of paragraphs that connect the sub-areas of the research focus. Drawing conclusions and reviewing the results of the study was done by referring to the research data, the instruction of the Director

Result and Discussion
The As the only KUA in TTU regency, the existence of KUA Kefamenanu City District is very important for handling various matters of the Muslim community. From the review of the documents, the kua of Kefamenanu City District has married 23 couples in 2018. In 2019, 23 couples were married, in 2020, 30 couples were married, and in 2021, 14 couples were married in the kua Kefamenanu City District. In 2021, at least 14 couples were married. This is due to the implementation of the community activity restrictions (PPKM) during the Covid 19 pandemic, so the kua of Kefamenanu City District do not conduct wedding ceremonies outside of KUA. The marriage ceremony only takes place in KUA with a maximum of 10 relatives present. This is one of the factors that make the Muslim community in TTU district to postpone the registration of marriages.

Presentation of Focus Data 3.1.1 Input
Input can be defined as any potential needed at the beginning of a process. Inputs can be both natural resources and human resources that relate to the inputs in this study, namely: people/employees, facilities/infrastructure, processes, and data, which can be described as follows:

Employees.
Based on the review of documents in the year that the staff of Kua Kefamenanu City District a total of 4 (four) people. To deepen the information, the researcher asked the head of the Kua of Kefamenanu City District questions about the number of employees in the KUA of Kefamenanu City District. The question is answered as follows: "The total number of employees in the KUA of Kefamenanu City District is 4 people, consisting of me as the head, 2 (two) employees (one official and one PPNPN person) and 1 (one) operator" [1].
The same was reported by one of the KUA Kefamenanu City District employees (Ms. Lisnawati): "In KUA Kefamenanu City District, there are only 4 (four) employees, the head of KUA, I myself am a civil servant, one non-civil servant employee and one non-civil servant operator [1] Considering the fact that the number of staff is not too large and the place of service is quite wide and covers the whole area of North Central Timor region, the researcher asked a follow-up question to the head of Kua Kefamenanu Municipality, "With not too many staff, is the organisation able to serve the whole Muslim community in North Central Timor region?" to which he answered "Although the number of staff here is limited, they already have a clear division of tasks so that the service can function optimally. Moreover, the total number of Muslim communities in the regency of North Central Timor is not too large and is only distributed in several districts, namely Kefamenanu City district, West Miomaffo district, Insana district, and North Insana district. Thus, the Muslim community requesting services is not overly large" [1].
From the results of the survey, the researchers can conclude that although the KUA of Kefamenanu Municipality has only four staff members, it is able to serve all Muslim communities in the North Central Timor regency.

Facilities and Infrastructure
According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), means are anything that can be used as a tool to achieve goals or objectives. Infrastructure is anything that is the main support for the implementation of a project. Facilities and infrastructure are a must for an agency, especially in the context of community services. To find out the availability of facilities and infrastructure in KUA of Kefamenanu City District, the researcher conducted an interview with the manager of KUA and asked questions whether the facilities and infrastructure in KUA of Kefamenanu City District support the use of SIMKH. This question was answered as follows: "The facilities and infrastructure we have are quite sufficient, namely 1 computer, 3 laptops, 3 printers and 1 wifi device, there is also 1 laptop in damaged condition, and we also have a wedding hall now, so we have prepared the place for people who want to get married in KUA " [1].
The same question was asked to the SIMKAH operator. The Simkah operator gives the following answer: "We have 3 laptops, 1 computer and 3 printers. Laptops brand vaio, lenovo and acer and printers brand epson. We have an internet network that facilitates the use of the SIMKAH application" [1] To find out more about the facilities and infrastructure that support the use of SIMKAH, the researcher further interviewed Simkah operators. Is the laptop you use able to connect to the internet well so that it has an impact on the smooth use of the SIMKAH application?
"Yes, the laptop I use is Acer brand, the performance is still very good, so I can run the SIMKAH application here without any major obstacles" [1] Based on the results of the survey, the researcher can conclude that the existing facilities in Kua Kefamenanu Municipality support the use of the SIMKAH application, consisting of laptops, computers, printers, and internet networks. The facilities previously used to run the SIMKAH application are also in good condition so that marriages can be performed on time.

Procedure
In order to find out the procedure for marriages through SIMKAH in KUA of Kefamenanu City District, the researcher asked the following question to the head of KUA Kefamenanu City District, "What is the marriage procedure in the Kua of Kefamenanu City District?" "When people want to get married, they must first register and get a marriage form to be signed by RT, Kelurahan and Kecamatan. Also, all the documents are brought here to be entered into SIMKAH by the operator afterwards. Once they are entered, the Kabul-ijab process can be carried out" [1].
Next the researcher asked the KUA staff (Mrs. Lisna) with the same question, and it was answered that: "The bride-to-be who is about to get married must first register, I am in charge of registering the bride-to-be in the register book, and then provide them with the marriage form. Furthermore, after all forms are filled out and signed, they are brought here again along with personal data, then it becomes the task of the SIMKAH operator to input in the application" [1] Furthermore, the researcher asked Mr. Nursan, one of the couples who registered the marriage in SIMKAH on November 19, 2018. What is the marriage procedure in KUA Kefamenanu City District? He replied that: 13 "The first step is that the bride-to-be must first register in the register book, after that we are given a marriage form by the KUA staff, then we pass the form. If we have delivered everything again to KUA for us to hand over to the operator to be inputted in the application, then we will get proof of registration and we take it to the Bank for the payment process. Proof of payment we take again to the operator. Next we just have to wait for the date for the kabul ijab" [1] Then the same question the researcher asked another couple (Mr. Rusdin) and answered that: "as I recall the first stage, we had to register first at kua to get the marriage form, then we filled in all these formats, then we took it back to KUA along with all the requested personal data, next we will meet with the operator to enter our data into the application. The operator will provide proof of registration. Because we married him in KUA, there is no need to pay at the Bank anymore. After that, we just have to wait for the wedding time" [1].
To dig further into the marriage procedure through the SIMKAH application, the researcher asked the SIMKAH operator a question which reads What is the marriage registration procedure through the SIMKAH application? The question was then answered that: "The procedure for registering for marriage through SIMKAH, begins with logging in on the SIMKAH application page. The SIMKAH application display will appear in Figure 1. after that the operator is asked to input the username and password, then the display will switch to the homepage, and the operator will select the list menu, so a menu will appear asking for the identity of the bride and groom. The identity requested for the first time is NIK. After the NIK is entered, the personal data of the bride and groom will automatically appear, in the form of a population number, name, Place of Birth Date, address and marital status. If the status in question is not married, then registration can be continued until it is completed. however, if the data concerned is married, then to continue the process must attach a divorce certificate, then registration can be processed through SIMKAH" [1].
The follow-up question that the researcher asked the SIMKAH operator, is the SIMKAH application already connected to DUKCAPIL? He replied: "Yes, the SIMKAH application has been connected to the DUKCAPIL Office so that by entering the NIK only, catin data immediately appears, this helps us find out the marital status of catin " [1] Furthermore, the researcher asked a follow-up question to the SIMKAH operator as follows whether the mother has instructions for using the SIMKAH application?
"yes. I have instructions for using the SIMKAH application issued by the Director General of Bimas Islam, Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. The juknis are widely available on the internet" [1] Based on the results of the interview, the researcher concluded that the Kua of Kefamenanu City District already has a marriage service procedure according to the standards set by the government. The marriage registration procedure through SIMKAH has also gone well in accordance with the guidelines given by the Director General of The Islamic Bimas of the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia and the data has been connected to the DUKCPIL Office. With this procedure, individuals who try to commit marriage data fraud can be known and prevented.

Data
To find out what data is requested when the bride and groom want to register their marriage in SIMKAH, the researcher asked one of the staff (Rahman Abdullah) questions as follows: What data must be completed by the bride and groom when they want to register a marriage in KUA Kota Kefamenanu District?. The informant gave the answer: "The mandatory requirements that must be brought by the bride and groom are, FC birth certificate, FC family card FC KTP, FC Last diploma and marriage form that has been signed by rt, lurah and camat" (Kefamenanu, September 15, 2021).
Furthermore, the same question, also the researcher asked the SIMKAH operative, and it was answered that: "For marriage input in the SIMKAH Application application, the data requested are, FC KTP, FC Family Card, FC Birth Certificate, FC Last diploma and divorce certificate for those whose data is married in SIMKAH" [1].
Based on the results of the interview above, the researcher can conclude that the data that must be brought when registering a marriage in kua Kota Kefamenanu District is FC KTP, FC KK, FC last diploma, FC birth certificate and marriage form that has been signed by RT, Lurah and Camat.This data will later be input into the SIMKAH application. For prospective brides whose data appears to have married status, they must attach a divorce certificate to be scanned and downloaded into SIMKAH. This is certainly very effective in preventing attempts to manipulate marriage data.

Process
A process is a series of systematic steps, or stages that are clear and can be taken repeatedly, to achieve the desired result. If pursued, each of those stages consistently leads to the desired result. The process referred to in this study is how the ability of human resources, in this case the operator in carrying out each stage in the SIMKAH application in an effort to prevent data manipulation and the availability of facilities and infrastructure that support the use of SIMKAH. Henceforth it is described as follows:

Ability of Employee to use SIMKAH
Using the SIMKAH application requires employees who have the ability to operate SIMKAH. To dig up information about the ability of human resources, especially operators in running the SIMKAH application to prevent manipulation of marriage data, the researcher asked the head of the KUA of Kefamenanu City District as follows: what do you think is the operator's ability to run the SIMKAH application? The informant replied that: "The kua operator of Kefamenanu City District has a fairly good quality, apart from the fact that he is a scholar, he has also worked as an operator for five years and has attended SIMKAH training, so far there have been no complaints from the public regarding the services provided" [19].
Then the researcher asked another follow-up question to the Head of KUA Kefamenanu City District with the editor of the question How long does it take for the operator to input the data and how to compare the time before and after using SIMKAH. The informant replied that: "If there are no network constraints, usually at most one hour the proof of registration from SIMKAH can be printed out, at the earliest half an hour. If it was still manual in the past, the time required was longer because it had to be written in the register book, then manually typed all the catin data. For now, only enter the NIK, and the data will be automatically available on the computer screen, the operator only fills in part of the data and scans the documents" [1].
The researcher asked the Head of KUA Kefamenanu City. What do you do if you find people trying to manipulate data? The informant stated that: "usually we only give verbal reprimands, because there are no firm rules on sanctions for citizens who try to manipulate data" Furthermore, the researcher also asked Mr. Rusdin, he was one of the couples whose marriage was entered in simKAH on March 19, 2019. According to you, what are the services provided by the staff and operators of KUA Kefamenanu City District? how long does it take to process data in SIMKAH? The informant gave the answer that: "the staff and operators provide friendly and good service. For the marriage registration does not take a long time, after we are given the marriage form, we continue to sign at the RT, Lurah and Camat. After that we came back again to meet with the operator. Our data is immediately entered in the application, about 1 hour, the SIMKAH registration proof form has been issued" [1] Next to the same question, the researcher asked Mr. Haerudin again, whose marriage data was inputted on June 10, 2020, and it was answered that: "The service is friendly and full of family sense, the service is fast, as long as all the data requested is appropriate. Only at that time there was a slight network problem, so it was still Loading but not until half an hour, the process continued again" [1] Then the researcher's follow-up question asked Mr. Rusdin. is it that during the inputting of your personal data, you and your wife, you see how many times the operator's error in inputting the data? and it was answered that: "during the data input process I didn't notice any errors made by the operator. We are just waiting and answering the questions asked" [1] This question was answered with the same answer by all informants. Furthermore, the researcher asked the operator, to find out the operator's ability to use SIMKAH with the question of whether the mother had difficulty in using SIMKAH. The informant said that: "at first I had difficulties, because this application is a new application, but because I have attended training and there is a manual so that currently Sya has no difficulty at all" [1] The follow-up question from the researcher, how long does it take to input the data of the bride and groom (catin) in the SIMKAH application? and it was answered that: "if it is not constrained by networks and servers, then at most one hour, all catin data has been inputted in the application including scans of supporting files" [1] Next the researcher asked again to find out the operator's ability to prevent individuals who tried to manipulate the data. What do you do when you find data on catin being married but can't show proof of divorce for the next marriage registration?
"Of course, when I see the data that Catin is married in SIMKAH, then I will ask for a divorce certificate for me to input in SIMKAH, but if the person concerned is unable to provide a divorce certificate. Then my registration process stopped. Because it is certain that the person is trying to manipulate data to legally remarry" [1] Then the researcher conducted interviews with the head of kua, the bridal couple, and the simkah operator. Researchers then wanted to find out about the causes of some Muslim communities conducting data manipulation experiments. Based on information obtained from SIMKAH operators, 98% of Muslims who try to manipulate data come from outside the TTU Regency, the most of them come from the islands of Java and Sulawesi, making it difficult to find their whereabouts. However, researchers managed to obtain data on 1 (one) community person domiciled in TTU Regency. Researchers then conducted an interview with one of the informants who had tried to manipulate marriage data. To maintain the confidentiality of the informant, the researcher only mentioned the initials MA. The researcher asked informant MA with whether the father was married and the informant replied: "Yes, I am married [1] The follow-up question from the researcher, is you still in the same house with your wife? and it was answered that: "no, since 2017 we have separated the house, the wife has returned to the in-laws' house" [1] Then the follow-up question, based on the data I obtained from the SIMKAH operator in the Kua of Kefamenanu City District, the father had registered a second marriage but was not served on the grounds that the bpk could not show the divorce certificate. What is the reason for the father to register a marriage in the absence of a divorce certificate?
"I have indeed been dealing with divorce with my wife, but because the reasons for divorce are not strong, so we are only mediated, but because there is no match so we separated without continuing in a religious court" [1] To dig up information, researchers asked again. Is it now that you are remarried? "Yes, I have remarried in series, because KUA Kec. Kota Kefamenanu, cannot serve my registration because I have not legally arranged the divorce" [1].
Based on the results of interviews with the head of KUA, several married couples and operators concluded that kua kefamenanu city district already has the ability to use the SIMKAH application. SIMKAH operators already have good quality in service, both in the time given and the accuracy of service. KUA operators are able to work well and conscientiously when encountering data of people who try to manipulate data, these communities will not be served in the end. In other words, the SIMKAH application and the quality of the operator's human resources play an important role in preventing attempts to fraudulent marriage data. For whatever reason marriage registration will not be served without a divorce certificate. The sanctions given by the KUA against the community are only in the form of verbal reprimands.

Supporting Facilities and Infrastructure that to use SIMKAH
In marriage services using the SIMKAH application, computers, laptops, printers and wifi are the main needs. The SIMKAH application is done using a laptop / computer, of course, with a wifi connection, because as previously explained, this application is online so it requires an internet network. The printer is needed to print proof of registration on SIMKAH. To find out the facilities and infrastructure that support the use of SIMKAH in the KUA of Kefamenanu City District, the researcher asked questions to the simkah KUA operator of Kefamenanu City District. Is the SIMKAH application supported by all the facilities in the KUA of Kefamenanu City District? The informant replied that : "Yes, all the facilities in the KUA of Kefamenanu City District support the use of this application, this application can be run smoothly" [1] Furthermore, the researcher asked a follow-up question, namely what obstacles did you encounter when using the SIMKAH application and it was answered that: "So far, the obstacles I have encountered are network problems. Sometimes there is a network outage from the center, so the data cannot be processed quickly. Another obstacle is the SIMKAH server in the center, often experiencing loading problems, because all SIMKAH operators throughout Indonesia input data at the same time, so that during peak hours, the data entry process takes a longer time. The best time for data input is early in the morning or midnight when the central server is quiet" (Kefamenanu, September 14, 2021) Furthermore, the researcher asked again about the solution if there were obstacles encountered. What is the solution that mom does when you encounter problems using the SIMKAH application? and it was answered that: "the solution is that sometimes I have to take home a laptop for me to input at home at night, when the server is already quiet. But if the time is very urgent approaching the wedding day, it will be made manually for the payment process at the Bank, but I will always check if it can be processed through SIMKAH, then the manual one I will replace again with SIMKAH" [1] The same thing was also conveyed by the Head of KUA Kefamenanu City District, when he was asked the same question, his answer was that: "So far, SIMKAH in KUA has been carried out properly supported by good facilities. However, sometimes there are network problems and server loading, because data accumulates on the central server, so we are forced to make a list manually, but the operator always checks the application, if you can log in, it will be printed from SIMKAH to replace the manual one earlier" [1].
Another question researchers asked the SIMKAH operator. If the data is inputted manually, is there any potential for data manipulation and Mrs. Siti Hasnah Lawang replied that: "Nothing, although proof of registration cannot be printed from SIMKAH and must be made manually for the administrative payment process at the Bank. but the catin data can still be seen in SIMKAH. the problem is usually the process of saving and printing data in the application which has a problem due to loading the central server so that it cannot be printed" [1].
Based on the results of the interview above, researchers can conclude that the existing facilities and infrastructure of the Kua of Kefamenanu City District already support the use of the SIMKAH application. But sometimes there is a problem that occurs, namely server loading, where the inputted catin data appears for a long time caused by the large number of SIMKAH operators throughout Indonesia who access the central server so that it takes time. Operators often bring laptops back home to input data at night, because at that time the central SIMKAH server was quiet, so the input process was faster. However, if it still cannot be inputted and the wedding time is approaching, a manual registration will be made to facilitate the administrative payment process at the Bank. Although the evidence is made manually, there is no flaw for the public to manipulate the data, because the problem of loading the server only during the process of saving and printing data from SIMKAH, does not apply to checking data on SIMKAH.

Output
To find out the output in the form of valid data, the researcher conducted an interview with kua staff of Kefamenanu City District, operators and married couples who had used the SIMKAH application in marriage registration. The first question the researcher asked the staff of KUA Kefamenanu City District, Mrs. Lisnawati with the question How do you work in checking all the marriage requirements files and the informant replied that: "all marriage requirements files in the form of fc KTP, fc KK, fc Last Diploma, and marriage form will be examined starting from name, TTL and other personal biodata, if the status on the KTP is written married then I will ask for a divorce certificate. If all the files are complete and there are no errors. Next, I will direct you to meet with the operator to be inputted in the SIMKAH application" [1] Furthermore, the researcher immediately asked the SIMKAH KUA Operator, Kefamenanu City District. Does the data that you have been inputting in SIMKAH match the data from Dukcapil?
"for approximately 4 years I have been running the SIMKAH application, the data carried by catin is the same as the data on DUKCAPIL, although there are some individuals whose data is not appropriate, for example the data brought is listed as unmarried status, but the data from DUKCAPIL, it turns out that the person concerned is married" [1] Then to explore more information about simkah output in preventing data manipulation, then the researcher asked a follow-up question. Do you think that with the existence of SIMKAH, can data manipulation efforts be prevented? It is answered that: "yes. The SIMKAH application is very useful in preventing attempts to manipulate marriage data, as I explained earlier that, by entering the NIK in the application, catin data will appear because it is connected to data from DUKCAPIL. So that if the person concerned is unable to attach the divorce certificate, then the registration application will be rejected" [1] The same question the researcher asked to the Head of kua sub-district KUA Kefamenanu. He replied that: "This application is very useful and useful in preventing data manipulation efforts, because all data is already connected online. Before the use of SIMKAH, it was still recorded manually, so there were people who managed to manipulate the data and perform double marriages. Alhamdulillah, now we can prevent this incident through SIMKAH" [1] Furthermore, the researcher asked a question to Mr. Rusdin (a married couple who registered a marriage through SIMKAH on March 08, 2019). Does the data printed on your marriage book match your personal data? He replied that: "Yes, the data in the marriage book is in accordance with my personal data, my wife's data is also in accordance with her data" [1] The same question the researcher asked Mr. Haerudin, and the informant replied that: "the data in our marriage book is the same as our personal data" [1] This question was also asked by the researcher to Mr. Nur Hidayat (one of the couples who recorded the marriage on SIMKAH on November 21, 2019) and it was answered that: "name and all data in our marriage book, according to our personal data" (Kefamenanu, September 16, 2021)

Figure 2
Valid and accurate bride-to-be data

Printout of SIMKAH Marriage Book
Barcoded a marriage certificate Source: Researcher Documentation 2021 Based on the results of interviews with the Head of KUA, KUA Staff, Operators and several married couples, researchers can conclude that the output generated from the SIMKAH application is in the form of accurate and valid data that has been printed in the marriage book and marriage certificate that has been barcoded. The data has also been integrated with DUKCAPIL so there is no chance for people to manipulate the marriage data.

3.2.1Input
states that input is a form of systematic process that is carried out objectively to obtain and evaluate evidence regarding the assessment of economic activities and events that are being carried out by a company [24]. And the result of that input will be a report to the relevant party. The results of research on the effectiveness of the Marriage Management Information System (SIMKAH) program as an effort to prevent data manipulation in the KUA Of Kefamenanu City District, North Central Timor Regency, especially regarding inputs show the fact that all input components, namely humans/employees, facilities/infrastructure, procedures and data in the KUA of Kefamenanu City District support the use of the SIMKAH application. This can be seen from the ability of employees, supporting facilities and infrastructure, marriage procedures and data inputted in SIMKAH which is in accordance with the guidelines from the Director General of Bimas Islam, Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia. For a more in-depth discussion, the researcher will discuss each input component in this study:

Employee
Input in the form of humans / employees in the KUA of Kefamenanu City District has been fulfilled as a result of the study an employee is a private person who works for an employer whether or not he is a permanent employee based on a written employment agreement or not to carry out work in a position or activity that has been determined by the employer [25]. Based on the results of the research and discussion of the theory above, it can be concluded that input in the form of humans / employees in kua Kec. Kefamenanu City has been fulfilled, although in limited quantities, but the marriage registration service with SIMKAH can run well. Employees carry out the task of registering marriages in accordance with the rules and procedures set by the government so that attempts to manipulate marriage data carried out by certain individuals can be prevented. The results of this study prove that there is no overlap in the work carried out by KUA employees of the Kefamenanu City District so that each work target is achieved. Each employee performs duties according to the main duties and functions according to the position. Human input in supporting the use of a driver's license is in line with the theory proposed by Joseph F. Kelly [18] that a management information system is a combination of human resources and computer-based resources that produce a collection of storage, retrieval, communication and use of data for the purpose of efficient management operations and for organizational business planning.
This situation also shows that the Head of KUA Kec. Kefamenanu City carries out his leadership in accordance with the responsibilities carried out. The results of this study are in line with research conducted by Lassa and Naif [8] which found that leaders who give and divide tasks according to organizational structure and position placement decrees and provide coaching, direction, monitoring and evaluation can help employees work optimally to support the achievement of organizational goals.

Fasilities and Infrastucutre
Based on the results of research on the effectiveness of the Marriage Management Information System (SIMKAH) program as an effort to prevent data manipulation in the KUA of Kefamenanu City District, North Central Timor Regency, especially inputs, namely facilities and infrastructure in the KUA of Kefamenanu City District, it is known that the facilities and infrastructure owned are sufficient to meet the needs in marriage registration services through SIMKAH. In this study, it was found that the infrastructure available at KUA Kec. Kefamenanu City was in the form of 1 acer brand computer, 3 laptops (vaio, lenovo and acer) 2 epson L210 brand printers, and 1 printer specifically for printing epson LPQ20 brand marriage books. While the infrastructure is the KUA building and the marriage hall. Based on the results of the research and theoretical discussion above, it can be concluded that the facilities and infrastructure in the Kua of Kefamenanu City District are adequate and support the use of the SIMKAH application. With a laptop that is already connected to the internet network and data from DUKCAPIL, the use of the SIMKAH application is very effective in preventing data manipulation efforts for brides-to-be. The results of this study support the results of research by Wibawani [9] and [10] who found that facilities and infrastructure are one of the factors that affect the quality of services of an organization.

Procedure
Posits that a procedure is a sequence of steps (or executions of the work), in which the work is performed, in relation to what is done, how to do it, when to do it, where to do it, and who does it [11]. The results of the study are related to the effectiveness of the Marriage Management Information System (SIMKAH) program as an effort to prevent data manipulation in the KUA Of Kefamenanu City District, North Central Timor Regency, especially the input aspect, namely the procedure, it was found that all marriage procedures ranging from registration in the register book to input in SIMKAH all went according to the procedures and technical instructions for the use of SIMKAH issued by the Director General of Bimas Islam.
The marriage procedure in kua kefamenanu city sub-district, begins with taking the marriage form by the bride and groom, then filling out all these forms and must be signed by the head of the RT, Lurah, Sub-district and bride-to-be, then the bride and groom submit the form along with all data supporting the completeness of marriage requirements (KTP, KK, diploma, birth certificate and divorce certificate for those who have been married), furthermore, KUA employees will verify if it is complete, it will be directly handed over to the SIMKAH operator to be inputted in the application, the initial step is to log in the SIMKAH application, then enter the NIK of the bride and groom, then the catin personal data will appear because it has been connected to DUKCAPIL, Furthermore, the operator fills in all the formats in the SIMKAH application, if it is completed, then proof of marriage registration can be printed for further payment processing at the bank, for prospective brides who will carry out weddings outside the KUA of Rp. 600,000, while for prospective brides who carry out the marriage contract at the KUA marriage hall, Kefamenanu City District, there is no charge.
Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the marriage registration procedure through SIMKAH has been running according to the procedures and technical instructions from the Director General of the Islamic Milky Way. By carrying out the procedures and technical instructions of the Director General of the Islamic Milky Way, the prevention of manipulation of marriage data can be carried out. The results of this study also prove that public services in the field of marriage administration carried out by the Kua of Kefamenanu District run in accordance with the service standards that the government has set. The service standards in question are paying attention to marriage service procedures, service times, service costs, service facilities and infrastructure and the competence of service officers [12]. With several stages passed in the use of SIMKAH, it proves that SIMKAH is very effective in supporting the control of deviations in the form of data manipulation. The results of this study are in line with the opinion expressed by Hartono [13] that information systems are useful for continuous monitoring of performance. In this case, referring to monitoring the performance of the KUA of Kefamenanu City District is in accordance with the work plan, namely minimizing the amount of manipulation of marriage data.

Data
The results of the study are related to the effectiveness of the Marriage Management Information System (SIMKAH) program as an effort to prevent data manipulation in the KUA, Kefamenanu City District, North Central Timor Regency, especially the input spectacle, namely the data found that all data required for registration through SIMKAH have been met. Based on the results of research and theoretical discussions above, it can be concluded that the data needed to be inputted in SIMKAH greatly affects the validity of personal data of the bride and groom, as the understanding of data is information about something that has happened frequently and in the form of a set of facts, numbers, table graphs, images, symbols, words, letters, which express thoughts, objects, and conditions and situations (Nuzulla Agustina). Inputting data on prospective brides in SIMKAH is data taken from documents in the form of ID cards, birth certificates, family cards, diplomas, marriage forms and divorce certificates. With data from state documents connected to the Population and Civil Registration Service, the inputted is very valid so that it is effective in preventing brides-to-be from manipulating wedding data. The results of the study are in line with the opinion of Qolbi [15] that web-based SIMKAH is an IT-based marriage service solution because it has several advantages, namely being able to present marriage data in real time and minimize data errors of prospective brides (catin).

Process
The results of research on the effectiveness of the Marriage Management Information System (SIMKAH) program as an effort to prevent data manipulation in kua Kefamenanu City District, North Central Timor Regency, especially about the process, found that all components of the process, namely the quality of human resources/operators in running SIMKAH and the facilities and infrastructure that support the use of SIMKAH in KUA Kefamenanu City District are quite good, although there are still obstacles related to the internet network during the registration process. marriage in the SIMKAH application.
The discussion in detail, it show from each component of the process in this study:

Human Resources ability to use SIMKAH
The process component in the form of the ability of human resources to use the SIMKAH application in the KUA of Kefamenanu City District is able to support marriage data recording activities using the SIMKAH application. according to [16] that "ability is all the potentials, abilities, strengths and technical and social skills that are considered to exceed that of ordinary members. Meanwhile, according to [17] "Human resources are the main pillars of support as well as the driving force of the organization in an effort to realize the vision and mission of its goals". Humans are part of the resources needed by the organization / company.
The term human resource capability itself as a whole is defined as the ability of a person or individual, an organization (institutional), or a system to carry out its functions or authorities to achieve its goals effectively and efficiently. Capacity should be seen as the ability to achieve performance, to produce quality outputs. Given the importance of SIMKAH's role in preventing attempts to manipulate marriage data. Of course, quality human resources skills are needed, because their role is very important in running the SIMKAH application, reviewing marriage data and printing valid marriage data. In 2018-2020 there were 18 people who tried to manipulate marriage data, but thanks to the accuracy of the operator, marriage registration was not continued. The operator has attended the SIMKAH application training in August 2017 at the Pelangi Kupang Hotel, and joined the WA group of SIMKAH NTT operators to connect with SIMKAH operators in NTT to facilitate communication related to the use of SIMKAH. In addition, SIMKAH operators are also guided by the SIMKAH guidelines. This situation supports the operator so that it has adequate quality in using the SIMKAH application.
Based on the results of the research and theoretical discussion above, it can be concluded that: the ability of human resources in using SIMKAH in KUA Kefamenanu City District is of high quality, as is the definition of human resource ability, namely the ability of a person or individual, an organization (institution), or a system to carry out its functions or authorities to achieve its goals effectively and efficiently

Supporting Facilities/Infrastructure to use SIMKAH
The results of research on the effectiveness of the Marriage Management Information System (SIMKAH) program as an effort to prevent data manipulation in the KUA of Kefamenanu City District, North Central Timor Regency, especially about the facilities / infrastructure that support the use of SIMKAH, it was found that all facilities / infrastructure in the Kua of Kefamenanu City District already support the use of the SIMKAH application, although sometimes there are obstacles related to the internet network. Daryanto [18] states that infrastructure means tools that are not directly used to achieve goals in education for example: location or place, school buildings, sports fields, money and so on. The main functions of facilities and infrastructure, namely as follows: a. Speed up the process of carrying out work so that it can save time. b. Increase the productivity of both goods and services. c. The results of the work are more qualified and guaranteed. d. It is simpler or easier to move the users or perpetrators. e. The provisions of the stability of workers are more guaranteed. f. Creates a sense of comfort for interested people. g. It causes a sense of satisfaction in the interested people who use it.
Based on the results of the research and theoretical discussion above, it can be concluded that the facilities / infrastructure that support the use of SIMKAH in KUA Kefamenanu City District are very adequate, starting from the availability of laptops that support the use of the SIMKAH application, the availability of printers and wifi. However, there are often server errors caused by the congestion of access to the central server by all SIMKAH users in KUA throughout Indonesia, resulting in hampering the marriage registration process through SIMKAH, so the operator must bring home the laptop and files of the bride and groom to be inputted outside office hours when the central server is not widely accessed by SIMKAH operators. If the date of marriage is set and the proof of registration letter cannot be printed, then the solution given by the head of the KUA is to manually create a form for the payment process at the Bank. Although the proof of registration cannot be printed because the network system has problems, the application can automatically check catin data, so there is no opportunity for the Muslim community to manipulate data. With various facilities and infrastructure kua kecamatan kota kefamenu that supports the use of the effectiveness of SIMKAH in preventing data manipulation of brides-to-be confirms the opinion expressed by [19] that the physical work environment in the form of work equipment affects organizational performance.

Output
Posit that the output of a program is the number or unit of services rendered or the number of people who have been served. The results of research on the effectiveness of the Marriage Management Information System (SIMKAH) program as an effort to prevent data manipulation in kua Kota Kefamenanu District, North Central Timor Regency, especially the Output aspect, found that the output of SIMKAH in the form of valid peengantin candidate data had been met [20]. Related to the output of SIMKAH, namely valid and accurate data on prospective brides. This output is of course obtained starting from the input of the prospective bride's data (KTP, KK, Diploma, etc.) then researched by staff and operators, then the operator will process all the data in the SIMKAH application and in the end printed valid data on the marriage book and marriage certificate. Based on the results of the research and discussion of the theory above, it can be concluded that the output produced from SIMKAH has gone through procedures that meet the standards of marriage registration services for Muslim communities in North Central Timor Regency. The real output obtained is in the form of valid and accurate data and has been integrated with data from DUKCAPIL so that there is no opportunity for Muslim communities in TTU District who are trying to manipulate marriage data. The results of this study are in line with research conducted [21] which found that the SIMKAH application is seen in terms of the quality of services provided to prospective brides from the SIMKAH application and KUA employees is quite good, manually in the ledger. The results of this study also support the results of research [22] which found that the application of SIMKAH in the Kuala Shia Religious Affairs Office in Banda Aceh City tends to be effectively implemented because it is able to avoid forgery of marriage books and make it easier for families to access data and take care of marriages.

Conclusion
Based on the results of the research and discussion, researchers can conclude several things based on the sub-focus of the research, namely a. Input The SIMKAH application that has been used by the KUA of Kefamenanu City District requires input in the form of humans/employees, facilities/infrastructure, procedures and data. Here are the conclusions of each aspect that is in the input: 1) The employees in the KUA of Kefamenanu City District are four people consisting of one KUA head, two staff and one operator. This number is sufficient in providing services for the Muslim community in TTU Regency, considering the number of Muslim communities that are also not too large in North Central Timor Regency. 2) The facilities / infrastructure in kua Kefamenanu City District are adequate, consisting of 1 acer brand computer, 3 laptops (vaio, lenovo and acer) 2 epson L210 brand printers, and 1 special printer for printing marriage books epson lpq20 brand 3) The marriage registration procedure on SIMKAH has been running in accordance with the SOP and Juknis SIMKAH. 4) The data requested to the bride and groom to be inputted in SIMKAH is in accordance with the SOP and Juknis. b. Process The SIMKAH application that has been used by the KUA of Kefamenanu City District requires a process in the form of hr capabilities using SIMKAH and facilities / infrastructure that support the use of SIMKAH. Here are the conclusions of each aspect that is in the input: 1) Human Resources ability to use SIMKAH SIMKAH KUA operator, Kefamenanu City District, has a good ability to run SIMKAH for the marriage registration process, the operator has also attended training and has a SIMKAH Juknis. During the period 2018-2020 operators found 18 cases of attempted manipulation of marriage data. Sanctions given by kua kec. Kota Kefamenanu to people who try to manipulate data in the form of verbal reprimands, because there are no rules from the center that contain strict sanctions for individuals who manipulate data. 2) Facilities / Infrastructure that support the use of SIMKAH.
The facilities/infrastructure in kua kefamenanu city sub-district have supported the use of SIMKAH, but there are often problems in the use of SIMKAH, namely server errors due to dense access to the central server by all SIMKAH users throughout KUA throughout Indonesia. c. Output.
The output generated from the SIMKAH application is in the form of valid and accurate data that has been printed on the marriage book and marriage certificate that has a barcode. The data has passed the stages of input and data processing and has also been connected to data from Dukcapil. Thus, there is no opportunity for Muslims to manipulate marriage data, so as not to harm the Muslim community in TTU Regency. The final conclusion is that the SIMKAH application is effective in preventing attempts to manipulate marriage data. Based on the results of the study and the conclusions of the study, researchers can suggest several things including: a. KUA Kefamenanu City Subdistrict needs to include other staff in SIMKAH (regeneration) training, considering that kua sub-district of Kefamenanu City only has one operator who runs SIMKAH. b. The SIMKAH registration process should be carried out outside the peak hours of the central server, seeing frequent server errors due to incoming access to the central server by all SIMKAH users in KUA throughout Indonesia. c. All staff and operators should always be careful in verifying the files of the bride and groom, because it will affect the validity of the data printed on the books and marriage certificates. d. The head of the KUA of Kefamenanu City District needs to provide guidance to the Muslim community in TTU District who try to manipulate marriage data, if encountered during the data input process by the operator. Sanctions given in addition to verbal guidance/reprimand, can also be in the form of written statements from individuals who manipulate data, in order to cause a deterrent effect, considering that there are no strict rules regarding sanctions for perpetrators of marriage data manipulation.