extfieldsofstudy: Physics Engineering

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Recommendations of ergonomic checkpoints and total ergonomics intervention in the pempek kemplang palembang industry

This study evaluates the potential industrial working environment of the Pempek & Kemplang Palembang. Observation of the work environment found a lot of un-ergonomics impact that has not optimal productivity and exceeds the threshold value of aspects of human health. In order to optimize productivity, the production line is required to work quickly in an ECSHE (Effective, Comfortable, Safety, Health, Efficient) ergonomics for workers. Evaluate the work environment by implementing Ergonomics Checkpoints to see whether the working environment has been running well or not. Ergonomics Checkpoints used in this study include material handling aspects, safety, workstation design, lighting, development of human resources and sources of danger contribute to the value of most incompatibility which becomes the top priority in determining suggestions for improvement. While the Total Ergonomics intervention study includes; work posture, un-ergonomics design tools, un-physiological work, classification of subjectivity level of musculoskeletal system is 55-76 (high risk), classification of subjectivity level of fatigue is 66-79 (high category), physical workload at workload level is 125-150 bpm (weight category), and the %CVL category is 78-85% (rather heavy). To be more holistic the 5S method and participatory training in human resources are also used as a method of evaluating the work environment in this industry.

Background
Pempek & Kemplang as a typical Palembang food has become one of the 17 mainstay non-oil and gas export commodities in South Sumatera Province. Palembang is famous as a city of pempek & kemplang potentially developing a traditional food industry. It has been able to penetrate the markets of ASEAN countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. They are very valuable because from the field data of production and sales centers in Palembang every day as many as 14 tons a day they are sent to domestic and foreign markets [1]. On the other hand, increasing industrial competitiveness is an important issue that needs attention from various parties. Competitiveness about standardization of quality and work systems in an ergonomic production process. Increasing civilization through civilizing the work system that is ECSHE (Effective, Comfort, Safety, Healthy, Efficient) and improving the welfare of the community through participatory empowerment of all workers involved in the industry. Work systems that are not ergonomically designed that can impact ECSHE, enable workplace accidents which actually cause industrial and physical losses.  Figure 1. shows how the working environment conditions. Seen in Figure 1, the working environment conditions that do not support the creation of an ergonomic work environment. The observation of the work environment that has not been ergonomic and ECSHE is therefore an evaluation that is useful to assess the extent and completeness of the work environment. The results of Ergonomic Checkpoints (EC) are synergized with the recommendations from the results of measurement of Total Ergonomics (TE) Intervention. To ensure the research can run well, it is necessary to conduct a literature study to study and answer theoretical questions around research problems where in this study will discuss EC, TE Intervention, and 5S methods.

Ergonomic Checkpoints
EC are methods used to assess the current work environment and apply a work environment that is in accordance with working conditions [2], [3], [4]. Easy implementation solutions in practice for improving security, health and working conditions. The stages of how to use EC, are; a) knowing the workplace, b) defining work area to be checked, c) walk-through initials, d) writing your check results, e) selecting priorities, and f) group discussion about the check results. The reviewed checkpoints incorporated in these checklists have common structures as indicated in Table 1.

Materials and Methods
This study uses the synergy of EC, TE Intervention and the 5R concept [5], [2], [3], [4], [9] to evaluate and provide recommendations on whether the working environment in the SMEs Pempek and Kemplang Palembang industries has meet the rules of ergonomics that are good or not based on ECSHE related to the conditions of the work environment in the production process area.
Evaluation of current working environment conditions uses a synergy method between EC with stages [3]; a) knowing the workplace, b) defining work area to be checked, c) walk-through initials, d) writing your check results, e) selecting priorities, and f) group discussion about the check results. Assessment aspects include; storage and handling materials, hand tools, machinery design, lighting, premises, hazardous substances and agents, welfare facilities, and work organizations. and TE Intervention with the identification of 8 ergonomic problems (nutrition & calories, posture, muscle power utilization, environmental conditions, time conditions, social conditions, information conditions, and human and machine interaction), simultaneously applying the SHIP approach and applying AT (technical, economical, ergonomic/ healthy, socio-cultural, energy efficient, and not damaging to the environment) [10], [11], [12]. Based on the results of EC, TE Intervention then identification of problems, priority scale of problem solving, implementation of 5R, design of tools, improvement of the environment and work organization, which are then evaluated accordingly or not. The Synergy EC and TE Intervention models applied in this study are presented in Figure 2.

Results and Discussion
of the tools to correct the standards that have been implemented in SMEs Pempek and Kemplang. EC detect at least 11 items, can be seen in Table 2. areas of the work environment through stages of 8 ergonomic problems, SHIP approach (systemic, holistic, interdisciplinary, participatory) and appropriate technology (AT). The application empowers all workers in SMEs Pempek and Kemplang Palembang by conducting workshops to identify the conditions and the old work environment, determine priority scale, design tools, environment and work organization, conduct evaluations and improvements/ finishing.

Total Ergonomics Intervention
TE Intervention is a methodology of intervention studies based on TE, evaluating and analyzing

The Concept of 5S or 5R
Often we find irregularities in the environment in which we are today. When looking at these irregularities, what we feel is discomfort. When the disorder turns into a habit, it affects our work culture going forward. The solution to this irregularity problem is to apply the 5S or 5R concept. The concept of 5R [5-8] stands for RINGKAS, RAPI, RESIK, RAWAT, AND RAJIN is a way to manage the area of the work environment to be a better place. By applying the 5R concept, a work culture will be formed that can improve our efficiency and productivity in work. a) RINGKAS (SEIRI) is to distinguish between items that are needed and those that are not needed and then get rid of items that are not needed. b) RAPI (SEITON) is arranging items needed in a place that makes it easy to immediately take the item. c) RESIK (SEISO) is keeping the work environment and all items in good condition and clean. d) RAWAT (SEIKETSU) is to make a standard / condition that supports maintaining the 5R components, which are Ringkas, Rapi, and Resik. And e) RAJIN (SHITSUKE) is making the previous 4R a habit for sustainable development.
Data collection on the condition and the old work environment were examined using EC as one     (Table 2), there were 9 aspects used in this study. These aspects are; storage & materials handling, workstations, heat & lighting, work posture, physical environment, work time, premises, welfare facilities, work organization. The results of filling in EC show in Table 3. The reason for choosing these 9 aspects is because this study only examined the problem of physical conditions and work environment in SMEs Pempek and Kemplang Palembang. While the 2 aspects that were not included in this study, such as the machine safety aspect, it is caused that in this work area workers only use simple machines without having to pay attention to machine safety. And the resting facilities aspect is also not included in the research because this aspect is not very urgent needed in SME, since resting facilities simply exist.
From the 46 items, 30 of them need repairs. While of the 30 items, there are priority scale problems, namely; storage and material handling (urgent), work posture (urgent), physical environment (essential), and work organization (important). Synergy of EC with TE Intervention harmonizes ILO 2010 rules with interventions to improve working conditions and environments based on TE. The application of the TE Intervention method, begins with observation and evaluation of old working conditions and environments with an approach to 8 ergonomics problems and AT to identify problems, determine priority scale of problem solving, then conduct design studies of tools, environmental improvement studies and work organization studies. One improvement in the un-ergonomic problem that is urgent related to storage & material handling and work posture is to design a saving rack trolley tool ergonomic that can minimize workload due to incorrect posture work.

Results of Application of the 5R Concept
While improving the conditions of the work environment by applying 5R, are as follows: a) RINGKAS is the activity of sorting out items that are needed and not needed (to be disposed of) based on Figures 3 & 4, piles of wood and materials that cannot be used anymore are immediately cleaned because they will become a nest of disease and damage the work environment. The recommendation is to place the pile of wood and material into a more representative container or warehouse. b) RAPIH is how workers arrange a good layout so that the work environment is ECSHE. Warehouse area, production process, scrap, and room arrangement are still low, which disrupts transportation routes. The work environment area integrated with the owner's residence, is very narrow and is not available between human lines and workstations. The recommendation for this problem is to make road lines and road dividers so that the items are placed more in accordance with their purpose and look neat. c) RESIK is an activity to maintain the cleanliness of the work environment by removing garbage and foreign goods so that the workstation becomes cleaner. Scraping the kneading process and crumbs of the frying process will interfere with health. Not yet available representative bins. Recommendations for cleaning problems by cleaning regularly before and after the production process. d) RAWAT is an action to care for items in the work environment. Seiketsu will be effectively implemented if the 3 main aspects of 5R (Ringkas, Rapi, Resik) have been implemented properly. In SMEs Pempek and Kemplang do not have SOP's to maintain simple machines used, safety procedures, etc. e) RAJIN is the advanced stage of care. Recommendations about PPE that are good, simple and relevant to the task, such as hair covers, masks, etc. are highly recommended. Figure 3 shows the kneading process & pempek shape, pempek submarine egg shape process, pempek adaan shape process, pempek frying process, and pempek cutting process. Task: no physiological work attitude (sitting with a chair that is not anthropometric, bending, standing). Muscle energy use is large because it forms a manual pempek by bending, the NBM results show

Results of Application of EC
The results of the EC ( Table 2 and Table 3) show that the problems of storage and materials handling, workstations, and physical environments have high complaints so that the physical work environment also impacts workstations and storage and material handling which are not optimal in the production process. The recommended work environment with the application of the 5R concept can be seen in section 3.1.

Results of the Implementation of Total Ergonomics Intervention
Ergonomics intervention studies at the SMEs Pempek and Kemplang Palembang, in terms of the aspects of Task, Work Organization, and Environment. This review of 3 aspects is synchronized with ECSHE. musculoskeletal pain/ complaints 78-85% of the wrist, arm, shoulder, and back with a high risk 55-76, the classification of fatigue level is high 66-79, the category of physical workload weighs 125-150 bpm, and the % CVL category is 78-85% (rather heavy). Work Organization: work without regulating work breaks, without providing additional nutrition. ISHOMA Time (Rest, Prayer, Lunch), 12.00 -13.00 a.m. Environment: hot workspace 38-42 o C, dark, moist, lacking ventilation so that air circulation is less optimal. Recommendation: it is necessary to apply 5R, redesign of the ergonomic work system (cadaver, printer of pempek, boilers, drums, etc.) and increase productivity. Necessary increase in productivity in order to fulfill the demand for pempek which has not been optimal with the application of TE interventions. Identification of 8 ergonomic problems, to implement SHIP Approach, AT and 5R through workshops on conditions and working environment of SMEs so far, to determine the priority scale of problems and improve tool design, work organization and involving participatory of all SMEs workers and owners.  Figure 4 shows the kneading of material process, boiling, drying, roasting, frying, kemplang crackers. Task: the work attitude is not physiological (bending and pressing repeatedly). Muscle energy use is large because the cadre process is still manual, the NBM results show musculoskeletal pain / complaints 50-62% of the wrist, arm, back and shoulder with high risk 52-74, classification of fatigue level in the high category 65-72, the physical workload category weighs 125-150 bpm, and the %CVL category is 70-88% (rather heavy). Work Organization: work without regulating work breaks, without providing additional nutrition. ISHOMA Time (Rest, Prayer, Eat), 12.00 -13.00 a.m. Environment: hot workspace 38-40 o C, moist, lack of ventilation so that air circulation is not optimal. Recommendation: the application of 5R is required, working system redesign (cadaver, boilers, ergonomic trolley, drying, frying) and AT. The results of various types of kemplang and crackers, there are still many who have not met food standards. The environment and work system that have not been ergonomic have an impact on the rapid level of fatigue experienced by workers, heavy physical burden and finally the level of productivity is not optimal. It is necessary to increase productivity in order to fulfill the demand have not been optimal with the application of TE interventions. Figure 5, here is one of the drying tool designs and the storage of a rack saving trolley which is useful for drying and storing kemplang before the cooking process or frying. The work system is more ergonomic than before it was designed. Proven total ergonomic interventions are indications of increasing the quality of life of workers and increasing productivity. Quality of life, aspects of workload, musculoskeletal complaints rate, fatigue rate, work stress rate, boredom numbers have decreased indications, while numbers of comfort and satisfaction indicate an increase. Ultimately it has an impact on increasing productivity [11], [12], [13].  Figure 5 and 6, here is one of the drying tool designs and the storage of a rack saving trolley which is useful for drying and storing Kemplang before the cooking process or frying. The work system is more ergonomic than before it was designed. Proven total ergonomic interventions are indications of increasing the quality of life of workers and increasing productivity. Quality of life, aspects of workload, musculoskeletal complaints rate, fatigue rate, work stress rate, boredom numbers have decreased indications, while numbers of comfort and satisfaction indicate an increase. Ultimately it has an impact on increasing productivity [11], [12], [13].

Recommendations of EC and TE Interventions in The
Pempek & Kemplang Palembang industry, can be summarized as follows: 1. Application of EC tools (9 aspects), the results show that 16 items are appropriate and 30 items are not in accordance with ILO 2010 standards. The aspects with the most incompatibility are less ergonomic or ECSHE, namely; storage & materials handling, workstations, and physical environment. Warehouses that are not available, routes that are not safe and there are no lines markings, poor workstations because there are still many stations that are integrated with the owner's residence and many posture work is not ergonomics at work. In the production process at SMEs Pempek has not been ergonomics in the process of kneading & pempek shape, egg submarine shape, pempek adaan shape, pempek frying pan, and pempek slicing. And in the production process in the SMEs Kemplang it is un-ergonomics in the kneading of material process, boiling, drying, roasting, frying, there are still many un-physiological working posture (sitting with chairs that are not anthropometric, bending, standing). Muscle energy use is large because it forms a manual pempek by bending, the NBM results show musculoskeletal pain on the wrist, arm, shoulder and back with high risk, high fatigue classification, heavy physical workload category, and category % CVL is rather heavy. 2. Implementation of TE Intervention and 5R concept in SMEs Pempek and Kemplang, has not been fully implemented because of constrained infrastructure investment costs. Where the selection of goods (RINGKAS) is still not well implemented by accumulating unused items and materials. Arrangement (RAPI) in the workstation area of the production process is also not good, because there are still many packages of scrap that accumulate in any place, and cleanliness (RESIK) work area that is not good, especially in the parts of a simple tool/ machine. Synergy model of TE intervention analysis and EC results of a nine aspects assessed; storage & material handling, workstation, heat & lighting, work posture, physical environment, work time, premises, welfare facilities, work organization contribute to the value of most incompatibility which becomes the top priority in determining suggestions for improvement. While the TE intervention study includes; work posture, un-ergonomics design tools, un-physiological work, classification of subjectivity level of musculoskeletal system is 55-76 (high risk), classification of subjective fatigue level is 66-79 (high category), physical workload at workload level is 125-150 bpm (weight category), and the % CVL category is 78-85% (rather heavy). To be more holistic the 5S method and participatory training in human resources are also used as a method of evaluating the work environment in this industry.

Recommendations on the conditions and working environment of SMEs Pempek and Kemplang
Palembang are still found in work system inefficiencies, which have an impact on productivity not optimal and exceed the threshold value of human health aspects; limitations, ability and capability. The role of ergonomics interventions is still very much needed in designing work systems (task, work organization and environment), given the interrelationships between ideas, people, and the tools practiced in SMEs. The study of ergonomic interventions in the context of a suitable idea is to conduct ergonomics analysis (work posture, muscle usage, nutrition, conditions of information, time conditions, environment conditions, socio cultural conditions and man-machine interface) and AT. The adjustment of suitable work equipment is a tool that must be user friendly and sustainable. It is necessary to apply 5R, redesign the work system (cadaver, pempek printer, frying pan, boilers, drying trolley, waster, etc.) which is ergonomics and appropriate technology.


CREATING THE BEST ROUTING BY HEURISTIC ALGORITHM

*1 Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey 2 Department of Health Sciences, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey 3 Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey Abstract: In this study, Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP), an NP-hard problem, is addressed. In order to get the best results with a view to directing TSP heuristics, the ant colony algorithm was used for solution purposes. The purpose was to solve the problem of setting a course for the bread distribution trucks of Istanbul Halk Ekmek (Public Bread) Company using the ant colony algorithm on TSP. A liquid called Pheromone, which ants release in order to establish communication among them, is known as the most fundamental matter to provide this communication. In this research, artificial ants, which function with the logic of finding the shortest path in the area where they are located, were utilized. The purpose of our programme is to determine the shortest route for the arrival of the distribution trucks to the kiosks where bread is sold to the public. The route developed by the programme is displayed over Google maps. Motivation/Background: Explain the importance of the problem investigated in the paper. Include here a statement of the main research question. Method: Give a short account of the most important methods used in your investigation. Results: Present the main results reported in the paper. Conclusions: Briefly present the conclusions and importance of the results. Concisely summarize the study’s implications. Please do not include any citations in the abstract.

Introduction
Together with increasing competition, the significance of the problems related to the distribution of information, raw materials, goods and services, also increases. The competition between companies in terms of distribution activities has led to the differentiation in ways of the determination of the routes. In order to optimize and manage distribution network processes of the companies in an effective way, solutions should be developed especially in the fields of transportation and distribution. One of these decisions is related to the routing from the premises of the company to the customers' locations. Such problems that the companies had to manage set the way for the definition of the new problems in the literature and to the development of new techniques for their solution. Travelling Salesman Problem has been one of the important optimisation problems on which researchers have worked in recent years. Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is an optimization problem trying to find the way or the tour/route which starts from a certain place and returns to the same point after visiting all the points in the list only once. In terms of the difficulty to be solved, it is classified among NP-Hard Problems [1].
In the literature, vehicle routing problem TSP is expressed as a more improved version. This is so because there are more vehicles used and more constraints applied. In Travelling Salesman Problem,  The seller wants to sell his goods in "n" number of cities,  The seller wants to complete the tour in the shortest way and by visiting n number of cities only once,  As the number of cities increases, the difficulty of the problem increases.  The aim of the problem is to be able to present the shortest path to the salesman. Simply stated, in a symmetric problem with n cities, the number of possible tours is n!/2. When the problem is asymmetrical, it becomes n!.
The Vehicle Routing Problem was first studied by Dantzig and Ramser in 1959 [2]. In that study, the aim was to minimize the vehicle routing in order to minimize the cost of transporting gasoline to the petrol stations and the distance covered. Below is an illustration of the TSP Problem.

Basic Routing Problems
Basic Routing Problems (BRT) appears as the optimization problems that arise during product distribution, which is the last ring of supply and planning chain. Among the basic routing problems, Travelling Salesman Problem is preferred as the most common research subject. It would be more appropriate to evaluate other methods as derivatives of Travelling Salesman Problem [3].

Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP)
Travelling Salesman Problem has come into existence as a result of the improvement of the problems with separate start and end points. The return of the vehicle to the start point is necessary for the realization of the tour. This increases the complexity of the situation. The goal is to find the sequence through which the points are passed with a view to minimizing the total time and the distance of the tour. Waste collection and school vehicle routes are among examples of these kinds of routing problems; It is possible to increase the number of the examples. Such problems are generally referred to as "Travelling Salesman Problem" [4].

Chinese Postman Problem (CPP)
Chinese Postman problem is the solution of the problem with minimal cost, provided that each and every target point must be passed at least once. CPP was first researched in 1962 by a Chinese mathematician, Mei-Ko Kwan. The problem arose with the necessity for a postman to distribute letters he receives from a postal office by visiting all the streets in the city in the shortest possible way. After the distribution of the letters, the postman must return to the point where he begins the tour [5]. Although CPP resembles the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP), there are significant differences between them. The TSP is a node routing problem and it is about finding the shortest tour possible provided that each node is visited only once (Hamiltonian path). The main difference between CPP and TSP is that in CCP, instead of nodes, it is necessary to pass through the edges connecting these nodes and this must happen at least once [6]. If a Euler path is not achieved in the graph of the CCP problem, it could be possible to pass through edges more than once in order to complete the tour.

Multiple Travelling Salesmen Problems (MTSPs)
These are the situations where the shortest route is found in traveling salesman problems by adding more than one vehicle. N vehicles leave a warehouse and return to the same place. Each vehicle should visit at least one node. There is no restriction for visiting more than one node.

Single-Warehouse, Multiple-Vehicle and Multiple-Stop Distribution Problems
This is the most common routing problem. The solution method for this problem is to find the distribution paths that will enable the vehicles leaving from the same warehouse to find the shortest route for all stops/points and to return back to the warehouse. In this problem, demands in all points are found deterministically. Studies were carried out by Golden on this subject [7].

Multiple-Warehouse, Multiple-Vehicle and Multiple-Stop Distribution Problems
This is the problem where all trucks belonging to a Seller depart from more than one warehouse. In this problem, every truck should return to the same warehouse from which it previously departed from. Gillet and Johnson solved this problem through Gillett and Johnson have solved such problems in two phases with the assignment-sweep method. First, the distribution points are assigned to warehouses. Secondly, a solution is applied to the warehouse and the points which are assigned to this warehouse. Each phase is handled independently.

Single Warehouse, Multiple-Vehicle and Estimated Demand Distribution Problems
The difference of this problem compared to TG Problem is that the demand in distribution points is unknown. Since the quantity of the demand is not known, the probability distribution is utilized. For the solution of such types of problems, heuristic solution methods are used.

Capacity Constrained BRT
BRT uses, all points/stops as warehouses. This problem is a vehicle routing problem where each customer is visited by a single vehicle. The capacities of the trucks which go to the same point, that is a warehouse, should not be exceeded. The purpose is to minimize the total cost.

Cost Constrained BRT
Its difference from Capacity Restricted Model is that in this model, the restriction of the vehicle cost is taken as the basis rather than vehicle capacity restriction.

Cost and Capacity Constrained BRT
The methods used for the solution of the Capacity Restricted problem and Cost Restricted problem are also used in this model. However, the model is constructed by the use of both restrictions at the same time.

Time-Constrained BRT
This is the most difficult version of vehicle routing problem. In this problem, modelling is made with the condition that each customer has to be served within a certain period of time.

TSP Application Areas
Some of the areas where TS Problem is used commonly are as following:  Determining the routes for certain types of vehicles (services, patrol cars, etc),  The Distribution of the goods by the Seller from one or more than one warehouse to sales points,  Routing Problems of the Planes,  Delivery Problem of the Online Sales,  Distribution Problems (Newspapers, posts, bread, beverages, etc.),  Gathering of the warehouse materials.

TSP Solution Methods
Several methods have been developed for the solution of Travelling Salesman Problem. These methods can be classified in three groups: precise, classical heuristic and meta-heuristic. While precise solution methods provide us with the best formulas, they can take longer in terms of time period. On the other hand, other solution methods provide us with the second-best solutions in shorter time periods. [32]

Precise Solution Methods
Precise Solution Methods find the best solution. But the solution time increases exponentially depending on the size/extent of the problem. It is more appropriate for the solution of small and medium level problems. The solution method is easy and provable. There is no single method finding an appropriate and precise solution to all vehicle routing problems.

Cutting Plane
It is aimed to reach the most appropriate solution with a whole number by getting rid of some parts of the appropriate solution parameters for which cutting plane algorithms are prepared [8].
In other words, it is the generation of the whole number solution by making use of the constraints. If the new solution after addition of the constraints is a whole number, that means best solution is found. If the number which is found is still a fractional number, then the process of solution is continued by adding constraints until a whole number is obtained.

Branch and Bound Algorithm
In 1983, branch and bound algorithm was developed by Balas and Toth. By disregarding the subtour constraints, it was transformed into an assignment problem. It aims to find the routes by the method of adding lines and columns. In order to prevent the assignment of unknown routes, penalty coefficient is applied and by solving it from the beginning once again, the best solution is obtained.

Branch and Cut Algorithm
It is made by the combination of branch-bound and cutting plane methods [9] For the solution of the problem, first of all, the model is established by using the objective function and the constraints. The sub-tours used in the solution of the model are equalized to zero and problem is divided into branches. Then, the optimum result is found by adding constraint to the branches that are already obtained [10].

Dynamic Programming
Dynamic Programming divides the problem into sub-problems that are independent from each other. By using the solutions of these sub-problems, appropriate vehicle routes are obtained.

Classical Heuristic Solution Methods
This is one of the possible routing solution methods that can produce the best result for TSP. If all possibilities are tried, then the best solution is reached. However, for the solution of the largescale problems, trying all combinations and finding the best solution is not possible given the time limitations. Too much time is required to reach the best solution. Therefore, heuristic methods are developed due to the need for the second best and fast/rapid solutions [11] [12]. Classical heuristic methods could be classified into three groups: route-establishing; routedeveloping and two-phase models. [33]

Route-Establishing Heuristics
These were developed between 1959 and 1990. Route establishing heuristics start the solution of the problem with assignments that will not be realized. It aims at the best solution by adding an edge between two nodes. While adding edges, it is controlled whether the vehicle capacity is respected or not.

Dantzig and Ramser's Method
Vehicle Routing Problem was first studied by Danzig and Ramser in 1959. With that study, it was aimed that the vehicle routings were minimized so that the routes are determined in the shortest way and with the lowest cost according to the criteria set by the customers in the gasoline service stations [13]. According to the algorithm used, if the total demand of two points is more than the capacity of the vehicle, these two points should be connected [2].

Clarke and Wright's Savings Algorithm
It was developed by Clarke and Wright in 1964 by drawing on the study made by Dantzig and Ramser. It is one of the most used algorithms among route-establishing heuristic algorithms. Even if any two points are not connected, the vehicle leaving the warehouse will go and return to and from each point. After the points are connected to each other, first, the vehicle will go to the first point and then to the second point and then will return back to the warehouse. Accordingly, there will be savings depending on the difference between the situation where two points are not connected and the situation where two points are connected. The achievement of the savings is shown in Figure 2.

Nearest Neighbour (NN)
It was developed by Bellmore and Nemhauser in 1996. It is a simple algorithm developed in order to solve Travelling Salesman Problem. Here, the first movement is to the nearest point from the start point, then, to the next nearest point and so on. Finally, the vehicle returns to the starting point. The example of the Nearest Neighbour Algorithm is shown in Figure 3. [34]

Route-Developing Heuristics
Route-developing heuristics take the first established solution as the beginning and develop it further. In each repetition, the route is changed, and it is controlled whether the change is a better solution or not [14] [15].

3-Opt Algorithm
This is similar to the 2-opt algorithm, but 3 points, instead of 2 are chosen and relocated. This change could be made in two different ways as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 [15]. [35]

K-Opt Algorithm
In K-Opt Algorithm, 4 or more points are chosen. Although much more time is spent for a solution in k-opt algorithm, the result obtained shows slight improvement. [15].

Two-Phase Methods
In two-phase methods, points are divided between vehicles without exceeding capacity limits. In the second phase, a route is drawn for each vehicle [14]

Sweep Algorithm
It is a two-phase algorithm developed by Gillett and Miller in 1971. In the first phase, the warehouse is chosen as the centre and all points are drawn on the coordinate plane as shown in Figure 6. In the second phase, the value of the angle between warehouse and X (East-West) axis, is, is calculated for each i point. The point for which θi value is the lowest is found, and then, all points are scanned and put into a group until full capacity. When the limit is reached the next point is not added and then, the second group of points is established. The groups established in the second phase are solved in accordance with traveling salesman problem. The scanning in the first phase could be made clockwise or counter clockwise [16].

Fisher and Jaikumar Algorithm
It was developed by Fisher and Jaikumar in 1981 as a two-phase method. The number of customers is determined for each vehicle. The customers among which the distance is the biggest are chosen. The distances between the points, the routes developed, and the warehouses are calculated. Considering the capacity limits, the nearest points, routes are assigned as shown in Figure 8. In the second phase TSP is solved [17] Figure 8: Fisher and Jaikumar Algorithm

Christofides, Mingozzi and Toth
It was developed as a two-phase method by Christofides, Mingozzi and Toth in 1979. This method was developed in order to solve the vehicle routing problems with time, distance and capacity constraints. It produces the result in accordance with the parameters of λ≥1 and µ≥1 given as input by the user. The better one is taken among two solutions. This procedure is repeated for different values of λ and µ parameters. While in the first phase the series are found, in the second phase parallel routes are obtained [18] [19].

Meta-heuristic Solution Methods
With the researches made in recent years, great progress has been achieved in Meta-heuristic solution methods. The solution of grand-scale and complex problems could take a long time with [37] precise solution methods. With meta-heuristic methods, the solution of these problems could take much shorter time. For this reason, it is the most practical method for the solution of large-scale and complex problems. Since they could provide the nearest solution to the best one (second best solution) in a short period of time, they are utilized extensively [20] [11] [21].

Taboo Search
It was developed by Glover and Laguna in 1989. Taboo search algorithm makes the achievement of the best result as it enables researches both in positive and negative directions [20] [15]. The exclusion list is the main feature of taboo search. This is continuously updated and hence, prevents the repetition of the algorithm. However, if the solution is the best one found until that time, the even if it is on the exclusion list, the solution is accepted and the solution (process) is continued. In general, the solutions first get worse and then start getting better.
As taboo search could find the second best solution in a very short time period, it is one of the most used methods [20].

Genetic Algorithm
Generic algorithm is the imitation of the naturally developed processes in the problem solution. Problem-solving paradigm was proposed for the first time by Holland in 1975.
First of all, it is started with a solution obtained with other heuristic methods. This is called beginning population. Each parameter of the solution is described as a gene, and the whole solution is accepted as a chromosome. After the completion of the first chromosomes, new chromosomes are created by crossing of the two existing chromosomes or by mutation of a chromosome. With the changing of chromosomes, small changes are made in the values of the genes. In this way, it is aimed to decrease the local minimums. All chromosomes are passed through suitability function and the chromosomes which are most distant from their functions are found and eliminated. The best chromosome, that is the best solution, is obtained.

Simulated Annealing
It was developed by Kirkpatrick et al. in 1983. The purpose of the method is to decrease the possibility of choosing the negative progress instead of positive, through repetition. In this way, while at the beginning there are leaps in the positive section the value of possibility approaches to zero as the second best solution is approached and hence the solution area is narrowed [20].

Ant Colony
It was developed in 1991 by Dorigo et al. for the solution of the Travelling Salesman Problem. It was developed in a mathematical model by making use of the movements of ants in nature. The ants follow a route randomly after leaving their nest to find food. Let us examine the path followed by ants as shown in figure 9.
[38] Figure 9: The path followed by ants from their nest to the food The path followed by the ants before which an obstacle is placed is shown in Figure 10.  Ants leave a chemical door called pheromone. Other ants could decide the path to follow, which path is long, and which one is shorter with the help of the odor of this liquid. They choose the paths to follow to reach to the food according to the density of this odor. In this way, after a while, depending on the density of that odor, the usage of the longer path is diminished. In this way, the shortest way is found by the ant [20] [15]. This ants' behaviour is seen in Figure 12.  Although ant colony algorithm is developed in order to solve Travelling Salesman Problem, in the studies made in recent years, it has also been used in situations where more than one vehicle is added and in the solutions of vehicle touring problems by additional constraints [20].

Artificial Bee Colony
It is an algorithm developed by Karaboğa in 2005, by making use of the way the bees search for food in nature. The algorithm is composed of bees with a duty (employed bees) and bees without a duty; foods and positive & negative feedback. The employed worker bees transmit the information related to the place and the quality of the food they bring from certain resources, to other bees. The bees without a duty yare classified into two groups: onlooker bees and scout bees and they search for new sources of food. Scout bees make up to 5-10% of all bees existing in the hive [20].

Particle Swarm Optimization
It was developed by Kennedy and Eberhart by making use of the behaviours of bird swarms. While searching for food, birds are in interaction with each other and they follow the nearest bird. These interactions are determined as the possible particles of the solution and by following the best particle at that movement they try to find the solution. It is easy to use/apply as there are limited number of parameters in the algorithm [22].

Application
For the sample TSP problem, routing of the vehicles belonging to İstanbul Halk Ekmek Company (Public Bread Inc) was studied. The kiosks where the bread was sold were divided into 3 groups according to 3 factories owned by Halk Ekmek Company. and the routes were created on the basis of these factories. The vehicle route was studied for the Cebeci District which was covered by Cebeci factory. The distances between the kiosks existing in the route and their distances to the factory were determined. Each vehicle in the factory has a capacity of 246 cases of bread. The problem was solved with ant colony algorithm. The distances of the kiosks located in Cebeci Region are exhibited in Table 1 below.

The Solution with TSP Ant Colony Algorithm
The parameters used in the ant colony optimization are as following: α (alpha): It is related to the amount of Pheromone trace to be used for the current problem. It shows the level of the pheromone to be used for tracing. Β (beta): It is related to the level of hermeneutics to be used in the current problem. ρ (rho): It shows the evaporation rate of pheromone for the current problem. m: the number of ants needed for the algorithm used in the Ant Colony Optimization.
Termination condition (Iteration number): It is related to the number of iterations to be applied to the current problem.
For 16 kiosks existing in our application, the most appropriate parameter values appear as follows: alpha:1; beta; 1; Rho:1; the number of iterations: 250 and the number of ants: 90. When the application is run for Cebeci district, the shortest path is found as shown in Figure 13. Let us examine step by step the way followed while the best route is being determined. The routing of the route starting from the factory and visiting each of 18 kiosks is shown in Figure 9. The detailed information on the distances of the routing drawn by the applications can be seen in As a result of the Ant Colony Algorithm applied for the İstanbul Halk Ekmek factory and 16 Kiosks in Cebeci District, the best route is calculated to be 11,241 meters.

Conclusion and Suggestions
In this study, TSP Problems were introduced, and solution methods were discussed. In order to find the best routing of the vehicles, a web-based application was developed and Ant Colony Algorithm (ACA) was used for this application.
As a result of the test carried on during this study, an application enabling the vehicles of the company to save time was developed. By using ACA for 16 kiosks existing in the Cebeci District, in addition to the savings in time, the shortest distribution to the kiosks was maintained with a view to decreasing the costs.
The number of the factories and kiosks used in the study could be further increased. It is applicable to an increased number of points. This study aimed at introducing TSP solution techniques to the academicians making their researches in this area and to provide the manager with a general understanding of the subject.


s2fieldsofstudy: Business Sociology

text:
Sustainability of Heritage Tourism: A Structural Perspective from Cultural Identity and Consumption Intention

Intangible cultural heritage can provide cultural value content for product development and marketing of tourism destinations, enabling these areas to obtain economic benefits. This study selects cultural identity as an antecedent variable, and applies the theory of planned behavior to construct the influence mechanism of cultural identity on tourists’ consumption intention in heritage tourism. In tourism development, visitors and local residents have reached a common cognitive basis for Kunqu Opera through cultural identity, thereby guiding consumer behavior and promoting the continuous development of Kunqu Opera tourism. This study takes Suzhou Kunqu Opera as a research object, designs a questionnaire for local residents and tourists, establishes a structural equation model, and explores the relationship between various impact factors. The results of the study show that cultural identity has a positive effect on consumption intentions in heritage tourism activities, confirming that cultural identity is an effective driving force to promote tourists’ consumption intention. Behavioral attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control have a positive effect on consumption intentions. This study supplements the existing knowledge on tourists’ consumption intention in intangible cultural heritage destinations. The study also provides new insights to enhance the consumption intention and achieve long-term sustainable development of the destination.

Introduction
Intangible cultural heritage refers to oral traditions and forms of expression, performing arts, social practices, rituals and festivals, knowledge and practice concerning nature and the universe, and traditional handicraft [1]. It embodies historical and cultural values and aesthetic habits of tourist destinations, and is naturally compatible with tourism development. In recent years, travelers have sought to experience a variety of performing arts, handicrafts, food, and traditional rituals, and intangible cultural heritage has become one of the main driving forces of tourism. The tourism industry can obtain large economic benefits from local intangible cultural heritage [2]. Its unique cultural value can help tourist destinations gain irreplaceable market positioning and provide valuable content for product development and marketing. Intangible cultural heritage can provide a cultural travel experience to attract tourists, create economic value for the destination, and achieve sustainable development.
Transforming intangible cultural heritage into tourism products remains a challenge. Establishing intangible cultural heritage museums, theme parks, and live performances is considered an effective way to develop intangible cultural heritage [3]. Product development depends not only on its own characteristics but also on paying attention to the needs of tourists. If the intangible cultural heritage products are not developed properly, then attracting tourists is difficult, thereby resulting in a waste of resources. How to continuously attract tourists and prolong the life of tourist destinations is an issue that has to be considered in developing intangible cultural heritage tourism products. Destinations need to conduct research on the tourist market to determine the most stimulating potential demand [4]. Studies on the relationship between tourists and intangible cultural heritage are lacking [5]. At the same time, promoting the sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage is an issue that needs urgent attention and research. Therefore, how the intangible cultural heritage of tourist destinations can induce tourists' interest and generate consumption intention deserves further study in theory and practice.
Cultural identity is often regarded as one of the key factors that influence intangible cultural heritage tourism [6]. According to some studies, travel experience to a certain extent depends on the individual's self-perceived identity-related needs and perception of the destination and experience that can meet these needs [7]. In the context of globalization, intangible cultural heritage tourism provides tourists with various identity sources for the destination, and identity plays an important role in it. Intangible cultural heritage is the symbol and source of tourism destination identity because the cultural identity of intangible cultural heritage attracts the interest of tourists, thereby motivating travel experience. Positive cultural attitude and cognitive attitude will affect tourists' satisfaction with the destination, and affect the follow-up behavior [8]. Tourists' cognition is for tourists to deal with the relevant information of the destination according to the on-the-spot tourism experience on the basis of perceived impressions, and form their own beliefs and judgments [9]. Through cultural identity, tourists have reached a common cognitive basis for intangible cultural heritage to effectively guide consumer behavior and promote the sustainable development of tourism activities [10]. At present, few studies on intangible cultural heritage tourism and identity are available [5]. Research on intangible cultural heritage tourism has not clarified whether cultural identity will affect tourists' consumption intention. This study takes Suzhou Kunqu Opera as a research object, and applies the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to consumer behavior to explore the impact of tourists' cultural identity on intangible cultural heritage consumption intentions in developing intangible cultural heritage tourism. Results of this study provide information on the management and marketing of intangible cultural heritage in destination environments.

Cultural Identity and Intangible Cultural Heritage Development
Identity describes the relationship between the subject and the object. The subject of identity can be either an individual or a group. When the object of identity is a cultural element, such as cultural concepts, symbols, and customs, a so-called cultural identity is formed [11]. The fundamental component of cultural identity is the individual's sense of belonging and psychological commitment to a particular culture and cultural group. Cultural identity is also a psychosocial process of acquiring, maintaining, and innovating cultural attributes [12][13][14].
Cultural identity is an important perspective in exploring the development mechanism of intangible cultural heritage [6]. From the perspective of intrinsic attributes, intangible cultural heritage is a combination of special social memory and the value identification systems of a country or region. Moreover, intangible cultural heritage is an important carrier of people's collective cultural identity and cohesion. Intangible cultural heritage can be used as an explicit basis for identification, representing the unique value that the group distinguishes from others [15]. Therefore, the development mechanism of intangible cultural heritage is not only simple protection and inheritance. Such a development also involves reproducing socially collective value identification, of which the essence is cultural identity. The cultural identity of intangible cultural heritage is defined as "the identification of the cultural value and identity based on intangible cultural heritage" [6]. In the development of intangible cultural heritage tourism, the identity of tourism products from the point of view of tourists with different backgrounds is important in the process of tourism experience and consumption. The identity includes external forms such as the cultural identity of the intangible cultural heritage. From the perspective of cultural identity, many scholars have explored the correlation between cultural identity and the sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage. Ma [16] believes that protecting intangible cultural heritage is an important means of promoting cultural identity. Cultural protection is conducive to strengthening a person's sense of belonging to a culture, enhancing cultural cohesion. However, most residents in intangible cultural heritage protected areas lack cultural identity with a sense of history and mission [17]. Hafstein [18] believes that the current task is to spread the knowledge of folklore and ethnology to the masses by taking cultural conventions as an example, thereby changing people's perceptions, definitions, and practices of their own cultures. In addition, establishing a true cultural identity is possible with specific interpersonal communication and emotional affinity [19].

Cultural Identity and Sustainability of Intangible Cultural Heritage Tourism
In sustainable tourism research, cultural identity has also been examined by scholars. Unique cultural heritage resources are the identity that distinguishes a destination from other places, and is also the basis for attracting tourists [20]. The protection of cultural heritage, the maintenance of traditional values and the provision of real experience for tourists are considered as important elements of sustainable tourism [21]. Travel experience can refer to a tourist's need for self-awareness and the perception of the destination and experience that meets these needs [7]. In other words, tourist recognition affects travel experience. Cultural identity is an advanced level of tourism experience recognition [22]. Cultural identity includes not only the affirmative value judgment of consumers on the product expression and cultural connotation of tourism experience, but also their positive attitude towards the cultural value of tourism products [23]. Wang and Hu [24] proposed that cultural identity contains two levels of content, namely, the individual's recognition of the external material symbols of the culture and the acceptance of the social norms and cultural values of groups; the latter is the core of cultural identity. The link between protecting cultural heritage and providing the best products is challenging for decision-makers. Understanding the degree of cultural identity of tourists to cultural heritage plays a guiding role in product development and marketing, which can protect cultural heritage and promote the development of tourism, and ultimately bring sustainable tourism to the region [21].

Research on Consumption of Intangible Cultural Heritage
Intangible cultural heritage has obvious symbolic features and is essentially a cultural product. Therefore, appreciating intangible cultural heritage is a type of cultural consumption [25]. Consumer purchases of intangible cultural heritage products are a confirmation of cultural symbols and identification of the added cultural value of these products. In addition, consumers express their cultural identity through purchasing behavior. Intangible cultural heritage can greatly enrich the content and form of local tourism products as a unique cultural product. Distinctive ethnic regional characteristics can also represent local cultural values [26]. Intangible cultural heritage can also promote cultural value dissemination and the image of tourism destinations through material products while promoting the further development of the tourism market. Esfehani and Albrecht [27] conducted a 6-month qualitative ethnography of Qeshm Geopark in southern Iran and found that intangible cultural heritage can serve as a rich source of local tourism products. The transformation of cultural capital is the key to realizing the value of intangible cultural heritage capital and building a benign production and consumption system. This transformation process is divided into three stages, namely, integrating cultural resources, combing out the iconic cultural connotations and symbols, and market-oriented selective development. Combining this process with the cultural and creative industries is an important way to transform intangible cultural heritage capital [28]. The content, forms, and channels of intangible cultural heritage products are enriched by creative design, new technologies, and new media in the consumer market. This condition can create new businesses and promote the transformation and development of consumption. The standpoint of research includes qualitative methods, such as field investigation and interviews, and quantitative methods, such as multiple linear and structural equation models. The development trend of research shifts from tangible heritage to intangible cultural heritage, and additional attention is paid to the combination of science and technology and the audience expansion.

Theory of Planned Behavior
Proposed by Ajzen [29], TPB is an idea that is inherited from the theory of reasoned action (TRA). Ajzen found that human behavior is not 100% voluntary but limited by behavior control. Therefore, he expanded TRA to expand the concept of self-perceived behavior control and form the TPB, which can be used not only to explain and predict human behavior but also to intervene in it. TPB can help understand how people change their behavioral patterns and believe that behavior is the result of a well-thought-out plan. In TPB, behavior attitude refers to the degree of a person's evaluation of the behavior. Subjective norm refers to the perception of social pressure of execution or non-execution. Perceptual behavior control refers to perceived behavior that is easy or difficult to perform [29].
The intention of tourists' consumption behavior is regarded as an important research topic in tourism [30]. Scholars introduce the theory of planned behavior to tourism to explore the behavioral intention of tourists. TPB can help destination managers and marketers to analyze the potential behavior of tourists, provide a basis for the formulation of management and marketing strategies, and promote the sustainable development of tourism [31]. At present, TPB has been used in low-carbon tourism behavior, rural tourism behavior, eco-tourism behavior and civilized tourism behavior, and other fields [32]. Hu et al. analyzes the influencing factors of tourists' intention of environmental responsibility behavior in tourism destinations, and provides suggestions for mountainous tourism areas to achieve sustainable development [33]. Ashraf et al. explored the visit intention of tourists to environmentally friendly tourism destinations, and confirmed that attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control all have a positive impact on tourists' behavioral intention [34]. The study suggests that destination management should design marketing strategies based on the needs of tourists to provide an unforgettable experience in line with their values.
It is important to apply the theory of planned behavior to the study of sustainable development of cultural heritage tourism destinations. Zhang et al. uses the TPB model to analyze the behavior intention of residents seeking to resolve the conflict. Taking Chengdu, China as an example, this paper seeks a universal conflict resolution model for cultural heritage tourism destinations to promote the long-term development of the destination [35]. From the perspective of multi-agent cooperation, Xia et al. use the extended TPB model to analyze the cooperative intention of public participation in intangible cultural heritage inheritance in minority areas in Qinghai Province, China, and believe that meeting the interests of stakeholders will help enhance the intention of cooperation and promote the sustainability of intangible cultural heritage [36]. Combing the existing research results, we can find that attitude, subjective norm, and perceptual behavior control of the three antecedents of TPB theory have a better degree of explanation for behavior intention [37,38]. Scholars continue to conduct new explorations into demographic characteristics, motivation, and cultural factors [39]. The influence of culture on consumption is undeniable, but its specific concept and path of influence are not determined. Choi and Geistfeld believe that the application of TPB in cross-cultural studies should increase cultural value variables [40]. Therefore, the present study introduces the cultural identity of intangible cultural heritage and adopts the most classic TPB model. The present study aims to explore the impact of perceived behavioral control, behavioral attitudes, and subjective norms on the consumption intentions toward intangible cultural heritage.

Research Hypothesis
Cultural value is the power to shape attitudes and influence people to accept or reject certain products or services [41]. Cultural identity determines the extent to which people are integrated into social groups [42]. Cultural characteristics can have an impact on people's behavior, and many Asian countries, such as China, Japan, and South Korea, belong to a collectivist culture [43]. People in a collective culture are willing to share scarce resources with others in the same society and form a positive attitude toward behaviors that help society prosper [44]. Consumer attitudes are influenced by individual collectivism, long-term positioning, and degree of political participation [45]. Nguyen, Lobo, and Greenland [46] found that cultural identity and attitude are positively correlated. When a product contains national cultural symbols, consumers have a positive purchasing tendency. At the same time, the perceived spiritual symbol of the product is combined with self-identity recognition to further obtain emotional value [47]. Therefore, the present study formulates the following hypothesis:

Hypothesis 1 (H1). Consumers' cultural identity significantly and positively affects attitude toward behavior.
Recycling is important for consumers who value group norms [48]. Ahn et al. [49] believe that social norms and coherence are critical to environmentally friendly buying behavior in collectivist societies. Some studies suggest that when individuals build themselves in an interdependent way, they are more likely to follow the goal of social norms [50]. Triandis [51] found that the collectivist society has a strong connection with subjective norms. Long-term-oriented people tend to seek the opinions of others if they are uncertain about future interests before making any purchase decision [52]. Social coherence provides confidence and motivates individuals to think that the entire society supports their decisions such that they make socially beneficial decisions. When people identify with national culture, they tend to think and act according to group norms and values [53]. Therefore, the present study proposes the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 2 (H2). Consumers' cultural identity significantly and positively affects subjective norms.
When individuals can manipulate their behavioral outcomes positively, they represent an easy or difficult view of behavior. Moon et al. [54] found that consumers in collectivist societies are willing to pay extra fees to obtain products that are considered socially beneficial. Individuals in the collective society have higher perceptual behavior control when deciding the products that are beneficial to the society. When individuals have a sense of identity and belonging to the cultural symbols and national characteristics in the intangible cultural heritage, they will have the objective conditions to understand the intangible cultural heritage. People with high cultural identity have lower perception of the behavioral difficulties of understanding cultural heritage, but have the perception of, among others, convenience and economy. Therefore, this study proposes the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 3 (H3). Consumers' cultural identity significantly and positively affects perceived behavioral control.
Howard and Sheth [55] suggested that relevant groups, social classes, cultures, and subcultures influence the purchasing decision process. Cultural values are a powerful force to form a person's attitude and behavior [56]. Culture influences consumption, but theoretical and empirical analysis of this proposition is extremely limited [57]. Cultural identity is not only the essential attribute of intangible cultural heritage products but also an important predictor of research on consumer behavior [52]. Zhang [58] constructed an analytical model of consumer purchasing behavior based on the motivation of Confucian cultural values and empirically analyzed symbolic buying behavior [59]. Based on these findings, the present study suggests the following hypothesis:

Hypothesis 4 (H4). Cultural identity significantly and positively affects consumer behavior intention.
According to the theory of planned behavior, the intention of intangible cultural heritage tourism consumption behavior is mainly affected by behavior attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control. Specifically, people can form a rational evaluation of nonheritage consumption behavior or visiting and playing. The more positive the evaluation is, the more active the tourism consumption intention of intangible cultural heritage becomes. External stress perception will affect individuals' intangible cultural heritage consumption behavior. When individuals are influenced by important others (family, friends, teachers, etc.) and society, intangible cultural heritage consumption intention is more positive. Consumption intention will also be affected by the implementation conditions (such as convenience, difficulty, etc.). The more favorable the perceived objective conditions, the higher the consumption intention of intangible cultural heritage. The applicability of planned behavior theory to consumer behavior intention has been widely verified [60,61]. Therefore, the present study suggests the following hypotheses:

Hypothesis 7 (H7). Perceived behavioral control significantly and positively influences consumption behavior intention.
Based on the preceding hypotheses, the main dimensions of this study include cultural identity, attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and willingness to consume. Figure 1 presents a corresponding model diagram. According to the theory of planned behavior, the intention of intangible cultural heritage tourism consumption behavior is mainly affected by behavior attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control. Specifically, people can form a rational evaluation of nonheritage consumption behavior or visiting and playing. The more positive the evaluation is, the more active the tourism consumption intention of intangible cultural heritage becomes. External stress perception will affect individuals' intangible cultural heritage consumption behavior. When individuals are influenced by important others (family, friends, teachers, etc.) and society, intangible cultural heritage consumption intention is more positive. Consumption intention will also be affected by the implementation conditions (such as convenience, difficulty, etc.). The more favorable the perceived objective conditions, the higher the consumption intention of intangible cultural heritage. The applicability of planned behavior theory to consumer behavior intention has been widely verified [60,61]. Therefore, the present study suggests the following hypotheses:

Hypothesis 7 (H7). Perceived behavioral control significantly and positively influences consumption behavior intention.
Based on the preceding hypotheses, the main dimensions of this study include cultural identity, attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and willingness to consume. Figure 1 presents a corresponding model diagram.

Case Survey
The research object, Kunqu Opera, originated in the Kunshan area of Suzhou in the late Yuan Dynasty, and has a 600-year history. This form of performance art is known as the "mother of all operas" in China and a legacy "living treasure" of traditional Chinese opera by virtue of advanced performance skills and rich aesthetic implications involved. It is on top of the list of China's "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" selected by UNESCO (Paris, France) in 2001. As a world-class intangible cultural heritage tourism resource, Kunqu Opera has important research value regardless of its own resource attraction or the role of destination tourism product development and marketing.

Case Survey
The research object, Kunqu Opera, originated in the Kunshan area of Suzhou in the late Yuan Dynasty, and has a 600-year history. This form of performance art is known as the "mother of all operas" in China and a legacy "living treasure" of traditional Chinese opera by virtue of advanced performance skills and rich aesthetic implications involved. It is on top of the list of China's "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" selected by UNESCO (Paris, France) in 2001. As a world-class intangible cultural heritage tourism resource, Kunqu Opera has important research value regardless of its own resource attraction or the role of destination tourism product development and marketing.

Research Design
The problem of this study is the impact of cultural identity of intangible cultural heritage on consumer behavior intention, which mainly involves the measurement of five concepts: Cultural identity, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and consumer behavior intention. Among them, the cultural identity scale, based on the previous literature review, was combined with the study on the characteristics of Suzhou Kunqu Opera and the questionnaire survey of Kunqu Opera perception. The main part of the questionnaire consisted of 12 items: CI1-CI4 is the cultural identity of Kunqu Opera (M1), CI5-CI8 is the value identity of Kunqu Opera (M2), and CI9-CI12 is the identity of Kunqu Opera (M3). A 7-point Likert scale was used, with 1-7 indicating strongly disagree, disagree, relatively disagree, general, relatively agree, agree, and strongly agree. Table 1 shows the scale of this study. [65] CI8 The inheritance and protection of intangible culture can be beneficial from the development of Kunqu Opera CI9 Watching or experiencing Kunqu Opera fits my personal identity.
[66] CI10 Watching or experiencing Kunqu Opera helps me express my identity. CI11 Watching or experiencing Kunqu Opera can improve my status.
[64] CI12 My contact with Kunqu Opera has made me a member of a like-minded community. [66] Attitude toward the behavior (BA) BA1 The process of watching and experiencing Kunqu Opera is pleasant.
[67-69] BA2 The process of watching and experiencing Kunqu Opera is satisfactory. BA3 The process of watching and experiencing Kunqu Opera is proud. BA4 The process of watching and experiencing Kunqu Opera is meaningful.
Subjective norm (SN) SN1 The mass media can prompt me to encounter relevant information about Kunqu Opera.
[70] SN2 Sharing on social platforms can prompt me to pay attention to activities related to Kunqu Opera. SN3 Public cultural activities to benefit the people in the form of concessionary tickets or free tickets can prompt me to watch Kunqu Opera.
Self-design SN4 My relatives and friends think that participating in activities related to Kunqu Opera is necessary. SN5 When my family needs my support, I think that participating in activities related to Kunqu Opera is necessary. [71] Perceived behavioral control (PBC) PBC1 I have enough resources to understand and appreciate Kunqu Opera.
[67,68] PBC2 I have a certain cultural knowledge to appreciate Kunqu Opera. PBC3 I can easily obtain information on Kunqu Opera's performance and promotion activities. PBC4 I can easily and quickly reach the place where Kunqu Opera-related activities are held.

Consumer behavior intention (BI)
BI1 I prefer to learn and watch online. [66] BI2 I prefer to go to the theatre, scenic spots, and other places to enjoy and watch. BI3 I prefer to go to Suzhou to experience Kunqu Opera. BI4 I am willing to pay a high price for Kunqu Opera and its related products. BI5 I would like to recommend Kunqu Opera and its related products to others.
Note: All the items compiled by the authors of the present study are obtained from the collection and analysis of previous data.

Data Collection and Descriptive Statistics
In this study, nonprobability convenience sampling was used. The survey was conducted in December 2018 and February 2019. Formal and supplementary surveys were conducted in Suzhou for Chinese tourists and local people, respectively. The site survey was completed mainly at Suzhou Kunqu Opera Theatre, China Kunqu Opera Museum, Kunqu Opera Institute, Suzhou Intangible Cultural Heritage Museum (Suzhou, China), and the urban area. At the same time, the questionnaire was distributed through the Internet and spread to various communities through social media. A total of 400 questionnaires were collected, excluding those that took less than 2 min to fill in, and those that were incomplete. A total of 304 questionnaires were valid, with an effective rate of 76%.
The survey results showed that the male-to-female ratio was close to 1:1, and the gender structure was reasonable. All age groups were covered, and the 20-29 age group accounted for 41.1%. In terms of educational background, college students/undergraduates accounted for 64.1% of the total. Most of the respondents were students and company employees. In terms of monthly income, due to the presence of students, 27.6% of people earned less than CNY 3000, followed by those who earned CNY 5001-8000. Table 2 shows that the overall distribution of respondents' gender, age, occupation, and average monthly income is relatively balanced, indicating that the sample is suitable for further analysis.

Reliability and Validity Test
First, the present study used Cronbach's alpha (α) method to analyze the reliability of the sample data. Generally, when the Cronbach's α coefficient is greater than 0.7, the internal consistency effect is good and the reliability is high. Table 2 shows that Cronbach's α coefficient for each latent variable is significantly larger than 0.7. In addition, the overall reliability of the questionnaire is 0.930, indicating that the scale passes the reliability test. The questionnaire has good internal consistency. Second, the KMO test method was used to analyze the structural validity of the scale. Results showed that the KMO value of each potential variable was greater than the minimum standard value of 0.5 ( Table 3). The overall KMO value of the scale was 0.922, indicating that the data of the present study are suitable for factor analysis. Consequently, the cumulative interpretation variation of the common factors extracted was 71.559%, which is more than 50%. Thus, the structural validity of the sample data is good.
The validity of the questionnaire was also tested in this study. Content validity was mainly based on previous theoretical research and a large number of preliminary studies. At the same time, experts were invited to evaluate the questionnaire, which was revised based on their opinions and the final scale was formed. Therefore, we can ensure that this study has good content validity. The construct validity was mainly realized by exploratory factor analysis. Finally, 29 measurement items of the scale were tested for reliability, and the corrected item-total correlation for each item was greater than 0.4, indicating a strong correlation between the index and total scale of measurement as well as good reliability; the factor loadings after rotation were all greater than 0.4, all passed the t-test, and were significant at p < 0.01 level. The validity of the scale was guaranteed.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
CFA aims to test whether the relationship between a factor and the corresponding measure item conforms to the theoretical relationship designed by the researcher. Among the relevant indicators, CR is the combination reliability, 0.7 is the acceptable threshold, and AVE is the average variance extracted value, which is recommended to be greater than 0.4 to test the internal consistency. In this study, CFA was conducted on five measurement dimensions: cultural identity, behavioral attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and consumption intention. Table 3 shows that CR of each dimension is greater than 0.7, AVE is greater than 0.4, and the standardized factor loading of all measurement indexes on their respective latent variables ranged from 0.690 to 0.885, which is greater than 0.5 and less than 0.9, indicating that the basic fitness of the model is good. The larger the factor loading value, the greater the variation that the index variable can be explained by the structure; thus, the index variable can effectively reflect the structural characteristics to be measured [72]. Through the CFA of each dimension, the model built in this study is of good quality, and the index can effectively reflect the structural characteristics to be measured.

Model Fitting Effect
After reliability and validity were guaranteed, the present study selected the absolute fitness index χ2/df, RMSEA, GFI, AGFI, value-added fitness index NFI, CFI, IFI, and other indicators to determine the model fit. Results showed that the χ2/df statistic was 1.461 (match standard <3). Moreover, the RMSEA value was 0.039 (match standard <0.08), and the other indexes (GFI = 0.923, AGFI = 0.903, NFI = 0.920, CFI = 0.973, and IFI = 0.973) were all more than 0.900. The results showed that the overall fitting result of the sample was good and reached the corresponding matching standard (Table 4).

Hypothesis Verification Results
AMOS 22.0 was used to verify the proposed hypothesis, and then the structural model path inspection table (Table 5) and structural equation model path diagram (Figure 2) were obtained.

Hypothesis Verification Results
AMOS 22.0 was used to verify the proposed hypothesis, and then the structural model path inspection table (Table 5) and structural equation model path diagram (Figure 2) were obtained. (1) Mechanism of cultural identity on consumption intention Figure 2 and Table 5 show that cultural identity has a significant positive effect on consumer behavioral attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and consumption intentions. (1) Mechanism of cultural identity on consumption intention Figure 2 and Table 5 show that cultural identity has a significant positive effect on consumer behavioral attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and consumption intentions. Among these factors, cultural identity has a significant positive effect on consumers' behavioral attitudes (β = 0.691, p < 0.001); thus, H1 is established. Cultural identity has a significant positive effect on consumers' subjective norms (β = 0.543, p < 0.001); thus, H2 is established. Cultural identity has a significant positive effect on perceived behavioral control (β = 0.596, p < 0.001); thus, H3 is established. Cultural identity has a significant positive effect on consumption intention (β = 0.415, p < 0.001); thus, H4 is established.
As an antecedent variable, cultural identity has an important influence on behavioral attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Cultural identity also has a direct effect on the consumption intention of intangible cultural heritage. Thus, consumers' cultural identity of Kunqu Opera, as an intangible cultural heritage, has a positive effect on individuals' attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, which ultimately results in a positive willingness to consume Kunqu Opera. This finding verifies the influence path of cultural identity-consumption intention. In the measurement process of this study, tourists' cultural identification with Kunqu Opera includes three dimensions: Kunqu culture, value, and identity. Therefore, in the development of intangible cultural heritage tourism, the exploration of the internal culture of intangible cultural heritage should be given importance to highlight the unique cultural value and cultural identity of intangible cultural heritage. By enhancing tourists' cultural identification with intangible cultural heritage, we can continuously improve their attitude toward intangible cultural heritage and deepen the influence of subjective norms and perceived behavioral control on tourists, thereby stimulating tourists' behavioral intention to travel and consume.
(2) Influence mechanism of behavioral attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on consumption intentions Behavioral attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control all have a significant impact on consumption intention. Behavioral attitude has a significant positive effect on consumers' consumption intention of Kunqu Opera (β = 0.329, p < 0.001); thus, H5 is established. This result is consistent with Ajzen's main assumptions on TPB [29]. Behavioral attitude is an important influencing factor of consumer behavior intention. Previous studies have yielded similar results [60,61,73]. When tourists think that the experience of Suzhou Kunqu Opera is pleasant and valuable, they are more inclined toward consumer behavior. The study also showed that behavioral attitude was the most influential factor among the three. Subjective norms have a significant positive impact on consumption intention (β = 0.279, p < 0.001); thus, H6 is established, confirming the TPB hypothesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated the important role of subjective norms in behavioral intentions [74,75]. Tourists tend to consider other people's views when making intangible cultural heritage consumption decisions such as friends, relatives, parents, and travel companions. Higher subjective norms have a positive effect on tourists' consumption intentions. Perceived behavioral control has a significant positive effect on consumption intention (β = 0.313, p < 0.001); thus, H7 is established. This result confirms the views of Brown et al. [76], and Chen and Tung [77]. When tourists think that they have enough time, money, and opportunity to easily consume intangible cultural heritage, they carry out this behavior. This result also enlightens managers in creating various opportunities in tourist destinations to enable visitors to understand and participate in intangible cultural heritage tourism.

Conclusions
Taking Suzhou Kunqu Opera as an example, this study selected cultural identity as the antecedent variable and combined it with the TPB in consumer behavior to explore the impact of cultural identity on the tourism consumption intention of intangible cultural heritage. Due to the special cultural attributes of intangible cultural heritage, tourists can ultimately promote their consumption intention on the basis of recognizing the value of intangible cultural heritage. Based on the traditional TPB, this study creatively introduced the variable of cultural identity and conducted empirical research.
The results showed the following: (1) Cultural identity has a direct positive influence on the consumption intention of intangible cultural heritage. In intangible cultural heritage tourism, the cultural identity of tourist consumers promotes their consumption intention. (2) A positive correlation exists between cultural identity and behavioral attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. When the cultural identity is strengthened, the individual's behavioral attitude is more positive, the influence of subjective norms is more intense, and the perceived behavioral control is stronger. (3) Behavioral attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control all have a positive impact on tourists' consumption intentions. The empirical results support the theoretical model and hypothesis.

Managerial Implications
The results of the study provide valuable information that can be used as a reference for the development of intangible cultural heritage tourist destinations. Tourism organizations in these destinations should realize that intangible cultural heritage is a unique tourism resource that can generate economic benefits for tourism development. The sustainable development of tourism is the focus of public attention. The tourism industry is developed by using cultural resources, and nonrenewable original ecological cultural resources are the basis and premise of its development and utilization. In the fierce tourism competition, intangible cultural heritage can be developed and utilized as a type of tourism product that emphasizes differences and highlights local characteristics [10]. On the one hand, sustainable tourism development can effectively inherit and develop intangible cultural heritage. Only when the original cultural ecology of the region and the nation is effectively protected can we discuss the sustainable utilization of its cultural resources, which meets the needs of the current population while also protecting the needs of future generations; on the other hand, sustainable tourism development can strengthen the unique cultural image of tourist destinations, attract visitors, and promote the long-term development of these destinations.
Heritage tourism brings sustainable development opportunities for destinations, especially in the post-COVID-19 epidemic era. COVID-19 has a long-term negative impact on the tourism industry, and brings a rethinking of the tourism growth model [78]. Tourism recovery will take a long time, and stakeholders should actively formulate strategic plans for destination recovery and seize the crisis into development opportunities [79,80]. This study provides management suggestions for the sustainable development of heritage tourism destinations from the perspective of stakeholders (Table 6).
Destination governments and decision makers should intervene appropriately in heritage tourism and introduce relevant tourism policies to promote its sustainability. In addition, the governments should increase their support to the tourism industry and enterprises by providing stimulus plans and interventions, such as tax breaks, subsidies, and deferred repayment [73]. These measures can improve the viability of tourism companies to some extent.
Tourism enterprises should establish a link between tourists' cultural identity and consumption intentions in intangible cultural heritage tourism. The staff can search for tourists' travel stories from online travel communities or travel review websites, evaluate the degree of tourists' recognition of intangible cultural heritage, and obtain the true evaluation of tourists. Tourists' pursuit of deep cultural tourism experience promotes the transformation of the supply side [81]. An in-depth understanding of tourists' needs can provide a reference for the development of tourism products, help tourism providers design travel experiences to meet the needs of tourists [82], and increase tourists' sense of participation and identification with intangible cultural heritage. The core product of Suzhou Kunqu Opera is stage performance, the exposure of which can be increased in collaboration with scenic spots.
For example, tourism organizations can build theatres with unique architectural styles in scenic spots, and regularly provide theater performances to show tourists the stage art and charm of Suzhou Kunqu Opera. Visitors can enhance their value and cultural recognition of this performing art by watching Suzhou Kunqu Opera performances. The design and development of tourist souvenirs based on stage art and dress adornment has attracted tourists' attention. The aforementioned measures can improve cultural identity and promote tourists' consumption intention to the greatest extent, so that the goal of sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage tourism can be achieved. Table 6. Managerial actions of tourism stakeholders.

Stakeholder Managerial Actions
Government and decision-makers • intervene in heritage tourism to reshape sustainable development; • provide incentives and interventions (e.g., tax breaks, subsidies); • improve tourism infrastructure and services.

Tourism enterprises
• understand the potential needs of tourists; • redesign heritage tourism experiences (such as museums, cultural performances and heritage experiences, etc.); • develop heritage tourism souvenirs.

Destination marketing organizations
• consider new marketing contents and forms; • strengthen the relationship between potential tourists and destinations; • increase promotions and consumer incentives for tourists, such as price discount strategies, etc.
The marketing and promotion of destination intangible cultural heritage needs to focus on the role of TPB. The results of this study show that behavioral attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control all have a positive effect on tourists' consumption intentions. Destination marketing organizations should attach importance to the contents and forms of tourism promotion of intangible cultural heritage. Social media can influence consumers' decision-making and purchasing behavior [83]. Mass media should focus on publicizing the characteristics and values of intangible cultural heritage to attract potential tourist consumers. Tourist destination managers can organize cultural activities to enhance tourists' understanding of the intrinsic value of intangible cultural heritage. In addition, the interaction between tourists and local residents, especially Kunqu Opera enthusiasts, helps tourists to deeply participate in intangible cultural heritage tourism. Destinations can attract tourists to participate and produce a more memorable travel experience by increasing the interaction between tourists, local residents, and staff in public spaces [84], which in turn stimulates potential consumption intentions. In addition, destination marketing organizations can stimulate consumer demand through price discount strategies.

Limitations and Future Research
This study can fill research gaps in intangible cultural heritage tourism and provide suggestions for the marketing and sustainable development of tourist destinations. However, this study has several limitations. First, the relatively small sample size may limit the generality of the results. Although the number of questionnaires has grown 10 times that of the traditional concept of items to calculate the sample size, future research can still expand the sample size and conduct further investigation under different circumstances. Second, the cultural identity scale has not been developed, and follow-up research can be conducted based on the characteristics of intangible cultural heritage to improve the research accuracy. Finally, this study's participants are aimed at Chinese tourists, and does not include a cross-cultural analysis of tourists to consider differences in the influence of cultural identity on consumption intentions between local and foreign cultural tourists; that is, to explore whether the relationship between these constructs will present different results due to tourism market segmentation.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.Z.; funding acquisition, M.Z.; investigation, G.Z. and X.C.; methodology, X.C. and R.L.; writing-original draft, G.Z. and X.C.; writing-review and editing, G.Z., R.L., and M.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by the National Social Science Foundation of China (grant number: 16AZD055).

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.