Language, visuality, and the body. On the return of discourse in contemporary performance

This article deals with the return of discourse in experimental performance-based artistic practices. By putting this return in a historical perspective, we wish to address the questions it raises on the relation between language, image, and the body, resituating the avant-garde heritage in a contemporary context where intermediality and transdisciplinarity tend to become the norm rather than the exception. The discussion of the status and function of discourse in this context calls on the field of theatre and its ambivalent role in modern aesthetics, both as a specifically determined artistic discipline, and as a blending of heterogeneous elements, which defy the assigned limitations of creative practice. The confrontation of Antonin Artaud's writings with Michael Fried's conception of theatricality aims to bring to the fore the cultural transformations and historical paradoxes which inform the shift from theatre to performance as an experimental field situated “between” the arts and embracing a wide range of practices, from visual arts to music and dance. The case of lecture-performance enables us to call attention to the internal contradictions of the “educational” interpretation of such experimental practices and their autonomization inside the limits of a specific artistic genre. The main argument is that, despite the plurality of its origins and its claims to intermediality and transdisciplinarity, lecture-performance as a genre is attracted by or gravitates around the extended field of the visual arts. By focusing on the work of Jerôme Bel, Noé Soulier, Giuseppe Chico, Barbara Matijevic, and Carole Douillard, we stress some of the ways contemporary discursive strategies enable to displace visual spectacle toward a conception of the body as the limit of signification.

Among the new interdisciplinary forms that have most attracted the art world's attention during the last years, lecture-performance occupies an important as much as an ambivalent position. A growing number of exhibitions, festivals, conferences, seminars, academic classes and publications have contributed to developing awareness of an artistic practice which brings together artists from different backgrounds, art critics, theoreticians and curators around their common interest in discourse as a performative act. Yet, as the critical literature on the subject has extensively pointed out, the novelty of the lectureperformance format is a quite relative one.
The first attempt of this kind is commonly traced back to Robert Morris's 21. Therefore, the current development of lectureperformance is placed under the sign of a ''return'' or a ''comeback.'' This return marks a regain of interest for the discursive aspects of the visual and performing arts, combined with an exploration of their pedagogical implications and mediating potential.
Even if artists such as Giuseppe Chico/Barbara Matijevic (Tracks, 2009,  on the specificity/critique of art,'' namely ''the rising value of conversation as medium to produce knowledge within a hyper communicative world and the role of contemporary (theoretically leaning) artists within education,'' 1 the reading of their work is commonly inscribed inside the web of the established historical (and henceforth institutionalised) affiliations.
This reading, which tends to be canonical, attributes the lecture-performance its own genealogy, history, range of action and key-figures, treating it like a specific and more or less autonomous genre. In this context, the growing preoccupation with pedagogy, mediation and communication marks an ''educational turn'' which, as Rike Frank observes, corresponds to a much broader tendency in the contemporary art world, 2 and in which discourse about art becomes the field towards which activism, institutional critique, academic and artistic research and vernacular forms of knowledge converge.
This phenomenon is related with the increasing importance of theory in art school programmes since the 70s and the emergence of a generation of artists for who teaching and writing has become an important part of their professional activity, even a central component of their artwork itself. (The difference is that for many contemporary artists teaching is a complementary [and sometimes the principal] source of income rather than an artistic medium.) To this we must add a number of art critics and curators (Jean-Yves Jouannais and Guillaume Désanges, for example), philosophers and theoreticians (like Bojana Kunst and Jean-Philippe Antoine) who are interested in the shift from the teaching of art to ''teachingas-art.'' Nevertheless, ''it is precisely such educational interpretations that appear to work against the potential of the lecture-performance format, in many cases involuntarily promoting a concept of genre and media specificity, which seeks to keep a tight rein on a method*the lecture-performance* whose primary goal is precisely to work against such containment and frustrate the status of 'information'. '' 3 Despite himself, Morris seems to have replaced Panofsky as the father-figure of a specific discipline which pretends not to be one, in as much as it deliberately pushes past ''the boundaries of V. Athanassopoulos disciplines ( . . .) as well as the boundaries between art and life. '' 4 The aim of this article is to address this ''discursive return'' in the contemporary artistic scene from a rather different angle of approach, not reducible to the ''educational turn.'' By putting it in a historical perspective, we wish to question the conditions that determine the recent regain of interest for the lecture-performance format and stress the problematic character of the latter defined as a fully fledged art form responding to specific characteristics. As a matter of fact, lecture-performance exists as a specific genre or discipline only since this return (the actual term was introduced in the artistic field during the 90s, through contemporary dance), which served to thematise a set of otherwise disparate and heterogeneous practices which, at their time, did not necessarily manifest awareness of belonging to any precise category.
If the critical reading of contemporary work must undoubtedly take into reflexive account this acculturation as a historical process, as well as its impact on creative practice, it cannot be insensible to the internal contradictions of an artistic category which is renowned for its resistance to categorization and its capacity to challenge the separation between the aesthetic experience and the production of knowledge, blurring the limits between art and non-art (whether it be entertainment, teaching or scientific research). 5 Thus, the historical perspective adopted here does not seek to define lecture-performance as ''a sub-genre of performance art'' 6 nor as a ''unique discipline'' ''at the intersection of artistic and academic discourse,'' 7 but rather to question the assumptions underlying such categorizations of an otherwise ''in-between'' and experimental field.
Instead of pursuing a genealogy of lectureperformance, we are proposing an archaeology of the current ''discursive return,'' in the sense that we are not searching to establish affiliations and continuities inside a given corpus of artistic practices but rather to understand where these practices come from, i.e. what they were before they were gathered together in a more or less homogeneous contemporary art sub-genre*and therefore, what they can be no more and how this determines what they actually are.
From this point of view, the emergence of (what came to be called) lecture-performance is to be situated at the convergence between discourse and theatre in the visual arts of the 60s.
Theatre is the term used by Michael Fried in order to theorise what he felt being properly anti-modernist about minimal sculpture. In his much-debated*1967 article, ''Art and Objecthood,'' he attacked minimalism, or literalist art, as he calls it, for establishing a particular, ''perverted'' relation between the beholder and the art work. 8 This relation takes place in time and is dependent upon the environment in such a way that the focus is displaced from the autonomous work towards the ''situation'' it creates, transforming the ''specific object'' into a kind of stage set including the surroundings and the viewer himself as integral components of the work. Thus, the critic identifies theatre with the negation of art*that is, art according to its formalist (Greenbergian) definition as a set of clearly separated disciplines each one devoted to the determination of its proper area of competence and of all that is unique in the nature of its medium. 9 Fried's argument has been widely taken on not only by the supporters of formalism but also by its opponents. For many of the latter, if theatricality was implicit in the way minimal sculpture was experienced, then it would be made thoroughly explicit for much of the art that followed (performance, happening, body-art). 10 Moreover, updating his thesis in 1982, Fried implied that, far from being vanquished, the theatrical ''has assumed a host of new guises and has acquired a new name: post-modernism.'' 11 Reading retrospectively Fried's critique of minimalism and putting it in the perspective of subsequent developments in post-modern art theory, Craig Owens proposed to substitute theatre by discourse. The degenerate condition of art that Fried diagnosed in ''the illusion that the barriers between the arts are in the process of crumbling'' and that ''the arts themselves are at last sliding towards some kind of final, implosive, hugely desirable synthesis'' 12 would be in fact a manifestation of the eruption of language into the aesthetic field*an eruption which Owens relates to the writings of Robert Smithson, Robert Morris, Carl Andre, Sol LeWitt, Yvonne Rainer and other artists. 13 Thus, like theatricality, the emergence of discourse stands out, according to Owens, Language, visuality, and the body as post-modernism's distinctive feature, marking a turning point in the history of sensibility.
If the transformation of the artistic object into a linguistic proposition contributed to emancipate art from the sensuous experience, it also enabled to reconsider the body as an instrument of experimentation and a basic material of the creative act. 14 From this point of view, the ''theatrical contamination'' of the visual arts accounts both for the discursive and the performative experimentations of the 60s and 70s. Moreover, it designates a new, experimental and transdisciplinary creative potential which resists categorization and puts into question the established divisions between visual arts, performing arts and theoretical discourse.
Since, art performance has developed its own history, vocabulary and characteristics, distinguishing itself from more traditional forms such as dance, poetry, music, opera and theatre, whereas at the same time incorporating various elements stemming from them. In that sense, theatre, like discourse, does not refer here to a specific tradition, or to an autonomous aesthetic form but rather to a synthetic impulse or a generic principle which emerged from ''in-between'' the arts, and which, although conceived by Fried as strictly external to visual arts, represents in fact the encounter of their internal developments with a range of influences of which the specifically theatrical one is only a part. Nevertheless, if the convergence between discourse and theatre partially explains the emergence of lecture-performance at the intersection between the visual and the performing arts, it does not go unquestioned. For it is precisely the traditional link that subordinates it to discourse that modern theatre attempted to disrupt in the quest of its own identity and expressive autonomy. 15 There is no better illustration of this than Antonin Artaud's writings, in which a virulent critique is stressed against the subordination of theatre to speech and the written text.
Seeking to establish what is unique and absolutely fundamental to the theatrical situation, Artaud defines it in opposition to discourse, as ''the domain which does not belong strictly to words.'' 16 Artaud's idea of theatre refers to what is inexpressible by words and lies beyond them, in a poetic realm situated in the immanent field of sensations rather than in the intellectual sphere of concepts. 17 Nevertheless, the fact that ''the theatre, an independent and autonomous art, must, in order to revive or simply to live, realise what differentiates it from text, pure speech, literature, and all other fixed and written means'' 18 does not necessarily imply the elimination of language from the stage altogether. To challenge the authority of discourse (speech and writing) in theatre, is to favour the emergence of alternative, nonverbal languages which were excluded by the reduction of the drama into speech. 19 Far from dismissing language, Artaud's ambition was to generalise it by liberating the expressive potential of a plurality of equipollent voices: spoken, musical, gestural, scenographic. In return, thus disseminated in various media, language tends to transform into an entirely material event experienced in its sensuous and bodily dimensions.
But let there be the least return to the active, plastic, respiratory sources of language, let words be joined again to the physical motions that gave them birth, and let the discursive, logical aspect of speech disappear beneath its affective, physical side, i.e. let words be heard in their sonority rather than be exclusively taken for what they mean grammatically, let them be perceived as movements, and let these movements themselves turn into other simple, direct movements as occurs in all the circumstances of life but not sufficiently with actors on the stage, and behold! the language of literature is reconstituted, revivified, and furthermore*as in the canvasses of certain painters of the past*objects themselves begin to speak. 20 The focus on the physical aspects of language brings to the fore the analogies between the different senses following a movement that assimilates corporeity and plasticity. Significantly enough, the privilege attributed to the sensuous side of language in opposition to its discursive one is supported by a visual paradigm, that of painting. The argument is based on a metaphor, to be sure, that is an analogy between theatre and painting, an analogy which nevertheless sends the metaphorical act back to the sensible reality of the object and its living experience rather than to the abstraction of language.
Artaud's aim was not simply to invert the traditional subordination of the body to the mind but rather to undo their separation. If theatre is to be identified with the sensuous, physical side of language as opposed to its intellectual one, V. Athanassopoulos it is because this opposition is no longer relevant once verbal discourse has lost its authority and ''objects themselves begin to speak.'' 21 That a visual metaphor should take account for this reunification underlines the metaphorical value invested in visuality in the shift from representation to presentation which characterises modern theatre (and which Owens diagnosed in authors as different as Artaud and Brecht). 22 As a metaphor of the reintegration of the senses, visual experience is no longer (or not yet) opposed to corporeity and physical presence but it works to emancipate theatre from the written text (hence a performative rather than representational conception of image and discourse). 23 Owens's interpretation of Fried's polemical argument on the one hand and Artaud's writings on the other, enable us to bring to the fore the fact that the lecture-performance format is inscribed inside a different set of traditions from the one that itself created, carrying an internal tension or contradiction between discourse as a performative act and performative act as something that escapes discourse, a tension which tends to be neutralised by the current focus on its ''educational turn.'' On the one hand, the discursive return in contemporary performance must be related with the post-structuralist (and more particularly deconstructionist) mutation of the status of discourse as something that does not represent any more the authority of the intellect over the senses, neither does it pretend to be the guardian of meaning (as it could be for Artaud). On the contrary, it works to displace established aesthetic categories through the activity of writing (in the Derridean sense of the term) 24 which, disseminated, contaminates the entire spectrum of artistic production creating ''a multidimensional space in which a variety of writings, none of them original, blend and clash.'' 25 On the other hand, the synthetic impulse or generic principle embodied by art performance as a transdisciplinary, ''in-between'' experimental field was already inscribed in the theatre of cruelty. 26 Hence an ambivalent relation between the discursive, the performative and the visual: for Artaud, the problem was the reducing of presence to speech; today, it is its reducing to image. In the interval which separates the total work of art from contemporary transdisciplinary practices, the image has lost its capacity to ensure the unity of the experience. Discourse returns in this context as an experimental and deconstructive agent, which accounts for the disruption of the metaphorical link relating visuality and bodily experience, but it does so on the background or stage set of the convergence of the performing arts towards a visual paradigm.
As Rike Frank observes, ''taking Morris's lecture as a historical model, it seems only logical that the lecture-performance has been considered* inasmuch as a history of the form has been written*in relation to a tradition of conceptual lectures, in particular artist's lectures, on the one hand, and to the history of performance, on the other.'' 27 In other words, the constitution of the genre is not as much the result of the effective abolition of the limits between the arts 28 but is rather dependent upon a specific mutation related to a particular field, that of the visual arts, a mutation which opened it to various experimentations coming from other artistic fields, giving birth to what we call today ''contemporary art.'' 29 Thus, despite the plurality of its origins and its claims to intermediality and transdisciplinarity, lecture-performance as a genre, in as much as it is neither dance, or poetry, or music, or theatre, or academic lecture, seems to be attracted by or gravitate around the extended field of the visual arts. This does not mean that all contemporary art can be reduced to the history of painting, photography, and sculpture, but rather that a certain ''regime of visuality'' enables to gather together and thematise a number of heterogeneous practices which resist inscription inside the traditional fields of the performing arts. 30 Patricia Milder seems to be sensible to this visual dimension, without however further questioning it. As Judith Souriau suggests, ''perhaps the field of contemporary art is more favourable than the stage (the dance stage, for example) to experimentation and the deconstruction of expressive forms.'' 33 Even if this suggestion does not go without objections, it underlines the importance of the venue in the lisibility of lecture-performances. Moreover, it reveals the tendency to circumscribe lecture-performance inside a particular institutional context (museum auditoriums, art centres, galleries, exhibition spaces devoted to contemporary art), which in some cases enables ''a more immediate tone'' than the one of the performing arts. 34 Jerô me Bel and Noé Soulier, for instance, they both come from the dance scene but their lecture-performances correspond to different sets of expectations. Bel's Véronique Doisneau (2004), largely commented by Milder, combines danced parts with a first-person autobiographical talk which subtly exposes the social structure of the classical ballet. Even if this work is among the most interesting examples of contemporary lecture-performance, evacuating as it does all the theatrical components of the dance spectacle, it is still organically linked with the stage (and a particular one, that of the Opéra Garnier in Paris), inside which it acquires its lisibility and aesthetic strength. The highly personalised character of the text, written for a Corps de Ballet dancer at the end of her carrier, the way she addresses the architecture and the hierarchical rankings of the Opera house, the anchorage of this body in this place and in this time, all that compose a work in situ which cannot be reasonably detached from the particular context inside which it takes place without losing its sense. 35 Soulier's Ideography (2011), on the other hand, is deliberately conceived for contemporary art spaces, in the same way that, according to Michel Foucault, É douard Manet's painting is a ''museum painting,'' i.e. ''a manifestation of the existence of museums and the particular reality and interdependence that paintings acquire in museums. '' 36 In this case, the disparate phenomenological considerations on the body and sensible experience and their physical demonstration by the artist acquire an aesthetic coherence through the displacement of the body from the stage towards the exhibition space, where the effect of ''immediacy'' relies on the transformation of the standard material of the oral presentation (desk, chair, cup, water, notebook) into a kind of post-minimalist setting inside which a body ''that normally does not talk'' is invested with language.
Besides their differences, Bel and Soulier seem to share a common concern with visuality: in the first case the exposure of a backdrop dancer uses language in order to address visuality as a social structure, whereas the second case focuses on the self-awareness of visual perception as a psychosomatic experience related to the other senses and to different levels of consciousness, without however marking awareness of the specific visual regime inside which it is inscribed. 37 The relation suggested between the return of discourse and the ''regime of visuality'' of contemporary art does not seek to reduce the former to a visual system of references but rather to stress the fact that the ''in-between'' where contemporary lecture-performance is situated is not the no-man's land surrounding discrete artistic disciplines and fields of knowledge that was the cultural background of the 60s and 70s and which since has been largely populated, but the very limit of signification, the thin line which separates (and links) the production and exchange of meaning from what makes meaning possible (and therefore cannot be a part of it). In other words, ''in-between'' is not between an inside and an outside (artistic genres, discursive categories, academic disciplines or divisions of cultural labour) but between the possibility and the impossibility of such a distinction*hence the difficulty to designate the limit of signification as external or internal.
The body is that external/internal limit. As Jean-Luc Nancy notes, bodies ''take place neither V. Athanassopoulos in discourse nor in matter. They inhabit neither 'the mind' nor 'the body' [in the conventional sense]. They take place at the limit, as the limit.'' 38 At the same time: ''Either as an audible voice or a visible mark, saying is corporeal, but what is said is incorporeal. (. . .) Language is not in the world or inside the world, as though the world were its body: it is the outside of the world in the world.'' 39 In Carole Douillard's work speech is used in a direct, descriptive way (recalling Dan Graham's performances of the 70s) revealing the materiality of a given situation while at the same time producing it. In This sign I make (2011), the artist talks non-stop, describing what she sees, feels and glimpses of her surroundings, asking questions about the way she is dressed, the presence of the audience, the quality of their life etc. In some cases the performance is reduced to a reciting, before the audience, of a text describing past work, combining commentaries on its physical and emotional impact on the artist and the way it is reconstructed through memory (Restituer, 2008, in progress). Language is approached here as the structure of experience and experience as the condition of language. A loop is thus created between discourse as a performative act and the performative act itself as a material and support for discourse, between the performance of speaking and speaking about performance, a loop which puts into question the definition of communication as the expression and reception of meaning and the traditional opposition between (discursive) interiority and (corporeal) exteriority upon which it relies. For this quasi-tautological recycling finally produces a kind of residue, a distance between saying and performing which materialises the non-coincidence of body and meaning.
Giuseppe Chico and Barbara Matijevic operate on a different level. Their performances combine narrative, visual and sonic elements in an original synthesis which operates like a ''music score for three voices'' (Tracks, 2009, in progress). By displacing the visuality of performance towards a reconstructed ''sound landscape,'' which becomes the guide line of the narrative, they focus on the infinite links, nuances, conflicts and aporias that emerge between consciousness, intuition and sensation, between the intimate mechanisms of recognition and memory and the collective construction of history. The abstract materiality of sound reveals the way discursivity is constructed as a field of imaginative combinations and intuitive associations of disparate, culturally informed sensory fragments which gravitate around the body as the limit of signification.
It goes without saying that this brief overview of such a heterogeneous and plural artistic field does not claim to be exhaustive. Rather, its purpose was to bring to the fore the contradictions that arise in the current situation, where lectureperformance is simultaneously theorised as a cutting-edge, experimental and transdisciplinary field blurring the limits between art and non-art and as an autonomous (semi-academic, semiartistic) discipline.
During the last 40 years, the constant displacement of the conventional contexts of the artistic practice and the critique of aesthetic autonomy have been accompanied by a cultural fragmentation in which the more the limits between the arts and every-day life become blurry, the more artistic production tends to be specified and subdivided into partial forms of intermediality and transdisciplinarity. ''In-between'' art has not replaced the traditional fields of artistic experience, which, even transformed, are still in effect, but rather expanded the cultural landscape by adding new categories next to the old ones. In this respect, the particularity of contemporary lectureperformance with regard to its historical predecessors is often theorised as an enlargement of the latter's critique of artistic specificity in order to include broader issues of information, instruction, communication, knowledge production and entertainment. And yet, in the 60s and 70s the critique of artistic specificity was aiming to relate art with the ''outer world,'' and language with society 40 ; in contrast, what is at stake in the current ''educational turn'' is rather ''the outlining of the specificity of art as a knowledge structure.'' 41 This also refers to the opposition between ultra-specialised work involving specific knowledge and addressed to an aware public, and the claims to a more open, ''deskilled,'' and participatory approach of artistic teaching and learning (Désanges).
Hence an ultimate hypothesis: what escapes the focus on the ''educational turn'' is the contradictory character of the status of discourse, i.e. the fact that, in its encounter with contemporary performance, discourse is turned against itself, Language, visuality, and the body exposing the fundamentally problematic character of knowledge. Despite the diversity of its occurrences, this feature can be found in modern theatre (Samuel Beckett, Heiner Mü ller) and in early lecture-performances (Robert Morris, John Cage) but it also informs in various ways the latter's contemporary revival (Jean-Philippe Antoine, The V-Girls, Terence Koh), namely those practices characterised by the polarity of fictional and performative elements (Denis Savary, Joris Lacoste, Jérô me Game).

Michael Fried, ''Art and Objecthood,'' In Minimal
Art: A Critical Anthology, ed. Gregory Battcock (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1968), 116Á47. 9. ''Each art, it turned out, had to perform this demonstration on its own account. What had to be exhibited and made explicit was that which was unique and irreducible not only in art in general, but also in each particular art. Each art had to determine, through the operations peculiar to itself, the effects peculiar and exclusive to itself. By doing this each art would, to be sure, narrow its area of competence, but at the same time it would make its possession of that area all the more secure. It quickly emerged that the unique and proper area of competence of each art coincided with all that was unique to the nature of its medium. The task of self-criticism became to eliminate from the effects of each art any and every effect that might conceivably be borrowed from or by the medium of any other art. Thereby each art would be rendered 'pure', and in its 'purity' find the guarantee of its standards of quality as well as of its independence. 'Purity' meant self-definition, and the enterprise of selfcriticism in the arts became one of self-definition with a vengeance.'' Clement Greenberg, ''Moder-


A Curious Conundrum; The State of Holographic Portraiture in the 21st Century

The technology of producing (true) hologram portraits was first introduced in the late 1960's. From this time, a number of individuals and organizations worldwide have specialized in providing holographic portraiture services with varying degrees of achievement. Yet today, some 45 years later, holographic portraiture remains an obscure and niche form of displaying an individual's likeness. Despite all of this technology's promising and unique attributes, and the astonishing fact of holography being the most accurate and realistic form of imaging available today; true holographic portraits continues to be a form of portraiture largely unknown to the general public and has never achieved large-scale commercial success. This paper will present a brief history of holographic portraiture, designating the different types of 3-D hologram portraits available today, and their uses. Emphasis will be given to true holographic pulsed portraiture in which the subject itself is recorded holographically using high-energy pulsed lasers. Possible cause and effect for explaining the present demise of this type of portrait making will be discussed along with recent advancements and future developments in this fledgling field which could ultimately lead to a "tipping point" in large-scale consumer and commercial awareness and desirability of the medium. The author will share his experiences in operating pulsed holographic portraiture studios for over the last 15 years including the vision of a new type of holographic portrait studio for the 21st century which he hopes will attain the level of success enabling a next generation of commercially viable holographic portrait studios for the future.

Introduction
The practice of representing the physical and psychological likeness of an individual is as old as art itself. The principle methods of portrait making; e.g. painting, sculpture, and photography, have long been used successfully to immortalize one's "essence of being". The mystical, magical, and spiritual nature of the portrait has long been associated and accepted within each of these methods.
A relatively recent newcomer, holography and it's unique ability to accurately record and reconstruct original light wave-fronts, particularly lends itself to this form of artistic endeavor. It is exactly this capability of capturing the "wholeness" of an individual's likeness that makes hologram portraiture so alluring and attractive.
Yet, despite some forty plus years on the scene and even the recent mis-placed hype of the "Tupac hologram" among many other more substantial achievements, holographic portraits remain largely undiscovered and out of the mainstream public's eye. Why is this so? How can it be that the most accurate method of reproducing one's likeness (and thus by its very nature, potentially the most emotional) is also by far the least sought after and under-utilized? What forces and factors are involved, and how and when will this new form of portraiture evolve to a wide-spread audience? This paper will attempt to bring to the forefront some of the existing factors and social conditions that have limited the large-scale success of this method of portraiture to date.

Classifications and History
Hologram portraits are generally classified into two distinct types. 1 Pulsed portraits are classically referred to as true hologram portraits, in which the original image-capture (H1) and subsequent final copy (H2) are produced using wave-front recording. In this type of hologram, high energy, extremely short exposure ruby or frequency-doubled neodymium-based pulsed lasers are used to successfully record the living subject. Multiplex and/or stereogram portraits are holograms in which the original image capture is generated photographically (P1) and are subsequently utilized in the production of a final H1 and/or H2 hologram (usually a rainbow hologram) with standard continuous wave lasers. A recent sub-category of this type worth mentioning is the now commercially available direct-write, digital "dot-matrix" technology in which the initial image-capture can be generated by digital photography and/or computer generated content and then directly "printed" as a full-color reflection hologram using either CW or pulsed RGB lasers (GEOLA Digital uab Vilnius Lithuania, Zebra Imaging Austin Texas USA, Ultimate Holography Bordeaux France). This paper will principally be referring to the completely holographic method of recording, known classically as "pulsed portraits". 2 The first-ever pulsed hologram (self)portrait was produced by Lawrence D. Siebert while he was working as a electrical engineer for the Conductron Corporation on (what must have been a scary) Halloween night in 1967. Since this time, many successful holographers and artists have produced hologram portraits using both pulsed; ex., Margaret Benyon, Hans Bjelkhagen, Richard Bruck, Bruce Nauman, Peter and Ana Marie Nicholson, Edwina Orr, John Webster, and stereogram techniques; ex., Lloyd Cross, Mark Diamond, Larry Lieberman, Jason Sapan, among others.
A historic example of a pulsed transmission hologram portrait was done of Dennis Gabor (1971, R. Rinehart) as homage to Dr. Gabor's Nobel Prize that year for the invention of holography. Since then hologram portraits have been produced of US Presidents Ronald Reagan (P), Bill Clinton (S), Barack Obama (D), and Queen Elizabeth II of England (S) and include many other notable heads-of-state figures of our times. 3 Yet if a sampling where taken, most of the public would report not being aware of these holograms and would be hard pressed to 1 By the term "hologram portrait", it is defined here as any type of portrait that uses the science of wave-front recording and reconstruction known as holography, either partially or wholly in its method of producing a three-dimensional image of an individual's likeness. The author expressly wishes to distinguish the art of true holography from other popular alternative 2-D and 3-D projection and "Pepper's ghost" effects and techniques that inaccurately use this terminology.

2
It should be noted that the majority of "pulsed" holographers do not prefer this term for their profession, justifiably citing portrait photographers are not sub-termed "flash" and "available light" photographers.   remember an instance of seeing any hologram portrait (albeit possibly the mislabeled "CNN" and "Tupac" variety).
Due to the strict requirements initiated in holographic recording, original holographic imagecapture (H1)of living and/or moving things can only be accomplished with extremely short exposure, high energy pulsed lasers. Pulse line-widths in the 25-50 nanosecond range and energy levels of between 1-5 Joules are acceptable for currently available holographic silver-halide recording emulsions such as the Slavich VRP-M for green pulsed holography. Lasers can be found (albeit still relatively expensive) in both the classic ruby or the newer neodymium crystal type and are capable of producing high quality, large-format pulsed holographic portraiture. Optical schemes for the recording of living things as true holograms has not changed much. Multiple diffuse object beams allow maximum creative lighting control for the holographer. When using these types of Class IV lasers, extreme care must be maintained to keep maximum permissible exposures of radiation well below the levels set forth to eliminate ocular risks to the subject(s).
The majority of pulsed hologram portraits made to date have used the ruby crystal rod for light amplification simply because this type of laser happens to be the very first laser invented, and also because many of the original pulsed ruby lasers designed for holography (JK Lasers, Lumonics 1970's) are still around and functional today. The principle disadvantages of using the pulsed ruby laser for holographic portraiture is its output wavelength at 694nm. The deep-red color of this wavelength is at best difficult to use for the imaging of subjects as this color does not reflect well and permeates the outer layers of human skin producing a "glowing effect" if suitable make-up is not instituted. Other disadvantages include the difficulty of keeping the laser properly tuned and aligned to the high optical beam characteristics required for display holography and often the additional need for continuous-wave vibration controlled laser recording systems for the final H2 reflection image transfer and the added costs associated with such. This said, outstanding hologram portraits have been made with this laser design. What is considered by many as one of the finest examples of hologram pulsed portraits of all time, "Lucy in a Tin Hat" (1987, Patrick Boyd) was produced with this original laser design. 4 Green-based pulsed laser holography using the frequency-doubled neodymium family of lasers (YAG/YLF) first appeared in the former Soviet Union in the late 1980's. In the USA, Ron and Bernadette Olson (Laser Reflections, Poulsbo, Washington) were the first to incorporate this laser design into a holography laser using military surplus optics to successfully produce hologram portraits. The advantages of the Nd:YAG/YLF laser is primarily improvements/corrections in the addressed disadvantages of the ruby, i.e., better reflecting green wavelength light, vastly improved reliability and stability, and the fact that final H2 reflection copies can be produced with the same laser system. Today it is generally accepted that frequency-doubled neodymium-based pulsed holography lasers are the superior choice for monochromatic, high definition pulsed portraiture 5 4 It was the initial viewing of this hologram in 1990 that started the Author's life-long love affair with holographic portraiture. 5 A interesting note to this trend is the complete turn-around of commercially available recording materials for pulsed holography, with red pulsed sensitive emulsions currently in short supply. All of the major photographic film suppliers including Agfa, Ilford, and Fuji no longer manufacture holographic materials, although some of these emulsions are still available in limited supplies on the surplus market.

Technical Advancements
Despite the extremely unique true three-dimensional image reproduction qualities, and ultra-high resolution nature of display holograms, commercial pulsed display holography continues to struggle to gain market share and become a commercially successful business model. Companies such as GEOLA Digital uab, and Ultimate Holography have been leaders in the manufacture of specialty pulsed holography lasers and camera systems specifically designed for pulsed portraiture applications. GEOLA Digital uab continues to produce a line of commercially available pulsed neodymium holography lasers in addition to complete turn-key pulsed holography studio and portable systems that are used world-wide within the industry. These two companies have additionally contributed greatly to the advancement of designing and making commercially available the specialty film and glass plate fine-grain AgBr emulsions (VRP-M, Ultimate) required to successfully manufacture high quality pulsed display holograms.
Due to the extremely short exposure times of pulsed lasers and the effect known as latentimage fading, special developers and processing techniques must be utilized for the manufacture of pulsed holograms. Photographic techniques such as hypersensitization and latensification are used to increase the light sensitivity and reduce the reciprocity failure tendencies of classically slow fine-grain holographic emulsions. The holographic developer SM-6 (Bjelkhagen/Wesly) is now considered the defacto standard for pulsed laser holography. 6 It has been observed that slight reductions in the concentration of phenidone in this developer can be fine-tuned to improve the overall signal to noise ratio of finished holograms while obtaining only a slight decrease in diffraction efficiency. Bleaches common for pulsed holography include multiple versions of the rehalogenating type, such as the PBU-Amidol (Bjelkhagen-Phillips) and Ferric nitrate (Phillips) formulations. Post processing emulsion shrinking color-control techniques have been developed for greatly improving the aesthetic qualities of monochromatic green pulsed reflection holograms using varying concentrations of d-Sorbitol or Citric Acid solutions (Olson-Blyth) .
Although currently impractical for daily use, the multi-step processing technique known as silver-halide sensitized gelatin (SHSG) which renders silver-halide emulsions as "grain-less" with high diffraction efficiency and low scatter similar to dichromated gelatin (DCG) has been shown to produce pulsed display holograms of exceptional brightness and clarity. Further advances in the chemical processing/recording materials will continue to improve the over-all quality and archival properties of pulsed holograms in the future.
In hologram reconstruction, low-wattage, narrow-band LED lighting solutions are now available in lumens sufficient to adequately illuminate standard 30x40 cm and larger monochromatic reflection holograms with higher contrast and increased sharpness over depth-of-field. Additional benefits include lower operating costs, greatly increased bulb life, and reduced heat generation compared to standard halogen spot lamp lighting.
Recently research has begun by the GEOLA Group and others towards the development of two (RG), and ultimately, three (RGB) color high-energy pulsed holography lasers based on the second and third harmonic generation of the neodymium family of lasers. The commercialization of a two-color high energy pulsed holography laser would make possible natural color skin tones along with multi-chromaticity scenes. This advancement would compare in significance to the commercialization of the first photographic portraits from black and white to color. 6 Ed Wesly relates the discovery of this developer by accident. A lab assistant at the time (Sal), mis-measured the prescribed amount of phenidone (6 grams), and "Sal's Mistake-6 wasinvented.

Aesthetics
By the view of the author, current limitations of pulsed display holography such as specific lighting playback requirements, limited viewing angle, and monochromaticity of imagery have little to do with the lack of commercial success of the medium. Moreover, it is felt that factors such as the high-cost of imaging, narrow exposure to within society, lack of a successful marketing strategy, and the complex physiological perceptions of the public play a larger role in the limitation of large-scale commercialization of holographic portraiture. The general public's changing perceptions (and ultimately the desirability) of hologram portraiture is a complex subject that warrants further investigation. Historically, one can certainly compare and see similarities within the early days of photography, when initially a substantial percentage of the population related the photographic portrait with the "capturing of one's soul". "Spooky" and "scary" are two adjectives that are used far too often by some upon witnessing a pulsed portrait for the first time.
From the author's experience in the direct marketing of holographic portraiture over the last 20 years, it can be noted that this same type of adverse emotional state towards the "intense realism" and "stillness" of pulsed portraits is experienced by a significant portion of the population today. That said, clearly there is also a growing (largely untapped) audience which can envision the benefits of commissioning a personal pulsed portrait of a loved one and upon completion relate this as a deeply positive emotional experience. 7 Of course just as within the other classical portraiture mediums, successful commercialization is largely achieved by producing aesthetically pleasing portraits. Holographic portraiture is no different in this regard and multiple factors have contributed in a less than exemplary record for pulsed portraiture. Part of the reason for this is the extremely high-costs associated with holographic recording materials. In an age of digital photography, where endless shots and poses can be recorded during a portrait session, pulsed holography must balance a rather limited "contact sheet" from which to select versus the steep cost of it's recording materials. Another factor lies within the sterile laboratory and eerie safe-light conditions of the conventional pulsed holography studio. As can be imagined, small children are especially difficult to image in this environment.  The absolutely "pure" and unretouchable nature of holography would normally be perceived as a disadvantage for other imaging mediums, however with pulsed portraits it can be used to an unique advantage. The "ultra-accurate" aspect of pulsed portraiture allows the client of this service the 7 In 1997, Forth Dimension Holographics completed a marketing study on the perceptions and desirability of holographic portraiture. 244 participants filled out a short questionnaire while analyzing a pulsed hologram portrait. Copies of this study are available upon request. assurance of knowing their family keepsake's likeness is exact in the greatest detail possible. Literally a moment in time captured forever. That said, correctly designed H1/H2 transfer optical recording schemes must be strictly maintained in order to not introduce three-dimensional distortions of the subject which result in ghastly reflection hologram portraits! To reduce the material costs, some pulsed holography studios have initiated the on-site manufacture of film/plates (Laser Reflections/Forth Dimension Holographics) in which lower cost/higher quality film emulsions are permanently laminated to glass prior to exposure. This results in a substantial reduction in material costs allowing for more H1 transmission proofs to be made during a portrait session while also achieving the blemish-free glass plate quality required particularly of H2 reflection holograms.

Portraiture Desirability Factors
The GEOLA Group has been conducting research in the manufacture of high-speed, largeformat shutter systems in which a light sensitive holographic plate is "pre-loaded" in a light safe chamber in much the same way as early photographers did with photographic plates. The shutter is triggered to fully open within a few milliseconds around the nanosecond laser wavelength pulse window. This enables the holographer to pose his clients in an ambient light environment, greatly easing both the subjects themselves and the holographer's task at hand.

Authors Personal Journey
In 1992 Forth Dimension Holographics (FDH) was started as a small hologram gallery/retail store in the quaint rural tourist village of Nashville Indiana. From the start, the author had the vision of operating a specialty pulsed portraiture studio in this locale. While attending the 6 th International Symposium of Display Holography, the author was introduced to Dr. David Ratcliffe and his team of Russian scientists known as "General Optics Laboratory" (GEOLA). During the conference this company introduced their new line of pulsed lasers and holography studio systems. This meeting set in place the author's lifelong commitment to the advancement of pulsed holographic portraiture.
In 1999, FDH imported the first operational GEOLA GP-2J (now designated the HS-2) and opened a pulsed holography studio specializing in portraiture. During the next 10 years, over 200 pulsed portraits were commissioned at the facilities in Indiana. In 2003, a satellite GEOLA pulsed holography studio was installed in St. Charles Missouri. In 2008, FDH was forced to close its Indiana pulsed holography studio operations due to the poor economic climate. That same year, the author was contracted to operate part-time the pulsed holography studio of Ron Olson (Ron Olson Holography) in Las Vegas Nevada. This operation also subsequently closed, and the studio was moved to Poulsbo, Washington (Laser Reflections) where it is operating today. FDH is currently completing it's pulsed portraiture commissions at the St. Charles Missouri satellite location. Now spanning 15 years, FDH has been the North American distributor and representative of The GEOLA Group. FDH anticipates opening a newly remodeled holography center in southern Indiana with both full-service analog pulsed, and full-color digital hologram production capabilities in the first quarter of 2013.

Future Directions
Recently there has been a renewed interest in holography's purest form i.e.; transmission holograms (H1). In this form of display, with the correct laser wavelength characteristics for reconstruction, an exact 3-D copy of the original subject is achieved. FDH is currently developing an integrated freestanding commercial display in which low-power CW lasers with simple beam-cleaning/folding optics are used. This will be marketed as an "add-on" sale to existing/new reflection pulsed portrait customers. The unique "magic window" qualities of this type of hologram offer the public a completely different emotional experience than a conventional reflection hologram portrait. This is as real as it gets.
Although not comparable to 1:1, high-definition, true 3-D image-capture pulsed portraiture, interesting hologram portraiture avenues have recently opened with the aforementioned new digital hologram technology. Using simple digital devices such as cellphone cameras and web-cams, companies such as GEOLA Digital will produce small, economical, full-color stereogram hologram portraits for anyone who electronically sends them their content. 8 Combining more advanced digital photography equipment such as the GEOLA Holo-Cam in conjunction with a continued direction of smaller and smaller holo-pixel resolutions will enable conventional photographers to offer larger, higher quality custom full-color hologram portraits to their clients with interesting effects such as animation and CGI backgrounds. Indeed it is now possible for the first time to enlist the talents of computer 3-D modeling artists to produce a photo-realistic hologram portrait of the deceased. 9

Conclusions
The future of holographic portraiture is largely an uncertain one. Pulsed holographers continue to remain a very small group (as is reflective of display holography in general). With continued dedication and education, and a little patience, the time may be nearing where the public's awareness, perceptions, and appreciation of a true holographic likeness coincide to produce a watershed event in which holographic portraiture becomes a commercially sustainable industry.
FDH's anticipated new facilities will reflect this approach and be attuned to a nextgeneration clientele that will bring with them a new level of conditioning to, and acceptance of, new personal technologies such as holographic portraiture. The importance of using pulsed holography as an archival tool today cannot be over-stressed. Many current figureheads of our society deserve to be chronicled for historical record.Can you imagine pulsed holographic images of... The Dali Lama..., Nelson Mandela..., Stephen Hawking..., Steve Jobs..., can you imagine? We as a society currently have obtainable to us, nothing less than the ability to store and display the most accurate and detailed reproduction of an individual's likeness possible with today's technology. And we are vastly underutilizing this imaging tool available to ourselves and for the benefit of future generations.
There is a need for more educational institutions, such as the HOLO-Center (Seoul, South Korea) and Ohio State University (Columbus Ohio) with their existing pulsed laser facilities, to continue to instruct and educate the new breed of holographer with the skills needed to evolve to the next level of commercial availability of the medium. Only by continued public exposure and awareness, woven within the complex fabric of an ever-changing social environment will holographic portraiture reach a "tipping point" of commercial success. It is in the view of this author and a growing number of others that this is simply a matter of "when" and not "if" this will occur.