Karin Stoltenberg

Karin Stoltenberg (née Heiberg; 23 November 1931 – 17 October 2012) was a Norwegian geneticist, politician and public official noted for her efforts to develop a coherent family policy in Norway, feminist activities, and for being the mother of prime minister Jens Stoltenberg, and wife of foreign minister Thorvald Stoltenberg.
Biography.
Karin Heiberg was born into a Norwegian middle-class family in Paterson, New Jersey (USA), and became politically interested as a socialist in her early teens. She met her husband-to-be when they were 18, but after a short romance she moved to Canada with her family, where she lived for six years and was briefly married. After her divorce in Canada, she returned to Norway planning to complete a doctorate in genetics. She notified Stoltenberg that she was back, and they decided to get married within 24 hours of reuniting. She broke off her academic career in science but completed studies in political science at the University of Oslo. Karin and Thorvald Stoltenberg were married in 1957.
The Stoltenberg family relocated often as a result of Thorvald's career as a diplomat. Karin started her career as a government official working for the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. In 1972 she accepted a position as senior official in what was then the Consumer and Administration department. There she, under the direction of Inger Louise Valle developed several policy initiatives to include women in the workforce. She also worked as a state secretary in the Ministry of Commerce and Shipping, and the Ministry of Trade of Industry. She characterized herself as being a bureaucrat rather than a politician and rarely participated in her husband's political activities.


New Yorkers United for Marriage

New Yorkers United for Marriage is an LGBT rights umbrella group in the US State of New York, formed on April 20, 2011 in order to coordinate and organize the push for the legalization of same-sex marriage within the state. Participating groups in the coalition include Empire State Pride Agenda, Marriage Equality New York, as well as the New York State chapters of Freedom to Marry, Human Rights Campaign, GLAAD, the League of Women Voters, and the Log Cabin Republicans.


Fred Nalugoda

Fred Nalugoda is a public health researcher studying HIV/AIDS in rural Uganda for over 20 years, mainly through surveillance and field work. He currently serves as the Program Director of a research station in Kalisizo in Uganda as part of his continued work at the Rakai Health Sciences Program (RHSP).
Education.
Nalugoda holds a bachelor’s degree in Statistics, and later went on to receive a master’s degree in health sciences from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, under the Fogarty AIDS International Training and Research Program. He has served as the Head of Grants, Science and Training at the RHSP while returning to Makerere University to pursue a doctorate degree in public health. In 2015, he graduated from Makerere University, in the school of Philosophy, studying public health, biostatistics, and epidemiology.
Rakai Health Sciences Program.
The Rakai Health Sciences Program represents a group of scientists, investigators and clinicians performing a number of studies while following trends in HIV infections among a large open cohort study from about 50 villages in the Rakai district of Uganda. The Rakai Community Cohort study acts as only one of the functions of the program, and a number of nested studies have drawn participants from this population. The cohort study is made up of about 12,00 individuals. The program also provides participants with treatment and counseling about HIV testing and other STI care. Fred Nalugoda has served in multiple roles in the program, conducting field study, training other scientists, and overseeing surveillance data. He is still currently employed with the RHSP and many of his publications have come from participants in the cohort study.
Research interests.
Fred Nalugoda, within the Rakai Commiunity Cohort Study, was part of a foundational study investigating the effects of male circumcision on HIV incidence. Other publications centered around surveillance of HIV prevalence including treatment seeking behavior, vaccine coverage and willingness to participate in trials, and  the effects of counseling on the number of people receiving HIV test results. Nalugoda himself asserts that his background and interest in biostatistics have allowed him to manage and publish data about the Rakai district. When describing the success in Rakai he said, "Now HIV treatment and prevention is widely availablie and denial is not a big issue now..". More recently, Nalugoda and the RHSP has studied other social issues which are highly correlated with HIV, namely intimate partner violence and gender empowerment programs.


Morgentaler v R

Morgentaler v R (also known as "Morgentaler v The Queen") is a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada where physician Henry Morgentaler unsuccessfully challenged the prohibition of abortion in Canada under the Criminal Code. The Court found the abortion law was appropriately passed by Parliament under the laws of federalism. This was the first of three Supreme Court decisions on abortion that were brought by Morgentaler.
Background.
Morgentaler was prosecuted, for openly providing abortions, by the provincial government of Quebec three times, but they failed to secure a conviction at a jury trial:
Morgentaler challenged the law on two grounds. First, on the grounds that modern abortion techniques were no longer a threat to the woman's health so the dangers that the law was intending to protect no longer applied and consequently the law no longer had a valid criminal purpose required under the federal government's criminal law-making power under section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867. Second, on the grounds that the provisions violated the Bill of Rights.
Reasons of the court.
The Court, split 6 to 3, held that the abortion provisions were still valid as there was still a criminal law purpose in prohibiting abortion even without there being a danger to the woman. The general purpose of the law was to "protect the state interest and the foetus", which was sufficient to invoke the criminal law power under the Constitution.
The Court also rejected the challenge on the basis that it violated the Bill of Rights.
Aftermath.
It would not be until 13 years later, after the introduction of the Charter, that Morgentaler successfully challenged the provisions in the decision of "R. v. Morgentaler" (1988).
In 1993, Morgentaler also successfully challenged a provincial attempt to regulate abortion in the decision of "R. v. Morgentaler" (1993).


Bernard Courte

Bernard Courte (June 22, 1949 - October 19, 1991) was an AIDS activist, teacher, writer and advocate for Franco-Canadian rights.
Early life.
Courte was born and raised in Weir, Québec. Born into one of only two francophone families in town, Courte was fluent in both English and French. At the age of 17, he moved to Montréal to attend teacher's college. Around this time Courte came out through the city's bar scene. After being enrolled in teacher's college for a year, Courte decided to quit school. He later re-enrolled and earned his Bachelor and Master of Arts in Linguistics from the Université de Québec à Montréal and a degree in education from McGill University.
Activism.
Courte was present at the Truxx bar raid in 1977. The raid served as a galvanizing moment for him, and he joined the Association pour les Droits Gais du Québec and began contributing to their paper, "Le Berdache", soon afterwards. Courte also translated pieces published by The Body Politic from English to French for "Le Berdache" readers. In 1982, Courte and other founding members established a new monthly called "Sortie", a French-language gay publication. He served as "Sortie"'s editor for 14 months.
Courte was an early AIDS activist, as he wrote pieces in "Sortie" and "RG" and appeared on television and radio to discuss the disease. He was involved with the Comité Sida Aide Montréal and served as a spokesperson for an AIDS walk-a-thon.
After moving to Toronto in 1986, Courte continued contributing to "Sortie" as their Toronto correspondent, and had his own column "La Chronique Courte". Once "Sortie" folded, he began writing for "Xtra!". His activism shifted following his move to Toronto, to include advocacy for the rights of Franco-Ontarians and their need for linguistically and culturally relevant services and resources. He began volunteering at the AIDS Committee of Toronto and AIDS Action Now!, preparing and translating resource material and flyers from english to french. Courte established AIDS Action Now!'s Équipe Francophone in 1988 and launched "Traitement Sida", the French version of the AIDS Action Now!'s "Treatment Update" newsletter. He also volunteered for AIDS Action Now!'s Media Committee.
Courte established a francophone AIDS support group, organized safer sex workshops and was involved with nine AIDS conferences. He also worked on translation projects for various gay and lesbian groups in Toronto.
Career.
In 1976, Courte began teaching English as a second language at the Cégep Saint Jean sur Richelieu. In 1986, Courte relocated to Toronto after his partner Keith Russell was transferred to the city for work.
Courte got a job with the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.
He frequently contributed to educational and francophone journals, including "Orbit", OISE’s quarterly magazine, and L’Express de Toronto -- Toronto's French-language weekly paper.
Death.
Courte died on October 19, 1991 from AIDS related complications.


AIDS in Australia


Camp Sizanani

Camp Sizanani was founded as a joint venture between Global Camps Africa, a non-profit headquartered in Reston, Virginia, and HIVSA, a South African foundation that provides care and services to HIV-affected individuals. Operating in the Magaliesburg area in North West Province, South Africa, Camp Sizanani offers multiple camp sessions throughout the year for children aged twelve through nineteen whose lives have been affected by HIV/AIDS. The term "HIV-affected" can imply that an individual is "infected" with the virus, but it can also mean that the infection of family members or guardians have impacted the individual's life. While some children at Camp Sizanani are HIV+, many more have been orphaned by a parent's AIDS-related death or have family members coping with the disease. Nearly all of Sizanani's campers come from Soweto, Johannesburg's enormous township, to which many black Africans were relegated during South Africa's apartheid era. The children attend the camp free of charge; they are sponsored by Global Camps Africa and its donors.
Goals.
Sizanani takes its name from a Zulu word which translates idiomatically to mean "help each other". It is largely modeled on the North American summer camp tradition. Accordingly, its stated goals include fostering independence, self-esteem, cooperative skills, respect for others and awareness of HIV/AIDS and other health issues. This final goal is particularly unique to Sizanani, given the children's backgrounds and the AIDS crisis that continues to grip South Africa.
Curriculum.
A day at Camp Sizanani would likely include any or all of the following: theatre, dancing, singing, and drumming; swimming; arts & crafts; adventure/teamwork; sports (including cricket, soccer, volleyball, netball, and basketball), yoga; nutrition; and Life Skills. Life Skills is an activity that teaches health awareness, prevention of STDs, sexuality, identifying abusive behaviors, gender bias, empowerment, drugs, crime, alcohol, and male circumcision. It is the single most important segment of the camp.
The 8-day camp (and 4-day staff training period) is followed by the availability to campers of six Youth Clubs that meet every other Saturday at various locations around the Soweto area. There the campers get further training in life skills, enjoy more fun, and bond with the former campers and counselors. They also take on leadership roles in their communities with community service projects, soccer teams, and singing, dancing, and theatre groups. The clubs, like camp, are offered at no charge to the camper. There is no deadline beyond which they may not attend, although they are permitted only a single camp experience, due to the large numbers of children and youth that are waiting to be served.
As of August 2016, some 8,000 campers had gone through the program.


Transgender Memorial Garden

The Transgender Memorial Garden is a memorial to transgender people killed by anti-LGBTQ violence. It is located at 1469 S. Vandeventer Avenue (at Hunt Ave) in The Grove neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri.
The memorial is planted with native Missouri trees and wildflowers and was created by volunteers in October and November 2015. The purpose of the memorial is to provide a space to mourn the loss of transgender people to violence and celebrate transgender lives. According to Jaimie Hileman, then board president of the St. Louis Metro Trans Umbrella Group (MTUG), the "garden serves both as a reminder of those whom we’ve lost and also as a very living and tangible symbol of hope in our city that tomorrow will be better days.” It is believed to be the first memorial garden in the United States dedicated to the memory of transgender people.
Origins.
The idea for the Transgender Memorial Garden first occurred to local chef, restaurateur, and drag performer Leon Braxton, Jr. (aka "Dieta Pepsi") who saw a Facebook post by Lewis E. Reed, president of the St. Louis Board of Aldermen, encouraging citizens to plant trees in neighborhood gathering spaces to create spaces of reflection as part of the second annual “Plant4PeaceSTL” event. Modeled after Nobel Laureate Wangari Maathai’s Green Belt Movement, Plant4PeaceSTL encourages St. Louisans to plant trees to create a sense of unity, cohesion, encourage health, promote social equity, and spur economic development. It connects the disappearance of trees with other, larger social problems and engages citizens in creative local solutions. Trees for Plant4PeaceSTL were donated by Forest ReLeaf of Missouri. Reed’s post encouraged St. Louisans to plants trees in public places to create spaces of reflection, memory, and contemplation.
Braxton thought Plant4PeaceSTL would be a good project for the St. Louis transgender community and he contacted the Aldermanic President’s office to explore the idea. "I thought the #Plant4Peace project would be a great opportunity to support our St. Louis transgender community and those we have lost with a memorial or reflection park…so I contacted Reed's office about my wild idea just to see if it was even possible." A vacant lot was identified in The Grove neighborhood, a burgeoning area of restaurants, clubs, and LGBT nightlife. In an interview with local radio Braxton said, “I want people to think about how beautiful the space is and how peaceful. I want people to think of trans people as just normal, everyday people where they can enjoy life and not live in such fear.”
Braxton's idea came to the attention of Jarek Steele, co-owner of local independent bookstore Left Bank Books and member of the Metro Trans Umbrella Group. The triangular site at the corner of Vandeventer and Hunt Avenues was owned by the City of St. Louis and a neighborhood business, which gave permission for the Memorial. At the apex of the triangular lot was a butterfly garden planted by Mission St. Louis but not well maintained. Steele identified a garden designer and organized volunteers who cleared the site and planted the Garden.
Design.
The Memorial was designed by Monte Abbott, a Missouri Master Gardener and local St. Louisan. Abbott's design philosophy aims to balance a site's microclimate with its socio-cultural purpose. Before planting, the Garden's soil consisted of construction fill from previous condemned buildings on the site, covered by a thin layer of rock, gravel, topsoil, grass, and weeds. The site is windy, well-drained, and slopes downhill toward the north. Accordingly, Abbott chose trees and plants that could withstand such conditions and survive with less care.
The original plan for the Memorial specified a row of Eastern Redbud ("Cercis canadensis") trees running diagonally (southwest to northeast) along Vandeventer Avenue. A bed of Missouri native perennial wildflowers was planned for a triangular bed at the corner of Vandeventer and Hunt Aves. The plan also called for five rows of Hackberry ("Celtis occidentalis") trees running diagonally (southeast to northwest) perpendicular to Vandeventer Ave and the row of Redbuds. Small groups of Devil's Walkingstick ("Aralia spinosa") were planned for the northwest and northeast corners of the site. Irregular beds of native perennial wildflowers were planned for the western, northern, and eastern edges of the Memorial. A curvilinear path was planned to run from Hunt Avenue south, terminating in a circle at the center of the Memorial.
The design's repetition of linear rows of trees aims to create a sense of harmony though repetition. Specific trees and plants were selected as allegories of the trans experience: rare, overlooked, and aesthetically unconventional. Native perennials were selected to attract butterflies: whose life-course transition symbolizes the transgender experience. Redbuds can be rather plain small, ornamental trees in summer but are highly prized for their butter-yellow fall foliage and spectacular display of magenta flowers in early spring. Hackberry trees have bark not always considered beautiful, but produce berries that support a wide array of birds and other wildlife in winter. Devil's Walkingstick is a large shrub or small tree having stems spiked with large thorns but a canopy topped with beautiful white flowers in mid-spring. Hackberry and Aralia are undervalued plants and rarely used in conventional domestic gardens and commercial landscaping. The original design called for nine Redbud trees, 17 Hackberry trees, and six Aralias.
Planting.
The Memorial was planted by 65 volunteers on the morning of October 18, 2015. After mowing and weeding, the original site consisted mostly of grass and weeds, with three ornamental crabapple ("Malus") trees and a number of raised perennial beds toward the northeast corner of the site. Volunteers pruned the existing trees and mulched the beds before planting with new trees and wildflowers. They also cleared turf and weeds and outlined a curvilinear path running from Hunt Avenue, south to the center of the Memorial.
At the center of the wood-chip path volunteers placed a small pile of stones that were dug up when the Memorial was planted. Smaller stones unearthed in planting were used to line pathways and flower beds. During the Memorial's dedication, the reuse of the site's material was described by Metro Trans Umbrella Group executive director Sayer Johnson as symbolic of the transformation that occurs in transgender people's lives—from gender assigned at birth to lived gender.
A wooden sign for the Garden was created by Jarek Steele, an active member of MTUG and co-owner of Left Bank Books. The front of the sign is inscribed with the words “Transgender Memorial Garden Est. 2015” and the phrase, “They tried to bury us. They didn’t know we were seeds.” The source of this phrase is the writings of the Macedonian poet Dinos Christianopoulos. The sign is located at the northern edge of the Memorial facing onto Hunt Avenue.
Three benches were later donated by local St. Louis individuals and LGBTQ-owned business
Dedication.
The Transgender Memorial Garden was dedicated during a ceremony held at dusk on November 20, 2015. November 20 is the Transgender Day of Remembrance that commemorates transgender individuals who have lost their lives to violence. A number of local activists, musical artists, and clergy addressed a crowd of about 50. Prominent transgender activists, scholars, and celebrities were also in attendance, including Kate Bornstein, Jennifer Finney Boylan, Candis Cayne, and Caitlyn Jenner. The dedication was filmed for the E! Entertainment television network's reality series "I Am Cait", starring Jenner. The episode featuring the Memorial aired in the U.S. March 27, 2016. The dedication was followed by a march through The Grove neighborhood led by the Queer and Trans People of Color (QTPOC) organization, and a memorial service at the Metropolitan Community Church of Greater St. Louis.
Vigil for Orlando nightclub shooting.
On the evening of June 12, 2016, the Memorial was the terminus of a march and site of a vigil for victims of the mass shooting that occurred in the early morning hours of that day at Pulse gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida. A crowd estimated at 3000 people marched from the corner of Sarah Street and Manchester Avenue in The Grove neighborhood to the Garden. A candlelight vigil and rally occurred with speakers from the local St. Louis LGBTQ community, faith leaders, and politicians, and a performance by the Gateway Men's Chorus. In the days following the march and vigil, visitors to the Memorial left flowers, religious mementos, notes, and signs as tokens of remembrance.
Vigil for Kiwi Herring.
A vigil was held at the garden in the evening of August 23, 2017, in memory of Kiwi Herring, a transgender woman of color shot to death by police in north St. Louis. She was reportedly the 18th transgender person killed in 2017. Following the vigil, mourners marched in the streets and held an intersection of The Grove. The memorial gathering was disrupted when a black Mercedes accelerated into the crowd and hit at least three people. Driver Mark Calao was arrested following a police chase.


She Thinks His Name Was John

"She Thinks His Name Was John" is a song written by Sandy Knox and Steve Rosen, and recorded by American country music icon Reba McEntire. It was released in July 1994 as the second single from her album "Read My Mind". Upon its release, the song gained media attention and controversy for its storyline, regarding a woman who was dying from AIDS.
Content.
"She Thinks His Name Was John" tells the story of a woman who is dying from AIDS, which she acquired after becoming intoxicated and having a one-night stand with a man whom she did not previously know. The song recounts how, upon learning she has contracted AIDS, she struggles to remember the man with whom she had her affair, she cries herself to sleep over dreams and life's milestones she will never experience (such as marriage and motherhood), and former friends pity her due to her decisions that led to her illness.
Sandy Knox, one of the song's writers, was inspired to write "She Thinks His Name Was John" after losing her brother to the disease. The song was released as a single after several radio stations began playing it as an album cut.


Chouettes Coquettes

Chouettes Coquettes is a bilingual Montreal social group for lesbian and bisexual women in their 20s and 30s. Their goal is to offer a meeting place for lesbian / bisexual women and their allies in order to break through isolation of lesbian and bisexual women. They organize bi-monthly happy hours, as well as other activities such as outings to the movies, clubs and shows, picnics and other outdoor events. The atmosphere is friendly and relaxed.
In July and August, the group attends Divers/Cité, the gay pride festival in Montreal.
The group was created in July 2005. Interviewed on La Ballade des Furies (CKUT, 90,3 FM) shortly after its creation and announced in "Fugues", as well as in online magazines such as "No More Potlucks", "Lesbianation" and "Cybersolidaires", in the special features of "Montreal Plus" and in the MoreMontreal.com directory.
Women from all ethnic, linguistic and religious backgrounds are welcome.


Salma Kikwete

Salma Kikwete (born 30 November 1963) is a Tanzanian educator, activist, and politician who served as the First Lady of Tanzania from 2005 to 2015 as the wife of Tanzanian President Jakaya Kikwete.
Salma Kikwete originally worked as a teacher for more than twenty years.
In 2005, the government launched a national campaign for voluntary HIV/AIDS testing in Dar es Salaam. Salma Kikwete and her husband were among the first in the country to be tested. As of 2009, she was Vice President of the Eastern Region of the Organisation of African First Ladies against HIV/AIDS (OAFLA). In 2012, the First Lady Salma Kikwete, former Botswana President Festus Mogae and ten other African figures partnered with UNESCO and UNAIDS to support the Eastern and Southern Africa Commitment on HIV Prevention and Sexual Health for Young People, which was launched in November 2011.
Kikwete also founded the "Wanawake na Maendeleo", or Women in Development (WAMA), a nonprofit which promotes development among women and children.
Over a year after her husband left office, Salma Kikwete was appointed to a seat in the National Assembly by President John Magufuli on 1 March 2017.


Testosterone phenylpropionate

Testosterone phenylpropionate (; TPP) (brand name Testolent), or testosterone phenpropionate, also known as testosterone hydrocinnamate, is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and an androgen ester – specifically, the C17β phenylpropionate ester of testosterone – which was formerly marketed in Romania. It was first synthesized in 1951 and was first described in the literature by 1953. The medication was an ingredient of several isolated AAS commercial products, but was never widely used. Testosterone phenylpropionate was also notably a component of Sustanon and Omnadren, as well as of Estandron Prolongatum, Lynandron Prolongatum, and Mixogen.


Jacques Bompard

Jacques Bompard (born 24 February 1943) is a French politician who has presided over the League of the South (LS) since its foundation in 2010. He has been Mayor of Orange since 1995. Bompard also served as a member of the National Assembly for Vaucluse from 1986 to 1988, elected at-large, before returning from 2012 until 2017, when he represented its 4th constituency.
Early life.
Jacques Bompard was born on 24 February 1943 in Montpellier. He studied dentistry at the University of Montpellier.
Career.
Bompard was elected Mayor of Orange in 1995; he was reelected in 2001, 2008, 2014 and 2020.
He was originally a member of Jean-Marie Le Pen's National Front (FN), but left the party in 2005. He joined Philippe de Villiers's Movement for France (MPF) later that year. In 2010 he left the MPF, claiming that the party had grown too close to the presidential Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party. Following the 2010 regional election, Bompard founded the League of the South (LS), a far-right party close to the Bloc identitaire.
He was elected as a member of the National Assembly for Vaucluse in 1986 on a National Front at-large list. He was reelected in 2012 and 2017 in the department's 4th constituency; he was succeeded by his substitute Marie-France Lorho soon thereafter following his resignation to focus on his mayorship.
For the 2022 presidential election, he has been a vocal supporter of a potential Éric Zemmour candidacy.
Personal life.
Jacques Bompard is married to Marie-Claude Bompard (née Pelletier), who has served as Mayor of Bollène since 2008.


Checkpoint (rapid HIV testing facility)

Checkpoint was the name of the first rapid HIV testing facility in the Netherlands. This project, run on a voluntary basis, was based in Amsterdam. From 21 June 2002 until its closure on 27 June 2008 almost 5000 people opted for a Checkpoint HIV test.
The rapid HIV testing employed by Checkpoint was for the whole of its existence unique in the Netherlands, because it was at that time not used by the various local health authorities. Such authorities and physicians employed the regular HIV antibody test and clients had to wait 1 or 2 weeks for the result. When an increasing number of local health authorities began using the rapid HIV test, Checkpoint had served its purpose and could be closed down.
The rapid HIV test enabled a reliable outcome to be generated within 15 to 20 minutes, which in practice lowered the threshold for such testing. Because in this way more people opted for testing, more HIV-positive people could be reached. A clear advantage is that the diagnosis is made at the earliest possible stage of the infection, facilitating adequate treatment. In addition, through successful early treatment, the infectious period for HIV-positive people can be reduced.
In addition to developing the rapid HIV testing methodology, now widely employed, Checkpoint was constantly engaged in promoting the introduction of this rapid testing both in the Netherlands and abroad and in lending support to such initiatives.
Background.
Research conducted in 2000 revealed that in the Netherlands only 42% of men who had sex with men (MSM) had ever in their lives been tested for HIV, so the Dutch HIV Association (HVN) wanted to introduce a rapid test in the Netherlands to lower the threshold to get tested. GlaxoSmithKline provided financial assistance.
Aim.
The rapid HIV test had to be on offer to everyone who had incurred a risk of HIV infection, irrespective of gender or sexual orientation. The testing procedure had to include comprehensive pre-test and post-test counselling. Knowledge gained from this form of testing had to be analyzed and eventually be communicated in a structured manner.
History.
In the beginning, the mainstream bodies in this field, such as SOA Aids Nederland and the Municipal Health Services (GGD) were not immediately enthusiastic and regarded the initiative with some scepticism. The following initial objections had to be overcome:
Clients quickly found out about Checkpoint and this meant that the low-threshold walk-in clinic soon had to be abandoned. During the first 26 Friday surgeries, demand was seen to be 20% higher than the then available 375 test spots. Clients regularly declared that they had been waiting years for such rapid testing.
Recognition came in 2004 when, at the 15th World AIDS Conference in Bangkok, Checkpoint was able to demonstrate that the rapid HIV test in the Netherlands lowered the threshold for MSM to have themselves tested, which meant that the second of Checkpoint's two aims had been realized.
As of 2005, the Amsterdam City Council's public health service (the GGD) started offering the rapid HIV test to high-risk visitors to the STD Policlinic. The first of Checkpoint's goals was hereby also realized.
In 2006 the RIVM (Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) advised the Ministry of Health to encourage the use of rapid HIV testing, to make an inventory of all obstacles to this and to eliminate these obstacles.
When 60% of the local health authorities appeared to be using rapid HIV testing as part of their standard method of screening or were busy implementing it, this project could be successfully wound up. During an extensive farewell party on 27 June 2008 the then Mayor of Amsterdam, Job Cohen, thanked all volunteers for the results they had achieved.
For one more year, foreign rapid HIV testing projects were supported. All source documentation was made available in digital form.
The Checkpoint formula was adopted not only in the Netherlands, but in many other cities: Aarhus, Athens, Barcelona, Basel, Cologne, Copenhagen, Dublin, Geneva, Helsinki, Lisbon, Ludwigshafen, Malmö, Mannheim, Munich, Nuremberg, Odense, Paris, Riga, Thessaloniki, Zagreb and Zürich. The Checkpoints in Denmark, France, Sweden and Switzerland received extensive support from Checkpoint Amsterdam.
The Swiss Checkpoints have gone a step further, developing into Gay Health Centres. Not only do they perform tests for STDs and HIV, but they also offer support for HIV-positive persons and in general for coming out, general psychological care for gay men, training in safe drug usage, and assistance with cessation of smoking and excessive alcohol use. In 2012 Checkpoints opened in Bern and Lausanne.
Features of the Checkpoint formula.
Checkpoint was established primarily from the client's point of view. Where, when, by whom and how would he wish to be tested.
Modus operandi of the Amsterdam Checkpoint.
When the service began, everyone could attend without an appointment. However, demand exceeded supply, so it became necessary to work by appointment. HVN volunteers maintained the appointment schedule. When making an appointment over the phone, clients were asked whether or not they belonged to a high-risk group and about the risk they had experienced; they were informed about the window period. This information enabled a better match to be made between a doctor or nurse and the client for the Friday evening.
A volunteer trained in the paramedical field registered the client, talked about safe sex, and gave a condom demonstration.
After this, a nurse or doctor gave pre-test counselling, conducted the HIV test, and communicated the outcome 15 minutes later.
If the client tested positive or the result was ambiguous, a blood sample was taken for a Western blot and an appointment was made for receipt of the confirmatory result a week later.
In 79% of cases, the confirmatory result was received in person a week later. In contrast to the previous week, clients were noticeably less emotional at this second talk and had highly specific and practical questions to ask. Although initially a point of criticism, this second post-test talk was in fact regarded by the doctors, nurses, and clients as having added value.
Volunteers.
This project was run by 43 volunteers. Once selected, volunteers followed an internal training programme, depending on their experience and duties, before being allowed to operate independently.
In 2007 Checkpoint became the second voluntary organization in Amsterdam and the 25th in the Netherlands to receive the Goed Geregeld [well organized] award from the Dutch Association of Voluntary Organizations (NOV): an award reflecting the high quality achieved.
Consultations and diagnoses.
Content can be sorted per column using the arrows in the headings.
GGD Amsterdam refers to the local public health authority Gemeentelijke Gezondheidsdienst
It appears that, in the years of its operation as given above, Checkpoint was better able to reach higher-risk groups than was the Amsterdam Public Health Service (GGD).
In 2002 and 2008 Checkpoint was operational for 26 Friday evenings.
For comparison, the corresponding results per group are given for the Amsterdam Public Health Service's STD Policlinic. More detailed results (Dutch language) are to be found in '6 jaar Checkpoint, een samenvatting' [6 years of Checkpoint: a summary].
Trials.
Detuned ELISA
Until early 2006 a Detuned ELISA test could still be requested in addition to a Western blot. This indicates whether the infections had occurred less than 6 months earlier or longer ago than this. It turned out that 63% of the infections were not recent.
General practitioners (family doctors)
A few GPs used the rapid HIV test in their practice. They noted that this encouraged patients who were otherwise reluctant to face a general STD investigation.
Mister B
In this Amsterdam leather and fetish shop a surgery was held on Sunday afternoons. In this way Checkpoint hoped to reach more effectively the MSM who visited leather bars. This turned out not to be the case, but it was attractive for less well educated men who were taking high risks, regularly experimenting with recreational drugs and not resident in Amsterdam. The incidence rate among these clients was 5.6%.
Oral fluid
In collaboration with OraSure a pilot was conducted with 1000 OraQuick ADVANCE® Rapid HIV-1/2 oral fluid tests. Initially this appeared to form the ideal HIV self-test, but during this pilot two false-negative outcomes were discovered. In a slightly smaller-scale pilot in London a false-negative was noted on three occasions.


VCaP

VCaP cells are a cell line of human prostate cancer commonly used in the field of oncology. The tissue was harvested at autopsy from a metastatic lesion to a lumbar vertebrae of a 59 year old Caucasian male with hormone refractory prostate cancer in 1997, which was then xenografted into SCID mice and later harvested and plated on tissue culture dishes, where it can be propagated as an immortalized prostate cancer cell line.
Characteristics.
VCaP are an adherent, epithelial cell line with high Androgen receptor and Prostate specific antigen expression. VCaP are the only prostate cancer cell model that express the Androgen receptor splice variant, AR-V7, and the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion.
The cells have an approximate doubling time of 53 hours, and require more specific culture conditions than other prostate cancer cell lines. VCaP cells are XMRV virus positive and produce the mouse xenotropic retrovirus Bxv-1, likely acquired during passaging in infected mice.


Good Heart Specialist Hospital

Good Heart Specialist Hospital (also known as Good Heart Hospital or abbreviated GHSH) is a private healthcare facility in Rivers State, Nigeria. The hospital's owner is said to be a consultant cardiologist at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital.
Location.
Good Heart Specialist Hospital is situated on Evo Road, in the phase 2 of New GRA, about 1.3 km (0.8 mi) from D-line, Port Harcourt. The coordinates of the road on which the hospital building is sited are: 4°49'10.8"N, 7°0'3.5"E (Latitude:4.819675; Longitude:7.000985).
In the news.
The hospital was temporarily closed in August 2014 as were several medical centers where such cases were reported, after it was alleged that one of its patients, a doctor named Ikechukwu Enemuo, had died from Ebola. Reports revealed that Enemuo had contracted the virus while attending to an Ebola-infected ECOWAS staff who flew into Port Harcourt from Lagos for treatment in an unnamed hotel. The diplomat, however, recovered after being treated. Unfortunately, Mr. Ikechukwu Enemuo died after contact with the infected diplomat. He was rushed to GoodHeart Specialist Hospital where the medical director promptly alerted government agencies of the situation. He would later die of the disease.


Ellen Willis

Ellen Jane Willis (December 14, 1941 – November 9, 2006) was an American left-wing political essayist, journalist, activist, feminist, and pop music critic. A 2014 collection of her essays, "The Essential Ellen Willis," received the National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism.
Early life and education.
Willis was born in Manhattan to a Jewish family, and grew up in the boroughs of the Bronx and Queens in New York City. Her father was a police lieutenant in the New York City Police Department. Willis attended Barnard College as an undergraduate and did graduate study at University of California, Berkeley, where she studied comparative literature.
Career.
In the late 1960s and 1970s, she was the first pop music critic for "The New Yorker", and later wrote for, among others, the "Village Voice", "The Nation", "Rolling Stone", "Slate", and "Salon", as well as "Dissent", where she was also on the editorial board. She was the author of several books of collected essays.
At the time of her death, she was a professor in the journalism department of New York University and the head of its Center for Cultural Reporting and Criticism.
Writing and activism.
Willis was known for her feminist politics and was a member of New York Radical Women and subsequently co-founder in early 1969 with Shulamith Firestone of the radical feminist group Redstockings. She was one of the few women working in music criticism during its inaugural years when the field was predominantly male. Starting in 1979, Willis wrote a number of essays that were highly critical of anti-pornography feminism, criticizing it for what she saw as its sexual puritanism and moral authoritarianism, as well as its threat to free speech. These essays were among the earliest expressions of feminist opposition to the anti-pornography movement in what became known as the feminist sex wars. Her 1981 essay, "Lust Horizons: Is the Women's Movement Pro-Sex?" is the origin of the term, "pro-sex feminism".
She was a strong supporter of women's abortion rights, and in the mid-1970s was a founding member of the pro-choice street theater and protest group No More Nice Girls. A self-described anti-authoritarian democratic socialist, she was very critical of what she viewed as social conservatism and authoritarianism on both the political right and left. In cultural politics, she was equally opposed to the idea that cultural issues are politically unimportant, as well as to strong forms of identity politics and their manifestation as political correctness.
In several essays and interviews written since the September 11 attacks, she cautiously supported humanitarian intervention and, while opposed to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, she criticized certain aspects of the anti-war movement.
Willis wrote a number of essays on anti-Semitism, and was particularly critical of left anti-Semitism. Occasionally she wrote about Judaism itself, penning a particularly notable essay about her brother's spiritual journey as a Baal Teshuva for "Rolling Stone" in 1977.
She saw political authoritarianism and sexual repression as closely linked, an idea first advanced by psychologist Wilhelm Reich; much of Willis' writing advances a Reichian or radical Freudian analysis of such phenomena. In 2006 she was working on a book on the importance of radical psychoanalytic thought to current social and political issues.
Rock criticism.
Willis was the first popular music critic for "The New Yorker", between 1968 and 1975. As such, she was one of the first American popular music critics to write for a national audience. She got the job after having published only one article on popular music, "Dylan" in the underground magazine "Cheetah", in 1967. In addition to her "Rock, etc." column in the New Yorker, she also published criticism on popular music in "Rolling Stone", the "Village Voice", and for liner notes and book anthologies, most notably her essay on the Velvet Underground for the Greil Marcus "desert island disc" anthology "Stranded" (1979). Contemporary Richard Goldstein characterized her work as "liberationist" at its heart and said that "Ellen, Emma Goldman, and Abbie Hoffman are part of a lost tradition — radicals of desire."
She was a friend of many contemporary critics, including Robert Christgau, Georgia Christgau, Greil Marcus, and Richard Goldstein. Christgau, Joe Levy, Evelyn McDonnell, Joan Morgan, and Ann Powers have all cited her as an influence on their careers and writing styles. At one point, she and Robert Christgau were lovers. In 2011, the first collection of Willis's music reviews and essays, "Out of the Vinyl Deeps" (University of Minnesota Press), arrived. It was edited by her daughter Nona Willis-Aronowitz. Ellen Willis "celebrated the seriousness of pleasure and relished the pleasure of thinking seriously," a review in "The New York Times" said. It was announced that a conference at New York University, "Sex, Hope, & Rock 'n' Roll: The Writings of Ellen Willis", celebrated her anthology and pop music criticism on April 30, 2011.
Death.
On November 9, 2006 she died of lung cancer. Her papers were deposited in the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, in the Radcliffe Institute at Harvard University in 2008.
Personal life.
Willis had an abortion and was raped.
She married first when at Barnard College, and divorced at age 24. She then had various relationships. She had met her second husband, sociology professor Stanley Aronowitz, in the late 1960s, and they entered a relationship some 10 years later. They shared domestic tasks equally.
She was survived by her husband and her daughter, Nona Willis-Aronowitz.
Works and publications.
Selected works.
"The Essential Ellen Willis", edited by Nona Willis Aronowitz, won the 2014 National Book Critics Circle Award (Criticism).
Other works including Willis.
Ellen Willis is featured in the feminist history film "She's Beautiful When She's Angry".


Blue Diamond Society

The Blue Diamond Society (BDS; Nepali: नील हीरा समाज) is an LGBT rights organization in Nepal. It was established in 2001 to advocate for change in the existing laws against homosexuality and to advocate for the rights of Nepal's marginalized gay, transgender and other sexual minority communities. The Blue Diamond Society also aims to educate Nepalese society on proper sexual health, to advocate with local governments for queer minorities, to encourage the artful expression of LGBTQ+ youth, and to document violence against Nepalese queers. Another of its contributions to Nepal's LGBTQ+ communities is to provide care, counseling, and services to victims of HIV/AIDS.The BDS has also recorded various abuses against the community ranging from physical and verbal abuse and discrimination inflicted in workplaces and healthcare facilities.
The Blue Diamond Society is currently led by Executive Director Manisha Dhakal, and was founded and led until 2013 by Sunil Babu Pant, the first gay legislator in Nepal's history and one of 29 experts at the meeting for The Yogyakarta Principles.
One of the Blue Diamond Society's greatest achievement occurred in 2007 when Sunil Babu Pant and fellow human rights activists filed a case with Nepal's Supreme Court that led to a verdict by the Court ordering the government to repeal all laws that explicitly discriminate against members of the LGBT community. The Court also ordered the government to draft laws to legally recognize gay marriage. In 2015, Nepal approved a new constitution that guaranteed equal rights to all the genders, however despite the laws the community still faces discrimination and abuse and is least represented in the country.
In 2018, the Blue Diamond Society currently has over 700 staff and forty offices throughout Nepal. The head office is located in Dhumbarahi Height, Kathmandu.
The Struggle for LGBT Rights.
In April 2007, the Blue Diamond Society, MITINI Nepal, Cruse AIDS Nepal, and Parichaya Nepal, all organizations representing lesbians, gays, and "people of the third gender", filed a writ petition under Article 107(2) of the "Interim Constitution of Nepal" demanding representation and laws that provide protection to the LGBT community, thus prohibiting any discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. Nepal's citizenship card system provided benefits to all the citizens such as ration cards, passports, residency cards, etc. however, those who identified themselves within the third gender were denied these rights by the officials.
The Government of Nepal dismissed the petition claiming it to be based on hypothesis and assumptions and devoid of any proper examples of those who were treated in a discriminatory manner. The Court also claimed that the Interim Constitution provides enough protection therefore making a separate law based on sexual orientation is not required. But the petitioners which included Sunil Babu Pant, argued that people of the third gender weren't treated equally. It was the responsibility of the state to provide identity documents, including birth certificates, citizenship certificates, passports, and voter identity cards because without identity cards, people of the third gender were deprived of education and other public benefits and were vulnerable and disadvantaged.
After quite a struggle, Court came to the conclusion that sexual orientation was a natural process rather than the result of "mental perversion" or "emotional and psychological disorder". It rejected the notion that people of the third sex were "sexual perverts". The government also addressed the issue of same-sex marriage which the Nepalese law observed as "unnatural coitus". The Court therefore decided that it is appropriate that same-sex marriage is decriminalized and de-stigmatized. Also, laws were introduced to ensure that all the genders are provided equal rights therefore, this resulted in new citizenship cards which have column for the third gender. Blue Diamond society played an important role in this movement and has been a major LGBT organization ever since.
As an organization, Blue Diamond Society various hurdles as it wasn't given the status of an NGO for sexual minorities which were not recognized under the Constitution. Therefore, it was introduced as sexual health program and later established itself as a full-fledged LGBT organization. Despite the legal and liberal system supporting the community, there is still very conservative especially when it comes to sexuality.
Visions.
The society's visions are to create a society that respects and values each sexual and gender minorities, where every person of a sexual and gender minority can have equal rights and the same dignity of heterosexual, cisgender persons and also a society where all sexual and gender minorities have hope and equal opportunities.
Achievements of Blue Diamond Society.
BDS worked with local governments and the Supreme Court to have the Election Commission of Nepal and local census forms offer a "third gender" option in addition to "male" and "female". A third gender person, Bishnu Adhikari, received full citizenship and identification papers as ruled by the Supreme Court Nepal in 2007. This has encouraged other third gender citizens to demand correct legal identification with their correct gender. Continuous lobbying, delegations, and sit-in programs from the local to national level have been carried out by the Blue Diamond Society. The Manisha Dhaka l was awarded the "Nai Rani Laxmi" award in 2010 for her contributions to LGBT rights and actively participated in the pleadings in the petition filed for equal rights in 2007.
Controversies.
In 2012, Blue Diamond Society was accused of corruption and nepotism, which led to serious financial trouble for the organization. BDS responded by saying that "called conspiracies to defame the society and weaken the campaign launched for the rights of third gender people and sexual minorities," whilst never really addressing the merits of the accusation. During the investigation, Sunil Babu Pant immigrated to London. Blue Diamond Society has also been recorded by National News Channels for physically attacking people who reported their corruption. Blue Diamond Society had threatened those transgender individuals who do not identify as 'third gender' to remain silent and not speak about the issue.
Criticisms.
The Blue Diamond Society has been criticized for creating a rigid "third gender narrative" in Nepal. A gender fluid person was reportedly mocked by the Blue Diamond Society. It has been criticized for rejecting the belief that there are multiple genders, and having pejorative attitudes against genderqueer or gender fluid people. In 2019, a series of confessions posted online called out the organization's alleged transphobia. It was alleged that famous Nepalese actor Santosh Panta's transgender daughter was advised by a representative of the organisation to call herself as 'third gender' contrary to her self-identification.
Awards.
In 2007, Blue Diamond Society won the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission's (IGLHRC) Felipa de Souza Award.
Pride Festival.
Nepal's Pride festival is organised by Blue Diamond Society annually on the day of Gai Jatra. The first annual pride festival by BDS in Nepal was held in 2010 in Kathmandu, the 6th International LGBTI Pride festival took place in 2016 with the support of UNDP under Global Fund MSA program.


Team Trans

Team Trans is an all-transgender and nonbinary hockey team based in Massachusetts. Believed to be the first all-transgender ice hockey team in the United States, the team was founded in 2019.
History.
In 2016, while playing in the National Women's Hockey League, Harrison Browne became what many publications thought to be the first openly transgender athlete in any professional U.S. team sport. In 2018, while playing in the Canadian Women's Hockey League, Jessica Platt would also come out as transgender.
Following an early 2019 Boston Pride Hockey game with the New York City Gay Hockey Association, plans for the team's founding took shape at a bar in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan. The Pride players went out for drinks following the game and the team's president, Greg Sargent, noticed Aidan Cleary, a New York team member, sitting alone in a corner. Cleary conveyed to Sargent about a Facebook group that he belonged to which had "all the trans hockey players," trying to put together their own team. Cleary had been in discussion with Hutch Hutchinson, a defender on Team Trans, about how they wanted to create a space for transgender athletes. Cleary then contacted Boston Pride Hockey Vice President Mark Tikonoff about recruiting an all-trans team. Soon, players began connecting through social media, and the team was able to recruit Browne and Platt onto the team. Most of the players resided in the U.S. northeast, although there were some from the Midwest, Canada, as well as California. Many of the Team Trans players have cited "overly masculine attitudes" of male teams, as well as loneliness on teams, even LGBTQ ones as reasons for joining the team and finding their playing experience an enjoyable one.
The team met for the first time on November 8, 2019, in Cambridge, Massachusetts; 13 of the team's initial members traveled from outside of the area to meet. The team is considered to be the first sports team in the United States fully made up of transgender or gender nonconforming players; an all-transgender soccer team in Brazil preceded Team Trans' existence. The team received jerseys and matching socks that were in the colors of the transgender flag (pink, white, and blue); the Boston Pride Hockey organization paid for the team's uniforms. They held one practice, and team played their first match against the BPH Select team the following day. Held in the Simoni Ice Arena in Cambridge, the match was the first in a 2-game series—dubbed the "Friendship Series"—between the two teams. Team Trans lost both the first and second game, 4–3 and 8–3, respectively.
"The New York Times" published a piece on the team and their first games, detailing "the games were held in a public rink tucked into a strip mall. The crowd was modest, several dozen people in all. Family, friends, fans of Browne and Platt and a scattering of local residents." The team's players positively received their first games, taking to social media to commemorate them.
The team holds a tentative plan to enter LGBTQ hockey tournaments around North America, and encourage trans players anywhere to join, in essence functioning as a barnstorming team with a rotating roster. The team was also scheduled to play in a second Friendship Series with the Madison Gay Hockey Association in April 2020, though these plans were postponed in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
Players and personnel.
As aforementioned, Browne, Cleary, Hutchison, and Platt are members on the team. Browne and Platt serve as co-captains on the team. Shane Diamond, Kat Ferguson, William Frahm-Gilles, Alex LeFebvre, Heather Lynn, Brynn Toohey, Jack Henderson, and K8 Walton have also been mentioned in media articles as inaugural members of the team. The team's webpage on the Boston Pride's website also lists Ashleigh as a team member.


Frock Destroyers

The Frock Destroyers is a musical group with "RuPaul's Drag Race UK" contestants Baga Chipz, Blu Hydrangea, and Divina de Campo. They made the UK Top 40 in 2019 with "Break Up Bye Bye", which charted at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart. There was a campaign to have the Frock Destroyers represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2020. The group's name is a pun on the double act The Cock Destroyers.
Music.
The group were originally put together while participating on the first season of "RuPaul's Drag Race UK", where as part of the main challenge they came up with their own verses for their version of "Break Up (Bye Bye)". They won the challenge and received a RuPeter Badge as a prize. The song reached number 35 on the UK Singles Chart and number 44 on the "Billboard" Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart in the US.
The group released the single "Her Majesty" on 25 November 2020. Their second single, "Big Ben" was released on 8 December 2020, along with a lyric video. The Frock Destroyers released their debut studio album called "Frock4Life" on 11 December 2020.


Rachel Beer

Rachel Beer (née Sassoon; 7 April 1858 – 29 April 1927) was an Indian-born British newspaper editor. She was editor-in-chief of "The Observer" and "The Sunday Times".
Early life.
Rachel Sassoon was born in Bombay to Sassoon David Sassoon, of the Iraqi Sassoon family, one of the wealthiest families of the 19th century; her father was known as the "Rothschild of the East." As a young woman, she volunteered as a nurse in a hospital.
In 1887, she married the wealthy financier Frederick Arthur Beer, son of Julius Beer (1836–1880), and converted to Christianity. Frederick, an Anglican Christian, was also from a family of converts. In the wake of her conversion, the family disowned her.
The Beers had their roots as a banking family in the Frankfurt ghetto. In the UK they were financiers whose investments included ownership of newspapers.
Journalism career.
Soon after she married Frederick, she began contributing articles to "The Observer", which the Beer family then owned. In 1891, she took over as editor, becoming the first female editor of a national newspaper in the process. Two years later, she purchased the "Sunday Times" and became the editor of that newspaper as well. Though "not . . . a brilliant editor", she was known for her "occasional flair and business-like decisions".
During her time as editor, "The Observer" achieved one of its greatest exclusives: the admission in France by Count Esterhazy that he had forged, under instructions from his superiors, the letters that had falsely convicted the innocent Jewish officer Captain Dreyfus leading to his incarceration on Devil's Island. The story provoked an international outcry and led to the release and pardon of Dreyfus and court martial of Esterhazy.
Last years.
Frederick died of syphilis in 1903, having passed it on to his wife. Her own behaviour grew increasingly erratic, culminating in a collapse. The following year she was committed and her trustees sold both newspapers. Although she subsequently recovered, Beer required nursing care for the remainder of her life, spending her final years at Chancellor House in Tunbridge Wells, where she died of the disease in 1927.
Her brother, Alfred, had been cut off by his family for marrying outside the Jewish faith; though Beer had also married a gentile, in her case the action was forgivable because of her sex. In her will she left a generous legacy to her nephew Siegfried Sassoon, enabling him to purchase Heytesbury House in Wiltshire, where he spent the rest of his life. In honour of her bequest, Siegfried hung an oil portrait of his aunt above the fireplace.
While Beer's husband Frederick was buried in his father's large mausoleum in Highgate Cemetery in north London, her family intervened to prevent her burial in that bastion of Anglican religion. Instead she was due to be interred in the Sassoon family mausoleum in Brighton, Sussex. However, her grave is now located in the municipal cemetery at Tunbridge Wells, and a marker has been added to her headstone in recognition of her work as a journalist and editor, paid for by The Observer and The Sunday Times


Len Browning

Leonard James Browning (30 March 1928 – 27 September 2008) was an English footballer. He played as a striker for Leeds United and Sheffield United. Browning joined Leeds as an 18-year-old in 1946, and moved to Sheffield United in 1951. He scored more than 70 goals in a career that lasted only eight years. Browning was forced to retire in 1954 after developing tuberculosis. He died 27 September 2008 of prostate cancer.


Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together against AIDS

Traditional and Modern Health Practitioners Together against AIDS (THETA) is a non-government organization in Uganda that promotes collaboration between traditional healers and biomedical practitioners to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS and provide care for HIV-positive patients. It was seen to be the first significant effort in Africa to involve traditional healers in the efforts against HIV/AIDS.
Overview.
THETA was established in 1992 by the National AIDS Control Progamme, Uganda AIDS Commission, "Médecins Sans Frontieres" (Doctors Without Borders), and The AIDS Support Organization (TASO). It initiated two programs: 1) research effectiveness of traditional herbal medicine in treating AIDS symptoms and 2) research effectiveness of training traditional healers to be STI/AIDS educators and counsellors. By 1998, THETA had trained 125 healers in HIV/AIDS prevention over a five year period, according to a UNAIDS evaluation. During an interview, Dr. Dorothy Balaba, former director and medical officer, explained:"We want to enhance their capacity... In fact, the healers bring their own skills to the table, and there is a lot that biomedical workers can learn from them. Conventional medicine is symptom oriented, but traditional healers' care is holistic in nature."On February 2000 in Kampala, Uganda, THETA held a conference supported by UNAIDS and PROMETRA (Association of the Promotion of Traditional Medicine). It involved 100 delegates from 17 African countries, including Dr. Sandra Anderson of UNAIDS-South Africa, Dr. Donna Kabatesi (then THETA director), and Professor Charles Wambebe, the head of Nigeria's National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development. The goal of the conference was to acknowledge the wide-spread use of traditional medicine, review the role of traditional healers in HIV prevention and care, and support collaboration between traditional medicine and biomedicine.
This conference also led to the formation of an East and Southern African Regional Task Force on Traditional Medicine and HIV/AIDS in 2001. The task force involved 9 members from East and Southern African NGOs (Traditional Health Practitioners Association of Zambia and Zimbabwean National Traditional Healers Association), international organizations (UNAIDS, WHO/AFRO, Global Initiative for Traditional Systems), and observers from Ghana, Nigeria, and Cameroon.
Traditional Medicine in Uganda.
History.
Before the Colonial Era, traditional medicine was the only health system in Uganda. During the Colonial Era from 1894 to 1962, traditional medicine was suppressed as it was negatively seen as "backwards" and "witchcraft", and the legitimacy of healthcare practice was placed on colonial biomedicine. Gradually, there have been attempts to provide support to traditional healers, legally recognize traditional medicine practice in Uganda, and move towards collaboration between the two practices. For example, since the early 1990s, the WHO has pushed for the inclusion of traditional medicine in national programs.
HIV/AIDS.
The Ugandan AIDS Control Programme of 1989 by the Ministry of Health promoted decentralization of AIDS prevention and control from the national level to the district level in order to increase coverage and effectiveness. This highlighted community-based approaches involving biomedical health staff, NGOs, religious groups, local village leaders, local AIDS committees, and traditional healers.
For people who were HIV-positive, traditional healers provided a local, familiar, and accessible option compared to biomedical personnel who were usually overbooked and located farther away. In the early 1980s in southwestern Uganda, it was reported that many locals infected with the disease ("Slim") after showing symptoms of diarrhea and weight-loss would initially consult traditional healers due to their belief in the connection between the disease and witchcraft. In local communities, traditional healers were seen as having a respected and credible role in treating physical, psychological, and spiritual aspects of health, serving approximately 80% of people seeking health care. Despite their influence, biomedical practitioners often distrusted their credibility and traditional healers lacked adequate information about HIV/AIDS.


Hijra (South Asia)

In the Indian subcontinent, Hijra are eunuchs, intersex people, and transgender people. Also known as "Aravani", "Aruvani", "Jogappa", or (derogatorily) "Chhakka", the hijra community in India prefer to call themselves "Kinnar" or "Kinner", referring to the mythological beings that excel at song and dance. In Pakistan, they are called Khawaja Sira, the equivalent of transgender in the Urdu language.
"Hijras" are officially recognized as third gender in the Indian subcontinent, being considered neither completely male nor female. Hijras have a recorded history in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity, as suggested by the Kama Sutra.
Many live in well-defined and organised all-"hijra" communities, led by a guru. These communities have consisted over generations of those who are in abject poverty or who have been rejected by or fled their family of origin. Many work as sex workers for survival.
The word "hijra" is a Hindustani word. It has traditionally been translated into English as "eunuch" or "hermaphrodite", where "the irregularity of the male genitalia is central to the definition". However, in general hijras are born male, only a few having been born with intersex variations. Some Hijras undergo an initiation rite into the hijra community called nirvaan, which involves the removal of the penis, scrotum and testicles.
Since the late 20th century, some hijra activists and non-government organizations (NGOs) have lobbied for official recognition of the hijra as a kind of "third sex" or "third gender", as neither man nor woman. Hijras have successfully gained this recognition in Bangladesh and are eligible for priority in education and certain kinds of low paid jobs. In India, the Supreme Court in April 2014 recognized hijras, transgender people, eunuchs, and intersex people as a 'third gender' in law. Nepal, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh have all legally accepted the existence of a third gender, with India, Pakistan and Nepal including an option for them on passports and certain official documents.
Terminology.
The Hindustani word "hijra" may alternately be romanized as "hijira", "hijda", "hijada", "hijara", "hijrah" and is pronounced . This term is generally considered derogatory in Urdu and the term "Khwaja Sara" is used instead. Another such term is "khasuaa" (खसुआ) or "khusaraa" (खुसरा).
A number of terms across the culturally and linguistically diverse Indian subcontinent represent similar sex or gender categories. While these are rough synonyms, they may be better understood as separate identities due to regional cultural differences. In Odia, a hijra is referred to as "hinjida", "hinjda" or "napunsaka", in Telugu as "napunsakudu" (), "kojja" () or "maada" (), in Tamil as "thiru nangai" (mister woman), "ali", "aravanni", "aravani" or "aruvani", in Punjabi as "khusra" or "jankha", in Kannada as "mangalamukhi" (ಮಂಗಳಮುಖಿ) or "chhakka" (ಚಕ್ಕ), in Sindhi as "khadra", and in Gujarati as "pavaiyaa" (પાવૈયા). In Bengali, hijra is called "হিজড়া", "hijra", "hijla", "hijre", "hizra", or "hizre".
In North India, the goddess Bahuchara Mata is worshipped by "Pavaiyaa" (પાવૈયા). In South India, the goddess Renuka is believed to have the power to change one's sex. Male devotees in female clothing are known as "Jogappa". They perform similar roles to hijra, such as dancing and singing at birth ceremonies and weddings.
The word "kothi" (or "koti") is common across India, similar to the Kathoey of Thailand, although kothis are often distinguished from hijras. Kothis are regarded as feminine men or boys who take a feminine role in sex with men, but do not live in the kind of intentional communities that hijras usually live in. Additionally, not all kothis have undergone initiation rites or the body modification steps to become a hijra. Local equivalents include "durani" (Kolkata), "menaka" (Cochin), "meti" (Nepal), and "zenana" (Pakistan).
Hijra used to be translated in English as "eunuch" or "hermaphrodite", although LGBT historians or human rights activists have sought to include them as being transgender. In a series of meetings convened between October 2013 and Jan 2014 by the transgender experts committee of India's Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, hijra and other trans activists asked that the term "eunuch" be discontinued from usage in government documents, as it is not a term with which the communities identify.
Gender and sexuality.
These identities have no exact match in the taxonomy of gender and sexual orientation, and challenge usual ideas of sex and gender.
In India, some Hijras do not define themselves by specific sexual orientation, but rather by renouncing sexuality altogether. Sexual energy is transformed into sacred powers. However, these notions can come in conflict with the practical, which is that hijras are often employed as prostitutes. Furthermore, in India a feminine male who takes a "receptive" role in sex with a man will often identify as a "kothi" (or the local equivalent term). While kothis are usually distinguished from hijras as a separate gender identity, they often dress as women and act in a feminine manner in public spaces, even using feminine language to refer to themselves and each other. The usual partners of hijras and kothis are men who consider themselves heterosexual as they are the ones who penetrate. These male partners are often married, and any relationships or sex with "kothis" or hijras are usually kept secret from the community at large. Some hijras may form relationships with men and even marry, although their marriage is not usually recognized by law or religion. Hijras and kothis often have a name for these masculine sexual or romantic partners; for example, "panthi" in Bangladesh, "giriya" in Delhi or "sridhar" in Cochin.
Social status and economic circumstances.
Most hijras live at the margins of society with very low status; the very word "hijra" is sometimes used in a derogatory manner. The Indian lawyer and author Rajesh Talwar has written a book, titled "The Third Sex and Human Rights", highlighting the human rights abuses suffered by the community. Few employment opportunities are available to hijras. Many get their income from extortion (forced payment by disrupting work/life using demonstrations and interference), performing at ceremonies (toli), begging (dheengna), or sex work ('raarha')—an occupation of eunuchs also recorded in premodern times. Violence against hijras, especially those who are sex workers, is often brutal, and occurs in public spaces, police stations, prisons, and their homes. As with transgender people in most of the world, they face extreme discrimination in health, housing, education, employment, immigration, law, and any bureaucracy that is unable to place them into male or female gender categories.
Housing.
In October 2013, Pakistani Christians and Muslims (Shia and Sunni) put pressure on the landlords of Imamia Colony to evict any transgender residents. I.A. Rehman, the director of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, said, "Generally in Pakistan, Khwaja Sira are not under threat. But they are in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province because of a 'new Islam' under way."
Healthcare.
In a study of Bangladeshi hijras, participants reported not being allowed to seek healthcare at the private chambers of doctors, and experiencing abuse if they go to government hospitals.
In 2008, HIV prevalence was 27.6% amongst hijra sex workers in Larkana, Pakistan. The general prevalence of HIV among the adult Pakistani population is estimated at 0.1%.
Criminalization of sexuality.
After India's Supreme Court re-criminalized homosexual sex on 13 December 2013, there was a sharp increase in physical, psychological and sexual violence against the transgender community by the Indian Police Service, which often does not investigate reports of sexual assault against them. On 6 September 2018, the Supreme Court overturned India's Section 377, which criminalized anal and oral sex.
Education and employment.
In 2002, nearly 5,000 people attended the All India Eunuch Conference held in Varanasi; the conference's platform demanded that universities and government open more job opportunities to this population. On 15 April 2014, in "National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India", the Supreme Court of India ruled that transgender people should be treated as a third category of gender or as a socially and economically "backward" class entitled to proportional access and representation in education and jobs.
Beginning in 2006, hijras were engaged to accompany Patna city revenue officials to collect unpaid taxes, receiving a 4-percent commission.
Language.
The hijra community developed a secret language known as Hijra Farsi. The language has a sentence structure loosely based on Hindustani and a unique vocabulary of at least a thousand words. Some of the kinship terms and names for rituals used by the Hindi-speaking Hijra community are different in use from those used by people outside the Hijra community. For e.g. "dādī" in Standard Hindi is the term for paternal grandmother, and in the Hijra community is used to address the Guru's Guru. Beyond the Urdu-Hindi speaking areas of subcontinent the vocabulary is still used by the hijra community within their own native languages.
In politics of the Indian subcontinent.
The governments of both India (1994) and Pakistan (2009) have recognized hijras as a "third sex", thus granting them the basic civil rights of every citizen. In India, hijras now have the option to identify as a eunuch ("E") on passports and on certain government documents. They are not, however, fully accommodated; in order to vote, for example, citizens must identify as either male or female. There is also further discrimination from the government. In the 2009 general election, India's election committee denied three hijras candidature unless they identified themselves as either male or female. In 2013, transgender people in Pakistan were given their first opportunity to stand for election. Sanam Fakir, a 32-year-old hijra, ran as an independent candidate for Sukkur, Pakistan's general election in May.
In April 2014, Justice KS Radhakrishnan declared transgender to be the third gender in Indian law in National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India. The ruling said:
Seldom, our society realises or cares to realise the trauma, agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo, nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community, especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex. Our society often ridicules and abuses the Transgender community and in public places like railway stations, bus stands, schools, workplaces, malls, theatres,
hospitals, they are sidelined and treated as untouchables, forgetting the fact that the moral failure lies in the society's unwillingness to contain or embrace different gender identities and expressions, a mindset which we have to change.
Justice Radhakrishnan said that transgender people should be treated consistently with other minorities under the law, enabling them to access jobs, healthcare and education. He framed the issue as one of human rights, saying that, "These TGs, even though insignificant in numbers, are still human beings and therefore they have every right to enjoy their human rights", concluding by declaring that:
A bill supported by all political parties was tabled in Indian parliament to ensure transgender people get benefits akin reserved communities like SC/STs and is taking steps to see that they get enrollment in schools and jobs in government besides protection from sexual harassment.
In the 1990s, about 10,000 people belonged to a national organization called Treetiya Panthi Sanghatana (TPS). As of 2003, the president was Kajal Nayak. A younger Kajal Nayak, who was 27 years old in 2019, is the president of Jajpur's Transgender Association.
History.
The ancient Kama Sutra mentions the performance of fellatio by feminine people of a third sex ("tritiya prakriti"). This passage has been variously interpreted as referring to men who desired other men, so-called eunuchs ("those disguised as males, and those that are disguised as females", male and female trans people ("the male takes on the appearance of a female and the female takes on the appearance of the male"), or two kinds of biological males, one dressed as a woman, the other as a man.
Franciscan travelers in the 1650s noted the presence of "Men and boys who dress like women" roaming the streets of Thatta, in modern Pakistan. The presence of these individuals was taken to be a sign of the city's depravity. During the era of the British Raj, authorities attempted to eradicate hijras, whom they saw as "a breach of public decency." Anti-hijra laws were repealed; but a law outlawing castration, a central part of the hijra community, was left intact, though rarely enforced. Also during British rule in India they were placed under the Criminal Tribes Act 1871 and labelled a "criminal tribe", hence subjected to compulsory registration, strict monitoring and stigmatized for a long time; after independence however they were denotified in 1952, though the centuries-old stigma continues.
In religion.
Many practice a form of syncretism that draws on multiple religions; seeing themselves to be neither men nor women, hijras practice rituals for both men and women.
Hijras belong to a special caste. They are usually devotees of the mother goddess Bahuchara Mata, Lord Shiva, or both.
Bahuchara Mata.
Bahuchara Mata is a Hindu goddess with two unrelated stories both associated with transgender behavior. One story is that she appeared in the avatar of a princess who castrated her husband because he would run in the woods and act like a woman rather than have sex with her. Another story is that a man tried to rape her, so she cursed him with impotence. When the man begged her forgiveness to have the curse removed, she relented only after he agreed to run in the woods and act like a woman. The primary temple to this goddess is located in Gujarat and it is a place of pilgrimage for hijras, who see Bahuchara Mata as a patroness.
Lord Shiva.
One of the forms of Lord Shiva is a merging with Parvati where together they are Ardhanari, a god that is half Shiva and half Parvati. Ardhanari has special significance as a patron of hijras, who identify with the gender ambiguity.
In the "Ramayana".
In some versions of the "Ramayana", when Rama leaves Ayodhya for his 14-year exile, a crowd of his subjects follow him into the forest because of their devotion to him. Soon Rama notices this, and gathers them to tell them not to mourn, and that all the "men and women" of his kingdom should return to their places in Ayodhya. Rama then leaves and has adventures for 14 years. When he returns to Ayodhya, he finds that the hijras, being neither men nor women, have not moved from the place where he gave his speech. Impressed with their devotion, Rama grants hijras the boon to confer blessings on people during auspicious inaugural occasions like childbirth and weddings. This boon is the origin of "badhai" in which hijras sing, dance, and give blessings.
In the "Mahabharata".
"Mahabharata" includes an episode in which Arjuna, a hero of the epic, is sent into an exile. There he assumes an identity of a eunuch-transvestite and performs rituals during weddings and childbirths that are now performed by hijras.
In the Mahabharata, before the Kurukshetra War, Iravan offers his lifeblood to goddess Kali to ensure the victory of the Pandavas, and Kali agrees to grant him power. On the night before the battle, Iravan expresses a desire to get married before he dies. No woman was willing to marry a man doomed to die in a few hours, so Lord Krishna ( as Mohini ) marries him. In South India, hijras claim Iravan as their progenitor and call themselves "aravanis".
Each year in Tamil Nadu, during April and May, "hijras" celebrate an eighteen-day religious festival. The aravani temple is located in the village Koovagam in the Ulundurpet taluk in Villupuram district, and is devoted to the deity Koothandavar, who is identified with Aravan. During the festival, the aravanis reenact a story of the wedding of Lord Krishna and Lord Aravan, followed by Aravan's subsequent sacrifice. They then mourn Aravan's death through ritualistic dances and by breaking their bangles. An annual beauty pageant is also held, as well as various health and HIV or AIDS seminars. "Hijras" from all over the country travel to this festival. A personal experience of the hijras in this festival is shown in the BBC Three documentary "India's Ladyboys" and also in the National Geographic Channel television series "Taboo".
In Islam.
There is evidence that Indian hijras identifying as Muslim also incorporate aspects of Hinduism. Still, despite this syncretism, Gayatri Reddy notes that a hijra does not practice Islam differently from other Muslims and argues that their syncretism does not make them any less Muslim. Reddy also documents an example of how this syncretism manifests: in Hyderabad, India, a group of Muslim converts were circumcised, something seen as the quintessential marker of male Muslim identity.
In films and literature.
India.
"Hijras" have been portrayed on screen in Indian cinema since its inception, historically as comic relief. A notable turning point occurred in 1974 when real "hijras" appeared during a song-and-dance sequence in "Kunwaara Baap" ("The Unmarried Father"). The Hindi movie "Amar Akbar Anthony" (1977) features "hijras" who accompany one of the heroes, Akbar (Rishi Kapoor), in a song entitled "Tayyab Ali Pyar Ka Dushman" ("Tayyab Ali, the Enemy of Love").
Malayalam.
In the Malayalam movie "Ardhanaari", released on 23 November 2012, director Santhosh Sowparnika tries to depict the life of a transgender person. Manoj K Jayan, Thilakan, Sukumari and Maniyanpilla Raju perform leading roles.
Njan Marykutty is another Malayalam film about the troubles and challenges of a trans woman in Kerala.
Tamil.
"Vaadamalli" by novelist Su.Samuthiram is the first Tamil novel about the Aravaani community in Tamil Nadu, published in 1994.
Transgender activist A. Revathi became the first hijra to write about transgender issues and gender politics in Tamil. Her works have been translated into more than eight languages and act as a primary resources on gender studies in Asia. Her book is part of research project for more than 100 universities. She is the author of "Unarvum Uruvamum" (Feelings of the Entire Body), the first of its kind in English from a member of the hijra community. She acted and directed stage plays on gender and sexuality issues in Tamil and Kannada. "The Truth about Me: A Hijra Life Story" is part of the syllabus for final year students of The American College in Madurai.
"Naan Saravanan Alla" (2007) and Vidya's "I Am Vidya" (2008) were the first autobiographies of trans women.
Pakistan.
The 1992 film "Immaculate Conception" by Jamil Dehlavi is based upon the culture-clash between a western Jewish couple seeking fertility at a Karachi shrine known to be blessed by a Sufi fakir called 'Gulab Shah' and the group of Pakistani eunuchs who guard it.
"Murad" (, but the film's English title was "Eunuch's Motherhood"), was an award-winning biographical telefilm drama made by Evergreen Media Europe for Pakistan's television channel Indus TV that aired in 2003. It featured some of the country's top male television actors-- Sohail Asghar, Nabeel, Qazi Wajid, and Kamran Jilani playing the roles of hijras. It was directed by Kamran Qureshi, written by Zafar Mairaj and produced by Iram Qureshi. It won both Best TeleFilm and Best Director awards at 2003 Indus Telefilm Festival. The story revolves around Saima, a transgender woman, who adopts a child named Murad. For the first time, influential male actors showed their support for hijra rights during interviews, pointing out that in Pakistani English at that time eunuch was the term to describe a transgender person, and "khwaja sara" had not yet replaced what is now considered a derogatory term due to decades of heckling and name calling.
In 2004, Kamran Qureshi directed "Moorat" ( but released in English under the title "Eunuch's Wedding". It a 33-episode series produced by Humayun Saeed and Abdullah Kadwani with more than a dozen cast members. It was nominated for Best Drama Serial, Abid Ali for Best Actor, and Maria Wasti for Best Actress at the Lux Style Awards 2005. The show was credited with making people understand the pain and abuse that hijra constantly endure when people make fun of the way they look or dress. The story involves a young lady who is engaged to be married. It turns out her husband is transgender. The story unfolds the trans community and their deprived and isolated world. It portrays eloquently how they, too, are not far away from human emotions and feelings and their world is not much different from the heterosexual community. Even though they are in plain sight, they are taboo subjects and are not taken seriously. This makes them suffer endlessly in silence wrapped in slurs. The 33-episode series therefore touches on transgender abuse, abuse against women, poverty, the immorality of arranged marriages and child abuse.
"Bol" (Urdu: بول meaning "Speak"), is a 2011 Urdu-language Pakistani social drama film. It concerns a patriarch, Hakim, who is a misogynist, a domestic abuser, a bigot and a zealot who forces religion on his family. They face financial difficulties due to Hakim wanting a son. He rejects his transgender daughter, Saifi, as he wanted an heir and she identifies as a girl. Saifi is deeply loved by the rest of her family. As she grows up, men want to take advantage of her and she does not understand at first. However, her oldest sister intervenes and teaches Saifi about what kind of touching is inappropriate. As Saifi grows older, she is not allowed to leave the house. She finds her sister's dresses compelling and tries them on, revealing her gender identity. A neighbour played by famous South Asian singer Atif Aslam, who is in love with one of the sisters, gets Saifi a job at a place where they paint trucks, with the blessing of Saifi's sisters and mother. Saifi dresses like a boy; however, other boys sense her lack of self-esteem and eventually gang-rape her. She is saved when another transgender person, played by Almas Bobby (a transgender actor), finds her and takes her home. Hakim overhears Saifi telling her mother and Zainab what happened. When everybody is asleep, Hakim locks the room and suffocates his child for luring the men for the "shame" he would have to bear if the story got out. It received several positive reviews from critics and went on to win the Best Hindi film award in IRDS Film awards 2011 by Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences (IRDS).
Outside the Indian subcontinent.
In the graphic novel "Habibi" by Craig Thompson, the protagonist, Zam, is adopted by a group of "hijras".
In the TV comedy "Outsourced" (2011), a "hijra" is hired by Charlie as a stripper for Rajiv's "bachelor party", much to Rajiv's utter horror.
The novel "The Ministry of Utmost Happiness" by Arundhati Roy features a storyline involving a "hijra" character named Anjum.
Hijras feature prominently in John Irving's 2002 novel "A Son of the Circus."
In the 2008 film 'Bride and Prejudice', directed by Gurinder Chadha, a group of hijras make an appearance during the 'A Marriage Has Come to Town' number, in which they dance and sing the following lyrics: "Who can tell you more about Yin & Yang?/Sharing one spirit between woman and man/Marriage is the path taken by he and she/May your new life be kissed by harmony."


Propetandrol

Propetandrol () (brand name Solevar; former developmental code name SC-7294), or propethandrol, also known as 17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone 3β-propionate or 17α-ethyl-19-nor-4-androstenediol 3β-propionate, as well as 17α-ethylestr-4-en-3β,17β-diol 3β-propionate, is a synthetic and orally active anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) and progestogen and a 17α-alkylated derivative of 19-nortestosterone. It is an androgen ester – specifically, the 3β-propionate ester of norethandrolone (17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone).


Timothy Manning

Timothy Manning (Irish: "Tadhg Ó Mongáin") (November 15, 1909 – June 23, 1989) was an Irish American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Los Angeles from 1970 to 1985, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1973.
Early life and ministry.
Timothy Manning was born in Ballingeary, Ireland, to Cornelius and Margaret (née Cronin) Manning. Originally attending Mungret College in Limerick, he followed a call for priests in the United States and entered St. Patrick Seminary in Menlo Park, California, in 1928. Manning was ordained on June 16, 1934, and then furthered his studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, obtaining his doctorate in canon law in 1938.
Upon his return to the States, he did pastoral work in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, also serving as secretary to Archbishop John Joseph Cantwell from 1938 to 1946. Manning was raised to the rank of Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness on April 15, 1943, and later Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on November 17, 1945. He became chancellor for the Archdiocese on March 19, 1946.
Episcopal career.
On August 3, 1946, Manning was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Los Angeles and Titular Bishop of Lesvi by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following October 15 from Bishop Joseph Thomas McGucken, with Bishops James Edward Walsh, MM, and Thomas Arthur Connolly serving as co-consecrators.
He became vicar general of the Archdiocese on November 29, 1955, and attended the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965.
Bishop of Fresno.
Manning was named the first Bishop of Fresno on October 16, 1967. During his tenure, he supported the organization of a labor union for Central Valley farm workers, and sought to help wine producers and grape pickers reconcile their differences.
Archbishop of Los Angeles.
After less than two years in Fresno, Manning was named Coadjutor Archbishop of Los Angeles and Titular Archbishop of Capreae on May 26, 1969. He succeeded James Francis McIntyre as the third Archbishop of Los Angeles on January 21, 1970. While a strong proponent of ecclesiastical authority, Manning took a more gentle style than his predecessor. The end of McIntyre's tenure saw tensions with the clergy and minorities and, following Manning's ascension, the new Archbishop stated, "My first reaction was to make it known that I was here to listen." He instituted ministries for blacks and Hispanics, a presbyterial council to grant the clergy greater participation in the governance of the Archdiocese, and an Inter-Parochial Council to extend the same participation to the laity. Shortly after becoming Archbishop, a majority of the Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, who had feuded with McIntyre, left the religious life and founded a lay community. He also supported the 1973 merger of the all-male Loyola University and all-female Marymount College into Loyola Marymount University in 1973; McIntyre had resisted attempts to allow co-education in the Archdiocese's Catholic university and colleges.
Pope Paul VI created him Cardinal-Priest of S. Lucia a Piazza d'Armi in the consistory of March 5, 1973. During the Vietnam War, Manning counseled young men on their right to become conscientious objectors. Staunchly anti-abortion, the Archbishop declared that any Catholic who cooperated in an abortion would suffer excommunication from the Church, including the mother herself. In 1974, in response to the Supreme Court's ruling on "Roe v. Wade", he testified before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments of the Senate Judiciary Committee, saying, "An amendment is necessary first of all to protect the lives of the unborn children who can be killed—indeed, are being killed at this very moment—in the wake of the Supreme Court's decisions. But it is also needed to restore integrity to the law itself, to make the American legal system once more the guarantor and protector of all human rights and the human rights of all."
Manning was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the conclaves of August and October 1978, which selected Popes John Paul I and John Paul II respectively. Before entering the August conclave, he noted that the Church "has no political support in many places" and called for a pope who could "change people through warmth." In 1981, John Paul II sent him as a special papal envoy to the celebration in Drogheda, Ireland of the third centennial of Saint Oliver Plunkett's martyrdom. He called for a halt to the deportation of Salvadoran civil war refugees in 1983.
Later life and death.
After fifteen years in Los Angeles, Manning retired as Archbishop on June 4, 1985. He took up residence at Holy Family Parish in South Pasadena.
Manning died on June 23, 1989 at the Norris Cancer Hospital of the University of Southern California, aged 79. He is buried at Calvary Cemetery in East Los Angeles.


Louis Dalrymple

Louis Dalrymple (January 19, 1866 – December 28, 1905) was an American cartoonist, known for his caricatures in publications such as "Puck", "Judge", and the New York "Daily Graphic". Born in Cambridge, Illinois, he studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and the Art Students League of New York, and in 1885 became the chief cartoonist of the "Daily Graphic". He died in 1905 of paresis in a New York sanitarium.


Queer Student Cultural Center

The Queer Student Cultural Center is the current incarnation of the coming out, gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, genderqueer, intersex, and allied communities organization of the University of Minnesota campuses that has been active since May 1969 (under various names).
History.
Upon its creation, QSCC was named "The Association of GLBT Student Organizations and Their Friends" upon its inception in 1994 at the U of MN. The group was created by Dave McPartlin and founded by the President of the University Gay
Community (Dave McPartlin), the co-presidents of the University Bisexual Community (Jage Miller and Jonas Duca) and a co-facilitator of the University Lesbians (Susanna de Campos Salles) overseen by adviser Doug Halverson. The group was later renamed The Queer Student Cultural Center in 1998.
Approved by the Minnesota Student Association and then University President, Nils Hasselmo, and Vice-President of Student Affairs, Marvalene Hughes, the Association was one of the earlier student groups to get University funding to combat homophobia and tackle issues specific to LGBT students. The group was created to become a 'cultural center' but did not take the name until several years afterwards for fear that inclusion of the word 'culture' would prevent them from security minority status and University status.
The University Bi Community formed as an offshoot of the University Gay Community by Dave McPartlin in 1991, along with the University People of Color and University International Students as a way to reach the growing needs of the student population. Co-chaired leadership of the University Bi Community was taken on by Jage Miller and Jonas Ducat immediately after its inception.
In 1982, the University Gay Community and University Lesbians were formed as two separate groups from their predecessor group entitled "Fight Repression of Erotic Expression (FREE), founded by Koreen Phelps and Stephen Ihrig on May 18, 1969. This group began after the duo started teaching a free University course on the West Bank on The Homosexual Revolution, causing it to become the first queer student group in America.
In 1971, an original officer of FREE, Jack Baker, was the first openly gay man elected student body president at a major university. By winning this election he became the first openly gay man to win any public office in the U.S. In 1970, Jack Baker and Mike McConnell also became the first gay couple to seek legal marriage and were featured in Life magazine. Jack was also re-elected in 1972.
Important Influences.
QSCC/ULGC/FREE has helped accomplish many historically important things for the LGBT community including: