Tony Fontane

Tony Fontane (1925–1974) was an American recording artist in the 1940s and 1950s who gave up his career in popular music to become a gospel singer following a near-fatal car accident in 1957. Due to his high, clear tenor voice and unrelenting sense of purpose, he became one of the world's most famous gospel singers, performing in concert halls and churches around the globe and recording many albums for RCA.
Biography.
Early life.
Fontane was born as Anthony Trankina on September 18, 1925 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, the son of Joseph and Raphaella Trankina. His father, a railroad worker for the Michigan Central Railroad, converted to Christianity in 1929 and a few years later moved the family to Grand Forks, North Dakota, where he operated a mission. The family lived in poverty, and Tony Trankina grew up despising the mission and its work. It was during this time that he developed a strong hatred for all religions that later developed into full-fledged atheism.
From an early age, he showed an interest in singing. He became accomplished enough that he frequently sang in church services at the mission and, while still in high school, won the Dakota State Achievement award in a vocal contest. He was offered a musical scholarship at Michigan State University, but Tony—exhibiting the youthful urge to escape his surroundings—ran off with a dance band wearing a mascara mustache to disguise his age. Six weeks after a statewide alarm was issued, he was returned home.
Popular career.
He moved to Chicago to live with his aunt, and tried unsuccessfully to break into show business while still in high school. During World War II, he lied about his age to join the Coast Guard. After the war, he assumed the stage name of Tony Fontane and moved to New York City, looking for work as a singer, but did not have much success. He finally landed a spot on the Major Bowes Original Amateur Hour, which he won. Fontane became an instant sensation; according to his biography, "A Bargain With God," he was one of only two performers on the Amateur Hour to ever be called back for an encore – the first being Frank Sinatra.
Moving once more to Chicago, Fontane appeared on television shows such as "Teen Town", "The Tony Fontane Show", and "Top Tunes With Trendler". He appeared on the shows of Ed Sullivan, Steve Allen, Paul Whiteman, and Eddie Bracken, and became a sought-after nightclub and Las Vegas act. A recording contract with Mercury Records led to his hit single, "Cold, Cold, Heart" (Mercury 5693) in November 1951. While Tony Bennett took the song to #1 on the pop chart that year, Fontane's version of the song reached #28 on the Hit Parade, surpassing the version by Hank Williams, who wrote the song.
Fontane married actress Kerry Vaughn on May 2, 1950 and toured with her in Australia in the musical comedy, "Zip Goes a Million". Vaughn, a golden-haired beauty who once performed as a stand-in for Lana Turner and appeared in the cult classic "Prehistoric Women," became known in Australia as a second Marilyn Monroe. Vaughn and Fontane were popular abroad and appeared on the covers of many magazines. The couple had a daughter, Char Fontane (born January 12, 1952; died April 1, 2007).
Near-death experience and conversion.
On the afternoon of September 3, 1957, Fontane finished a rehearsal for a television special at NBC and was driving to his home in Canoga Park, Los Angeles, California, when another motorist ran a red light and plowed into the driver's side of Fontane's sports car. It took rescue workers more than 2½ hours to extricate the singer from his vehicle; one person on the scene took his pulse and declared that he was dead. In fact, he was barely alive, and was rushed to the hospital where he remained in a coma, on the brink of death, for 30 days. His injuries included two broken legs, a crushed chest, massive head injuries, broken ribs, cracked vertebrae, and severe internal injuries.
Fontane later wrote that while he was in his coma, he had a vision that God came to him and offered him one more chance. When he came out of his coma, Fontane not only gave up atheism but converted to Christianity. When he abandoned his popular career and refused to sing anything other than gospel music, he was sued by the William Morris Agency for breach of contract and lost everything.
Gospel career.
Once again living in extreme poverty, Fontane made the rounds of churches asking to sing for them. Fontane got his break in the gospel music industry when Phil Kerr, organizer of the Monday Night Musicals at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium, asked him to perform in concert, and following that appearance, Fontane became one of the busiest gospel singers in the world. He recorded albums, made a film about his life's story, and performed in churches, civic auditoriums, schools, military bases and concert halls.
Fontane continued his busy performance schedule throughout the 1960s and into the early 1970s, even traveling several times to Vietnam to sing for American troops stationed there. He also performed for four U.S. Presidents—Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard M. Nixon. But his life began to unravel in 1973 when he was diagnosed with prostate cancer and given only a year to live. Despite undergoing several unsuccessful operations, he continued to sing. Four days before his death, he went to an Orange County, California, church where two men—one on each side of him—helped stand him up for his last concert. He sang "Just As I Am". Two days later, his pancreas ruptured, and he was rushed to a Canoga Park hospital.
On June 30, 1974, Fontane died at the age of 48. He was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park.
Discography.
Although a small selection of his popular and gospel recordings are available in MP3 format online, the majority of Fontane's music may largely be found in antique stores and Internet auctions.


K-RITH

K-RITH (Kwazulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV) was a tuberculosis and HIV research institute in Durban, South Africa. The Institute is a collaboration of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the University of KwaZulu-Natal. K-RITH's 7-story research facility is situated on the Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine Campus at UKZN and opened on 9 October 2012.
Building.
The home of K-RITH is a seven-story, 4000 sq. meter research building on the grounds of the Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The building was designed by FGG Architects and includes Biosafety level 3 (BSL3) laboratories, able to handle pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB, as well as HIV the causative agent of AIDS. Approximately 10 K-RITH research groups will conduct research in the building, and office space will be used by other organisations, such as CAPRISA.
The K-RITH Tower Building, as it is officially named, cost R346m to build, and was officially opened on 9 October 2012, to a crowd of many local and international dignitaries, including the South African Minister of Health, Aaron Motsoaledi.
In 2016, K-RITH merged with the African Centre for Population Health to form the Africa Health Research Institute.


Emily Cain

Emily Ann Cain (born March 29, 1980) is an American politician from Maine and Executive Director of EMILY's List. A member of the Democratic Party, Cain served in the Maine Senate from 2012 to 2014, representing the 30th district which includes part of Penobscot County. She was previously a member of the Maine House of Representatives from 2004 to 2012, where she served as Minority Leader from 2008 to 2010 and as House Chair of the Appropriations & Financial Affairs Committee from 2010 to 2012.
Cain was the 2014 and 2016 Democratic nominee for the U.S. House of Representatives for Maine's 2nd congressional district. She lost both elections to Republican Bruce Poliquin.
Early life, education and career.
Emily Cain was born in Louisville, Kentucky, but moved to the south side suburbs of Chicago, Illinois before the age of one. Her father, who has been working in the shoe business since he was 14 years old, ran stores for Florsheim Shoes and later worked for G.H. Bass & Co. in Maine. Her mother is a sign-language interpreter and educator. Cain lived in Illinois until age nine, and then moved to Lawrenceville, New Jersey, graduating from Lawrence High School and then moving to Maine with her family at the age of eighteen. Cain attended the University of Maine and has lived in Orono since 1998. She received her Bachelor of Music Education in 2002, graduating with highest honors from the UMaine Honors College. In 2004, Cain graduated from Harvard University, receiving her Master of Education in Higher Education. As of 2017, she was pursuing a Ph.D. in Public Policy from the University of Maine.
Cain worked at the University of Maine for more than a decade in the Honors College as the Coordinator of Advancement. After UMaine, she worked as a consultant for Jobs for Maine's Graduates, a private non-profit education and workforce training program.
After the 2016 elections, Cain became the Chief Strategy Officer of HistoryIT, a Maine-based technology and services company focused on digital archives.
On June 15, 2017, Cain was hired as the executive director for EMILY's List, a national organization which works to support pro-choice Democratic women running for elected office.
Maine Legislature.
Maine House of Representatives.
She was elected to the Maine House of Representatives in 2004 at the age of 24 from an historically Democrat-leaning district, defeating Republican William Reed and Green Independent Mark Horton. She was reelected to a second term with 78% of the vote, defeating Republican Lance Cowan in 2006, and won a third term running unopposed in the general election in 2008. She won her fourth term to the house in 2010, defeating Republican Zachary David Jackman with 67% of the vote. In her final term in the Maine House, during the 125th legislature, Cain served as the Minority Leader from 2010 to 2012.
During her time in the House, Cain served on the Education and Cultural Affairs Committee and the Joint Rules Committee. She served as Chair of the Joint Select Committee on Research, Economic Development and the Innovation Economy in 2006, and also served as the Chair of the Appropriations Subcommittee on School District Reorganization in 2007. From 2008 to 2010, Cain served as House Chair of the Joint Select Committee on Appropriations and Financial Affairs, leading tough negotiations to successfully pass five unanimous bipartisan budgets.
Cain was the first Democrat to serve as House Minority Leader since the mid-1970s. She held this position for one term and led Maine House Democrats back into the majority during the 2012 elections.
In 2009, Cain was one of over sixty co-sponsors in the House of LD 1020, legalizing same-sex marriage in Maine. At a house hearing in 2009, Cain said that "Equality was one of the main reasons why I ran for legislature. Marriage is not about gender and sexuality, it's about keeping Maine families together."
Maine Senate.
In December 2011, Cain announced she would seek to replace fellow Democrat Elizabeth Schneider in the Maine Senate, running for Maine's 30th district. Schneider was unable to run due to term-limits, as Cain was also unable run for the House of Representatives again because of the same limits. She won in the Democratic primary, going on to defeat Republican Roderick Hathaway with 62% of the vote in the November general election. Cain served as a state delegate for Maine at the 2012 Democratic National Convention.
Cain served on the Senate Appropriations and Financial Affairs Committee, and was the Senate Chair of the Senate Government Oversight Committee.
In April 2013, Cain co-sponsored a Joint Amendment supporting comprehensive immigration reform that addresses "earned legalization with a path to citizenship, updated future immigration of families and workers and improved immigration enforcement and border security." Cain has also co-sponsored a Joint Amendment calling on Congress to support an amendment to the United States Constitution overturning the Supreme Court decision Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, in order to "regulate the raising and spending of money in elections".
Congressional campaigns.
2014.
Cain won the Democratic primary election for Maine's 2nd congressional district, beating State Senate Majority Leader Troy Dale Jackson. She was defeated by former State Treasurer Bruce Poliquin in the general election. Poliquin won 47% of the vote, with Cain taking 42% and independent Blaine Richardson taking 11%. She received more votes in Hancock, Franklin and Waldo counties but Poliquin won the rest, including Penobscot County which Cain represented.
2016.
Cain ran for U.S. Congress again in 2016, facing a rematch with now incumbent Republican Bruce Poliquin in the general election. Poliquin defeated Cain with 55% of the vote.
Personal life.
Cain is married to Daniel B. Williams, who has served as the Executive Director of the Collins Center for the Arts at the University of Maine since 2014, and is a former member of the Maine House of Representatives. They reside in Orono, Maine.


Tom Wappel

Thomas William Wappel (born February 9, 1950) is a Canadian politician. He was a Liberal member of the House of Commons from 1988 to 2008, representing the Toronto riding of Scarborough West and its successor riding of Scarborough Southwest. He did not seek re-election in the 2008 general election.
Wappel is a staunch social conservative. He is a prominent opponent of abortion and gay rights, and has made controversial comments on immigration and the role of religion in government. He opposes the death penalty, and describes himself as holding liberal views on economic issues. In 1998, he was awarded the Joseph P. Borowski Award. He is separated, with five children.
Early life and career.
Wappel was born in Toronto, to Hungarian parents. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Toronto (1971), and a Bachelor of Laws from Queen's University (1974). He was called to the Bar of Ontario in 1976, and worked in civil litigation and corporate law and taught classes in negotiation. Wappel is a member of the Knights of Columbus.
1988 election.
Wappel won the Scarborough West Liberal nomination in 1988 in a surprising upset over Patrick Johnston, a star candidate who had been personally recruited by party leader John Turner. His campaign was supported by members of the anti-abortion group Campaign Life, and his election platform included a pledge of "respect for human life, from conception to the natural end of life". He also opposed the Canada-United States free trade agreement, and criticized the media for portraying him as a single-issue candidate. He won a narrow victory in the general election, defeating Progressive Conservative incumbent Reg Stackhouse by 440 votes.
During the election, Campaign Life activists circulated a pamphlet that accused Stackhouse of supporting "baby-killing" in some circumstances. There is no evidence that Wappel personally endorsed the pamphlet.
The Progressive Conservatives won a majority government in 1988, and Wappel entered parliament as a member of the opposition. John Turner resigned as party leader in 1989, and a new leadership contest was called to select his replacement.
Leadership candidate.
Wappel was the first declared candidate in the Liberal Party's 1990 leadership convention, announcing his candidacy on June 29, 1989. He described himself as the only candidate willing to make abortion a leadership issue. Wappel spoke against abortion in all circumstances, saying that while rape and incest are terrible tragedies, "they cannot possibly be compounded by the further tragedy of destroying human life." He also called for increased immigration to Canada and harsher penalties against drug traffickers, while opposing the Meech Lake Accord and "distinct society" status for Quebec.
Wappel spoke against federal daycare programs during one all-candidates meeting, arguing that the Canadian government should promote stay-at-home parenting instead. Late in the campaign, he said that he did not consider single-parent households or same-sex couples to be families.
His candidacy was not supported by any other MPs although he won the endorsement of Liberals for Life, an anti-abortion pressure group working inside the Liberal Party, in March 1990. During his nomination speech at the convention, Wappel called for abortion to be made a criminal offence with a maximum penalty of life imprisonment. He finished in fourth place, as Jean Chrétien won the leadership on the first ballot.
Opposition Critic.
Wappel was appointed as the Liberal Party's immigration critic in January 1991. Late in the year, he prepared an internal party document calling for the creation of detainment camps (to be called Welcome Centres) for refugees arriving in Canada. Claimants would be provided with food, lodging and clothing, but would not be permitted to work outside the centre while their cases were under review. The proposal also called for any claimant with HIV to be automatically denied status. His suggestions were leaked to the media, and were immediately rejected by the Liberal Party leadership. He was removed as the Liberal Party's immigration Critic in January 1992, and reassigned as critic for the Solicitor-General. In his new position, he called for increased safeguards in Canada's parole system.
Wappel was endorsed by the Canadian Police Association in the 1993 federal election, and focused his campaign on "law and order" issues. He was easily re-elected as the Liberals won a majority government nationally.
Government backbencher.
Wappel was not appointed to Jean Chrétien's cabinet, and was a frequent critic of his own party's social legislation. He opposed the Chrétien government's decision to extend anti-discrimination protection to homosexuals in 1994, describing homosexuality as "statistically abnormal, [...] physically abnormal and [...] morally immoral". Some politicians and journalists called for Chrétien to expel Wappel from caucus after this remark, but no disciplinary action was taken. Later in the year, Wappel described homosexuality as "not genetic, but a choice", while arguing that religion is "virtually genetic, since it is passed from generation to generation". He remained active on law enforcement issues, introducing a private member's bill to create a national witness protection program and calling for tougher provisions under Canada's Young Offenders Act.
He was re-elected to a third term in the 1997 election, again running on a "law and order" platform. When parliament resumed, he introduced a private member's bill designed to prevent persons convicted of serious crimes (and their relatives and collaborators) from receiving any financial benefit resulting from artistic depictions of their acts. The bill was supported by some members of the law enforcement community, but was criticized by artists and was often described as poorly drafted. Toronto journalist Michael Valpy dismissed it as "legal gibberish" and "a piece of junk". The bill passed the House of Commons but was rejected by the Senate of Canada in 1998, despite last-minute adjustments.
Wappel ran for Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada in 2001, seeking support from backbench Liberals and opposition members. He was eliminated after the first ballot of a secret vote by all Members of Parliament (MPs).
He faced media scrutiny in May 2001, when he refused to help a veteran in his riding whom he suspected of having voted for a rival candidate in the previous election. Wappel wrote a letter to the constituent, asking "How is it that you are writing me for my help if you did not think enough of my abilities to justify voting for me?" The letter was released to the media, and Wappel's remarks were widely criticized by journalists and MPs from all parties. Chrétien reprimanded Wappel, and required him to issue an apology. Wappel later described the letter as a "stupid mistake", and called for voters to forgive him.
In July 2002, Wappel joined with fifteen other Liberal MPs in calling for Paul Martin to succeed Jean Chrétien as Liberal leader. Later in the year, he was unexpectedly elected chair of the Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans in a free vote of other committee members. He issued a report in June 2003 arguing that federal bureaucrats had "badly managed" the sockeye salmon fishery in British Columbia's Fraser River two years earlier.
Paul Martin succeeded Chrétien as party leader and prime minister in December 2003. Wappel remained a government backbencher, and was returned to a fifth parliamentary term in the 2004 election as the Liberals were reduced to a minority government.
Wappel remained one of the most vocal social conservatives in the Liberal caucus, and was a prominent opponent of the Martin government's 2005 same-sex marriage legislation, which he described as "discriminatory, a sham, and a hoax". According to one report, Wappel told Martin that he was "profoundly disappointed" with his handling of the issue during a private caucus meeting. There was some speculation that Wappel would join fellow MP Pat O'Brien in leaving the Liberal caucus over the marriage bill, but he decided to remain in the party.
Opposition MP.
Wappel was re-elected to the House of Commons in the 2006 federal election, as the Conservative Party won a national minority government. Wappel was one of twenty-four Liberal MPs to vote for an extension of Canada's military mission in Afghanistan in May 2006. He also renewed his call for abortion legislation, describing Canada as "the only western democracy that has absolutely no law whatsoever when it comes to protecting the unborn child". In February 2007, he was the only Liberal MP to vote for the extension of two controversial anti-terrorism measures that had first been passed by the Chrétien government in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The measures, which critics described as a threat to civil liberties, were defeated when the Bloc Québécois, New Democratic Party and most Liberals voted not to support their extension. Wappel expressed surprise that more Liberal MPs did not support the extension.
Wappel did not endorse any candidate in the 2006 Liberal leadership election, as none of the candidates were declared social conservatives. He indicated that he would personally vote for Joe Volpe at the convention.
Food labels.
Wappel promoted several private member's bills calling for better nutritional labels on food products. In 1998, he introduced a bill that would have required nutritional labels on all foods sold in grocery stores. It was supported by the Alliance for Food Label Reform, and Wappel argued that it would help reduce the risk of heart disease and cancer among consumers. The bill was not passed.
In 2004, he introduced a separate bill requiring fast food restaurants to list salt and fat content on their menus. It was defeated by a vote of 198 to 64 in November 2006.
Retirement.
On March 23, 2007, Wappel announced that he would not stand in the next federal election. His tenure as a Member of Parliament ended with the 2008 federal election.
Wappel joined the Campaign Life Coalition as its legal counsel on January 1, 2009.
Electoral record.
All electoral information is taken from Elections Canada. Italicized expenditures from elections after 1997 refer to submitted totals, and are presented when the final reviewed totals are not available. Expenditures from 1997 refer to submitted totals. The +/- figures from 1997 and 2004 are adjusted for redistribution.


Ted Eyre

David Ted Eyre was mayor of Murray, Utah from 2014 to 2017. Elected to a four-year term as Murray City mayor in 2013, Eyre began his term on January 7, 2014. He was unable to complete his full term in office, succumbing to prostate cancer at age 71. Eyre is the first Murray Mayor to not complete a full term, which resulted in the appointment of an acting and interim mayor by the Murray City Council.
Eyre was born and raised in Wyoming and graduated from Cheyenne East High School. He attended Brigham Young University and San Bernardino Valley College where he received his degree in Aviation Sciences.
Eyre joined the United States Army and served a tour in the Vietnam War flying a U-21 Ute transport aircraft in the aviation division of the Signal Corps. After returning home, he worked on construction projects in Colorado before becoming a flight instructor in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. He eventually became a pilot for Western Airlines which was acquired by Delta Air Lines in 1986. He relocated to Murray City in 1987, where he retired as a Delta Air Lines captain in 2005.
During Mayor Eyre's term enhancements were made to Murray City Park including Wi-Fi throughout the park, six pickleball courts, an outdoor exercise area, new restrooms and the newly remodeled Murray Park Amphitheater. During his administration, the City acquired historic Murray Theater, Murray Chapel and Murray Mansion for the downtown redevelopment project area and property for future construction of a new fire station and city hall.


Teva Canada Ltd v Pfizer Canada Inc

 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the disclosure requirements for a patent in Canada.
Background.
While testing the compound sildenafil on patients suffering from angina, Pfizer observed that some patients experienced spontaneous erections. Consequently, Pfizer carried out a clinical study to test the effects of sildenafil on patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). The study showed that sildenafil was effective at treating ED. Pfizer then proceeded to obtain Patent 2,163,446 for the use of a range of compounds for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, even though sildenafil was the only compound in the patent that had been shown to be effective in doing so.
The patent contained a number of claims:
Novopharm (later renamed Teva Canada), a generic drug manufacturer, filed an Abbreviated New Drug Submission with Health Canada in December 2006 to allow for the manufacture of a generic version of sildenafil.
Pfizer applied to the Federal Court for an order under the "Patented Medicines (Notice of Compliance) Regulations", prohibiting the Minister of Health from issuing a Notice of Compliance to Novopharm for a generic version of Viagra until the Pfizer patent expired in 2014. In its defence, Novopharm alleged that the patent was invalid for obviousness, lack of utility, and insufficiency of disclosure so that the generic version of Viagra should immediately be allowed on the Canadian market.
Patent specification in Canadian law.
The disclosure requirements for a patent are set out in section 27(3) of the "Patent Act":
The courts below.
Kelen J released his decision in June 2009, finding in favour of Pfizer. In his decision, he drew upon current Canadian patent jurisprudence:
However, he expressed his discomfort about the contemporary practice of drafting patent claims:
Novopharm appealed to the Federal Court of Appeal, which ruled in favour of Pfizer in a unanimous decision by Nadon JA in September 2010, declaring, "... the Judge did not err. The invention herein is found in the compound disclosed in Claim 7, not in the patent as a whole." In doing so, he relied on the Court of Appeal's ruling in a previous case:
Teva appealed the ruling to the Supreme Court of Canada, for which leave to appeal was granted in May 2011.
At the Supreme Court of Canada.
In a unanimous decision written by LeBel J, the appeal was allowed. The Supreme Court rejected the view that each claim in a patent is necessarily a separate invention, and concluded that a patent specification must be read as a whole when identifying the invention in the patent and determining whether the patent satisfies the disclosure requirement. In its original judgment, the Court declared that Pfizer's patent for sildenafil was void, but the Court later changed its decision to say that Teva had established its allegation that the patent was invalid.
Ruling.
In determining whether the disclosure requirements have been met, the first step is to define the nature of the invention in the patent. This must be done in order to comply with section 27(3), which requires that the specification 'correctly and fully describe the invention'.
Lebel J rejected the lower courts' treatment of each claim in a patent as a separate invention. Rather than treating each claim as a separate invention, the specification must be read as a whole to determine the invention. He concluded that if Pfizer's patent is viewed as a whole, there is only one invention: the use of the compounds that are effective at treating ED. He summarized it thus:
Re-hearing and variation.
On November 9, 2012 (the day after the Court released its judgment), Pfizer filed a motion for the Court to re-hear the appeal. In their application, Pfizer alleged that the court accidentally went beyond its jurisdiction by wholly voiding the Viagra patent.
On June 4, 2013, Pfizer's motion was allowed in part, with the Court varying its reasons and its order. Whereas the Court originally had declared the patent “void”, the Court now revised its holding to say that Teva established its allegation, under the statutory provisions in question, that the patent is not valid. Consequently, there was no longer a judicial declaration of voidness but merely an order that Pfizer's application for a "notice of prohibition" against Teva's version of sildenafil (under subsection 55.2(4) of the Patent Act) is dismissed.
Meanwhile, another generic manufacturer brought a separate action to invalidate Pfizer's patent (under section 60 of the Patent Act). On November 20, 2012, the Federal Court held that it was bound by the Supreme Court's decision and declared Pfizer's patent "invalid and void". Subsequently, on January 22, 2014, the Federal Court of Appeal affirmed the Federal Court's decision.
Consequences.
Teva Canada launched Novo-Sildenafil, a generic version of Viagra, on the day the Supreme Court of Canada released its decision.
On August 5, 2014, the Supreme Court of British Columbia certified a class action against Pfizer.
The plaintiff, Britton Low, alleges that Pifzer wrongfully obtained the Viagra patent, which inflated the price of Viagra by delaying the introduction of competing generic versions.


Elizabeth Sewell (activist)

Elizabeth Sewell (1940–1988) was a New Zealand activist in the feminist movement in the 1970s and 1980s. She was the first head of the Ministry for Consumer Affairs.
Career.
Sewell was a manufacturing jeweller and feminist in Christchurch setting up the Pregnancy Advisory Service in 1974. She was instrumental in the creation and operation of the Christchurch office of Sisters Overseas Service (SOS), an organisation which supported women to travel to Sydney for abortions in the late 1970s. She supervised two paid employees and volunteers as well as handling publicity and counselling of women. She was one of the organisers of the 1977 United Women's Convention, moving to Wellington in 1979 to become a researcher and private secretary to the Member of Parliament Marilyn Waring.
In the early 1980s she was National Executive Director of the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) as well as being active in the Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL).
In 1986 she became the first General Manager of the newly formed Ministry of Consumer Affairs where she strove to move consumer affairs closer to the community and have government recognise the work of the Citizens Advice Bureaus. She also worked to improve Standards for the consumer and addressed the International Organization for Standardization in Toronto in 1987.
Personal life.
Sewell was divorced after being married for ten years and had three children.


Darren Criss

Darren Everett Criss (born February 5, 1987) is an American actor, singer, and songwriter. He rose to fame starring on the television series "Glee" (2010–2015) and received Emmy and Golden Globe acting awards for his leading role as spree killer Andrew Cunanan in "" (2018). He has also appeared on Broadway and in film and has released several recordings as a soloist and in a band.
A founding member and co-owner of StarKid Productions, a musical theater company based in Chicago, Criss first garnered attention playing the lead role of Harry Potter in, and writing most of the music and lyrics for, StarKid's musical production of "A Very Potter Musical". The theater troupe made "Billboard" history when their original album, "Me and My Dick", became the first charting student-produced musical recording, debuting at number eleven on the Top Cast Albums chart in 2010. Criss has also starred on Broadway in "How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying" and "Hedwig and the Angry Inch". In 2015, Criss co-founded Elsie Fest which is touted as "New York City's first outdoor music festival celebrating tunes from the stage and screen".
Criss is best known for his portrayal of Blaine Anderson on the Fox musical comedy-drama series "Glee" from 2010 until 2015. Initially appearing as the lead vocalist of "Glee"s Dalton Academy Warblers, Criss' first number, a cover version of "Teenage Dream", became the fastest-selling "Glee" single, reached number eight on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and was certified gold in the US. The Warblers have sold over 1.3 million tracks, and the soundtrack album, "" (2011), peaked at number two on the US "Billboard" 200. He was nominated for an Emmy Award in 2015 for writing the song "This Time" for the "Glee" finale.
In March 2017, Criss debuted his indie pop band Computer Games along with his brother Chuck Criss. Their first album, "Lost Boys Life" EP features 4 songs written by the duo. The lead single "Every Single Night" debuted at #2 on Billboard's "Hot Singles". In December 2017, Criss released a 5-track solo EP titled "Homework". The EP debuted #1 on Billboard's Heatseekers Chart and #7 on Billboard's Independent Albums Chart.
In addition to his music endeavors, Criss starred in the second installment of Ryan Murphy's "American Crime Story". Subtitled "The Assassination of Gianni Versace" (2018), Criss's portrayal of spree killer Andrew Cunanan received acclaim from critics, and earned him an Emmy win for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries, or Television Film. Criss became the first Asian American actor to win an Emmy for acting.
Early life and education.
Criss was born in San Francisco, California, the youngest child of Cerina and Charles William Criss, an investment banker and a patron of the arts. He has an older brother, Charles "Chuck" Criss, who is a member of the band Freelance Whales. Criss is Eurasian – his mother, a native of Cebu, Philippines, is of Chinese, Filipino and Spanish descent while his father, a native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was of English, German, and Irish descent. Criss was raised primarily in San Francisco, apart from 1988–92, when the family resided in Honolulu, Hawaii, where his father, Charles started EastWest Bank, serving as chairman and CEO.
Criss attended Roman Catholic schools. He completed his elementary education at Stuart Hall for Boys, and later graduated from Saint Ignatius College Preparatory in 2005. In 2009, Criss obtained his Bachelor of Fine Arts from the University of Michigan, majoring in Theater Performance and minoring in Musicology and Italian.
Musical and theatrical training.
Criss' interest in music started in early childhood; at age five, he began taking violin lessons and was classically trained for the next fifteen years. Criss taught himself how to play other instruments, including guitar, piano, mandolin, harmonica, and drums. In high school, Criss immersed himself in music – he held the position of concertmaster in the school orchestra, he fronted his own band, and was voted "most likely to win a Grammy" by his peers. When he was fifteen, Criss began learning music composition and wrote his first song, which he later used as the title track of his first EP "Human", released in 2009.
Criss also showed an interest for the performing arts. At age ten, he was accepted into the American Conservatory Theater (Young Conservatory program) where he studied theater performance throughout his formative years. At St Ignatius, he was a member of the performing arts program and acted in work, including, "The Music Man", "The Diary of Anne Frank", and "Fiddler on the Roof". He was active as both an actor and director in the University of Michigan's student-run theater organization Basement Arts. In 2008, he spent a semester abroad studying Italian theater at the Accademia dell'Arte in Arezzo, Italy.
Career.
Theatre.
Debut.
Criss made his professional stage debut at the age of ten as Cesario in 42nd Street Moon's production of "Fanny" (1997), then played Mauro in the Richard Rodgers and Stephen Sondheim musical "Do I Hear a Waltz?" (1998), and Beauregard Calhoun in "Babes in Arms" (1999).
Throughout his adolescence, Criss appeared in a number of the American Conservatory Theater's plays, notably "A Christmas Carol", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", and "The Voysey Inheritance". At the University of Michigan, he performed in stage productions such as "Pride and Prejudice", "A Few Good Men", and "The Cripple of Inishmaan".
StarKid Productions.
Upon receiving his Bachelor of Fine Arts in 2009, Criss, along with some friends and classmates from the University of Michigan, co-founded StarKid Productions, a musical theater company. His most prominent acting role with StarKid has been that of Harry Potter in the musical comedies "A Very Potter Musical", "A Very Potter Sequel", and "A Very Potter Senior Year" (based on the "Harry Potter" series of novels by J.K. Rowling). He also co-wrote the music and lyrics for "A Very Potter Musical" with A.J. Holmes and "Me and My Dick" with A.J Holmes and Carlos Valdes. He solely wrote the music and lyrics for "A Very Potter Sequel" and "Starship".
Broadway.
In January 2012, Criss made his Broadway debut, replacing Daniel Radcliffe in the role of J. Pierrepont Finch in the revival of "How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying" for a three-week engagement at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre. His stint there proved to be a success: apart from Daniel Radcliffe's final week, the musical had the three most lucrative weeks of its 11-month run with Criss in the lead role, grossing more than four million dollars.
Criss took on the role of Hedwig in "Hedwig and the Angry Inch" from April 29, 2015, to July 19, 2015, at the Belasco Theater. He headlined the national tour in San Francisco and Los Angeles, from October 2 to November 27, 2016.
Television.
Debut.
Criss started his television career with a five-episode arc playing the character of Josh Burton on "Eastwick" in 2009. The following year, he appeared in an episode of the series "Cold Case".
"Glee" (2010–2015).
Criss portrayed Blaine Anderson, on the Fox television series "Glee". He made his first appearance in season two in the episode "Never Been Kissed", which aired on November 9, 2010.
Blaine attended Dalton Academy and was lead singer of its glee club, The Dalton Academy Warblers. Blaine initially served as a friend and mentor for Kurt, the bullied gay member of the Warblers' rival glee club, New Directions. Chemistry between the two characters, combined with fan support for the potential couple, led series co-creator Ryan Murphy to pair them romantically onscreen. At the beginning of the third season, Blaine transfers to McKinley High and joins New Directions; concurrently, Criss was promoted from recurring guest star to the show's main cast.
In the subsequent seasons, Blaine goes off to college and later returns to Dalton to become the vocal director of the Warblers. In the final season, he marries his long-time love, Kurt. Discussing public response to his character, Criss stated that he particularly enjoyed comments from "people from parts of the world who are maybe not as exposed to certain ideologies", but had reconsidered their stance on relationships and human rights as a result of the Blaine and Kurt storyline. He called this response "phenomenal" and said, "I was a straight kid growing up in a very gay community and it's something that I've had to watch so many friends have to struggle with and have no place to go to identify in kind of a grander media culture. To be a small piece of that machine is incredibly wonderful."
He was nominated for an Emmy Award for writing the song "This Time", one in a handful of the show's original songs over its six-season run, for the "Glee" finale, "Dreams Come True".
Career post-"Glee".
In 2017, Criss reunited with "Glee" creator Ryan Murphy to portray serial killer Andrew Cunanan in the of Murphy's anthology series "American Crime Story". His performance received acclaim from critics, and earned Criss a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie. He also earned a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Limited Series or a Motion Picture Made for Television.
On July 10, 2019, it was announced that Criss would be an actor, executive producer, and creator for "Royalties", a new show on the streaming service Quibi. Criss is working with previous collaborators Matt and Nick Lang of Team StarKid, who are to co-write the series as well as executive produce. The show is scheduled to be released on June 1, 2020.
On September 6, 2019, it was announced that Criss would be an actor and executive producer for "Hollywood", released on Netflix on May 1, 2020.
Film debut.
On September 7, 2012, Criss made his feature film debut in the comedy "Girl Most Likely". It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) and was released nationwide on July 19, 2013. Previously titled "Imogene", the film starred Kristen Wiig, Annette Bening, and Matt Dillon.
Music.
Solo artist (2005–present).
Criss began his solo music career while attending the University of Michigan. Playing in small venues, he developed his own musical repertoire which today consists of standards from the Great American Songbook, contemporary songs, Disney songs, and his own compositions.
On July 20, 2010, Criss released an independently-produced EP called "Human". Describing his album as "soul-folk" to "Entertainment Weekly", it peaked at No. 17 on the "Billboard" Top Heatseekers Albums chart. On December 10, 2010, Criss became the 400,000th member of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP). In April 2011, he signed with Sony Music Entertainment. He is in the process of recording a full-length studio album, with a release date yet to be determined.
In January 2013, Criss performed for US President Barack Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama, and Vice President Joe Biden at the inaugural balls of the 57th Presidential Inauguration.
During a benefit concert for public school arts on April 14, 2013, Criss was made an honorary member of Yale University's a cappella singing group The Whiffenpoofs.
Criss' first solo music tour visited 17 cities in the United States, Canada, and France from May 29–June 30, 2013, and included songs from "Glee", StarKid, his "Human" EP, and new material from his upcoming solo album.
StarKid Productions (2009–present).
Criss is credited as one of the primary songwriters and composers for StarKid Productions. He has contributed songs to "A Very Potter Musical", "Me and My Dick" (which became the first-ever student-produced college musical to reach "Billboard", debuting at No. 11 on the Top Cast Albums chart), "Little White Lie", and "A Very Potter Senior Year". Subsequently, Criss solely composed all the songs and music for "A Very Potter Sequel", its companion album "A Very StarKid Album", and "Starship", which landed at No. 1 on the "Billboard" Top Cast Albums chart, and at No. 134 on the "Billboard" 200 chart.
In November 2011, Criss participated in StarKid's first national concert tour, The SPACE Tour, for the New York and Boston shows, and, in the summer of 2012, he joined them again for their second national tour, Apocalyptour, for the Los Angeles and New York shows.
"Glee" (2010–2015).
As Blaine, Criss features in many musical performances on "Glee", which have been released as singles, available for download. His first performance, "Teenage Dream" by Katy Perry, was featured on the soundtrack album "". It reached number eight on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the week ending November 27, 2010, and number one on the Billboard Digital Songs chart.
It was the best-selling song in the US that week, selling 214,000 copies, the largest figure for a "Glee" title. It was only the second US-certified gold single in the show's history. Both "Billboard" Jillian Mapes and Erica Futterman of "Rolling Stone" deemed "Teenage Dream" the best song of "Never Been Kissed", the episode in which it featured.
The "New York Daily News" Anthony Benigno gave the song an "A", and noted that it was "flawless" and improved on Perry's original. The performance was nominated for the Best Gay Moment of the Year and Favorite Music Video awards at the 2010 "AfterElton.com" Visibility Awards. A "Billboard" cover-feature on Criss noted that the performance "arguably ushered in the trend of more current pop hits being reworked by the ["Glee"] cast."
Later songs performed by Blaine and the Warblers became popular enough to warrant a Warbler soundtrack album, "". It debuted at No. 2 on the US "Billboard" 200 and No. 1 on "Billboard" Soundtracks chart, selling 86,000 copies in its first week. The Warbler tracks had sold over 1.3 million copies as singles by the time the album was released.
From May 21–July 3, 2011, Criss and the cast of "Glee" performed in Glee Live! In Concert!, touring the US, Canada, England, and Ireland. According to "Billboard", it was the 16th most successful concert tour of 2011, grossing more than $40 million, with total attendance topping 485,000. All 40 dates sold out, including shows at Staples Center, Nassau Coliseum, and The O2 Arenas in London and Dublin.
For Season 6 of "Glee", Criss composed "Rise" for the episode "The Rise and Fall of Sue Sylvester" and "This Time" for the series finale. Criss was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics for writing "This Time".
Media appearances.
Criss has appeared on the magazine covers of "Billboard," "Entertainment Weekly", "Out", "Playbill", "TV Guide", "Da Man", "GT", "Prestige", and "Essential Homme". Criss is featured in the fall ad campaign (2011) for Uniqlo, a Japanese clothing line. Criss was named one of "People"s Sexiest Men Alive (2011), and was ranked No. 1 on AfterElton's "Hot 100" list (2011 & 2012), and No. 1 on "GQ Magazine"'s "30 Under 30: The Most Stylish Young Men In Hollywood" list (2012).
Other projects.
Criss is an investor and partner of The Motley, a California-based men's grooming e-tailer.
Criss is a co-founder of Elsie Fest, a music festival which features Broadway and pop music acts. The first annual show was held on September 27, 2015, in New York City.
Advocacy and charity work.
Criss is an advocate for LGBT rights, and is an active supporter of The Trevor Project, the leading national organization focused on suicide prevention efforts among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth. Criss is the recipient of "Variety"'s Power of Youth Philanthropy award for his contributions to The Trevor Project.
Criss has been a spokesperson for various organizations, including Rock the Vote and the Foundation for New American Musicals.
Criss recorded the Bob Dylan song "New Morning", featuring his brother, Chuck Criss, for Amnesty International. It was part of the compilation album "", released on January 24, 2012.
Criss has performed at various charity benefits including American Conservatory Theater, AIDS Project Los Angeles, New Conservatory Theatre Center, Toys for Tots, City of Hope National Medical Center, Motion Picture & Television Fund, Public School Arts, MusiCares Foundation, The Old Vic, UCLA's Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Big Brothers Big Sisters of America, Young Storytellers Foundation, and the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation.
Personal life.
In January 2018, Criss announced he was engaged to Mia Swier, his girlfriend of seven and a half years. They married on February 16, 2019.
Discography.
StarKid Productions albums
Independent songs
Computer Games
Music videos


Clementine Ford (writer)

Clementine Ford (born 1981) is an Australian feminist writer, broadcaster and public speaker. She wrote a regular column for "Daily Life" for seven years.
Personal life.
Ford spent much of her childhood growing up in the Middle East, specifically in Oman on the eastern border of the United Arab Emirates. At the age of twelve, her family relocated to England.
After this time, Ford spent the remainder of her teenage years growing up in Adelaide, South Australia. As a teenager, Ford struggled with body image, body dysmorphia and an eating disorder.
She studied at the University of Adelaide, where she took a gender studies course; she describes this as a personal catalyst for her decision to become a women's rights activist. During her time at the university she also worked as an editor and contributor for the student newspaper "On Dit".
Ford moved from Adelaide to Melbourne in 2011. Ford announced the birth of her son in August 2016.
Career.
In 2007 Ford began writing a column for Adelaide's "Sunday Mail", and she also began writing for the Drum. Many of her columns were about personal topics and some readers found these controversial. A 2009 article's byline stated that Ford's two abortions had been a "really, really easy decision without guilt or shame".
In 2014, she wrote of her outrage towards comments made by Cory Bernardi that labelled pro-choice advocates "pro-death" soldiers of the "death industry". Later that year, she wrote an opinion piece against a Victorian bill that would change the state's abortion laws, arguing that if politicians really cared about the lives of women and girls, they would advocate for improved access to birth control, including terminations.
On White Ribbon Day in 2015, Ford made public some of the sexist and abusive messages that she had received online. Meriton Group, the employer of a man who had labeled Ford with a derogatory term, investigated Ford's complaint and the man was dismissed from his job. Three Adelaide High School boys were suspended from their school for the lewd comments they wrote about Ford.
In September 2016, Allen & Unwin published Ford's first book, "Fight Like a Girl". Two years later, her second book, "Boys Will Be Boys" was published, which focused on toxic masculinity and the patriarchy.
In February 2020, Ford began a podcast called "Big Sister Hotline" where she talks about current feminist issues and questions with guests such as: Florence Given, Salma El-Werdany, Gemma Carey, Aileen Quinn and Yasmin Abdel-Magied.
Controversy.
In March 2016, Ford was banned from Facebook for 30 days for using profanity toward another user who had verbally abused her on her Facebook page. Ford accused Facebook of having a double standard, as the social networking site meanwhile declined to take action against a user who had posted a graphic internet meme making light of domestic violence.
In 2018 a Lifeline event featuring Ford was cancelled following a petition calling for her removal, after she had made Twitter comments such as "All men must die".
Ford resigned from her role as a columnist with "The Sydney Morning Herald" and "The Age" in January 2019, alleging that she had been "disciplined over a tweet" she made in regard to the Prime Minister, Scott Morrison, and that she had been told that it was the paper's policy to refrain from "disrespect[ing] the office of the PM".
In May 2020, Ford was criticized for her tweet stating that the coronavirus wasn't "killing men fast enough", which has since been deleted. A Melbourne City Council arts grants that had been awarded to Ford is now said to be "under review" as a result of Ford's comments. Lord Mayor Sally Capp stated that Ford's statement was "deliberately divisive and incredibly unhelpful when we are trying to keep our community together" during the COVID-19 pandemic. Following backlash, Ford responded on Twitter by stating that although she still stands "100% behind my fury at men exploiting women's unpaid labour", she has "reconsidered her flippancy in discussing it", and is "a big enough person to admit when [she's] misjudged something".
Bibliography.
Contributed chapter.
"There's Nothing Funny About Misogyny", pp. 189–197, in: "Destroying the Joint", edited by Jane Caro, Read How You Want (2015, ).
Introduction.
Stopes, Marie. "Married Love: A New Contribution to the Solution of Sex Difficulties: A Book for Married Couples", Brunswick: Scribe Publications (2013, )


Chic Brodie (footballer)

Charles Thomas George Brodie (22 February 1937 – 24 April 2000) was a Scottish professional football goalkeeper who made 400 appearances in The Football League, most notably for Brentford, Aldershot and Northampton Town. His professional career came to an end in 1970 when he was seriously injured after colliding with a dog which had run onto the field of play.
Career.
Manchester City.
Born in Duntocher, Brodie began his career with Junior clubs Duntocher Hibernian and Partick Avondale before signing for Manchester City of the Football League First Division in March 1954. He spent four years with the club, playing understudy to the popular German goalkeeper Bert Trautmann, but failed to break into the first team and departed in July 1957.
Gillingham.
Brodie dropped down the leagues to join Gillingham of the Third Division South in July 1957. He spent one season with the Kent-based club, during which he played 22 times.
Aldershot.
Brodie joined Fourth Division club Aldershot in July 1958. At the time he was completing his National Service and was stationed in the town. He remained at the Recreation Ground until February 1961 and departed having made 106 appearances for the club.
Wolverhampton Wanderers.
Brodie secured a move back to the top-flight when he joined Wolverhampton Wanderers for a then-club record £9,000 in February 1961. He played just one league match for Wolves, before departing Molineux in September 1961.
Northampton Town.
Brodie dropped back down to the Third Division to join Northampton Town in September 1961, for £4,000. His first appearance for the club meant that he made three consecutive appearances for three clubs. Brodie played regularly for the club for just over two years and won a Third Division championship medal during the 1962–63 season. He departed the County Ground in November 1963, having made 97 appearances for the Cobblers.
Brentford.
Brodie moved to London to join Third Division club Brentford in November 1963 in a £10,000 deal. He quickly usurped long-standing regular goalkeeper Gerry Cakebread and was the Bees' regular goalkeeper until losing his place to Gordon Phillips during an injury-affected 1966–67 season. He regained his place in the team early in the 1970–71 season, but on 27 November 1970, a dog ran onto the field of play during a match away to Colchester United and collided with Brodie, damaging ligaments in his knee. Though he managed five further appearances during the second half of the season, the injury ended Brodie's professional career. Brodie departed Griffin Park at the end of the 1970–71 season, after making 224 appearances during his eight years with the Bees. He was posthumously inducted into the Brentford Hall of Fame in 2015.
Non-league football.
In 1971 Brodie resumed playing, albeit at a semi-professional level, with Southern League Premier Division club Margate. He remained with the Gate for two seasons and was in goal when the team lost 11–0 to Bournemouth in an FA Cup match in November 1971. He later played for Wealdstone and Maidstone United before retiring from football.
International career.
Brodie represented Scotland at Schoolboy and Junior level.
Personal life.
Prior to becoming a professional footballer, Brodie served a five-year apprenticeship in electrical engineering. In his latter years as a professional footballer, Brodie became a London taxi driver and as of September 1995 was living in Southall. He died in 2000 at the age of 63, after suffering with prostate cancer.
Honours.
Northampton Town
Brentford
Individual


Katarzyna Bratkowska

Katarzyna Dominika Bratkowska (born in 1972) is a Polish literary critic, feminist, and socialist activist.
Biography.
Education.
A graduate of Polish philology at the University of Warsaw, she completed doctoral studies at the School of Social Sciences at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, where she wrote a doctorate under the direction of Maria Janion. In 2008-2009 she lectured in postgraduate gender studies at the Institute of Literary Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences. She has published in "Res Publica Nowa", "Biuletyn OSKa", "Czas Kultury", "Gazeta Wyborcza", and in several edited academic volumes on women and gender.
Activism.
She is the co-founder (together with Kazimiera Szczuka and Agnieszka Graff) of the 8th March Women’s Coalition which organizes the Manifa, an annual demonstration taking place in various Polish cities on International Women's Day. In the years 2001–2006 she co-founded the feminist hip-hop group Duldung. She is deeply engaged in the struggle to restore women's right to legal abortion in Poland. She caused an uproar when she declared that she was pregnant and intended to get an abortion on Christmas Eve. She is a co-founder and president of the Polish pro-choice association "Same o Sobie S.O.S." in 2006 and the initiator of the "Abortion coming out" campaign, in which women confessed to having an abortion. She sat on the Supervisory Board of the MaMa Foundation.
With Kazimiera Szczuka, she issued the "Duża książka o aborcji" [The big book about abortion], which aimed to inform adolescents and women of the rights they have and explain what they can do in the case of unwanted pregnancy. Just few months after the premiere, a negative campaign started to remove the book
from store shelves dedicated to adolescents. Book stores surrendered to public pressure and restricted the book to shelves dedicated to adults.
She is a member of the board of the Polish Labor Party, and also a member of the Committee for Assistance and Defense of Repressed Workers. She has described communism as "the most pro-human system."


Germ cell neoplasia in situ

Germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) represents the precursor lesion for many types of testicular germ cell tumors. As the name suggests, it represents a neoplastic process of germ cells that is confined to the spermatogonial niche.
The term GCNIS was introduced with the 2016 edition of the WHO classification of urological tumours. GCNIS more accurate describes the lesion as it arises between the basement membrane and Sertoli cells (the cells that 'nurse' the developing germ cell). The common, unspecified variant of the entity was once considered to be a carcinoma in situ, although the term "carcinoma "in situ"" is now largely historical as it is not an accurate description of the process.
Classification.
The World Health Organization classification of testicular tumours subdivides ITGCN into (1) a more common, unspecified type (ITGCNU), and (2) other specific subtypes. The most common specific subtypes are intratubular embryonal carcinoma and intratubular seminoma.
Cancer risk.
GCNIS is seen in the following settings:
Germ cell tumors that do not arise from ITGCNU.
Not all germ cell tumors (GCTs) arise from "intratubular germ cell neoplasia". The following testicular GCTs do not arise from ITGCN:
Diagnosis.
GCNIS is not palpable, and not visible on macroscopic examination of testicular tissue. Microscopic examination of affected testicular tissue most commonly shows germ cells with enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli and clear cytoplasm. These cells are typically arranged along the basement membrane of the tubule, and mitotic figures are frequently seen. The sertoli cells are pushed toward the lumen by the neoplastic germ cells, and spermatogenesis is almost always absent in the affected tubules. Pagetoid spread of GCNIS into the rete testis is common. Immunostaining with placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) highlights GCNIS cell membranes in 95 percent of cases. OCT3/4 is a sensitive and specific nuclear stain of GCNIS.
Treatment.
GCNIS is generally treated by radiation therapy and/or orchiectomy. Chemotherapy used for metastatic germ cell tumours may also eradicate GCNIS.


Linda Coffee

Linda Nellene Coffee (born December 25, 1942) is an American attorney living in Dallas, Texas. Coffee is best known, along with Sarah Weddington, for arguing the precedent-setting United States Supreme Court case "Roe v. Wade".
Education.
Coffee earned a Bachelor of Arts in German from Rice University in 1965 followed by a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Texas in February 1968. She was licensed to practice in Texas three months later, in May 1968.
Personal life.
Coffee was born into a Southern Baptist family. She met her partner in winter 1983 in response to a personal ad.
Career.
Once she graduated from law school she worked for the Texas Legislative Council. The Texas Legislative Council does research for the Texas legislature. Coffee was also a clerk for Sarah Hughes, who was a federal judge in Texas. Coffee was a member of the Women's Equity Action League, an organization working toward equal employment opportunities for women. She and Weddington agreed to take McCorvey's case to challenge Texas' anti-abortion law.
The Court's decision was ultimately handed down in January 1973, overturning Texas’ abortion law by a 7-2 majority and legalizing abortion within the first trimester of pregnancy. After "Roe", Coffee worked on bankruptcy cases.
"Roe v. Wade".
Linda Coffee and Sarah Weddington argued in favor of Norma McCorvey, also known as Jane Roe, and her right to have an abortion in the case "Roe v Wade". Although Weddington is more well known for this case, Coffee was the one that came in contact with Norma McCorvey. This was a landmark decision because it enabled women to have an abortion in their first trimester and because it overturned current federal and state laws regarding abortion. It was argued that a woman has a constitutional right to have an abortion because of the Fourteenth Amendment. The challenged Texas law only permitted abortion only if it was medically necessary to save the life of the woman. Coffee came up with the name Jane Roe.


OII Germany


Horatio Storer

Horatio Robinson Storer (February 27, 1830 – September 18, 1922) was an American physician, numismatist, and anti-abortion activist.
Storer was born in Boston, Massachusetts and attended the Boston Latin School, Harvard College, and the Boston (Harvard) Medical School. After obtaining his M.D. in 1853 he traveled to Europe and spent a year studying with James Young Simpson at Edinburgh. He began medical practice in Boston in 1855 with emphasis on obstetrics and gynecology.
In 1857 he started the "physicians' crusade against abortion" both in Massachusetts and nationally, when he persuaded the American Medical Association (AMA) to form a Committee on Criminal Abortion. The Committee Report was presented at the AMA meeting in Louisville, Kentucky in 1859 and accepted by the Association. It included the passage:
If we have proved the existence of fetal life before quickening has taken place or can take place, and by all analogy and a close and conclusive process of induction, its commencement at the very beginning, at conception itself, we are compelled to believe unjustifiable abortion always a crime.
And now words fail. Of the mother, by consent or by her own hand, imbrued with her infant's blood; of the equally guilty father, who counsels or allows the crime; of the wretches, who by their wholesale murders far out-Herod Burke and Hare; of the public sentiment which palliates, pardons, and would even praise this, so common, violation of all law, human and divine, of all instinct, of all reason, all pity, all mercy, all love,—we leave those to speak who can.
As a result, the AMA petitioned the legislatures of the states and territories to strengthen their laws against elective abortions.
By 1880 most states and territories had enacted such legislation. Although abortion continued, some women were dissuaded by these new laws and by physician persuasion.
In 1865, Storer won an AMA prize for his essay aimed at informing women about the moral and physical problems of induced abortion. It was published as "Why Not? A Book for Every Woman". It was widely sold and many physicians distributed it to patients who requested abortion.
In 1869 Storer founded the Gynaecological Society of Boston, the first medical society devoted exclusively to gynecology, publish the first gynecology journal, the "Journal of the Gynaecological Society of Boston".
Also in 1869, Storer, raised in a Unitarian family, became an Episcopalian. A decade later, he became a Roman Catholic.
After his retirement from practice in 1872, he became an authority on, and a notable collector of, medallions of medical interest.


Gabriele Kuby

Gabriele Kuby (born 1944 in Konstanz, Germany) is a German writer and sociologist. She is a Catholic convert and noted for Traditionalist Catholic ideas and orthodox positions on sexuality and gender, which are stated in works like "The Global Sexual Revolution: The Destruction of Freedom in the Name of Freedom". She also became known for criticizing the morality of the Harry Potter series.
Personal life.
She is the daughter of Erich Kuby, sister of Clemens Kuby, and niece to Werner Heisenberg and E. F. Schumacher. Kuby is mother of three children, holds a degree in sociology earned at Berlin, and completed her master's degree in Konstanz.


Brent Nicholson Earle

Brent Nicholson Earle (born 21 January 1951) is an early activist in the effort to promote awareness and prevent the spread of AIDS, notable for his long-distance runs to support his cause and raise money for AIDS service organizations.
People Magazine named Earle one of its "20 individuals who shaped the 80's." His first major run, in 1986-87, the American Run for the End of AIDS (A.R.E.A.), started and ended in New York City, covering 9,000 miles around the perimeter of the United States. His second, in 1990, went from San Francisco to Vancouver, the site of Gay Games III. His third, in 1994, this time leading a seven-person team and using roller skates, went from San Francisco to New York, site of Gay Games IV. He is also active with ACT UP and was made an Honorary Life Member of the Federation of Gay Games. In 2010 he was named as the winner of the Tom Waddell Award, the highest honor of the Federation of the Gay Games. He also created the International Rainbow Memorial Run, which carries a rainbow flag from San Francisco around the world to the city hosting the current Gay Games. It promotes both AIDS and breast cancer prevention.
In his professional life, he worked in New York City as an actor, writer, stage manager, lecturer, archivist, photographer, optical designer, curator and art gallery administrator.
He is the subject of an upcoming feature documentary entitled "For the Love of Friends." In 2020, he returns to the stage in New York as an actor and playwright in "For the Love of Friends: A story about the life and work of Brent Nicholson Earle."
He was born in Niagara Falls, New York, and grew up in nearby Lockport, New York. As of 2020, he is still an AIDS activist in New York City.


George Ballis

George "Elfie" Ballis (August 12, 1925 – September 24, 2010) was an American photographer and activist who advocated on behalf of migrant farm workers in California, and took tens of thousands of photographs documenting the efforts of César Chávez, the Mexican American labor leader who founded the United Farm Workers.
Ballis was born on August 12, 1925, and was raised in Faribault, Minnesota. He enlisted in the United States Marine Corps during World War II and served in the South Pacific as a mechanic repairing torpedo bombers. After completing his military service, he earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Minnesota. One of his first jobs was at U.S. Rubber, where a manager told him that he "had to have a U.S. Rubber attitude... ready to go anywhere at anytime" but found that he "didn't have the U.S. Rubber attitude." After his car broke down while he was on vacation in San Francisco, Ballis decided to live there and took a job writing headlines for article in "The Wall Street Journal", where he was called in by his boss about his use of creative phrasing.
While working as an editor of a labor newspaper in the 1950s, Ballis took a photography course taught by Dorothea Lange, a photographer and photojournalist who had documented the Great Depression in her photos. He started taking pictures on his own, photographing migrant workers and showing the substandard housing and working conditions that they endured, saying "I wanted my photographs to reflect to them the power and dignity they had". Ballis made an effort to familiarize himself with his subjects before taking their pictures, a process by which he was able to take pictures having gained the respect of this he was photographing. Thousands of Ballis's photos captured the efforts of Cesar Chavez to organize Latino workers, leading to the formation of the United Farm Workers. Works by Ballis depicting protests and marches appeared in such publications as "Life", "Newsweek", "Time", "The New York Times" and "The Washington Post". Labor historian Richard Steven Street called Ballis's work "activist photography with a point of view" and credited him as being one of a small number of freelance photographers who brought Chávez the public attention he needed to succeed in his efforts.
As director of National Land for People, Ballis opposed a June 1980 decision by the United States Supreme Court that ruled that a 1902 law limiting irrigated farms to did not apply in the Imperial Valley. Ballis called the decision "Morally, legally, socially, politically and economically, a bankrupt decision", saying that there were a disproportionate number of large corporate and foreign-owned farms that benefited from federal subsidies for irrigation, and Ballis expressed concern that the ruling could lead to the repeal of such limits in other agricultural areas of California. While directing the National Land for People, Ballis made a 23-minute film titled The Richest Land that juxtaposed small farmers and corporate farmers, and Jessie Lopez De La Cruz and Dolores Huerta both made cameos.
A resident of Tollhouse, California, Ballis died at age 85 on September 24, 2010, at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Fresno, California, where he had been treated for prostate cancer.


Bill Bixby

Wilfred Bailey Everett "Bill" Bixby III (January 22, 1934 – November 21, 1993) was an American actor, director, producer, and frequent game-show panelist. His career spanned more than three decades, including appearances on stage, in films, and on television series. He is known for his roles as Tim O'Hara in the CBS sitcom "My Favorite Martian", Tom Corbett in the ABC sitcom "The Courtship of Eddie's Father", stage illusionist Anthony Blake in the NBC crime drama series "The Magician", and scientist Dr. David Banner in the CBS science-fiction drama series "The Incredible Hulk".
Early life.
An only child, Bixby was born Wilfred Bailey Everett Bixby III, a fourth-generation Californian of English descent, on January 22, 1934, in San Francisco, California. His father, Wilfred Everett Bixby II, was a store clerk and his mother, Jane (née McFarland) Bixby, was a senior manager at I. Magnin & Co. In 1942, when Bixby was eight years old, his father enlisted in the Navy during World War II and traveled to the South Pacific. While in the seventh grade, Bixby attended Grace Cathedral and sang in the church's choir. In one notable incident, he shot the bishop using a slingshot during a service and was kicked out of the choir. In 1946, his mother encouraged him to take ballroom dance lessons and from there he started dancing all around the city. While dancing, he attended Lowell High School, where he perfected his oratory and dramatic skills as a member of the Lowell Forensic Society. Though he received average grades, he also competed in high-school speech tournaments regionally. After graduation from high school in 1952, against his parents' wishes, he majored in drama at City College of San Francisco.
During the Korean War, Bixby was drafted shortly after his 18th birthday. Rather than report to the United States Army, Bixby joined the United States Marine Corps Reserve. He served primarily in personnel management with Marine Attack Squadron 141 (VMA-141) at Naval Air Station Oakland, and attained the rank of private first class before his 1956 discharge. Later, he attended the University of California, Berkeley, his parents' alma mater, and left just a few credits short of earning a degree. He then moved to Hollywood, California, where he had a string of odd jobs that included bellhop and lifeguard. He organized shows at a resort in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, and in 1959 was hired to work as a model and to do commercial work for General Motors and Chrysler.
Career.
Beginning acting.
In 1961, Bixby was in the musical "The Boy Friend" at the Detroit Civic Theater, returning to Hollywood to make his television debut on an episode of "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis". He became a highly regarded character actor and guest-starred in many television series, including "Ben Casey", "The Twilight Zone", "The Andy Griffith Show", "Dr. Kildare", "Straightaway", and "Hennesey". He also joined the cast of "The Joey Bishop Show" in 1962. In 1963, he played a sailor with a Napoleon tattoo in the movie "Irma La Douce", a romantic comedy starring Jack Lemmon and Shirley MacLaine, directed by Billy Wilder based on the 1956 French musical. During the 1970s, he made guest appearances on television series such as "Ironside", "Insight", "Barbary Coast", "The Love Boat", "Medical Center", four episodes of "Love, American Style", "Fantasy Island", and two episodes each of "The Streets of San Francisco" and Rod Serling's "Night Gallery".
"My Favorite Martian" and other early roles.
Bixby took the role of young reporter Tim O'Hara in the 1963 CBS sitcom, "My Favorite Martian", in which he co-starred with Ray Walston. By 1966, though, high production costs forced the series to come to an end after 107 episodes. After its cancellation, Bixby starred in four movies: "Ride Beyond Vengeance", "Doctor, You've Got to Be Kidding!", and two of Elvis Presley's movies, "Clambake" and "Speedway". He turned down the role as Marlo Thomas's boyfriend in the successful "That Girl", though he later guest-starred in the show, and starred in two failed pilots.
"The Courtship of Eddie's Father".
In 1969, Bixby starred in his second high-profile television role, as Tom Corbett in "The Courtship of Eddie's Father", a comedy-drama on ABC. The series concerned a widowed father raising a young son, managing a major syndicated magazine, and at the same time trying to re-enter the dating scene. This series was in the vein of other 1960s and 1970s sitcoms that dealt with widowerhood, such as "The Andy Griffith Show" and "My Three Sons". Eddie was played by novice actor Brandon Cruz. The pair developed a close rapport that translated to an off-camera friendship, as well. The core cast was rounded out by Academy Award-winning actress Miyoshi Umeki, who played the role of Tom's housekeeper, Mrs. Livingston, James Komack (one of the series' producers) as Norman Tinker, Tom's pseudo-hippie, quirky photographer, and actress Kristina Holland as Tom's secretary, Tina. One episode of the series co-starred Bixby's future wife, Brenda Benet, as one of Tom's girlfriends.
Bixby was nominated for the Emmy Award for Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in 1971. The following year, he won the Parents Without Partners Exemplary Service Award for 1972.
Bixby made his directorial debut on the sitcom in 1970, directing eight episodes. ABC cancelled the sitcom in 1972 at the end of season three.
After the show was cancelled, Bixby and Cruz remained in contact, with Cruz making a guest appearance on Bixby's later series "The Incredible Hulk". The death of Bixby's only child, in 1981, drew Bixby and Cruz closer still. The two remained in touch until Bixby's death in 1993. In 1995, Cruz named his own son Lincoln Bixby Cruz.
Brandon Cruz said of the show that developed a professional father-son relationship, compared to that of "The Andy Griffith Show", "We dealt with issues that were talked about, but were never brought up on television. Bill wasn't the first actor to portray a single widowed father, but he became one of the popular ones, because of his easy-going way of this crazy little kid." Prior to Bixby's promotion to director, Brandon said, "He was looking for the best dolly grip, along with the boom operator that if something was called specifically and failed, Bill could be easily angry." On the kind of relationship Bill had wanted with his co-star, Brandon also said, "Bill would never speak down to me. Bill treated me as an equal. He made sure that we had a lot of time together, just so he could kinda crawl inside my head and see what actually made a kid tick." Upon Bill's real-life father's death in 1971, Cruz stated: "He had that type of mentality that the show must go on, thinking it was just a great TV show, after he broke down weeping."
In a 2011 interview with Marilyn Beck and Stacy Jenel Smith about how Bill Bixby's fame was supposed to posthumously honor him for a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Cruz said, "When I found out they were putting this out, I thought, 'It's about time.' Bill Bixby had an amazing body of work, not only "Courtship of Eddie's Father," but "My Favorite Martian," "The Magician," "The Incredible Hulk", and so many other things, as an actor, as a director — and he never got an Emmy. He's never been recognized posthumously by the Academy. And he doesn't have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. That is criminal... There are people who have stars that, not to be blunt, but I wouldn't bother spitting on their stars. Bill's talent would take a couple of blocks of stars compared to them. It really demeans the whole thing that Bill is not included."
1973 to 1977.
In 1973, Bixby starred in "The Magician". The series was well liked, but lasted only one season. An accomplished amateur magician himself, he hosted several TV specials in the mid-1970s which featured other amateur magicians, and was a respected member of the Hollywood magic community, belonging to The Magic Castle, an exclusive club for magicians. During the show's popular, although short-lived, production, Bixby invited a few old friends along to co-star such as Pamela Britton (in her final role), Kristina Holland, and Ralph O'Hara.
Also in 1973, he starred in "Steambath", a play by author Bruce Jay Friedman, on PBS with Valerie Perrine and Jose Perez.
Bixby became a popular game-show panelist, appearing mostly on "Password" and "The Hollywood Squares". He was also a panelist on the 1974 revival of "Masquerade Party" hosted by Richard Dawson. He had also appeared with Dawson on "Cop-Out". In 1974–1975, he directed four episodes of the eighth season of "Mannix", guest-starring as Mannix's friend-turned-villain in one of the episodes.
In 1975, he co-starred with Tim Conway and Don Knotts in the Disney movie "The Apple Dumpling Gang", which was well received by the public.
Returning to television, Bixby worked with Susan Blakely on "Rich Man, Poor Man", a highly successful television miniseries in 1976. He played a daredevil stunt pilot in an episode of the short-lived 1976 CBS adventure series "Spencer's Pilots", starring Gene Evans. In 1977, he co-starred in the pilot for the television series "Fantasy Island"; starred in "No Way Out", the final episode of the NBC anthology series "Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected" (known in the United Kingdom as "Twist in the Tale"); and appeared with Donna Mills, Richard Jaeckel, and William Shatner in the last episode, "The Scarlet Ribbon", of NBC's Western series "The Oregon Trail", starring Rod Taylor and Andrew Stevens. Bixby directed two episodes of "The Oregon Trail".
In 1976, he was honored with two Emmy Award nominations, one for Outstanding Lead Actor for a Single Appearance in Drama or Comedy for "The Streets of San Francisco" and the other for Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in Comedy or Drama Series for "Rich Man, Poor Man".
Bixby hosted "Once Upon a Classic" on PBS from 1976 to 1980.
"The Incredible Hulk".
Bixby starred in the role of Dr. David Banner in the pilot movie, "The Incredible Hulk", based on the Stan Lee and Jack Kirby Marvel characters. Kenneth Johnson, the creator, director, and writer, said that Bixby was his only choice to play the part. Although, reportedly, when Bixby was offered the role, he declined it – until he read the script and discussed it with Johnson. The success of the pilot (coupled with some theatrical releases of the film in Europe) convinced CBS to turn it into a weekly series, which began airing in the spring of 1978. The pilot also starred Susan Sullivan as Dr. Elaina Marks, who tries to help the conflicted and widowed Dr. Banner overcome his "problem", and falls in love with him in the process. In a retrospective on "The Incredible Hulk", Glenn Greenberg declared Bixby's performance to be the series's "foremost" strength, elaborating that he "masterfully conveyed the profound loneliness and tragedy of Dr. Banner while also bringing to the role an abundance of warmth, intelligence, humor, nobility, likability, and above all else, humanity."
During the series' run, Bixby invited two of his longtime friends, Ray Walston and Brandon Cruz, to guest-star with him in different episodes of the series. He also worked on the series with his friend, movie actress Mariette Hartley, who later starred with Bixby in his final series, "Goodnight, Beantown", in 1983. Hartley appears in the well-regarded double-length episode "Married", and subsequently won an Emmy Award for her guest appearance. Future star Loni Anderson also guest-starred with Bixby during the first season. Bixby directed one episode of the series, "Bring Me the Head of the Hulk", in 1980 (original airdate: January 9, 1981). The series was cancelled after the following season, but leftover episodes aired as late as the next June. Bixby later executive-produced and reprised the role in three television movies – "The Incredible Hulk Returns", "The Trial of the Incredible Hulk", and "The Death of the Incredible Hulk" – the last two of which he also directed, and the first of which he has been said to have unofficially co-directed.
Later work.
Bixby was executive producer and co-star of the short-lived sitcom "Goodnight, Beantown" (1983–84). He also directed three episodes of the series. During the same time, Bixby directed several episodes of another short-lived television series, "Wizards and Warriors", which aired in 1983. From 1983 to 1984, he hosted a documentary series for Nickelodeon entitled "Against the Odds". The series, which was cancelled after only two seasons, consists of short biographies of famous people throughout history. From 1986 to 1987, he hosted the syndicated weekday anthology series "True Confessions". In 1987, he directed eight episodes of the satirical police sitcom "Sledge Hammer!", including the episode "Hammer Hits the Rock" in season two, where he made an uncredited appearance as Zeke.
Bixby hosted two specials regarding Elvis conspiracy theories and his alleged sightings: "The Elvis Files" (1991) and "The Elvis Conspiracy" (1992).
Bixby made his last acting appearance in 1992, guest-starring in the television movie "".
He finished his career by directing 30 episodes (in seasons two and three) of the NBC sitcom "Blossom".
Personal life.
Bixby's first marriage was to actress Brenda Benet. They were married in 1971, and she gave birth to their son, Christopher, in September 1974. They divorced in 1980. A few months later, in March 1981, six-year-old Christopher died while on a skiing vacation at Mammoth Lakes with Benet. He went into cardiac arrest after doctors inserted a breathing tube when he suffered acute epiglottitis. Benet committed suicide the following year.
Bixby met Laura Michaels, who had worked on the set of one of his "Hulk" movies, in 1989. They married a year later in Hawaii. In early 1991, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer and underwent treatment. He was divorced in the same year.
In late 1992, friends introduced Bixby to the artist Judith Kliban, widow of the cartoonist B. Kliban. He married her in October 1993, just six weeks before he collapsed on the set of "Blossom".
In early 1993, after rumors began circulating about his health, Bixby went public with his illness, and made several appearances on shows such as "Entertainment Tonight", "Today", and "Good Morning America", among others.
Death.
On November 21, 1993, six days after his final assignment on "Blossom", Bixby died of complications from prostate cancer in Century City, Los Angeles. He was 59 years old.