Mazurek v. Armstrong

Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968 (1997), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld a Montana law permitting only licensed physicians to perform abortions. The Court summarily reversed a ruling of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit that had held that the law was likely intended to inhibit abortion access. In a per curiam opinion, a majority of the Court found that there was no evidence that the Montana legislature acted with an invalid intent. The Court also reiterated its earlier holding in "Planned Parenthood v. Casey" that the states have broad flexibility to regulate abortion so long as their regulations do not create an undue burden on a woman's right to choose. Three dissenting justices, in an opinion by Justice John Paul Stevens, wrote that they would have declined to hear the case because proceedings were still pending in the lower courts. The law itself was later struck down by the Montana Supreme Court on state-constitutional grounds, but the U.S. Supreme Court's decision has nonetheless had a significant impact on modern American abortion jurisprudence.
Background.
Legal background.
In its landmark 1973 decision in "Roe v. Wade", the Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. Constitution protected the right to an abortion. The 1992 case of "Planned Parenthood v. Casey" provided the test for determining whether an abortion law was constitutional. Adopting an undue burden standard, the "Casey" Court held that an abortion regulation was unconstitutional if it had "the purpose "or" effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus." The justices did not elaborate on the "purpose" prong of this test, and the manner of its application remained an open question.
Case background.
Prior developments.
The 1974 Montana Abortion Control Act required that abortions be performed only by licensed physicians. However, that portion of the law was not enforced, and the Montana Board of Medical Examiners issued regulations permitting physician assistants to perform abortions. The only physician assistant in Montana to perform abortions was Susan Cahill, who had operated under Dr. James Armstrong's supervision since 1977. In 1992, the leaders of various anti-abortion groups argued to local officials that Cahill and Armstrong should be prosecuted for violating the 1974 law. The Kalispell police commenced an investigation, but Cahill and Armstrong, among others, filed a lawsuit seeking to invalidate the law. The court, upon stipulation of the parties, enjoined Montana from prosecuting Armstrong and Cahill since Cahill was considered a licensed physician under the Board of Medical Examiners' regulations. The Montana legislature, however, responded, passing House Bill 442, which specifically forbade physician assistants from performing abortions. The bill, which was drafted by an anti-abortion group, was signed into law by Montana governor Marc Racicot. Abortion-rights advocates claimed the law was an unconstitutional attempt to target Cahill, while Racicot argued that it aimed to protect women's health. Such physician-only laws were on the books in forty other states.
Lower-court proceedings.
Before the law could take effect, six licensed physicians and Cahill, represented by the Center for Reproductive Law and Policy, filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Montana against Montana Attorney General Joseph P. Mazurek. They moved for a preliminary injunction, arguing that the law violated the U.S. Constitution because it was intended to create an undue burden on abortion rights. They also argued that the law violated equal protection and that it was a bill of attainder intended to target Cahill. On September 29, 1995, Judge Paul G. Hatfield denied the motion for a preliminary injunction, finding that the law was likely constitutional and that the balance of hardships did not weigh sufficiently in the plaintiffs' favor.
The plaintiffs appealed to the Ninth Circuit. Oral argument was heard on February 28, 1996, before Circuit Judges Harry Pregerson, William C. Canby Jr., and Michael Daly Hawkins. On August 27, 1996, the panel issued a unanimous per curiam opinion. The appeals court argued that the district court did not appropriately examine whether the Montana legislature had an illicit motive, writing that such an examination required assessing the "totality of the circumstances surrounding the enactment of [the law]" as well as whether the law "can be regarded as serving a legitimate health function." Based on those factors, the court held that the plaintiffs had a "fair chance of success" on the merits of their case. The panel vacated the district court's judgment and remanded the case, directing the district court to reassess the balance of the equities. The full Ninth Circuit declined to reconsider the case en banc, and the district court entered a temporary injunction against the law pending potential Supreme Court review. The defendants filed a petition for a writ of certiorari on January 13, 1997, asking the Supreme Court to hear the case and to reverse the Ninth Circuit's ruling. The plaintiffs filed a brief in opposition on March 28, 1997, and the justices considered the petition at six consecutive private conferences between April and June of that year.
Supreme Court decision.
Majority opinion.
The Supreme Court ruled on June 16, 1997, issuing an unsigned per curiam opinion nine pages in length. The Court granted the petition for certiorari and, without hearing oral argument, reversed the Ninth Circuit's judgment. The majority found it significant that the Ninth Circuit had not ruled that the law would actually burden abortion access. Writing that "we do not assume unconstitutional legislative intent...when the results are harmless," the Court argued that the Ninth Circuit had erred by imputing bad faith to the legislature. The majority also found no evidence of bad faith in the record, writing that "[o]ne searches the Court of Appeals' opinion in vain for any mention of any evidence suggesting an unlawful motive on the part of the Montana Legislature." According to the majority, the fact that the law was drafted by a group opposed to abortion "says nothing significant about the legislature's purpose in passing it." In addition, the Court declined to infer illegal intent based on the law's alleged lack of health benefits. Quoting "Casey", the majority said that "the Constitution gives the States broad latitude to decide that particular functions may be performed only by licensed professionals, "even if an objective assessment might suggest that those same tasks could be performed by others"". Finally, the Court rejected the argument that the law was intended to target physician assistant Susan Cahill, arguing that "the fact that only a single practitioner" was affected by the law bolstered the claim for its constitutionality. The majority thus determined the Ninth Circuit's ruling to be "clearly erroneous under our precedents"
The Court closed by answering procedural arguments against its intervention. The plaintiffs had claimed that the Court should decline to hear the case because it was an interlocutory appeal, not an appeal from a final judgment. While the majority conceded that the Supreme Court is "ordinarily reluctant to exercise our certiorari jurisdiction" in such a situation, the Court argued that such an action was justified both because of the perceived clear error in the Ninth Circuit's ruling and because of the "immediate consequences" facing Montana and other states with physicians-only laws. Finding the proper outcome obvious, the Court found no need for oral argument and instead ended its opinion by granting the petition for certiorari, reversing the Ninth Circuit's judgment, and remanding for further proceedings.
Dissenting opinion.
Justice John Paul Stevens dissented, writing a five-page opinion joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen G. Breyer. He began by conceding that "the Court may ultimately prove to be correct in its conclusion" that the Ninth Circuit erred. However, Stevens wrote, he did not think the Ninth Circuit's decision had "sufficient importance to justify review of the merits at this preliminary stage of the proceeding." Stevens then proceeded to the merits, writing that "the record strongly indicates that the physician assistant provision was aimed at excluding one specific person – respondent Cahill – from the category of persons who could perform abortions." He reached this conclusion primarily because Cahill was the only person against whom the law operated. Stevens further claimed that the majority ignored the 1995 case of "Miller v. Johnson" and the 1996 case of "Shaw v. Hunt", both of which dealt with legislative intent. The dissenters also maintained that the majority erred by intervening before the case had been permanently resolved. Finally, Stevens argued that the case involved an "extremely narrow issue" pertinent only to Montana and unworthy of the Court's review. Stevens would simply have denied the petition for a writ of certiorari.
Subsequent developments.
Public reaction to the Court's decision was mixed. The president of the pro-life group Americans United for Life praised the ruling as "a significant public health victory," while the head of the pro-choice Center for Reproductive Law and Policy denounced it as "a devastating acceptance of discrimination against abortion providers."
In fall 1997, the same plaintiffs filed suit in Montana state court, seeking an injunction against the physicians-only law on the basis that it violated the Montana Constitution's guarantees of privacy, due process, and equal protection. Helena district judge Jeffrey Sherlock granted an injunction, and the Montana Supreme Court unanimously affirmed on October 26, 1999. In a sweeping opinion by Justice James C. Nelson, the court ruled that "where the right of individual privacy is implicated, Montana's Constitution affords significantly broader protection than does the federal constitution." It therefore struck down the law, which still remains on the books but is unenforceable.
Impact.
"Mazurek" has received attention from scholars and the courts because it is one of the few cases applying the "Casey" undue burden standard, particularly the purpose prong of that standard. One scholar has written that, due to "Mazurek", "proving [illicit legislative] intent to the Court's satisfaction has proven virtually impossible in practice." The lower federal courts have therefore largely ignored "Casey's" purpose prong in their abortion cases, focusing instead on the effects prong. Another analyst has argued that """the decision in "Mazurek" continues the gradual deterioration of the holding in "Roe v. Wade", as the Supreme Court demonstrates disfavor toward the right to obtain an abortion." The Court's decision has been understood to permit regulations that require mifepristone pills, used to facilitate medication abortions, to be dispensed in person by doctors. Some judges and scholars maintain, based on "Mazurek", that courts may not consider whether an abortion regulation lacks health benefits. "Mazurek" has also been cited in other key Supreme Court abortion cases, such as "Stenberg v. Carhart", "Gonzales v. Carhart", "Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt", and "June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo", usually by Justices seeking to uphold restrictions on abortion.


Blanton Collier

Blanton Long Collier (July 2, 1906 – March 22, 1983) was an American football head coach who coached at the University of Kentucky between 1954 and 1961 and for the Cleveland Browns in the National Football League (NFL) between 1963 and 1970. His 1964 Browns team won the NFL championship and remains the second-most recent Cleveland professional sports team to win a title.
Collier grew up in Paris, Kentucky, and attended Paris High School. After graduating from Georgetown College, he returned to his old high school to teach and coach sports for 16 years. Collier left the position to join the U.S. Navy in 1943 during World War II. At a naval base outside of Chicago, he met Paul Brown, who was coaching a service football team there. After the war, Brown hired Collier as an assistant coach for the Browns, a team under formation in the All-America Football Conference. After seven years as Brown's top aide, a span over which the Cleveland team won five league championships, Collier took a job as head football coach at Kentucky in 1954. His Kentucky Wildcats teams amassed a 41–36–3 win-loss-tie record over eight seasons.
Collier was fired after the 1961 season and Brown rehired him as an assistant. Art Modell, the owner of the Browns, then fired Brown in 1963 and promoted Collier to head coach. Under Collier, the Browns reached the NFL championship game four times and won once, in 1964. Struggling with hearing loss, Collier retired after the 1970 season, although he remained a scout and quarterbacks coach for several more years. He was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1976, and retired to Texas, where he died in 1983.
Collier was well-liked by players and renowned as a good sportsman and student of the game. The Kentucky chapter of the NFL Players Association in 2007 established the Blanton Collier Award in his honor. The Paris High School football field is named after him.
Early life and college career.
Born in Millersburg, Kentucky, to O.H. and Eva (née Long) Collier; the family moved to nearby Paris when Collier was age six. He attended from Paris High School, where he played football and basketball, and worked as a tobacco-picker in the summers during high school. After graduating, he enrolled at Kentucky's Georgetown College, playing on the football team and earning a bachelor of arts degree in 1927.
High school and assistant coaching career.
Collier went to work at Paris High School in 1928 as a mathematics teacher, and coached several of the school's sports teams. He got the nickname "George" when he was a teacher because he affectionately called most of his male students "George" and most of his female students "Martha". He married Mary Varder from Paris in 1930, and spent 16 years at the high school before enlisting in the U.S. Navy in 1943 during World War II. Collier's Paris football team had an overall record of 73–50–10. Collier was 37 years old when he joined the military; although he likely could have avoided enlisting because he was a teacher and had a family, he felt serving in the war was his duty.
Collier was assigned to the Great Lakes Naval Training Station north of Chicago, where he was a survival swimming instructor. In the Navy, Collier first had trouble with his hearing, a problem that bothered him later in life. He was once called to report to his ship over a loudspeaker, but did not hear it. Doctors thought his hearing may have been damaged by teaching swimming in a tidal pool or from practicing on the shooting range. "It never became an issue until the Navy, when they figured he had less than 40% of a normal person's hearing," his daughter Kay Collier-Slone said in 1997. To compensate for his hearing loss, Collier became an expert lip reader.
At Great Lakes, Collier went regularly to observe the practices of the station's service football team, the Great Lakes Bluejackets. There, he met Paul Brown, who had left a head-coaching job at Ohio State University to serve in the Navy and lead the Bluejackets team. Collier took notes and hoped to pick up some football knowledge he could use when he returned to Paris. Brown, however, noticed Collier's dedication, and brought him onto his staff as a volunteer assistant.
In 1945, Brown was hired by Arthur B. McBride as the first coach of the Cleveland Browns, a team under formation in the new All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Brown hired Collier as a backfield coach for the team, which was set to begin play in 1946. Initially, his specialty was pass defense, but Brown soon rewarded Collier's extensive football knowledge with a broader assistant coaching assignment.
Collier served under Brown from 1946 to 1953, a period in which the team won all four titles in the AAFC before moving to the National Football League (NFL) in 1950. That season, the Browns captured the NFL title and then reached but lost the following three championship games. Collier's coaching style was the opposite of Brown's; Brown was a disciplinarian whose stern nature and aloofness often brought him into conflict with players, while Collier was a friendly, warm man whose patience and studiousness endeared him to players. "Everything had to be perfect; he was a stickler on perfection – but at the same time, he had great patience," Browns quarterback Otto Graham said in 2007. After the 1946 season, Brown asked Collier to analyze every play run by the offense, and Collier came up with a detailed breakdown of why each play succeeded or failed. This was the genesis of an annual grading system Collier developed to evaluate players' performances. The Browns used it for many years.
University of Kentucky.
When University of Kentucky head football coach Bear Bryant left for Texas A&M University after the 1953 season, Collier accepted an offer to succeed him. He stayed at Kentucky for eight years, a span during which the Wildcats football team had a 41–36–3 record, including a 5–2–1 record against arch rival Tennessee. Notable wins included a 1954 victory at Georgia Tech, then ranked 15th in the AP Poll, and defeats of eighth-ranked Ole Miss in 1955 and 12th-ranked Tennessee in 1957. In 1954, Collier was named the coach of the year in the Southeastern Conference.
Despite a winning record, Collier was fired in January 1962, when he was making $17,500 per year (about $ in dollars). He was replaced a week later by Charlie Bradshaw, an assistant to Bear Bryant at Alabama. Bryant had led the Wildcats to appearances in three major bowl games, but Collier never led the Wildcats to a bowl during his tenure. His best record was in his first year, when the team finished 7–2.
Kentucky's football program was overshadowed by its successful basketball program during Collier's tenure. Collier was also criticized for his poor recruiting skills, a crucial factor for college coaches. Many fans wrote the university to complain about him and his staff. Still, several future star coaches served as assistants under Collier at Kentucky, including Don Shula, Chuck Knox, Howard Schnellenberger, and Bill Arnsparger. Standout players under Collier included All-Americans Lou Michaels and Schnellenberger.
Cleveland Browns.
After losing his job at Kentucky, Collier said he was unsure what he would do next. "Right now I feel I would like to remain in football if the opportunity presents itself," he said. Two weeks later, Brown brought him back onto the Cleveland Browns staff as an offensive assistant. Collier and Brown had remained close friends during his time at Kentucky. Collier attended the Browns' training camps in Ohio during the summers, and Brown's family visited Collier on occasion in Lexington. Collier said he was happy to be back with the Browns, saying it was "like returning home". Brown praised Collier's teaching and called him a "scientific football man" and "one of my closest friends".
By the time Collier rejoined the Browns, the team was in the throes of a transition. Art Modell had bought the club in 1961, and was locked in a bitter power struggle with Brown. The two men came into conflict over Brown's autocratic coaching style and his failure to notify Modell about personnel decisions. Brown had held almost complete control over football matters for almost two decades, but Modell was not willing to give Brown the free hand that previous owners had given him. Without informing Modell, Brown in 1962 traded away star halfback Bobby Mitchell for the right to draft Ernie Davis, a back who won the Heisman Trophy and surpassed Jim Brown's rushing records at Syracuse University. Davis died of leukemia before he played a down for the Browns. Another source of tension between Paul Brown and Modell was Brown's relationship with Jim Brown, the team's star fullback. Jim Brown grew increasingly independent as he rose to fame. He started a weekly radio show, which grated against Paul Brown's emphasis on discipline and teamwork over individualism. Other players, including quarterback Milt Plum, openly questioned Paul Brown's coaching and his control over the team's play-calling.
Brown made some changes as a result of the pressure from his players and Modell, and allowed Collier to put into place a "check-off system" that allowed the quarterback to run several approved alternative plays to the ones Brown called. When Collier was praised in the "Cleveland Press" for instituting the system successfully, however, Brown put an end to it. "The players believed that Paul was upset when Blanton received some good press," former Browns quarterback Jim Ninowski said in 1997. "Paul just junked Blanton's system, as if to say, 'Hey, I'm running the show now'." As Collier grew apart from Brown, he became closer to Modell, who enjoyed discussing football minutiae with him.
After a 7–6–1 season in 1962, Modell fired Brown and offered the head-coaching job to Collier. Collier told Modell he first needed the blessing of his wife and of Brown, to whom he still felt a sense of loyalty. He called Brown, who told him he had to take the job because he had a family to support. Collier accepted a three-year contract that would pay him $35,000 a year (about $ in dollars). In contrast with Brown, Collier was almost universally liked by players and other coaches. He was soft-spoken, which was unusual for a head coach, but he earned the respect of the team with his extensive knowledge and his willingness to give players more freedom than Brown ever did. One significant difference was his approach to play-calling. Like Brown, Collier served as his own play-caller. However, he let Frank Ryan, who replaced Plum as the team's starting quarterback in 1963, change plays at the line of scrimmage, and allowed more flexibility in pass routes and blocking schemes.
The changes paid off. In 1963, the team finished 10–4, and Jim Brown broke the NFL's single-season rushing record with 1,863 yards. Brown was also voted the league's Most Valuable Player. Cleveland, however, finished a game behind the New York Giants, and did not reach the championship game. The Browns had started out 6–0, but faltered after racial divisions cropped up within the team. Some black players believed white teammates were getting to play ahead of them because of their race. Toward the end of the season, Collier met with the team's leaders and told them the racism had to stop. After the season, he traded away players he thought were sowing discord and opened up a dialogue with those who remained to stamp out the tension.
1964 championship.
Cleveland climbed back to the top of the Eastern Conference in 1964 with a 10–3–1 record behind Jim Brown's league-leading 1,446 yards of rushing and reached the championship game against the Baltimore Colts. Most sportswriters predicted an easy win for the Colts, who led the league in scoring behind quarterback Johnny Unitas and halfback Lenny Moore. The Browns' defense, moreover, was suspect. The team gave up 20 more first downs than any other in the league. The teams, however, had not faced each other for three years. Before the game, Collier and Colts coach Don Shula agreed to give each other full access to video of regular-season games. Ever the student, Collier took full advantage of the opportunity. The Browns had run what was dubbed a "rubber band" pass defense, allowing short throws while trying to prevent big plays. The Colts' top receivers, however, Raymond Berry and Jimmy Orr, were not fast. They tended to pick apart defenses with short, tactical completions, which led Collier to institute a man-to-man pass defense for the game. This, he figured, would buy more time for the defensive line and force Unitas to scramble — not his forte.
The strategy worked, and in Cleveland Municipal Stadium two days after Christmas, the Browns beat the Colts 27–0. The Browns scored 10 points in the third quarter and a further 17 in the fourth, clinching the team's first title since Otto Graham's departure after the 1955 season.
Later Seasons.
The Browns ended with an 11–3 record the following year, and comfortably won the East for the second year in a row. That set up a second straight appearance in the NFL Championship game in Green Bay against the Packers. The teams battled it out on a slippery, mucky Lambeau Field on January 2, 1966. While score was close early on, Vince Lombardi's team held the Browns scoreless in the second half, winning 23–12 in an upset on a Paul Hornung touchdown. Despite Jim Brown's retirement after the 1965 season, the Browns had another four consecutive winning seasons and advanced to the NFL championship game in 1968 and 1969 under Collier, but lost both times.
Plagued by hearing problems, the 64-year-old coach announced his retirement before the end of the 1970 season, which the Browns finished with a 7–7 record. Collier told Modell that he could no longer hear his players, and it was difficult to read their lips through new face masks that obscured their mouths. Modell tried to help by getting Collier to try new hearing aids, and even sent him for acupuncture treatment, but none of it worked. Collier struggled during press conferences because he often could not hear what reporters were asking and answered the wrong questions. In eight years as coach, Collier led Cleveland to a championship and a 76–34–2 record. Nick Skorich, who came to the Browns as offensive coordinator in 1964, was named as his successor on January 7, 1971.
Later life and death.
Collier continued to work with the Browns after he stepped down, serving as a scout and quarterbacks coach until leaving the game for good in 1976. He was the coach of the college team in the 1971 College All-Star Game, a now-defunct matchup between the NFL champion and a selection of the best college players from around the country, replacing former Browns quarterback Otto Graham. Georgetown College in 1970 awarded him an honorary doctorate of laws degree.
Collier was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1976, and retired to a house on a lake in Texas, where he played golf and visited with friends and family. He died of the disease in 1983. His wife died in 1996 and was buried next to him in Paris, Kentucky. Collier and his wife had three daughters, Carolyn, Jane, and Kay.
Legacy.
Collier was recognized after his death for his sportsmanship, intelligence, and mild manner. He was inducted into the University of Kentucky College of Education Hall of Fame in 2001. In 2007, the Kentucky chapter of the NFL Players Association established a Blanton Collier Award given annually to a football player or players who excel both on and off the field. Past winners include Tony Dungy, Jim Brown, Gale Sayers, and the Manning family: Archie, Olivia, Cooper, Peyton, and Eli. A group of former Kentucky players in 2008 started the Blanton Collier Sportsmanship Group, which promotes ethics, education, and integrity in sports. The nonprofit organization now oversees the Blanton Collier Award.
The Professional Football Researchers Association named Collier to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2009
The football stadium at Paris High School is named after Collier.
External links.


Elephant penis


North American Gay Amateur Athletic Alliance

The North American Gay Amateur Athletic Alliance (NAGAAA) is a non-profit, international association of gay and lesbian softball leagues.
NAGAAA was founded in 1977 and the first elected Commissioner was Warren Shepell, from Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and currently has 46 member leagues in the United States and Canada. The current Commissioner is John Deffee.
NAGAAA recognizes seven divisions of play, from the competitive A rank through B, C, D and E teams, plus two Masters Divisions for players age 50 and above. NAGAAA also maintains a player rating system used to evaluate player skill levels to ensure safety and competitive play. While each member city operates independently, NAGAAA membership allows for a consistent framework for operating interleague play during numerous tournaments hosted by member cities and at the two annual NAGAAA hosted tournaments, the Gay Softball World Series (GSWS) for all divisions and the NAGAAA Cup Invitational tournament for A and B division teams. The 2019 GSWS held in Kansas City includes "208 teams and is expected to attract more than 5,000 people." The NAGAAA has grown to more than 3,000 teams and 25,000 participants. The GSWS is the largest annual, LGBTQ, "single-sport, week-long athletic competition in the world."
Prior to 2007, there was also a division for all female teams but the Amateur Sports Alliance of North America was formed from NAGAAA in 2007.
Gay Softball World Series.
Each year teams representing these leagues participate in the NAGAAA Gay Softball World Series (GSWS), hosted each year in a different member city.
Each member city is allowed to send an unlimited number of teams in the A division and up to three team in each of the B, C, D and E divisions based on the size of the local league, with larger cities allowed more teams. Members cities are encouraged to send at least one team to the GSWS each year.
Future sites for the Gay Softball World Series
2021 - Columbus, Ohio
2022 - Dallas, Texas
2023 - Twin Cities, Minnesota


Jack Doland

Jack V. Doland (March 3, 1928 – April 25, 1991) was an American football coach, college athletics administrator, university president, and politician. He served as the head football coach at the McNeese State University from 1970 to 1978, compiling a record of 64–32–4. Doland was the athletic director at McNeese State from 1972 to 1980 and the president of the school from 1980 to 1987. He was elected to the Louisiana State Senate in 1987. Doland died of prostate cancer on April 25, 1991, at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas.


Stanley Siegel

Stanley Siegel, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author, lecturer, and former Director of Education and Senior Faculty member of New York's Ackerman Institute for Family Therapy.
After creating and writing the "Families" column for "Newsday" he went on to co-author two books: "The Patient Who Cured His Therapist and Other Unconventional Stories Of Therapy" (Penguin/Dutton 1992; Penguin/Plume, 1993; Marlowe and company, 1999) and "Uncharted Lives: Understanding The Life Passages Of Gay Men" (Penguin/Dutton, 1994; Penguin/Plume 1995) which have been translated into 5 languages.
With over 36 years of experience in the field of psychology, Siegel has developed an unconventional and tradition-challenging approach to psychotherapy that has led to his book "Your Brain on Sex: How Smarter Sex Can Change Your Life" which was released in October, 2011.
Siegel has taught at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Adelphi University, and the University of California, Berkeley; was the founding Director of the Family Studies Center in Huntington, New York, and has served as a consultant to hospitals and mental health centers throughout the country.
Regularly quoted in the media, he has appeared on ABC's "Good Morning America" several times, as well as many other television and radio programs, and has acted as a consultant for film and television. Siegel was invited on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" to discuss "How Healers Heal Themselves."
He served as the Dance Editor of "Show Business" magazine, writing weekly dance reviews and reporting on the contemporary dance scene.
His daughter, Alyssa Siegel, LPC lives in Portland, Oregon and is a contributor to "Your Brain on Sex".
He lives in Los Angeles.


HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom

HIV/AIDS was first diagnosed in 1981. As of year-end 2018, 160,493 people have been diagnosed with HIV in the United Kingdom and an estimated 7,500 people are living undiagnosed with HIV. New diagnoses are highest in gay/bisexual men, with an estimated 51% of new diagnosis reporting male same-sex sexual activity as the probable route of infection. Between 2009 and 2018 there was a 32% reduction in new HIV diagnosis, attributed by Public Health England (PHE) to better surveillance and education. PHE has described an "outbreak" in Glasgow amongst people who inject drugs, and has campaigns targeting men who have sex with men in London and other major cities. London was the first city in the world to reach the World Health Organization target for HIV, set at 90% of those with HIV diagnosed, 90% of those diagnosed on HAART and 90% of those on HAART undetectable. The UK as a whole later achieved the same target. Under the Equality Act 2010, it is illegal to discriminate against someone based on their HIV status in the UK.
Demographics.
In 2017, 93,385 people (64,472 men and 28,877 women) living with diagnosed HIV infection received HIV care in the UK. 42,739 of those are gay or bisexual.
In 2017, the prevalence of HIV in the United Kingdom was estimated at 101,600 (credible interval 99,300 to 106,400) with 92% (credible interval 88 to 94%) diagnosed. Prevalence is highest in gay/bisexual men in London with an estimated 83 (credible interval 73 to 96) per 1000 gay and bisexual men aged 15 to 74 years. HIV prevalence in this group was higher in London compared with the rest of England (134/1,000 CrI 113 to 156 and 63/1,000 CrI 53 to 76, respectively). However, the 2017 statistics showed a tremendous decrease in the number of newly HIV infected gay men during 2015-17. The number of newly HIV infected gay men decreased by a third in just two years.
4139 people were newly diagnosed during 2019. An estimated 42% of diagnoses were late (likely to have been living with the virus for over three years). Late diagnosis is associated with a 10-fold increase in the chance of death during the first year after diagnosis. Risk groups have been identified by various organisations, including National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, National Health Service and the IMPACT trial for pre-exposure prophylaxis. They are:
Treatment and prognosis.
HIV treatment is available free of charge in the UK and as a result 96% of diagnosed are receiving treatment and of those 94% have a suppressed viral load making them very unlikely to pass on the infection. In 2015, less than 1% of people living with a diagnosed HIV infection in the UK died (cause of death is uncertain and may not be HIV-related). All-cause mortality for ages 15–59 in people living with HIV was 5.7 per 1000 compared to 1.7 for the UK population as a whole. People newly diagnosed with HIV today can expect to have a normal life expectancy if they are diagnosed on time and on effective treatment.
In 2017, 39% adults seen for HIV care were 50 years of age or older. This is partly due to improvements to life expectancy for people living with HIV as well as increasing numbers of people acquiring HIV later in life.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis.
Access to pre-exposure prophylaxis ("PrEP"), using a drug which can prevent HIV infection, on the National Health Service is partially limited. It is available to high-risk individuals in England through the IMPACT trial, which has a cohort size of 26,000. This was made available following the PROUD trial, a randomised control trial and a high-court battle in 2016. Use of PrEP in London, both as part of a trial and from private purchases, was partially credited in a drop in diagnoses among men who have sex with men, after a five-year plateau in diagnoses.
Although it is currently unavailable more broadly for prescription by medical professionals in NHS England, this option will become available in April 2020.
In Scotland and Wales PrEP is available free on the NHS from sexual health clinics for those deemed at high risk of acquisition. In Northern Ireland, access is only available through the risk reduction scheme from the Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, which can take referrals from other Northern Ireland sexual health clinics for high-risk patients, with funding guaranteed until the end of 2020.
Sexual health specialist Mags Portman was credited in making PrEP more accessible to gay and bisexual men in the UK. In October 2018, the Terrence Higgins Trust established the Mags Portman PrEP Access Fund to provide PrEP to those in England and Northern Ireland who cannot afford it. The fund has a maximum size of 1,000 users and will be available until the end of 2020.
Timeline.
1979, June: a sample shows a UK transmission to a haemophiliac in the UK.
1981, 12 December: A 49-year-old man dies in Brompton hospital due to an AIDS related illness - the first death in the UK. He was homosexual and frequent visitor to the United States.
1982, 4 July: Terry Higgins dies of an AIDS related illness - leading to the establishment of the Terrence Higgins Trust.
1983: Scottish AIDS Monitor founded to monitor and raise awareness of HIV/AIDS in Scotland.
1985: 58 AIDS-related deaths had been recorded in Britain, according to the current affairs series "TV Eye", broadcast in 1985. In October, a man with AIDS is detained under the Public Health (Infectious Diseases) Regulations 1985, marking their first and only use.
1987, 9 April: Diana, Princess of Wales, opens the Broderip Ward, a dedicated ward at Middlesex Hospital for the treatment of HIV patients, and notably shakes the hands of AIDS patients without wearing gloves.
1987: The UK Government launched "", a major public information campaign. A leaflet about AIDS was delivered to every household in the UK, which warned that it is impossible to tell who is infected with the virus.
1991, 24 November: Queen star Freddie Mercury dies of AIDS, just one day after he announced he had the condition.
1994: Scottish Voluntary HIV and AIDS Forum (HIV Scotland) set up in Edinburgh to make policy and advocacy changes and provide support for people living with HIV in Scotland.
1995: Project for HIV and Aids Care and Education (PHACE West) established to provide HIV support, advice and health services for the West of Scotland.
1996: Triple combination therapy (HAART) becomes standard treatment, reducing the death rate.
2003, March : The National AIDS Trust launched a campaign challenging HIV stigma.
2010, 8 April: The Equality Act 2010 qualifies anyone with HIV as disabled and so gives protection against discrimination.
2012: 1 October: Free HIV treatment in England extended to include non-resident overseas visitors.
2012, 23 November: First National HIV Testing Week.
2013, April: HIV Prevention England started a two-year campaign funded by the Department of Health communicating messages about HIV testing and condoms to Africans and MSM.
2015, April: First home testing kits become available, after being legalised in April 2014.
2015, 9 September: Results announced of PROUD study, testing the effectiveness of PrEP on reducing HIV infections in 544 participants.
2016: Results of PARTNER Study show that a person living with HIV, who is on treatment and whose virus is undetectable cannot pass the virus on to anyone else. The 'U=U' campaign and Terrence Higgins Trust's 'Can't Pass It On' campaigns followed shortly after. The PARTNER Study followed other research and studies, such as the Swiss Statement, which provided similar evidence of HIV not being able to be passed on under these stated circumstances.
2017, July: PrEP made available free on the NHS in Scotland.
2017, 3 August: NHS announced trial of PrEP for 10,000 people over three years.
2019, 1 January: NHS announced to increase IMPACT trial size to 26,000.
2019, 22 July: Independent HIV Commission to end new HIV transmissions in England by 2030 launches.
2020: March: UK government announces PrEP will be made freely available in England from April 2020 to anyone at risk.


Testosterone enantate benzilic acid hydrazone

Testosterone enantate benzilic acid hydrazone (TEBH), or testosterone 17β-enantate 3-benzilic acid hydrazone, is a synthetic, injected androgen/anabolic steroid and an androgen ester – specifically, the C17β enantate (heptanoate) ester and C3 benzilic acid hydrazone of testosterone. It was previously marketed in combination with estradiol benzoate and estradiol dienantate under the brand names Climacteron, Lactimex, and Lactostat. Clinical studies have assessed this formulation. TEBH was first described in the scientific literature in 1959. It is a very long-lasting prodrug of testosterone when administered in oil via intramuscular injection.
Chemistry.
Chemical synthesis of TEBH has been described.


Kevin Gatter

Kevin Gatter (5 November 1951 - 22 June 2017) was an English pathologist who created a technique for identifying the source of cancer in the human body.
Gatter was the Head of the Department of Cellular Science at St John's College, Oxford and an internationally recognized expert in haematopathology.


Kappa Psi Kappa

Kappa Psi Kappa (ΚΨΚ) is a non-profit, non-collegiate, service/social fraternity for "progressive" men of all ethnic backgrounds, cultures and sexual orientations. The fraternity was established on August 17, 2001 in Tallahassee, Florida. The fraternity has over 200 members in the United States. Kappa Psi Kappa celebrated its 10th anniversary on August 17, 2011.
History.
Kappa Psi Kappa was founded by five men in Tallahassee, FL on the campus of Florida State University. They were known as the "Illustrious Elite". In the summer of 2001, these men set out and started to organize the foundation of the fraternity based upon promoting brotherhood, scholarship, service and leadership. The fraternity was incorporated under the Articles of Corporation in the State of Florida on October 3, 2001.
Membership.
Membership into the Kappa Psi Kappa Brotherhood is open to any man over the age of 18 who has obtained his high school diploma or GED. Current enrollment in an institute of higher learning is not a requirement for membership.
Because Kappa Psi Kappa is a Service-Social organization, community service is not only a requirement to maintain active status membership within the Fraternity, it is also a requirement to apply for membership.
Kappa Psi Kappa has intake classes twice per year, in the spring, and fall. Once a Pledge has successfully completed the Membership Intake class or Line and meets all required prerequisites for membership, full membership into the Brotherhood is conferred.
Kappa Psi Kappa has implemented a strict ban on hazing activities.
Chapters and Colonies.
Kappa Psi Kappa chapters are assigned a sequential Greek letter designation according to the order in which they were chartered. The oldest is the Alpha Chapter, located in Tallahassee, FL. Subsequent chapters were assigned successive letters of the Greek alphabet. After all single-letter designations were used, chapters were assigned double-letter combinations in the fashion "Alpha Alpha," "Alpha Beta," "Alpha Gamma," etc. The designation "Alpha Omega Kappa" is reserved as a symbolic "Chapter Eternal" for all Eternal Diamonds, members who have died.
Kappa Psi Kappa chapters and colonies are metropolitan based, serving the cities in which the Charter member lives and then extending for a two-hour radius.
Below is a list of current Active Chapters and Colonies:
Symbols and traditions.
The heraldic crest of Kappa Psi Kappa contains ten symbolic elements, each of which carries a special meaning to the Fraternity.
The fraternity's mascot is the White Bengal Tiger, representing the rarity, beauty, and strength of a man of Kappa Psi Kappa
The fraternity's colors are Baby Blue, Gold, New Black
The formal motto of the fraternity is "One Brotherhood, One Bond."<ref>


Ken Campbell (evangelist)

Kenneth Livingstone Campbell (January 15, 1934 – August 28, 2006) was a Canadian fundamentalist Baptist evangelist and political figure. He was the final leader of the Social Credit Party of Canada from 1990 to 1993.
Opposition to abortion and homosexuality.
He became prominent in the Toronto area in the 1970s as a crusader against homosexuals and as a pro-life advocate, founding "Renaissance Canada" in 1974 to promote his views, particularly in education. He held frequent rallies against gay rights and regularly took out full page ads in newspapers, campaigning against the homosexual agenda and secular humanism. Many such ads were printed following court decisions on gay rights, such as the 1998 Supreme Court ruling in "Vriend v. Alberta". In 1979 outside the Toronto mayor's office, Campbell organized a protest rally against the gay publication "The Body Politic" alongside Christian television talk-show host David Mainse in response to an article it had published by Gerald Hannon in the December 1977/January 1978 issue (reprinted in March/April 1979) entitled "Men Loving Boys Loving Men." While being interviewed by the media during the rally, Campbell stated, "when a group advocates the molestation of children one has to question the social constructive nature of the whole cause they represent." In 1980, Campbell published a book entitled "No Small Stir: A Spiritual Strategy For Salting and Saving A Secular Society", with a forward from Jerry Falwell.
Politician.
Campbell ran in elections at all levels in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in the provincial riding of St. George—St. David, which included the centre of Toronto's gay community clustered around Church and Wellesley streets. In 1984, following the acquittal of Dr. Henry Morgentaler, he founded a group called "Choose Life Canada" which picketed abortion clinics in Toronto and other Ontario cities. On one occasion, he attempted to conduct a "citizen's arrest" against provincial Attorney General Ian Scott, after Scott refused to shut down an abortion clinic run by Morgentaler. Campbell later ran against Scott in St. George—St. David as a candidate of the Family Coalition Party in the 1990 provincial election. He campaigned as a fringe candidate for Mayor of Toronto the following year, but urged voters to support June Rowlands rather than himself to prevent Jack Layton from winning.
He once ran for mayor of Milton, Ontario against long-time mayor Gordon Krantz to protest having to pay the education portion of his municipal property taxes. Campbell refused to pay on the basis that he disagreed with the school curriculum.
Campbell sent Krantz a letter during the campaign, saying that if he were elected, he would be too busy to be mayor so he would "deputize" Krantz and have him do the job.
Campbell took over the near-moribund Social Credit Party of Canada in 1990, and ran in a by-election in Oshawa. He placed eighth, with 96 votes. Under Campbell, the party began to re-embrace traditional social credit theory after years of moving away from it. He also began the process of renaming the party as the Christian Freedom Party. While it was still registered under the Social Credit name, he used the "Christian Freedom" name in most of his speeches. However, the party was only able to field 10 candidates for the 1993 election—well short of the 50 required for a party to keep its registration—and was deregistered by Elections Canada in October 1993. As a result, Campbell was forced to run as an independent, finishing last in a field of six candidates in Oakville. He ran a final time, again as an independent, in a 1996 federal by-election in Hamilton East, finishing in fifth place with 287 votes.
After being deregistered, the party continued as an incorporated non-profit entity known as the "Social Credit Party of Canada, Incorporated". Campbell occasionally used it as a podium for his political activities in order to preserve his church's status as a religious charity.
Life after politics.
On June 12, 1999, Ken Campbell presented a workshop at the Media Ministry Conference held in conjunction with Tyndale University College & Seminary's Tyndale Arts, Media and Music Conference in Toronto, Ontario. For a number of years, Campbell hosted a daily Christian evangelical radio show on CJMR in Mississauga. In 1999, he protested a same-sex wedding ceremony at Brent Hawkes's Metropolitan Community Church. Around 2000, while recovering from prostate cancer, Campbell moved himself and his ministry from Ontario to the interior of British Columbia.
In 2003, Campbell declared that Toronto's SARS epidemic would cease when the city ended its Gay Pride Parade (which he described as an "AIDS Parade").
He died August 28, 2006, in palliative care in a Delta, British Columbia hospital.


Kenyon Farrow

Kenyon Farrow (born November 13, 1974) is an American writer, activist, director, and educator focused on progressive racial and economic justice issues related to the LGBTQ community. He served as the executive director of Queers for Economic Justice"," policy institute fellow with National LGBTQ Task Force, U.S. & Global Health Policy Director of Treatment Action Group"," and public education and communications coordinator for the New York State Black Gay Network. Farrow is senior editor with TheBody.com and TheBodyPro.com.
Early life and education.
Descended from generations of African Methodist Episcopal ministers, Farrow began his work as an activist in 1998 at the AIDS Task Force of Greater Cleveland, where he taught and organized sex-education workshops for high school students across his home city. The experience left him intensely interested in social determinants surrounding HIV/AIDS. Witnessing HIV/AIDS discrimination in the church was a motivator for his activism:. "Since HIV/AIDS was automatically linked to homosexuality back then, you'd hear a lot of the fire-and-brimstone-type speeches, about how being gay was an abomination and a sin."
An alumnus of the Hawken School, after graduating from Ohio Wesleyan University with his BA in Theatre, he moved to NYC in 1999 to pursue an acting career. Arriving 3 weeks before the death of Amadou Diallo, Farrow found himself profoundly affected by the event as well as by pervasive incidents of violence against black and brown queer youth in the West Village. Following an acclaimed performance as James Baldwin in "Mr. Baldwin Goes to Heaven" at La MaMa Etc., Farrow shifted his focus from performing to combating these acts of social injustice.
For the next few years he worked against incarceration issues as the southern region coordinator of Critical Resistance and fought against gentrification and the unjust prosecution of queer youth in New York City as a founding member and adult ally of FIERCE! Responding to the dearth of Black voices on queer and racial issues, Farrow began blogging resulting in the publication of a number of acclaimed essays. These essays continue to receive citations in numerous books and academic journals and helped to expand the tone of conversations on race and sexuality in the media. Concurrent with this time, Farrow attended City University of New York's School of Journalism while also working at Clamor Magazine as the magazine's culture editor.
Career.
Working with the New York State Black Gay Network as communications and public education coordinator in the mid-2000s, Farrow created anti-homophobia social marketing campaigns to combat misconceptions about HIV/AIDS and discrimination against the LGBT community in NYC by collaborating with religious organizations to diminish the impact of homophobia. Farrow joined Queers for Economic Justice as a volunteer shelter project facilitator, later becoming the organization's executive director.
As U.S. & Global Health Policy Director of Treatment Action Group, Farrow used his platform to push coverage of access to healthcare as a social justice and human rights issues, fight against HIV discrimination, mobilize campaigns to halt the rapid spread of HIV and tuberculosis among people of color throughout the south, and push for the expansion of the Affordable Care Act, Medicare, and fair drug pricing to end the national HIV epidemic. During this time he also published a qualitative research project exploring the role of community mobilization in response to HIV, as well as helping to craft a national strategy to end stock-outs of TB drugs. Additionally, as a direct consequence of his lobbying, Governor Andrew Cuomo's NYS End AIDS 2020 agenda was moved to include new funding for the expansion of LGBTQ youth housing options and provide minors with HIV or reproductive care while maintaining their privacy, even if they were on their parents’ insurance. On October 30, 2017 Farrow joined "TheBody" and "TheBodyPro—"the world's largest publications devoted to reporting on HIV and AIDS—as a Senior Editor.
He departed the HIV/AIDS focused publications in August 2020 to assume leadership of Partner for Dignity and Rights as co-executive director.
A strong advocate for equal representation, Farrow is noted for his hard line against discrimination. He is also a proponent and user of Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as a means of deterring HIV.
Writing.
Farrow's writing tackles a range of difficult topics including race, inequality, healthcare, and sexuality and has appeared in major publications including LEVEL, The Atlantic, Color Lines, The American Prospect, Out, POZ, Logo, HIV Plus, Rewire.News, HuffPost, Q Salt Lake Magazine, The Feminist Wire, TheGrio, Washington Blade, The Scholar and Feminist Online, LAMDA Literary, The Black AIDS Institute, and AlterNet.
He also co-edited "Letters from Young Activists: Today's Rebels Speak Out" and "Stand Up!: The Shifting Politics of Racial Uplift""." His work is included in the anthologies: "We Have Not Been Moved: Resisting Racism and Militarism in 21st Century America", "Spirited: Affirming the Soul of Black Lesbian and Gay Identity", "Against Equality: Queer Critiques of Same-Sex Marriage", "For Colored Boys Who Have Considered Suicide When The Rainbow Is Still Not Enough", and "Black Gay Genius: Answering Joseph Beam's Call".
He has appeared as a panelist, lecturer, and keynote speaker at Harvard University, UC Berkeley School of Law, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Columbia School of Law, Columbia University Center for Study of Social Difference, Columbia University School of Public Health, NYU, The New School Vera List Center for Arts and Politics, CUNY, University of Pennsylvania, Hamilton University, Mount Sinai Hospital Institute for Advanced Medicine, National Conference of Black Political Scientists Annual Meeting, NYPL Stephen A. Schwarzman Building, NAACP, Black Lives Matters Conference, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Murphy Institute, Macalester College, University of Maryland, Hampshire College, Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute at Hunter College, National Association of Black Journalists Conference, Middlebury College, Seattle University, Left Forum, UCLA, and Baker University Center at Ohio University.
He has appeared on PBS Newshour to talk about the commercialization of the Gay Pride Parade specifically in 2019, NPR to discuss President Obama's record on LBGT issues, WNYC to discuss the CDC's decision to under report national HIV transmission rates, in the documentary "Sex in an Epidemic" tracing the impact of AIDS on the gay community, on GRITtv with Laura Flanders to discuss GetEQUAL's activism, Democracy Now to discuss NY's Marriage Equality Bill, LogoTV's #WORLDAIDSDAY Facebook Live Panel hosting a discussion with Guy Anthony, Kia LaBeija, and Zachary Barnett, BRIC Arts Media with Ashley C. Ford to discuss mental health, race, sexuality, and gender identity, Barnard Center for Research on Women's webseries on marriage, inequality, and violence, 94.1 KPFA to discuss the evolution of the queer mainstream beyond marriage equality, SiriusXM Urbanview Town Hall hosted by Kelly Kinkaid to discuss supporting Black men living with HIV, Making Contact on a panel discussion titled The Color of AIDS, CounterSpin to discuss NC Amendment 1, and in the documentary "Unstoppable Feat: The Dances of Ed Mock", an investigation into the life and death of experimental choreographer Ed Mock.
Accolades.
In 2008, Farrow was listed among "Out" magazine's Out 100. Two years later, "The Advocate" named him one of the "40 Under 40" LGBT Leaders in the United States. Black Entertainment Television included him among "Modern Black History Heroes" in 2011, and he was one of The Root's 20 Black LGBT Movers and Shakers for 2012.
Farrow also received the Community Activist award at Chicago Black Pride's Esteem Awards in 2013, was awarded the 2016 Sexual Freedom Award by the Woodhull Institute, was an honoree of Black, Gifted & Whole Foundation's 2017 Gala, and received The Red Door Foundation's 2019 Flame Thrower Award at its 7th Annual Red Gala.


Li Hu

Li Hu (; (born August 27, 1974– August 6, 2014) is the pseudonym of a prominent Chinese HIV/AIDS activist. He died from complications from AIDS at the age of 40.
Li Hu was diagnosed with HIV on June 10, 2006 and later that year founded the HIV/AIDS advocacy group Tianjin Haihe Star AIDS Working Group () that he formed as a support organization for those living with HIV/AIDS.
Li was famously known for helping a man living with HIV, Xiao Feng (), obtain surgery to treat his lung cancer after being previously denied because of his HIV status. Li helped Xiao modify his medical records so he could get treatment then publicized his efforts on Weibo to draw attention to the unfair treatment of Chinese people living with HIV. His post went viral, drawing supporters and critics about the concealing of HIV status.
He later appeared on the national Chinese program CCTV-13's "One on One" in disguise where he explained the case to illustrate the unfair treatment of people living with HIV/AIDS and that more education and rights are needed. This drew further national attention, even resulting in Li meeting with Vice Premier Li Keqiang who later "pledged greater support and tax breaks for HIV/AIDS organizations, an expansion of free drug treatment for people with the disease and protection of patients from discrimination at hospitals."


Patricia Mercado

Dora Patricia Mercado Castro (; born 1957 in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora) is a
Mexican feminist politician. She is a founder, former president and the 2006 presidential candidate of the extinct Social Democratic Party.
Mercado Castro received a bachelor's degree in economics from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). In 1992 she received a scholarship from the MacArthur Foundation and three years later, she represented Mexico in the World Conference on Women in Beijing, China.
Although in 1991 she was a candidate of the Labor Party to the Chamber of Deputies, she is better known for competing in the primary election for the Social Democracy (in Spanish: "Democracia Social") nomination in the 2000 presidential elections against party leader Gilberto Rincón Gallardo and heading "México Posible", a defunct political party that failed to secure its registry in the 2003 federal election. While in campaign, she actively promoted abortion rights, gay marriage, the legalization of marijuana and unsuccessfully took several Catholic bishops to court for distributing political pamphlets against her party.
She was the presidential candidate for Alternativa during the 2006 elections, obtaining 2.7% of the popular vote, which was enough to secure the party's national registration. Her campaign was considered particularly successful, considering she ran without any private or public funding. The first presidential debate during the campaign is considered her best performance.


Karen Brauer


Keshet (organization)

Keshet ( "keshet", lit. "rainbow") is a national grassroots organization with offices in Boston, New York, and the San Francisco Bay Area that works for the full equality and inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Jews in Jewish life. Led and supported by LGBTQ Jews and straight allies, Keshet offers resources, training, and technical assistance to create inclusive Jewish communities nationwide. Keshet produced the documentary "Hineini: Coming Out in a Jewish High School" and companion curriculum.
On June 18, 2010, it was announced that Jewish Mosaic: The National Center for Sexual and Gender Diversity, another American Jewish LGBT organization, would merge with Keshet, with the post-merger organization retaining the name "Keshet". The merger was aided through a grant from the Charles and Lynn Schusterman Family Foundation. Jewish Mosaic was included in the 2005 and 2006 editions of "Slingshot," a guide to 50 "of the most creative and effective Jewish organizations" in America.
National programs.
The Hineini Education Project.
The Hineini Education Project trains and supports Jewish educators, clergy, program staff, youth, and lay leaders to ensure that GLBT youth, families, and staff are safe and affirmed in all Jewish educational and community settings. The Hineini Education Project has three major components:
Jewish Safe Schools & Supportive Communities.
Individualized staff development trainings, consultations, and workshops that teach concrete strategies for combating anti-GLBT bias, supporting GLBT youth, and creating fully inclusive experiences for all Jewish youth and families. Keshet also runs two intensive Training Institutes annually for Jewish educators and community leaders. Participants are given the tools and guidance to replicate the trainings in their own communities. Keshet also has partnership with Rabbi Steve Greenberg, the first and only openly gay Orthodox rabbi, Keshet's Rabbi-in-Residence.
Film Screenings and Facilitated Workshops.
Opportunities to use the Keshet-produced documentary film "Hineini: Coming Out in a Jewish High School" to explore issues of identity, gender and sexual orientation, Jewish pluralism, Jewish perspectives on homosexuality and gender diversity, and youth-led activism.
"Hineini" Curriculum Resource Guide.
A companion to the film "Hineini" that equips Jewish educators with resources to integrate GLBT issues into a wide range of programs and curricula, including Jewish text study history, social studies, health education, or a youth group retreat on diversity in the Jewish community. The materials can be used in both formal and informal educational settings with youth in grades 7-12.
Building Capacity for LGBT Jewish Inclusion.
Training and technical support for emerging Jewish LGBT groups to replicate Keshet's Jewish Safe Schools & Supportive Communities Program and build local capacity for fostering inclusion. JPride (San Diego), The Jewish Gay Network of Michigan (Detroit), and JQ International (Los Angeles) are Keshet's first affiliated partners.
KeshetClal Inclusion Project.
Responding to changes in Conservative halakha regarding the status of gays and lesbians, Keshet and Rabbi Steve Greenberg have joined together to create an integrated program that combines a text-based, halakhic approach to LGBT inclusion with Keshet's experiential, skills-based Jewish Safe Schools & Supportive Communities trainings. This synthesized approach offers rabbis, lay leaders, and educators concrete skills for understanding and supporting LGBT experience in the context of traditional Judaism.
Massachusetts programs.
Transgender Working Group (TWiG).
A support and social group for transgender Jews and allies. TWiG also offers educational programs on transgender issues and fosters trans inclusion in Keshet and in the broader Jewish community.


Spermatocytic tumor

Spermatocytic tumor, previously called spermatocytic seminoma, is a neoplasm of the testis ("i.e." a tumour of the testis), and classified as a germ cell tumour.
The name of the tumour comes from the similarity (under the microscope) between the small cells of the tumour and secondary spermatocytes.
Signs and symptoms.
Spermatocytic tumor is a rare tumour, making up only one to two percent of all testicular germ cell tumours. Men presenting with this tumour are generally 50 to 60 years old, and its occurrence is rare in men under 30 years old. Most present with slow, painless testicular enlargement, which may involve both testes.
Diagnosis.
Spermatocytic tumors are diagnosed based on tissue from orchiectomy (or partial orchiectomy), done for a lesion suspicious for cancer on medical imaging.
The macroscopic appearance of the tumour is of a mutinodular grey-white to tan coloured mass with gelatinous, haemorrhagic and necrotic areas. The tumour may extend beyond the testis.
Histologic appearance.
Histologically, spermatocytic tumors consist of three cell populations:
The cells are generally packed into nodules, and have a loose, sheet-like arrangement that is commonly interrupted by interstitial oedema. Unlike classical seminoma, fibrous septation and lymphocytic infiltrates are not seen. Cells undergoing mitosis are common, as are cells undergoing apoptosis.
Intratubular growth of spermatocytic tumor can be seen, however there is no intratubular germ cell neoplasia of unspecified type (IGCNU). The intratubular growth probably accounts for the appearance of separate tumour nodules within the testis.
Immunostaining for most of the usual testicular germ cell tumour markers is negative ("i.e. placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), vimentin, actin, desmin, alpha fetoprotein (AFP), OCT4, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)).
Rarely, spermatocytic tumors may show sarcomatoid differentiation, most commonly as undifferentiated spindled cells intermingled within the typical-appearing spermatocytic tumor cells. Rhabdomyosarcomatous differention has also been described.
Relation to seminoma.
Spermatocytic tumor is not considered a subtype of seminoma and, unlike seminoma and most other germ cell tumours, it does not arise from "intratubular germ cell neoplasia". It has not been described as arising in locations outside the testis, and does not occur in association with other germ cell tumours.
Treatment.
Unlike classical seminoma, spermatocytic tumors rarely metastasise, so radical orchidectomy alone is sufficient treatment, and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy are generally not required.


Genital ladder


Yassi Ashki

Yasaman Ashki better known as Yassi Ashki is an Iranian health activist and the founder of RAH Foundation and Ctrl+S website.
Life.
Ashki moved from Tehran, Iran to the United States in 2011 to attend Indiana University. After reading several pamphlets about STDs, she realized she'd never been taught about any of them. Several years later, she and her Iranian friend Narges Dorratoltaj decided to start a website about sexual health for Persian speakers. The website Ctrl-S was launched on Ctrlstd.com in 2014, and featured translations of about 800 articles about sexual health from the Mayo Clinic, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Planned Parenthood. The team has expanded to over 50 people and the two founders now run a nongovernmental organization; registered in the United States as RAH Foundation and registered in Iran as Ctrl+S. They negotiated with the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in Iran, and gained permission to run workshops about sexual health in Iranian mosques and schools. They also train volunteers to educate rural communities. In 2015, they launched Hide and Seek under the RAH Foundation. It is an organization that focuses on raising awareness and education about the sexual abuse of children.
Mah-e Asal.
Ashki was the guest of Mah-e Asal (a popular live television program in Iran) on 29 May 2018 and spoke about her life and experiences. Ashki spoke about the need for HPV vaccines in Iran and claimed she was diagnosed with HPV, an autoimmune disorder with symptoms that are sometimes similar to AIDS in that her immune system was compromised. Watching the interview, Rakhshān Banietemad announced her support for Ashki. Ashkit's contradicted comments were doubted and criticized by people and several sources as containing false or misleading information.


Mary Starrett

Mary Starrett (born 1954 in Brooklyn, New York) was the National Political Communications Director of the Constitution Party. She worked as a local television news anchor, reporter and talk show host, and a radio commentator. In 2006, she became the nominee of the Constitution Party of Oregon for the office of Governor of Oregon. Starrett earned a bachelor's degree cum laude from Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts in Mass Communications.
Starrett worked in local broadcast media for over twenty five years on the east coast and west coast. Her latest position in Portland, Oregon included 5 years as a feature reporter and magazine show host for American Broadcasting Company affiliate KATU television channel 2. Later, she co-hosted its local, morning television program "AM Northwest" for 12 years. Following her career on TV, Starrett hosted a political radio talk show on Portland station True Talk 800, KPDQ from 1997 to 2002.
Starrett is a political conservative. She ran for Governor of Oregon in the 2006 election on the Constitution Party ticket. Glen Livingston suggested that she run for president in 2008. Mary Starrett also served as the executive director of Oregonians for Life.
2006 Oregon Governor election.
Mary Starrett was the Constitution Party of Oregon nominee in the 2006 Oregon gubernatorial election. Her platform advocated free-market economic, individual property rights, and the Second Amendment, opposed abortion and was against illegal immigration. She questioned whether global warming exists. Starrett opposed the war in Iraq, and advocated immediate troop withdrawal during her campaign. She received 50,229 votes (or 3.64%) in the November 7 election.
Yamhill County Commissioner.
Starrett ran for the Yamhill County Commission in 2010, but lost. She won a seat in 2014, and was reelected in 2018.


Testosterone caproate

Testosterone caproate (TCa), also known as testosterone hexanoate, is an androgen and anabolic steroid and a testosterone ester that is no longer marketed. It was formerly available as a component of Omnadren 250, along with testosterone isocaproate, testosterone phenylpropionate, and testosterone propionate, but this formulation has since been discontinued.


Cynthia Hotton

Cynthia Hotton (born 17 January 1969) is an Argentine politician, former National Deputy and candidate for Vice President.
Early life.
Cynthia Hotton was born on 17 January 1969 in Buenos Aires to Arturo Hotton Risler, whose parents had emigrated to Argentina from Australia at the beginning of the 20th century.
Political career.
Hotton began her political career with Ricardo López Murphy's party, Recreate for Growth, which merged with Republican Proposal. In March 2009, she launched the "Valores para mi país" party, formally breaking from the Republican Proposal in August of that same year. Hotton promoted the conservative party as being the emphatic opposition to the legalization of abortion. In May 2010, she was one of the primary opponents to same-sex marriage in Argentina in the Chamber of Deputies, leading demonstrations against the passing of same-sex marriage in July.
During the devising of the 2011 budget for the Government of Argentina, Hotton denounced an alleged attempt at bribery through text messages. Days later, Argentine Police found that the text messages offering the bribes had in fact come from Hotton's phone.


Vanguard (organization)

Vanguard was a gay rights youth organization active from 1965 to 1967 in San Francisco, California. The organization was dissolved due to internal clashes in late 1966 and early 1967. "Vanguard" magazine, originally and later loosely affiliated with the organization, continued the organization's spirit and was published through 1978 by Keith St. Clare.
History.
In the fall of 1965, Adrian Ravarour and Billy Garrison founded Vanguard, an LGBT gay liberation youth organization in the Tenderloin neighbourhood of San Francisco, California. Joel Williams asked Ravarour as an educated adult and former priest to help the Tenderloin LGBT youth who had suffered discrimination. Seeing their conditions, Ravarour began organizing and asked the LGBT youth if they were willing to demonstrate for equal rights to end discrimination. Garrison thought this approach was dangerous, so they developed two proposals: Garrison proposed peaceful co-existence, and Ravarour proposed demonstrations for LGBT rights. Since Ravarour was a staff member of Intersection for the Arts, he asked its director Reverend Laird Sutton for the use of the venue. Sutton recalled that Ravarour asked about "using Intersection as a meeting place for a proposed new organization of LGBT youth of the Tenderloin ... I knew that the proposal which Adrian and Billy had while having great merit was not directly in keeping with the purpose of Intersection ... therefore I said no ... but urged them to take it to Glide." In "Beyond the Possible", Janice Mirikitani confirmed that Sutton had sent the youth who started Vanguard at Glide Memorial Church.
Phyllis Lyon knew Ravarour from Intersection and provided Glide's community meeting room for the first meeting. Rev. Cecil Williams welcomed Ravarour and Garrison and offered the use of Glide as a venue for as long as needed. On the third meeting, Ravarour and Garrison presented their proposals to the LGBT youth, who chose Ravarour's plan. Ravarour named the group Vanguard and led their meetings throughout the fall of 1965 into spring 1966. To unify the group, Ravarour taught philosophical and historical principles of their rights to equality and the examples of Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King Jr.. Decades later, Rev. Larry Mamiya recalled in his "Memoir":
During the first ten months of Vanguard, from fall 1965 to spring 1966, its prominent members were Juan Elorreaga, Dixie Russo, Billy Garrison, Joel Williams, and January Ferguson. Although not advised by Glide, Vanguard held its 1965 Thanksgiving and Christmas dinners in Glide's basement. These were attended by Glide minister Rev. Ed Hansen, who remembered his contact with Vanguard as minimal: "Rather than being 'assigned' to meet with Vanguard ... I don't remember how many times I met with Vanguard, except that it was certainly more than once and likely only a few times before I left to return to Claremont."
In spring 1966, Vanguard members picketed small businesses that refused to serve the LGBT youth. When others asked Vanguard to demonstrate for their causes, Ravarour insisted that Vanguard maintain its focus on LGBT rights. In May, Rev. Williams asked Ravarour to apply for the war on poverty grant but Ravarour declined and resigned as Vanguard's leader. Advertisements by Vanguard attracted J. P. Marat, who joined Vanguard and was elected president, becoming its firebrand spokesperson. On May 30, 1966, Hansen offered for Glide to sponsor Vanguard, which the membership voted to accept.
Glide's sponsorship began in June 1966. Mamiya was appointed Glide's first advisor to Vanguard, which was overseen by Ministers Louis Durham, Vaughn Smith, and Cecil Williams. Glide encouraged Vanguard to apply for non-profit status. Hansen began to attend meetings and assisted with the non-profit application, for which Marat was unanimously re-elected. Consultant Mark Forrester assisted it to apply for War on Poverty EOC funds, assisted by Joel Roberts. Mamiya founded the weekend Vanguard Dances that attracted hundreds of LGBT people with DJ Mr. Friday. Despite this, Vanguard's membership experienced only small gains.
Mamiya witnessed numerous times that Ravarour was "called the founder of Vanguard by the DJ at the dances and JP and the kids."
In July, Roberts and Forrester organized major picketing of Compton's Cafeteria. On a morning in August, Russo—who headed Vanguard's street queen coalition—ordered coffee at the Doggie Diner. When refused service, Russo broke a sugar container. For the next five hours, 17 police in riot-gear surrounded Russo, Williams, Ravarour, and others. When the police withdrew, Ravarour felt as if new freedom had been won, and the trans community were emboldened. That night, when one of the Tenderloin street queens was insulted inside Compton's Cafeteria, the Compton's Cafeteria riot began.
Vanguard protested several times the following fall, but the last months of 1966 were problematic for the organization. Marat's activities as president lessened after his requests for a salary were denied. New member Keith St. Clare took over as editor of "Vanguard" magazine in November. Marat withdrew Vanguard from Glide, and Vanguard subsequently fell apart.
In January 1967, Vanguard was granted non-profit status and its incorporation papers arrived, so Glide attempted to revive the organization. However, a few months later, "Vanguard" magazine stated that Vanguard was dysfunctional and that the magazine no longer represented the defunct organization. Russo initially led some members to form the first Gay and Lesbian Center, which lasted until the 1980s. The war-on-poverty monies earmarked for Vanguard were used to fund Hospitality House.


Henry Hewes (politician)

Henry F. Hewes (born May 21, 1948) is an American real estate developer and perennial candidate. Throughout his career, he ran for Mayor of New York City and for the U.S. Senate as the nominee of the Right to Life Party. He served on the presidential campaigns of numerous Republican politicians.
In 2016 and in 2020, Hewes announced that he would run as a Democratic presidential candidate.
Early life and education.
The son of theater critic Henry Hewes, Hewes studied at State University of New York and Hunter College. He was formerly a publisher before moving into consulting.
Political career.
Hewes worked as a regional and state director for a number of presidential campaigns. He supported Pat Robertson, Pat Buchanan and George H.W. Bush in their respective campaigns for president. After serving in administrative roles, he ran for mayor of New York City as the nominee of the Right to Life Party in 1989. He participated in the first mayoral debate, over the objections of Rudy Giuliani. During the debate he defended Democratic candidate David Dinkins against Giuliani, prompting allegations from the latter that Hewes and Dinkins were "running almost like a ticket here". He finished in third position in the election, behind Dinkins and Giuliani; He also ran for U.S. Senate in 1994, receiving 2% of the vote.
In 2016, Hewes ran for president as a Democrat, receiving more than 600 votes in the Missouri primary and over 11,000 votes nationwide; in 2020, he again ran as a Democrat. He failed to secure the nomination during both years.
Political positions.
In 2005, Hewes described his political stances as "eclectic", noting his opposition to the War in Iraq, the USA Patriot Act, and the death penalty. He also favored raising the minimum wage at the time. Earlier in his political career, in 1989, he supported the death penalty; as well as rent vouchers and the deregulation of the housing market in New York City.
Hewes is pro-life, stating in an interview that he was worried by the number of politicians that "are utterly untroubled by the 58 million aborted children since 1973." He also stated in the same interview with "Rolling Stone" that he is against any form of capital punishment.
According to Hewes, the financial system in the United States requires reform, along with the Veterans Administration. He believes veterans should receive full medical insurance.


Black AIDS Institute

The Black AIDS Institute (The Institute), formerly known as the African American AIDS Policy Training Institute, is a non-profit charitable organization founded in 1999 by Phill Wilson to promote awareness and prevent the spread of HIV and AIDS by targeting African American communities. Their motto is "Our People, Our Problem, Our Solution." The Institute is very active in educating African American communities through their programs, like the Black Treatment Advocates Network and the African American HIV University. These two projects work with the communities to educate the people about the science of HIV, medical advancements, and prevention methods. The Institute has been received well through many other organizations providing funding to it. Some top funders include the Elton John AIDS Foundation, the Magic Johnson Foundation, Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS and more.
History.
While white activists tended to target gay neighborhoods, Wilson decided to target the larger African-American community, since gay black men are "less likely to live in clusters and to seek gay services. In 1985, African-Americans accounted for a quarter of all new reported cases, and in 2001, they accounted for half. This is because black men are less likely to report that they have sex with other men. In a study done by the Centers for Disease Control in 2000, a quarter of black men who contracted HIV by having sex with another man considered themselves to be heterosexual, compared with 6% of white men. Wilson believes that AIDS is a black problem more than it is a gay problem. He has been cited as saying that he believes it is the black community's job to fight AIDS because "it is rarely possible for outsiders to come in and solve other peoples problems."
Wilson stepped down as President and CEO in 2019. He was replaced by Raniyah Copeland, who had joined the organization in 2008.
Activities.
Black Treatment Advocates Network.
One of the projects done by The Institute is the Black Treatment Advocates Network (BTAN). It was launched in 2010, in a partnership with Merck, and it seeks to educate people about the science of HIV and the advances in medicine in the way of treatment, as well as prevention methods. As of 2013, BTAN had trained more than 1,000 advocates to provide support for people living with HIV in 13 cities across the United States. These cities include Atlanta, Georgia; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Chicago, Illinois; Ft. Lauderdale, Florida; Houston, Texas; Jackson, Mississippi; Los Angeles, California; New Orleans, Louisiana; Oakland, California; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; San Francisco, California; and Washington, D.C.
African American HIV University.
The Institute has created a training program called the African American HIV University, which trains advocates who "work with churches, community centers, black businesses and the black media to influence policy, funding and research." This training is part of a two-year fellowship that includes a 30-day training with the AIDS Treatment College, as well as four internships completed in different cities around the country.
Funding.
On their website, the Institute has listed Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Ford Foundation, Gilead Sciences, the Elton John AIDS Foundation, the MAC AIDS Fund, the Magic Johnson Foundation, the Janssen Research and Development, LLC, and the Bristol-Myers Squibb as some of their top funders.


Martha Plimpton

Martha Campbell Plimpton (born November 16, 1970) is an American actress, singer, and former model. Her feature film debut was in "Rollover" (1981); she subsequently rose to prominence in the Richard Donner film "The Goonies" (1985). She has also appeared in "The Mosquito Coast" (1986), "Shy People" (1987), "Running on Empty" (1988), "Parenthood" (1989), "Samantha" (1992), "Raising Hope" (2010) and "Small Town Murder Songs" (2011).
She is recognized on Broadway for her roles in "The Coast of Utopia" (2006–2007), "Shining City" (2006–2007), "Top Girls" (2007–2008), and "Pal Joey" (2008–2009). Other theatre productions in which she has performed include "The Playboy of the Western World", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "The Glass Menagerie", "The Sisters Rosensweig", and "Uncle Vanya". She returned to Broadway in the fall of 2014 in a revival of "A Delicate Balance". She most recently starred in "The Real O'Neals", an ABC sitcom that aired from March 2016 to March 2017.
She played Virginia Chance in the Fox sitcom "Raising Hope", which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series. She has also received three Tony Award nominations as well as a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in 2002, and again in 2012 as attorney Patti Nyholm in the CBS legal drama "The Good Wife", the latter of which she won.
Early life.
Plimpton was born in New York City. She is the daughter of actors Keith Carradine and Shelley Plimpton. Her parents met while performing in the original Broadway run of "Hair". Her paternal grandfather was actor John Carradine. She is an eighth cousin once removed of writer and editor George Plimpton, and, despite the different spelling, cartoonist Bill Plympton. She attended the Professional Children's School in Manhattan. Her first stage appearance was when her mother brought her on stage in costume for the curtain call of the short-lived Broadway play "The Leaf People" then another play in "The Ass and the Heart".
Career.
1980s.
Plimpton began her career as a model, securing an early 1980s campaign for Calvin Klein, making an impression as a sophisticated but tomboyish little girl. She made her feature film debut in 1981, when at the age of eleven she had a small role in the film "Rollover". In 1984, she appeared in the Deep South drama "The River Rat" opposite Tommy Lee Jones, as his "hoydenish daughter". Her breakthrough performance was as Stef Steinbrenner in the 1985 film "The Goonies". She also appeared that year in the sitcom "Family Ties". This began Plimpton being cast in the role of a rebellious tomboy, beginning with her performance as the Reverend Spellgood (Andre Gregory)'s daughter in the 1986 film "The Mosquito Coast", starring Harrison Ford. The critically praised but commercially unsuccessful 1987 film "Shy People" was followed by a performance in the 1988 ensemble comedy "Stars and Bars". This was released shortly before "Running on Empty", an Oscar-nominated film, for which she was nominated for a Young Artist Award.
In her late teenage years Plimpton was also active in theater, performing in regional theater in Seattle, Washington, where her mother was living at the time. She also began a career making small independent film appearances with supporting roles in big-budget films. She appeared in the 1988 Woody Allen film "Another Woman". She starred as a cancer patient in the German film "Zwei Frauen" (1990) (released in America as "Silence Like Glass"). The film was nominated for a German Film Award as Best Fiction Film. Plimpton shaved her head to play a cancer patient in "Zwei Frauen". She played the independent teenage daughter of Dianne Wiest's character in "Parenthood". "Parenthood" grossed over $126 million and received two Oscar nominations, one of her most successful movie appearances since "The Goonies".
1990s.
Plimpton appeared in the Robert De Niro 1990 film "Stanley & Iris" in a supporting role. She also appeared in the 1991 TV movie "A Woman At War" in the lead role of Helene Moskiewicz. Plimpton played the starring role of "Samantha" in the film "Samantha" (1992). She appeared as an activist in the independent film "Inside Monkey Zetterland" released in 1993. She appeared in the television film "Daybreak" (1993, HBO). She appeared in the Showtime television film "Chantilly Lace". She had a featured role in the film "Josh and S.A.M." (1993) as a runaway who takes care of the two boys. She played the lead in "The Beans of Egypt, Maine", based on the Carolyn Chute novel. Plimpton also appeared as herself in the independent film by Eric Schaeffer "My Life's in Turnaround" (1993), a movie about filmmakers trying to make a movie. She appeared as a close friend of radical feminist Valerie Solanas in the film "I Shot Andy Warhol" (1996).
In 1997, the Showtime Network cast Plimpton as the female lead in a television film, "The Defenders: Payback". Two more episodes ("The Defenders: Choice of Evils" and "The Defenders: Taking the First") were aired in 1998. This show was a retooling of the classic television show by the same name, and the characters were descendants of Lawrence Preston, a role reprised by actor E.G. Marshall. Plimpton played the granddaughter, "M.J. Preston".
 The intent was to spin the program off as a series, but Marshall died in 1998. The decision was made to not continue production due to Marshall's death. Plimpton became involved with the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago, appearing in "Hedda Gabler" (2001) among others. She appeared in the John Waters film "Pecker" in 1998. The film received mixed reviews—for example, the "SF Gate" reviewer wrote that "...Waters' patented brand of off-color fun is watered down", but wrote that Plimpton's work was "solid". The 1999 film "200 Cigarettes" received generally negative reviews, but the AllMovie reviewer wrote of Plimpton: "...woefully underappreciated Martha Plimpton gets laughs as a bundle of neuroses who grows more and more stressed out as people fail to appear for her party..." In 1999, Plimpton had a recurring role in the sixth season of the NBC medical drama "ER" as Meg Corwyn.
2000s.
In 2001, she starred in "The Sleepy Time Gal". In 2002, she appeared in the documentary "Searching for Debra Winger" and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for her guest appearance on the television drama "". Plimpton was the voice of Miss Crumbles in the 2004 animated film "Hair High" by Bill Plympton. In 2004, she guest-starred in an episode of "7th Heaven". She wrote the episode of the show entitled "Red Socks", which aired in 2005. She had a recurring role in the NBC show "Surface" (2005–06). From October 2006 to May 2007, she was in the stage play "The Coast of Utopia", a trilogy of plays by Tom Stoppard at Lincoln Center. She won a Drama Desk Award and was nominated for a Tony award, Featured Actress in a Play. From August to September 2007 Plimpton appeared in "A Midsummer Night's Dream" in the Public Theater Shakespeare in the Park production as "Helena".
She co-founded a production company, "Everything is Horrible", which has produced short films for the Internet. Plimpton received her second nomination for a Tony Award in 2008, Best Performance by a Featured Actress In a Play, for her work in "Top Girls" at the Biltmore Theater. In November 2008, she earned a positive review from Ben Brantley in "The New York Times" for her role as Gladys Bumps in the Roundabout Theatre Company production of "Pal Joey" on Broadway. "...the ever-daring Ms. Plimpton exudes a been-there, frowzy sensuality that summons a host of hard-bitten dames from 1930s movie melodramas. Leading the nightclub act 'That Terrific Rainbow,' she has the period style down pat and a more than passable voice." She received her third consecutive Tony nomination, for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. Plimpton appeared in the 2008 "Entertainment Weekly" photo issue spread as one of "The Hardest Working Actors In Showbiz". Plimpton said in the write-up, "I went to jury duty the other day, and somebody said, 'You always play drug addicts!' I've played a few on TV, and I imagine because the shows get replayed, it seems like more. But yeah, people tend to see me as this pregnant teenage heroin addict."
2010s.
In November 2009, Plimpton signed on for the Fox sitcom "Raising Hope". The show premiered on September 21, 2010, receiving strong reviews for Plimpton and the pilot. "The New York Times" called "Raising Hope" "the most promising of the best new fall shows", and said "Plimpton isn't the only reason "Raising Hope" could be the best new sitcom of the season, but she is the main reason." Plimpton was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her portrayal of Virginia Chance in "Raising Hope". She had a recurring role in the CBS legal drama "The Good Wife" from 2009 to 2013, playing attorney Patti Nyholm, who appeared through four seasons. Her performance earned her a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in 2012. Plimpton sang "God Bless America" during the seventh inning stretch of Game 3 of the 2010 World Series in Texas on Fox, October 30, 2010. On December 15, 2010, Chicago's Steppenwolf Theatre announced that Plimpton would be the guest of honor at their second-annual "Salute to Women in the Arts".
In 2010, she starred in Ed Gass-Donnelly's independent crime thriller "Small Town Murder Songs", and was given a trophy for best actress by the Whistler Film Festival. In 2014, Plimpton returned to Broadway as Julia, the daughter of Glenn Close and John Lithgow in a revival of Edward Albee's "A Delicate Balance". The limited engagement ran 18 weeks at the Golden Theatre. Plimpton starred in "The Real O'Neals", an ABC sitcom that premiered on March 2, 2016. In July 2019, it was revealed that Plimpton had left the Steppenwolf Theater ensemble. In September 2019, it was revealed that Plimpton would voice Yelena in "Frozen II".
Political campaigns.
Plimpton is an abortion rights campaigner who has lobbied Congress on behalf of Planned Parenthood and is on the board of directors of the women's rights organization "A Is For"; according to the organization's website, Plimpton has been politically active in abortion rights since her teenage years and speaks at campuses and rallies. In 2014, Plimpton wrote a lengthy article decrying both U.S. Supreme Court decisions in "Burwell v. Hobby Lobby" and "McCullen v. Coakley" and revealing in part that she herself has had an abortion more than once. She wrote that her purpose was "A) to contribute to the dismantling of an oppressive, artificial and unfair shaming of women who seek abortion care, B) make clear just how normal, common, and healthy a decision it is for the women who make it, and C) to encourage women who are part of this one third to be unashamed and come out of the abortion closet." In September 2017, Plimpton created controversy when she again said she had multiple abortions, and said one she received at Planned Parenthood in Seattle was her "best one." She has also advocated for LGBT rights causes. In a Twitter post, she stated that transgender rights and abortion rights are linked.
Other work.
In 2008, Plimpton performed a duet with singer Lucy Wainwright Roche on Roche's EP "8 More", singing the Bruce Springsteen song "Hungry Heart". The two had performed the song in 2008 at Joe's Pub and later in 2008 at the Zipper Factory. In 2010, she sang another Springsteen song, "Thunder Road", on the public radio program "Studio 360 with Kurt Andersen", accompanied by whistler Eric Gilliland. She has appeared multiple times as a guest on public radio's "The Leonard Lopate Show", and performed in a roast of Lopate celebrating the 25th anniversary of his radio program. Plimpton is on the board of directors of The Players, a New York City social club founded in 1888 by actor Edwin Booth. In 2009, she was profiled by "The New York Times" for their "A Night Out With..." series, in which Plimpton hosted an evening of poker at The Players.
In January 2010, she performed a one-woman show, "Martha Plimpton Sings?" for the Lincoln Center's "American Songbook" program. This show explored her experiences growing up in 1970s New York City. Her performance, well received by critics, included songs "Jolly Coppers on Parade", "Woman Is the Nigger of the World", and The Smiths's "Ask" tied together with humorous monologues. Plimpton also narrates audiobooks, including the novels "Diary" by Chuck Palahniuk and "Mrs. Kimble" by Jennifer Haigh.
Theatre.
Broadway.
Source: PlaybillVault
Steppenwolf Theatre Company.
Sources: Steppenwolf Theatre Company; Film Reference Biography
Off Broadway.
Source: Internet Off-Broadway Database
Seattle Repertory Theatre.
Sources: Steppenwolf Biography


Testicular artery

The testicular artery (the male gonadal artery, also called the internal spermatic arteries in older texts) is a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the testis. It is a paired artery, with one for each of the testes.
It is the male equivalent of the ovarian artery. Because the testis is found in a different location than that of its female equivalent, it has a different course than the ovarian artery.
They are two slender vessels of considerable length, and arise from the front of the aorta a little below the renal arteries.
Each passes obliquely downward and lateralward behind the peritoneum, resting on the Psoas major, the right lying in front of the inferior vena cava and behind the middle colic and ileocolic arteries and the terminal part of the ileum, the left behind the left colic and sigmoid arteries and the iliac colon.
Each crosses obliquely over the ureter and the lower part of the external iliac artery to reach the abdominal inguinal ring, through which it passes, and accompanies the other constituents of the spermatic cord along the inguinal canal to the scrotum, where it becomes tortuous, and divides into several branches.
Two or three of these accompany the ductus deferens, and supply the epididymis, anastomosing with the artery of the ductus deferens; others pierce the back part of the tunica albuginea, and supply the substance of the testis.
The internal spermatic artery supplies one or two small branches to the ureter, and in the inguinal canal gives one or two twigs to the Cremaster.