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Bell's English History Source Books

General Editors: S. E. Winbolt, M.A., and Kenneth Bell, M.A.

CANADA

(1535--PRESENT-DAY)


      *      *      *      *      *      *

BELL'S ENGLISH HISTORY SOURCE BOOKS.


  _Volumes now Ready.    1s. net each._

    =1307-1399. War and Misrule= (special period for the School
    Certificate Examination, July and December, 1913). Edited by A.
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    TOYNE, M.A., Headmaster of St. Peter's School, York, late
    Assistant Master at Haileybury College.

    =1485-1547. The Reformation and the Renaissance.= Edited by F.
    W. BEWSHER, Assistant Master at St. Paul's School.

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    M.A.

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    M.A.

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    =1760-1801. American Independence and the French Revolution.=
    Edited by S. E. WINBOLT, M.A.

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    =1815-1837. Peace and Reform.= Edited by A. C. W. EDWARDS,
    Assistant Master at Christ's Hospital.

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    GRETTON.

    =1535-Present-day. Canada.= Edited by JAMES MUNRO, M.A.,
    Lecturer in Colonial and Indian History in the University of
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    from Roman Britain to 1887, are in active preparation, and will
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LONDON: G. BELL AND SONS, LTD.

      *      *      *      *      *      *


CANADA

(1535--PRESENT-DAY)

by

JAMES MUNRO, M.A.

Lecturer in Colonial and Indian History
in the University of Edinburgh







[Illustration]

London
G. Bell and Sons, Ltd.
1913




INTRODUCTION


This series of English History Source Books is intended for use
with any ordinary textbook of English History. Experience has
conclusively shown that such apparatus is a valuable--nay, an
indispensable--adjunct to the history lesson. It is capable of
two main uses: either by way of lively illustration at the close
of a lesson, or by way of inference-drawing, before the textbook
is read, at the beginning of the lesson. The kind of problems
and exercises that may be based on the documents are legion, and
are admirably illustrated in a _History of England for Schools_,
Part I., by Keatinge and Frazer, pp. 377-381. However, we have no
wish to prescribe for the teacher the manner in which he shall
exercise his craft, but simply to provide him and his pupils with
materials hitherto not readily accessible for school purposes. The
very moderate price of the books in this series should bring them
within the reach of every secondary school. Source books enable
the pupil to take a more active part than hitherto in the history
lesson. Here is the apparatus, the raw material: its use we leave
to teacher and taught.

Our belief is that the books may profitably be used by all grades
of historical students between the standards of fourth-form boys
in secondary schools and undergraduates at Universities. What
differentiates students at one extreme from those at the other is
not so much the kind of subject-matter dealt with, as the amount
they can read into or extract from it.

In regard to choice of subject-matter, while trying to satisfy the
natural demand for certain "stock" documents of vital importance,
we hope to introduce much fresh and novel matter. It is our
intention that the majority of the extracts should be lively in
style--that is, personal, or descriptive, or rhetorical, or even
strongly partisan--and should not so much profess to give the
truth as supply data for inference. We aim at the greatest possible
variety, and lay under contribution letters, biographies, ballads
and poems, diaries, debates, and newspaper accounts. Economics,
London, municipal, and social life generally, and local history,
are represented in these pages.

The order of the extracts is strictly chronological, each being
numbered, titled, and dated, and its authority given. The text
is modernised, where necessary, to the extent of leaving no
difficulties in reading.

We shall be most grateful to teachers and students who may send us
suggestions for improvement.

  S. E. WINBOLT.

  KENNETH BELL.


NOTE TO THIS VOLUME

  For liberty to reproduce the more recent of the extracts here
  quoted, I have to acknowledge the kindness of Miss E. Pauline
  Johnson of Vancouver (No. 52); of Mr. Charles G. D. Roberts (No.
  57); of Mr. F. A. Talbot and Messrs. Seeley, Service & Co., author
  and publishers of _The Making of a Great Canadian Railway_ (No.
  55); and of Messrs. Constable & Co., the publishers of the late
  Lord Wolseley's _Story of a Soldier's Life_ (No. 48). To several
  of the sources quoted I was directed by the volume of selections
  published in 1907 under the title _Canadian Constitutional
  Development_, by Professor H. E. Egerton of Oxford and Professor W.
  L. Grant of Kingston, Ontario, both of whom have also made other
  helpful suggestions, as has Mr. H. P. Biggar, the representative
  of the Canadian Archives Office in this country. Finally, the task
  of finding what one wanted has been very greatly facilitated by
  the sympathetic aid of Mr. P. E. Lewin, who never loses a chance
  of making the superb collection over which he presides in the
  Library of the Royal Colonial Institute useful to anyone who may
  be interested in the Britains overseas.

  J. M.




TABLE OF CONTENTS


        PAGE

  1. A GREAT LAND OF RIVERS AND
       LAKES                          _Speech by Lord Dufferin_        1

  2. JACQUES CARTIER AT HOCHELAGA,
       1535                           _Lescarbot's "History"_          3

  3. THE FRENCH SETTLEMENT AT ST.
       CROIX, 1604                         "          "                5

  4. "THE ANCIENT MARINER," 1631-2    _T. James's "Voyage"_            7

  5. TWO ENGLISH EXPLORERS IN
       HUDSON BAY, 1631               _"The North-west Fox"_           8

  6. THE BIRTHDAY OF MONTREAL,
       1642                           _F. Parkman_                    10

  7. GOVERNOR FRONTENAC LEADS THE
       WAR-DANCE, 1690                     "                          11

  8. MADELAINE DE VERCHÈRES, 1696     _Her Own Narrative_             13

  9. THE FRENCH CANADIANS, 1737
       (in French)                    _Memoir by G. Hocquart_         17

  10. THE "WHITE" MEN OF THE
        PRAIRIES, 1738                _La Vérendrye's "Journal"_      18

  11. THE EXPULSION OF THE ACADIANS,  _Lieut.-Gov. Lawrence's
        1755                             Circular Letter_             21

  12. THE CONQUEST OF CANADA,         _H. Walpole's "Letters"_        23
        1757-60

  13. THE SIEGE OF QUEBEC, 1759       "_Gentleman's Magazine_"        26

  14. WOLFE'S DIFFICULTIES, 1759            "          "              28

  15. THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM, 1759     _Capt. J. Knox's
                                         "Journal"_                   30

  16. THE GOVERNMENT OF QUEBEC        _SHORTT AND DOUGHTY'S
        UNDER THE BRITISH, 1763-74       "Const. Docts."_             33

  17. THE COPPERMINE RIVER, 1771      _S. Hearne's "Journey"_         35

  18. THE QUEBEC ACT, 1774            _Shortt and Doughty's
                                         "Const. Docts."_             37

  19. ONE OF THE LOYALISTS, 1783      _Transactions of U.E.
                                         Loyalists' Association_      38

  20. THE MACKENZIE RIVER, 1789       _Sir A. Mackenzie's
                                         "Voyages"_                   41

  21. THE CONSTITUTIONAL ACT, 1791    _Shortt and Doughty's
                                         "Const. Docts."_             43

  22. TO THE PACIFIC OVERLAND, 1793   _Sir A. Mackenzie's
                                         "Voyages"_                   45

  23. A SERVANT OF THE NORTH-WEST     _MASSON'S "BOURGEOIS DU
        COMPANY, 1800                    Nord-Ouest"_                 48

  24. THE BEAVER, 1807                _G. Heriot's "Travels"_         49

  25. A RAPID ON THE FRASER RIVER,    _Masson's "Bourgeois du
        1808                             Nord-Ouest"_                 52

  26. LAURA SECORD, 1813              _Her Own Narrative_             54

  27. LUNDY'S LANE, 1814              _"The Annual Register"_         55

  28. ATTACK ON LORD SELKIRK'S        _A "STATEMENT" PUBLISHED
        COLONY, 1816                     in 1817_                     57

  29. PROPOSED UNION OF THE CANADAS,  _Canadian Archives Report,
        1822                             1897_                        59

  30. THE FOUNDING OF GUELPH          _THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF
        (ONTARIO), 1827                   John Galt_                  62

  31. SAM SLICK CRITICISES THE        _T. C. HALIBURTON'S "THE
        "BLUENOSES," 1836                Clockmaker"_                 64

  32. A STRUGGLE NOT OF PRINCIPLES    _SIR C. LUCAS'S EDITION OF
        BUT OF RACES, 1838               Lord Durham's Report_        67

  33. THE FRENCH CANADIANS IN 1838    _Sir C. Lucas's edition of
                                         Lord Durham's Report_        69

  34. THE IRRESPONSIBLE OPPOSITION    _SIR C. LUCAS'S EDITION OF
        IN LOWER CANADA, 1838            Lord Durham's Report_        71

  35. DURHAM'S RECOMMENDATIONS        _Sir C. Lucas's edition of
                                         Lord Durham's Report_        73

  36. DURHAM RESIGNS AND APPEALS TO   _1839 EDITION OF THE
        PUBLIC OPINION                   "Report and Despatches"_     75

  37. THE EVILS OF THE OLD COLONIAL   _J. HOWE'S "LETTERS AND
        SYSTEM, 1839                     Public Speeches"_            77

  38. THE BENEFITS OF RESPONSIBLE     _J. HOWE'S "LETTERS AND
        GOVERNMENT                       Public Speeches"_            79

  39. THE UNION ACT, 1840             _Houston's "Documents"_         80

  40. EDMONTON IN 1841                _Sir G. Simpson's "Journey"_    81

  41. THE MOHAWK INDIANS IN ONTARIO,  _J. R. Godley's "Letters
        1842                             from America"_               84

  42. THE POSITION OF THE GOVERNOR,   _Elgin's "Letters and
        1854                             Journals"_                   86

  43-45. THE CONFEDERATION DEBATES,   _Debates in the Parliament
        1865                             of Canada_                   87

  46. THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT,  _Egerton's "Federations
        1867                             and Unions"_                 91

  47. THE WORK OF THE HUDSON BAY
        COMPANY (to 1869)             _Paper by Lord Strathcona_      96

  48. RED RIVER REBELLION, 1870       _Lord Wolseley's "Story
                                         of a Soldier's Life"_        98

  49. ENTERING THE ROCKIES, 1872      _"Ocean to Ocean," by G.
                                         M. Grant_                   100

  50. THE DESTINY OF CANADA (1873)    _"Ocean to Ocean," by G.
                                         M. Grant_                   102

  51. TARIFF REFORM IN CANADA IN      _SPEECH BY SIR J. A.
        1876                             Macdonald_                  104

  52. PRAIRIE GREYHOUNDS (SINCE       _POEM BY E. PAULINE
        1885)                            Johnson_                    105

  53. LAURIER'S TRIBUTE TO            _SPEECH IN CANADIAN
        MACDONALD, 1891                  House of Commons_           106

  54. CANADIAN TROOPS IN THE BOER     _SPEECH IN CANADIAN
        WAR, 1900                        House of Commons_           108

  55. PIONEERS OF THE RAILWAY, 1910   _Talbot's "Making of a
                                         Great Canadian Railway"_    110

  56. CANADIAN NAVAL POLICY, 1912     _"The Times" Supplement_       112

  57. CANADIAN STREAMS                _Poem by C. G. D.
                                         Roberts_                    115

      NOTES ON PERSONS NAMED IN THE EXTRACTS                         117




CANADA

(1535--PRESENT-DAY)




1. A GREAT LAND OF RIVERS AND LAKES.

=Source.=--A Speech delivered by Lord Dufferin at Winnipeg, quoted
in _Round the Empire_, by Mr. G. R. Parkin. London, 1893.


As a poor man cannot live in a big house, so a small country cannot
support a big river.

Now to an Englishman or a Frenchman the Severn or the Thames, the
Seine or the Rhone, would appear considerable streams; but in the
Ottawa, a mere affluent of the St. Lawrence, an affluent, moreover,
which reaches the parent stream six hundred miles from its mouth,
we have a river nearly five hundred and fifty miles long, and three
or four times as big as any of them.

But even after having ascended the St. Lawrence itself to Lake
Ontario, and pursued it across Lake Erie, St. Clair, Lake Huron,
and Lake Superior to Thunder Bay--a distance of fifteen hundred
miles, where are we? In the estimation of a person who has made
the journey, at the end of all things; but to us, who know better,
scarcely at the beginning of the great fluvial systems of the
Dominion; for from that spot, that is to say, from Thunder Bay,
we are able at once to ship our astonished traveller on to the
Kaministiquia, a river of some hundred miles long. Thence, almost
in a straight line, we launch him on to Lake Shebandowan and Rainy
Lake and River--a magnificent stream three hundred yards broad
and a couple of hundred miles long, down whose tranquil bosom he
floats to the Lake of the Woods, where he finds himself on a sheet
of water which, though diminutive as compared with the inland
seas he has left behind him, will probably be found sufficiently
extensive to render him fearfully sea-sick during his passage
across it.

For the last eighty miles of his voyage, however, he will be
consoled by sailing through a succession of land-locked channels,
the beauty of whose scenery, while it resembles, certainly excels,
the far-famed Thousand Islands of the St. Lawrence.

From this lacustrine paradise of sylvan beauty we are able at once
to transfer our friend to the Winnipeg, a river whose existence
in the very heart and centre of the continent is in itself one of
Nature's most delightful miracles--so beautiful and varied are its
rocky banks, its tufted islands; so broad, so deep, so fervid is
the volume of its waters, the extent of their lake-like expansions,
and the tremendous power of their rapids.

At last let us suppose we have landed our traveller at the town
of Winnipeg, the half-way house of the continent, the capital of
the Prairie Province.... Having had so much of water, having now
reached the home of the buffalo, like the extenuated Falstaff he
naturally "babbles of green fields" and careers in imagination
over the green grasses of the prairie. Not at all.... We take him
down to your quay and ask him which he will ascend first--the Red
River or the Assiniboine--two streams, the one five hundred miles
long, the other four hundred and eighty, which so happily mingle
their waters within your city limits. After having given him a
preliminary canter up these respective rivers, we take him off
to Lake Winnipeg, an inland sea 300 miles long and upwards of 60
broad, during the navigation of which, for many a weary hour, he
will find himself out of sight of land, and probably a good deal
more indisposed than ever he was on the Lake of the Woods, or even
the Atlantic.

At the north-west angle of Lake Winnipeg he hits upon the mouth
of the Saskatchewan, the gateway of the North-West, and the
starting-point to another 1500 miles of navigable water flowing
nearly due East and West between its alluvial banks.

Having now reached the foot of the Rocky Mountains, our Ancient
Mariner--for by this time he will be quite entitled to such an
appellation--knowing that water cannot run uphill, feels certain
his aquatic experiences are concluded.

He was never more mistaken. We immediately launch him upon the
Athabasca and Mackenzie Rivers, and start him on a longer trip than
he has yet undertaken--the navigation of the Mackenzie River alone
exceeding 2500 miles. If he survives this last experience we wind
up his peregrinations by a concluding voyage of 1400 miles down the
Fraser River, or, if he prefers it, the Thompson River, to Victoria
in Vancouver, whence, having previously provided him with a first
class return ticket for that purpose, he will probably prefer
getting home _via_ the Canadian Pacific.

Now, in this enumeration, those who are acquainted with the country
are aware that, for the sake of brevity, I have omitted thousands
of miles of other lakes and rivers which water various regions
of the North-West: the Qu'Appelle River, the Belly River, Lake
Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, Shoal Lake, and others, along whose
interminable banks and shores I might have dragged, and finally
exterminated, our way-worn guest.




2. JACQUES CARTIER'S VISIT TO HOCHELAGA IN OCTOBER (1535).

=Source.=--Lescarbot's _History of New France_, edited for the
Champlain Society, by W. L. Grant and H. P. Biggar. Toronto, 1911.


Early next morning the captain donned his armour and ordered his
men to be marshalled in order to visit the town and habitation of
this tribe, and a mountain which lies close to the town, whither
the captain went with the noblemen and twenty mariners, leaving
the rest to guard the boats, and taking three men from the town
of Hochelaga to be his guides and escort to the spot. And when on
the road we found it as well beaten as could be, in a fair country
like a park; with as fine oaks as in any forest in France, and the
whole ground beneath them thick with acorns. When we had gone about
a league and a half, we came upon one of the chiefest lords of the
town of Hochelaga, with a large company, who made sign to us to
rest there beside a fire which they had lighted in the roadway. And
then this chief began to make a sermon and discourse, which, as we
have already said, is their mode of showing joy and friendship,
welcoming the captain and his company; and our captain gave him
two hatchets and two knives, with a cross and a crucifix which he
made him kiss, and then hung it around his neck, whereof the chief
thanked our captain. This done, we went along, and about half a
league further on began to come upon ploughed fields, and fair
large meadows full of their manner of corn, which resembles the
millet of Brazil, as large as a pea or larger, whereon they live
as we do on wheat. And amid these fields is situated and placed
the said town of Hochelaga, stretching up to a mountain which
lies beside it, which is well cultivated and most fertile, and
from whose top one can see to a great distance. This mountain we
called Mount Royal. The town is built in a circle, and surrounded
with a wooden palisade in three tiers, like a pyramid; the top
row is crosswise, the centre row upright, and the bottom row is
laid lengthwise; the whole compactly joined and lashed together
after their manner, rising to about twice the height of a lance.
The town has but one gate or entry, closed with bars; on it and at
several points along the wall are galleries of a kind, with ladders
ascending to them, provided with rocks and stones for its guard
and defence. In the town are about fifty houses, each about fifty
paces long or more, and twelve to fifteen broad, built all of wood,
with roofs and sides made of strips of bark or of wood as broad as
a table, well and cunningly knotted together after their fashion;
within these are several rooms, large and small; in the midst of
each house, on the ground, is a large hall where they light their
fire and live in common, afterwards retiring, the men with their
women and children, to their said chambers. They also have garners
at the top of their houses, where they store their corn, which
they call caraconi, whereof they make their bread in the following
manner. They have wooden mortars, like those for beating hemp, and
in these with wooden beetles they beat the corn to powder, then
make paste of it and cakes of the paste, which they put on a hot
stone and cover with hot pebbles, and thus they bake their bread,
for want of an oven. They also make many stews of this corn, and
also of beans and peas, of which they have good store; also of
large cucumbers and other fruits. They have also in their houses
large vats like tuns, wherein they store their eels and other fish,
which they smoke during the summer and live upon in winter; of
these they gather great plenty, as we by experience have seen. None
of their viands have any touch of salt; and they sleep on strips of
bark laid on the ground, covered with wretched skins, whereof they
also make their garments, such as otters, beavers, martens, foxes,
wild cats, roes, stags and other wild beasts, though indeed the
greater part of them go practically stark naked.




3. THE FRENCH SETTLEMENT IN THE ISLAND OF ST. CROIX (1604).

=Source.=--Grant and Biggar's edition of Lescarbot's _History_.


During the above voyage M. de Monts worked away at his fort, which
he had placed at the foot of the island, opposite the end on which,
as we have said, he had lodged his cannon. This was well thought
on, in order to control the whole river both up stream and down.
But the trouble was that the said fort faced the north, and was
without any shelter, save the trees along the shore of the island,
which in the vicinity of the fort he had forbidden to be cut down.
And outside the said fort was the barracks for the Swiss, large and
spacious, and other small buildings like a suburb. Some had built
log-huts on the mainland near the stream. But inside the fort was
the dwelling of the said M. de Monts, built of fair sawn timber,
with the banner of France overhead. Elsewhere within the fort was
the magazine, wherein lay the safety and the life of each, built
likewise of fair timber, and covered with shingles. And opposite
the magazine were the lodgings and dwellings of MM. d'Orville,
Champlain, Champdoré, and other notable persons. Opposite the
quarters of the said M. de Monts was a covered gallery, to be used
either for sports or by the workmen in wet weather. And the whole
space between the said fort and the battery was taken up with
gardens, at which every man worked lightheartedly. Thus passed
the whole autumn; and it was not bad progress to have built their
houses and cleared the island before winter; while in these parts
pamphlets were being circulated under the name of Master William,
stuffed with all sorts of news, wherein among other things this
prognosticator said that M. de Monts was pulling out thorns in
Canada. And when all is well considered, it may truly be called
pulling out thorns to take in hand such enterprises, full of
toils and of continual danger, care, vexation and discomfort.
But virtue and the courage which overcomes all such obstacles
make these thorns to be but gilly-flowers and roses to those who
set themselves to these heroic deeds in order to win glory in
the memory of men, closing their eyes to the pleasures of those
weaklings who are good for nothing but to stay at home.

Having done the things of greatest urgency, and grey-bearded father
Winter being come, they needs must keep indoors, and live every man
under his own roof-tree. During this time our friends had three
special discomforts in this island, to wit, want of wood (for that
on the said island had been used for the buildings), want of fresh
water, and the night watch for fear of a surprise from the Indians
who were encamped at the foot of the said island, or from some
other enemy; for such is the evil disposition and fury of many
Christians, that one must be more on one's guard against them than
against the infidel. This it grieveth me to say; would indeed that
I were a liar herein, and that I had no cause to speak it. Thus
when water or wood was required they were constrained to cross the
river, which on either side is more than three times as broad as
the Seine at Paris. This was both painful and tedious; so that very
often one had to bespeak the boat a day in advance before being
able to get the use of it. On top of this came cold and snow and
frost so hard that the cider froze in the casks, and each man was
given his portion by weight. As for wine, it was only given out
on certain days of the week. Some lazy fellows drank melted snow
without troubling to cross the river. In short, unknown diseases
broke out, like those which Captain Jacques Cartier has already
described for us, of which for fear of vain repetition I shall
therefore not give an account. No remedy could be found.




4. THE ANCIENT MARINER (1631).

=Source.=--_The Strange and Dangerous Voyage of Captain Thomas
James to Hudson Bay, 1631-2_: which is believed to be the source
of much of Coleridge's _Ancient Mariner_. Reprinted by the Hakluyt
Society, 1894.

[Nov.] I lay ashore till the 17, all which time our miseries did
increase. It did snow and freeze most extremely. At which time, we
looking from the shore towards the ship, she did look like a piece
of ice in the fashion of a ship, or a ship resembling a piece of
ice. The snow was all frozen about her....

The three-and-twentieth, the ice did increase extraordinarily, and
the snow lay on the water in flakes as it did fall; much ice withal
drove by us, yet nothing hard all this while. In the evening, after
the watch was set, a great piece came athwart our hawse, and four
more followed after him, the least of them a quarter of a mile
broad; which, in the dark, did very much astonish us, thinking it
would have carried us out of the harbour upon the shoals Easter
Point, which was full of rocks. It was newly congealed, a matter of
two inches thick, and we broke thorough it, the cable and anchor
enduring an incredible stress, sometimes stopping the whole ice....

[May.] The second, it did snow and blow, and was so cold that we
were fain to keep house all day. This unexpected cold at this time
of the year did so vex our sick men that they grew worse and worse.
We cannot now take them out of their beds but they would swound,
and we had much ado to fetch life in them.

The third, those that were able went aboard betimes to heave out
the ice. The snow was now melted in many places upon the land, and
stood in plashes. And now there came some cranes and geese to it.

The fourth, while the rest wrought aboard, I and the surgeon went
with a couple of pieces to see if we could kill any of these fowl
for our sick men; but never did I see such wild-fowl: they would
not endure to see anything move....

[July.]... We were continually till the 22 so pestered and
tormented with ice that it would seem incredible to relate it.
Sometimes we were so blinded with fog that we could not see about
us; and, being now become wilful in our endeavours, we should so
strike against the ice that the forepart of the ship would crack
again, and make our cook and others to run up all amazed and think
the ship had been beaten all to pieces. Indeed we did hourly strike
such unavoidable blows that we did leave the hatches open; and, 20
times in a day, the men would run down into the hold to see if she
were bulged.

Sometimes, when we had made her fast in the night to a great piece
of ice, we should have such violent storms that our fastening would
break, and then the storm would beat us from piece to piece most
fearfully; other-while, we should be fast enclosed amongst great
ice as high as our poop.




5. TWO ENGLISH EXPLORERS MEET IN HUDSON BAY (1631).

=Source.=--_The North-West Fox_, Captain Luke Fox's account of his
voyage. Reprinted by the Hakluyt Society, 1894.


[30 Aug.] I was well entertained and feasted by Captain James with
variety of such cheer as his sea provisions could afford, with
some partridges; we dined betwixt decks, for the great cabin was
not big enough to receive ourselves and followers; during which
time the ship... threw in so much water as we could not have
wanted sauce if