



Produced by Julia Miller, Joseph Cooper and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net









[Illustration: AFRICAN ELEPHANT]




       DOMESTICATED ANIMALS

  THEIR RELATION TO MAN AND TO HIS
    ADVANCEMENT IN CIVILIZATION


               BY


    NATHANIEL SOUTHGATE SHALER

DEAN OF THE LAWRENCE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF
         HARVARD UNIVERSITY


          _ILLUSTRATED_


            NEW YORK
      CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
             1908


        COPYRIGHT, 1895, BY
      CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS




CONTENTS


                                                                    PAGE
INTRODUCTION,                                                          1


THE DOG

Ancestry of the Domesticated Dogs.--Early Uses of the Animal:
Variations induced by Civilization.--Shepherd-dogs: their
Peculiarities; other Breeds.--Possible Intellectual
Advances.--Evils of Specialized Breeding.--Likeness of Emotions
of Dogs to those of Man: Comparison with other Domesticated
Animals.--Modes of Expression of Emotions in Dogs.--Future
Development of this Species.--Comparison of Dogs and Cats as
regards Intelligence and Position in Relation to Man,                 11


THE HORSE

Value of the Strength of the Horse to Man.--Origin of the
Horse.--Peculiar Advantage of the Solid Hoof.--Domestication
of the Horse.--How begun.--Use as a Pack Animal.--For
War.--Peculiar Advantages of the Animal for Use of Men.--Mental
Peculiarities.--Variability of Body.--Spontaneous Variations
due to Climate.--Variations of Breeds.--Effect of the Invention
of Horseshoes.--Donkeys and Mules compared with Horse.--Especial
Value of these Animals.--Diminishing Value of Horses in Modern
Civilization.--Continued Need of their Service in War,                57


THE FLOCKS AND HERDS: BEASTS FOR BURDEN,
FOOD, AND RAIMENT

Effect of this Group of Animals on Man.--First Subjugations.--Basis
of Domesticability.--Horned Cattle.--Wool-bearing Animals.--Sheep
and Goats.--Camels: their Limitation.--Elephants: Ancient History;
Distribution; Intelligence; Use in the Arts; Need of True
Domestication.--Pigs: their Peculiar Economic Value; Modern
Varieties; Mental Qualities.--Relation of the Development of
Domesticable Animals to the Time of Man's Appearance on the Earth,   103


DOMESTICATED BIRDS

Domestication of Animals mainly accomplished by the Aryan Race;
Small Amount of Such Work by American Indians.--Barnyard Fowl:
Mental Qualities; Habits of Combat.--Peacocks: their Limited
Domestication.--Turkeys: their Origin; tending to revert to the
Savage State.--Water Fowl: Limited Number of Species domesticated;
Intellectual Qualities of this Group.--The Pigeon: Origin and
History of Group; Marvels of Breeding.--Song Birds.--Hawks and
Hawking.--Sympathetic Motive of Birds: their AEsthetic Sense;
their Capacity for Enjoyment,                                        152


USEFUL INSECTS

Relations of Men to Insect World.--But Few Species Useful to
Man.--Little Trace of Domestication.--Honey-bees: their Origin;
Reasons for no Selective Work; Habits of the Species.--Silkworms:
Singular Importance to Man.--Intelligence of Species.--Cochineal
Insect.--Spanish Flies.--Future of Man relative to Useful Insects,   190


THE RIGHTS OF ANIMALS

Recent Understanding as to the Rights of Animals; Nature of these
Rights; their Origin in Sympathy.--Early State of Sympathetic
Emotions.--Place of Statutes concerning Animal Rights.--Present
and Future of Animal Rights.--Question of Vivisection.--Rights of
Domesticated Animals to Proper Care; to Enjoyment.--Ends of the
Breeder's Art.--Moral Position of the Hunter.--Probable
Development of the Protecting Motive as applied to Animals,          204


THE PROBLEM OF DOMESTICATION

The Conditions of Domestication; Effects on Society; Share of the
Races of Men in the Work.--Evils of Non-Intercourse with
Domesticated Animals as in Cities; Remedies.--Scientific Position
of Domestication; Future of the Art.--List of Species which may
Advantageously be Domesticated.--Peculiar Value of the Birds and
Mammals.--Importance of Groups which tenant High Latitudes.--Plan
for Wilderness Reservations; Relation to National Parks.--Project
for International System of Reservations.--Nature of Organic
Provinces; Harm done to them by Civilized Men.--Way in which
Reservations would Serve to Maintain Types of the Life of
the Earth; how they may be Founded.--Summary and Conclusions,        218




LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS


                                                                    PAGE
FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS

AFRICAN ELEPHANT,                                          _Frontispiece_

SHEEP-DOGS GUARDING A FLOCK AT NIGHT,                                 10

HOUNDS RUNNING A WILD BOAR,                                           53

ON ROTTEN ROW, HYDE PARK, LONDON,                                     63

CAVALRY HORSE,                                                        71

A HURDLE JUMPER,                                                      79

ENGLISH POLO PONIES,                                                  89

WINNOWING GRAIN IN EGYPT,                                            111

THE HALT IN THE DESERT AT NIGHT--THE STORY TELLER,                   121

CARRYING THE SUGAR CANE IN HARVEST--EGYPT,                           125

FEEDING SILKWORMS WITH MULBERRY LEAVES IN JAPAN,                     193

THE FARMER'S APIARY,                                                 199


ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT

GREYHOUND AFTER "THE KILL,"                                           13

ST. BERNARD,                                                          15

SPANIEL RETRIEVING WILD DUCK,                                         17

BULL-DOG,                                                             22

FOX-HOUND AND PUPS,                                                   25

POINTER RETRIEVING A FALLEN BIRD,                                     26

POINTER AND SETTER, FLUSHING GAME,                                    27

DUTCH DOGS USED IN HARNESS,                                           30

KING CHARLES SPANIEL,                                                 33

THE POUNCE OF A TERRIER,                                              35

POMERANIAN OR "SPITZ,"                                                38

POODLES,                                                              39

COLLIE,                                                               41

A HUNTER,                                                             60

HORSE OF A BULGARIAN MARAUDER,                                        67

MARE AND FOAL,                                                        68

PLOUGH HORSES, FRANCE,                                                73

BELGIAN FISHERMAN'S HORSE,                                            76

HORSES FOR TOWING ON THE BEACH IN HOLLAND,                            78

EXERCISING THE THOROUGHBREDS,                                         84

AN ARABIAN HORSE,                                                     85

ARABIAN SPORTS,                                                       86

SYRIAN HORSE,                                                         92

IN THE CIRCUS,                                                        96

DOMESTICATED BUFFALOES IN EGYPT,                                     104

CATTLE OF INDIA,                                                     105

INDIAN B