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  Story of the Nations

      A Series of Historical Studies intended to present
      in graphic narratives the stories of the different
      nations that have attained prominence in history.

  In the story form the current of each national life is distinctly
  indicated, and its picturesque and noteworthy periods and episodes
  are presented for the reader in their philosophical relations to
  each other as well as to universal history.

  12º, Illustrated, cloth, each net $1.50

  FOR FULL LIST SEE END OF THIS VOLUME.




  [Illustration: CAPE HORN.
  _Frontispiece_ [From a steel engraving.]]




  THE STORY OF THE NATIONS


  THE SOUTH AMERICAN
  REPUBLICS


  BY

  THOMAS C. DAWSON
  Secretary of the United States Legation to Brazil


  IN TWO PARTS

  _PART I_

  ARGENTINA, PARAGUAY, URUGUAY, BRAZIL


  G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
  NEW YORK AND LONDON
  The Knickerbocker Press




  COPYRIGHT 1903
  BY
  THOMAS C. DAWSON

  Eighth Printing


  The Knickerbocker Press, New York




  TO MY WIFE

  I DEDICATE THIS STUDY OF THE HISTORY
  OF HER NATIVE CONTINENT




PREFACE


The question most frequently asked me since I began my stay in South
America has been: "Why do they have so many revolutions there?" Possibly
the events recounted in the following pages may help the reader to
answer this for himself. I hope that he will share my conviction that
militarism has already definitely disappeared from more than half the
continent and is slowly becoming less powerful in the remainder.
Constitutional traditions, inherited from Spain and Portugal, implanted
a tendency toward disintegration; Spanish and Portuguese tyranny bred
in the people a distrust of all rulers and governments; the war of
independence brought to the front military adventurers; civil disorders
were inevitable, and the search for forms of government that should be
final and stable has been very painful. On the other hand, the generous
impulse that prompted the movement toward independence has grown into an
earnest desire for ordered liberty, which is steadily spreading among
all classes. Civic capacity is increasing among the body of South
Americans and immigration is raising the industrial level. They are
slowly evolving among themselves the best form of government for their
special needs and conditions, and a citizen of the United States must
rejoice to see that that form is and will surely remain republican.

It is hard to secure from the tangle of events called South American
history a clearly defined picture. At the risk of repetition I have
tried to tell separately the story of each country, because each has its
special history and its peculiar characteristics. All of these states
have, however, had much in common and it is only in the case of the
larger nations that social and political conditions have been described
in detail. A study of either Argentina, Brazil, Chile, or Venezuela
is likely to throw most light on the political development of the
continent, while Peru, Bolivia, and Colombia are more interesting to the
seeker for local colour and the lover of the dramatic.

The South American histories so far written treat of special periods,
and few authorities exist for post-revolution times. Personal
observations through a residence of six years in South America;
conversations with public men, scholars, merchants, and proprietors;
newspapers and reviews, political pamphlets, books of travel, and
official publications, have furnished me with most of my material for
the period since 1825. The following books have been of use in the
preparation of the first volume, and are recommended to those who care
to follow up the subject:

ARGENTINA: Mitre's _Historia de Belgrano and Historia de San Martin_,
in Spanish; Torrente's _Revolucion Hispano-Americano_, in Spanish;
Lozano's _Conquista del Paraguay, La Plata y Tucuman_, in Spanish;
Funes's _Historia de Buenos Aires y Tucuman_, in Spanish; Lopez's
_Manuel de Historia Argentina_, in Spanish; Page's _La Plata_, in
English; Graham's _A Vanished Arcadia_, in English.

PARAGUAY: All of the above and Thompson's _Paraguayan War_, in English;
Washburn's _History of Paraguay_, in English; Fix's _Guerra de
Paraguay_, in Portuguese.

URUGUAY: Bauza's _Dominacion Espanola_, in Spanish; Berra's _Bosquejo
Historico_, in Spanish; Saint-Foix's _L'Uruguay_, in French.

BRAZIL: Southey's _History of the Brazil_, in English; Varnhagem's
_Historia do Brasil_, in Portuguese; Pereira da Silva's _Fundacao do
Imperio, Segundo Periodo, Historia do Brasil, e Historia do Meu Tempo_,
in Portuguese; Nabuco's _Estadista do Imperio_, in Portuguese; Rio
Branco's sketch in _Le Bresil en 1889_, in French; Oliveira Lima's
_Pernambuco_, in Portuguese.

All of the above books may be found in the Columbian Memorial Library of
the Bureau of American Republics at Washington, which, taken as a whole,
is one of the best collections on South America in existence.

                                                              T. C. D.

WASHINGTON, January 22, 1903.




CONTENTS


  CHAPTER                                                         PAGE

  INTRODUCTORY: THE DISCOVERIES AND THE CONQUEST                     3

  _ARGENTINA_
      I. THE ARGENTINE LAND                                         37
     II. THE SPANISH COLONIAL SYSTEM                                47
    III. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY                                    58
     IV. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY                                     70
      V. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE REVOLUTION                           80
     VI. COMPLETION OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE                      97
    VII. THE ERA OF CIVIL WARS                                     115
   VIII. CONSOLIDATION                                             130
     IX. THE MODERN ARGENTINE                                      141

  _PARAGUAY_
      I. PARAGUAY UNTIL 1632                                       165
     II. THE JESUIT REPUBLIC AND COLONIAL PARAGUAY                 177
    III. FRANCIA'S REIGN                                           188
     IV. THE REIGN OF THE ELDER LOPEZ                              198
      V. THE WAR                                                   206
     VI. PARAGUAY SINCE 1870                                       220

  _URUGUAY_
      I. INTRODUCTION                                              227
     II. PORTUGUESE AGGRESSIONS AND THE SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTRY  239
    III. THE REVOLUTION                                            247
     IV. INDEPENDENCE AND CIVIL WAR                                259
      V. CIVIL WAR AND ARGENTINE INTERVENTION                      265
     VI. COLORADOS AND BLANCOS                                     272

  _BRAZIL_
      I. PORTUGAL                                                  287
     II. DISCOVERY                                                 295
    III. DESCRIPTION                                               305
     IV. EARLY COLONISATION                                        316
      V. THE JESUITS                                               326
     VI. FRENCH OCCUPATION OF RIO                                  333
    VII. EXPANSION                                                 342
   VIII. THE DUTCH CONQUEST                                        350
     IX. EXPULSION OF THE DUTCH                                    361
      X. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY                                   371
     XI. GOLD DISCOVERIES--REVOLTS--FRENCH ATTACKS                 378
    XII. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY                                    386
   XIII. THE PORTUGUESE COURT IN RIO                               401
    XIV. INDEPENDENCE                                              411
     XV. REIGN OF PEDRO I.                                         421
    XVI. THE REGENCY                                               436
   XVII. PEDRO II.                                                 449
  XVIII. EVENTS OF 1849 TO 1864                                    458
    XIX. THE PARAGUAYAN WAR                                        468
     XX. REPUBLICANISM AND EMANCIPATION                            478
    XXI. THE REVOLUTION--THE DICTATORSHIP--THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
              THE REPUBLIC                                         492

  INDEX                                                            513




ILLUSTRATIONS


                                                                  PAGE

  CAPE HORN                                             _Frontispiece_
    _From a steel engraving._

  FERDINAND, KING OF SPAIN                                           6
    _Redrawn from an old print._

  FRANCISCO PIZARRO                                                  9
    _From Montain's "America."_

  THE AUTHENTIC PORTRAIT OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS                    11

  MINING SCENE                                                      16
    _Redrawn from Gottfriedt's "Neue Welt."_

  A YOUNG GAUCHO                                                    28
    _From a lithograph._

  FOREST SCENE IN ARGENTINA                                         39
    _From a steel print._

  DOCKS AT BUENOS AIRES                                             44

  AN OLD SPANISH CORNER IN BUENOS AIRES                             76

  MANUEL BELGRANO                                                   95
    _From an oil painting._

  GENERAL SAN MARTIN                                                99
    _From a steel engraving._

  PLAZA DE MAYO AND CATHEDRAL AT BUENOS AIRES                      113
    _From a lithograph._

  BUENOS AIRES IN 1845                                             127
    _From a steel engraving._

  BARTOLOME MITRE                                                  139
    _From a steel engraving._

  JULIO ROCA                                                       145

  GATEWAY OF THE CEMETERY AT BUENOS AIRES                          151
    _From a lithograph._

  A RIVER ROAD IN ARGENTINA                                        159
    _From a lithograph._

  ASUNCION                                                         167

  GUAYRA FALLS                                                     179

  JOSE RODRIGUEZ GASPAR FRANCIA                                    193
    _From an old woodcut._

  FRANCISCO SOLANO LOPEZ                                           211
    _From a photograph taken in 1849._

  PALM GROVES IN EL CHACO                                          217

  HARBOUR AT MONTEVIDEO                                            231

  MONTEVIDEO                                                       243
    _From an old print._

  BRIDGE AT MALDONADO                                              249

  GENERAL DON JOSE GERVASIO ARTIGAS                                257
    _From an old woodcut._

  THE SOLIS THEATRE                                                275

  THE CATHEDRAL, MONTEVIDEO                                        283

  OLD TOWER AT LISBON WHENCE THE FLEET SAILED                      296

  A TUPI VILLAGE                                                   299

  A GARDEN IN PETROPOLIS                                           307

  BAHIA                                                            324

  PADRE JOSE DE ANCHIETA                                           330
    _From an old-woodcut._

  PLANTERS GOING TO CHURCH                                         337
    _From an old print._

  A CADEIRA                                                        340

  OLD FORT AT BAHIA                                                353

  RIO GRANDE DO SUL                                                387

  OLD RANCH IN RIO GRANDE                                          390

  WASHING DIAMONDS                                                 391

  BOATS ON THE RIO GRANDE                                          395
    _From a steel print._

  DOM JOHN VI.                                                     403
    _From an old woodcut._

  DOM PEDRO I.                                                     414
    _From an old woodcut._

  DOM JOSE BONIFACIO DE ANDRADA                                    418
    _From a steel print._

  EVARISTO FERREIRA DA VEIGA                                       431
    _From a steel engraving._

  DONNA JANUARIA                                                   445
    _From a steel engraving._

  DOM PEDRO II.                                                    447
    _From a steel engraving._

