



Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net







Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally
      printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an
      underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective
      paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not
      inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek
      letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

    ARTICLE KIU-KIANG FU: "Unfortunately, however, it stands above
      instead of below the outlet of the Po-yang lake, and this has
      proved to be a decided drawback to its success as a commercial
      port." ''commercial'' amended from ''commerical''.

    ARTICLE KLONDIKE: "Gold is practically the only economic product of
      the Klondike, though small amounts of tin ore occur, and lignite
      coal has been mined lower down on the Yukon." ''practically''
      amended from ''practially''.

    ARTICLE KNARESBOROUGH: "In 1317 John de Lilleburn, who was holding
      the castle of Knaresborough for Thomas duke of Lancaster against
      the king, surrendered under conditions to William de Ros of Hamelak
     ..." ''Knaresborough'' amended from ''Knaresburgh''.

    ARTICLE KNUTSFORD: "... on the Cheshire Lines and London &
      North-Western railway. Pop. of urban district (1901), 5172."
      ''Cheshire'' amended from ''Chesire''.

    ARTICLE KOREA: "Buddhism, a forceful civilizing element, reached
      Hiaksai in A.D. 384, and from it the sutras and images of northern
      Buddhism were carried to Japan, as well as Chinese letters and
      ethics." ''Buddhism'' amended from ''Buddism''.

    ARTICLE KUEN-LUN: "... have the appearance of comparatively gentle
      swellings of the earth's surface rather than of well-defined
      mountain ranges." ''surface'' amended from ''service''.

    ARTICLE KURDISTAN: "... like another Saladin, the bey ruled in
      patriarchal state, surrounded by an hereditary nobility, regarded
      by his clansmen with reverence and affection, and attended by a
      bodyguard of young Kurdish warriors..." ''patriarchal'' amended
      from ''partriarchal''..




          ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

  A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE
           AND GENERAL INFORMATION

              ELEVENTH EDITION


            VOLUME XV, SLICE VIII

           Kite-Flying to Kyshtym




ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:


  KITE-FLYING                      KOSTER, LAURENS
  KIT-FOX                          KOSTROMA (government of Russia)
  KITTO, JOHN                      KOSTROMA (town of Russia)
  KITTUR                           KOSZEG
  KITZINGEN                        KOTAH
  KIU-KIANG FU                     KOTAS
  KIUSTENDIL                       KOTKA
  KIVU                             KOTRI
  KIWI                             KOTZEBUE, AUGUST FRIEDRICH VON
  KIZILBASHES                      KOTZEBUE, OTTO VON
  KIZIL IRMAK                      KOUMISS
  KIZLYAR                          KOUMOUNDOUROS, ALEXANDROS
  KIZYL-KUM                        KOUSSO
  KJERULF, HALFDAN                 KOVALEVSKY, SOPHIE
  KJERULF, THEODOR                 KOVNO (government of Russia)
  KLADNO                           KOVNO (town of Russia)
  KLAFSKY, KATHARINA               KOVROV
  KLAGENFURT                       KOWTOW
  KLAJ, JOHANN                     KOZLOV
  KLAMATH                          KRAAL
  KLAPKA, GEORG                    KRAFFT, ADAM
  KLAPROTH, HEINRICH JULIUS        KRAGUYEVATS
  KLAPROTH, MARTIN HEINRICH        KRAKATOA
  KLEBER, JEAN BAPTISTE            KRAKEN
  KLEIN, JULIUS LEOPOLD            KRALYEVO
  KLEIST, BERND HEINRICH VON       KRANTZ, ALBERT
  KLEIST, EWALD CHRISTIAN VON      KRASNOVODSK
  KLERKSDORP                       KRASNOYARSK
  KLESL, MELCHIOR                  KRASZEWSKI, JOSEPH IGNATIUS
  KLINGER, FRIEDRICH VON           KRAUSE, KARL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH
  KLINGER, MAX                     KRAWANG
  KLIPSPRINGER                     KRAY VON KRAJOVA, PAUL
  KLONDIKE                         KREMENCHUG
  KLOPP, ONNO                      KREMENETS
  KLOPSTOCK, GOTTLIEB FRIEDRICH    KREMS
  KLOSTERNEUBURG                   KREMSIER
  KLOTZ, REINHOLD                  KREUTZER, KONRADIN
  KNARESBOROUGH                    KREUTZER, RUDOLPH
  KNAVE                            KREUZBURG
  KNEBEL, KARL LUDWIG VON          KREUZNACH
  KNEE                             KRIEGSPIEL
  KNELLER, SIR GODFREY             KRIEMHILD
  KNICKERBOCKER, HARMEN JANSEN     KRILOFF, IVAN ANDREEVICH
  KNIFE                            KRISHNA
  KNIGGE, ADOLF FRANZ FRIEDRICH    KRISHNAGAR
  KNIGHT, CHARLES                  KRISTIANSTAD
  KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY           KRIVOY ROG
  KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON              KROCHMAL, NAHMAN
  KNIGHTHOOD and CHIVALRY          KRONENBERG
  KNIGHT-SERVICE                   KRONSTADT
  KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN CIRCLE     KROONSTAD
  KNIPPERDOLLINCK, BERNT           KROPOTKIN, PETER ALEXEIVICH
  KNITTING                         KROTOSCHIN
  KNOBKERRIE                       KRUDENER, BARBARA JULIANA
  KNOLLES, RICHARD                 KRUG, WILHELM TRAUGOTT
  KNOLLES, SIR ROBERT              KRUGER, STEPHANUS JOHANNES PAULUS
  KNOLLYS                          KRUGERSDORP
  KNOT (bird)                      KRUMAU
  KNOT (loop of rope)              KRUMBACHER, CARL
  KNOUT                            KRUMEN
  KNOWLES, SIR JAMES               KRUMMACHER, FRIEDRICH ADOLF
  KNOWLES, JAMES SHERIDAN          KRUPP, ALFRED
  KNOW NOTHING PARTY               KRUSENSTERN, ADAM IVAN
  KNOX, HENRY                      KRUSHEVATS
  KNOX, JOHN                       KSHATTRIYA
  KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE            KUBAN (river of Russia)
  KNOXVILLE                        KUBAN (province of Russia)
  KNUCKLE                          KUBELIK, JAN
  KNUCKLEBONES                     KUBERA
  KNUTSFORD                        KUBLAI KHAN
  KOALA                            KUBUS
  KOBDO                            KUCHAN
  KOBELL, WOLFGANG XAVER FRANZ     KUCH BEHAR
  KOCH, ROBERT                     KUDU
  KOCH (tribe)                     KUENEN, ABRAHAM
  KOCK, CHARLES PAUL DE            KUEN-LUN
  KODAIKANAL                       KUFA
  KODAMA, GENTARO                  KUHN, FRANZ FELIX ADALBERT
  KODUNGALUR                       KUHNE, WILLY
  KOENIG, KARL DIETRICH EBERHARD   KUKA
  KOESFELD                         KU KLUX KLAN
  KOHAT                            KUKU KHOTO
  KOHAT PASS                       KULJA
  KOHISTAN                         KULM
  KOHL                             KULMBACH
  KOHLHASE, HANS                   KULMSEE
  KOKOMO                           KULP
  KOKO-NOR                         KULU
  KOKSHAROV, NIKOLAI VON           KUM
  KOKSTAD                          KUMAIT IBN ZAID
  KOLA                             KUMAON
  KOLABA                           KUMASI
  KOLAR                            KUMISHAH
  KOLBE, ADOLPHE WILHELM HERMANN   KUMQUAT
  KOLBERG                          KUMTA
  KOLCSEY, FERENCZ                 KUMYKS
  KOLDING                          KUNAR
  KOLGUEV                          KUNBIS
  KOLHAPUR                         KUNDT, AUGUST ADOLPH EDUARD EBERHARD
  KOLIN                            KUNDUZ
  KOLIS                            KUNENE
  KOLLIKER, RUDOLPH ALBERT VON     KUNERSDORF
  KOLLONTAJ, HUGO                  KUNGRAD
  KOLOMEA                          KUNGUR
  KOLOMNA                          KUNKEL VON LOWENSTJERN, JOHANN
  KOLOZSVAR                        KUNLONG
  KOLPINO                          KUNZITE
  KOLS                             KUOPIO (province of Finland)
  KOLYVAN                          KUOPIO (city of Finland)
  KOMAROM                          KUPRILI
  KOMATI                           KURAKIN, BORIS IVANOVICH
  KOMOTAU                          KURBASH
  KOMURA, JUTARO                   KURDISTAN (country)
  KONARAK                          KURDISTAN (province of Persia)
  KONG                             KURGAN
  KONGSBERG                        KURIA MURIA ISLANDS
  KONIA                            KURILES
  KONIECPOLSKI, STANISLAUS         KURISCHES HAFF
  KONIG, KARL RUDOLPH              KURNOOL
  KONIGGRATZ                       KUROKI, ITEI
  KONIGINHOF                       KUROPATKIN, ALEXEI NIKOLAIEVICH
  KONIGSBERG                       KURO SIWO
  KONIGSBORN                       KURRAM
  KONIGSHUTTE                      KURSEONG
  KONIGSLUTTER                     KURSK (government of Russia)
  KONIGSMARK, MARIA AURORA         KURSK (town of Russia)
  KONIGSMARK, PHILIPP CHRISTOPH    KURTZ, JOHANN HEINRICH
  KONIGSSEE                        KURUMAN
  KONIGSTEIN                       KURUMBAS and KURUBAS
  KONIGSWINTER                     KURUNEGALA
  KONINCK, LAURENT GUILLAUME DE    KURUNTWAD
  KONINCK, PHILIP DE               KURZ, HERMANN
  KONITZ                           KUSAN
  KONKAN                           KUSHALGARH
  KONTAGORA                        KUSHK
  KOORINGA                         KUSTANAISK
  KOPENICK                         KUSTENLAND
  KOPISCH, AUGUST                  KUTAIAH
  KOPP, HERMANN FRANZ MORITZ       KUTAIS (government of Russia)
  KOPRULU                          KUTAIS (town of Russia)
  KORA                             KUT-EL-AMARA
  KORAN                            KUTENAI
  KORAT                            KUTTALAM
  KORDOFAN                         KUTTENBERG
  KOREA (country)                  KUTUSOV, MIKHAIL LARIONOVICH
  KOREA (Indian tributary state)   KUWET
  KORESHAN ECCLESIA, THE           KUZNETSK
  KORIN, OGATA                     KVASS
  KORKUS                           KWAKIUTL
  KORMOCZBANYA                     KWANGCHOW BAY
  KORNER, KARL THEODOR             KWANG-SI
  KORNEUBURG                       KWANG-TUNG
  KOROCHA                          KWANZA
  KORSOR                           KWEI-CHOW
  KORTCHA                          KYAUKPYU
  KORYAKS                          KYAUKSE
  KOSCIUSCO                        KYD, THOMAS
  KOSCIUSZKO, TADEUSZ BONAWENTURA  KYFFHAUSER
  KOSEN                            KYNASTON, EDWARD
  KOSHER                           KYNETON
  KOSLIN                           KYOSAI, SHO-FU
  KOSSOVO                          KYRIE
  KOSSUTH, FERENCZ LAJOS AKOS      KYRLE, JOHN
  KOSSUTH, LAJOS                   KYSHTYM




KITE-FLYING, the art of sending up into the air, by means of the wind,
light frames of varying shapes covered with paper or cloth (called
kites, after the bird--in German _Drache_, dragon), which are attached
to long cords or wires held in the hand or wound on a drum. When made in
the common diamond form, or triangular with a semicircular head, kites
usually have a pendulous tail appended for balancing purposes. The
tradition is that kites were invented by Archytas of Tarentum four
centuries before the Christian era, but they have been in use among
Asiatic peoples and savage tribes like the Maoris of New Zealand from
time immemorial. Kite-flying has always been a national pastime of the
Koreans, Chinese, Japanese, Tonkinese, Annamese, Malays and East
Indians. It is less popular among the peoples of Europe. The origin of
the sport, although obscure, is usually ascribed to religion. With the
Maoris it still retains a distinctly religious character, and the ascent
of the kite is accompanied by a chant called the kite-song. The Koreans
attribute its origin to a general, who, hundreds of years ago,
inspirited his troops by sending up a kite with a lantern attached,
which was mistaken by his army for a new star and a token of divine
succour. Another Korean general is said to have been the first to put
the kite to mechanical uses by employing one to span a stream with a
cord, which was then fastened to a cable and formed the nucleus of a
bridge. In Korea, Japan and China, and indeed throughout Eastern Asia,
even the tradespeople may be seen indulging in kite-flying while waiting
for customers. Chinese and Japanese kites are of many shapes, such as
birds, dragons, beasts and fishes. They vary in size, but are often as
much as 7 ft. in height or breadth, and are constructed of bamboo strips
covered with rice paper or very thin silk. In China the ninth day of the
ninth month is "Kites' Day," when men and boys of all classes betake
themselves to neighbouring eminences and fly their kites. Kite-fighting
is a feature of the pastime in Eastern Asia. The cord near the kite is
usually stiffened with a mixture of glue and crushed glass or porcelain.
The kite-flyer manoeuvres to get his kite to windward of that of his
adversary, then allows his cord to drift against his enemy's, and by a
sudden jerk to cut it through and bring its kite to grief. The Malays
possess a large variety of kites, mostly without tails. The Sultan of
Johor sent to the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893 a collection
of fifteen different kinds. Asiatic musical kites bear one or more
perforated reeds or bamboos which emit a plaintive sound that can be
heard for great distances. The ignorant, believing that these kites
f