IV (OF 6)***


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Transcriber's note:

      1. Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).

      2. A carat character is used to denote superscription. A
         single character following the carat is superscripted
         (example: 1^2).

      3. Mixed fractions in this text version are indicated with
         a hyphen and forward slash. For example, four and a half
         is represented by 4-1/2.

      4. The original text includes Greek characters. For this
         text version these letters have been replaced with
         transliterations.





THE HISTORY OF ANTIQUITY.

From the German of

PROFESSOR MAX DUNCKER,

by

Evelyn Abbott, M.A., LL.D.,
Fellow And Tutor Of Balliol College, Oxford.

VOL. IV.







London:
Richard Bentley & Son, New Burlington Street,
Publishers in Ordinary to Her Majesty the Queen.
1880.

Bungay:
Clay and Taylor, Printers.




CONTENTS.


BOOK V.

_THE ARIANS ON THE INDUS AND THE GANGES._

  CHAPTER I.                                                      PAGE
  THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE                                            1

  CHAPTER II.
  THE ARYAS ON THE INDUS                                            27

  CHAPTER III.
  THE CONQUEST OF THE LAND OF THE GANGES                            65

  CHAPTER IV.
  THE FORMATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE ORDERS                      110

  CHAPTER V.
  THE OLD AND THE NEW RELIGION                                     154

  CHAPTER VI.
  THE CONSTITUTION AND LAW OF THE INDIANS                          188

  CHAPTER VII.
  THE CASTES AND THE FAMILY                                        236

  CHAPTER VIII.
  THE THEOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE BRAHMANS                      270


BOOK VI.

_BUDDHISTS AND BRAHMANS._

  CHAPTER I.
  THE STATES ON THE GANGES IN THE SIXTH CENTURY B.C.               315

  CHAPTER II.
  BUDDHA'S LIFE AND TEACHING                                       332

  CHAPTER III.
  THE KINGDOM OF MAGADHA AND THE SETTLEMENTS IN THE SOUTH          365

  CHAPTER IV.
  THE NATIONS AND PRINCES OF THE LAND OF THE INDUS                 383

  CHAPTER V.
  THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL LIFE OF THE INDIANS IN THE FOURTH
    CENTURY B.C.                                                   408

  CHAPTER VI.
  CHANDRAGUPTA OF MAGADHA                                          439

  CHAPTER VII.
  THE RELIGION OF THE BUDDHISTS                                    454

  CHAPTER VIII.
  THE REFORMS OF THE BRAHMANS                                      491

  CHAPTER IX.
  ACOKA OF MAGADHA                                                 521

  CHAPTER X.
  RETROSPECT                                                       544




BOOK V.

THE ARIANS ON THE INDUS AND THE GANGES.




INDIA.




CHAPTER I.

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE.


It was not only in the lower valley of the Nile, on the banks of the
Euphrates and the Tigris, and along the coast and on the heights of
Syria that independent forms of intellectual and civic life grew up in
antiquity. By the side of the early civilisation of Egypt, and the
hardly later civilisation of that unknown people from which Elam,
Babylon, and Asshur borrowed such important factors in the development
of their own capacities; along with the civilisation of the Semites of
the East and West, who here observed the heavens, there busily explored
the shores of the sea; here erected massive buildings, and there were so
earnestly occupied with the study of their own inward nature, are found
forms of culture later in their origin, and represented by a different
family of nations. This family, the Indo-European, extends over a far
larger area than the Semitic. We find branches of it in the wide
districts to the east of the Semitic nations, on the table-land of Iran,
in the valleys of the Indus and the Ganges. Other branches we have
already encountered on the heights of Armenia, and the table-land of
Asia Minor (I. 512, 524). Others again obtained possession of the
plains above the Black Sea; others, of the peninsulas of Greece and
Italy. Nations of this stock have forced their way to the shores of the
Atlantic Ocean; we find them settled on the western coast of the Spanish
peninsula, from the mouth of the Garonne to the Channel, in Britain and
Ireland no less than in Scandinavia, on the shores of the North Sea and
the Baltic. Those branches of the family which took up their abodes the
farthest to the East exhibit the most independent and peculiar form of
civilisation.

The mutual relationship of the Arian, Greek, Italian, Letto-Sclavonian,
Germanic, and Celtic languages proves the relationship of the nations
who have spoken and still speak them; it proves that all these nations
have a common origin and descent. The words, of which the roots in these
languages exhibit complete phonetic agreement, must be considered as a
common possession, acquired before the separation; and from this we can
discover at what stage of life the nation from which these languages
derive their origin stood at the time when it was not yet divided into
these six great branches, and separated into the nations which
subsequently occupied abodes so extensive and remote from each other. We
find common terms for members of the family, for house, yard, garden,
and citadel; common words for horses, cattle, dogs, swine, sheep, goats,
mice, geese, ducks; common roots for wool, hemp or flax, corn (_i.e._
wheat, spelt, or barley), for ploughing, grinding, and weaving, for
certain metals (copper or iron), for some weapons and tools, for waggon,
boat and rudder, for the elementary numbers, and the division of the
year according to the moon.[1] Hence the stock, whose branches and
shoots have spread over the whole continent of Europe and Asia from
Ceylon to Britain and Scandinavia, cannot, even before the separation,
have been without a certain degree of civilisation. On the contrary,
this common fund of words proves that even in that early time it tilled
the field, and