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                          Transcriber’s Note:

This version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects.
Italics are delimited with the ‘_’ character as _italic_.

The text is annotated with numerous footnotes, which were numbered
sequentially on each page. On occasion, a footnote itself is annotated
by a note, using an asterisk as the reference. This distinction is
followed here. Those ‘notes on notes’ are given alphabetic sequence (A,
B., etc.), and are positioned directly following the main note.

Since there are over 1500 notes in this volume, they have been gathered
at each chapter’s end, and resequenced for each chapter, using a dot
notation for chapter and page (e.g. 10.4.2).

The notes are a combination of those of the author, and of the editor of
this edition. The latter are enclosed in square brackets.

Finally, the pagination of the original edition, published in the
1820’s, was preserved by Crooke for ease of reference by including those
page numbers in the text, also enclosed in square brackets.

Crooke’s plan for the renovation of the Tod’s original text, including a
discussion of the transliteration of Hindi words, is given in detail in
the Preface. It should be noted that the use of the macron to guide
pronunciation is very unevenly followed, and there was no intent here to
regularize it.

There are a number of references to a map, sometimes referred to as
appearing in Volume I. In this edition, the map appears at the end of
Volume III.

Minor errors, attributable to the printer, have been corrected. Given
the history of the text, it was thought best to leave all orthography as
printed.

Please see the transcriber’s note at the end of this text for details
regarding the handling of any textual issues encountered during its
preparation.

                         ANNALS AND ANTIQUITIES
                              OF RAJASTHAN

[Illustration:

  COLONEL JAMES TOD.
  (By permission of Lt.-Col. C. D. Blunt-Mackenzie, R.A.)
  _Frontispiece._
]

                         ANNALS AND ANTIQUITIES
                                   OF
                               RAJASTHAN

                       OR THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN
                         RAJPUT STATES OF INDIA

                                   BY

                         LIEUT.-COL. JAMES TOD

           LATE POLITICAL AGENT TO THE WESTERN RAJPUT STATES

                EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY

                         WILLIAM CROOKE, C.I.E.

                    HON. D.SC. OXON., B.A., F.R.A.I.

                    LATE OF THE INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE




                            IN THREE VOLUMES

                                VOL. II








                            HUMPHREY MILFORD
                        OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

                LONDON   EDINBURGH   GLASGOW   NEW YORK
                      TORONTO   MELBOURNE   BOMBAY
                                  1920




                                CONTENTS

                                                                 PAGE

                          BOOK IV—_continued_

                            ANNALS OF MEWAR


                              CHAPTER 19

  Influence of the hierarchy in Rajputana—Emulation of its
    princes in grants to the priesthood—Analogy between the
    customs of the Hindus, in this respect, and those of the
    ancient people—Superstition of the lower orders—Secret
    influence of the Brahmans on the higher classes—Their
    frauds—Ecclesiastical dues from the land, etc.—The Saivas
    of Rajasthan—The worship and shrine of Eklinga—The
    Jains—Their numbers and extensive power—The temple of
    Nathdwara, and worship of Kanhaiya—The privilege of
    Sanctuary—Predominance of the doctrines of Kanhaiya
    beneficial to Rajput society                                  589


                              CHAPTER 20

  The origin of Kanhaiya or Krishna—Sources of a plurality of
    gods among the Hindus—Allegories respecting Krishna
    elucidated—Songs of Jayadeva celebrating the loves of
    Kanhaiya—The Rasmandal, a mystic dance—Govardhana—Krishna
    anciently worshipped in caves—His conquest of the ‘Black
    serpent’ allegorical of the contests between the Buddhists
    and Vaishnavas—Analogies between the legends of Krishna
    and Western mythology—Festivals of Krishna—Pilgrimage to
    Nathdwara—The seven gods of that temple—Its Pontiff           621


  APPENDIX                                                        644


                              CHAPTER 21

  Importance of mythological history—Aboriginal tribes of
    India—The Rajputs are conquerors—Solar year of the
    Hindus—Opened at the winter solstice—The Vasant, or spring
    festival—Birth of the Sun—Common origin assumed of the
    Rajputs and Getic tribe of Scandinavia—Surya, the sun-god
    of all nations, Thor, Syrus, Sol—Sun-worship—The Aheria,
    or spring-hunt, described—Boar-feast—Phalgun festival—The
    Rajput Saturnalia—Games on horseback—Rites to the
    Manes—Festival of Sitala as guardian of children—Rana’s
    birthday—Phuladola, the Rajput Floralia—Festival of
    Gauri—Compared with the Diana of Egypt—The Isis or Ertha
    of the Suevi—And the Phrygian Cybele—Anniversary of
    Rama—Fête of Kamdeva or Cupid—Little Ganggor—Inundation of
    the capital—Festival of Rambha or Venus—Rajput and Druidic
    rites—Their analogy—Serpent worship—Rakhi, or Festival of
    the bracelet                                                  650


                              CHAPTER 22

  Festivals continued—Adoration of the sword: its Scythic
    origin—The Dasahra, or military festival: its Scythic
    origin—Torans or triumphal arcs—Ganesa of the Rajputs and
    Janus of the Romans—Worship of arms: of the magic brand of
    Mewar, compared with the enchanted sword, Tyrfing, of the
    Edda—Birth of Kumara, the Rajput Mars, compared with the
    Roman divinity—Birth of Ganga: her analogy to
    Pallas—Adoration of the moon—Worship of Lakshmi, or
    Fortune; of Yama, or Pluto—Diwali, or festival of lamps,
    in Arabia, in China, in Egypt, and in India—Annakuta and
    Jaljatra—Festivals sacred to the Ceres and Neptune of the
    Hindus—Festival of the autumnal equinox—Reflections on the
    universal worship of the elements, Fire, Light,
    Water—Festival sacred to Mithras or Vishnu, as the sun—The
    Phallus: its etymology—Rajput doctrine of the
    Triad—Symbols Vishnu, as the sun-god: his messenger
    Garuda, the eagle: his charioteer Aruna, or the dawn—Sons
    of Aruna—Fable analogous to that of Icarus—Rites of Vishnu
    on the vernal equinox and summer solstice—Dolayatra, or
    festival of the ark, compared with the ark of Osiris, and
    Argonautic expedition of the Greeks—Etymology of
    Argonaut—Ethiopia the Lanka of the Hindus—Their sea-king,
    Sagara—Rama, or Ramesa, chief of the Cushite races of
    India—Ramesa of the Rajputs and Rameses of Egypt
    compared—Reflections                                          679


                              CHAPTER 23

  The nicer shades of character difficult to catch—Morals more
    obvious and less changeable than manners—Dissimilarity of
    manners in the various races of Rajasthan—Rajputs have
    deteriorated in manners as they declined in power—Regard
    and deference paid to women in Rajasthan—Seclusion of the
    Females no mark of their degradation—High spirit of the
    Rajput princesses—Their unbounded devotion to their
    husbands—Examples from the chronicles and bardic
    histories—Anecdotes in more recent times—Their
    magnanimity—Delicacy—Courage and presence of mind—Anecdote
    of Sadhu of Pugal and Karamdevi, daughter of the Mohil
    chief—The seclusion of the females increases their
    influence—Historical evidences of its extent                  707


                              CHAPTER 24

  Origin of female immolation—The sacrifice of Sati, the wife
    of Iswara—The motive to it considered—Infanticide—Its
    causes among the Rajputs, the Rajkumars, and the
    Jarejas—The rite of Johar—Female captives in war
    enslaved—Summary of the Rajput character—Their familiar
    habits—The use of opium—Hunting—The use of weapons—Jethis,
    or wrestlers—Armouries—Music—Feats of dexterity—Maharaja
    Sheodan Singh—Literary qualifications of the
    princes—Household economy—Furniture—Dress, etc.               737


                          PERSONAL NARRATIVE

                              CHAPTER 25

  Valley of Udaipur—Departure for Marwar—Encamp on the heights
    of Tus—Resume the march—Distant view of
    Udaipur—Deopur—Zalim Singh—Reach Pallana—Ram Singh
    Mehta—Manikchand—Ex-raja of Narsinghgarh—False policy
    pursued by the British Government in 1817-18—Departure
    from Pallana—Aspect and geological character of the
    country—Nathdwara ridge—Arrival at the city of
    Nathdwara—Visit from the Mukhya of the temple—Departure
    for the village of Usarwas—Benighted—Elephant in a
    bog—Usarwas—A Sannyasi—March to Samecha—The Shera
    Nala—Locusts—Coolness of the air—Samecha—March to Kelwara,
    the capital—Elephant’s pool—Murcha—Kherli—Maharaja Daulat
    Singh—Kumbhalmer—Its architecture, remains, and
    history—March to the ‘Region of Death,’ or Marwar—The
    difficult nature of the country—A party of native
    horsemen—Bivouac in the glen                                  760


                              CHAPTER 26

  The Mers or Meras: their history and manners—The Barwatia of
    Gokulgarh—Forms of outlawry—Ajit Singh, the chief of
    Ghanerao—Plains of Marwar—Chief of Rupnagarh—Anecdote
    respecting Desuri—Contrast between the Sesodias of Mewar
    and the Rathors of Marwar—Traditional history of the
    Rajputs—Ghanerao—Kishandas, the Rana’s envoy—Local
    discrimination between Mewar and Marwar—Ancient feuds—The
    _aonla_ and the _bawal_—Aspect of Marwar—Nadol—Superiority
    of the Chauhan race—Guga of Bhatinda—Lakha of Ajmer: his
    ancient fortress at Nadol—Jain relic there—The Hindu
    ancient arch or vault—Inscriptions—Antiquities at
    Nadol—Indara—Its villages—Pali, a commercial mart—Articles
    of commerce—The bards and genealogists the chief
    carriers—The ‘Hill of Virtue’—Khankhani—Affray between two
    caravans—Barbarous self-sacrifices of the
    Bhats—Jhalamand—March to Jodhpur—Reception _en route_ by
    the Chiefs of Pokaran and Nimaj—Biography of these
    nobles—Sacrifice of Surthan of Nimaj—Encamp at the
    capital—Negotiation for the ceremonies of reception at the
    Court of Jodhpur                                              789


                              CHAPTER 27

  Jodhpur: town and castle—Reception by the Raja—Person and
    character of Raja Man Singh—Visits to the Raja—Events in
    his history—Death of Raja Bhim—Deonath, the high-priest of
    Marwar—His assassination—The acts which succeeded
    it—Intrigues against the Raja—Dhonkal Singh, a pretender
    to the _gaddi_—Real or affected derangement of the
    Raja—Associates his son in the government—Recalled to the
    direction of affairs—His deep and artful policy—Visit to
    Mandor, the ancient capital—Cenotaphs of the
    Rathors—Cyclopean architecture of Mandor—Nail-headed
    characters—The walls—Remains of the palace—Toran, or
    triumphal arch—Than of Thana Pir—Glen of
    Panchkunda—Statues carved from the rock—Gardens at
    Mandor—An ascetic—Entertainment at the palace—The Raja
    visits the envoy—Departure from Jodhpur                       820


                              CHAPTER 28

  Nandla—Bisalpur—Remains of the ancient city—Pachkalia, or
    Bichkalia—Inscription—Pipar—Inscription confirming the
    ancient chronicles of Mewar—Geological details—Legend of
    Lake Sampu—Lakha Phulani—Madreo—Bharunda—Badan Singh—His
    chivalrous fate—Altar to Partap—Indawar—Jat
    cultivators—Stratification of Indawar—Merta—Memory of
    Aurangzeb—Dhonkal Singh—Jaimall, the