



Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
images generously made available by The Internet Archive)










  IRELAND UNDER THE STUARTS

  VOL. III.




_By the same Author_


IRELAND UNDER THE TUDORS

3 vols. 8vo.

Vols. I. and II.--From the First Invasion of the Northmen to the year
1578.

(Out of Print.)

Vol. III.--1578-1603. 18_s._


IRELAND UNDER THE STUARTS AND DURING THE INTERREGNUM

3 vols. 8vo.

Vols. I. and II.--1603-1660. With 2 Maps.

28_s._ net.


  LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.
  London, New York, Bombay, Calcutta,
  and Madras




  IRELAND
  UNDER THE STUARTS

  AND

  DURING THE INTERREGNUM

  BY

  RICHARD BAGWELL, M.A.

  HON. LITT.D. (DUBLIN), AUTHOR OF 'IRELAND UNDER THE TUDORS'

  VOL. III. 1660-1690

  _WITH MAP_


  LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

  39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
  FOURTH AVENUE & 30th STREET, NEW YORK
  BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS
  1916

  All rights reserved




CONTENTS

OF

THE THIRD VOLUME


  CHAPTER XL

  THE RESTORATION GOVERNMENT, 1660

                                                           PAGE

  The Irish Convention                                       1

  Charles II. proclaimed                                     3

  Coote and Broghill                                         4

  The Church re-established                                  8


  CHAPTER XLI

  DECLARATION AND ACT OF SETTLEMENT, 1660-1662

  Position of Irish Recusants                               11

  The Declaration                                           13

  Various classes of claimants                              14

  First Commission of Claims                                16

  The Irish Parliament, May 1661                            18

  The Declaration debated                                   19

  Conditions of Settlement                                  20

  Insufficiency of land                                     22

  Ormonde Lord Lieutenant                                   24

  He arrives in Ireland                                     27

  The Clanmalier Estate--Portarlington                      28


  CHAPTER XLII

  COURT OF CLAIMS AND ACT OF EXPLANATION, 1662-1665

  The second Court of Claims                                30

  Innocents and Nocents                                     31

  General dissatisfaction                                   32

  Discontented soldiers                                     34

  Plot to seize Dublin Castle--Blood                        35

  Lord Antrim's case                                        39

  'Murder will out'                                         42

  Bill of Explanation                                       43

  Violent debates                                           49

  The Bill passes                                           50


  CHAPTER XLIII

  ORMONDE AND THE IRISH HIERARCHY

  Ormonde's royalism                                        51

  Peter Walsh, Orrery, and Bellings                         51

  Walsh and the loyal remonstrance                          55

  Opposition of Primate O'Reilly                            56

  Incompatibility of royal and papal claims                 58

  The Congregation meets, June 1666                         61

  The Remonstrance rejected                                 62

  Why the Congregation failed                               64


  CHAPTER XLIV

  GOVERNMENT OF ORMONDE, 1665-1668

  Irish Parliament dissolved                                67

  Mutiny at Carrickfergus                                   68

  Partial exclusion of Irish cattle                         69

  The Canary Company                                        70

  Disputes on the cattle question                           72

  Irish cattle excluded and voted a public nuisance         74

  Evil effects of exclusion policy                          77

  Ireland retaliates on Scotland                            79

  The first Dutch war--coast defence                        81

  Fall of Clarendon                                         84

  Ormonde and Orrery                                        86

  Recall of Ormonde                                         87


  CHAPTER XLV

  ROBARTES AND BERKELEY, 1669-1672

  Lord Robartes made Lord Lieutenant                        89

  The Tories                                                90

  Ossory and Robartes                                       92

  Character of Robartes                                     94

  Attempt to impeach Orrery                                 96

  Lord Berkeley and his Secretary                           99

  Recusants indulged--Oliver Plunket                       100

  Blood tries to kidnap Ormonde                            102

  Attacks on the Act of Settlement                         102

  Lady Clanbrassil                                         104

  The dispensing power                                     105

  Riots in Dublin--Bloody Bridge                           106


  CHAPTER XLVI

  GOVERNMENT OF ESSEX, 1672-1677

  Essex reaches Ireland                                    108

  Dublin agitators                                         110

  Essex protects Phoenix Park                              111

  Provincial presidencies suppressed                       112

  Intolerance of the English Parliament                    113

  Charles II. submits                                      114

  Agreement of Essex and Ormonde                           116

  Financial abuses--Ranelagh                               119

  Ormonde restored to favour                               121

  And to the Lord Lieutenancy                              123


  CHAPTER XLVII

  GOVERNMENT OF ORMONDE, 1677-1685

  Revenue troubles                                         125

  Scramble for land                                        126

  Oates's plot                                             127

  Ormonde and Orrery                                       129

  Intrigues of Shaftesbury                                 130

  Spies and false witnesses                                133

  Trial and execution of Oliver Plunket                    134

  Ormonde's opinion of the witnesses                       139

  Castlehaven's Memoirs                                    140

  Ormonde and Anglesey                                     141

  Tories--O'Hanlon and Power                               143

  Attack on the Settlement                                 144

  Court of Grace                                           145

  Death of Charles II.                                     147


  CHAPTER XLVIII

  CLARENDON AND TYRCONNEL, 1685-1686

  Accession of James II.                                   148

  Purging the army--Tyrconnel                              149

  Clarendon made Lord Lieutenant                           150

  His journey to Ireland                                   151

  Tyrconnel goes to London                                 152

  Irish and French Protestant refugees                     153

  Judges dismissed                                         154

  A new Privy Council                                      156

  Tyrconnel returns as Commander-in-Chief                  157

  Catherine Sedley in Ireland                              157

  Drastic changes in the army                              158

  Hard cases                                               159

  Tory Hamilton's case                                     160

  Tyrconnel summoned to London                             162

  'Lillibullero'                                           164

  Clarendon leaves Ireland                                 165


  CHAPTER XLIX

  GOVERNMENT OF TYRCONNEL, 1687-1688

  Tyrconnel made Lord Deputy                               167

  The Coventry letter                                      168

  The Land Settlement threatened                           169

  Protestant corporations attacked                         170

  The _Quo Warrantos_                                      172

  Panic among the Protestants                              173

  Lord Chancellor Porter dismissed                         174

  Succeeded by Fitton                                      175

  Judges, magistrates, and sheriffs                        176

  Rice and Nugent in London                                177

  Declaration of Indulgence                                178

  Tyrconnel multiplies commissions                         179

  Irish soldiers in England                                180

  Fresh regiments raised                                   181

  Death and character of Ormonde                           182

  Disturbed state of society--Leinster                     184

  Southwell's case                                         186

  William's overtures to Tyrconnel                         187

  Panic in Ulster--Lord Mountjoy                           188

  Gates of Londonderry shut                                190

  Enniskillen and Sligo                                    191

  Break of Dromore                                         193


  CHAPTER L

  JAMES II. IN IRELAND, 1689

  French designs on Ireland--Pointis                       195

  Tyrconnel invites James to Ireland                       198

  France, Emperor, and Pope                                198

  Tyrconnel prepares for war                               200

  Attempts at resistance--Bandon                           202

  Kenmare                                                  203

  James arrives in Ireland                                 206

  From Cork to Dublin                                      208

  Avaux and Melfort                                        209

  Fighting in Ulster--George Walker                        212

  William III. proclaimed at Londonderry                   213

  James II. in Ulster                                      214

  Naval action at Bantry                                   217

  Confusion in Dublin--John Stevens                        218


  CHAPTER LI

  THE PARLIAMENT OF 1689

  Tyrconnel, MacCarthy, and Sarsfield                      219

  The Hamiltons                                            222

  Composition of Parliament                                223

  The King's speech                                        224

  The Land Settlement attacked                             225

  Act of Settlement repealed                               227

  Act of Attainder                                         228

  Case of Trinity College                                  231

  Treatment of the clergy                                  232

  Commercial legislation                                   233

  Daly's case--scramble for property                       234

  French efforts to capture trade                          236

  End of the Parliament                                    237


  CHAPTER LII

  LONDONDERRY AND ENNISKILLEN, 1689

  Siege of Londonderry                                     239

  An English squadron appears                              242

  Schomberg orders the town to be relieved                 243

  Cruelty of De Rosen--indignation of James                245

  Londonderry relieved by sea                              248

  Cost of the siege                                        250

  Defence of Enniskillen                                   250

  Colonel Lloyd--the Break of Belleek                      252

  Kirke in Lough Swilly--Colonel Wolseley                  253

  Battle of Newtown Butler                                 255

  Walker in England                                        257

  Controversy as to his 'True Account'                     258


  CHAPTER LIII

  JAMES II. AND SCHOMBERG, 1689-1690

  Schomberg's preparations                                 260

  He reaches Ireland                                       261

  Carrickfergus taken                                      263

  Berwick evacuates Newry                                  264

  Flight of Melfort                                        265

  Schomberg refuses battle                                 266

  Military conspiracy                                      267

  Sufferings of Schomberg's army--Shales                   268

  Sligo taken and retaken                                  271

  State of Dublin                                          272

  Lauzun sent to Ireland                                   273

  French opinion                                           274

  Brass money                                              276

  Fighting at Newry, Belturbet, and Cavan                  278

  Avaux and Rosen recalled                                 280

  Lauzun reaches Ireland                                   281

  Disarming the Protestants                                282

  King and Bonnell                                         283

  Treatment of Trinity College                             285


  CHAPTER LIV

  WILLIAM III. IN IRELAND, 1690. THE BOYNE

  English and French interests                             287

  Charlemont taken                                         288

  Opposition to William's expedition                       289

  He lands in Ireland                                      290

  James moves to meet him                                  292

  William reaches the Boyne                                293

  Battle of the Boyne, July 1                              295

  Flight of James                                          299

  Political importance of the battle                       301

  James escapes to France                                  304

  William enters Dublin                                    306

  Final ruin of the Stuart cause                           307


  CHAPTER LV

  SOCIAL IRELAND FROM RESTORATION TO REVOLUTION

  Ireland after the Civil War                              309

  Country-houses--Portmore, Charleville, Kilkenny          310

  Dublin Castle                                            312

  An Irish spa                                             313

  Condition of the poor                                    314

  Ploughing by the tail                                    316

  Some Dublin houses                                       317

  Prosperity under Charles II.                             318


  CHAPTER LVI

  THE THREE IRISH CHURCHES

  The Establishment                                        319

  Jeremy Taylor                                            320

  Bishops ignorant of Irish                                321

  Condition of the clergy                                  322

  The Irish Bible                                          324

  The Presbyterians                                        325

  The Roman Catholics                                      326

  Oliver Plunket                                           327

  Talbot, O'Molony, and other Bishops                      328

  Recusants after James II.                                330

  Slow growth of toleration                                331


  APPENDIX

  Letter from Ormonde to Bennet, 1663                      333


  MAP

  Ireland to illustrate the reign of James II.      _At end of the volume._




IRELAND UNDER THE STUARTS




CHAPTER XL

THE RESTORATION GOVERNMENT, 1660


The King enjoyed his own again, and England rejoiced exceedingly. Even
Oliver's unbeaten soldiers, disgusted with his incompetent successors,
were for the most part ready to retire into private life. Yet the
spirit of the Puritan revolution survived, and the Mayor of Dover
presented a richly bound Bible to the restored monarch, who graciously
accepted it, remarking that it was the thing that he loved above all
things in the world. At Canterbury a crowd of importunate suitors gave
him some foretaste of future troubles, but the entry into London was
wonderful. 'I stood in the Strand,' says Evelyn, 'and beheld it, and
blessed God.' With the shouts of welcome still in his ears Charles
took refuge in the arms of Barbara Palmer, and next day issued a
proclamation against vicious, debauched, and profane persons.

[Sidenote: The Irish Convention.]

Coote and Broghill were jealous of each other. There is reason to
believe that the former was inclined to claim the whole credit of
restoring the King, but that the latter proved his own priority by
producing a letter from his rival acknowledging the fact. They agreed
that the Restoration might be delayed or frustrated by hasty action
in Ireland, and that it was better to wait until England herself was
committed to it. The officers who had gladly pronounced for a free
Parliament might not have been united had royalty been openly favoured.
But the Irish Convention lost no time in repudiating Cromwell's plan
of one legislature for the whole of the British Islands, while strongly
approving the restoration of the secluded members in England. They
declared that 'as for several hundreds of years last passed by the
laws and laudable custom and constitution of this nation, Parliaments
have been usually held in Ireland and that in those Parliaments laws
have been enacted and laws repealed, and subsidies granted, as public
occasion required so that right of having Parliaments held in Ireland
is still justly and lawfully due and belonging to Ireland, and that the
Parliament of England never charged Ireland in any age with subsidies
or other public taxes and assessments, until after the violence offered
to the Parliament of England in December 1648, since which time they
who invaded the rights of the Parliament of England invaded also the
rights of the Parliament of Ireland by imposing taxes and assessments
upon Ireland.' This important declaration was not made for more than
a month after the first meeting of the Convention, and the leaders
had prevented news from crossing the Channel until they were sure of
unanimity. It is therefore not surprising that they were reported to
favour separation from England. The Convention now stigmatised this
as a calumny originating with Ludlow and his friends, for the idea of
separation was hateful to Ireland as absolutely destructive, 'being
generally bone of their bone, flesh of their flesh.' It was clearly
seen that the colonists would have a majority, and means were taken
to make it permanent. The Convention pledged themselves to favour
education, and to assist in the establishment of a pious, learned,
and orthodox parochial clergy supported by tithes or endowments. The
adventurers and soldiers were to be secured in the lands they had
acquired, and all arrears of military pay to be cleared off.[1]

[Sidenote: Provisional taxation.]

For some months before and after the Restoration all real power was in
the hands of the army, but the Irish Convention gave a show of legality
to the means by which the soldiers were paid. A poll tax was imposed
for this and other public charges, every person of either sex under the
degree of yeoman or farmer being assessed at twelve pence, which was
the minimum, and the rate rose according to social position. A baron's
contribution was fixed at thirty shillings, and that of a marquis,
marchioness, or marchioness dowager at eight pounds, which was the
maximum. The chief Protestant gentry were appointed collectors in each
county, Coote heading the list for Roscommon and Broghill for Cork. The
royalist wire-pullers in London had been urging the managers of the
Convention not to go too fast for fear of alarming the Presbyterians,
and it was not till May 1 that they published a declaration condemning
the high court of justice and the sentence on the late King. The people
of Ireland, they said, took the first opportunity afforded them of
denouncing the most foul murder recorded in sacred or profane history,
considering that it had been committed in a country where the true
reformed religion flourished, and that it was contrary to the solemn
league and covenant which the murderers had themselves taken.[2]

[Sidenote: Charles II. proclaimed May 14.]

Charles II. was proclaimed in Westminster Hall on May 8, and six days
later in Dublin; and there were general rejoicings though the central
figure was wanting. The shops were shut, all the finery they contained
having been transferred to the citizens' backs. Hogsheads of wine were
provided for the multitude, and the more they drank the better the
givers were pleased. The guns of the Castle thundered salutes, volleys
of musketry were heard on all sides, bonfires and fireworks blazed
until midnight. A headless figure stuffed with hay and reclining on a
rude hearse was carried in a mock funeral procession, and subjected to
the blows and insults of the mob. The journey ended at the mayor's door
'where it was in part burnt before the bonfire there, and part trod
to dirt and mortar by the rout.' Such was the end of the mighty Long
Parliament.[3]

[Sidenote: Lords Justices appointed.]

Sir Charles Coote had been President of Connaught since 1645, and
there was no difficulty in his case, since service under the Protector
was not to be considered a disability. Broghill's appointment, if
ever regularly made, was of much later date and of republican origin,
but he had the military authority and the legal presidency was soon
conferred on him also. With these two was associated Major, soon after
Sir William Bury of Grantham, who had been one of the Irish Council
under both Protectors. These three were appointed Commissioners
for the Government of Ireland in January and were members of the
Convention though keeping their official work separate. Broghill was
generally in London for some time after the Restoration, and Bury, who
had Presbyterian leanings and whom Adair calls a religious, prudent
gentleman, did not always agree with Coote. Other Commissioners were
afterwards added and all were paid at the rate of 1,000_l._ a year
until the end of 1660. In compliance with the wishes of the Irish
Convention some of the great offices were filled up very soon after the
Restoration. The great seal of Ireland fell to Sir Maurice Eustace, who
had been Prime Serjeant and Speaker of the House of Commons as early as
1634, and had afterwards endured seven years' imprisonment which only
ended in 1658. He thought himself too old for the work, and Clarendon
was of the same opinion: 'he was now old and made so little show of
any parts extraordinary, that, but for the testimony that was given
of him, it might have been doubted whether he ever had any.' Sir James
Barry, the chairman of the Convention, became Lord Chief Justice. He
had been Strafford's attorney-general, and very useful to him in making
out the royal title to Irish land. Sir William Domvile, who was made
Attorney-General, chiefly on the recommendation of Daniel O'Neill,
showed great ability and presided in the Convention in succession to
Barry, who became Lord Santry. Arthur Annesley was installed in his
father's old place of vice-treasurer, and was soon created Earl of
Anglesey.[4]

[Sidenote: Monck and Robartes.]

Monck, now Duke of Albemarle, claimed the Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland
where he had an estate, but does not appear to have had any intention
of living there. Clarendon says his chief object was to make money.
It became necessary to find a deputy, and Charles fixed upon Lord
Robartes, whose business capacity was undoubted and who had a good
reputation for honesty. He was, however, of a morose temper, seldom
agreeing with others, and was much offended at being made Deputy to
Albemarle, and not to the King directly, though he was offered the
usual power of viceroy. The negotiation dragged on for six months,
during which Robartes made enemies of all with whom he had to confer
on Irish business, and at last he accepted the Privy Seal, leaving the
Government of Ireland to the old Commissioners, while Albemarle, who
was too important to displace, remained Lord Lieutenant. In September
Coote was created Earl of Mountrath and Broghill of Orrery, and the
latter showed his astuteness in securing precedence by getting his
patent passed one day before his rival. On the last day of the year the
two new Earls were appointed Lords Justices along with the Chancellor
Eustace. They were specially authorised by the King to assemble the
Irish Convention again in order to provide funds for the payment of
the army. The ancient framework of Irish government was completed by
appointing a Privy Council of thirty-four members among whom was Sir
Philip Mainwaring, made secretary by Strafford in 1634 and still in
legal possession of his office. He died a few months later, having
received little or no reward for old service and for more than twenty
years of poverty varied by imprisonment.[5]

[Sidenote: Negotiations with England.]

Before the Restoration was accomplished the Irish Convention sent
over Sir John Clotworthy and Major William Aston as Commissioners to
communicate with the still sovereign Parliament of England. Clotworthy,
created Viscount Massereene a few months later, was deeply interested
in the Cromwellian land settlement and gained much influence by his
activity. His unconcealed Presbyterian leanings were forgiven because,
in Clarendon's words, 'he was of a generous and a jovial nature' and
a staunch Royalist. After the Restoration these two Commissioners
were appointed to attend the King along with eleven others, including
Coote, Broghill, Barry, Eustace, and Audley Mervyn. They carried
with them 20,000_l._ for Charles and lesser gifts for each of his
brothers. Their instructions were to petition for an Irish Parliament
consisting of Protestant Peers and Commoners and freed for this turn
from the restrictions of Poynings' law, for an act of oblivion for all
Protestants subject to parliamentary exceptions, and for an act for the
attainder of such persons as Parliament should select. It was desired
that adventurers and soldiers should be settled in their lands and the
Irish in Connaught and Clare. Impropriate tithes in the King's hand
were to be restored to the Church, and taxation was to be controlled
by the Irish Parliament. These were the chief points insisted on by
the dominant party, while the Irish Roman Catholic gentry in London
besought Ormonde, who had been the principal means of uniting the three
kingdoms, to mediate for them 'and the remnant of their miserable
nation' who were ready to lay down their lives for the King. Sir
Nicholas Plunket was usually the spokesman of these suppliants. On July
27 Ormonde, who became an Irish duke, took his seat in the House of
Lords as Earl of Brecknock, and on the same day Charles concluded his
speech as follows: 'I hope I need say nothing of Ireland, and that they
alone shall not be without the benefit of my mercy. They have shewed
much affection to me abroad, and you will have a care of my honour and
of what I have promised to them.'[6]

[Sidenote: Position of the Roman Catholics.]

Unfortunately for the chances of the Irish Roman Catholics some of
them would not wait, but took forcible possession of their old lands,
and there were many outrages. The extent of the disorder may have been
exaggerated, but the Convention Parliament believed the worst and the
result was a royal proclamation, dated only two days after the King's
entry into London, in which he declared himself'very sensible of the
innocent blood of so many thousands of our English Protestant subjects
formerly slain by the hands of those barbarous rebels.' To prevent the
further spread of lawlessness all Irish rebels except those protected
by articles were to be apprehended