A TREATISE ON PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE ***




Produced by Bryan Ness, Keith Edkins and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)





Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
are listed at the end of the text.

       *       *       *       *       *


[Illustration: THE VISCERA IN POSITION.]

       *       *       *       *       *


A

TREATISE

ON

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE

FOR

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND GENERAL READERS.

_FULLY ILLUSTRATED._

BY

JOSEPH C. HUTCHISON, M. D.,

_President of the New York Pathological Society, Vice-President of the New
York
Academy of Medicine, Surgeon to the Brooklyn City Hospital, late
President
of the Medical Society of the State of New York, etc._

       *       *       *       *       *

NEW YORK:

CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS,

5 BARCLAY STREET.

1872.

       *       *       *       *       *


Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870,
By CLARK & MAYNARD.
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

  Stereotyped by LITTLE, RENNIE & CO.
      645 and 647 Broadway.

       *       *       *       *       *


TO MY WIFE,

WHOSE SYMPATHY HAS, FOR MORE THAN TWENTY YEARS, LIGHTENED THE
CARES INCIDENT TO

_AN ACTIVE PROFESSIONAL LIFE_,

THIS HUMBLE VOLUME

IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED.

       *       *       *       *       *


{3}

PREFACE.

------o------

This work is designed to present the leading facts and principles of human
Physiology and Hygiene in clear and concise language, so that pupils in
schools and colleges, and readers not familiar with the subjects, may
readily comprehend them. Anatomy, or a description of the structure of an
organ, is of course necessary to the understanding of its Physiology, or
its uses. Enough of the former study has, therefore, been introduced, to
enable the pupil to enter intelligently upon the latter.

Familiar language, as far as practicable, has been employed, rather than
that of a technical character. With a view, however, to supply what might
seem to some a deficiency in this regard, a Pronouncing Glossary has been
added, which will enable the inquirer to understand the meaning of many
scientific terms not in common use.

In the preparation of the work the writer has carefully examined all the
best material at his command, and freely used it; the special object being
to have it abreast of the present knowledge on the subjects treated, as far
as such is possible in a work so elementary as this. The discussion of
disputed points has been avoided, it being manifestly inappropriate in a
work of this kind.

Instruction in the rudiments of Physiology in schools does not necessitate
the general practice of dissections, or of experiments upon animals. The
most important subjects may be illustrated by {4} drawings, such as are
contained in this work. Models, especially those constructed by AUZOUX of
Paris, dried preparations of the human body, and the organs of the lower
animals, may also be used with advantage.

The writer desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to R. M. WYCKOFF, M.D.,
for valuable aid in the preparation of the manuscript for the press; and to
R. CRESSON STILES, M.D., a skilful microscopist and physician, for the
chapter "On the Use of the Microscope in the Study of Physiology." Mr. AVON
C. BURNHAM, the well-known teacher of gymnastics, furnished the drawing of
the parlor gymnasium and the directions for its use.

_Brooklyn, N. Y., 1870._

       *       *       *       *       *


{5}

CONTENTS.

  CHAPTER I.

                                                                       PAGE

  THE FRAMEWORK OF THE BODY                                              15

  _The Bones--Their form and composition--The Properties of Bone--The
  Skeleton--The Joints--The Spinal Column--The Growth of Bone--The
  Repair of Bone._

  CHAPTER II.

  THE MUSCLES                                                            25

  _The Muscles--Flexion and Extension--The Tendons--Contraction--Physical
  Strength--Necessity for Exercise--Its Effects--Forms of
  Exercise--Walking--Riding--Gymnastics--Open-air Exercise--Sleep--
  Recreation._

  CHAPTER III.

  THE INTEGUMENT, OR SKIN                                                41

  _The Integument--Its Structure--The Nails and Hair--The Complexion--The
  Sebaceous Glands--The Perspiratory Glands--Perspiration
  and its uses--Importance of Bathing--Different kinds of Baths--Manner
  of Bathing--The Benefits of the Sun--Importance of
  Warm Clothing--Poisonous Cosmetics._

  CHAPTER IV.

  THE CHEMISTRY OF FOOD                                                  53

  _The Source of Food--Inorganic Substances--Water--Salt--Lime--Iron--
  Organic Substances--Albumen, Fibrin, and Casein--The Fats or
  Oils--The Sugars, Starch, and Gum--Stimulating Substances--Necessity
  of a Regulated Diet._

  {6}
  CHAPTER V.

  FOOD AND DRINK                                                         64

  _Necessity for Food--Waste and Repair--Hunger and Thirst--Amount
  of Food--Renovation of the Body--Mixed Diet--Milk--Eggs--Meat--Cooking
  --Vegetable Food--Bread--The Potato--Fruits--Purity
  of Water--Action of Water upon Lead--Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate--Effects
  of Alcohol._

  CHAPTER VI.

  DIGESTION                                                              80

  _The Principal Processes of Nutrition--The General Plan of Digestion--
  Mastication--The Teeth--Preservation of the Teeth--Insalivation--The
  Stomach and the Gastric Juice--The Movements of the
  Stomach--Gastric Digestion--The Intestines--The Bile and Pancreatic
  Juice--Intestinal Digestion--Absorption by means of Blood-vessels
  and Lacteals--The Lymphatic or Absorbent System--The
  Lymph--Conditions which affect Digestion--The Quality, Quantity,
  and Temperature of the Food--The Influence of Exercise and
  Sleep._

  CHAPTER VII.

  THE CIRCULATION                                                       101

  _The Blood--Its Plasma and Corpuscles--Coagulation of the Blood--The
  Uses of the Blood--Transfusion--Change of Color--The Organs of
  the Circulation--The Heart, Arteries, and Veins--The Cavities
  and Valves of the Heart--Its Vital Energy--Passage of the Blood
  through the Heart--The Frequency and Activity of its Movements--The
  Pulse--The Sphygmograph--The Capillary Blood-vessels--The
  Rate of the Circulation--Assimilation--Injuries to the Blood-vessels._

  CHAPTER VIII.

  RESPIRATION                                                           123

  _The Objects of Respiration--The Lungs--The Air-Passages--The Movements
  of Respiration--Expiration and Inspiration--The Frequency
  of Respiration--Capacity of the Lungs--The Air we Breathe--Changes
  in the Air from Respiration--Changes in the Blood--Interchange
  of Gases in the Lungs--Comparison between Arterial and
  {7}
  Venous Blood--Respiratory Labor--Impurities of the Air--Dust--Carbonic
  Acid--Effects of Impure Air--Nature's Provision for
  Purifying the Air--Ventilation--Animal Heat_.

  CHAPTER IX.

  THE NERVOUS SYSTEM                                                    148

  _Animal and Vegetative Functions--Sensation, Motion, and Volition--The
  Structure of the Nervous System--The White and Gray Substances--The
  Brain--Its Convolutions--Cerebellum--The Spinal
  Cord and its System of Nerves--The Anterior and Posterior
  Roots--The Sympathetic System of Nerves--The Properties of Nervous
  Tissue--Excitability of Nervous Tissues--The Functions of the
  Spinal Nerves and Cord--The Direction of the Fibres of the Cord--Reflex
  Activity and its Uses--The Functions of the Medulla Oblongata
  and the Cranial Ganglia--The Reflex Action of the Brain._

  CHAPTER X.

  THE SPECIAL SENSES                                                    177

  _The Production of Sensations--Variety of Sensations--General
      Sensibility--Pain
  and its Function--Special Sensation, Touch, Taste,
  Smell, Sight, and Hearing--The Hand, the Organ of Touch--The
  Sense of Touch--Delicacy of Touch--Sensation of Temperature and
  Weight--The Tongue the Organ of Taste--The Nerves of Taste--The
  Sense of Taste, and its Relations with the other Senses--The
  Influence of Education on the Taste--The Nasal Cavities, or the
  Organs of Smell--The Olfactory Nerve--The Uses of the Sense of
  Smell--The Sense of Sight--Light--The Optic Nerve--The
  Eyeball and its Coverings--The Function of the Iris--The
  Sclerotic, Choroid, and Retina--The Tears and their Function--The
  Movements of the Eyeball--The Function of Accommodation--The
  Sense of Hearing and Sound--The Ear, or
  the organ of Hearing--The External, Middle, and Internal Ear._

  CHAPTER XI.

  THE VOICE                                                             227

  _Voice and Speech--The Larynx, or the Organ of the Voice--The Vocal
  Cords--The Laryngoscope--The Production of the Voice--The Use
  of the Tongue--The different Varieties of Voice--The Change of
  Voice--Its Compass--Purity of Tone--Ventriloquy._

  {8}
  CHAPTER XII.

  THE USE OF THE MICROSCOPE IN THE STUDY OF
  PHYSIOLOGY                                                            236

  _The Law of Tissues--Necessity of the Microscope--Different kinds of
  Microscopes--Additional Apparatus--Preliminary Studies--The
  Study of Human Tissues--Tissues of the Inferior Animals--Incentives
  to Study._

  APPENDIX.

  POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES                                           247

  GLOSSARY                                                              252

{9}

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  FIG.                                               PAGE
  FRONTISPIECE,       }
  VISCERA IN POSITION,}
  1. Section of bone,                                  17
  2. Structure of bone, magnified,                     17
  3. The skeleton,                                     18
  4. Cells of cartilage,                               20
  5. Elbow-joint,                                      21
  6. Spinal column,                                    22
  7. The muscles,                                      24
  8. Muscular tissue, magnified,                       25
  9. Biceps muscle of the arm,                         26
  10. View of knee-joint,                              27
  11. Appliance for strengthening the muscles,         35
  12. Appliance for strengthening the muscles,         35
  13. Parlor gymnasium,                                36
  14. Root and transverse section of hair, magnified,  43