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Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally
      printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an
      underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective
      paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not
      inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek
      letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

    ARTICLE KIU-KIANG FU: "Unfortunately, however, it stands above
      instead of below the outlet of the Po-yang lake, and this has
      proved to be a decided drawback to its success as a commercial
      port." ''commercial'' amended from ''commerical''.

    ARTICLE KLONDIKE: "Gold is practically the only economic product of
      the Klondike, though small amounts of tin ore occur, and lignite
      coal has been mined lower down on the Yukon." ''practically''
      amended from ''practially''.

    ARTICLE KNARESBOROUGH: "In 1317 John de Lilleburn, who was holding
      the castle of Knaresborough for Thomas duke of Lancaster against
      the king, surrendered under conditions to William de Ros of Hamelak
     ..." ''Knaresborough'' amended from ''Knaresburgh''.

    ARTICLE KNUTSFORD: "... on the Cheshire Lines and London &
      North-Western railway. Pop. of urban district (1901), 5172."
      ''Cheshire'' amended from ''Chesire''.

    ARTICLE KOREA: "Buddhism, a forceful civilizing element, reached
      Hiaksai in A.D. 384, and from it the sutras and images of northern
      Buddhism were carried to Japan, as well as Chinese letters and
      ethics." ''Buddhism'' amended from ''Buddism''.

    ARTICLE KUEN-LUN: "... have the appearance of comparatively gentle
      swellings of the earth's surface rather than of well-defined
      mountain ranges." ''surface'' amended from ''service''.

    ARTICLE KURDISTAN: "... like another Saladin, the bey ruled in
      patriarchal state, surrounded by an hereditary nobility, regarded
      by his clansmen with reverence and affection, and attended by a
      bodyguard of young Kurdish warriors..." ''patriarchal'' amended
      from ''partriarchal''..




          ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

  A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE
           AND GENERAL INFORMATION

              ELEVENTH EDITION


            VOLUME XV, SLICE VIII

           Kite-Flying to Kyshtym




ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:


  KITE-FLYING                      KOSTER, LAURENS
  KIT-FOX                          KOSTROMA (government of Russia)
  KITTO, JOHN                      KOSTROMA (town of Russia)
  KITTUR                           KOSZEG
  KITZINGEN                        KOTAH
  KIU-KIANG FU                     KOTAS
  KIUSTENDIL                       KOTKA
  KIVU                             KOTRI
  KIWI                             KOTZEBUE, AUGUST FRIEDRICH VON
  KIZILBASHES                      KOTZEBUE, OTTO VON
  KIZIL IRMAK                      KOUMISS
  KIZLYAR                          KOUMOUNDOUROS, ALEXANDROS
  KIZYL-KUM                        KOUSSO
  KJERULF, HALFDAN                 KOVALEVSKY, SOPHIE
  KJERULF, THEODOR                 KOVNO (government of Russia)
  KLADNO                           KOVNO (town of Russia)
  KLAFSKY, KATHARINA               KOVROV
  KLAGENFURT                       KOWTOW
  KLAJ, JOHANN                     KOZLOV
  KLAMATH                          KRAAL
  KLAPKA, GEORG                    KRAFFT, ADAM
  KLAPROTH, HEINRICH JULIUS        KRAGUYEVATS
  KLAPROTH, MARTIN HEINRICH        KRAKATOA
  KLEBER, JEAN BAPTISTE            KRAKEN
  KLEIN, JULIUS LEOPOLD            KRALYEVO
  KLEIST, BERND HEINRICH VON       KRANTZ, ALBERT
  KLEIST, EWALD CHRISTIAN VON      KRASNOVODSK
  KLERKSDORP                       KRASNOYARSK
  KLESL, MELCHIOR                  KRASZEWSKI, JOSEPH IGNATIUS
  KLINGER, FRIEDRICH VON           KRAUSE, KARL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH
  KLINGER, MAX                     KRAWANG
  KLIPSPRINGER                     KRAY VON KRAJOVA, PAUL
  KLONDIKE                         KREMENCHUG
  KLOPP, ONNO                      KREMENETS
  KLOPSTOCK, GOTTLIEB FRIEDRICH    KREMS
  KLOSTERNEUBURG                   KREMSIER
  KLOTZ, REINHOLD                  KREUTZER, KONRADIN
  KNARESBOROUGH                    KREUTZER, RUDOLPH
  KNAVE                            KREUZBURG
  KNEBEL, KARL LUDWIG VON          KREUZNACH
  KNEE                             KRIEGSPIEL
  KNELLER, SIR GODFREY             KRIEMHILD
  KNICKERBOCKER, HARMEN JANSEN     KRILOFF, IVAN ANDREEVICH
  KNIFE                            KRISHNA
  KNIGGE, ADOLF FRANZ FRIEDRICH    KRISHNAGAR
  KNIGHT, CHARLES                  KRISTIANSTAD
  KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY           KRIVOY ROG
  KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON              KROCHMAL, NAHMAN
  KNIGHTHOOD and CHIVALRY          KRONENBERG
  KNIGHT-SERVICE                   KRONSTADT
  KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN CIRCLE     KROONSTAD
  KNIPPERDOLLINCK, BERNT           KROPOTKIN, PETER ALEXEIVICH
  KNITTING                         KROTOSCHIN
  KNOBKERRIE                       KRUDENER, BARBARA JULIANA
  KNOLLES, RICHARD                 KRUG, WILHELM TRAUGOTT
  KNOLLES, SIR ROBERT              KRUGER, STEPHANUS JOHANNES PAULUS
  KNOLLYS                          KRUGERSDORP
  KNOT (bird)                      KRUMAU
  KNOT (loop of rope)              KRUMBACHER, CARL
  KNOUT                            KRUMEN
  KNOWLES, SIR JAMES               KRUMMACHER, FRIEDRICH ADOLF
  KNOWLES, JAMES SHERIDAN          KRUPP, ALFRED
  KNOW NOTHING PARTY               KRUSENSTERN, ADAM IVAN
  KNOX, HENRY                      KRUSHEVATS
  KNOX, JOHN                       KSHATTRIYA
  KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE            KUBAN (river of Russia)
  KNOXVILLE                        KUBAN (province of Russia)
  KNUCKLE                          KUBELIK, JAN
  KNUCKLEBONES                     KUBERA
  KNUTSFORD                        KUBLAI KHAN
  KOALA                            KUBUS
  KOBDO                            KUCHAN
  KOBELL, WOLFGANG XAVER FRANZ     KUCH BEHAR
  KOCH, ROBERT                     KUDU
  KOCH (tribe)                     KUENEN, ABRAHAM
  KOCK, CHARLES PAUL DE            KUEN-LUN
  KODAIKANAL                       KUFA
  KODAMA, GENTARO                  KUHN, FRANZ FELIX ADALBERT
  KODUNGALUR                       KUHNE, WILLY
  KOENIG, KARL DIETRICH EBERHARD   KUKA
  KOESFELD                         KU KLUX KLAN
  KOHAT                            KUKU KHOTO
  KOHAT PASS                       KULJA
  KOHISTAN                         KULM
  KOHL                             KULMBACH
  KOHLHASE, HANS                   KULMSEE
  KOKOMO                           KULP
  KOKO-NOR                         KULU
  KOKSHAROV, NIKOLAI VON           KUM
  KOKSTAD                          KUMAIT IBN ZAID
  KOLA                             KUMAON
  KOLABA                           KUMASI
  KOLAR                            KUMISHAH
  KOLBE, ADOLPHE WILHELM HERMANN   KUMQUAT
  KOLBERG                          KUMTA
  KOLCSEY, FERENCZ                 KUMYKS
  KOLDING                          KUNAR
  KOLGUEV                          KUNBIS
  KOLHAPUR                         KUNDT, AUGUST ADOLPH EDUARD EBERHARD
  KOLIN                            KUNDUZ
  KOLIS                            KUNENE
  KOLLIKER, RUDOLPH ALBERT VON     KUNERSDORF
  KOLLONTAJ, HUGO                  KUNGRAD
  KOLOMEA                          KUNGUR
  KOLOMNA                          KUNKEL VON LOWENSTJERN, JOHANN
  KOLOZSVAR                        KUNLONG
  KOLPINO                          KUNZITE
  KOLS                             KUOPIO (province of Finland)
  KOLYVAN                          KUOPIO (city of Finland)
  KOMAROM                          KUPRILI
  KOMATI                           KURAKIN, BORIS IVANOVICH
  KOMOTAU                          KURBASH
  KOMURA, JUTARO                   KURDISTAN (country)
  KONARAK                          KURDISTAN (province of Persia)
  KONG                             KURGAN
  KONGSBERG                        KURIA MURIA ISLANDS
  KONIA                            KURILES
  KONIECPOLSKI, STANISLAUS         KURISCHES HAFF
  KONIG, KARL RUDOLPH              KURNOOL
  KONIGGRATZ                       KUROKI, ITEI
  KONIGINHOF                       KUROPATKIN, ALEXEI NIKOLAIEVICH
  KONIGSBERG                       KURO SIWO
  KONIGSBORN                       KURRAM
  KONIGSHUTTE                      KURSEONG
  KONIGSLUTTER                     KURSK (government of Russia)
  KONIGSMARK, MARIA AURORA         KURSK (town of Russia)
  KONIGSMARK, PHILIPP CHRISTOPH    KURTZ, JOHANN HEINRICH
  KONIGSSEE                        KURUMAN
  KONIGSTEIN                       KURUMBAS and KURUBAS
  KONIGSWINTER                     KURUNEGALA
  KONINCK, LAURENT GUILLAUME DE    KURUNTWAD
  KONINCK, PHILIP DE               KURZ, HERMANN
  KONITZ                           KUSAN
  KONKAN                           KUSHALGARH
  KONTAGORA                        KUSHK
  KOORINGA                         KUSTANAISK
  KOPENICK                         KUSTENLAND
  KOPISCH, AUGUST                  KUTAIAH
  KOPP, HERMANN FRANZ MORITZ       KUTAIS (government of Russia)
  KOPRULU                          KUTAIS (town of Russia)
  KORA                             KUT-EL-AMARA
  KORAN                            KUTENAI
  KORAT                            KUTTALAM
  KORDOFAN                         KUTTENBERG
  KOREA (country)                  KUTUSOV, MIKHAIL LARIONOVICH
  KOREA (Indian tributary state)   KUWET
  KORESHAN ECCLESIA, THE           KUZNETSK
  KORIN, OGATA                     KVASS
  KORKUS                           KWAKIUTL
  KORMOCZBANYA                     KWANGCHOW BAY
  KORNER, KARL THEODOR             KWANG-SI
  KORNEUBURG                       KWANG-TUNG
  KOROCHA                          KWANZA
  KORSOR                           KWEI-CHOW
  KORTCHA                          KYAUKPYU
  KORYAKS                          KYAUKSE
  KOSCIUSCO                        KYD, THOMAS
  KOSCIUSZKO, TADEUSZ BONAWENTURA  KYFFHAUSER
  KOSEN                            KYNASTON, EDWARD
  KOSHER                           KYNETON
  KOSLIN                           KYOSAI, SHO-FU
  KOSSOVO                          KYRIE
  KOSSUTH, FERENCZ LAJOS AKOS      KYRLE, JOHN
  KOSSUTH, LAJOS                   KYSHTYM




KITE-FLYING, the art of sending up into the air, by means of the wind,
light frames of varying shapes covered with paper or cloth (called
kites, after the bird--in German _Drache_, dragon), which are attached
to long cords or wires held in the hand or wound on a drum. When made in
the common diamond form, or triangular with a semicircular head, kites
usually have a pendulous tail appended for balancing purposes. The
tradition is that kites were invented by Archytas of Tarentum four
centuries before the Christian era, but they have been in use among
Asiatic peoples and savage tribes like the Maoris of New Zealand from
time immemorial. Kite-flying has always been a national pastime of the
Koreans, Chinese, Japanese, Tonkinese, Annamese, Malays and East
Indians. It is less popular among the peoples of Europe. The origin of
the sport, although obscure, is usually ascribed to religion. With the
Maoris it still retains a distinctly religious character, and the ascent
of the kite is accompanied by a chant called the kite-song. The Koreans
attribute its origin to a general, who, hundreds of years ago,
inspirited his troops by sending up a kite with a lantern attached,
which was mistaken by his army for a new star and a token of divine
succour. Another Korean general is said to have been the first to put
the kite to mechanical uses by employing one to span a stream with a
cord, which was then fastened to a cable and formed the nucleus of a
bridge. In Korea, Japan and China, and indeed throughout Eastern Asia,
even the tradespeople may be seen indulging in kite-flying while waiting
for customers. Chinese and Japanese kites are of many shapes, such as
birds, dragons, beasts and fishes. They vary in size, but are often as
much as 7 ft. in height or breadth, and are constructed of bamboo strips
covered with rice paper or very thin silk. In China the ninth day of the
ninth month is "Kites' Day," when men and boys of all classes betake
themselves to neighbouring eminences and fly their kites. Kite-fighting
is a feature of the pastime in Eastern Asia. The cord near the kite is
usually stiffened with a mixture of glue and crushed glass or porcelain.
The kite-flyer manoeuvres to get his kite to windward of that of his
adversary, then allows his cord to drift against his enemy's, and by a
sudden jerk to cut it through and bring its kite to grief. The Malays
possess a large variety of kites, mostly without tails. The Sultan of
Johor sent to the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893 a collection
of fifteen different kinds. Asiatic musical kites bear one or more
perforated reeds or bamboos which emit a plaintive sound that can be
heard for great distances. The ignorant, believing that these kites
frighten away evil spirits, often keep them flying all night over their
houses.

There are various metaphorical uses of the term "kite-flying," such as
in commercial slang, when "flying a kite" means raising money on credit
(cf. "raising the wind"), or in political slang for seeing "how the wind
blows." And "flying-kites," in nautical language, are the topmost sails.

Kite-flying for scientific purposes began in the middle of the 18th
century. In 1752 Benjamin Franklin made his memorable kite experiment,
by which he attracted electricity from the air and demonstrated the
electrical nature of lightning. A more systematic use of kites for
scientific purposes may, however, be said to date from the experiments
made in the last quarter of the 19th century.     (E. B.)

_Meteorological Use._--Many European and American meteorological
services employ kites regularly, and obtain information not only of the
temperature, but also of the humidity and velocity of the air above. The
kites used are mostly modifications of the so-called box-kites, invented
by L. Hargrave. Roughly these kites may be said to resemble an ordinary
box with the two ends removed, and also the middle part of each of the
four sides. The original Hargrave kite, the form generally used, has a
rectangular section; in Russia a semicircular section with the curved
part facing the wind is most in favour; in England the diamond-shaped
section is preferred for meteorological purposes owing to its simplicity
of construction. Stability depends on a multitude of small details of
construction, and long practice and experience are required to make a
really good kite. The sizes most in use have from 30 to 80 sq. ft. of
sail area. There is no difficulty about raising a kite to a vertical
height of one or even two miles on suitable days, but heights exceeding
three miles are seldom reached. On the 29th of November 1905 at
Lindenberg, the Prussian Aeronautical Observatory, the upper one of a
train of six kites attained an altitude of just four miles. The total
lifting surface of these six kites was nearly 300 sq. ft., and the
length of wire a little over nine miles. The kites are invariably flown
on a steel wire line, for the hindrance to obtaining great heights is
not due so much to the weight of the line as to the wind pressure upon
it, and thus it becomes of great importance to use a material that
possesses the greatest possible strength, combined with the smallest
possible size. Steel piano wire meets this requirement, for a wire of
1/32 in. diameter will weigh about 16 lb. to the mile, and stand a
strain of some 250-280 lb. before it breaks. Some stations prefer to use
one long piece of wire of the same gauge throughout without a join,
others prefer to start with a thin wire and join on thicker and thicker
wire as more kites are added. The process of kite-flying is as follows.
The first kite is started either with the self-recording instruments
secured in it, or hanging from the wire a short distance below it. Wire
is then paid out, whether quickly or slowly depends on the strength of
the wind, but the usual rate is from two to three miles per hour. The
quantity that one kite will take depends on the kite and on the wind,
but roughly speaking it may be said that each 10 sq. ft. of lifting
surface on the kite should carry 1000 ft. of 1/32 in. wire without
difficulty. When as much wire as can be carried comfortably has run out
another kite is attached to the line, and the paying out is continued;
after a time a third is added, and so on. Each kite increases the strain
upon the wire, and moreover adds to the height and makes it more
uncertain what kind of wind the upper kites will encounter; it also adds
to the time that is necessary to haul in the kites. In each way the risk
of their breaking away is increased, for the wind is very uncertain and
is liable to alter in strength. Since to attain an exceptional height
the wire must be strained nearly to its breaking point, and under such
conditions a small increase in the strength of the wind will break the
wire, it follows that great heights can only be attained by those who
are willing to risk the trouble and expense of frequently having their
wire and train of kites break away. The weather is the essential factor
in kite-flying. In the S.E. of England in winter it is possible on about
two days out of three, and in summer on about one day out of three. The
usual cause of failure is want of wind, but there are a few days when
the wind is too strong. (For meteorological results, &c., see
METEOROLOGY.)     (W. H. Di.)

_Military Use._--A kite forms so extremely simple a method of lifting
anything to a height in the air that it has naturally been suggested as
being suitable for various military purposes, such as signalling to a
long distance, carrying up flags, or lamps, or semaphores. Kites have
been used both in the army and in the navy for floating torpedoes on
hostile positions. As much as two miles of line have been paid out. For
purposes of photography a small kite carrying a camera to a considerable
height may be caused to float over a fort or other place of which a
bird's-eye view is required, the shutter being operated by electric
wire, or slow match, or clockwork. Many successful photographs have been
thus obtained in England and America.

The problem of lifting a man by means of kites instead of by a captive
balloon is a still more important one. The chief military advantages to
be gained are: (1) less transport is required; (2) they can be used in a
strong wind; (3) they are not so liable to damage, either from the
enemy's fire or from trees, &c., and are easier to mend; (4) they can be
brought into use more quickly; (5) they are very much cheaper, both in
construction and in maintenance, not requiring any costly gas.

Captain B. F. S. Baden-Powell, of the Scots Guards, in June 1894
constructed, at Pirbright Camp, a huge kite 36 ft. high, with which he
successfully lifted a man on different occasions. He afterwards improved
the contrivance, using five or six smaller kites attached together in
preference to one large one. With this arrangement he frequently
ascended as high as 100 ft. The kites were hexagonal, being 12 ft. high
and 12 ft. across. The apparatus, which could be packed in a few minutes
into a simple roll, weighed in all about 1 cwt. This appliance was
proved to be capable of raising a man even during a dead calm, the
retaining line being fixed to a wagon and towed along. Lieut. H. D. Wise
made some trials in America in 1897 with some large kites of the
Hargrave pattern (Hargrave having previously himself ascended in
Australia), and succeeded in lifting a man 40 ft. above the ground. In
the Russian army a military kite apparatus has also been tried, and was
in evidence at the manoeuvres in 1898. Experiments have also been
carried out by most of the European powers.     (B. F. S. B.-P.)




KIT-FOX (_Canis [Vulpes] velox_), a small fox, from north-western
America, measuring less than a yard in length, with a tail of nearly a
third this length. There is a good deal of variation in the colour of
the fur, the prevailing tint being grey. A specimen in the Zoological
Gardens of London had the back and tail dark grey, the tail tipped with
black, and a rufous wash on the cheeks, shoulders, flanks and outer
surface of the limbs, with the under surface white. The specific name
was given on account of the extraordinary swiftness of the animal. (See
CARNIVORA.)




KITTO, JOHN (1804-1854), English biblical scholar, was the son of a
mason at Plymouth, where he was born on the 4th of December 1804. An
accident brought on deafness, and in November 1819 he was sent to the
workhouse, where he was employed in making list shoes. In 1823 a fund
was raised on his behalf, and he was sent to board with the clerk of the
guardians, having his time at his own disposal, and the privilege of
making use of a public library. After preparing a small volume of
miscellanies, which was published by subscription, he studied dentistry
with Anthony Norris Groves in Exeter. In 1825 he obtained congenial
employment in the printing office of the Church Missionary Society at
Islington, and in 1827 was transferred to the same society's
establishment at Malta. There he remained for eighteen months, but
shortly after his return to England he accompanied Groves and other
friends on a private missionary enterprise to Bagdad, where he obtained
personal knowledge of Oriental life and habits which he afterwards
applied with tact and skill in the illustration of biblical scenes and
incidents. Plague broke out, the missionary establishment was broken up,
and in 1832 Kitto returned to England. On arriving in London he was
engaged in the preparation of various serial publications of the Society
for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, the most important of which were
the _Pictorial History of Palestine_ and the _Pictorial Bible_. The
_Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature_, edited under his superintendence,
appeared in two volumes in 1843-1845 and passed through three editions.
His _Daily Bible Illustrations_ (8 vols. 1849-1853) received an
appreciation which is not yet extinct. In 1850 he received an annuity of
L100 from the civil list. In August 1854 he went to Germany for the
waters of Cannstatt on the Neckar, where on the 25th of November he
died.

  See Kitto's own work, _The Lost Senses_ (1845); J. E. Ryland's
  _Memoirs of Kitto_ (1856); and John Eadie's _Life of Kitto_ (1857).




KITTUR, a village of British India, in the Belgaum district of Bombay;
pop. (1901), 4922. It contains a ruined fort, formerly the residence of
a Mahratta chief. In connexion with a disputed succession to this
chiefship in 1824, St John Thackeray, an uncle of the novelist, was
killed when approaching the fort under a flag of truce; and a nephew of
Sir Thomas Munro, governor of Madras, fell subsequently when the fort
was stormed.




KITZINGEN, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Bavaria on the Main, 95
m. S.E. of Frankfort-on-Main by rail, at the junction of the main-lines
to Passau, Wurzburg and Schweinfurt. Pop. (1900), 8489. A bridge, 300
yards long, connects it with its suburb Etwashausen on the left bank of
the river. A railway bridge also spans the Main at this point. Kitzingen
is still surrounded by its old walls and towers, and has an Evangelical
and two Roman Catholic churches, two municipal museums, a town-hall, a
grammar school, a richly endowed hospital and two old convents. Its
chief industries are brewing, cask-making and the manufacture of cement
and colours. Considerable trade in wine, fruit, grain and timber is
carried on by boats on the Main. Kitzingen possessed a Benedictine abbey
in the 8th century, and later belonged to the bishopric of Wurzburg.

  See F. Bernbeck, _Kitzinger Chronik 745-1565_ (Kitzingen, 1899).




KIU-KIANG FU, a prefecture and prefectural city in the province of
Kiang-si, China. The city, which is situated on the south bank of the
Yangtsze-kiang, 15 m. above the point where the Kan Kiang flows into
that river from the Po-yang lake, stands in 29 deg. 42' N. and 116 deg.
8' E. The north face of the city is separated from the river by only the
width of a roadway, and two large lakes lie on its west and south
fronts. The walls are from 5 to 6 m. in circumference, and are more than
usually strong and broad. As is generally the case with old cities in
China, Kiu-Kiang has repeatedly changed its name. Under the Tsin dynasty
(A.D. 265-420), it was known as Sin-Yang, under the Liang dynasty
(502-557) as Kiang Chow, under the Suy dynasty (589-618) as Kiu-Kiang,
under the Sung dynasty (960-1127) as Ting-Kiang, and under the Ming
dynasty (1368-1644) it assumed the name it at present bears. Kiu-Kiang
has played its part in the history of the empire, and has been
repeatedly besieged and sometimes taken, the last time being in February
1853, when the T'ai-p'ing rebels gained possession of the city. After
their manner they looted and utterly destroyed it, leaving only the
remains of a single street to represent the once flourishing town. The
position of Kiu-Kiang on the Yangtsze-kiang and its proximity to the
channels of internal communication through the Po-yang lake, more
especially to those leading to the green-tea-producing districts of the
provinces of Kiang-si and Ngan-hui, induced Lord Elgin to choose it as
one of the treaty ports to be opened under the terms of his treaty
(1861). Unfortunately, however, it stands above instead of below the
outlet of the Po-yang lake, and this has proved to be a decided drawback
to its success as a commercial port. The immediate effect of opening the
town to foreign trade was to raise the population in one year from
10,000 to 40,000. The population in 1908, exclusive of foreigners, was
officially estimated at 36,000. The foreign settlement extends westward
from the city, along the bank of the Yangtsze-kiang, and is bounded on
its extreme west by the P'un river, which there runs into the Yangtsze.
The bund, which is 500 yards long, was erected by the foreign community.
The climate is good, and though hot in the summer months is invariably
cold and bracing in the winter. According to the customs returns the
value of the trade of the port amounted in 1902 to L2,854,704, and in
1904 to L3,489,816, of which L1,726,506 were imports and L1,763,310
exports. In 1904 322,266 lb. of opium were imported.




KIUSTENDIL, the chief town of a department in Bulgaria, situated in a
mountainous country, on a small affluent of the Struma, 43 m. S.W. of
Sofia by rail. Pop. (1906), 12,353. The streets are narrow and uneven,
and the majority of the houses are of clay or wood. The town is chiefly
notable for its hot mineral springs, in connexion with which there are
nine bathing establishments. Small quantities of gold and silver are
obtained from mines near Kiustendil, and vines, tobacco and fruit are
largely cultivated. Some remains survive of the Roman period, when the
town was known as Pautalia, Ulpia Pautalia, and Pautalia Aurelii. In the
10th century it became the seat of a bishopric, being then and during
the later middle ages known by the Slavonic name of Velbuzhd. After the
overthrow of the Servian kingdom it came into the possession of
Constantine, brother of the despot Yovan Dragash, who ruled over
northern Macedonia. Constantine was expelled and killed by the Turks in
1394. In the 15th century Kiustendil was known as Velbushka Banya, and
more commonly as Konstantinova Banya (Constantine's Bath), from which
has developed the Turkish name Kiustendil.




KIVU, a considerable lake