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NOTES and QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION

FOR

LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.

VOL. IV.--No. 109. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 29. 1851.

Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4_d._




CONTENTS.

                                                                Page


      NOTES:--

      Thomas More and John Fisher                                417

      Notes on Newspapers, by H. M. Bealby                       418

      Treatise of Equivocation                                   419

      Notes on Virgil, by Dr. Henry                              420

      Minor Notes:--Verses presented, to General
      Monck--Justice to Pope Pius V.                             421

      QUERIES:--

      Crosses and Crucifixes                                     422

      Master of the Buckhounds, by John Branfill Harrison        422

      Minor Queries:--"No Cross no Crown"--Dido and
      AEneas--Pegs and Thongs for Rowing: Torture among the
      Athenians--French Refugees--Isabel, Queen of the Isle
      of Man--Grand-daughter of John Hampden--Cicada or
      Tettigonia Septemdecim--The British Sidanen--Jenings or
      Jennings--Caleva Atrebatum, Site of--Abigail--Etymology
      of Durden--Connecticut Halfpenny                           423

      MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--Arms displayed on Spread
      Eagle--St. Beuno--Lists of Knights Bachelor--Walker--See
      of Durham                                                  424

      REPLIES:--

      Convocation of York                                        425

      The Old Countess of Desmond                                426

      Coins of Vabalathus                                        427

      Marriage of Ecclesiastics                                  427

      Replies to Minor Queries:--"Crowns have their
      Compass"--The Rev. Richard Farmer--Earwig                  428

      MISCELLANEOUS:--

      Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c.                     429

      Books and Odd Volumes wanted                               429

      Notices to Correspondents                                  430

      Advertisements                                             430




Notes.


THOMAS MORE AND JOHN FISHER.

Although I am afraid "NOTES AND QUERIES" may not be considered as open
to contributions purely bibliographical, and admitting I am uncertain
whether the following copy of the treatise of John Fisher, Bishop of
Rochester, has been before noted, I am induced to send this extract from
Techener's _Bulletin du Bibliophile_ for May 1851. The book is in the
library at Douai.

  "This Treatise concernynge the fruytful Saynges of David the King
  and prophete in the seven penytencyall psalmes, devyded in _ten_
  sermons, was made and compyled by the ryght reverente fader in god
  Johan Fyssher, doctour of dyvinyte and bysshop of Rochester, at
  the exortacion and sterynge of the most excellent pryncesse
  Margarete, Countesse of Richemount and Derby, and moder to out
  souverayne Lorde Kynge H[=e]ry the VII."

It is described as a small 4to., printed upon vellum, in Gothic letters,
at London, 1508, by Wynkyn de Worde, and contains 146 leaves. On the
first leaf it has a portcullis, crowned with the motto "Dieu et mon
Droit." On the recto of the last leaf there is--

  "Here endeth the exposycyon of the 7 psalmes. Enprynted at London
  in the fletestrete, at the sygne of ye Sonne, by Wynkyn de Worde.
  In the yere of oure lorde M.CCCCC.VIII. ye 16 day of ye moneth of
  Juyn. The XXIII. yere of ye reygne of our souverayne Lorde Kynge
  H[=e]ry the Seventh."

At the back, there is the sun, the monogram of Wynkyn de Worde--the
letters W. C. displayed as usual--and beneath, "Wynkyn de Worde."

At the beginning of the book, "sur une garde en velin" (a fly-leaf of
vellum?), there is written in a very neat hand the following ten verses,
the profession of faith of Thomas Morus and of his friend John Fisher,
Bishop of Rochester:

      "The surest meanes for to attaine
      The perfect waye to endlesse blisse
      Are happie lief and to remaine
      W'thin ye church where virtue is;
      And if thy conscience be sae sounde
      To thinse thy faith is truth indeede
      Beware in thee noe schisme be founde
      That unitie may have her meede;
      If unitie thow doe embrace
      In heaven (_en_?)joy possesse thy place."

Beneath--

      "Qui non recte vivit in unitate ecclesiae
      Catholicae, salvus esse non potest."

And lower on the same page--

      "Thomas Morus d[=n]s cancellarius Angliae
      Joh. Fisher Epus Roffensis."

It is traditionally reported, upon the testimony of some Anglican
Benedictines (an order now extinct), that the lines which contain the
profession of faith, and those which follow, are in the handwriting of
Bishop Fisher, and that the work was presented by him to the
chancellor, during their imprisonment, when by order of Henry VIII. the
chancellor was denied the consolation of his books.

In the same library there is a fine Psalter, which belonged to Queen
Elizabeth. The _Livre d'Heures_ of Mary Queen of Scots was here also to
be found: "Maria, glorious martyr and Queen of Scotland." It is
conjectured these books were brought to Douai by the fugitive English
Roman Catholic priests. In 1790 their collections were confiscated and
given to the public library of Douai. It would be of interest to
ascertain, if possible, the authenticity of the _Heures a l'Usage_,
stated to have belonged to Mary Queen of Scots. Upon this point one may
be permitted to be sceptical. I have myself seen two. One of these, it
was said, had been used by Mary on the scaffold, and contained a note in
the handwriting, as I think, of James II. attesting the fact. It was
understood to have been obtained from a monastery in France. The other,
a small Prayer Book MS. in vellum, of good execution, had the signature
"M." with a line I think over it of "O Lord, deliver me from my
enemies!" in French. I am, however, now writing from memory, and, in the
first case, of very many years.

Whether the line, "Maria, glorious martyr and Queen of Scotland," be
written in the Psalter, or has been added by the mental excitement of M.
Duthilloeul, the librarian at Douai, I cannot decide. The grand
culmination of "and Queen of Scotland" forms doubtless a very striking
anti-thesis: but neither the possessor of the book nor a priest would
have so sunk the martyr, although a woman and a queen were alike
concerned, as this line does. Lowndes states there is a copy of the
bishop's treatise on vellum at Cambridge. A copy is in the British
Museum; but the title, according, to Lowndes, has _seven_ sermons. It
will be observed the title now given has _ten_.

    S. H.


NOTES ON NEWSPAPERS.

The social elements of society in the seventeenth century were more
simple in their character and development than at the present period.
The population was comparatively small, and therefore the strivings for
success in any pursuit did not involve that severe conflict which is so
frequently the case in the present day. Society then was more of a
community than it is now. It had not public bodies to aid it. It was
left more to its own inherent resources for reciprocal good, and for
mutual help. The temptations to evade and dissemble, in matters of
business, or private and public negotiations, were not so strong as they
now are. Its transactions were more transparent and defined, because
they were fewer and less complicated than many of our own. We readily
grant that society now, in its social, religious, and commercial
aspects, enjoys advantages immeasurably superior to those of any former
period; still there are some few advantages which it had then, that it
cannot possess now. The following advertisements, from the newspapers of
the time, will illustrate the truth of the foregoing remarks:

From a _Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade_.

  Friday, January 26, 1693/4.

  "One that is fit to keep a Warehouse, be a Steward, or do any
  Business that can be supposed an intelligent Man that has been a
  Shopkeeper is fit for, and can give any Security that can be
  desired, as far as Ten Thousand Pound goes, and has some Estate of
  his own, desires an Employment of One hundred Pounds a year, or
  upwards. I can give an account of him."

That a man having 10,000_l._ to give as security, and in possession of
an estate, should require a situation of 100_l._ per annum, sounds oddly
enough in our ears. "I can give an account of him," denotes that the
editor was a man well known and duly appreciated. He appears to have
been a scribe useful in many ways. He was known, and knowing.

  Friday, February 2, 1693/4.

  "A very eminent Brewer, and one I know to be a very honest
  Gentleman, wants an Apprentice. I can give an account of him."

In what sense the word "honest" must here be taken it is difficult to
define. As an eminent brewer, we should naturally conclude he must have
been an honest man. He is here very eminent and very honest.

  Friday March 16, 1693/4.

  "Many Masters want Apprentices, and many Youths want Masters. If
  they apply themselves to me, I'll strive to help them. Also for
  variety of valuable services."

Here is the editor of a paper offering his help to masters and
apprentices for their mutual good. Let us suppose an advertisement of
this kind appearing in _The Times_ of our own day. Printing-house Square
would not contain a tithe of the individuals who would present
themselves for the reception of this accommodating aid. In such a case
the editors (as it regards their particular duties) would be cyphers,
for a continuous absorption of their time would necessarily occur in the
carrying out of this benevolent offer. This advertisement may be
considered as _multum in parvo_, giving the wants of the many in an
announcement of three or four lines, connecting them with a variety of
services which in those days were thought to be valuable. How greatly
are we assisted by these little incidents in forming correct views of
the state of society at that period.

The next advertisement shows the value set upon the services of one who
was to perform the duties of a clerk, and to play well on the violin.

  "If any young Man that plays well on a Violin, and writes a good
  Hand, desires a Clerkship, I can help him to Twenty Pounds a
  year."

Of course twenty pounds was of more value then than it is now: still it
seems a small sum for the performance of such duties, for twelve months.
Here is musical talent required for the amusement of others, in
combination with the daily duties of a particular profession. An
efficient musician, and a good writer, and all for 20_l._ per annum! We
learn by the editor's "I can help him," his readiness to assist all who
would advertise in his journal, to obtain those employments which their
advertisements specified.

  Friday, April 6, 1694.

  "A Grocer of good business desires an Apprentice of good growth."

The "good growth" must have been intended to convey the idea of height
and strength.

My next article shall be devoted to advertisements of another class,
further illustrating the state of society and the peculiarities of the
people at the end of the seventeenth century.

    H. M. BEALBY.

  North Brixton.


TREATISE OF EQUIVOCATION.

As having originated the inquiry in "NOTES AND QUERIES"[1] respecting
this Treatise, under the signature of J. M., I feel great obligation
both to the editor of that journal, and the editor of the Treatise
itself, for having brought it to light by publication, and added it to
the stock of accurate and very important historical information. Indeed,
a real vacancy was left for it; and it is a subject of high
self-gratulation, that a boon previously, and for a length of time,
hidden and unproductive, is now accessible and operative without limit.
I have no doubt that all your readers, and the whole reading public,
join with me in rejoicing that the editorship of the work has fallen
into hands so competent and so successful.

  [Footnote 1: Vol. i., pp. 263. 357.; Vol. ii., pp. 136. 168. 446.
  490.]

I was, not for ten, but twenty years or more, in quest of the MS. now so
happily made public property, and should have fallen upon it much
earlier, but for the misleading title under which it appears, where it
_is_ really; for it has been found. In the _Catalogus Lib. MSS._: Ox.
1697, among the Laudian MSS. appears, p. 62., "968.95. _A Treatise_
against _Equivocation, or fraudulent Dissimulation_." _Against!_ when no
such word is in the original, and the real matter and meaning is _for_!
I had, at some early time, marked the very entry; but presuming that the
work had been actually _printed_ (which I believe it was in a very few
copies, which have disappeared), naturally enough I did not pursue the
search in that direction. Others, I am happy, have, and I am gratified.

The work is very important; for there is not a work more evidently
genuine and authentic than this is proved to be by plain historic
evidence, both as to the document itself and the facts which it attests.
The witness, or witnesses, appearing in it, give their testimony
respecting themselves with the most unsuspectable simplicity. They meant
not, and have not, misrepresented themselves: they have proclaimed their
own doctrine for themselves respecting Equivocation and Mental
Reservation--the last of which is really of most importance; and it was
most needful to the Roman body at the time, and under their
circumstances. Their object, for mere safety, was concealment as to
their resorts or residences. They could not exist, as they did, without
the assistance and knowledge of many individuals, some of inferior
class. Against the incessant inquiries to which they were exposed they
had no defence, except the power of disappointing or misleading by
ambiguity or deception, which was completely secured by reserved
termination in the mind to any uttered declaration. Now, there is in
this very Treatise _plain admission_ that all the co-religionists of the
endangered party, particularly a lady who is distinctly noticed, were
not convinced of the moral rectitude of such a procedure; and it was
necessary, or expedient, that their hesitation should be removed. And
this seems to be the main object of the present work. How far it has
succeeded must depend upon the evidence which is adduced.

We have generally had the doctrine of the Roman body on the subject of
the Treatise presented by opponents; here we have it as deliberately
stated by themselves. There is a passage rather observable in p. 103.,
beginning at the bottom and extending to the words "he hath no such
meaning to tell them," of which we are not acquainted with a duplicate.
But the whole has something of the freshness and interest of novelty.

_Macbeth_, it is agreed, I believe, was written in 1607, consequently
after the Powder Plot, when the doctrine before us was brought forward
pointedly against the traitors. Might there not be some reference to the
fact in the Second Act, where the porter of the castle, roused by
repeated knockings, on the murder, after other exclamations in the
manner of the poet, proceeds:

  "Here's an Equivocator, that could swear in both the scales,
  against either scale: who committed treason enough for God's sake,
  yet could not equivocate to heaven. Oh, come in, Equivocator"?

Mr. Jardine will thank your correspondent for pointing out an error or
two which should be corrected in another edition. At p. 44., for
"[Greek: chtho]," in the margin, should be printed "_sub verbo_." The
word in the MS. is a contraction to that effect: the capital "V" has a
curved stroke across the first line of the "V," followed by "_bo_."
Generally the _Dubium_, in alphabetic works of the kind referred to,
ranks under some alphabetic word, one or more, as it may happen; but in
Em. Sa's work the word _Dubium_ comes under the letter D., and this is
meant to be expressed. At p. 49. the footnote should be omitted, as the
Vulgate, which is followed, calls the 1st of _Samuel_ the 1st of
_Kings_. The first line of p. 56. should have "_autem_" instead of
"_antea_." I have inspected the MS. carefully, and therefore speak with
confidence.

    EUPATOR.


NOTES ON VIRGIL.

(_Continued from_ p. 308.)

      IV. "Illum expirantem transfixo pectore flammas
          Turbine corripuit scopuloque infixit acuto."

          Virg. _AEn._ I. 48.

  "TURBINE; volubilitate ventorum. SCOPULO; saxo
  eminenti."--_Servius._

  "Hub sie im Wirbel empor, und spiesst' an ein scharfes Gestein
  ihn."--_Voss._

  "Ipsum vero Pallas fulmine percussum procellae vi scopulo etiam
  allisit."--_Heyne._

  "Impegit rupi acutae."--_Ruaeus._

  "Infixit. _Inflixit_, lectionem quorundam MSS. facile praetulissem,
  et quod statim praecesserit _transfixo_, unde evadit inconcinna
  cognatae dictionis repetitio, et quod etiam AEn. x. 303.:

      "'Namque inflicta vadis, dorso dum pendet iniquo,'

  "si Sidon. Apoll. v. 197. haud tueretur vulgatam scripturam:

                           "'Fixusque Capharei
      Cautibus, inter aquas flammam ructabat Oileus.'"--_Wakefield._

To which criticism of Wakefields's, Forbiger adds: "Praeterea etiam acuto
scopulo _infigendi_ voc. accommodatius videtur quam _infligendi_." And
Wagner: "acuto scopulo _infigi_ melius."

This interpretation and these criticisms are founded altogether on a
false conception of the meaning of the word _infigere_, which is never
to fix _on_, but always either to fix _in_, or to fix _with_, i.e.
pierce _with_. _Scopulo infixit acuto_, _fixed or pinned_ down or to the
ground _with_ a sharp rock; _i.e._ hurled a sharp-pointed rock on him,
so as to nail him to the ground. So (_AEn._ XII. 721.) "Cornua obnixi
infigunt," fix their horns, not _on_, but _in_; infix their horns; stick
their horns into each other; stick each other with their horns: _q.d._
Cornibus se mutuo infigunt: and, exactly parallel to our text:

      "Saturnius me sic _infixit_ Jupiter,
      Jovisque numen Mulcibri adscivit manus.
      Hos ille _cuneos_ fabrica crudeli _inserens_,
      Perrupit artus; qua miser sollertia
      Transverberatus, castrum hoc Furiarum incolo."

      Cicero (translating from AEschylus), _Tuscul. Quaest._ II. 10.

In confirmation of this view of the passage, I may observe: 1st, that it
is easier to imagine a man staked to the ground by a sharp-pointed rock,
than flung on a sharp-pointed rock, so as to remain permanently impaled
on it; and 2dly, that the account given of the transaction, both by
Quintus Calaber and Seneca, agree as perfectly with this view as they
disagree with the opposite:

      [Greek: Kai ny ken exelyxe kakon moron, ei me ar' auto,
      rhexas aian enerthen, epiproeeke kolonen;
      eute paros megaloio kat' Enkeladoio daiphron
      Pallas aeiramene Sikelen epikabbale neson;
      e rh' eti kaietai aien hyp' akamatoio Gigantos,
      aithaloen pneiontos eso chthonos; hos ara Lokron
      amphekalypsen anakta dysammoron oureos akre,
      hypsothen exeripousa, baryne de karteron andra;
      amphi de min thanatoio melas ekichesat' olethros,
      gaie <DW25>s dmethenta, kai akamato eni ponto.]

      Quintus Calab. XIV. 579.

And so Seneca; who, having presented us with Ajax clinging to the rock
to which he had swum for safety, after his ship had been sunk, and
himself struck with lightning, and there uttering violent imprecations
against the Deity, adds:

                "Plura cum auderet furens,
      Tridente rupem subruit pulsam pater
      Neptunus, imis exerens undis caput,
      Solvitque montem; quem cadens secum tulit:
      Terraque et igne victus et pelago jacet."

      _Agam._ 552.

And, so also, beyond doubt, we are to understand Sidonius
Apollinaris's--

                                "Fixusque Capharei
      Cautibus, inter aquas flammam ructabat Oileus."

Not, with Wakefield and the other commentators, _fixed on_ the rocks of
Caphareus, but, _pierced with_ the rocks of Caphareus, and lying under
them. Compare (_AEn._ IX. 701.) "fixo pulmone," the pierced lung; "fixo
cerebro" (_AEn._ XII. 537.); "verubus trementia figunt" (_AEn._ I. 216.),
not, fix _on_ the spits, but, stick or pierce _with_ the spits; and
especially (Ovid. _Ibis._ 341.),

      "Viscera sic aliquis scopulus tua figat, ut olim
        Fixa sub Euboico Graia fuere sinu,"

pierced and pinned down with a rock, at the bottom of the Euboean gulf.

TURBINE. SCOPULO.--Not two instruments, _a whirlwind and a rock_, but
one single instrument, _a whirling rock_; scopulo turbineo; in modo
turbinis se circumagente; as if Virgil had said, Solo affixit illum
correptum et transverberatum scopulo acuto in eum maxima vi rotato: or,
more briefly, Turbine scopuli acuti corripuit et infixit. Compare:

      "Praecipitem scopulo atque ingentis turbine saxi
      Excutit effunditque solo."--_AEn._ XII. 531.

                            "Stupet obvia leto
      Turba super stantem, atque emissi turbine montis
      Obruitur."--Stat. _Theb._ II. 564.

      "Idem altas turres saxis et turbine crebro
      Laxat."--Stat. _Theb._ X. 742.

So understood, 1st, the passage is according to Virgil's usual manner,
the latter part of the line explaining and defining the general
statement contained in the former; and, 2ndly, Pallas kills her enemy,
not by the somewhat roundabout and unusual method of first striking him
with thunder, and then snatching him up in a whirlwind, and then either
dashing him against a sharp rock, and leaving him impaled there, or, as
I have shown is undoubtedly the meaning, impaling him with a sharp rock,
but by the more compendious and less out-of-the-way method of first
striking him with thunder, and then whirling a sharp-pointed rock on top
of him, so as to impale him.

From Milton's imitation of this passage, in his _Paradise Lost_ (ii.
180.), it appears that even he fell into the general and double error:

      "Caught in a fiery tempest shall be hurled,
      Each on his rock transfixed."

Caro's translation shows that he had no definite idea whatever of the
meaning:

                          "A tale un turbo
      In preda il die; che per acuti scogli
      Miserabil ne fe' rapina, e scempio."

       *       *       *       *       *

      V. "Ast ego, quae Divum incedo regina, Jovisque
         Et soror et conjux, una cum gente tot annos
         Bella gero."--_AEn._ I. 50.

  "'INCEDERE' wird besonders von der feierlichen, wuerdevollen
  Haltung im Gange gebraucht: vers 500, von der Dido, 'Regina
  incessit.' (Ruhnk. zu _Terent. And._ I. i. 100. _Eun._ v. 3. 9.)
  Deshalb der majestaetischen Juno eigenthuemlich, [Greek: Heraion
  badizein]. Also nicht fuer _sum_, sondern ganz
  eigentlich."--_Thiel._

      "But I who walk in awful state above."

      _Dryden._

  "_Incedere_ est _ingredi_, sed proprie cum quadam pompa et
  fastu."--_Gesner._

  "Incessus dearum, imprimis Junonis, gravitate sua
  notus."--_Heyne._

And so also Holdsworth and Ruaeus.

I think, on the contrary, that _incedo_, both here and elsewhere,
expresses only the stepping or walking motion generally, and that the
character of the step or walk, if inferable at all, is to be inferred
only from the context. Accordingly, "Magnifice incedit" (Liv. II. 6.);
"Turpe incedere" (Catull