A TREATISE ON PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE ***




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Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
are listed at the end of the text.

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[Illustration: THE VISCERA IN POSITION.]

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A

TREATISE

ON

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE

FOR

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND GENERAL READERS.

_FULLY ILLUSTRATED._

BY

JOSEPH C. HUTCHISON, M. D.,

_President of the New York Pathological Society, Vice-President of the New
York
Academy of Medicine, Surgeon to the Brooklyn City Hospital, late
President
of the Medical Society of the State of New York, etc._

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NEW YORK:

CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS,

5 BARCLAY STREET.

1872.

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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870,
By CLARK & MAYNARD.
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

  Stereotyped by LITTLE, RENNIE & CO.
      645 and 647 Broadway.

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TO MY WIFE,

WHOSE SYMPATHY HAS, FOR MORE THAN TWENTY YEARS, LIGHTENED THE
CARES INCIDENT TO

_AN ACTIVE PROFESSIONAL LIFE_,

THIS HUMBLE VOLUME

IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED.

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PREFACE.

------o------

This work is designed to present the leading facts and principles of human
Physiology and Hygiene in clear and concise language, so that pupils in
schools and colleges, and readers not familiar with the subjects, may
readily comprehend them. Anatomy, or a description of the structure of an
organ, is of course necessary to the understanding of its Physiology, or
its uses. Enough of the former study has, therefore, been introduced, to
enable the pupil to enter intelligently upon the latter.

Familiar language, as far as practicable, has been employed, rather than
that of a technical character. With a view, however, to supply what might
seem to some a deficiency in this regard, a Pronouncing Glossary has been
added, which will enable the inquirer to understand the meaning of many
scientific terms not in common use.

In the preparation of the work the writer has carefully examined all the
best material at his command, and freely used it; the special object being
to have it abreast of the present knowledge on the subjects treated, as far
as such is possible in a work so elementary as this. The discussion of
disputed points has been avoided, it being manifestly inappropriate in a
work of this kind.

Instruction in the rudiments of Physiology in schools does not necessitate
the general practice of dissections, or of experiments upon animals. The
most important subjects may be illustrated by {4} drawings, such as are
contained in this work. Models, especially those constructed by AUZOUX of
Paris, dried preparations of the human body, and the organs of the lower
animals, may also be used with advantage.

The writer desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to R. M. WYCKOFF, M.D.,
for valuable aid in the preparation of the manuscript for the press; and to
R. CRESSON STILES, M.D., a skilful microscopist and physician, for the
chapter "On the Use of the Microscope in the Study of Physiology." Mr. AVON
C. BURNHAM, the well-known teacher of gymnastics, furnished the drawing of
the parlor gymnasium and the directions for its use.

_Brooklyn, N. Y., 1870._

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CONTENTS.

  CHAPTER I.

                                                                       PAGE

  THE FRAMEWORK OF THE BODY                                              15

  _The Bones--Their form and composition--The Properties of Bone--The
  Skeleton--The Joints--The Spinal Column--The Growth of Bone--The
  Repair of Bone._

  CHAPTER II.

  THE MUSCLES                                                            25

  _The Muscles--Flexion and Extension--The Tendons--Contraction--Physical
  Strength--Necessity for Exercise--Its Effects--Forms of
  Exercise--Walking--Riding--Gymnastics--Open-air Exercise--Sleep--
  Recreation._

  CHAPTER III.

  THE INTEGUMENT, OR SKIN                                                41

  _The Integument--Its Structure--The Nails and Hair--The Complexion--The
  Sebaceous Glands--The Perspiratory Glands--Perspiration
  and its uses--Importance of Bathing--Different kinds of Baths--Manner
  of Bathing--The Benefits of the Sun--Importance of
  Warm Clothing--Poisonous Cosmetics._

  CHAPTER IV.

  THE CHEMISTRY OF FOOD                                                  53

  _The Source of Food--Inorganic Substances--Water--Salt--Lime--Iron--
  Organic Substances--Albumen, Fibrin, and Casein--The Fats or
  Oils--The Sugars, Starch, and Gum--Stimulating Substances--Necessity
  of a Regulated Diet._

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  CHAPTER V.

  FOOD AND DRINK                                                         64

  _Necessity for Food--Waste and Repair--Hunger and Thirst--Amount
  of Food--Renovation of the Body--Mixed Diet--Milk--Eggs--Meat--Cooking
  --Vegetable Food--Bread--The Potato--Fruits--Purity
  of Water--Action of Water upon Lead--Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate--Effects
  of Alcohol._

  CHAPTER VI.

  DIGESTION                                                              80

  _The Principal Processes of Nutrition--The General Plan of Digestion--
  Mastication--The Teeth--Preservation of the Teeth--Insalivation--The
  Stomach and the Gastric Juice--The Movements of the
  Stomach--Gastric Digestion--The Intestines--The Bile and Pancreatic
  Juice--Intestinal Digestion--Absorption by means of Blood-vessels
  and Lacteals--The Lymphatic or Absorbent System--The
  Lymph--Conditions which affect Digestion--The Quality, Quantity,
  and Temperature of the Food--The Influence of Exercise and
  Sleep._

  CHAPTER VII.

  THE CIRCULATION                                                       101

  _The Blood--Its Plasma and Corpuscles--Coagulation of the Blood--The
  Uses of the Blood--Transfusion--Change of Color--The Organs of
  the Circulation--The Heart, Arteries, and Veins--The Cavities
  and Valves of the Heart--Its Vital Energy--Passage of the Blood
  through the Heart--The Frequency and Activity