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Transcriber's Note:

  Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have
  been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.

  Italic text is denoted by _underscores_ and spaced text by =equal
  signs=. In the ads, an = sign denotes bold text.

  On page 431, 1854 should possibly be 1845.
  On page 533, the page number referenced is missing on the first
    Chapter XXXV citation.
  On page 544, the pages listed as pp 226-223 are possibly a typo.

  [Theta] represents the greek letter named in the brackets.
  [=HS] represents the characters HS with a bar over the top.
  [*] represents the Roman Denarius sign.
  [E] represents the Roman symbol for 2 oz., two stacked "c"s.
  [M] represents the Roman numeral 1000.
  [^C] represents a backwards C.
  \B and \F represent VB and VF ligatures.
  In Figure 54 and the subsequent text, letters indicated by ~A~
    represent small capital letters.




     POMPEII
     ITS LIFE AND ART




  [Illustration: PLATE I.--VIEW OF THE FORUM, LOOKING TOWARD VESUVIUS]




     POMPEII
     ITS LIFE AND ART

     BY
     AUGUST MAU

     GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE IN ROME

     Translated into English
     BY FRANCIS W. KELSEY
     UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

     _WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS FROM ORIGINAL
     DRAWINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS_

     NEW EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED

     New York
     THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
     LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
     1902

     _All rights reserved_




     COPYRIGHT, 1899, 1902,
     BY FRANCIS W. KELSEY.

     First Edition, October, 1899.
     New Revised Edition, with additions, November, 1902.

     Norwood Press
     J. S. Cushing & Co.--Berwick & Smith
     Norwood Mass. U.S.A.




PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION


For twenty-five years Professor Mau has devoted himself to the study
of Pompeii, spending his summers among the ruins and his winters in
Rome, working up the new material. He holds a unique place among the
scholars who have given attention to Pompeian antiquities, and his
contributions to the literature of the subject have been numerous in
both German and Italian. The present volume, however, is not a
translation of one previously issued, but a new work first published
in English, the liberality of the publishers having made it possible
to secure assistance for the preparation of certain restorations and
other drawings which Professor Mau desired to have made as
illustrating his interpretation of the ruins.

In one respect there is an essential difference between the remains of
Pompeii and those of the large and famous cities of antiquity, as Rome
or Athens, which have associated with them the familiar names of
historical characters. Mars' Hill is clothed with human interest, if
for no other reason, because of its relation to the work of the
Apostle Paul; while the Roman Forum and the Palatine, barren as they
seem to-day, teem with life as there rise before the mind's eye the
scenes presented in the pages of classical writers. But the Campanian
city played an unimportant part in contemporary history; the name of
not a single great Pompeian is recorded. The ruins, deprived of the
interest arising from historical associations, must be interpreted
with little help from literary sources, and repeopled with aggregate
rather than individual life.

A few Pompeians, whose features have survived in herms or statues and
whose names are known from the inscriptions, seem near to us,--such
are Caecilius Jucundus and the generous priestess Eumachia; but the
characters most commonly associated with the city are those of
fiction. Here, in a greater degree than in most places, the work of
reconstruction involves the handling of countless bits of evidence,
which, when viewed by themselves, often seem too minute to be of
importance; the blending of these into a complete and faithful picture
is a task of infinite painstaking, the difficulty of which will best
be appreciated by one who has worked in this field.

It was at first proposed to place at the end of the book a series of
bibliographical notes on the different chapters, giving references to
the more important treatises and articles dealing with the matters
presented. But on fuller consideration it seemed unnecessary thus to
add to the bulk of the volume; those who are interested in the study
of a particular building or aspect of Pompeian culture will naturally
turn to the _Pompeianarum antiquitatum historia_, the reports in the
_Notizie degli Scavi_, the reports and articles by Professor Mau in
the Roman _Mittheilungen_ of the German Archaeological Institute, the
Overbeck-Mau _Pompeji_, the Studies by Mau and by Nissen, the
commemorative volume issued in 1879 under the title _Pompei e la
regione sotterrata dal Vesuvio_, the catalogues of the paintings by
Helbig and Sogliano, together with Mau's _Geschichte der decorativen
Wandmalerei in Pompeji_, H. von Rohden's _Terracotten von Pompeji_,
and the older illustrated works, as well as the beautiful volume,
_Pompeji vor der Zerstoerung_, published in 1897 by Weichardt.

The titles of more than five hundred books and pamphlets relating to
Pompeii are given in Furchheim's _Bibliografia di Pompei_ (second
edition, Naples, 1891). To this list should be added an elaborate work
on the temple of Isis, _Aedis Isidis Pompeiana_, which is soon to
appear. The copperplates for the engravings were prepared at the
expense of the old Accademia ercolanese, but only the first section of
the work was published; the plates, fortunately, have been preserved
without injury, and the publication has at last been undertaken by
Professor Sogliano.

Professor Mau wishes to make grateful acknowledgment of obligation to
Messrs. C. Bazzani, R. Koldewey, G. Randanini, and G. Tognetti for
kind assistance in making ready for the engraver the drawings
presenting restorations of buildings; to the authorities of the German
Archaeological Institute for freely granting the use of a number of
drawings in its collection; and to the photographer, Giacomo Brogi of
Florence, for placing his collection of photographs at the author's
disposal and making special prints for the use of the engraver. In
addition to the photographs obtained from Brogi, a small number were
furnished for the volume by the translator, and a few were derived
from other sources.

The restorations are not fanciful. They were made with the help of
careful measurements and of computations based upon the existing
remains; occasionally also evidence derived from reliefs and wall
paintings was utilized. Uncertain details are generally omitted.

It is due to Professor Mau to say that in preparing his manuscript for
English readers I have, with his permission, made some changes. The
order of presentation has occasionally been altered. In several
chapters the German manuscript has been abridged, while in others,
containing points in regard to which English readers might desire a
somewhat fuller statement, I have made slight additions. The
preparation of the English form of the volume, undertaken for reasons
of friendship, has been less a task than a pleasure.

     FRANCIS W. KELSEY.

     ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN,
     October 25, 1899.




PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION


The author and the translator unite in expressing their deep
appreciation of the kind reception accorded to the first edition of
this book.

The second edition has been revised on the spot. Besides minor
additions, it has been enlarged by a chapter on the recently
discovered temple of Venus Pompeiana, and a Bibliographical Appendix;
prepared in response to requests from various quarters. Among the new
illustrations in the text are a restoration of the temple of Vespasian
and a reproduction of the bronze youth found in 1900, besides the
Alexandria patera and one of the skeleton cups from the Boscoreale
treasure; in Plate VIII are presented two additional paintings from
the house of the Vettii.

The translator is alone responsible for Chapter LIX, which was
prepared for the first edition at Professor Mau's request, at a time
when he was pressed with other work; for the paragraphs in regard to
the treasure of Boscoreale, and for one-half of the references in the
Bibliographical Appendix.

     AUGUST MAU
     FRANCIS W. KELSEY

     ALBERGO DEL SOLE, POMPEI
     August 2, 1901




CONTENTS


     INTRODUCTION

     CHAPTER                                                      PAGE

           I. THE SITUATION OF POMPEII                               1

          II. BEFORE 79                                              8

         III. THE CITY OVERWHELMED                                  19

          IV. THE UNEARTHING OF THE CITY                            25

           V. A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW                                     31

          VI. BUILDING MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION, AND ARCHITECTURAL
              PERIODS                                               35


     PART I

     PUBLIC PLACES AND BUILDINGS

         VII. THE FORUM                                             45

        VIII. GENERAL VIEW OF THE BUILDINGS ABOUT THE FORUM.--THE
              TEMPLE OF JUPITER                                     61

          IX. THE BASILICA                                          70

           X. THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO                                  80

          XI. THE BUILDINGS AT THE NORTHWEST CORNER OF THE
              FORUM, AND THE TABLE OF STANDARD MEASURES             91

         XII. THE MACELLUM                                          94

        XIII. THE SANCTUARY OF THE CITY LARES                      102

         XIV. THE TEMPLE OF VESPASIAN                              106

          XV. THE BUILDING OF EUMACHIA                             110

         XVI. THE COMITIUM                                         119

        XVII. THE MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS                              121

       XVIII. THE TEMPLE OF VENUS POMPEIANA                        124

         XIX. THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNA AUGUSTA                        130

          XX. GENERAL VIEW OF THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS NEAR THE
              STABIAN GATE.--THE FORUM TRIANGULARE AND THE
              DORIC TEMPLE                                         133

         XXI. THE LARGE THEATRE                                    141

        XXII. THE SMALL THEATRE                                    153

       XXIII. THE THEATRE COLONNADE USED AS BARRACKS FOR
              GLADIATORS                                           157

        XXIV. THE PALAESTRA                                        165

         XXV. THE TEMPLE OF ISIS                                   168

        XXVI. THE TEMPLE OF ZEUS MILICHIUS                         183

       XXVII. THE BATHS AT POMPEII.--THE STABIAN BATHS             186

      XXVIII. THE BATHS NEAR THE FORUM                             202

        XXIX. THE CENTRAL BATHS                                    208

         XXX. THE AMPHITHEATRE                                     212

        XXXI. STREETS, WATER SYSTEM, AND WAYSIDE SHRINES           227

       XXXII. THE DEFENCES OF THE CITY                             237


     PART II

     THE HOUSES

      XXXIII. THE POMPEIAN HOUSE                                   245

             I. Vestibule, Fauces, and Front Door                  248

            II. The Atrium                                         250

           III. The Tablinum                                       255

            IV. The Alae                                           258

             V. The Rooms about the Atrium. The Andron             259

            VI. Garden, Peristyle, and Rooms about the Peristyle   260

           VII. Sleeping Rooms                                     261

          VIII. Dining Rooms                                       262

            IX. The Kitchen, the Bath, and the Storerooms          266

             X. The Shrine of the Household Gods                   268

            XI. Second Story Rooms                                 273

           XII. The Shops                                          276

          XIII. Walls, Floors, and Windows                         278

       XXXIV. THE HOUSE OF THE SURGEON                             280

        XXXV. THE HOUSE OF SALLUST                                 283

       XXXVI. THE HOUSE OF THE FAUN                                288

      XXXVII. A HOUSE NEAR THE PORTA MARINA                        298

     XXXVIII. THE HOUSE OF THE SILVER WEDDING                      301

       XXXIX. THE HOUSE OF EPIDIUS RUFUS                           309

          XL. THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET                         313

         XLI. THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII                              321

        XLII. THREE HOUSES OF UNUSUAL PLAN                         341

             I. The House of Acceptus and Euhodia                  341

            II. A House without a Compluvium                       343

           III. The House of the Emperor Joseph II                 344

       XLIII. OTHER NOTEWORTHY HOUSES                              348

        XLIV. ROMAN VILLAS.--THE VILLA OF DIOMEDES                 355

         XLV. THE VILLA RUSTICA AT BOSCOREALE                      361

        XLVI. HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE                                  367


     PART III

     TRADES AND OCCUPATIONS

       XLVII. THE TRADES AT POMPEII.--THE BAKERS                   383

      XLVIII. THE FULLERS AND THE TANNERS                          393

        XLIX. INNS AND WINESHOPS                                   400


     PART IV

     THE TOMBS

           L. POMPEIAN BURIAL PLACES.--THE STREET OF TOMBS         405

          LI. BURIAL PLACES NEAR THE NOLA, STABIAN, AND NOCERA
              GATES                                                429


     PART V

     POMPEIAN ART

         LII. ARCHITECTURE                                         437

        LIII. SCULPTURE                                            445

         LIV. PAINTING.--WALL DECORATION                           456

          LV. THE PAINTINGS                                        471


