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  THE

  INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER

  UPON THE

  FRENCH REVOLUTION AND EMPIRE

  1793-1812


  BY

  CAPTAIN A. T. MAHAN, U.S.N.

  PRESIDENT UNITED STATES NAVAL WAR COLLEGE

  AUTHOR OF "THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY, 1660-1783"
  OF "THE GULF AND INLAND WATERS," AND OF A
  "LIFE OF ADMIRAL FARRAGUT"


  IN TWO VOLUMES

  VOL. II.


  FOURTH EDITION.


  LONDON:
  SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVINGTON.
  (LIMITED.)




UNIVERSITY PRESS:

JOHN WILSON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.




CONTENTS OF VOL. II.


  CHAPTER XII.

  EVENTS ON THE CONTINENT, 1798-1800.

  DISORDERS OF FRANCE UNDER THE DIRECTORY.—DISASTROUS WAR OF THE SECOND
  COALITION.—ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CONSULATE.—BONAPARTE OVERTHROWS
  AUSTRIA AND FRAMES AGAINST GREAT BRITAIN THE ARMED NEUTRALITY OF
  1800.—PEACE OF LUNÉVILLE WITH AUSTRIA.

                                                                   PAGE

  Hostilities of Naples against the French                            1

  Disastrous defeat of the Neapolitans                                2

  The French enter Naples                                             2

  Piedmont annexed to France                                          2

  Beginning of the war of the Second Coalition                        3

  Reverses of the French in Germany and Italy                         3

  Masséna falls back in Switzerland                                   4

  Further French disasters in Italy                                   5

  The French evacuate southern Italy                                  6

  Battle of the Trebia won by Suwarrow                                6

  Loss of northern Italy by the French                                7

  The French defeated at the battle of Novi by Suwarrow               8

  Change in the plans of the Coalition                                8

  Masséna defeats the allies at the battle of Zurich                  9

  Disastrous march of Suwarrow into Switzerland                       9

  Failure of the Anglo-Russian expedition against Holland            10

  Loss of Bonaparte's conquests in Italy and of the Ionian Islands   10

  Internal disorders of France                                       11

  Bonaparte's return, and the revolution of Brumaire 18              15

  Bonaparte's measures to restore order                              15

  His advances toward Great Britain and Austria to obtain peace      16

  Reasons of the two governments for refusing                        17

  Prosperity of Great Britain                                        17

  Russia abandons the coalition                                      19

  Forces of France and Austria in 1800                               19

  Bonaparte's plan of campaign                                       20

  Opening of the campaign in Italy                                   21

  Masséna shut up in Genoa                                           21

  Moreau's advance into Germany                                      21

  Bonaparte crosses the Saint Bernard                                22

  Battle of Marengo, and armistice following it                      23

  Armistice in Germany                                               24

  Diplomatic negotiations                                            25

  Bonaparte's colonial and maritime anxieties                        25

  The Czar Paul I.'s hostility to Great Britain                      26

  Dispute between England and Denmark concerning neutral rights      26

  Effect of this upon Bonaparte's plans                              27

  Policy of Russia and Prussia                                       28

  Bonaparte undertakes to form a coalition against Great Britain     29

  Factors in the question                                           