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                                  THE

                            STORY OF SIENA

                                  AND

                             SAN GIMIGNANO

                         _All rights reserved_

                 [Illustration: _Madonna with Saints._

                  _by Neroccio di Bartolommeo Landi._]





                                  THE

                            STORY OF SIENA

                                  AND

                             SAN GIMIGNANO

                                  BY
                           EDMUND G. GARDNER

                            ILLUSTRATED BY
                            HELEN M. JAMES

                        AND MANY REPRODUCTIONS
                           FROM THE WORKS OF
                        PAINTERS AND SCULPTORS

                            [Illustration]

                                 1902
                       LONDON: J. M. DENT & CO.
                          ALDINE HOUSE, W.C.


                                  To

                              THE MEMORY

                                  OF

                            HELEN M. JAMES




PREFACE


This present volume is intended to provide a popular history of the
great Republic of Siena, in such a form that it can also serve as a
guide-book to that most fascinating of Tuscan cities and its
neighbourhood. San Gimignano has been included, because no visitor to
Siena leaves the "fair town called of the Fair Towers" unvisited; I have
made special reference to it in the title of the book, to lay stress
upon the point that, although for administrative purposes San Gimignano
is included in the province (and in the _circondario_) of Siena, its
history is practically distinct from that of Siena and is more
intimately connected with the story of Florence.

The appended list of books and authorities, needless to say, is not a
complete bibliography, nor even a catalogue of those quoted in the
course of this work. It only represents some of those that my readers
will find most useful and helpful, or that will supply further
information upon many topics which the limits of this series of
Mediaeval Towns have compelled me to treat somewhat cursorily and
scantily.

The lamented death of Miss Helen M. James deprived us of her assistance
in the illustration of the last three chapters, more especially of the
two dealing with San Gimignano. Her work has been at the service of
this series from the beginning; but it is, perhaps, especially those who
have had the privilege of knowing her, and who have had the opportunity
of appreciating her character and her personality, that will realise the
greatness of this loss. My friend and publisher, Mr. J. M. Dent,
associates himself with me in dedicating this volume to her memory.

E. G. G.

_October 1902._




CONTENTS


                                                                    PAGE

CHAPTER I

_The Republic of Siena_                                                1

CHAPTER II

_Saint Catherine of Siena_                                            43

CHAPTER III

_The People and the Petrucci_                                         67

CHAPTER IV

_The Sculptors and Painters of Siena_                                 99

CHAPTER V

_The Campo of Siena and the Palace of the
Commune_                                                             126

CHAPTER VI

_The Duomo and the Baptistery_                                       149

CHAPTER VII

_In the Footsteps of Saint Catherine_                                184

CHAPTER VIII

_The Last Days of the Republic_                                      210

CHAPTER IX

_Through the City of the Virgin_                                     246

CHAPTER X

_Some Famous Convents and Monasteries_                               298

CHAPTER XI

_San Gimignano_                                                      324

CHAPTER XII

_In the Town of the Beautiful Towers_                                344

_The Family of Pope Pius the Second_                                 297

_Bibliographical Appendix_                                           366

_General Index_                                                      373




ILLUSTRATIONS


* _The Madonna with Saints_ (_Neroccio di Bartolommeo
Landi_). _Photogravure_                                     Frontispiece

      PAGE

_Siena from behind San Domenico_                                       3

_La Castel Vecchio, the oldest part of Siena_                          8

*_On the Battlefield of Montaperti_                          _facing_ 17

_A street in Siena_                                                   24

_La Croce del Travaglio_                                              35

_La Lupa_                                                             42

*_St Catherine of Siena_ (_Andrea di Vanni_)                 _facing_ 47

*_Letter from St Catherine to Stefano Maconi_                _facing_ 56

_St Catherine's Lamp_                                                 65

_The Mangia Tower_                                                    69

+ _The Elevation of Enea Silvio Piccolomini to the
Papacy as Pius II._ (_Pinturicchio_)                         _facing_ 73

_Via Fontebranda_                                                     77

_The Porta Romana_                                                    95

+ _The Pulpit of the Duomo_ (_Niccolo Pisano and
his Pupils_). _Photogravure_                                _facing_ 100

+ _The Font of San Giovanni of Siena_ (_Giacomo
della Quercia_)                                             _facing_ 104

* _The Madonna and Child_ (_detail from Duccio's
Altarpiece_). _Photogravure_                                _facing_ 112

_Bastion outside the Porta Pispini, erected by
Baldassare Peruzzi_                                                  116

_Via Giovanni Dupre_                                                 121

_The Palazzo Pubblico_                                               133

_The Market-Place_                                                   146

_The Duomo_                                                          151

_Interior of the Duomo_                                              163

+ _The Canonisation of Saint Catherine, from
Pinturicchio's fresco._ _Photogravure_                      _facing_ 174

+ _The Crucifixion, by Duccio di Buoninsegna.
Photogravure_                                               _facing_ 178

_Steps beside the Baptistery_                                        180

_Fontebranda_                                                        189

_House of St Catherine_                                              193

_Via della Galluzza_                                                 199

+ _The Ecstasy of St Catherine. Detail from
Bazzi's fresco. Photogravure_                               _facing_ 204

_A suburban Chapel_                                                  212

_Banner-holder in the Piazza Postierla_                              217

_An old fanale in the Piazza San Giusto_                             223

_Via dei Termini_                                                    229

_Porta Ovile_                                                        237

_Remains of a Mural Tower_                                           244

_Palazzo Saracini_                                                   249

_The Tower of Sant' Ansano_                                          255

_Pozzo della Diana_                                                  259

_Via delle Sperandie_                                                263

_Via della Fonte_                                                    267

_Fonte San Maurizio_                                                 279

_Piazza and Palazzo Tolomei_                                         287

_At the older circuit of the walls_                                  296

_Fountain outside Posta Ovile_                                       299

+ _Coronation of Virgin_ (_Andrea della Robbia_)            _facing_ 304

*_A Miracle of St Benedict_ (_Bazzi_)                       _facing_ 314

*_Maurus and Placidus_ (_Bazzi_)                            _facing_ 320

*_San Gimignano_                                            _facing_ 325

+ _Apparition of St Gregory._ (_Domenico Ghirlandaio_)      _facing_ 330

*_In the Town of the Fair Towers_                           _facing_ 340

+ _The Funeral of Santa Fina_ (_Domenico Ghirlandaio_)      _facing_ 349

+ _Heads of Choristers_ (_Domenico Ghirlandaio_)            _facing_ 352

+ _St Augustine at School._ (_Benozzo Gozzoli_)             _facing_ 358

_Map of Siena_                                              _facing_ 372

* _These illustrations are reproduced, with permission, from photographs
by Messrs Alinari of Florence._

+ _These illustrations are reproduced, with permission, from photographs
by Messrs Lombardi of Siena._

_We are indebted to Signor Enrico Torrini of Siena for permission
to make use of his map._

_The remaining illustrations are all from drawings by Helen M.
James._




The Story of Siena

and

San Gimignano




CHAPTER I

_The Republic of Siena_


Siena remains the most perfectly mediaeval of all the larger cities of
Tuscany. Its narrow streets, its spacious Gothic palaces and churches,
the three hills upon which it rises enthroned, with the curiously
picturesque valleys between them, are still inclosed in frowning walls
of the fourteenth century. The Renaissance came to it late, gave it its
enduring epithet of "soft Siena," and blended harmoniously, almost
imperceptibly, with its mediaeval spirit.

According to the more picturesque of the traditions respecting its
origin, Siena was founded by Senius, the son of Remus, who brought with
him the image of the _Lupa_, the she-wolf suckling the twins, which
still remains the city's badge. When he offered sacrifice to his gods, a
dense black smoke arose from the altar of Apollo and a pure white smoke
from that of Diana--in commemoration of which was made the _balzana_,
the black and white shield of the Commune that we still see upon
Siena's gates and public buildings. There are two other shields
associated with it: a blue shield with the word _Libertas_ in gold
letters; a red shield with a white lion rampant. According to other
traditions, scarcely more historical, the first was granted to Siena by
Charlemagne, the second (the arms of the People) by the Emperor Otto.

Siena was a place of very small importance during the dark ages. As in
the case of its neighbour and rival, Florence, its epoch of greatness
begins with the earlier decades of the twelfth century, in the confused
period that followed the death of the Countess Matilda of Tuscany.
Throughout the greater part of the twelfth century and at the beginning
of the thirteenth, the Republic of Siena was nominally ruled by Consuls,
who up to the middle of the twelfth century shared their authority with
the Bishop. They were men of noble rank, usually three or sometimes six
in number, elected by the people in the parliament that met either
before the then Romanesque Duomo or in the Piazza di San Cristofano, to
hold office for one year. At first the nobles were the greater power in
the State; some at least were the descendants of the foreign invaders,
the counts and barons of the Frankish and German Emperors, and the
result of their prepotency was naturally combined with the territorial
rivalry with Florence to make Siena throw in its lot with the
Ghibellines, when the great struggle between Papacy and Empire, between
republican ideals and feudal traditions, divided Italy. Gradually five
noble families came to stand out pre-eminently as the _schiatte
maggiori_, with special privileges from the Republic and a predominating
influence in the State, names that we shall meet with again and again in
Siena's story; the Piccolomini, the Tolomei, the Malavolti, the
Salimbeni and the Saracini. The Salimbeni were

[Illustration: SIENA FROM BEHIND S. DOMENICO]

the richest and exercised considerable territorial sway in the contado;
the Piccolomini claimed to be of pure Latin descent, and were
undoubtedly of more democratic tendencies. These nobles were divided
against themselves; there was bitter feud between the Salimbeni and the
Tolomei, between the Malavolti and the Piccolomini. And presently the
people took advantage of this to rise and claim their share in the
administration of the city, and in the reformation of 1147 they obtained
a third part of the government.

Gradually the Republic of Siena extended its sway over the neighbouring
townlets and over the castelle of the contado, whose feudal lords were
forced to reside in the city for some months in the year, to fight for
the Commune in war. In spite of internal factions and dissensions, the
city increased in wealth and prosperity; its commerce was largely
extended; fugitives from Milan, flying from the Teutonic arms of
Frederick Barbarossa, introduced the Art of Wool; Sienese gentlemen, led
by Filippo Malavolti--a noble whom we dimly discern as a great figure in
those far-off republican days--sailed to Syria in Pisan galleys and
shared in the capture of Acre. Notwithstanding its traditional support
of the imperial cause, it was in this century that Siena gave to the
Church the "great Pope of the Lombard League"--Orlando Bandinelli, who
during his long pontificate as Alexander III. (from 1159 to 1181) knew
how to uphold the rights of Italy no less than the claims of the Papacy
against the mightiest of the Kaisers. And, indeed, the Ghibellinism of
the Sienese was always of a patriotic Italian type. In 1186 they closed
their gates in the face of Barbarossa, believing that he meant to
deprive them of their contado, and hurled back his son Henry discomfited
from the Porta Camollia. At the close of the century, Siena began to
have a Podesta as chief magistrate, like the other cities of Tuscany,
who was probably at the outset an imperial nominee, and the consular
government appears to have ceased by about 1212; while the people became
associated into Arts or Guilds, somewhat resembling the more famous
Florentine associations, whose representatives sat in the councils of
the Republic and had their voice in the affairs of State.[1] Already the
glorious Duomo, though needless to say not in its present form, had been
consecrated by Pope Alexander, and the Dogana stood on the site of the
present Palazzo Comunale, a sign of increasing commercial prosperity. A
great part of the public authority was now in the hands of the
Camarlingo and the four Provveditori di Biccherna, the officials who
presided over the finances of the Republic. Though for a few years we
still find the names of consuls, the Podesta was from 1199 onwards the
chief officer of the State; we find in 1200 and in 1201 that Filippo
Malavolti held this office, but after 1211 it was invariably assigned to
a foreigner. In 1208 the oldest of the Sienese palaces, the Palazzo
Tolomei, was built; although burned by the people on at least two
occasions, it still retains not a little of its early mediaeval aspect.

Throughout the greater part of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries,
Siena--usually more or less allied with Pisa, Pistoia and the Conti
Guidi--was engaged in a series of wars with Florence, an intermittent
struggle alternating with hollow, insincere treaties of peace. This was
due to the antagonistic ideals of Guelf and Ghibelline, to the growing
commercial rivalry between the two republics, each especially striving
to get into the hands of its own merchants and noble bankers all the
increasingly lucrative affairs of the Roman Curia, and, perhaps, more
immediately to the fact that each was striving to extend its contado at
the expense of the other. Poggibonsi, Colle di Val d'Elsa, Montalcino
and Montepulciano--in which right was probably with Siena and might with
Florence--were perpetual sources of contention, and the Sienese suffered
severe defeats time after time. "Do not forget through eternity those
that deny thee, that withdraw themselves from the homage they owe thee,
that plot against thee and that bring shame to thee." So runs the black
book of the Commune, the _Memoriale delle Offese_, in which these things
were recorded. "Be mindful of Montepulciano, that, though it be of thy
contado, most proudly endeavours to withdraw itself therefrom."[2]
Grosseto was the first place of importance that, in 1224, fell
permanently into the hands of the Sienese, a town previously swayed by
the Counts Aldobrandeschi of Santa Fiora, those most potent nobles of
the Sienese contado whose pride and whose imperialistic tendencies are
recorded by Dante.

Within the city the factions raged furiously. The power of the nobles or
_gentiluomini_ was waning, even in Ghibelline Siena. It was laid to
their charge that the wars with Florence had taken so unfavourable a
turn, that the Florentines were ravaging the contado, had hurled donkeys
into Siena with their catapults, and on one occasion had even penetrated
into the city itself. By what appears to have been a comparatively
peaceful revolution in 1233, the people obtained an increased share in
the government; a supreme magistracy of Twenty-four was created, elected
annually by the General

[Illustration: In Castel Vecchio, the oldest part of Siena]

Council, eight from each _terzo_ of the city, half from each order.[3]
But their rule became irksome to the more conservative section of the
nobles, who formed a rival party and strove to oust the _popolani_ from
power. In 1240 it came to blood, to adopt the Dantesque phrase. The
opponents of the new regime, headed by the Podesta, Manfredi da
Sassuolo, rose in arms; the people, led by a certain Aldobrandino di
Guido Cacciaconti, who is described as one of the "grandi del popolo di
Siena," and who was of an old feudal family, rallied round the
Twenty-four. The battle began in three places in the city. There was
fighting up and down the narrow streets; there was flaming of torches
and clashing of weapons round the palaces and towers. The Palazzo
Tolomei and the Palazzo Malavolti were burned, and after much
devastation and bloodshed, when many had fallen on either side, the
Twenty-four got the upper-hand, drove out a certain number of the
nobles, and appointed Aldobrandino Podesta. He was a strong and prudent
man, who put down disorder with a firm hand, and reconciled many of the
leaders of either party. In the comparative tranquillity that followed,
the streets and squares of Siena were paved for the first time. But the
struggle with Florence proved disastrous. The Sienese were forced to
make a disadvantageous peace, and, in 1255, there was an alliance
concluded between the rival republics, in the epoch of Guelf
predominance that followed the deaths of Frederick II. and King Conrad.

It was in this brief breathing space, of external peace and internal
tranquillity, that a knight of Siena, Messer Folcacchiero de'
Folcacchieri, wrote what was once thought to be the earliest extant
example of a regular canzone, describing his own hapless plight through
love: _Tutto lo mondo vive senza guerra_: "All the world is living
without war, yet I can find no peace." The constitution at this time
shows the usual bewildering number of separate councils that we find in
mediaeval Italian republics. The four Provveditori di Biccherna with
their Camarlingo still administered the revenues of the State, the
executive was in the hands of the Podesta and Captain. Laws were
discussed and approved in the General Council of the Campana, composed
of "three hundred good Catholics, not excommunicated nor suspected of
heresy." There was nominally a Parliament, which the Podesta and Captain
could not summon without the consent of two-thirds of the Council of the
Campana, and without previously explaining what they intended to
propose. But "the Twenty-four were the informing soul of the
constitution, and once a month they met in secret council without the
Podesta and Captain."[4]

But it was not for long that the Lion shook hands with the Wolf, as we
see them at a later epoch on the pavement of the Duomo. Florence was now
the predominant power in Tuscany, fiercely democratic and strenuously
Guelf; while Pisa and Siena alone clung to the discredited cause of the
Ghibellines, the latter thirsting to recover Montalcino which had been
lost in the last war. Away in the south, Frederick's heroic son, King
Manfred, was upholding the claims of the imperial house of Suabia, and
Siena looked to him. A band of exiled Florentines came to Siena in 1258,
led by that tremendous Ghibelline noble whom Dante was afterwards to see
rising from his fiery tomb as though he held all Hell in scorn, the man
whom the triumph of the Guelfs would torture more than all the torments
of his burning bed: Farinata degli Uberti. In spite of the express terms
of the treaty, Siena turned a deaf ear to the remonstrance of her
nominal ally, and refused to expel the fugitives. War being now
inevitable, ambassadors were sent to Manfred to obtain his aid. The
price of the royal assistance was that the Sienese should swear fidelity
and obedience to him. This was done, and in May 1259, from Lucera, the
King received the Commune under his protection. To a second embassy,
praying him to take the imperial crown and to send a captain with an
army into Tuscany, Manfred answered that he loved Siena above all the
cities of Italy, and that he would shortly send to those parts such a
captain of his own blood and so great a force of armed men with him
"that he shall make the rough ways smooth, and rule that province in
peace."[5] And in December the Count Giordano d'Anglano, the King's
near kinsman, appeared in Siena, with a small force of Germans. He at
once took the field in the Maremma, where Grosseto and Montemassi had
rebelled from Siena, and forced the former town to surrender in
February. Hearing that the Florentines were making huge preparations,
and were sending supplies to Montepulciano and Montalcino, another
embassy was sent to Manfred in March, headed by the most influential
citizen of Siena, Provenzano Salvani.

No sooner had spring come than the Florentine army, headed by their
Podesta, Jacopino Rangoni of Modena, entered the territory of the
republic and advanced upon Siena by way of Colle and Montereggioni,
forcing the Sienese to raise the siege of Montemassi, and to withdraw
all their troops for the defence of the city. On the morning of May
18th, there was a smart engagement at Santa Petronilla outside the Porta
Camollia. A small force of Germans and Sienese made a vigorous sortie,
in which the Germans bore the brunt of the fighting, lost the greater
part of their number killed, and the royal banner fell into the hands of
the Florentines, who retired to their encampment, having suffered
severely in killed and wounded. They broke up their camp and retreated
on the 20th, almost simultaneously with the return of Provenzano and his
colleagues to Siena followed by a strong force of German and Italian
mercenaries from the King.[6] The war was at once renewed with activity,
Provenzano Salvani being the leading spirit throughout. Montemassi was
taken and Montalcino rigorously blockaded.

The critical condition of Montalcino combined with Ghibelline intrigues
to bring the Florentines again into the field. Farinata and his fellow
exiles gave the _anziani_, who then ruled in Florence, to understand
that Siena was thirsting for a change of government, for the overthrow
of the Twenty-four, and the banishment of Provenzano, "who was the
greatest _popolano_ of Siena," and that the nobles were prepared to sell
the city to the Florentines. In spite of the strenuous opposition of
Tegghiaio Aldobrandino and the Conte Guidoguerra, the Florentines
decided instantly to resume hostilities--nominally to relieve
Montalcino, in reality to destroy Siena. They called the people to arms
to follow the standards of their companies, summoned aid from Lucca and
Bologna and all the Guelf cities of their league. At the beginning of
September the army of Florence with the Carroccio or battle car of the
Republic, over which floated the red and white standard of the Commune,
entered the Sienese contado, where it was joined by the men of Perugia
and Orvieto. Without counting these, there were at least 3000 horsemen
and more than 30,000 infantry; but there were traitors in the army, in
secret understanding with the enemy. From their camp beyond the Arbia,
the captain and commissaries of the Florentines sent ambassadors to the
Sienese, to demand their instant and absolute submission. "Straightway
throw down your walls," they began, "in order that we may enter your
city at whatever place likes us best."

Forthwith the Twenty-four of Siena summoned the council to meet in the
church of San Cristofano. There was some wavering at first. The worthy
burghers knew nothing of the secret dealings of the Florentine exiles
(to which, probably, Provenzano alone was privy), but had heard much of
the might and fierceness of the invading forces, and several of the
council urged a compromise. At once Provenzano Salvani sprang to his
feet and bade them summon the Count Giordano. The Count came and, with
the sixteen German constables, his seneschal and an interpreter, stood
before the council. There was no thought of surrender then; the Germans
shouted with delight at the prospect of double pay and speedy fighting,
and Salimbene Salimbeni at once hurried to his palace and returned with
the money, driving through the piazza in a cart covered with scarlet and
decked with olive. Through his mouth the Twenty-four gave their reply to
the Florentine herald: "Go back to your captain and the commissaries,
and tell them that we shall answer them by word of mouth on the field."
The whole city was arming; before the church, the piazza of the Tolomei
and all the streets leading to it were packed with a wildly expectant
and ever increasing crowd. While away in the Duomo the Bishop assembled
the clergy and religious, with bare feet moving in solemn procession to
implore the divine aid against "the impious appetites of the
Florentines," the Twenty-four had elected Buonaguida Lucari _sindaco_
with full powers--practically Dictator.

"Men of Siena," cried Buonaguida from the steps of San Cristofano, "ye
all know how we have recommended ourselves to the protection of King
Manfred; let us now surrender ourselves, our goods and persons, our city
and our contado with all our rights, to the Queen of Eternal Life, to
our Lady and Mother, the Virgin Mary. Follow me now, all of you, with
purity of faith and freedom of will, to make this offering."

Bareheaded and barefooted, clad like a beggar with a halter round his
neck, the Dictator solemnly carried the keys of the city to the Duomo,
followed by the people, barefooted too, and crying continually,
_misericordia, misericordia_. There all the clergy met them, and at the
foot of the choir the Bishop and Dictator solemnly embraced, in pledge
of the complete union of Church and State, while hereditary foes fell
into each other's arms. Then after silent prayer, prostrate before the
altar, the Dictator in an impassioned harangue formally made over the
city and contado of Siena to the Mother of Heaven, while the Bishop
mounted the pulpit and solemnly exhorted the people to mutual
forgiveness and to approach the sacraments. The next day there was a
long procession through the streets, the keys were blessed and given
over to the keeping of the Gonfalonieri (the elected heads of the three
terzi). All night the churches had been thronged by crowds approaching
the confessionals, by enemies seeking reconciliation with each other,
and at daybreak the Twenty-four sent three heralds with the banners of
each terzo to call the people to arms in the name of God and of the
Virgin Mary.

It was Friday, September 3rd. The whole army consisted of a little more
than 20,000 men. There were 800 Germans and other royal horsemen with
the imperial banner, under Count Giordano and the Count of Arras; 400
more horsemen, partly Germans and partly noble Sienese, under the Count
Aldobrandino degli Aldobrandeschi of Santa Fiora and Niccolo de'
Bigozzi, seneschal of the Commune. The Florentine and other Ghibelline
exiles, under the Count Guido Novello and Farinata, were partly with
Giordano, partly with Count Aldobrandino. There were 19,000 citizen
infantry from the three terzi of the city and the contado, under the
Podesta, Francesco Troghisio, and their three Gonfalonieri, with the
Carroccio of the Republic over which floated a white standard "that gave
right good comfort, for it seemed the mantle of the Virgin Mary." A
number of priests, some of them armed, accompanied the army; the rest
with the Bishop, old men and women, spent the day fasting, going in
procession from church to church throughout the city reciting litanies
and the like. They marched out of the Porta Pispini and occupied the
hill of Monteropoli beyond which, in the plain of the Cortine between
the Biena and the Malena (little streams that join the Arbia), and on
the opposite hill of Monteselvoli, lay the Guelf army--its leaders
confidently expecting a revolution in Siena in their favour and the
speedy surrender of one of the gates of the city. All during the night
the Sienese harassed the Florentine camp, and on Saturday morning,
September 4th, the battle began.

The Count of Arras, with some 400 horse and foot, advancing along the
Biena, moved round Monteselvoli to fall upon the Florentine left flank;
while the rest of the army left their hill, crossed the Arbia and
approached the enemies' position--the Florentines in the valley
hastening up their own side of Monteselvoli to join the main body. The
German heavy cavalry commenced the assault, dashing like dragons into
the ranks of the men of Prato, Arezzo and Lucca, horse and men falling
in heaps before their terrible lances. The Count Giordano led his
_tedeschi_ straight for the centre of the Guelfic army, where the
"martinella" rang continuously over the Carroccio of Florence, round
which the flower of the burgher army stood. The Count Aldobrandino with
his cavalry and the eager Sienese followed up the German onslaught; but
the resistance was long and stubborn. At last Bocca degli Abati, the
traitor in the troop of Florentine nobles, _hostis e cive factus_ as
Leonardo Bruni puts it, struck Jacopo Pazzi with his sword on the arm
that upheld one of the standards of the Republic; a portion of the
cavalry went over to the enemy; the rest, seeing themselves betrayed,
took to flight.