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Thursday, _Novemb. 9. 1671_.

_At a Meeting of the Council of the ~R. Society~._

_Ordered_,

That the Discourse presented to the R. Society, Entitul’d, _The Anatomy
of ~Vegetables~ begun, with a General Accompt of ~Vegetables~ thereon_,
By _N. Grew_, M.D. be Printed by _Spencer Hickman_, one of the Printers
of the _R. Society_.

                                                        _Brouncker_ Pres.




                                   THE
                                 ANATOMY
                                   OF
                               VEGETABLES
                                 Begun.

                                 With a
                             GENERAL ACCOUNT
                                   OF
                              _VEGETATION_
                            Founded thereon.

                        By _NEHEMIAH GREW_, M. D.
                   and Fellow of the _Royal Society_.

                                _LONDON_,

                 Printed for _Spencer Hickman_, Printer
                   to the _R. Society_, at the _Rose_
                    in S. _Pauls_ Church-Yard, 1672.




                                 TO THE
                           _Right Honourable_
                                    &
                           _Most Illustrious_
                                   THE
                           PRESIDENT & FELLOWS
                                 OF THE
                            _ROYAL SOCIETY_,
                             _The Following_
                                DISCOURSE
                            _Is most Humbly_
                                Presented
                                  _By_
                               The Authour
                            _NEHEMIAH GREW_.




[Illustration]




TO THE _Right Reverend_ JOHN _Lord Bishop of CHESTER_.

_MY LORD_,

I hope your pardon, if while you are holding _that Best of Books_ in one
Hand, I here present some Pages of that of _Nature_ into your other:
Especially since _your Lordship_ knoweth very well, how excellent a
_Commentary_ This is on the _Former_; by which, in part God reads the
World his own Definition, and their Duty to him.

But if this Address, _my Lord_, may be thought congruous, ’tis yet more
just; and that I should let _your Lordship_, and others know, how much,
and how deservedly I resent your extraordinary Favours: Particularly
that you were pleased so far to animate my Endeavours towards the
publishing the following _Observations_. Many whereof, and most belonging
to the First Chapter, having now lain dormant near seven years; and yet
might perhaps have so continued, had not _your Lordships_ Eye at length
created Light upon them. In doing which, you have given one, amongst
those many Tokens, of as well your readiness to promote learning and
knowledge by the hands of others; as your high Abilities to do it by
your own. Both which are so manifest in _your Lordship_, that like the
first Principles of _Mathematical Science_, they are not so much to be
asserted, because known and granted by all.

The Consideration whereof, _my Lord_, may make me not only _just_ in
owning of your Favours, but also most _Ambitious_ of your _Patronage_:
which yet to bespeak, I must confess I cannot well. Not that I think what
is good and valuable, is alwaies its own best Advocate; for I know that
the Censures of men are humorous and variable, and that one Age must
have leave to frown on those Books, which another will do nothing less
than kiss and embrace. But chiefly for this Reason, lest I should so much
as seem desirous of _your Lordships_ Solliciting my Cause as to all I
have said: For as it is your Glory, that you like not so to shine, as to
put out the least Star; so were it to your Dishonour to borrow your Name
to illustrate the Spots, though of the most conspicuous.

           _Your Lordships_ Most Obliged & Most Humble Servant

                                                         _Nehemiah Grew_.




[Illustration]




THE PREFACE.


_Of what antiquity the ~Anatomy~ of ~Animals~ is, and how great have been
its Improvements of later years, is well known. That of ~Vegetables~
is a subject which from all Ages to this day hath not only lain by
uncultivated; but for ought I know, except some Observations of some of
our own Countrey-men, hath not been so much as thought upon; whether
for that the World hath been more enamoured with the former, or pity to
humane frailty hath more obliged to it, or other Reasons, I need not
enquire._

_But considering that both came at first out of the same Hand, and are
therefore the Contrivances of the same Wisdom; I thence fully assured my
self, that it could not be a vain Design, though possibly unsuccessful,
to seek it in both._

_In the prosecution hereof, how far I have gone, I neither judge my
self, nor leave it to any one else to do it; because no man knows how
far we have yet to go, or are capable of going. Nor is there any thing
which starves and stinteth the growth of knowledge more, than such
Determinations, whether we speak or conceit them only._

_What we have performed thus far, lieth, for the most part, open to the
use and improvement of all men. Only in some places, and chiefly in the
Third Chapter, we have taken in the help of Glasses; wherein, after
we had finished the whole Composure, some Observations made by that
Ingenious and Learned Person Mr. ~Hook~, a Worthy Member of the ~Royal
Society~, my much Honoured Friend, and by him communicated to me, were
super-added: As likewise some others also ~Microscopical~, of my own,
which his gave me the occasion of making._

_Those that shall think fit to examine, as well as to peruse these
Observations, we advertise them, ~First~, That they begin, and so proceed
till they end again, with the Seed: For they will hardly be able to avoid
Errour and Misapprehension, if either partial or preposterous in their
Enquiries. ~Next~, That they confine not their Enquiries to one time of
the Year; but to make them in several Seasons, wherein the Parts of a
~Vegetable~ may be seen in their several Estates. ~And then~, That they
neglect not the comparative ~Anatomy~; for as some things are better seen
in one estate, so in one ~Vegetable~, than another._

_What, upon Observation already made, we have erected, as they are not
Sticks and Straws; so neither do we assure all to be of the best Oak. How
Dogmatical soever my Assertions may seem to be, yet do I not affect the
unreasonable Tyranny of obtruding upon the Faith of any. He that speaketh
Reason, may be rather satisfied, in being understood, than believed._




THE CONTENTS


CHAP. 1.

_Of the Seed as Vegetating._

The Method propounded. 1, 2. The _Garden-Bean_ dissected. 2. The two
_Coats_ thereof. 2, 3. The _Foramen_ in the outer _Coat_, 3, 4. What
generally observable of the Covers of the _Seed_, 4. The main Body of the
_Seed_, 5, 6. The _Radicle_ distinguish’d. 6. The _Plume_ distinguish’d.
8. Described. 9. The _Cuticle_ described. 10, 11. The _Parenchyma_. 11,
12. The _Inner Body_, how observed. 14, 16. Describ’d. 15, 16, 17, 18.

The _Coats_ how in common subservient to the _Vegetation_ of the _Seed_.
20, 21. The _Foramen_, of what use herein. 22. The use of the _Inner
Coat_, and of the _Cuticle_. 22. Of the _Parenchyma_. 23. Of the Seminal
Root. 23, 24. How the _Radicle_ first becomes a _Root_. 24, 26. How after
the _Root_ the _Plume_ vegetates. 26. How the _Lobes_. 27. That they do,
demonstrated. 29, 32. How the _Lobes_ thus turn into _Dissimilar Leaves_.
32. What hence resolvable. 32, 33. The use of the _Dissimilar Leaves_.


CHAP. 2.

_Of the Root._

The _Skin_ hereof, its Original. 37. The _Cortical Body_, its Original.
37. Description. 37, 38. _Pores._ 38. _Proportions._ 39. The _Lignous
Body_, its Original. 39. Described by its _Pores_, 40. Its Proportions.
42. The _Insertment_, its original. 42. Description. 43. Pores. 43.
Number and size. 44. A fuller description hereof, with that of the
Osculations of the _lignous Body_. 44, 45. The _Pith_, its original
sometimes from the _Seed_. 46. Sometimes from the _Cortical Body_. 47,
49. Its _Pores_. 49. _Proportions_. 49, 50. _Fibres_ of the _lignous
Body_ therein. 50. The _Pith_ of those _Fibres_. 51.

How the _Root_ grows, and the use of the _Skin_, _Cortical_ and _lignous
Body_ thereto. 51, 54. How it groweth in length. 55. By what means it
descends. 56, 57. How it grows in breadth. 58. And the _Pith_ how thus
framed. 59. The use of the _Pith_. 60, 61. Of the _Insertment_. 61, 62.
The joint service of all the Parts. 63, 65.


CHAP. 3.

_Of the Trunk._

The _Skin_, its original. 67. The original of the _Cortical Body_. 67. Of
the _lignous_. 68. Of the _Insertment_ and _Pith_. 68. The Latitudinal
Shooting of the _lignous Body_, wherein observable. 69. The _Pores_ of
the _lignous Body_, where and how most remarkable. 70. The _Pith_ of the
same _Pores_. 70. A lesser sort of _Pores_. 71. A third sort only visible
through a _Microscope_. Observed in Wood or Char-coal. 71. Observed in
the Fibres of the Trunks of Plants. 72. 73. The _Insertions_ where
more visible. 73, 74. The smaller Insertions, only visible through a
_Microscope_. 74, 75. The _Pores_ of the Insertions. 76. Of the _Pith_.
77, 79.

How the _Trunk_ ascends. 80. 81. The disposition of its Parts consequent
to that Ascent. 81, 82. Consequent to the different Nature of the _Sap_.
83, 84. The effects of the said Differences. 84, 89. Which way, and how
the _Sap_ ascends. 89-98.


The Appendix.

_Of Trunk-Roots and Claspers._

_Trunk-Roots_ of two kinds. 99. _Claspers_ of one kind. 100. The use of
both. 100, 103.


CHAP. 4.

_Of the Germen, Branch, and Leaf._

The Parts of the _Germen_ and _Branch_ the same with those of the
_Trunk_. 104, 105. The manner of their growth. 105, 107. How nourished.
107. And the use of Knots. 108. How secur’d. 109. The Parts of a Leaf.
110. The Positions the _Fibres_ of the Stalks of Leaves. 110, 111. The
visible cause of the different shape of Leaves. 112. And of their being
flat. 113. The Foulds of Leaves, their kinds and Use. 114-118. The
Protections of Leaves. 119, 120. The use of the Leaf. 120, 123.


_The Appendix._

_Of Thorns, Hairs and Globulets._

_Thorns_ of two kinds. 124, 125. _Hairs_ of divers. 126. Their use. 127.
_Globulets_ of two kinds. 128.


CHAP. 5.

_Of the Flower._

Its Impalement of divers kinds. 129, 130. Their use. 130, 132. The
_Foliation_, its nature. 132. Foulds. 133, 134. Protections. 135. Downs.
135. Globulets. 136. Its Use. 137, 139. The _Attire_ of two kinds. The
Description of the first. 140, 142. Of the other. 143, 145. Their use.
145-148.


CHAP. 6.

_Of the Fruit._

The Number, Description, and Original of the Parts of an _Apple_.
149-152. Of a _Pear_. 153, 155. Of a _Plum_. 155-159. Of a _Nut_. 159,
161. Of a _Berry_. 161, 162. The use of the _Fruit_. 163-167.


CHAP. 7.

_Of the Seed in its state of Generation._

The _Case_, its Figures. 168. The outer Coat, its Figures. 170. Various
Surface. 170, 171. And Mucilages. 171, 172. The nature of the outer Coat.
172. Its Original. 173, 174. The Original of the inner. 174. Its Nature.
175, 176. The _Secondine_. 177, 178. The _Colliquamentum_ herein. 178.
The _Navel Fibres_. 179, 180.

In the Generation of the _Seed_, the _Sap_ first prepared in the
_Seed-Branch_. 181. Next in the inner Coat. 182. With the help of the
outer. 182. The use of the _Secondine_. 183, 184. Of the Ramulets of the
_Seed-Branch_. ib. Of their _Inosculation_. ib. How the _Colliquamentum_
becometh a _Parenchyma_. 185, 186.




_Cl. Glissonius_ in Prolegomenis præfixis Libro de _Hepatis Anatomia_, c.
1.


Plantæ quoque in hunc censum (_sc. Anatomicum_) veniunt. Varia enim
partium textura, & differentiis constant: & proculdubio ex accurata
earundem diffectione, utiles valde Observationes nobis exurgerent;
præstaretq; in illis (inferioris licet ordinis) rebus examinandis operam
impendere, quam in transcribendis (ut sæpe fit) aliorum laboribus,
inutiliter ætatem transigere. Quippe, hoc pacto, ignavarum apum more,
aliena duntaxat alvearia expilamus, nihilq; bono publico adjicimus.




_To be added and corrected._


Pag. 8. _l._ 15. after _must_, _adde_ upon the Sprouting of the _Bean_.
_p. 12. l. 23._ after _dense_, _adde_ and thence their different
Tinctures. _p. 18. l. 13._ after _that_, _adde_ when. _p. 20. l. 8._ for
_the_, _read_ an. _p. 56, l. 8._ _r._ once. _p. 90. l. 11._ _dele_ as.
_p. 91. l. 12._ _r._ older. _p. 120. l. 11._ after _all_, _r._ is. _p.
134. l. 11._ _r._ _Convolvulus_. _p. 143. l. 10._ _r._ ever. _p. 145. l.
14._ for _not_, _r._ or. _p. 159. l. 8._ for _by_, _r._ to. _p. 160. l.
18._ dele _not_. _p. 185. l. 14._ after _therewith_, _r._ the. _dele_ the
former _the_.

_In some Copies._

P. 168. _l. 4._ _r._ _ultimate end_, and _p. 170. l. 22._ _r._ _Favous_.

_The Reader is desired to excuse the misplacing of the Figures by the
Graver, in the Authors absence._


Transcriber’s Note

The above additions and corrections have been made, and in addition the
following changes were made to correct suspected printing errors:

Contents, “Coliquamentum” changed to “Colliquamentum” (The
_Colliquamentum_ herein.)

Contents, “subsetvient” changed to “subservient” (how in common
subservient)

Page 13, “anothet” changed to “another” (there being another Body)

Page 28, “ruus” changed to “runs” (which runs into the _Plume_)

Page 93, “and and” changed to “and” (the _Lignous Body_, and from the
production)

Page 99, “Rooots” changed to “Roots” (Of Trunk-Roots and Claspers.)

Page 121, “Leavs” changed to “Leaves” (the Leaves above-named)

Page 126, “althoegh” changed to “although” (although they are various)

Page 126, “to to” changed to “to” (in some resemblance to a _Stags-Horn_)

Page 171, “transpareut” changed to “transparent” (on the other,
transparent;)

Fig. 16, “The The” changed to “The” (The _Cortical Body_, or _Barque_.)

Punctuation and word spacing were amended without note; spelling remains
as printed.




THE ANATOMY OF VEGETABLES

Begun.

With a General Account of _Vegetation_ founded thereon.




CHAP. I.

_Of the Seed as Vegetating._


Being to speak of Vegetables; and, as far as Inspection and consequent
Reason may conduct, to enquire into the visible Constitutions and Uses of
their several Parts; I chuse that Method which may with best advantage
suit to what we have to say hereon: And that is the Method of Nature her
self, in her continued Series of Vegetations, proceeding from the Seed
sown, to the formation of the Root, Trunk, Branch, Leaf, Flower, Fruit,
and last of all, of the Seed also to be sown again; all which we shall in
the same order particularly speak of.

The Essential Constitutions of the said Parts are in all Vegetables the
same: But for Observation, some are more convenient; in which I shall
chiefly instance. And first of all, for the Seed we chuse the great
Garden-Bean.

If we take a Bean then and dissect it, we shall find it cloathed with
a double Vest or Coat: These Coats, while the Bean is yet green, are
separable, and easily distinguished. When ’tis dry, they cleave so
closely together, that the Eye, not before instructed, will judge them
but one; the inner Coat likewise (which is of the most rare contexture)
so far shrinking up, as to seem only the roughness of the outer, somewhat
resembling Wafers under _Maquaroons_.

At the thicker end of the Bean, in the outer Coat, a very small _Foramen_
presents it self: In dissection ’tis found to terminate against the point
of that part which I call the _Radicle_, whereof I shall presently speak.
It is of that capacity as to admit a small Virginal Wyer, and is most
conspicuous in a green Bean.

This _Foramen_ may be observed not only in the great Garden-Bean, but
likewise in the other kinds; in the French-Bean very plainly; in Pease,
Lupines, Vetches, Lentiles, and other Pulse ’