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  THE

  ANABASIS OF ALEXANDER.




  THE

  ANABASIS OF ALEXANDER;

  OR,

  The History of the Wars and Conquests of Alexander the Great.

  _LITERALLY TRANSLATED, WITH A COMMENTARY,
  FROM THE GREEK OF ARRIAN THE NICOMEDIAN_,

  BY

  E. J. CHINNOCK, M.A., LL.B., LONDON,

  _Rector of Dumfries Academy_.


  London:

  HODDER AND STOUGHTON,

  27, PATERNOSTER ROW.

  MDCCCLXXXIV.

  Butler & Tanner,
  The Selwood Printing Works,
  Frome, and London.




PREFACE.


When I began this Translation, more than two years ago, I had no
intention of publishing it; but as the work progressed, it occurred
to me that Arrian is an Author deserving of more attention from the
English-speaking races than he has yet received. No edition of his
works has, so far as I am aware, ever appeared in England, though on
the Continent many have been published. In the following Translation I
have tried to give as literal a rendering of the Greek text as I could
without transgressing the idioms of our own language. My theory of the
duty of a Translator is, to give the _ipsissima verba_ of his Author
as nearly as possible, and not put into his mouth words which he never
used, under the mistaken notion of improving his diction or his way of
stating his case. It is a comparatively easy thing to give a paraphrase
of a foreign work, presenting the general drift of the original; but no
one, unless he has himself tried it, can understand the difficulty of
translating a classical Author correctly without omission or mutilation.

In the Commentary which I have compiled, continual reference has been
made to the other extant authorities on the history of Alexander,
such as Diodorus, Plutarch, Curtius, Justin, and Aelian; so that I
think I may safely assert that, taking the Translation and the Notes
together, the book forms a complete history of Alexander’s reign. Much
geographical and other material has also been gathered from Herodotus,
Strabo, Pliny, and Ammianus; and the allusions to the places which are
also mentioned in the Old Testament are given from the Hebrew.

As Arrian lived in the second century of the present era, and nearly
five hundred years after Demosthenes, it is not to be expected that he
wrote classical Greek. There are, however, at least a dozen valuable
Greek authors of this century whose works are still extant, and of
these it is a safe statement to make, that Arrian is the best of them
all, with the single exception of Lucian. I have noticed as many of his
deviations from Attic Greek constructions as I thought suitable to a
work of this kind. A complete index of Proper Names has been added, and
the quantities of the vowels marked for the aid of the English Reader.
In the multiplicity of references which I have put into the Notes, I
should be sanguine if I imagined that no errors will be found; but if
such occur, I must plead as an excuse the pressure of work which a
teacher in a large school experiences, leaving him very little energy
for literary labour.

  E. J. C.

  DUMFRIES,
  _December, 1883_.




CONTENTS.


                                                                  PAGE

  Life and Writings of Arrian                                        1

  Arrian’s Preface                                                   6


  BOOK I.

  CHAP.

  I. Death of Philip and Accession of Alexander.—His Wars
       with the Thracians                                            8

  II. Battle with the Triballians                                   12

  III. Alexander at the Danube and in the Country of the
         Getae                                                      14

  IV. Alexander destroys the City of the Getae.—The Ambassadors
        of the Celts                                                16

  V. Revolt of Clitus and Glaucias                                  18

  VI. Defeat of Clitus and Glaucias                                 22

  VII. Revolt of Thebes (_September_, B.C. 335)                     25

  VIII. Fall of Thebes                                              28

  IX. Destruction of Thebes                                         31

  X. Alexander’s Dealings with Athens                               34

  XI. Alexander crosses the Hellespont and visits Troy              36

  XII. Alexander at the Tomb of Achilles.—Memnon’s advice
         Rejected by the Persian Generals                           38

  XIII. Battle of the Granicus (B.C. 334)                           41

  XIV. Arrangement of the Hostile Armies                            43

  XV. Description of the Battle of the Granicus                     45

  XVI. Defeat of the Persians.—Loss on Both Sides                   47

  XVII. Alexander in Sardis and Ephesus                             50

  XVIII. Alexander marches to Miletus and Occupies the
           Island of Lade                                           52

  XIX. Siege and Capture of Miletus                                 55

  XX. Siege of Halicarnassus.—Abortive Attack on Myndus             58

  XXI. Siege of Halicarnassus                                       61

  XXII. Siege of Halicarnassus                                      63

  XXIII. Destruction of Halicarnassus.—Ada, Queen of Caria          64

  XXIV. Alexander in Lycia and Pamphylia                            66

  XXV. Treason of Alexander, Son of Aëropus                         68

  XXVI. Alexander in Pamphylia.—Capture of Aspendus and
          Side                                                      70

  XXVII. Alexander in Phrygia and Pisidia                           72

  XXVIII. Operations in Pisidia                                     74

  XXIX. Alexander in Phrygia                                        76


  BOOK II.

  I. Capture of Mitylene by the Persians.—Death of Memnon           78

  II. The Persians capture Tenedus.—They are Defeated at
        Sea                                                         80

  III. Alexander at Gordium                                         82

  IV. Conquest of Cappadocia.—Alexander’s Illness at Tarsus         84

  V. Alexander at the Tomb of Sardanapalus.—Proceedings
       in Cilicia                                                   87

  VI. Alexander advances to Myriandrus.—Darius Marches
        against him                                                 89

  VII. Darius at Issus.—Alexander’s Speech to his Army              91

  VIII. Arrangement of the Hostile Armies                           94

  IX. Alexander changes the Disposition of his Forces               97

  X. Battle of Issus                                                99

  XI. Defeat and Flight of Darius                                  101

  XII. Kind Treatment of Darius’s Family                           104

  XIII. Flight of Macedonian Deserters into Egypt.—Proceedings
          of Agis, King of Sparta.—Alexander occupies
          Phoenicia                                                106

  XIV. Darius’s Letter, and Alexander’s Reply                      111

  XV. Alexander’s Treatment of the Captured Greek
        Ambassadors.—Submission of Byblus and Sidon                114

  XVI. The Worship of Hercules in Tyre.—The Tyrians refuse
         to admit Alexander                                        117

  XVII. Speech of Alexander to his Officers                        120

  XVIII. Siege of Tyre.—Construction of a Mole from the
           Mainland to the Island                                  121

  XIX. The Siege of Tyre                                           123

  XX. Tyre Besieged by Sea as well as Land                         124

  XXI. Siege of Tyre                                               127

  XXII. Siege of Tyre.—Naval Defeat of the Tyrians          b      129

  XXIII. Siege of Tyre                                             131

  XXIV. Capture of Tyre                                            132

  XXV. The Offers of Darius rejected.—Batis, Governor of
         Gaza, refuses to Submit                                   134

  XXVI. Siege of Gaza                                              136

  XXVII. Capture of Gaza                                           137


  BOOK III.

  I. Conquest of Egypt.—Foundation of Alexandria                   140

  II. Foundation of Alexandria.—Events in the Aegean               142

  III. Alexander visits the Temple of Ammon                        144

  IV. The Oasis of Ammon                                           147

  V. Settlement of the Affairs of Egypt                            148

  VI. March into Syria.—Alexander’s Kindness to Harpalus
        and his other early Adherents                              150

  VII. Passage of the Euphrates and Tigris                         152

  VIII. Description of Darius’s Army at Arbela                     154

  IX. Alexander’s Tactics.—His Speech to the Officers              157

  X. Rejection of Parmenio’s Advice                                159

  XI. Tactics of the Opposing Generals                             160

  XII. Alexander’s Tactics                                         163

  XIII. The Battle of Arbela                                       164

  XIV. Battle of Arbela.—Flight of Darius                          166

  XV. Defeat of the Persians and Pursuit of Darius                 168

  XVI. Escape of Darius into Media.—March of Alexander
         to Babylon and Susa                                       170

  XVII. Subjugation of the Uxians                                  174

  XVIII. Defeat of Ariobarzanes and Capture of Persepolis          176

  XIX. Darius pursued into Media and Parthia                       179

  XX. March through the Caspian Gates                              181

  XXI. Darius is Assassinated by Bessus                            182

  XXII. Reflections on the Fate of Darius                          185

  XXIII. Expedition into Hyrcania                                  187

  XXIV. Expedition against the Mardians                            189

  XXV. March to Bactra.—Bessus aided by Satibarzanes               191

  XXVI. Philotas and Parmenio put to Death                         193

  XXVII. Treatment of Amyntas.—The Ariaspians                      195

  XXVIII. Alexander crosses the Hindu-Koosh                        196

  XXIX. Conquest of Bactria, and Pursuit of Bessus across
          the Oxus                                                 199

  XXX. Capture of Bessus.—Exploits in Sogdiana                     201


  BOOK IV.

  I. Rebellion of the Sogdianians                                  205

  II. Capture of Five Cities in Two Days                           206

  III. Storming of Cyropolis.—Revolt of the Scythians              208

  IV. Defeat of the Scythians beyond the Tanais                    210

  V. Spitamenes destroys a Macedonian Detachment                   212

  VI. Spitamenes driven into the Desert                            214

  VII. Treatment of Bessus                                         216

  VIII. The Murder of Clitus                                       218

  IX. Alexander’s grief for Clitus                                 221

  X. Dispute between Callisthenes and Anaxarchus                   223

  XI. Callisthenes Opposes the Proposal to honour Alexander
        by Prostration                                             225

  XII. Callisthenes refuses to Prostrate himself                   228

  XIII. Conspiracy of the Pages                                    229

  XIV. Execution of Callisthenes and Hermolaüs                     231

  XV. Alliance with the Scythians and Chorasmians                  233

  XVI. Subjugation of Sogdiana.—Revolt of Spitamenes               235

  XVII. Defeat and Death of Spitamenes                             237

  XVIII. Oxyartes Besieged in the Sogdian Rock                     239

  XIX. Alexander Captures the Rock and Marries Roxana              241

  XX. Magnanimous Treatment of the Family of Darius                242

  XXI. Capture of the Rock of Chorienes                            244

  XXII. Alexander reaches the River Cabul, and Receives the
          Homage of Taxiles                                        246

  XXIII. Battles with the Aspasians                                248

  XXIV. Operations against the Aspasians                           250

  XXV. Defeat of the Aspasians.—The Assacenians and
         Guraeans Attacked                                         252

  XXVI. Siege of Massaga                                           254

  XXVII. Sieges of Massaga and Ora                                 255

  XXVIII. Capture of Bazira.—Advance to the Rock of
            Aornus                                                 257

  XXIX. Siege of Aornus                                            260

  XXX. Capture of Aornus.—Arrival at the Indus                     262


  BOOK V.

  I. Alexander at Nysa                                             265

  II. Alexander at Nysa                                            267

  III. Incredulity of Eratosthenes.—Passage of the Indus           269

  IV. Digression about India                                       270

  V. Mountains and Rivers of Asia                                  273

  VI. General Description of India                                 274

  VII. Method of Bridging Rivers                                   277

  VIII. March from the Indus to the Hydaspes                       279

  IX. Porus obstructs Alexander’s Passage                          280

  X. Alexander and Porus at the Hydaspes                           282

  XI. Alexander’s Stratagem to get across                          283

  XII. Passage of the Hydaspes                                     284

  XIII. Passage of the Hydaspes                                    285

  XIV. The Battle at the Hydaspes                                  287

  XV. Arrangements of Porus                                        288

  XVI. Alexander’s Tactics                                         290

  XVII. Defeat of Porus                                            291

  XVIII. Losses of the Combatants.—Porus Surrenders                293

  XIX. Alliance with Porus.—Death of Bucephalas                    295

  XX. Conquest of the Glausians.—Embassy from Abisares.—Passage
        of the Acesines                                            297

  XXI. Advance beyond the Hydraotes                                299

  XXII. Invasion of the Land of the Cathaeans                      301

  XXIII. Assault upon Sangala                                      302

  XXIV. Capture of Sangala                                         304

  XXV. The Army refuses to Advance.—Alexander’s Speech
         to the Officers                                           306

  XXVI. Alexander’s Speech (_continued_)                           308

  XXVII. The Answer of Coenus                                      311

  XXVIII. Alexander resolves to Return                             313

  XXIX. Alexander recrosses the Hydraotes and Acesines             314


  BOOK VI.

  I. Preparations for a Voyage down the Indus                      317

  II. Voyage down the Hydaspes                                     318

  III. Voyage down the Hydaspes (_continued_)                      320

  IV. Voyage down the Hydaspes into the Acesines                   321

  V. Voyage down the Acesines                                      323

  VI. Campaign against the Mallians                                324

  VII. Campaign against the Mallians (_continued_)                 326

  VIII. Defeat of the Mallians at the river Hydraotes              328

  IX. Storming of the Mallian Stronghold                           329

  X. Alexander dangerously Wounded                                 331

  XI. Alexander Wounded                                            333

  XII. Anxiety of the Soldiers about Alexander                     335

  XIII. Joy of the Soldiers at Alexander’s Recovery                336

  XIV. Voyage down the Hydraotes and Acesines into the
         Indus                                                     338

  XV. Voyage down the Indus to the Land of Musicanus               340

  XVI. Campaign against Oxycanus and Sambus                        342

  XVII. Musicanus Executed.—Capture of Patala                      343

  XVIII. Voyage down the Indus                                     345

  XIX. Voyage down the Indus into the Sea                          346

  XX. Exploration of the Mouths of the Indus                       348

  XXI. Campaign against the Oritians                               349

  XXII. March through the Desert of Gadrosia                       351

  XXIII. March through the Desert of Gadrosia                      353

  XXIV. March through Gad