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OLD ROME:

A Handbook to the Ruins of the City and the Campagna.

by

ROBERT BURN, M.A.,
Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Being an Epitome of His Larger Work 'Rome and the Campagna.'







[Illustration]

London: George Bell and Sons, York Street,
Covent Garden.
Cambridge: Deighton, Bell, & Co.
1880.

[The Right of Translation is reserved.]

London:
Printed by William Clowes and Sons,
Stamford Street and Charing Cross.




PREFACE.


This book is intended to serve as a handbook to the actually-existing
ruins and monuments of ancient Rome and the Campagna. It is divided into
topographical sections for the convenience of travellers visiting Rome,
and the monuments which exist in each section have been briefly described,
and a summary given of their history and archaeological value.

The introductory section contains general remarks upon the site,
monumental history, and architecture of Rome; and in a section prefixed to
Chapter IX. the nature of the soil and configuration of the hills and
valleys of the district surrounding the city are stated.

In the Appendix to the eighth chapter will be found a list of the chief
monumental antiquities in the museums, galleries, and other public places.
This has been thought to be useful, as these are often difficult to
recognise from being mixed with so many other attractive and important
objects of more modern art and history. All speculative conjectures as to
the probable sites or constructions of ancient buildings or places have
been avoided. Such questions require more space than can be spared in so
small a volume, and have been fully treated of in my larger work, "Rome
and the Campagna."

I have confined myself in this handbook to a brief topographical,
archaeological, and historical description of each existing ruin or
monument. The references given have been restricted to modern treatises
and to a few of the more rarely read Greek and Latin authors. Full
classical authorities are given in "Rome and the Campagna," and are
referred to in the foot-notes of this handbook.

The importance of topographical and archaeological knowledge, in enabling
us to realise the history of ancient life, both national and social, is
fortunately becoming more and more generally recognised. The early growth
and characteristic features of the Roman commonwealth can be traced in
great measure to the conformation of the ground on which the community was
first developed. Such local influences are among the highest and most
philosophical parts of historical investigation, and have a most important
value in enabling us to form an estimate of the truth of statements made
by the ancient writers of history.

Besides this interest which pervades the early stage of Roman history,
there is also a natural connection, by way of cause or explanation,
between the events of later times and the localities in which they
occurred; and this in social as well as in national history. Many Roman
customs and usages, now extinct, are illustrated and realised by the
knowledge gained from monuments of ancient architecture and art. And
again, the spirit of Roman literature is more fully sympathised with, and
its difficult passages and allusions are frequently elucidated by the
light of archaeological knowledge.

Thus there is not only the poetical and imaginative satisfaction, which is
usually felt most vividly in treading the soil, surveying the scenes, and
breathing the air in which great historical persons lived and events
occurred, but also an element of fact which gives a firm basis of
incontestable truth to our knowledge, and which no speculative
interpretation can dissolve.

It is hoped, therefore, that even such an abridged description of ruins,
and such a summary of archaeological results as that which forms the basis
of the present volume, will not be without use to the student of history,
as well as a guide to the traveller.

In the chapter on the ruins of the Campagna I have inserted some
statements on the geological formations, and on the climate, which appear
to have influenced the history and the architecture of that district.

The books from which useful information has been derived are, in addition
to those mentioned in the list given in "Rome and the Campagna," some of
the later numbers of "Annali dell' Instituto," a small treatise called
"Guida del Palatino," by C. L. Visconti and R. A. Lanciani, and "A
Topographical Study of the Roman Forum," by Mr. F. M. Nichols.

ROBERT BURN.

  CAMBRIDGE.
  _Sept. 24, 1879._




CONTENTS.


                                                                  PAGE

  INTRODUCTION                                                       1

  CHAPTER I.

    THE PALATINE AND VELIA                                          14

  CHAPTER II.

    THE FORUM ROMANUM                                               38

  CHAPTER III.

    THE COLISEUM AND ESQUILINE                                      58

  CHAPTER IV.

    THE IMPERIAL FORA AND THE CAPITOLIUM                            83

  CHAPTER V.

    THE VELABRUM AND THE CIRCUS FLAMINIUS                          103

  CHAPTER VI.

    PANTHEON, COLUMN OF MARCUS AURELIUS, MAUSOLEUM OF
    AUGUSTUS, MAUSOLEUM OF HADRIAN, AND NEIGHBOURHOOD              127

  CHAPTER VII.

    THE QUIRINAL HILL--BATHS OF DIOCLETIAN--AGGER OF
    SERVIUS--CASTRA PRAETORIA                                      153

  CHAPTER VIII.

    THE AVENTINE AND CAELIAN HILLS                                 161

  APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VIII. MONUMENTAL ANTIQUITIES IN THE
  MUSEUMS, PIAZZAS, AND OTHER PLACES                               177

  INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER IX                                       185

  CHAPTER