(1856-1876)***


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BELL’S ENGLISH HISTORY SOURCE BOOKS

General Editors: S. E. Winbolt, M.A., and Kenneth Bell, M.A.


FROM PALMERSTON TO DISRAELI


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FROM PALMERSTON TO DISRAELI

(1856–1876)

Compiled by

EWING HARDING, B.A. (Lond.)

Senior Master of the Modern School, Southport







[Illustration]

London
G. Bell and Sons, Ltd.
1913




INTRODUCTION


This series of English History Source Books is intended for use with
any ordinary textbook of English History. Experience has conclusively
shown that such apparatus is a valuable--nay, an indispensable--adjunct
to the history lesson. It is capable of two main uses: either by
way of lively illustration at the close of a lesson, or by way of
inference-drawing, before the textbook is read, at the beginning of
the lesson. The kind of problems and exercises that may be based on
the documents are legion, and are admirably illustrated in a _History
of England for Schools_, Part I., by Keatinge and Frazer, pp. 377–381.
However, we have no wish to prescribe for the teacher the manner in
which he shall exercise his craft, but simply to provide him and his
pupils with materials hitherto not readily accessible for school
purposes. The very moderate price of the books in this series should
bring them within the reach of every secondary school. Source books
enable the pupil to take a more active part than hitherto in the
history lesson. Here is the apparatus, the raw material: its use we
leave to teacher and taught.

Our belief is that the books may profitably be used by all grades
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in secondary schools and undergraduates at Universities. What
differentiates students at one extreme from those at the other is not
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In regard to choice of subject-matter, while trying to satisfy the
natural demand for certain “stock” documents of vital importance, we
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and newspaper accounts. Economics, London, municipal, and social life
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in reading.

We shall be most grateful to teachers and students who may send us
suggestions for improvement.

            S. E. WINBOLT.
            KENNETH BELL.


NOTE TO THIS VOLUME.

In dealing with a period of comparatively recent date, I have been
dependent in several instances upon the courtesy of the proprietors
of the copyright. I acknowledge with many thanks the kind permission
of Mr. Henry Gladstone to quote the extracts from Lord Morley’s _Life
of Gladstone_ on pp. 75, 78, 83. I also acknowledge with thanks the
kindness of Messrs. Macmillan and Co. for granting permission to
reprint the extracts from the _Life of Professor Huxley_ on p. 87,
and from Ashley’s _Life of Lord Palmerston_ on pp. 33, 50; of Messrs.
Smith, Elder and Co. for the extract from the _Diary of Henry Greville_
on p. 32; of Mr. Edward Arnold for the extract from Leader’s _Life of
Roebuck_ on p. 65; of Messrs. Chapman and Hall for the extracts from
Reid’s _Life of Forster_ on pp. 81, 89. I acknowledge also with thanks
the kind permission of the proprietors of _Punch_ for the extracts
on pp. 37, 103; and of the proprietors of _The Times_, _Illustrated
London News_, and _Brighton Herald_ for the various extracts from those
journals.

I am also indebted to Messrs. Longmans, Green and Co. for permission to
reprint the extracts on pp. 12, 25 from the _Greville Memoirs_; also to
Mr. John Murray for similar permission to reprint the extracts from the
_Letters of Queen Victoria_ on pp. 17, 30, and the _Life of the Duke of
Argyll_ on p. 41.

            E. H.




TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                                    PAGE
           INTRODUCTION                                                v
    DATE
    1856.  NEUTRALITY OF THE BLACK SEA                                 1
    1856.  AN UP-TO-DATE MAIL STEAMER                                  2
    1857.  RUBINSTEIN IN LONDON                                        3
    1857.  FIRST DISTRIBUTION OF THE VICTORIA CROSS                    4
    1857.  REINFORCEMENTS FOR INDIA                                    5
    1857.  SIEGE AND RELIEF OF LUCKNOW                                 9
    1858.  “CONSPIRACY TO MURDER” BILL                                12
    1858.  FORCING OF THE PEIHO RIVER                                 13
    1858.  ADMISSION OF JEWS TO PARLIAMENT                            16
    1858.  AN INADEQUATE NAVY                                         17
    1859.  VOLUNTEER RIFLE CORPS                                      18
    1859.  NAPOLEON III. AND ENGLAND                                  20
    1859.  PROGRESS OF VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT                             22
    1860.  COMMERCIAL TREATY WITH FRANCE                              25
    1860.  ANTI-RITUAL RIOTS                                          27
    1860.  CHINESE WAR: CAPTURE OF PEKIN                              29
    1860.  THE FIRST BRITISH IRONCLAD                                 29
    1861.  GARIBALDI AND THE GOVERNMENT                               30
    1861.  THE BUDGET: ABOLITION OF THE PAPER DUTY                    31
    1861.  BRITAIN AND ITALIAN UNITY                                  32
    1861.  LOSS OF THE COTTON-SUPPLY                                  33
    1861.  THE CASE OF THE “TRENT”                                    34
    1861.  THE AFFAIR OF THE “TRENT”                                  37
    1862.  THE PEABODY TRUST FORMED                                   38
    1862.  THE “ALABAMA” CRUISER                                      40
    1863.  WAR BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH                                41
    1863.  THE BUDGET: EATING THE LEEK                                42
    1863.  DISTRESS IN THE COTTON MANUFACTURING DISTRICTS             44
    1863.  BRITAIN AND THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA (I.)                  46
    1863.  BRITAIN AND THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA (II.)                 47
    1864.  A POLICY OF MEDDLE AND MUDDLE                              48
    1864.  ENGLAND AND THE ATTACK ON DENMARK                          50
    1865.  THE ATLANTIC CABLE: SCENE IN IRELAND                       52
    1865.  THE FENIAN CONSPIRACY (I.)                                 55
    1865.  THE FENIAN CONSPIRACY (II.)                                57
    1865.  DEATH OF LORD PALMERSTON                                   57
    1866.  THE CAVE OF ADULLAM                                        58
    1866.  SUCCESSFUL LAYING OF THE ATLANTIC CABLE                    60
    1866.  REFORM DEMONSTRATION AT MANCHESTER                         61
    1867.  ATTEMPTED FENIAN RAID AT CHESTER                           62
    1867.  REFORM BILL: THREE CORNERED CONSTITUENCIES                 65
    1867.  ABYSSINIAN CAPTIVES                                        67
    1868.  DISRAELI’S “MAUNDY THURSDAY” LETTER                        69
    1868.  ABYSSINIAN WAR: CAPTURE OF MAGDALA                         71
    1868.  DISESTABLISHMENT OF THE IRISH CHURCH                       73
    1869.  IRISH CHURCH BILL: CRITICAL DAYS                           75
    1870.  THE IRISH LAND BILL                                        78
    1870.  EDUCATION BILL: THE COWPER-TEMPLE CLAUSE                   81
    1870.  THE GOVERNMENT AND THE FRANCO-GERMAN WAR                   83
    1871.  MR. LOWE’S BUDGET: THE MATCH-TAX (I.)                      84
    1871.  MR. LOWE’S BUDGET: THE MATCH-TAX (II.)                     84
    1871.  PURCHASE IN THE ARMY ABOLISHED BY ROYAL WARRANT            85
    1871.  FIRST AUGUST BANK HOLIDAY                                  86
    1871.  BIBLE READING IN SCHOOLS                                   87
    1872.  THE GENEVA ARBITRATION: THE INDIRECT CLAIMS                89
    1872.  AN EARLY ELECTION UNDER THE BALLOT ACT                     90
    1872.  THE “ALABAMA” ARBITRATION AWARD                            93
    1873.  REFUSAL OF DISRAELI TO TAKE OFFICE WITHOUT A MAJORITY      94
    1873.  FIRST LONDON HOSPITAL SUNDAY                               98
    1874.  THE ASHANTEE WAR: FALL OF COOMASSIE                        99
    1874.  FUNERAL OF DR. LIVINGSTONE                                103
    1874.  DISRAELI ON PARTIES IN THE CHURCH                         104
    1875.  THE ARCTIC EXPEDITION                                     106
    1875.  PURCHASE OF SUEZ CANAL SHARES (AN OPPOSITION VIEW)        110
    1876.  DISRAELI’S AIMS IN POLITICS                               114
    1876.  A SPIRITED SPEECH BY DISRAELI                             114
    1876.  THE EASTERN QUESTION: SOME FIERY SPEECHES                 115




FROM PALMERSTON TO DISRAELI

(1856–1876)




NEUTRALITY OF THE BLACK SEA (1856).

=Source.=--_Annual Register_, 1856, vol. 98; _State Papers_, pp.
310–312.


TREATY OF PARIS.

ARTICLE XI.--The Black Sea is neutralised; its waters and its ports
thrown open to the mercantile marine of every nation, are formally and
in perpetuity interdicted to the flag of war, either of the Powers
possessing its coasts, or of any other Power, with the exceptions
mentioned in Articles XIV. and XIX. of the present Treaty.

ARTICLE XII.--Free from any impediment, the commerce in the ports
and waters of the Black Sea shall be subject only to the regulations
of health, customs, and police, framed in a spirit favourable to the
development of commercial transactions.

In order to afford to the commercial and maritime interests of every
nation the security which is desired, Russia and the Sublime Porte will
admit Consuls into their ports situated upon the coast of the Black
Sea, in conformity with the principles of international law.

ARTICLE XIII.--The Black Sea being neutralised according to the terms
of Article XI., the maintenance or establishment upon its coast of
military-maritime arsenals becomes alike unnecessary and purposeless;
in consequence, His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias and His
Imperial Majesty the Sultan engage not to establish or maintain upon
that coast any military-maritime arsenal.

ARTICLE XIV.--Their Majesties the Emperor of all the Russias and the
Sultan having concluded a convention for the purpose of settling
the force and the number of light vessels necessary for the service
of their coasts which they reserve to themselves to maintain in the
Black Sea, that convention is annexed to the present Treaty, and shall
have the same force and validity as if it had formed an integral part
thereof. It cannot be either annulled or modified without the assent of
the Powers signing the present Treaty.

ARTICLE XIX.--In order to insure the execution of the regulations which
shall have been established by common agreement, in conformity with the
principles declared above, each of the contracting Powers shall have
the right to station, at all times, two light vessels at the mouth of
the Danube.

       *       *       *       *       *

Convention between the Emperor of Russia and the Sultan limiting their
naval force in the Black Sea.

ARTICLE I.--The High Contracting Parties mutually engage not to have in
the Black Sea any other vessels of war than those of which the number,
the force, and the dimensions are hereinafter stipulated.

ARTICLE II.--The High Contracting Parties reserve to themselves each to
maintain in that sea 6 steamships of 50 metres in length at the time of
flotation, of a tonnage of 800 tons at the maximum, and 4 light steam
or sailing vessels of a tonnage which shall not exceed 200 tons each.




AN UP-TO-DATE MAIL STEAMER (1856).

=Source.=--_Annual Register_, 1856, vol. 98; _Chronicle_, p. 1.


A magnificent iron paddle-wheel steamship the _Persia_, built by Napier
and Sons, of Glasgow, for the Cunard Company, has made her trial trip.
This ship will be the largest steamship afloat in the world, until
another shall have been built which shall surpass her. Such have been
the advances made in our ideas of ships, and especially of steamships
of late years, that the giant of to-day is the pigmy of to-morrow;
and the chief use of these records is to show what was a magnificent
ship at the commencement of 1856. The _Persia_ is built of iron; her
dimensions are: Length from figurehead to taffrail, 390 feet; length in
the water, 360 feet; breadth of the hull, 45 feet; breadth over all, 71
feet; depth, 32 feet; burden, 3,600 tons; diameter of paddle-wheels, 40
feet.

By the Government rule of measure, her steam-power would be equal to
900 horses; according to Watt’s mode of reckoning it would be equal to
4,000 horses at least. The ship is of beautiful model, and combined so
as to secure the greatest mechanical strength. Her keel-plates are of
sheet-iron, 11/16 of an inch thick; the bottom plates 15/16; up to the
water-line, 11/16. She is divided into seven water-tight compartments,
besides which she has, in effect, a double bottom. She has two engines
and eight boilers. She will afford separate and roomy accommodation
for 260 passengers, and will carry a crew of 150 men. Besides splendid
saloons and all other requisite apartments for her passengers, she has
a bakery, butcher’s shambles, scullery, cow-house, carpenter’s shop,
doctor’s shop, ice-houses, bath-rooms, and twenty water-closets. The
builders’ calculations as to her speed were not disappointed, for on
her voyage round from Glasgow to Liverpool she made an average of more
than 16 knots, or 19 miles an hour.




RUBINSTEIN IN LONDON: FIRST APPEARANCE AT A PHILHARMONIC CONCERT (1857).

=Source.=--_The Times_, May 19, 1857.


Of Herr Rubinstein, his compositions, and his performances, we would
rather not speak, but just now that there is so much charlatanism
abroad, to the detriment of genuine art, silence is not permitted. We
never listened before to such music--if music it may be called--at
the Philharmonic Concerts, and fervently trust we may never again. So
strange and chaotic a jumble as the Concerto in G defies analysis.
Not a single subject fit to be designated “phrase” or “melody” can
be traced throughout the whole dreary length of the composition;
while, to atone for the absence of every musical attribute, we look
in vain even for what abounds in the pianoforte writings of Liszt
and others of the same school--viz., the materials for displaying
mechanical facility to advantage.... As a player, Herr Rubinstein
(who, when a mere boy, paid London a visit in 1843–4) may lay claim to
the possession of extraordinary manual dexterity. His execution (more
particularly when he has passages in octaves to perform) is prodigious,
and the difficulties he surmounts with apparent ease are manifold and
astonishing. But his mechanism is by no means invariably pure; nor is
his manner of attacking the notes at all favourable to the production
of legitimate tone. A pianist should treat his instrument rather as
a friend than as an enemy, caress rather than bully it; but Herr
Rubinstein seats himself at the piano with a seeming determination to
_punish_ it, and his endeavours to extort the power of an orchestra
from that which is, after all, but an unpretending row of keys,
hammers, and strings, result in an exaggeration of style entirely
antagonistic to real musical expression.




FIRST DISTRIBUTION OF THE VICTORIA CROSS (1857).

=Source.=--_The Times_, June 27, 1857.


A new epoch in our military history was yesterday inaugurated in Hyde
Park. The old and much abused campaign medal may now be looked upon as
a reward, but it will cease to be sought after as a distinction for a
new order is instituted--an order for merit and valour, open without
regard to rank or title, to all whose conduct in the field has rendered
them prominent for courage even in the British Army. A path is left
open to the ambition of the humblest soldier--a road is open to honour
which thousands have toiled, and pined, and died in the endeavour to
attain; and private soldiers may now look forward to wearing a real
distinction which kings might be proud to have earned the right to bear.

The display of yesterday in point of numbers was a great metropolitan
gathering--it was a concourse such as only London could send forth....
A very large space--at least half a mile broad by three-quarters of
a mile long--was enclosed on the northern side of the park for the
evolution of the troops. On the side of this, nearest to Grosvenor
Gate, galleries were erected for the accommodation of 7,000 persons.
The station for the Queen was in the centre of the galleries, which
formed a huge deal semicircle, enclosing at least one-third of the
space in which the troops were formed.... It was evident, from the
arrangements made, that it was expected Her Majesty would dismount
and distribute the crosses at the table. The Queen, however, did not
dismount, but with her charger a little in advance of the suite, with
the Prince of Prussia on her right hand, and the Prince Consort on her
left, awarded the crosses from her seat on horseback. The form observed
was simple in the extreme. The order was handed to Her Majesty, and
the name and corps to which each recipient belonged mentioned as he
presented himself. The officers and men passed before the Queen in
single file, advancing close while she affixed to the breast of each
in turn the plain bronze cross, with a red riband for the army, and
a blue one for the navy. So quietly and expeditiously was this done
in every case that the whole ceremony scarcely occupied ten minutes.
There were 61 in all, of whom 12 belonged to the Royal Navy, 2 to the
Marines, 4 to the Cavalry, 5 to the Artillery, 4 to the Engineers,
and the remainder to various regiments of Infantry. Of all, 25 were
commissioned officers, 15 were warrant and non-commissioned officers,
and the others privates and common seamen.




REINFORCEMENTS FOR INDIA (1857).

=Source.=--Sir Theodore Martin’s _Life of the Prince Consort_, 4th
edit., vol. iv., pp. 78–80. (London: Smith, Elder and Co.)


LETTER FROM QUEEN VICTORIA TO LORD PALMERSTON.

          OSBORNE,
            _July 19, 1857_.

The Queen is anxious to impress in the most earnest manner upon her
Government the necessity of our taking a comprehensive view of our
military position at the present momentous crisis, instead of going on
without a plan, living from hand to mouth, and taking small isolated
measures without reference to each other. Contrary to the Queen’s
hopes and expectations, immediately after the late war the army was
cut down to a state even _below_ the Peace Establishment recognised
by the Government and Parliament in their own estimates, to meet the
Parliamentary pressure for economy, and this in spite of the fearful
lesson just taught by the late war, and with two wars on hand--one with
Persia, and the other with China! Out of this miserably reduced Peace
Establishment, already drawn upon for the service in China, we are now
to meet the exigencies of the Indian crisis, and the Government, as it
always has done on such occasions, has up to this time contented itself
with sending out the few regiments left at home, putting off the day
for reorganising its forces. When the regiments ordered out shall have
gone, we shall be left with 18 battalions out of 105, of which the army
is composed, to meet all home duty, to protect our own shores, to act
as the reserves and reliefs for the regiments abroad, and to meet all
possible emergencies! The regiments in India are allowed one company,
raised by the last decision of the Cabinet, to 100 men as their depot
and reserve!

A serious contemplation of such a state of things must strike everybody
with the conviction, that some _comprehensive_ and _immediate_ measure
must be taken by the Government--its _principle_ settled by the
Cabinet, and its details left to the _unfettered_ execution of the
military authorities, instead of which the Cabinet have as yet agreed
only upon recruiting certain battalions up to a certain strength,
to get back some of the men recently discharged and have measured
the extent of their plans by a probable estimate of the amount of
recruits to be obtained in a given time, declaring at the same time
to Parliament that the militia will not be called out, which would
probably have given the force required.

The Commander-in-Chief has laid a plan before the Government which the
Queen thinks upon the whole very moderate, inexpensive, and efficient.
The principle which the Queen thinks ought to be adopted is this: That
the force which has been absorbed by the Indian demand be replaced to
its full extent and in the same kind, not whole battalions by a mere
handful of recruits added to the remaining ones. This will not only
cost the Government nothing because the East India Company will pay the
battalions transferred, and the money voted for them by Parliament will
be applicable to the new ones, but it will give a considerable saving,
as all the officers reduced from the War Establishment and receiving
half-pay will be thus absorbed and no longer be a burden upon the
Exchequer. Keeping these new battalions on a low establishment, which
will naturally be the case at first, the depots and reserves should
be raised in men, the Indian depots keeping at least two companies of
one hundred men each. [The Crimean battalions of eight companies had
eight others in reserve, which, with the aid of the militiamen, could
not keep up the strength of the Service companies. In India there are
_eleven_ to be kept up by _one_ in reserve!]

No possible objection can be urged against this plan except two:

1. That we shall not get the men. This is an hypothesis and not an
argument. Try and you will see. If you do not succeed and the measure
is necessary, you will have to adopt means to make it succeed. If you
conjure up the difficulties yourself, you cannot of course succeed.

2. That the East India Company will demur to keeping permanently
so large an addition to the Queen’s army in India. The Company is
empowered, it is true, to refuse to take any Queen’s troops whom it
has not asked for, and to send back any it may no longer want. But the
Company _has_ asked for the troops now sent at great inconvenience to
the Home Government, and the commonest foresight will show that for
at least three years to come this force cannot possibly be dispensed
with--if at all. Should the time, however, arrive, the Government will
simply have to reduce the additional battalions, and the officers will
return to the half-pay list from which they were taken, the country
having had the advantage of the saving in the meantime. But the Queen
thinks it next to impossible that the European force could again be
decreased in India. After the present fearful experience, the Company
could only send back Queen’s regiments, in order to raise new European
ones of their own. This they cannot do without the Queen’s sanction,
and she must at once make her most solemn protest against such a
measure. It would be dangerous and unconstitutional to allow private
individuals to raise an army of Queen’s subjects larger than her own
in any part of the British dominions. The force would be inferior to
one continually renewed from the Mother Country, and would form no
link in the general military system of England all over the globe of
which the largest force will always be in India. The raising of new
troops for the Company in England would most materially interfere with
the recruiting of the Queen’s army, which meets already with such
great difficulties. The Company could not complain that it was put to
expense by the Home Government in having to keep so many more Queen’s
regiments; for as it cannot be so insane as to wish to reform the old
Bengal army of Sepoys, for every two of these regiments now disbanded
and one of the Queen’s substituted it would save £4,000 (a regiment
of Sepoys costing £27,000, and a Queen’s regiment £50,000). The ten
battalions to be transferred to the Company for twenty Sepoy regiments
disbanded would therefore save £40,000, instead of costing anything;
but in reality the saving to the Company would be greater, because the
half-pay and superannuation of the officers, and therefore the whole
dead weight, would fall upon the Mother Country. The only motive,
therefore, which could actuate the Company would be a palpable love of
power and patronage to which the most sacred interests of the country
ought not to be sacrificed. The present position of the Queen’s army
is a pitiable one. The Queen has just seen, in the camp at Aldershot,
regiments, which, after eighteen years’ foreign service in most trying
climates, had come back to England to be sent out after seven months to
the Crimea. Having passed through this destructive campaign, they have
not been home for a year before they are to go to India for perhaps
twenty years! This is most cruel and unfair to the gallant men who
devote their services to the country, and the Government is in duty and
humanity bound to alleviate their position.

“The Queen wishes Lord Palmerston to communicate this memorandum to the
Cabinet.”




SIEGE AND RELIEF OF LUCKNOW (1857).

=Source.=--_Annual Register_, vol. 99; _Public Documents_, pp. 455, 456.


DESPATCH FROM BRIGADIER-GENERAL HAVELOCK TO THE CHIEF OF THE STAFF TO
THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.

        RESIDENCY,
          LUCKNOW,
            _September 30, 1857_.

    SIR,

Major-General Sir James Outram having, with characteristic generosity
of feeling, declared that the command of the force should remain in my
hands, and that he would accompany it as Civil Commissioner only, until
a junction could be effected with the gallant and enduring garrison
of this place, I have to request that you will inform His Excellency
the Commander-in-Chief that this purpose was effected on the evening
of the 25th instant. But before detailing the circumstances, I must
refer to antecedent events. I crossed the Sye on the 22nd instant, the
bridge at Bunnee not having been broken. On the 23rd I found myself in
the presence of the enemy, who had taken a strong position, his left
resting