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HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA

VOLUME 1




  HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA
  VOLUME 1

  Paths of the Mound-Building Indians
  and Great Game Animals

  BY
  ARCHER BUTLER HULBERT

  _With Maps and Illustrations_

  [Illustration]

  THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY
  CLEVELAND, OHIO
  1902




  COPYRIGHT, 1902
  BY
  THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY

  ALL RIGHTS RESERVED




  TO
  MY FATHER
  THIS SERIES OF VOLUMES
  IS AFFECTIONATELY
  DEDICATED

    "_Je n'aurais point aux Dieux demande d'autre pere._"




CONTENTS


                                                    PAGE
  PREFACE                                             11

  GENERAL INTRODUCTION                                17

  PART I

     I. THE COMPARATIVE METHOD OF STUDY               37
    II. DISTRIBUTION OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS        43
   III. EARLY TRAVEL IN THE INTERIOR                  53
    IV. HIGHLAND LOCATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS    68
     V. WATERSHED MIGRATIONS                          94

  PART II

     I. INTRODUCTORY                                 101
    II. RANGE AND HABITS OF THE BUFFALO              103
   III. EARLY USE OF BUFFALO ROADS                   110
    IV. CONTINENTAL THOROUGHFARES                    128




ILLUSTRATIONS


    I. ARCHAEOLOGIC MAP OF WISCONSIN
        (showing interior location of remains)        48

   II. ARCHAEOLOGIC MAP OF OHIO
        (showing interior location of remains)        52

  III. ARCHAEOLOGIC MAP OF ILLINOIS AND INDIANA
        (showing interior location of remains)        55

   IV. EARLY HIGHWAYS ON THE WATERSHEDS OF OHIO       78




PREFACE


Beginning with the first highways of America, the first monograph of the
series will consider the routes of the mound-building Indians and the
trails of the large game animals, particularly the buffalo, as having
set the course of landward travel in America on the watersheds of the
interior of the continent. The second monograph will treat of the Indian
thoroughfares of America; the third, fourth, and fifth, the three roads
built westward during the old French War, Washington's Road (Nemacolin's
Path), Braddock's Road, and the Old Glade (Forbes's) Road. The sixth
monograph will be a study of Boone's Wilderness Road to Kentucky; the
seventh and eighth, a study of the principal portage paths of the
interior of the continent and of the military roads built in the
Mississippi basin during the era of conquest; Vol. IX. will take up the
historic water-ways which most influenced westward conquest and
immigration; the famed Cumberland Road, or Old National Road, "which
more than any other material structure in the land served to harmonize
and strengthen, if not to save, the Union," will be the subject of the
tenth monograph. Two volumes will be given to the study of the pioneer
roads of America, and two to the consideration of the history of the
great American canals.

The history of America in the later part of the pioneer period, between
1810 and 1840, centers about the roads and canals which were to that day
what our trunk railway lines are to us today. The "life of the road" was
the life of the nation, and a study of the traffic on those first
highways of land and water, and of the customs and experiences of the
early travelers over them brings back with freshening interest the story
of our own "Middle Age." Horace Bushnell well said: "If you wish to know
whether society is stagnant, learning scholastic, religion a dead
formality, you may learn something by going into universities and
libraries; something also by the work that is doing on cathedrals and
churches, or in them; but quite as much by looking at the roads. For if
there is any motion in society, the Road, which is the symbol of motion,
will indicate the fact. When there is activity, or enlargement, or a
liberalizing spirit of any kind, then there is intercourse and travel,
and these require roads. So if there is any kind of advancement going
on, if new ideas are abroad and new hopes rising, then you will see it
by the roads that are building. Nothing makes an inroad without making a
road. All creative action, whether in government, industry, thought, or
religion, creates roads." The days when our first roads and our great
canals were building, were days when "new ideas were abroad and new
hopes rising." The four volumes of our series treating of pioneer roads
and the great canals will be a record of those ideas and hopes and the
mighty part they played in the social development of America. The final
volume will treat of the practical side of the road question. An index
will conclude the series.




HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA


GENERAL INTRODUCTION




GENERAL INTRODUCTION


Nothing is more typical of a civilization than its roads. The traveler
enters the city of Nazareth on a Roman road which has been used,
perhaps, since the Christian era dawned. Every line is typical of Rome;
every block of stone speaks of Roman power and Roman will. And ancient
roads come down from the Roman standard in a descending scale even as
the civilizations which built them. The main thoroughfare from the