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  _FREEMAN'S HISTORICAL COURSE FOR SCHOOLS._

                   HISTORY
                      OF
                   SCOTLAND

                      BY
                MARGARET MACARTHUR.

                   EDITED BY
              EDWARD A. FREEMAN, D.C.L.

    _Edition Adapted for American Students._

                 [Illustration]

                    NEW YORK
             HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
                      1874

  Entered according to Act of Congress, in the Year 1874, by
                       HENRY HOLT,
  In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.


[ Transcriber Notes:
    1. Obvious misspellings and omissions were corrected.
    2. Uncertain misspellings or ancient words were not corrected.
    3. "_" indicates italics, "=" indicates bold. ]




                   CONTENTS.
                                              PAGE
          CHAPTER I.
  THE GAELIC PERIOD                             1

          CHAPTER II.
  THE ENGLISH PERIOD                           19

          CHAPTER III.
  THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE                35

          CHAPTER IV.
  THE INDEPENDENT KINGDOM                      52

          CHAPTER V.
  THE JAMESES                                  67

          CHAPTER VI.
  THE REFORMATION                              96

          CHAPTER VII.
  THE UNION OF THE CROWNS                     125

          CHAPTER VIII.
  AFTER THE UNION                             167




          CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

          THE GAELIC PERIOD.
  Agricola's Invasion                                             80
  Severus' Invasion                                              208
  Founding of Northumberland by Ida                              547
  Founding of Dalriada by the Scots                        about 503
  Union of Picts and Scots                                       843
  Commendation to Eadward                                        924
  Battle of Brunanburh                                           937
  Battle of Carham                                              1018
  Cnut's Invasion                                               1031
  Malcolm Canmore King                                          1057
  William's Invasion                                            1073
  Malcolm slain                                                 1093

          THE ENGLISH PERIOD, 1097-1286.
  Eadgar                                                        1097
  Alexander I.                                                  1107
  David                                                         1124
  Battle of the Standard                                        1138
  Malcolm IV                                                    1153
  William the Lion                                              1165
  Capture at Alnwick                                            1174
  Treaty of Falaise                                             1174
  Council of Northampton                                        1176
  Treaty with Richard I.                                        1189
  Alexander II.                                                 1214
  Border-line fixed                                             1222
  Council at York                                               1237
  Alexander III.                                                1249
  Battle of Largs                                               1263
  Man and the Sudereys annexed                                  1266
  Death of Alexander III.                                       1286

          THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE, to 1314.
  Queen Margaret                                                1286
  Treaty of Brigham                                             1290
  Margaret dies                                                 1290
  Council meets at Norham, 3rd June                             1291
  Judgment given at Berwick, 11th November                      1292
  John crowned King                                             1292
  Edward's first Conquest                                       1296
  Rising of Wallace                                             1297
  Surrender at Irvine                                           1297
  Battle of Stirling, 11th September                            1297
  Battle of Falkirk                                             1298
  Edward's second Conquest                                      1303
  Capture of Wallace                                            1305
  Robert Bruce crowned King, 27th March                         1306
  Death of Edward                                               1307
  Battle of Bannockburn, 24th June                              1314

          THE INDEPENDENT KINGDOM, 1314-1424.
  Parliament at Cambuskenneth                                   1326
  Peace of Northampton                                          1328
  David II.                                                     1329
  Edward Balliol's Invasion                                     1332
  Battle of Halidon Hill                                        1333
  Capture of David                                              1346
  His release                                                   1347
  Invasion of Edward III.                                       1356
  Robert II.                                                    1370
  Raid of Otterburn                                             1388
  Robert III.                                                   1390
  Fight on North Inch                                           1396
  Invasion of Henry IV.                                         1400
  Battle of Homildon Hill                                       1402
  Capture of the Earl of Carrick                                1405
  Robert III. dies                                              1406
  Burning of Reseby                                             1408
  St. Andrews University founded                                1408
  Battle of Harlaw, 24th July                                   1411
  Albany the Regent dies                                        1419

          THE JAMESES, 1424-1557.
  James I. crowned King                                         1424
  Parliament at Inverness                                       1427
  Murder of the King                                            1436
  James II.                                                     1436
  Murder of the Douglases                                       1439
  Murder of William, Earl of Douglas                            1452
  Battle of Arkinholm                                           1454
  The King slain at Roxburgh                                    1460
  James III.                                                    1460
  Orkney and Shetland annexed                                   1469
  St. Andrews raised to an Archbishopric                        1471
  Revolt of Lauder Bridge                                       1482
  Battle of Sauchieburn                                         1488
  James IV                                                      1488
  Marriage of James to Margaret Tudor                           1502
  Lordship of the Isles broken up                               1504
  Battle of Flodden, 9th September                              1513
  James V.                                                      1513
  "Erection" of the King                                        1524
  Fall of Angus                                                 1528
  Rout at Solway Moss                                           1542
  Mary                                                          1542
  Hertford's first Invasion                                     1544
  Hertford's second Invasion                                    1545
  Burning of George Wishart                                     1545
  Murder of Beaton                                              1545
  Battle of Pinkie                                              1547
  Mary sails for France                                         1548
  First marriage of Mary, 24th April                            1558

          THE REFORMATION PERIOD, 1557-1603.
  The "First Covenant" signed                                   1557
  Burning of Walter Mill                                        1558
  Religious riots                                               1559
  Treaty of Berwick                                             1560
  Reformation Statutes passed                                   1560
  Return of the Queen                                           1561
  Battle of Corrichie                                           1562
  Second marriage of Mary, 29th July                            1565
  Murder of Rizzio                                              1566
  Murder of Darnley, 9th February                               1567
  Third Marriage of Mary, 15th May                              1567
  Surrender at Carberry, 15th June                              1567
  Abdication of Mary                                            1567
  James VI. crowned                                             1567
  Battle of Langside, 13th May                                  1568
  Conference at York begins, October                            1568
  Murder of Murray the Regent                                   1570
  Taking of Dunbarton, 2nd April                                1571
  Parliament at Stirling, 4th September                         1571
  Lennox the Regent slain                                       1571
  Episcopacy revived                                            1572
  Death of John Knox, 24th November                             1572
  Death of Mar the Regent, 24th November                        1572
  Surrender of Edinburgh Castle                                 1573
  The King rules alone, 4th March                               1578
  Raid of Ruthven                                               1581
  Death of Mary Stuart, 8th February                            1587
  Marriage of the King                                          1590
  Abolition of Episcopacy                                       1592
  The Gowrie Plot, 5th August                                   1600
  James becomes King of England                                 1603

          THE UNION OF THE CROWNS, 1603-1707.
  Fight in Glen Fruin                                           1604
  Restoration of Episcopacy                                     1606
  Visit of the King                                             1616
  Articles of Perth passed                                      1618
  Nova Scotia founded                                           1621
  King James dies                                               1625
  Charles I.                                                    1625
  Charles crowned in Scotland                                   1633
  Liturgy Riots                                                 1637
  The Covenant renewed                                          1638
  Assembly at Glasgow                                           1638
  Episcopacy abolished                                          1638
  "Trot of Turriff," May                                        1639
  Pacification of Berwick, June                                 1639
  Invasion of England by the Scots                              1640
  Treaty of Ripon, begun 1st October                            1640
     "    "    "   ended 7th August                             1641
  Battle of Tippermuir, September                               1644
  Charles comes to the Scots Camp, 5th May                      1645
  Battle of Philiphaugh, September                              1645
  The Scots give up Charles, 8th January                        1647
  The Surrender at Uttoxeter, 25th August                       1648
  "Whiggamore's Raid"                                           1648
  Charles I. beheaded, 30th January                             1649
  Charles II. proclaimed                                        1649
  Rising and beheading of Montrose                              1650
  Charles II. arrives in Scotland                               1650
  Battle of Dunbar, 3rd September                               1650
  Battle of Worcester, 3rd September                            1651
  Legislative Union with England                                1654
  Restoration of Charles II.                                    1660
  Act "Rescissory" passed                                       1661
  Episcopacy re-established                                     1661
  The "Ejection"                                                1662
  The Westland Rising                                           1666
  The Indulgence, June                                          1669
  Murder of Sharp, May                                          1679
  Fight at Drumclog, May                                        1679
  Fight at Bothwell Bridge, June                                1679
  Sanquhar Declaration, June                                    1680
  Test Act passed                                               1681
  James VII.                                                    1685
  Argyle's Rising                                               1685
  Full Indulgence                                               1688
  James VII. deposed                                            1688
  William and Mary proclaimed                                   1689
  Battle of Killiecrankie, 27th July                            1689
  Episcopacy abolished                                          1690
  Massacre of Glencoe, 13th February                            1691
  Charter granted to the Darien Company                         1695
  Education Act passed                                          1696
  Anne                                                          1701
  The Union of the Parliaments                                  1707

          AFTER THE UNION.
  George I.                                                     1714
  Jacobite Rising                                               1715
  Malt-tax Riots                                                1724
  Porteous Riot                                                 1736
  Jacobite Rising                                               1745
  Battle of Preston-pans, 20th September                        1745
  Battle of Culloden, 16th April                                1746
  Highland Society founded                                      1784
  First Steamboat tried                                         1788
  Penal laws against Romanists repealed                         1793
  Colliers and Salters freed                                    1799
  Reform Bill passed                                            1832
  The Disruption                                                1843




HISTORY OF SCOTLAND.


CHAPTER I.

THE GAELIC PERIOD.

  _The country_ (1)--_the people_ (2)--_Roman occupation_
     (3)--_English invasion_ (4)--_the Scots_ (5)--_introduction
     of Christianity_ (6)--_conversion of the Picts_
     (7)--_conversion of the English_ (8)--_English
     conquests_ (9)--_union of Picts and Scots_ (10)--_the
     Northmen_ (11)--_the Commendation_ (12)--_annexation of
     Strathclyde_ (13)--_acquisition of Lothian_ (14)--_Cnut's
     invasion_ (15)--_Macbeth_ (16)--_English immigration_
     (17)--_William's invasion_ (18)--_Margaret's reforms_
     (19)--_disputed succession_ (20)--_Gaelic period ends_
     (21)--_summary_ (22).


=1. The Country.=--The northern part of Great Britain is now called
_Scotland_, but it was not called so till the _Scots_, a _Celtic_
people, came over from _Ireland_ and gave their name to it. The Romans
who first mention it in history speak of it as _Caledonia_. There are
two points in which the history of this country and of the people who
live in it is unlike the history of most of the other countries and
nations of Europe. Firstly, it never was taken into the great Roman
Empire; and secondly in it we find a _Celtic_ people who, instead of
disappearing before the _Teutons_, held their ground against them so
well that in the end the _Teutons_ were called by the name of the
_Celtic_ people, were ruled by the _Celtic_ kings, and fought for
the independence of the Celtic kingdom as fiercely as if they had
themselves been of the Celtic race. But the whole of the country is
not of the same nature. The northern part is so nearly cut off from
the rest of Britain by the two great _Firths_ of Forth and Clyde as
to form almost a separate island, and this peninsula is again divided
into _Highlands_ and _Lowlands_. Speaking roughly, we may say that
all the west is Highland and the east Lowland. A range of mountains
sweeping in a semicircle from the Firth of Clyde to the mouth of the
Dee, known as _Drumalbyn_ or the _Mount_, may be taken as the line of
separation, though the _Lowlands_ extend still further north along
the eastern coast. The marked differences between these two districts
have had a very decided influence on the character of the inhabitants,
and consequently on the national development. The _Lowlands_ are well
watered and fertile, and the people who lived there were peaceable and
industrious, and both on the seaboard and inland there is early notice
of the existence of populous and thriving towns. The _Highlands_, on
the contrary, are made up of lakes, moors, and barren hills, whose
rocky summits are well-nigh inaccessible, and whose heath-clad sides
are of little use even as pasture. Even in the glens between the
mountains, where alone any arable land is to be found, the crops are
poor, the harvest late and uncertain, and vegetation of any kind very
scanty. The western coast is cut up into numberless islets, and the
coast-line is constantly broken by steep jagged promontories jutting
out seaward, or cut by long lochs, up which the sea runs far into
the land between hills rising almost as bare and straight as walls
on either side. In the Highlands even in the present day there are
no towns of any importance, for the difficulty of access by land and
the dangers of the coast have made commerce well-nigh impossible.
The _Highlanders_, who were discouraged by the barrenness of their
native mountains, where even untiring industry could only secure a bare
maintenance, and tempted by the sight of prosperity so near them, found
it a lighter task to lift the crops and cattle of their neighbour than
to rear their own, and have at all times been much given to pillaging
the more fortunate _Lowlanders_, of whom they were the justly dreaded
scourge.

=2. The People.=--As the country is thus naturally divided into two
parts distinctly opposite in character, so the people are made up
of two distinct branches of the great _Aryan_ family, the _Celtic_
and the _Teutonic_. The Celts were the first comers, and were in
possession when the country became historically known; that is, at the
first invasion of the Romans. In later times we find three _Celtic_
peoples in North Britain; to wit, the _Picts_, the _Scots_, and the
_Welsh_. The _Picts_ were those _Celts_ who dwelt north of the Firths
in _Alba_ or _Alban_, as the earliest traditions call it; and if we
judge from the names of places and contemporary accounts and notices,
there is every reason to believe that they were more akin to the
_Gaelic_ than to the _British_ branch of the Celtic race. The _Scots_,
the other _Gaelic_ people, were, when we first hear of them, settled
in _Ireland_, from whence at different times bands of them came over
to the western coast of Britain. They were friends and allies of the
_Picts_, and are early mentioned as fighting on their side against the
Romans. After a time, when many more Scots had settled in Alba, their
name became common to all the Celts north of the Firths, and from
them the whole country was called Scotland. The Celts south of the
Firths were partly Christianized and civilized by the Romans, and thus
became very different from the rest. They got their name of _Welsh_
from the Teutonic tribes who came from the land between the _Elbe_
and the _Eyder_, and, settling along the eastern coast, finally took
possession of a great tract of country, and called the Celts whom
they displaced _Welshmen_ or foreigners. The Celts called all these
new comers _Saxons_, though this was really only the name of one of
the first tribes that came over; and as they gradually spread over
the _Lowlands_, the word _Saxon_ came to mean simply _Lowlander_. In
course of time the original proportions of these two races have been
nearly reversed, so that the modern Scottish nation, though it keeps
its _Celtic_ name, instead of being made up of three _Celts_ to one
_Saxon_, is much more nearly three _Saxons_ to one _Celt_.

=3. Roman Occupation.=--The _Romans_, who had already made themselves
masters of South Britain, were led into the northern part of the
island by _Julius Agricola_, A.D. 80. But the _Celts_ whom they found
there, and whom they called _Caledonians_, were so well able to defend
themselves among their mountains that the Romans, though they defeated
them in a great battle on the Highland border, gave up the idea of
conquering the country, and retreated again south of the Firths of
_Forth_ and _Clyde_. Across the isthmus between the two, which is about
thirty miles wide, they built a line of forts, joined by a rampart
of earth. This rampart was intended to serve as a defence to their
colonists, and as a boundary to mark the limit of their empire; though,
as many Roman remains have been found north of the isthmus, they must
have had settlements without as well as within the fortifications. But
the Caledonians, who were too high-spirited to look on quietly and
see their country thus taken possession of, harassed the colonists by
getting over the wall and seizing or destroying everything they could
lay their hands on. At length (A.D. 120) the Roman Emperor _Hadrian_
built a second rampart across the lower isthmus, between the rivers
_Tyne_ and _Solway_, leaving the district between the two pretty much
at the mercy of the fierce Picts, as the Romans now began to call
the Caledonians. Twenty years later, in the reign of the Emperor
_Antoninus Pius_, one of his generals, _Lollius Urbicus_, again drove
them back beyond the first wall, and repaired and strengthened the
defences of _Agricola_. But, before half a century had passed, the
Picts again burst the barrier, and killed the Roman commander. In
208 the Emperor _Severus_ cut his way through Caledonia with a large
army. He reached the northern coast, but had no chance of fighting a
battle, and lost many of his men. He repaired and strengthened the
rampart of Hadrian. In time the Picts got over the second rampart too,
and came south as far as _Kent_, where, in the latter part of the
fourth century, _Theodosius_ the Roman general, father of the famous
Emperor of the same name, had to fight his way to London through their
plundering hordes. Theodosius drove them back with great vigour,
restored the Empire to its former boundary, and made the district
between the walls into a Roman province, which he called _Valentia_,
in honour of _Valentinian_, who was then Emperor. It was probably
about this time that the great stone wall was built across the lower
isthmus. The dangers which threatened the capital of the Empire in the
beginning of the next century forced the Romans to forsake this as well
as all their other provinces in Britain, and the withdrawal of their
troops left the Romanized Britons of Valentia a helpless prey to their
merciless enemies the Picts. At the end of the three centuries of Roman
occupation, the _Britons_ south of the Firths had so little in common
with the wild _Picts_, who in _Alba_ and in _Galloway_ still maintained
their independence, that they were like people of a different race.
The one sect, though still savage and heathen, were as brave and
fierce as ever; the other, though Christianized and civilized, were
so degenerated from the vigour of the original stock that they were
powerless to resist their more warlike kinsmen.

=4. English Invasion.=--In the sixth century the _Angles_ came in
great force and settled on the eastern coast of Valentia, and drove
the _Britons_, or as they called them _Welshmen_, back to the Westland
Hills. This district then between the Roman walls was thus divided
between two kingdoms. The English kingdom of _Northumberland_, founded
by _Ida_ in 547, took in all the eastern part of the country south of
the _Forth_; while the Welsh kingdom, called _Strathclyde_ from the
river that watered it, stretched from the _Firth of Clyde_ southwards
towards the _Dee_.

=5. The Scots.=--About the same time that the _English_ were pouring
in on the east, the _Scots_ were settling all along the western
coast. As the strait which separates _Britain_ from _Ireland_ is only
twelve miles broad, the Scots could easily come over from _Scotia_,
as _Ireland_ was formerly called, to seek their fortune in the larger
island. It is impossible to fix the date of their first coming, but it
was not till the beginning of the sixth century that there came over
a swarm numerous and united enough to found a separate state. This is
one of the few _Celtic_ migrations on record from west to east, and
forms an exception to the general displacement that was going on, by
which the _Celts_ were being driven further and further west before the
_Teutons_. The leaders of the Scots were _Fergus MacErc_, and _Lorn_,
of the family of the _Dalriads_, the ruling dynasty in the north of
Ireland, and from them this new state founded on the western coast of
what is now called _Argyle_ got the name of _Dalriada_.

=6. Introduction of Christianity.=--These Scots were not pagans
like the Picts of Alba, for Ireland had already been Christianized.
The new comers brought the new faith to their adopted country, and
through them it spread among the Picts, and also among the English of
Northumberland. The great apostle of the Scots was _Columba_. He was
Abbot of Durrow in Ireland, but was obliged to leave his own country,
because he had been engaged in a feud with some of his kinsfolk, in
which his side was worsted. He came over to the new colony on the coast
of Alba, and _Conal_, who was then King of the Dalriads, welcomed him,
and gave him _I_, or _Iona_, an islet about a mile and a half long and
a mile broad, lying west of the large island of Mull. Here Columba
settled with the twelve monks who had come with him, and here they
built for the service of God a little wooden church after their simple
fashion, and for their own dwelling a few rude huts of wattle, which
in after-times was called a monastery, where they passed their days
in prayer and study. But their missionary zeal was as great as their
piety, and from their head-quarters on Iona they went cruising about
among the adjacent islands, extending their circuit to the _Orkneys_,
and even, it is said, as far as _Iceland_.

=7. Conversion of the Picts.=--Columba himself undertook the conversion
of the Picts. About two years after his arrival at Iona he set out on
this important mission, crossed Drumalbyn, sought the court of _Brud_,
the Pictish king, converted him, and founded religious communities on
the same plan as that on Iona, on lands granted to him by the king or
his dependent chiefs. The Church thus set up was perfectly independent
of the _Bishop of Rome_ or of any other See, but it inherited all the
peculiarities of the Church of the _Irish Scots_. The monks had a way
of their own of reckoning the time for keeping Easter and of shaving
their heads, trifles which were considered important enough to become
the subject of a very long quarrel, and it was not till 716 that they
agreed to yield to the Roman custom in both matters. According to
their system of Church government, the abbots of the monasteries were
the chief dignitaries, and had all the power which in the rest of
Christendom was held to belong to bishops, while the bishops were held
of no account except for ordaining priests, for which purpose there
was one at least attached to each monastery. Columba, who was himself
of the royal race, had so much influence among the Dalriads that his
authority was called in to settle a dispute about the succession to
the throne. The abbots of Iona after him continued supreme in all the
ecclesiastical affairs of Alba till the middle of the ninth century,
while the well-earned reputation for piety and learning enjoyed by
the monks of his foundation was widely spread in continental Europe.
About this time _Kentigern_ revived among the Welshmen of Strathclyde
the dying Christianity which had been planted there in the time of the
Roman occupation.

=8. Conversion of the English.=--The English of Northumberland were
still heathens, and, as they were ever fighting with and growing
greater at the expense of their neighbours, their state bade fair to
become the most powerful in Britain. In the beginning of the seventh
century their king _Eadwine_ was supreme over all Britain south of
the Forth. But though _Eadwine_ was converted by the preaching of
_Paullinus_, the first Bishop of York, the new doctrine does not seem
to have spread much among his people; for one of his successors,
_Oswald_, who in his youth had been an exile at the court of his
kinsman the Pictish king, prayed the monks of Iona to send him one of
their number to help to make his people Christian. _Conan_, the first
missionary who went, was so much disgusted with the manners of the
English that he very soon came back to his brethren. Then _Aidan_,
another of their number, devoted his life to the task which Conan had
found so distasteful. He taught and toiled among them with a zeal that
was seconded by Oswald, the king, who himself acted as interpreter,
making the sermons of the monk intelligible to his English hearers.
From _Lindisfarne_, where the little church of Aidan was founded, like
that of Iona, on an islet, Christianity spread to the neighbouring
state of _Mercia_, and many monasteries and schools were founded after
the Columban model.

=9. English Conquests.=--Oswald and his successor _Oswiu_ extended
their dominions beyond the Firths, and it is said that they made the
Scots and Picts pay tribute to them. The next king, _Ecgfrith_, marched
north and crossed the _Tay_ with a mighty host, but he was routed and
slain in a great battle at a place called _Nectansmere_, the exact
position of which is uncertain. From that time the English seem to
have kept more to the country south of the Forth, and the Picts were
more independent of them. This is about the only event of moment that
we know of in the history of that people, of whom no records remain,
except a long list of their kings down to 843, at which date they
became united with the Scots under one king.

=10. Union of Picts and Scots.=--This union took place under _Kenneth
MacAlpin_, who was king of the Scots. That he was king of the Picts
also is certain: how he came to be so can only be guessed. It is more
probable that it was by inheritance than by conquest, though he and the
kings after him kept his original title of King of Scots. Over how much
land he reigned, and what degree of power he had over his subjects, is
not known. It is thought that among the Celts the king was only the
head of the dominant tribe among many other tribes or clans, each of
which was bound to follow its own chief, and the king's control over
those chiefs seems to have been more in name than in fact. The northern
districts seem to have been ruled by powerful chiefs called _Maers_
or _Mormaers_. These chiefs, who it has been supposed were nominally
subject to the King of Scots, acted as if they were quite independent
of him. They were indeed his most troublesome enemies, and several
of the kings lost their lives in battle against them. _Moray_ was the
greatest of the Mormaerships. It lay north of the Spey and of the
mountains of Argyle, and stretched across the country from the Moray
Firth to the opposite ocean.

=11. Coming of the Northmen.=--Kenneth was followed in turn by
_Donald_, his brother, and _Constantine_, his son. Their reigns were
mainly taken up in fighting with the _Northmen_, a heathen people
of Teutonic race, who infested the seas and plundered the seaboard.
From the eighth century downwards they were the scourge alike of
English and Celtic Britain, swooping down on the coasts, harrying the
lands, and making off with their booty; or, at other times, seizing
and settling on great tracts of country. Three countries of modern
Europe--_Denmark_, _Norway_, and _Sweden_ were peopled by the Northmen.
But while it was those from _Denmark_ who chiefly harassed and finally
conquered the _English_, the _Norwegians_ seem to have looked upon
Scotland as their own especial prey, attracted doubtless by the
likeness between its many isles and inlets and the jagged outline of
the larger Scandinavian peninsula. The long narrow lochs of the western
coast, like the fiords of Norway, proved convenient harbours for the
ships of these pirates. It is towards the close of the eighth century
that we first hear of the descents of the Northmen on the Pictish
kingdom. It is told how they ravaged all the coast, destroyed the
Pictish capital, and haunted the Irish Sea. Their fury was specially
directed against churches and religious communities, and Iona did not
escape. Again and again it was wasted by fire and sword, its churches
plundered, the brethren slain, till at length the abbot was compelled
to seek on the mainland a refuge for himself and the relics of the
saintly founder. Under Kenneth MacAlpin the supremacy over the Scottish
Church was transferred to the monastery of _Dunkeld_. Under Kenneth's
son, _Constantine I._, a fresh spirit was given to these invasions by
the formation of the kingdom of _Norway_ by _Harold Harfagra_. The
petty chiefs displaced by him, who were called _