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 A TEXT-BOOK OF PAPER-MAKING;
 BY C. F. CROSS AND E. J. BEVAN (1888)




 [Illustration:

 COTTON. × 50.

 LINEN. × 50.

 ESPARTO. × 50.

 MECHANICAL WOOD-PULP. × 50.

 CHEMICAL WOOD-PULP. × 50.]




 A
 TEXT-BOOK OF
 PAPER-MAKING.

 BY
 C. F. CROSS AND E. J. BEVAN.

 [Illustration]

 E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND, LONDON.
 NEW YORK: 35, MURRAY STREET.
 1888.




PREFACE.


The practical portion of the present work has in part already appeared
as an article, by one of the authors, in ‘Spons’ Encyclopædia of the
Industrial Arts.’ Since its publication, however, many and important
improvements have been introduced in this, as in other branches of
the art of paper-making, which necessitated considerable additions to
the original article. It has at the same time been to a great extent
re-written, and, as the authors hope, improved.

Our object in writing this book has been to bring before students and
others the principles upon which scientific paper-making should be
conducted, a concise exposition of which has not, we believe, been
hitherto attempted.

Considerable prominence has been given to this aspect of the subject,
possibly at the expense of what some may consider more essential
details.

A belief in the importance of a thorough scientific training for
paper-makers has dictated the style and purpose of the book.

We have not thought it necessary to enter into minute details
respecting the construction of machinery, &c.; for these the reader
is referred to such works as Hofmann’s Treatise on the Manufacture of
Paper.

Much of the scientific portion is here published for the first time.
Part of it has already appeared in the form of papers read before
various societies.

The chapter relating to the Treatment of Wood formed the subject of an
essay, which obtained the prize offered by the Scottish Paper-makers’
Association, in connection with the Edinburgh Forestry Exhibition, 1884.

We would here express our obligations to Messrs. G. and W. Bertram,
Messrs. Masson, Scott, and Bertram, Messrs. Rœckner and Co., and
others, for their courtesy in furnishing us with the drawings from
which the illustrations were prepared; to Dr. C. R. A. Wright, F.R.S.,
who kindly communicated the substance of the chapter on the Action of
Cuprammonium on Cellulose; to Mr. Carl Christensen, for drawings and
information regarding the manufacture of mechanical wood-pulp; also
to the following friends, among others, who have, in various ways,
rendered us important assistance:—Messrs. R. C. Menzies, C. M. King, G.
E. Davis, A. Beckwith, and C. Beadle.

Finally, we would tender our thanks to Mr. C. G. Warnford Lock for the
care he has bestowed on the editing of the book. The indexing and the
Chapter on Statistics are entirely his production.

  C. F. CROSS and E. J. BEVAN.

  4, NEW COURT, LINCOLN’S-INN, W.C.



  CONTENTS.


  INTRODUCTORY NOTE. . . 1


  CHAPTER I.

  CELLULOSE—THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL MEMBERS OF
     THE CELLULOSE GROUP, WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR NATURAL
     HISTORY. . . 4


  CHAPTER II.

  PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FIBRES—MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION
    . . . 30


  CHAPTER III.

  CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PLANT SUBSTANCES. . . 42


  CHAPTER IV.

  AN ACCOUNT OF THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
     OF THE PRINCIPAL RAW MATERIALS. . . 46


  CHAPTER V.

  PROCESSES FOR ISOLATING CELLULOSE FROM PLANT SUBSTANCES
    . . . 62


  CHAPTER VI.

  SPECIAL TREATMENT OF VARIOUS FIBRES—BOILERS, BOILING
     PROCESSES, &C.. . . 79


  CHAPTER VII.

  BLEACHING. 