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  HISTORY

  OF

  SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE

  LITERATURE.




  HISTORY

  OF

  SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE

  LITERATURE.

  BY

  FREDERICK BOUTERWEK.

  [Illustration]

  IN TWO VOLUMES.

  [Illustration]

  Translated from the Original German,

  BY THOMASINA ROSS.

  VOL. II.

  PORTUGUESE LITERATURE.

  LONDON:
  BOOSEY AND SONS, BROAD STREET.

  1823.

E. Justins, Printer, 41, Brick Lane, Spitalfields.




PREFACE.


For much of the valuable information which the following History of
Portuguese Literature contains, the author acknowledges himself to be
indebted to the communications of a learned Portuguese, with whom he
became acquainted after the materials he had previously collected were
arranged for publication. M. Bouterwek originally intended to comprise
what he had to say, on Portuguese literature, in a brief sketch, which
was to form a supplement to the preceding volume; but the assistance of
his literary friend enabled him to make the present volume a suitable
companion to his history of the sister literature of the Peninsula.
In England commercial interests may have induced many persons to make
themselves acquainted with the language of Portugal, but the literature
of that country has hitherto been studied by few. With the exception
of Camoens, even the names of the principal Portuguese authors are
scarcely known to us. The greater novelty of the subject is therefore
an advantage which this second volume possesses over the first.




TABLE OF CONTENTS.

VOL. II.


  BOOK I.

  FROM THE END OF THE THIRTEENTH TO THE COMMENCEMENT
  OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

        _Page_

  Rise of Portuguese poetry                                          1

  Gonzalo Hermiguez and Egaz Moniz, poets of the twelfth
    century                                                          5

  Early essay in epic poetry                                         8

  King Diniz of Portugal, a poet of the thirteenth century           9

  Poets of the royal family in the fourteenth century               10

  Oldest specimens of Portuguese prose                              14

  Intimate connection of the Portuguese and Galician poetry.--The
    Galician poet Macias                                            15

  The Cancioneiros Geraes                                           17

  Deficiency with regard to historical romances--little influence
    of the cultivation of Latin verse on Portuguese lyric poetry    20

  Early cultivation of historical prose in Portuguese literature    21

  Increase of Portuguese power, followed by the rapid developement
    of the national poetry, at the commencement of the
    sixteenth century                                               23

  Bernardim Ribeyro                                                 24

  His eclogues                                                      25

  His cantigas                                                      30

  His romance of Menina e Moça                                      33

  Christovaõ Falcaõ                                                 39

  Other ancient lyric poems                                         44


  BOOK II.

  FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY UNTIL
    TOWARDS THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.


  CHAP. I.

  GENERAL VIEW OF THE POETIC AND RHETORICAL CULTIVATION
    OF THE PORTUGUESE DURING THE ABOVE PERIOD.

  Relation of Portuguese to Spanish poetry in the sixteenth and
    seventeenth centuries                                           47

  Causes of the continued cultivation of the Spanish language in
    Portugal                                                        51

  Religious and political character of the Portuguese during this
    period                                                          54


  CHAP. II.

  HISTORY OF PORTUGUESE POETRY AND ELOQUENCE FROM THE
    EPOCH OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE ITALIAN STYLE, TILL
    TOWARDS THE END OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

  Tranquil adoption of the Italian style                            59

  Saa de Miranda                                                    61

  General character of his poems                                    63

  His eclogues                                                      66

  His epistles                                                      71

  His spiritual poems                                               74

  His popular songs, &c.                                            76

  His two prose comedies                                            78

  Gil Vicente                                                       85

  General character of his dramatic prose                           87

  His autos, or spiritual dramas                                    90

  His comedies, in a peculiar signification of the term             99

  His tragi-comedies                                               101

  His farces                                                       103

  Ferreira                                                         111

  General character of his poetry                                  114

  His correct style of sonnet composition                          117

  His odes                                                         119

  His elegies                                                      122

  His eclogues                                                     125

  His epistles                                                    ibid

  His epigrams, &c.                                                130

  His tragedy and his two prose comedies                           132

  Camoens                                                          139

  General character of his poetry                                  148

  Character and analysis of the Lusiad                             150

  The other poetic works of Camoens                                184

  His sonnets                                                      187

  His canções                                                      189

  His odes                                                         190

  His elegies                                                      192

  His estancias                                                    195

  His eclogues                                                     196

  His poems in redondilhas, &c.                                    197

  His dramas                                                       200

  Classical school of Saa de Miranda and Antonio Ferreira          208

  Andrade Caminha                                                  209

  Bernardes                                                        217

  Cortereal                                                        223

  Other Portuguese poets of the sixteenth century--Ferreira de
    Vasconcellos--Rodriguez de Castro--Lobo de Soropita, &c.       225

  Rodriguez Lobo                                                   226

  His Court in the Country                                         228

  His pastoral romances                                            235

  His miscellaneous poems                                          245

  Imitation of the Spanish romances in Portugal                    250

  State of Portuguese eloquence in the sixteenth century           252

  Romances and novels                                              253

  Sà Sotomayor                                                     254

  Pires de Rebello                                                 256

  Progress of the historical art                                   258

  Joaõ de Barros                                                   260

  Lopez de Castanheda--Damiaõ de Góes--Affonso d’Alboquerque       266

  Bernardo de Brito                                                268


  CHAP. III.

  HISTORY OF PORTUGUESE POETRY AND ELOQUENCE, FROM THE
    LATTER YEARS OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY UNTIL TOWARDS
    THE CLOSE OF THE SEVENTEENTH.

  Decay of the ancient national energy in Portuguese literature    273

  Portuguese sonnets of the seventeenth century                    276

  Faria e Sousa                                                    277

  His sonnets                                                      279

  His treatises on poetry                                          283

  His eclogues and his theory respecting that species of
    composition                                                    286

  His commentary on the works of Camoens                           288

  Thomas de Noronha--comic sonnet poetry                           290

  Barbosa Bacellar                                                 292

  Torrezaõ Coelho                                                  295

  Freire de Andrada, an opponent of the Gongorists and
    Marinists                                                      296

  Further decline of Portuguese taste--Ribeiro de Macedo--Correa
    de la Cerda                                                    302

  Violante do Ceo                                                  304

  Didactic epistles of Alvares da Cunha                            307

  Jeronymo Bahia                                                   308

  Francisco Vasconcellos                                           311

  Telles da Sylva and Nunez da Sylva                               312

  Other sonneteers--continued intervention of the Spanish
    language in Portuguese poetry                                  315

  Portuguese eloquence during the seventeenth century              317

  Romantic prose--Matheus Ribeyro--Castanheira Turacem             318

  Historical prose--Freire Andrada’s biography of Joaõ de Castro   322

  Portuguese treatises on poetry and rhetoric written during the
    seventeenth century                                            327


  BOOK III.

  FROM THE CLOSE OF THE SEVENTEENTH TO THE END OF THE
   EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

  Preliminary observations                                         328


  CHAP. I.

  GENERAL HISTORY OF POETICAL AND RHETORICAL CULTIVATION
    IN PORTUGAL DURING THIS PERIOD.

  Total decay of Portuguese literature towards the end of the
    seventeenth century                                            329

  Establishment of the Portuguese academy in 1714                  331

  Administration of the Marquis of Pombal                          333

  Revived spirit of literature--utility of the Portuguese academy
    of sciences                                                    334


  CHAP. II.

  HISTORY OF PORTUGUESE POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD.

  The Conde da Ericeyra                                            336

  General character of his works                                   338

  His Henriqueida                                                  340

  Continuance of corrupt taste in Portuguese poetry--Barros
    Pereira--Antonio de Lima                                       347

  The Portuguese drama in the first half of the eighteenth
    century                                                        350

  Spurious dramas called operas                                   ibid


  RESUMPTION OF AN IMPROVED STYLE IN PORTUGUESE POETRY.

  Manoel da Costa                                                  357

  His successful imitation of Cantatas in the style of
    Metastasio                                                     362

  Progress of Portuguese poetry in the latter part of the
  eighteenth century                                               364

  Translations of latin classics into the Portuguese language      365

  Titles of some of the poems produced in this period              366

  Garçaõ--his imitation of Horace’s odes                           367

  His dramas in the style of Terence                               372

  The Abbot Paulino                                                375

  Dona Catharina de Sousa--Her tragedy of Osmia                    377

  Failure of Osmia on the stage--prevalence of dramatic
    imitations and translations                                    383

  Recent Portuguese poets--in particular Tolentino da Almeida      384

  Araujo de Azavedo--his translations of English poems             386


  CHAP. III.

  HISTORY OF PORTUGUESE ELOQUENCE, CRITICISM AND RHETORIC,
   DURING THIS PERIOD.

  Further decline of Portuguese eloquence                          387

  New cultivation of eloquence--Classical prose authors still
    wanting in modern Portuguese literature                        390

  Romantic prose--translations                                     391

  Portuguese criticism of the eighteenth century                  ibid

  Ericeyra’s introduction to his Henriqueida                       392

  Garçaõ’s lectures                                                395

  Philological and critical treatises of the Academicians--Joaquim
    de Foyos--Francisco Dias--Antonio das Naves, &c.               398

  Compendium of rhetoric by Antonio Teixeira de Magalhaens         402


  CONCLUSION.

  Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish literature                  403




HISTORY

OF

_PORTUGUESE LITERATURE_.




BOOK I.

FROM THE END OF THE THIRTEENTH TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE SIXTEENTH
CENTURY.


RISE OF PORTUGUESE POETRY.

That songs in the Portuguese language were sung on the banks of the
Tagus, before any kingdom of Portugal existed cannot be doubted.
Indeed even Spanish writers, who have considered the question with
impartiality, do not deny that Portuguese poetry flourished at an
earlier period than the Castilian; and all accounts of the first
dawnings of modern civilization in Portugal denote an original poetic
tendency in the national genius. That destiny, however, by which
Portugal has been from an early period politically severed from the
other parts of the Peninsula could alone have prevented the Portuguese
poetry from being like the Galician, completely absorbed and lost in
the Castilian; for the Galician and Portuguese languages and poetry,
were originally, and even after the separation of Portugal from the
Castiles, scarcely distinguishable from each other.[