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  THE
  CARE OF BOOKS


  London: C. J. CLAY AND SONS,
  CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE,
  AVE MARIA LANE,
  Glasgow: 50, WELLINGTON STREET.

[Illustration]

  Leipzig: F. A. BROCKHAUS.
  New York: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
  Bombay: E. SEYMOUR HALE.

[_All Rights reserved._]




  THE
  CARE OF BOOKS

  An Essay on the
  Development of Libraries and
  their Fittings, from the earliest times to
  the end of the Eighteenth Century

  By

  JOHN WILLIS CLARK, M.A., F.S.A.

  Registrary of the University
  and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge

  CAMBRIDGE
  at the University Press
  1901


  Cambridge:

  PRINTED BY J. AND C. F. CLAY,
  AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.


  FRANCISCO AIDANO GASQUET
  MONACHO BENEDICTINO
  D.D.
  MAGISTRO DISCIPULUS




PREFACE.


When engaged in editing and completing _The Architectural History of the
University and Colleges of Cambridge_, I devoted much time and attention
to the essay called _The Library_. The subject was entirely new; and the
more I looked into it, the more convinced did I become that it would well
repay fuller investigation than was then possible. For instance, I felt
certain that the Customs affecting monastic libraries would, if one could
only discover them, throw considerable light on collegiate statutes
relating to the same subject.

The _Architectural History_ having been published, I had leisure to study
libraries from my new point of view; and, while thus engaged, I
fortunately met with the admirable paper by Dom Gasquet which he modestly
calls _Some Notes on Medieval Monastic Libraries_. This brief essay--it
occupies only 20 pages--opened my eyes to the possibilities that lay
before me, and I gladly place on record here the debt I owe to the
historian to whom I have dedicated this book.

When I had the honour of delivering the Rede Lecture before the University
of Cambridge in June 1894, I attempted a reconstruction of the monastic
library, shewing its relationship, through its fittings, to the
collegiate libraries of Oxford and Cambridge; and I was also able,
following the example set by Dom Gasquet in the above-mentioned essay, to
indicate the value of illuminated manuscripts as illustrating the life of
a medieval student or scribe. In my lectures as Sandars Reader in
Bibliography, delivered before the University of Cambridge in 1900, I
developed the subject still further, extending the scope of my enquiries
so as to include the libraries of Greece and Rome.

In writing my present book I have availed myself freely of the three works
above mentioned. At the same time I have incorporated much fresh material;
and I am glad to take this opportunity of stating, that, with the single
exception of the Escorial, I have personally examined and measured every
building which I have had occasion to describe; and many of the
illustrations are from my own sketches.

I call my book an _Essay_, because I wish to indicate that it is only an
attempt to deal, in a summary fashion, with an extremely wide and
interesting subject--a subject, too, which might easily be subdivided into
separate heads each capable of more elaborate treatment. For instance,
with regard to libraries in Religious Houses, I hope to see a book
written, dealing not merely with the way in which the books were cared
for, but with the subjects most generally studied, as indicated to us by
the catalogues which have survived.

A research such as I have had to undertake has naturally involved the
co-operation of numerous librarians and others both in England and on the
Continent. From all these officials I have experienced unfailing courtesy
and kindness, and I beg them to accept this collective expression of my
gratitude. To some, however, I am under such particular obligations, that
I wish to mention them by name.

In the first place I have to thank my friends Dr Jackson of Trinity
College, Dr Sandys of S. John's College, Dr James of King's College, and
F. J. H. Jenkinson, M.A., University Librarian, for their kind help in
reading proofs and making suggestions. Dr Sandys devoted much time to the
revision of the first chapter. As my work deals largely with monastic
institutions it is almost needless to say that I have consulted and
received efficient help from my old friend W. H. St John Hope, M.A.,
Assistant Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries.

My researches in Rome were made easy to me by the unfailing kindness and
ready help accorded on every occasion by Father C. J. Ehrle, S.J., Prefect
of the Vatican Library. My best thanks are also due to Signor Rodolfo
Lanciani, to Professor Petersen of the German Archeological Institute,
Rome, and to Signor Guido Biagi of the Biblioteca Laurenziana, Florence.
At Milan Monsignor Ceriani of the Ambrosian Library was so kind as to have
the library photographed for my use.

The courteous officials who administer the great libraries of Paris with
so much ability, have assisted me in all my researches. I wish specially
to thank in this place M. Leopold Delisle and M. Leon Dorez of the
Bibliotheque Nationale; M. A. Franklin of the Bibliotheque Mazarine; M. H.
Martin of the Bibliotheque de l'Arsenal; and M. A. Perate,
Sous-Conservateur du Chateau de Versailles.

I have also to thank Senor Ricardo Velasquez for his beautiful elevation
of the bookcases in the Escorial Library; Father J. van den Gheyn, S.J.,
of the Royal Library, Brussels, for his trouble in shewing me, and
allowing me to have photographed, several MSS. from the library under his
charge; my friends Mr T. G. Jackson, R.A., Architect, for lending me his
section of Bishop Cobham's library at Oxford; E. W. B. Nicholson, M.A.,
Librarian, and Falconer Madan, M.A., Sub-Librarian, in the Bodleian
Library, for information respecting the building and its contents; Mr F.
E. Bickley of the British Museum for much help in finding and examining
MSS.; and Lionel Cust, M.A., Director of the National Portrait Gallery,
for general direction and encouragement.

Messrs Macmillan have allowed me to use three illustrations which appear
in the first chapter; Mr Murray has given the same permission for the
woodcut of the carrells at Gloucester; and Messrs Blades for the
representation of James Leaver's book-press.

Lastly I wish to thank the staff of the University Press for using their
best efforts to produce the work rapidly and well, and for many acts of
personal kindness to myself.

                                                     JOHN WILLIS CLARK.

  SCROOPE HOUSE,
    CAMBRIDGE,
      _September 23rd, 1901._




  CONTENTS.


  CHAPTER I.

  Introduction. Assyrian Record-Rooms. Libraries in Greece, Alexandria,
  Pergamon, Rome. Their size, use, contents, and fittings. Armaria or
  presses. The Vatican Library of Sixtus V. a type of an ancient
  Roman library                                                           1


  CHAPTER II.

  Christian libraries connected with churches. Use of the apse. Monastic
  communities. S. Pachomius. S. Benedict and his successors. Each
  House had a library. Annual audit of books. Loan on security. Modes
  of protection. Curses. Prayers for donors. Endowment of libraries.
  Use of the cloister. Development of Cistercian book-room. Common
  press. Carrells                                                        61


  CHAPTER III.

  Increase of monastic collections. S. Riquier, Bobbio, Durham, Canterbury.
  Books kept in other places than the cloister. Expedients for housing
  them at Durham, Citeaux, and elsewhere. Separate libraries built in
  fifteenth century at Durham, S. Albans, Citeaux, Clairvaux, etc.
  Gradual extension of library at S. Germain des Pres. Libraries
  attached to Cathedrals. Lincoln, Salisbury, Wells, Noyon, Rouen,
  etc.                                                                  101


  CHAPTER IV.

  The fittings of monastic libraries and of collegiate libraries probably
  identical. Analysis of some library-statutes. Monastic influence at
  the Universities. Number of books owned by Colleges. The collegiate
  library. Bishop Cobham's library at Oxford. Library at
  Queens' College, Cambridge. At Zutphen. The lectern-system.
  Chaining of books. Further examples and illustrations                 131


  CHAPTER V.

  Recapitulation. Invention of the stall-system. Library of Corpus Christi
  College, Oxford, taken as a type. System of chaining in Hereford
  Cathedral. Libraries of Merton College, Oxford, and Clare College,
  Cambridge. The stall-system copied at Westminster Abbey, Wells,
  and Durham Cathedrals. This system possibly monastic. Libraries
  at Canterbury, Dover Priory, Clairvaux                                171


  CHAPTER VI.

  The lectern-system in Italy. Libraries at Cesena, at the Convent of
  S. Mark, Florence, and at Monte Oliv