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  |    rather than to the original Table of Contents.                 |
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  |    per square mile.' This has been changed to 'Per mile' the same |
  |    as the other expenses.                                         |
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                 THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.

                            VOLUME XXIV.




                                 THE
                   INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.

   EACH BOOK COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, 12MO, AND BOUND IN CLOTH.


1. FORMS OF WATER: A Familiar Exposition of the Origin and Phenomena
of Glaciers. By J. TYNDALL, LL. D., F. R. S. With 25 Illustrations.
$1.50.

2. PHYSICS AND POLITICS; Or, Thoughts on the Application of the
Principles of "Natural Selection" and "Inheritance" to Political
Society. By WALTER BAGEHOT. $1.50.

3. FOODS. By EDWARD SMITH, M. D., LL. B., F. R. S. With numerous
Illustrations. $1.75.

4. MIND AND BODY: The Theories of their Relation. By ALEXANDER BAIN,
LL. D. With 4 Illustrations. $1.50.

5. THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY. By HERBERT SPENCER. $1.50.

6. THE NEW CHEMISTRY. By Professor J. P. COOKE, of Harvard University.
With 31 Illustrations. $2.00.

7. ON THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY. By BALFOUR STEWART, M. A., LL. D.,
F. R. S. With 14 Illustrations. $1.50.

8. ANIMAL LOCOMOTION; or, Walking, Swimming, and Flying. By J. B.
PETTIGREW, M. D., F. R. S., etc. With 130 Illustrations. $1.75.

9. RESPONSIBILITY IN MENTAL DISEASE. By HENRY MAUDSLEY, M. D. $1.50.

10. THE SCIENCE OF LAW. By Professor SHELDON AMOS. $1.75.

11. ANIMAL MECHANISM: A Treatise on Terrestrial and Aerial Locomotion.
By Professor E. J. MAREY. With 117 Illustrations. $1.75.

12. THE HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN RELIGION AND SCIENCE. By J. W.
DRAPER, M. D., LL. D. $1.75.

13. THE DOCTRINE OF DESCENT AND DARWINISM. By Professor OSCAR SCHMIDT
(Strasburg University). With 26 Illustrations. $1.50.

14. THE CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF LIGHT AND PHOTOGRAPHY. By Dr. HERMANN
VOGEL (Polytechnic Academy of Berlin). Translation thoroughly revised.
With 100 Illustrations. $2.00.

15. FUNGI: Their Nature, Influences, Uses, etc. By M. C. COOKE, M. A.,
LL. D. Edited by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M. A., F. L. S. With 109
Illustrations. $1.50.

16. THE LIFE AND GROWTH OF LANGUAGE. By Professor WILLIAM DWIGHT
WHITNEY, of Yale College. $1.50.

17. MONEY AND THE MECHANISM OF EXCHANGE. By W. STANLEY JEVONS, M. A.,
F. R. S. $1.75.

18. THE NATURE OF LIGHT, with a General Account of Physical Optics. By
Dr. EUGENE LOMMEL. With 188 Illustrations and a Table of Spectra in
Chromo-lithography. $2.00.

19. ANIMAL PARASITES AND MESSMATES. By Monsieur VAN BENEDEN. With 83
Illustrations. $1.50.

20. FERMENTATION. By Professor SCHUeTZENBERGER. With 28 Illustrations.
$1.50.

21. THE FIVE SENSES OF MAN. By Professor BERNSTEIN. With 91
Illustrations. $1.75.

22. THE THEORY OF SOUND IN ITS RELATION TO MUSIC. By Professor PIETRO
BLASERNA. With numerous Illustrations. $1.50.

23. STUDIES IN SPECTRUM ANALYSIS. By J. NORMAN LOCKYER, F. R. S. With
6 Photographic Illustrations of Spectra, and numerous Engravings on
Wood. $2.50.

24. A HISTORY OF THE GROWTH OF THE STEAM-ENGINE. By Professor E. H.
THURSTON. With 163 Illustrations. $2.50.

25. EDUCATION AS A SCIENCE. By ALEXANDER BAIN, LL. D. $1.75.

26. STUDENTS' TEXT-BOOK OF COLOR; Or, Modern Chromatics. With
Applications to Art and Industry. By Professor OGDEN N. ROOD, Columbia
College. New edition. With 130 Illustrations. $2.00.

27. THE HUMAN SPECIES. By Professor A. DE QUATREFAGES, Membre de
l'Institut. $2.00.

28. THE CRAYFISH: An Introduction to the Study of Zoology. By T. H.
HUXLEY, F. R. S. With 82 Illustrations. $1.75.

29. THE ATOMIC THEORY. By Professor A. WURTZ. Translated by E.
Cleminshaw, F. C. S. $1.50.

30. ANIMAL LIFE AS AFFECTED BY THE NATURAL CONDITIONS OF EXISTENCE. By
KARL SEMPER. With 2 Maps and 106 Woodcuts. $2.00.

31. SIGHT: An Exposition of the Principles of Monocular and Binocular
Vision. By JOSEPH LE CONTE, LL. D. With 132 Illustrations. $1.50.

32. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLES AND NERVES. By Professor J.
ROSENTHAL. With 75 Illustrations. $1.50.

33. ILLUSIONS: A Psychological Study. By JAMES SULLY. $1.50.

34. THE SUN. By C. A. YOUNG, Professor of Astronomy in the College of
New Jersey. With numerous Illustrations. $2.00.

35. VOLCANOES: What they Are and what they Teach. By JOHN W. JUDD, F.
R. S., Professor of Geology in the Royal School of Mines. With 96
Illustrations. $2.00.

36. SUICIDE: An Essay in Comparative Moral Statistics. By HENRY
MORSELLI, M. D., Professor of Psychological Medicine, Royal
University, Turin. $1.75.

37. THE FORMATION OF VEGETABLE MOULD, THROUGH THE ACTION OF WORMS.
With Observations on their Habits. By CHARLES DARWIN, LL. D., F. R. S.
With Illustrations. $1.50.

38. THE CONCEPTS AND THEORIES OF MODERN PHYSICS. By J. B. STALLO.
$1.75.

39. THE BRAIN AND ITS FUNCTIONS. By J. LUYS. $1.50.

40. MYTH AND SCIENCE. By TITO VIGNOLI. $1.50.

41. DISEASES OF MEMORY: An Essay in the Positive Psychology. By TH.
RIBOT, author of "Heredity." $1.50.

42. ANTS, BEES, AND WASPS. A Record of Observations of the Habits of
the Social Hymenoptera. By Sir JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., F. R. S., D. C.
L., LL. D., etc. $2.00.

43. SCIENCE OF POLITICS. By SHELDON AMOS. $1.75.

44. ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. By GEORGE J. ROMANES. $1.75.

45. MAN BEFORE METALS. By N. JOLY, Correspondent of the Institute.
With 148 Illustrations. $1.75.

46. THE ORGANS OF SPEECH AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE FORMATION OF
ARTICULATE SOUNDS. By G. H. VON MEYER, Professor in Ordinary of
Anatomy at the University of Zuerich. With 47 Woodcuts. $1.75.

47. FALLACIES: A View of Logic from the Practical Side. By ALFRED
SIDGWICK, B. A., Oxon. $1.75.

48. ORIGIN OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. By ALPHONSE DE CANDOLLE. $2.00.

49. JELLY-FISH, STAR-FISH, AND SEA-URCHINS. Being a Research on
Primitive Nervous Systems. By GEORGE J. ROMANES. $1.75.

50. THE COMMON SENSE OF THE EXACT SCIENCES. By the late WILLIAM
KINGDON CLIFFORD. $1.50.

51. PHYSICAL EXPRESSION: Its Modes and Principles. By FRANCIS WARNER,
M. D., Assistant Physician, and Lecturer on Botany to the London
Hospital, etc. With 51 Illustrations. $1.75.

52. ANTHROPOID APES. By ROBERT HARTMANN, Professor in the University
of Berlin. With 63 Illustrations. $1.75.

53. THE MAMMALIA IN THEIR RELATION TO PRIMEVAL TIMES. By OSCAR
SCHMIDT. $1.50.

          New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.




         [Illustration: THE GRECIAN IDEA OF THE STEAM-ENGINE.]




                  THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.

                              A HISTORY
                               OF THE
                     GROWTH OF THE STEAM-ENGINE.

                                  BY

                  ROBERT H. THURSTON, A. M., C. E.,

    PROFESSOR OF ENGINEERING STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PAST
  PRESIDENT AMERICAN SOCIETY MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, MEMBER OF SOCIETY
      OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, SOCIETE DES INGENIEURS CIVILS, VEREIN
        DEUTSCHE INGENIEURE, OESTERREICHISCHER INGENIEUR- UND
          ARCHITEKTEN-VEREIN; ASSOCIATE BRITISH INSTITUTION
                  OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS, ETC., ETC.

                     _SECOND REVISED EDITION._

                             NEW YORK:
                     D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,
                     1, 3, AND 5 BOND STREET.
                              1886.




                      COPYRIGHT, 1878, 1884,
                      BY ROBERT H. THURSTON.




PREFACE.


This little work embodies the more generally interesting portions of
lectures first written for delivery at the STEVENS INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, in the winter of 1871-'72, to a mixed audience, composed,
however, principally of engineers by profession, and of mechanics; it
comprises, also, some material prepared for other occasions.

These lectures have been rewritten and considerably extended, and have
been given a form which is more appropriate to this method of
presentation of the subject. The account of the gradual development of
the philosophy of the steam-engine has been extended and considerably
changed, both in arrangement and in method. That part in which the
direction of improvement during the past history of the steam-engine,
the course which it is to-day taking, and the direction and limitation
of that improvement in the future, are traced, has been somewhat
modified to accord with the character of the revised work.

The author has consulted a large number of authors in the course of
his work, and is very greatly indebted to several earlier writers. Of
these, Stuart[1] is entitled to particular mention. His "History" is
the earliest deserving the name; and his "Anecdotes" are of
exceedingly great interest and of equally great historical value. The
artistic and curious little sketches at the end of each chapter are
from John Stuart, as are, usually, the drawings of the older forms of
engines.

  [1] "History of the Steam-Engine," London, 1824. "Anecdotes of the
  Steam-Engine," London, 1829.

Greenwood's excellent translation of Hero, as edited by Bennett
Woodcroft (London, 1851), can be consulted by those who are curious to
learn more of that interesting old Greek treatise.

Some valuable matter is from Farey,[2] who gives the most extended
account extant of Newcomen's and Watt's engines. The reader who
desires to know more of the life of Worcester, and more of the details
of his work, will find in the very complete biography of Dircks[3] all
that he can wish to learn of that great but unfortunate inventor.
Smiles's admirably written biography of Watt[4] gives an equally
interesting and complete account of the great mechanic and of his
partners; and Muirhead[5] furnishes us with a still more detailed
account of his inventions.

  [2] "Treatise on the Steam-Engine," London, 1827.

  [3] "Life, Times, and Scientific Labors of the Second Marquis of
  Worcester," London, 1865.

  [4] "Lives of Boulton and Watt," London, 1865.

  [5] "Life of James Watt," D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1859.
  "Mechanical Inventions of James Watt," London, 1854.

For an account of the life and work of John Elder, the great pioneer
in the introduction of the now standard double-cylinder, or
"compound," engine, the student can consult a little biographical
sketch by Prof. Rankine, published soon after the death of Elder.

The only published sketch of the history of the science of
thermo-dynamics, which plays so large a part of the philosophy of the
steam-engine, is that of Prof. Tait--a most valuable monograph.

The section of this work which treats of the causes and the extent of
losses of heat in the steam-engine, and of the methods available, or
possibly available, to reduce the amount of this now immense waste of
heat, is, in some respects, quite new, and is equally novel in the
method of its presentation. The portraits with which the book is well
furnished are believed to be authentic, and, it is hoped, will lend
interest, if not adding to the real value of the work.

Among other works which have been of great assistance to the author,
and will be found, perhaps, equally valuable to some of the readers of
this little treatise, are several to which reference has not been made
in the text. Among them the following are deserving of special
mention: Zeuner's "Waermetheorie," the treatises of Stewart and of
Maxwell, and McCulloch's "Mechanical Theory of Heat," a short but
thoroughly logical and exact mathematical treatise; Cotterill's
"Steam-Engine