



Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net









Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally
      printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an
      underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective
      paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not
      inserted.

(5) dP stands for the partial-derivative symbol, or curled 'd'.

(6) [oo] stands for the infinity symbol, and [int] for the integral
      symbol.

(7) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

    ARTICLE EKATERINOSLAV: "Nearly 40,000 persons find occupation in
      factories, the most important being iron-works and agricultural
      machinery works, though there are also tobacco... " 'important'
      amended from 'imporant'.

    ARTICLE ELASTICITY: "The limits of perfect elasticity as regards
      change of shape, on the other hand, are very low, if they exist at
      all, for glasses and other hard, brittle solids; but a class of
      metals including copper, brass, steel, and platinum are very
      perfectly elastic as regards distortion, provided that the
      distortion is not too great." Missing 'and' after'steel'.

    ARTICLE ELASTICITY: "The parts of the radii vectors within the
     sphere..."'vectors' amended from'vectores'.

    ARTICLE ELBE: "Its total length is 725 m., of which 190 are in
      Bohemia, 77 in the kingdom of Saxony, and 350 in Prussia, the
      remaining 108 being in Hamburg and other states of Germany." 'Its'
      amended from 'it'.

    ARTICLE ELBE: "Finally, in 1870, 1,000,000 thalers were paid to
      Mecklenburg and 85,000 thalers to Anhalt, which thereupon abandoned
      all claims to levy tolls upon the Elbe shipping, and thus
      navigation on the river became at last entirely free. 'Anhalt'
      amended from 'Anhal'.

    ARTICLE ELBE: "... after driving back at Lobositz the Austrian
      forces which were hastening to their assistance; but only nine
      months later he lost his reputation for "invincibility" by his
      crushing defeat at Kolin..." 'assistance' amended from
      'asistance'.

    ARTICLE ELECTRICITY: "De la Rive reviews the subject in his large
      Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, vol. ii. ch. iii. The writer
      made a contribution to the discussion in 1874..." 'Magnetism'
      amended from 'Magnestism'.

    ARTICLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY: "... or by means of overhead wires
      within restricted areas, but the limitations proved uneconomical
      and the installations were for the most part merged into larger
      undertakings sanctioned by parliamentary powers." 'limitations'
      amended from 'limitatons'.

    ARTICLE ELECTROKINETICS: "A vector can most conveniently be
      represented by a symbol such as a + ib, where a stands for any
      length of a units measured horizontally and b for a length b units
      measured vertically, and the symbol i is a sign of perpendicularity
     ..."'symbol' amended from'smybol'.

    ARTICLE ELECTROSCOPE: "The collapse of the gold-leaf is observed
      through an aperture in the case by a microscope, and the time taken
      by the gold-leaf to fall over a certain distance is proportional to
      the ionizing current, that is, to the intensity of the
      radioactivity of the substance.'microscope' amended from
     'miscroscope'.




          ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

  A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE
           AND GENERAL INFORMATION

              ELEVENTH EDITION


            VOLUME IX, SLICE II

           Ehud to Electroscope




ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:


  EHUD                                ELBERFELD
  EIBENSTOCK                          ELBEUF
  EICHBERG, JULIUS                    ELBING
  EICHENDORFF, JOSEPH, FREIHERR VON   ELBOW
  EICHHORN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED          ELBURZ
  EICHHORN, KARL FRIEDRICH            ELCHE
  EICHSTATT                           ELCHINGEN
  EICHWALD, KARL EDUARD VON           ELDAD BEN MAHLI
  EIDER (river of Prussia)            ELDER (ruler or officer)
  EIDER (duck)                        ELDER (shrubs and trees)
  EIFEL                               ELDON, JOHN SCOTT
  EIFFEL TOWER                        EL DORADO
  EILDON HILLS                        ELDUAYEN, JOSE DE
  EILENBURG                           ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE
  EINBECK                             ELEATIC SCHOOL
  EINDHOVEN                           ELECAMPANE
  EINHARD                             ELECTION (politics)
  EINHORN, DAVID                      ELECTION (English law choice)
  EINSIEDELN                          ELECTORAL COMMISSION
  EISENACH                            ELECTORS
  EISENBERG                           ELECTRA
  EISENERZ                            ELECTRICAL MACHINE
  EISLEBEN                            ELECTRIC EEL
  EISTEDDFOD                          ELECTRICITY
  EJECTMENT                           ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
  EKATERINBURG                        ELECTRIC WAVES
  EKATERINODAR                        ELECTROCHEMISTRY
  EKATERINOSLAV (Russian government)  ELECTROCUTION
  EKATERINOSLAV (Russian town)        ELECTROKINETICS
  EKHOF, KONRAD                       ELECTROLIER
  EKRON                               ELECTROLYSIS
  ELABUGA                             ELECTROMAGNETISM
  ELAM                                ELECTROMETALLURGY
  ELAND                               ELECTROMETER
  ELASTICITY                          ELECTRON
  ELATERITE                           ELECTROPHORUS
  ELATERIUM                           ELECTROPLATING
  ELBA                                ELECTROSCOPE
  ELBE




EHUD, in the Bible, a "judge" who delivered Israel from the Moabites
(Judg. iii. 12-30). He was sent from Ephraim to bear tribute to Eglon
king of Moab, who had crossed over the Jordan and seized the district
around Jericho. Being, like the Benjamites, left-handed (cf. xx. 16), he
was able to conceal a dagger and strike down the king before his
intentions were suspected. He locked Eglon in his chamber and escaped.
The men from Mt Ephraim collected under his leadership and by seizing
the fords of the Jordan were able to cut off the Moabites. He is called
the son of Gera a Benjamite, but since both Ehud and Gera are tribal
names (2 Sam. xvi. 5, 1 Chron. viii. 3, 5 sq.) it has been thought that
this notice is not genuine. The tribe of Benjamin rarely appears in the
old history of the Hebrews before the time of Saul. See further
BENJAMIN; JUDGES.




EIBENSTOCK, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony, near the Mulde,
on the borders of Bohemia, 17 m. by rail S.S.E. of Zwickau. Pop. (1905)
7460. It is a principal seat of the tambour embroidery which was
introduced in 1775 by Clara Angermann. It possesses chemical and tobacco
manufactories, and tin and iron works. It has also a large cattle
market. Eibenstock, together with Schwarzenberg, was acquired by
purchase in 1533 by Saxony and was granted municipal rights in the
following year.




EICHBERG, JULIUS (1824-1893), German musical composer, was born at
Dusseldorf on the 13th of June 1824. When he was nineteen he entered the
Brussels Conservatoire, where he took first prizes for violin-playing
and composition. For eleven years he occupied the post of professor in
the Conservatoire of Geneva. In 1857 he went to the United States,
staying two years in New York and then proceeding to Boston, where he
became director of the orchestra at the Boston Museum. In 1867 he
founded the Boston Conservatory of Music. Eichberg published several
educational works on music; and his four operettas, _The Doctor of
Alcantara_, _The Rose of Tyrol_, _The Two Cadis_ and _A Night in Rome_,
were highly popular. He died in Boston on the 18th of January 1893.




EICHENDORFF, JOSEPH, FREIHERR VON (1788-1857), German poet and
romance-writer, was born at Lubowitz, near Ratibor, in Silesia, on the
10th of March 1788. He studied law at Halle and Heidelberg from 1805 to
1808. After a visit to Paris he went to Vienna, where he resided until
1813, when he joined the Prussian army as a volunteer in the famous
Lutzow corps. When peace was concluded in 1815, he left the army, and in
the following year he was appointed to a judicial office at Breslau. He
subsequently held similar offices at Danzig, Konigsberg and Berlin.
Retiring from public service in 1844, he lived successively in Danzig,
Vienna, Dresden and Berlin. He died at Neisse on the 26th of November
1857. Eichendorff was one of the most distinguished of the later members
of the German romantic school. His genius was essentially lyrical. Thus
he is most successful in his shorter romances and dramas, where
constructive power is least called for. His first work, written in 1811,
was a romance, _Ahnung und Gegenwart_ (1815). This was followed at short
intervals by several others, among which the foremost place is by
general consent assigned to _Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts_ (1826),
which has often been reprinted. Of his dramas may be mentioned _Ezzelin
von Romano_ (1828); and _Der letzte Held von Marienburg_ (1830), both
tragedies; and a comedy, _Die Freier_ (1833). He also translated several
of Calderon's religious dramas (_Geistliche Schauspiele_, 1846). It is,
however, through his lyrics (_Gedichte_, first collected 1837) that
Eichendorff is best known; he is the greatest lyric poet of the romantic
movement. No one has given more beautiful expression than he to the
poetry of a wandering life; often, again, his lyrics are exquisite word
pictures interpreting the mystic meaning of the moods of nature, as in
_Nachts_, or the old-time mystery which yet haunts the twilight forests
and feudal castles of Germany, as in the dramatic lyric _Waldesgesprach_
or _Auf einer Burg_. Their language is simple and musical, which makes
them very suitable for singing, and they have been often set, notably by
Schubert and Schumann.

In the later years of his life Eichendorff published several works on
subjects in literary history and criticism such as _Uber die ethische
und religiose Bedeutung der neuen romantischen Poesie in Deutschland_
(1847), _Der deutsche Roman des 18. Jahrhunderts in seinem Verhaltniss
zum Christenthum_ (1851), and _Geschichte der poetischen Litteratur
Deutschlands_ (1856), but the value of these works is impaired by the
author's reactionary standpoint. An edition of his collected works in