



Produced by Jane Robins and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)






    +-------------------------------------------+
    |                 Note:                     |
    |                                           |
    | = around word indicates bold =CAPSULE.=   |
    | _ around word indicated italics _Erebus_  |
    +-------------------------------------------+

[Illustration: ARISTOLOCHIA ELEGANS.]




    THE

    ILLUSTRATED

    DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,

    A PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC

    _EncyclopA|dia + of + Horticulture_

    FOR

    GARDENERS AND BOTANISTS.


    EDITED BY

    GEORGE NICHOLSON,
    _Of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew_.

    ASSISTED BY PROFESSOR J. W. H. TRAIL, A.M., M.D., F.L.S., IN THE
    PARTS RELATING TO INSECTS AND FUNGI; AND J. GARRETT IN THE FRUIT,
    VEGETABLE, AND GENERAL GARDEN WORK PORTIONS.


    DIVISION I.--A TO CAR.


    PUBLISHED BY
    L. UPCOTT GILL, 170, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

    SOLE AGENT FOR THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA,
    JAMES PENMAN, NEW YORK.

    1887.




LONDON: PRINTED BY A. BRADLEY, 170, STRAND.




PREFACE.


THE ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF GARDENING aims at being the best and
most complete Work on Gardening and Garden Plants hitherto published.
The aim is, indeed, a high one; but the Publisher, whose taste for
Flowers has rendered the production a labour of love, has, on his part,
spared no expense that the Typography and Illustrations should be of
a very high class. It is to be hoped that earnest efforts to attain
accuracy, by consulting the best Authorities, combined with no small
amount of original research, have contributed to render the _matter_
of the Work not unworthy of the _form_ in which it is presented to the
reader. The large number of Illustrations is an important feature;
and it is believed that the figures quoted, and the references given
to various works--in which more detailed information is contained
than is desirable, or, indeed, possible, in these pages, on account
of space--will greatly add to the interest and value of the work.
Considerable trouble has been taken in revising the tangled synonymy of
many genera, and clearing up, as much as possible, the confusion that
exists in garden literature in connection with so many plants, popular
and otherwise. In the matter of generic names, Bentham and Hooker's
recently-completed "Genera Plantarum" has, with few exceptions, been
followed; that work being the one which will, for a long time to
come, undoubtedly remain the standard authority on all that relates
to generic limitation. With regard to the nomenclature of species, I
have endeavoured to consult the latest and most trustworthy Monographs
and Floras, and to adopt the names in accordance with them. Now and
then, certain plants are described under their common garden names; but
they will, in such cases, be also found mentioned under the genus to
which they really belong. A case in point may be cited: _AnA"ctochilus
Lowii_ is given under _AnA"ctochilus_, but the name it must now bear is
_Dossinia_, and a reference to that genus will explain matters pretty
fully, as far as the present state of knowledge goes.

I am greatly indebted to Professor J. W. H. TRAIL, M.D., F.L.S.,
&c., for his valuable contributions on Insects, Fungi, and Diseases
of Plants, branches of science in which he has long been specially
interested, and in which he is an undoubted authority.

Mr. J. GARRETT, of the Royal Gardens, Kew, late of the Royal
Horticultural Society's Gardens, is responsible for Fruit and
Vegetable Culture, for most of what appertains to Florists' Flowers,
and for General Gardening Work. For information on many special
subjects--Begonias may be cited as an example--I am obliged for much
assistance to Mr. W. WATSON, also of the Royal Gardens, Kew; in fact,
the article _Begonia_, in its entirety, was written by him. Mr. W. B.
HEMSLEY, A.L.S., has, throughout, given me aid and advice; and I have
to acknowledge constant help from several other colleagues.

The Rev. PERCY W. MYLES, M.A., has taken no little trouble in working
out the correct derivations of very many of the Generic Names;
unfortunately, in a number of instances, lack of time prevented me from
obtaining the benefit of his knowledge. I have to record my gratitude
for help in so difficult a task, this special study being one to which
Mr. MYLES has paid much attention.

    GEORGE NICHOLSON.

    ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

[Illustration]




REFERENCE TO ILLUSTRATIONS OF PLANTS OTHER THAN THOSE FIGURED IN THIS
WORK.


    It has been suggested, by an eminent Authority, that many readers
    would be glad to be informed where reliable Illustrations could be
    found of those Plants which are not figured in this Work. To meet
    this want, references to the figures in Standard Authorities have
    been given, the titles of the Works referred to being, for economy
    of space, abbreviated as follows:

    A. B. R.      Andrews (H. C.). Botanist's Repository. London,
                    1799-1811. 10 vols. 4to.

    A. E.         Andrews (H. C.).  Engravings of Heaths.
                    London, 1802-30. 4 vols. 4to.

    A. F. B.      Loudon (J. C.). Arboretum et fruticetum britannicum....
                    London, 1838. 8 vols. 8vo.

    A. F. P.      Allioni (C.). Flora pedemontana. Aug. Taur., 1785.
                    3 vols. Fol.

    A. G.         Aublet (J. B. C. F.). Histoire des plantes de la
                    Guiane FranASec.aise. Londres, 1775. 4 vols. 4to.

    A. H.         Andrews (H. C.). The Heathery. London, 1804-12.
                    4 vols. 4to.

    B.            Maund (B.). The Botanist.... London, 1839.
                    8 vols. 4to.

    B. F. F.      Brandis (D.). Forest Flora of... India. London,
                    1876, 8vo. Atlas, 4to.

    B. F. S.      Beddome (R. H.). Flora sylvatica. Madras
                    [1869-73]. 2 vols. 4to.

    B. H.         La Belgique Horticole.... Ghent, 1850, &c.*

    B. M.         Botanical Magazine. London, 1787, &c. 8vo.*

    B. M. Pl.     Bentley (R.) and Trimen (H.). Medicinal Plants.
                    London, 1875-80. 8vo.

    B. O.         Bateman (James). A Monograph of Odontoglossum.
                    London, 1874. Fol.

    B. R.         Botanical Register. London, 1815-47. 33 vols. 8vo.

    B. Z.         Botanische Zeitung. Berlin, vols. i.-xiii. (1843-55).
                    8vo. Leipzig, vol. xiv. (1856).*

    C. H. P.      Cathcart's Illustrations of Himalayan Plants. London,
                    1855. Fol.

    Enc. T. & S.  Loudon (J. C.). EncyclopA|dia of Trees and Shrubs....
                    London, 1842. 8vo.

    E. T. S. M.   _See_ T. S. M.

    F. A. O.      Fitzgerald (R. D.). Australian Orchids. Sydney,
                    1876. Fol.*

    F. D.         Flora Danica--usually quoted as the title of the
                    work, Icones plantarum... DaniA| et NorvegiA|....
                    HavniA|. 1761 to 1883. Fol.

    F. d. S.      La Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l'Europe.
                    1845-82. 23 vols. 8vo.

    Fl. Ment.     Moggridge (J. T.). Contributions to the Flora of
                    Mentone.... London, 1864-8.

    Flora         Flora oder allgemeine botanische Zeitung. 1818-42.
                    25 vols. 8vo. [New Series] 1843, &c.*

    F. M.         Floral Magazine. London, 1861-71, 8vo. 1872-81, 4to.

    F. & P.       Florist and Pomologist. London, 1868-84. 8vo.

    G. C.         The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette.
                    London, 1841-65. Fol.

    G. C. n. s.   The Gardeners' Chronicle. New Series, 1866, &c.
                   Fol.*

    G. G.         Gray (A.). Genera florA| AmericA|.... Boston,
                   1848-9. 2 vols. 8vo.

    G. M.         The Gardeners' Magazine. Conducted by Shirley
                    Hibberd. London.

    G. M. B.      The Gardeners' Magazine of Botany.... London,
                    1850-1. 3 vols. 8vo.

    Gn.           The Garden. London, 1871, &c. 4to.*

    G. W. F. A.   Goodale (G. L.). Wild Flowers of America. Boston,
                    1877. 4to.

    H. B. F.      Hooker (W. J.). The British Ferns.

    H. E. F.      Hooker (W. J.). Exotic Flora. Edinburgh, 1823-7.
                       3 vols. 8vo.

    H. F. B. A.    Hooker (W. J.). Flora boreali-americana.... London,
                     1833-40. 2 vols. 4to.

    H. F. T.       Hooker (J. D.). Flora TasmaniA|. London, 1860.
                     2 vols. 4to. This is Part 3 of "The Botany of
                     the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships
                     _Erebus_ and _Terror_, in the years 1839-43."

    H. G. F.       Hooker (W. J.). Garden Ferns. London, 1862. 8vo.

    H. S. F.       Hooker (W. J.). Species Filicum.

    I. H.          L'Illustration horticole. Gand, 1850, &c. 8vo.*

    I. H. Pl.      _See_ C. H. P.

    J. B.          Journal of Botany.... London, 1863. 8vo.*

    J. F. A.       Jacquin (N. J.). FlorA| austriacA|.... icones....
                     ViennA|, 1773-8. 5 vols. Fol.

    J. H.          Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener.
                       Conducted by Dr. Robert Hogg. London.

    J. H. S.       Journal of the Horticultural Society. London, 1846.
                       8vo.*

    K. E. E.       Kotschy. Die Eiche Europas und des Orients.

    L. B. C.       Loddiges (C.). Botanical Cabinet. London, 1812-33.
                      20 vols. 4to.

    L. C. B.       Lindley (J.). Collectanea botanica.... London,
                      1821. Fol.

    L. E. M.       La Marck (J. B. P. A. de M. de). EncyclopA(C)die
                      methodique... Botanique. Paris, 1783-1817.
                      13 vols. 4to.

    L. J. F.       Lemaire (C.). Le Jardin fleuriste. Gand, 1851-4.
                      4 vols. 8vo.

    L. R.          Lindley (J.). Rosarum Monographia. London,
                      1820. 8vo.

    L. S. O.       Lindley (J.). Sertum Orchidaceum.... London,
                      1838. Fol.

    L. & P. F. G.  Lindley (J.) and Paxton (J.). Flower Garden....
                      London.... 1851-3. 3 vols. 4to.

    M. A. S.       Salm-Dyck. Monographia generum Aloes et Mesembryanthemi.
                      BonnA|, 1836-63. 4to.

    N.             Burbidge (F. W.). The Narcissus: Its History and
                      Culture. With a Scientific Review of the
                      Genus by J. G. Baker, F.L.S. London, 1875. 8vo.

    N. S.          Nuttall (T.). North American Sylva.... Philadelphia,
                      1865. 3 vols. 8vo.

    P. F. G.       _See_ L. & P. F. G.

    P. M. B.       Paxton (J). Magazine of Botany. London, 1834-49.
                      16 vols. 8vo.

    Ref. B.        Saunders (W. W.) Refugium botanicum....
                      London, 1869-72. 8vo.

    R. G.          Regel (E.). Gartenflora. 1852, &c.*

    R. H.          Revue Horticole.... Paris, 1852.*

    R. S. H.       Hooker (J. D.). The Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya.
                      London, 1849-51. Fol.

    R. X. O.       Reichenbach, _fil._ (H. G.). Xenia orchidacea. Leipzig,
                      1858. 4to.*

    S. B. F. G.    Sweet (R.). British Flower Garden. London,
                      1823-9. 3 vols. 8vo.
                      Second Series. London, 1831-8. 4 vols. 8vo.

    S. C.          Sweet (R.). CistineA|. London, 1825-30. 8vo.

    S. E. B.       Smith (J. E.). Exotic Botany.... London, 1804-5.
                      2 vols. 8vo.

    S. F. A.       Sweet (R.). Flora australasica.... London, 1827-8.
                      8vo.

    S. F. d. J.    Siebold (P. F. de) and Vriese (W. H. de). Flore des
                      Jardins du Royaume des Pays-Bas. Leide,
                      1858-62. 5 vols. 8vo.

    S. F. G.       Sibthorp (J.). Flora grA|ca.... London, 1806-40.
                      10 vols. Fol.

    S. H. Ivy      Hibberd (Shirley). The Ivy: a Monograph. London,
                      1872. 8vo.

    Sw. Ger.       Sweet (Robert). GeraniaceA|, the natural order of
                      Gerania. 1828-1830.

    Sy. En. B.     Syme (J. T. B.), _now_ Boswell. English Botany....
                      Ed. 3. London, 1863-85. 12 vols. 8vo.

    S. Z. F. J.    Siebold (P. F. von) and Zuccarini (J. G.). Flora
                      Japonica.... Lugd. Bat., 1835-44. Fol.

    T. H. S.       Transactions of the Horticultural Society. London,
                      1805-29. 7 vols. 4to.

    T. L. S.       Transactions of the LinnA|an Society. London,
                      1791-1875. 30 vols. 4to.*

    T. S. M.       Emerson (G. B.). Trees and Shrubs... of Massachusetts.
                      Boston, Ed. 2, 1875. 2 vols. 8vo.

    W. D. B.       Watson (P. W.). Dendrologia Britannica. London.
                      1825. 2 vols. 8vo.

    W. F. A.       _See_ G. W. F. A.

    W. O. A.       Warner (R.) and Williams (B. S.). The Orchid
                      Album. London, 1882. 4to.*

    W. S. O.       Warner (R.). Select Orchidaceous Plants. London,
                      Series i, 1862-65. Fol.
                      Series ii, 1865-75. Fol.

    W. & F.         Woods and Forests. 1883-4. 1 vol. 4to.

               * Is still in course of publication.




THE

DICTIONARY OF GARDENING,

An EncyclopA|dia of Horticulture.


    The following are the Abbreviations used:--_fl._ flowers; _fr._
    fruit; _l._ leaves; _h._ height; _deg._ degrees; _rhiz._ rhizomes;
    _cau._ caudex; _sti._ stipes.

    The Asterisks (*) indicate plants that are especially good or
    distinct.


=A.= In compound words from the Greek the initial _a_ has usually a
privative meaning; as _aphyllus_, without leaves; _acaulis_, without a
stem, &c.

=AARON'S BEARD.= _See_ =Hypericum calycinum= and =Saxifraga sarmentosa=.

=AARON'S ROD.= _See_ =Verbascum Thapsus=.

=ABELE TREE.= White Poplar. _See_ =Populus alba=.

=ABELIA= (named after Dr. Clarke Abel, Physician to Lord Amherst's
Embassy to China, in 1817, and author of a "Narrative of a Journey
to China" (1818); died 1826). ORD. _CaprifoliaceA|_. Very ornamental
shrubs. Corolla tubular, funnel-shaped, five-lobed. Leaves petiolate,
dentately crenated. Well suited for the cold greenhouse, either as
trellis or pot plants; free-flowering when well grown, and of easy
culture. May be treated in sheltered and warm climates as hardy; and
can be grown out of doors during summer in less favoured spots. They
thrive in a compost of peat and loam in equal parts, to which a small
quantity of silver sand may be added. Increased by cuttings in summer,
and by layers in spring, under a frame. Only two species, _floribunda_
and _rupestris_, are much grown in England.

    =A. floribunda= (many-flowered).* _fl._ rosy-purple, about 2in.
    long, in axillary clusters. March. _l._ opposite, oblong. _h._ 3ft.
    Mexico, 1842. The best and freest flowering evergreen species.

    =A. rupestris= (rock).* _fl._ sweet-scented, small, pink, in
    pairs at the ends of the branches; sepals of leafy texture, with
    a reddish tinge. September. _l._ small, oblong. _h._ 5ft. China,
    1844. A deciduous, branching, hairy shrub.

    =A. serrata= (serrate-leaved). _fl._ pretty pale red,
    sweet-scented, very large, in one-flowered terminal peduncles;
    sepals leafy. March. _h._ 3ft. China, 1844. A fine evergreen
    species.

    =A. triflora= (three-flowered).* _fl._ pale yellow, tinged with
    pink, small, arranged in threes at the ends of the branches; sepals
    long and linear, clothed with long hairs. September. _l._ small,
    lanceolate. _h._ 5ft. Hindostan, 1847. A small evergreen branching
    shrub.

=ABERRANT.= Deviating from the natural or direct way; applied, in
natural history, to species or genera that deviate from the usual
characters of their allies.

=ABIES= (from _abeo_, to rise; alluding to the aspiring habit of
growth of the tree; or, according to some, from _apios_, a Pear-tree,
in allusion to the form of the fruit). Spruce Fir. The synonymy of
this genus is much confused, plants belonging to several genera being
frequently referred to _Abies_ in nurserymen's catalogues and gardening
periodicals. ORD. _ConiferA|_. A genus of about twenty-five species,
widely distributed over the mountainous regions of the Northern
hemisphere. Cones cylindrical, or but slightly tapering, erect; catkins
generally solitary; the carpels not thickened at the tip; and the
leaves solitary, partially scattered in insertion, and more or less
two-ranked in direction. Scales deciduous, falling off as soon as
the seed is ripe, leaving the axis on the tree. All the species bear
seeds at a comparatively early age; most are hardy. For culture, _see_
=Pinus=.

    =A. amabilis= (lovely).* _shoots_ rather rigid, furrowed with
    elongated cushions, covered with numerous small dark hairs.
    _l._ scattered, crowded, 1-1/2in. to 2in. long; linear obtuse,
    dark green above, silvery beneath. The cones are described as
    cylindrical, and about 6in. long. _h._ 180ft. California, 1831. A
    magnificent conifer, very massive in appearance.

    =A. baborensis.=* _l._ linear, dark green, silvery on the under
    surface, very numerous, those of the larger branches shortly
    pointed, and those of the branchlets more obtuse and pointless,
    1/2in. to 1in. long. _cones_ erect, cylindrical, usually in
    clusters of four or five, 5in. to 8in. long, and about 2in. in
    diameter; scales reniform, greyish-brown, inclosing a thin, dry,
    and shrivelled bract. _h._ 40ft. to 60ft. Algiers, 1864. This is a
    very beautiful medium-sized tree. SYN. _A. Numidica_.

    =A. balsamea= (Balm of Gilead or Balsam Fir).* _l._ silvery
    beneath, apex emarginate or entire, somewhat recurved and
    spreading, 3/4in. long. _cones_ cylindrical, violet-,
    pointing upwards, 4in. to 5in. long, and 1/2in. broad; scales
    3/4in. broad, and the same in length. _h._ 40ft. to 60ft. United
    States and Canada, &c., 1696. A medium-sized slender tree.

    =A. bifida= (bifid). Identical with _A. firma_.

    =A. brachyphylla= (short-leaved).* _l._ linear, spirally inserted
    round the branchlets, but pointing laterally in two directions,
    3/4in. to 1-1/2in. in length; lower ones longest, obtusely pointed
    or emarginate, bright green above, with two silvery lines beneath.
    _cones_ 3in. to 4in. long, purple. _h._ 120ft. Japan, 1870. A
    recently introduced magnificent fir, with an erect stem, regularly
    whorled horizontal branches.

    =A. bracteata= (bracted).* _l._ rigid, linear, flat, distichous,
    2in. to 3in. long, bright glossy green above, and glaucous beneath.
    _cones_ about 4in. long, with the bracts developed into long rigid
    leaf-like linear spines, 2in. long, and slightly curved inwards.
    _h._ 25ft. Southern California, 1853. A very handsome tall slender
    tree, but, owing to its very early growth of new shoots, it is much
    injured by the spring frosts.

    =A. Brunoniana= (Brown's). Synonymous with _Tsuga Brunoniana_.

    =A. canadensis= (Canadian). A synonym of _Tsuga canadensis_.

    =A. cephalonica= (Cephalonian).* _l._ subulate, flat, dark green
    above, and silvery beneath, acute. _cones_ erect, cylindrical,
    green when young, afterwards reddish, and brown when ripe, 5in. to
    6in. in length, and about 1-1/2in. in diameter; scales broad, thin,
    and rounded, shorter than the bracts. _h._ 50ft. to 60ft. Mountains
    of Greece, 1824. A very desirable tree for growing in exposed
    situations.

    =A. cilicica= (Cilician). _l._ linear, slightly curved or straight,
    1in. to 1-1/2in. long, dark green above, and glaucous beneath,
    crowded, in two ranks. _cones_ cylindrical, 6in. to 8in. long;
    scales broad, thin, entire, coriaceous. _h._ 40ft. to 60ft. Mount
    Taurus, in Asia Minor. This species seldom produces a good specimen
    tree in England, and cannot, therefore, be recommended for general
    cultivation.

    =A. concolor= (one-).* _l._ linear, flat, obtuse, glaucous
    green, distichously arranged in double rows, those in the lower
    rows 2in. to 3in. long, upper ones shorter, channelled above.
    _cones_ cylindrical, obtuse both at base and top, 3in. to 5in.
    long, 2in. to 2-1/2in. in diameter; scales numerous, imbricated,
    larger than the bracts. _h._ 80ft. to 150ft. California, &c., 1851.
    A very beautiful species, with yellow bark on the young branches.
    SYNS. _A. lasiocarpa_ and _A. Parsonii_.

    =A. Douglasii= (Douglas'). A synonym of _Pseudotsuga Douglasii_.

    =A. dumosa= (short-leaved). Synonymous with _Tsuga Brunoniana_.

    =A. excelsa= (tall). A synonym of _Picea excelsa_.

    =A. firma= (solid).* _l._ rigid, coriaceous, spirally arranged
    around the branchlets, but point laterally in two directions, 1in.
    to 1-1/4in. long, very variable in young and old trees. _cones_
    cylindrical, obtuse at both ends, 3in. to 6in. long; scales
    imbricated, bearing protruding keeled bracts. _h._ 100ft. Japan,
    1861. An erect tree, of great beauty.

    =A. Fortunei= (Fortune's). It is said that in its native country,
    its aspect is peculiar rather than handsome, and that but one
    living representative is believed to be in existence in this
    country--at Veitch's Nursery. SYN. _