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                                TOBACCO:
                  GROWING, CURING, AND MANUFACTURING.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                TOBACCO:
                   GROWING, CURING, & MANUFACTURING.

                        A HANDBOOK FOR PLANTERS

                       IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.

                               EDITED BY
                      C. G. WARNFORD LOCK, F.L.S.

[Illustration]


                 E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND, LONDON.
                      NEW YORK: 35, MURRAY STREET.
                                 1886.




                                PREFACE.


Tobacco growing is one of the most profitable branches of tropical and
sub-tropical agriculture; the$1“$2”$3has even been proposed as a
remunerative crop for the British farmer, and is very extensively grown
in continental Europe. The attention recently drawn to the subject has
resulted in many inquiries for information useful to the planter
desirous of starting a tobacco estate. But beyond scattered articles in
newspapers and the proceedings of agricultural societies, there has been
no practical literature available for the English reader. It is a little
remarkable that while our neighbours have been writing extensively about
tobacco growing, of late years, no English book devoted exclusively to
this subject has been published for nearly thirty years. A glance at the
bibliography given at the end of this volume will show that the French,
German, Swiss, Italian, Dutch, Sicilian, and even Scandinavian planter
has a reliable handbook to guide him in this important branch of
agriculture, while British settlers in our numerous tobacco-growing
colonies must glean their information as best they may from periodical
literature.

To supply the want thus indicated, the present volume has been prepared.
The invaluable assistance of tobacco-planters in both the Indies and in
many other tropical countries, has rendered the portion relating to
field operations eminently practical and complete, while the editor’s
acquaintance with agricultural chemistry and familiarity with the best
tobacco-growing regions of Asiatic Turkey, have enabled him to exercise
a general supervision over the statements of the various contributors.




                               CONTENTS.


                               CHAPTER I.
                                                                    PAGE
 THE PLANT                                                             1

                               CHAPTER II.

 CULTIVATION                                                           7

                              CHAPTER III.

 CURING                                                               67

                               CHAPTER IV.

 PRODUCTION AND COMMERCE                                             137

                               CHAPTER V.

 PREPARATION AND USE                                                 231

                               CHAPTER VI.

 NATURE AND PROPERTIES                                               253

                              CHAPTER VII.

 ADULTERATIONS AND SUBSTITUTES                                       267

                              CHAPTER VIII.

 IMPORTS, DUTIES, VALUES, AND CONSUMPTION                            271

                               CHAPTER IX.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                        276

 INDEX                                                               281




                         LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.


 FIG.                                                                 PAGE
  1. CUBAN TOBACCO PLANT                                                4
  2. MARYLAND TOBACCO PLANT                                             5
  3. AMERSFORT TOBACCO PLANT                                            6
  4. STRAW MAT FOR COVERING SEED-BEDS                                  47
  5. SHADE FRAMES USED IN CUBA                                         49
  6. QUINCUNX PLANTING                                                 52
  7. TOBACCO WORM AND MOTH                                             56
  8. SHED FOR SUN-CURING TOBACCO                                       83
  9. HANGING BUNCHES OF LEAVES                                         95
 10. TOBACCO BARN                                                      95
 11. INTERIOR OF TOBACCO BARN                                          96
 12. HAND OF TOBACCO                                                  108
 13. PACKING HOGSHEAD                                                 133
 14 to 17.  TOBACCO-CUTTING MACHINE                                   234
 18. MACHINE FOR MAKING PLUG TOBACCO                                  237
 19 to 21. MACHINE FOR MAKING TWIST OR ROLL TOBACCO                   238
 22, 23.   DIAGRAMS OF SEGMENT ROLLERS OF TWIST MACHINE               240
 24 to 26.  ANDREW’S IMPROVEMENTS IN TWIST MACHINE                  243–4
 27. MACHINE FOR CUTTING AND SIFTING SCRAP TOBACCO                    246
 28. MACHINE FOR MAKING CIGARETTES                                    247
 29. RESWEATING APPARATUS                                             249
 30. MACHINE FOR WEIGHING OUT SMALL PARCELS OF TOBACCO                250
 31. TOBACCO-CUTTING MACHINE                                          252




                                TOBACCO:
                  GROWING, CURING, AND MANUFACTURING.




                               CHAPTER I.
                               THE PLANT.


Next to the most common grains and pulses, probably no plant is so
widely and generally cultivated as tobacco. In what country or at what
date its use originated has little to do with us from a practical point
of view, though interesting enough as a subject for the student of
ethnography and natural history. Suffice it to say that it has been
grown and smoked since pre-historic times in many tropical and
sub-tropical countries, and has assumed an importance in modern daily
life only surpassed by a few prominent food plants and cotton.

This long-continued and widespread cultivation has helped to produce
local varieties or races of the plant which have sometimes been mistaken
for distinct species, and caused a multiplication of scientific names
almost bewildering. The following epitome comprehends the species and
varieties of _Nicotiana_ possessing interest for the cultivator:—

I. _N. Tabacum macrophylla_ [_latifolia_, _lattissima_,
_gigantea_]—Maryland tobacco. Of this, there are two sub-species—(1)
Stalkless Maryland, of the following varieties: (_a_) _N. macrophylla
ovata_—short-leaved Maryland, producing a good smoking-tobacco, (_b_)
_N. macrophylla longifolia_—long-leaved Maryland, yielding a good
smoking-tobacco, and excellent wrappers for cigars, (_c_) _N.
macrophylla pandurata_—broad-leaved, or Amersfort, much cultivated in
Germany and Holland, a heavy cropper, and especially adapted for the
manufacture of good snuff; (2) Stalked Maryland, of the following
varieties: (_a_) _N. macrophylla alata_, (_b_) _N. macrophylla
cordata_—heart-shaped Maryland, producing a very fine leaf, from which
probably the finest Turkish is obtained. Cuban and Manilla are now
attributed to this group.

II. _N. Tabacum angustifolia_—Virginian tobacco. Of this, there are two
sub-species—(1) Stalkless Virginian of the following varieties: (_a_)
_N. angustifolia acuminata_, grown in Germany for snuff, seldom for
smoking, (_b_) _N. angustifolia lanceolata_, affords snuff, (_c_) _N.
angustifolia pendulifolia_, another snuff tobacco, (_d_) _N.
angustifolia latifolia_—broad-leaved Virginian, used chiefly for snuff,
(_e_) _N. angustifolia undulata_—wave-like Virginian, matures quickly,
(_f_) _N. angustifolia pandurata_, furnishes good leaves for smoking,
produces heavily, and is much grown in Germany, and said to be grown at
the Pruth as “tempyki,” and highly esteemed there; (2) Stalked
Virginian, of the following varieties: (_a_) _N. angustifolia alata