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  THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND.




[Illustration: The Constitution and Java.]




  THE SECOND WAR

  WITH

  ENGLAND.


  BY J. T. HEADLEY,

  AUTHOR OF "NAPOLEON AND HIS MARSHALS," "WASHINGTON AND HIS GENERALS,"
  "THE OLD GUARD," "SCOTT AND JACKSON," ETC. ETC.


  IN TWO VOLUMES.


  VOL. I.


  NEW YORK:
  CHARLES SCRIBNER, 145 NASSAU STREET.
  1853.




  Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, by

  CHARLES SCRIBNER,

  In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for
  the Southern District of New York.


  C. W. BENEDICT,
  STEREOTYPER AND PRINTER,
  12 Spruce Street, N. Y.




PREFACE.


More books, probably, have been written on the War of 1812 than on any
other portion of our history. The great political leaders of that time
were so vindictive in their animosities, and took such strong and
decided ground on all political questions, that the success of one or
the other afterwards in public life depended very much on his conduct
during the war. Hence, much detached and personal history has been
written in order to clear up or illustrate some particular event. A
candidate for public office was often chosen for his services in the
war; hence, every portion of it in which he took part was thoroughly
investigated by both friends and foes. So if one had failed in that
trying period of the country, the world was sure to hear of it when he
came up for the suffrages of the people. The war proved very
unfortunate for some of the leaders, and court martials and disgrace
closed the career of many which had hitherto been bright and
prosperous. These men have written long pamphlets and books in
self-defence, or they have been written by their descendants, so that
if hearing both sides would aid the reader in coming to a correct
conclusion, he was pretty sure to reach it. When so many quarrels are
to be settled the public will not fail to be informed all about the
origin of them. Another class of works have been written, designed
only to furnish a synopsis of the war, and scarcely reach to the value
of histories. Others have been confined solely to the military and
naval movements--others still are devoted almost exclusively to
political matters of that period; so that notwithstanding the large
supply of works on the War of 1812, I know of none in which all these
different topics are even attempted to be combined in proper
proportions. The present work is an effort to accomplish that end
without being too voluminous on the one hand, or too general on the
other. I have endeavored to give impressions as well as facts--to
trace the current and depict the phases of public feeling, rather than
inflict on the reader long documents and longer debates, in which
everything that gave them life and interest was carefully excluded by
the reporter.

The effects of the fierce conflict waged between the Federalists and
Democrats during the war have not yet passed away, and many of the
actors in it are still living, who retain their old prejudices and
hatred. Their near descendants and relatives, though so many of them
are found in the ranks of democracy, still defend the memory of those
whose names they bear, and endeavor to throw discredit on the writer
who would rob them of reputation, and consign them to the obloquy they
deserve. In a war like the late one with Mexico, where almost every
officer was a hero, and in narrating the progress of which the
historian is called upon only to eulogize, his task is an easy one.
But in one like that of 1812, in which the most conspicuous leaders
met with signal defeat and disgrace, and instead of winning
reputation, lost that which had illustrated them in the revolutionary
struggle, the historian necessarily recalls feuds and assails
character, which is sure to bring down on him the maledictions and
open condemnation of friends and relations. A noble man and true
patriot, like General Dearborn, will never want friends who will deny
his incompetency as commander-in-chief, while one who had won so brave
a name in the revolution, and was so estimable a man in social life as
General Hull, must always be defended by those in whose veins his
blood flows. The inefficiency and blunders of the government remain to
this day to many a sufficient apology for the conduct of Wilkinson,
Hampton and others.

Having no animosities to gratify, and no prejudices to favor, I have
set down nought in malice, but have endeavored to ascertain, amid
conflicting testimony, the exact truth, without regarding the friendly
or hostile feelings the declaration of it might awaken. In many cases
I have withheld much that was personal, because it was not necessary
to my purpose, and useless only in self-defence. That I should
reconcile difficulties which have never yet been healed, and please
rivals who have ever hated each other, was not to be expected. I have
attempted also to give a clear impression of the political and social
feelings of the times, and make the reader, as far as lay in my power,
live amid the scenes I depict.

Two new features have been introduced into the present work, which I
though necessary to a complete history of the war, viz., privateering
and the Dartmoor Prison.

It would be impossible to give all the authorities to which I am
indebted. State papers, records, journals, Gazettes of the time have
been consulted, as well as histories, while I have earnestly sought
for information from the survivors of the war. In many cases I have
omitted references to books in which facts I state are found recorded,
because I came across them in old pamphlets, letters, and newspaper
paragraphs, where, probably, the original compiler also obtained them.
I cannot omit, however, acknowledging the vast aid I have derived from
Niles' Register. A more valuable periodical was never published in
this country. Ingersoll's History also, though very deficient in
arrangement, contains more valuable material than any other work
embracing the same period.




CONTENTS OF VOL. I.


CHAPTER I.

A REVIEW OF THE CAUSES LEADING TO THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND.

     Duplicity and oppressive acts of the British Government
     contrasted with the forbearance of the United States --
     Character of Madison -- Debates in Congress on War measures
     -- Declaration of War,                                         15


CHAPTER II.

     Different feelings with which the Declaration of War was
     received -- State of the parties at the commencement --
     Federalists and Democrats -- Their hostility -- Absurd
     doctrines of the Federalists -- Hostility of New England --
     Unprepared state of the country -- Culpable neglect of the
     government -- Comparative strength of the two navies --
     Empty state of the Treasury -- Inefficiency of the Cabinet,    58


CHAPTER III.

     Plan of the Campaign -- General Hull sent to Detroit --
     British officers first receive news of the declaration of
     war -- Capture of Hull's baggage, etc. -- Enters Canada and
     issues a proclamation, and sends out detachments -- Colonels
     McArthur and Cass advance on Maiden -- Hull refuses to
     sustain them -- Recrosses to Detroit -- Van Horne's defeat
     -- Colonel Miller defeats the enemy, and opens Hull's
     communications -- Strange conduct of Hull -- Advance of the
     British -- Surrender of Detroit -- Indignation of the
     officers -- Review of the Campaign -- Rising of the people
     -- Harrison takes command -- Advance of the army,              70


CHAPTER IV.

     Operations on the New York frontier -- Battle of Queenstown
     -- Death of Brock -- Scott a prisoner -- General Smythe's
     Proclamation and abortive attempts -- Cursed by the army --
     Duel with General Porter -- Retires in disgrace --
     Dearborn's movements and failures -- Review of the campaign
     on the New York frontier -- Character of the officers and
     soldiers,                                                      98


CHAPTER V.

THE NAVY.

     The Cabinet resolves to shut up our ships of war in port --
     Remonstrance of Captains Bainbridge and Stuart -- Rodgers
     ordered to sea -- Feeling of the crews -- Chase of the
     Belvidere -- Narrow escape of the Constitution from an
     English fleet -- Cruise of the Essex -- Action between the
     Constitution and Guerriere -- Effect of the victory in
     England and the United States -- United States takes the
     Macedonian -- Lieutenant Hamilton carries the captured
     colors to Washington -- Presented to Mrs Madison in a
     ball-room -- The Argus -- Action between the Wasp and Frolic
     -- Constitution captures the Java -- Hornet takes the
     Peacock -- Effect of these Victories abroad,                  125


CHAPTER VII.

     Harrison plans a winter campaign -- Advance of the army --
     Battle and