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  | Transcriber's note:                                              |
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  | This book was published in two volumes, of which this is the     |
  | second. The first volume was released as Project Gutenberg ebook |
  | #40472, available at http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/40472       |
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  | Numbers enclosed in square brackets, e.g. [1], relate to         |
  | footnotes, which have been placed at the end of the text.        |
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  | In the text versions of these two volumes, words in _italics_    |
  | are enclosed in underscores, +bold+ words are enclosed in plus   |
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  THE HISTORY OF CREATION.




[Illustration: Hypothetical Sketch of the Monophyletic Origin of Man.]




  THE
  HISTORY OF CREATION:

  _OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARTH AND ITS
  INHABITANTS BY THE ACTION OF NATURAL CAUSES._

  A POPULAR EXPOSITION OF
  THE DOCTRINE OF EVOLUTION IN GENERAL, AND OF THAT OF
  DARWIN, GOETHE, AND LAMARCK IN PARTICULAR.

  FROM THE GERMAN OF
  ERNST HAECKEL,
  PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF JENA.

  THE TRANSLATION REVISED BY
  PROFESSOR E. RAY LANKESTER, M.A., F.R.S.,
  FELLOW OF EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD.

  _IN TWO VOLUMES._
  VOL. II.

  NEW YORK:
  D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,
  1, 3, AND 5 BOND STREET.
  1880.




                        A sense sublime
  Of something far more deeply interfused,
  Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns,
  And the round ocean, and the living air,
  And the blue sky, and in the mind of man;
  A motion and a spirit that impels
  All thinking things, all objects of all thought,
  And rolls through all things.

  In all things, in all natures, in the stars
  Of azure heaven, the unenduring clouds,
  In flower and tree, in every pebbly stone
  That paves the brooks, the stationary rocks,
  The moving waters and the invisible air.

                                   WORDSWORTH.




CONTENTS OF VOL. II.


  CHAPTER XV.
                                                                    PAGE
  PERIODS OF CREATION AND RECORDS OF CREATION.

  Reform of Systems by the Theory of Descent.--The Natural System
  as a Pedigree.--Palaeontological Records of the
  Pedigree.--Petrifactions as Records of Creation.--Deposits of the
  Neptunic Strata and the Enclosure of Organic Remains.--Division
  of the Organic History of the Earth into Five Main Periods:
  Period of the Tangle Forests, Fern Forests, Pine Forests,
  Foliaceous Forests, and of Cultivation.--The Series of Neptunic
  Strata.--Immeasurable Duration of the Periods which have elapsed
  during their Formation.--Deposits of Strata only during the
  Sinking, not during the Elevation of the Ground.--Other Gaps in
  the Records of Creation.--Metamorphic Condition of the most
  Ancient Neptunic Strata.--Small Extent of Palaeontological
  Experience.--Small proportion of Organisms and of Parts of
  Organisms Capable of Petrifying.--Rarity of many Petrified
  Species.--Want of Fossilised Intermediate Forms.--Records of the
  Creation in Ontogeny and in Comparative Anatomy                      1


  CHAPTER XVI.

  PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE KINGDOM OF THE PROTISTA.

  Special Mode of Carrying out the Theory of Descent in the
  Natural System of Organisms.--Construction of Pedigrees.--Descent
  of all Many-celled from Single-celled Organisms.--Descent of
  Cells from Monera.--Meaning of Organic Tribes, or Phyla.--Number
  of the Tribes in the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms.--The
  Monophyletic Hypothesis of Descent, or the Hypothesis of one
  Common Progenitor, and the Polyphyletic Hypothesis of Descent,
  or the Hypothesis of many Progenitors.--The Kingdom of Protista,
  or Primaeval Beings.--Eight Classes of the Protista Kingdom:
  Monera, Amoebae, or Protoplastae; Whip-swimmers, or Flagellata;
  Ciliated-balls, Cili Catallacta; Labyrinth-streamers, or
  Labyrinthuleae; Flint-cells, or Diatomeae; Mucous-moulds, or
  Myxomycetes; Root-footers (Rhizopoda).--Remarks on the General
  Natural History of the Protista: Their Vital Phenomena,
  Chemical Composition, and Formation (Individuality and
  Fundamental Form).--Phylogeny of the Prostista Kingdom              36


  CHAPTER XVII.

  PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

  The Natural System of the Vegetable Kingdom.--Division of the
  Vegetable Kingdom into Six Branches and Eighteen Classes.--The
  Flowerless Plants (Cryptogamia).--Sub-kingdom of the Thallus
  Plants.--The Tangles, or Algae (Primary Algae, Green Algae, Brown
  Algae, Red Algae).--The Thread-plants, or Inophytes (Lichens and
  Fungi).--Sub-kingdom of the Prothallus Plants.--The Mosses, or
  Muscinae (Water-mosses, Liverworts, Leaf-mosses,
  Bog-mosses).--The Ferns, or Filicinae (Leaf-ferns, Bamboo-ferns,
  Water-ferns, Scale-ferns).--Sub kingdom of Flowering Plants
  (Phanerogamia).--The Gymnosperms, or Plants with Naked Seeds
  (Palm-ferns = Cycadeae; Pines = Coniferae).--The Angiosperms, or
  Plants with Enclosed Seeds.--Monocotylae.--Dicotylae.--Cup-blossoms
  (Apetalae).--Star-blossoms (Diapetalae).--Bell-blossoms
  (Gamopetalae)                                                        77


  CHAPTER XVIII.

  PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

  I. ANIMAL-PLANTS AND WORMS.

  The Natural System of the Animal Kingdom.--Linnaeus' and Lamarck's
  Systems.--The Four Types of Baer and Cuvier.--Their Increase to
  Seven Types.--Genealogical Importance of the Seven Types as
  Independent Tribes of the Animal Kingdom.--Derivation of
  Zoophytes and Worms from Primaeval Animals.--Monophyletic and
  Polyphyletic Hypothesis of the Descent of the Animal
  Kingdom.--Common Origin of the Four Higher Animal Tribes out of
  the Worm Tribe.--Division of the Seven Animal Tribes into
  Sixteen Main Classes, and Thirty-eight Classes.--Primaeval
  Animals (Monera, Amoebae, Synamoebae), Gregarines, Infusoria,
  Planaeades, and Gastraeades (Planula and Gastrula).--Tribe of
  Zoophytes.--Spongiae (Mucous Sponges, Fibrous Sponges, Calcareous
  Sponges).--Sea Nettles, or Acalephae (Corals, Hood-jellies,
  Comb-jellies).--Tribe of Worms                                     117


  CHAPTER XIX.

  PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

  II. MOLLUSCA, STAR-FISHES, AND ARTICULATED ANIMALS.

  Tribe of Molluscs.--Four Classes of Molluscs: Lamp-shells
  (Spirobranchia); Mussels (Lamellibranchia); Snails (Cochlides);
  Cuttle-fish (Cephalopoda).--Tribe of Star-fishes, or
  Echinoderma.--Their Derivation from Ringed Worms (Mailed Worms,
  or Phracthelminthes).--The Alternation of Generation in the
  Echinoderma.--Four Classes of Star-fish: Sea-stars (Asteridea);
  Sea-lilies (Crinoidea); Sea-urchins (Echinidea); Sea-cucumbers
  (Holothuridea).--Tribe of Articulated Animals, or
  Arthropoda.--Four Classes of Articulated Animals: Branchiata, or
  Crustacea, breathing through gills; Jointed Crabs; Mailed
  Crabs; Articulata Tracheata, breathing through Air
  Tubes.--Spiders (Long Spiders, Round
  Spiders).--Myriopods.--Insects.--Chewing and Sucking
  Insects.--Pedigree and History of the Eight Orders of Insects      154


  CHAPTER XX.

  PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

  III. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS.

  The Records of the Creation of Vertebrate Animals (Comparative
  Anatomy, Embryology, and Palaeontology).--The Natural System of
  Vertebrate Animals.--The Four Classes of Vertebrate Animals,
  according to Linnaeus and Lamarck.--Their Increase to Nine
  Classes.--Main Class of the Tube-hearted, or Skull-less Animals
  (the Lancelet).--Blood Relationship between the Skull-less Fish
  and the Tunicates.--Agreement in the Embryological Development
  of Amphioxus and Ascidiae.--Origin of the Vertebrate Tribe out of
  the Worm Tribe.--Main Class of Single-nostriled, or
  Round-mouthed Animals (Hag and Lampreys).--Main Class of
  Anamnionate Animals, devoid of Amnion.--Fishes (Primaeval Fish,
  Cartilaginous Fish, Osseous Fish).--Mud-fish, or Dipneusta.--Sea
  Dragons, or Halisauria.--Frogs and Salamanders, or Amphibia
  (Mailed Amphibia, Naked Amphibia).--Main Class of Amnionate
  Animals, or Amniota.--Reptiles (Primary Reptiles, Lizards,
  Serpents, Crocodiles, Tortoises, Flying Reptiles, Dragons,
  Beaked Reptiles).--Birds (Feather-tailed, Fan-tailed,
  Bush-tailed)                                                       192


  CHAPTER XXI.

  PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

  IV. MAMMALS.

  The System of Mammals according to Linnaeus and
  Blainville.--Three Sub-classes of Mammals (Ornithodelphia,
  Didelphia, Monodelphia).--Ornithodelphia, or Monotrema.--Beaked
  Animals (Ornithostoma).--Didelphia, or Marsupials.--Herbivorous
  and Carnivorous Marsupials.--Monodelphia, or Placentalia
  (Placental Animals).--Meaning of the Placenta.--Tuft
  Placentalia.--Girdle Placentalia.--Disc
  Placentalia.--Non-deciduates, or Indeciduata.--Hoofed
  Animals.--Single and Double-hoofed Animals.--Whales.--Toothless
  Animals.--Deciduates, or Animals with
  Decidua.--Semi-apes.--Gnawing Animals.--Pseudo-hoofed
  Animals.--Insectivora.--Beasts of Prey.--Bats.--Apes               231


  CHAPTER XXII.

  ORIGIN AND PEDIGREE OF MAN.

  The Application of the Theory of Descent to Man.--Its Immense
  Importance and Logical Necessity.--Man's Position in the Natural
  System of Animals, among Disco-placental Animals.--Incorrect
  Separation of the Bimana and Quadrumana.--Correct Separation of
  Semi-apes from Apes.--Man's Position in the Order of
  Apes.--Narrow-nosed Apes (of the Old World) and Flat-nosed Apes
  (of America).--Difference of the two Groups.--Origin of Man from
  Narrow-nosed Apes.--Human Apes, or Anthropoides.--African
  Human-apes (Gorilla and Chimpanzee).--Asiatic Human-apes (Orang
  and Gibbon).--Comparison between the different Human Apes and
  the different Races of Men.--Survey of the Series of the
