

E-text prepared by Charlene Taylor, Wayne Hammond, and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images
generously made available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org)



Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
      file which includes the almost 500 original illustrations.
      See 52906-h.htm or 52906-h.zip:
      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/52906/52906-h/52906-h.htm)
      or
      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/52906/52906-h.zip)


      Images of the original pages are available through
      Internet Archive. See
      https://archive.org/details/gravemoundstheir00jewiuoft


Transcriber's note:

      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).

      Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=).

      Some characters might not display in this UTF-8 text
      version or in the html version. If so, the reader should
      consult the original page images referred to above.





GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS.


[Illustration: CIB HILL TUMULUS, NEAR ARBOR-LOW, DERBYSHIRE.]




GRAVE-MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS:

A Manual of Archæology,

As Exemplified in the
Burials of the Celtic, the Romano-British, and
the Anglo-Saxon Periods.

by

LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A.,

ETC., ETC.

With nearly Five Hundred Illustrations.







London:
Groombridge and Sons,
5, Paternoster Row.

1870.




  TO

  MY OLD AND MUCH-ESTEEMED FRIEND,

  JOSEPH MAYER, ESQ.,

  FELLOW OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON;
  FELLOW OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES
  OF COPENHAGEN;
  FELLOW OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY;
  MEMBER OF THE SOCIETIES OF ANTIQUARIES OF
  FRANCE, NORMANDY, THE MORINI,
  ETC., ETC., ETC.;
  ONE OF THE MOST ARDENT AND ZEALOUS OF ARCHÆOLOGISTS,
  AND MOST KINDLY OF MEN;
  THE PRINCELY DONOR TO THE PUBLIC
  OF THE FINEST AND MOST EXTENSIVE
  MUSEUM OF ANTIQUITIES
  EVER COLLECTED TOGETHER BY A SINGLE INDIVIDUAL;

  I, WITH TRUE PLEASURE,

  Dedicate this Volume.

  LLEWELLYNN JEWITT.




CONTENTS.


  CHAPTER I.

                                                                    Page

  Grave-mounds in general--Their Historical Importance--General
  Situation--Known as Barrows, Houes, Tumps, and Lows--List of
  Names--Division into Periods                                         1


  CHAPTER II.

  Ancient British or Celtic Period--General characteristics of
  the Barrows--Modes of construction--Interments by inhumation
  and by cremation--Positions of the Body--Hitter Hill
  Barrow--Elliptical Barrow at Swinscoe--Burial in contracted
  position--In sitting and kneeling positions--Double Interments       6


  CHAPTER III.

  Ancient British or Celtic Period--Interment by
  cremation--Discovery of lead--Burial in Urns--Positions of
  Urns--Heaps of burnt Bones--Burnt Bones enclosed in cloth
  and skins--Stone Cists--Long-Low--Liff’s-Low, etc.--Pit
  Interments--Tree-coffins                                            31


  CHAPTER IV.

  Ancient British or Celtic Period--Sepulchral Chambers
  of Stone--Cromlechs--Chambered Tumuli--New Grange and
  Dowth--The Channel Islands--Wieland Smith’s Cave, and
  others--Stone Circles--For what purpose formed--Formation of
  Grave-mounds--Varieties of Stone Circles--Examples of different
  kinds--Arbor-Low, etc.                                              50


  CHAPTER V.

  Ancient British or Celtic Period--Pottery--Mode of
  manufacture--Arrangement in classes--Cinerary or Sepulchral
  Urns--Food Vessels--Drinking-cups--Incense Cups--Probably
  Sepulchral Urns for Infants--Other examples of Pottery              83


  CHAPTER VI.

  Ancient British or Celtic Period--Implements of
  Stone--Celts--Stone Hammers--Stone Hatchets, Mauls,
  etc.--Triturating Stones--Flint Implements--Classification
  of Flints--Jet articles--Necklaces, Studs, etc.--Bone
  Instruments--Bronze Celts, Daggers, etc.--Gold articles            109


  CHAPTER VII.

  Romano-British Period--General Characteristics--Modes of
  Burial--Customs attendant on Burial--Interments by cremation
  and by inhumation--Barrows--Tombs of Stone--Lead Coffins--Clay
  and Tile Coffins--Sepulchral Inscriptions, etc.                    134


  CHAPTER VIII.

  Romano-British Period--Pottery--Durobrivian Ware--Upchurch
  Ware--Salopian Ware--Pottery found at Uriconium--Potteries
  of the New Forest, of Yorkshire, and of other
  places--Sepulchral Urns--Domestic and other vessels                151


  CHAPTER IX.

  Romano-British Period--Pottery--Samian Ware--Potters’
  Stamps--Varieties of Ornamentation--Glass Vessels--Sepulchral
  Vases, etc.--Lachrymatories--Bowls--Beads--Coins found
  with Interments                                                    175


  CHAPTER X.

  Romano-British Period--Arms--Swords--Spears,
  etc.--Knives--Fibulæ--Armillæ--Torques of Gold, etc.--Other
  Personal Ornaments                                                 190


  CHAPTER XI.

  Anglo-Saxon Period--Distribution of Anglo-Saxon Population
  over England--General characteristics of Grave-mounds--Modes
  of Burial--Poem of Beowulf--Interments by cremation and by
  inhumation--Articles deposited with the Dead--Positions of
  the Body--Double and other Interments--Burial in
  Urns--Cemeteries and Barrows                                       202


  CHAPTER XII.

  Anglo-Saxon Period--Pottery, general characteristics
  of--Cinerary Urns--Saxon Urn with Roman Inscription--Frankish
  and other Urns--Cemeteries at Kings Newton, etc.--Mode
  of manufacture--Impressed Ornaments                                214


  CHAPTER XIII.

  Anglo-Saxon Period--Glass
  Vessels--Drinking-glasses--Tumblers--Ale-glasses--Beads--Necklaces
  --Ear-rings--Coins, etc.                                           228


  CHAPTER XIV.

  Anglo-Saxon Period--Arms--Swords--Knives--Spears--Shields--Umbones
  of Shields--Buckles--Helmets--Benty-Grange Tumulus--The
  Sacred Boar--Grave at Barlaston--Enamelled
  Discs and pendant Ornaments, etc.--Horse-shoes                     236


  CHAPTER XV.

  Anglo-Saxon Period--Fibulæ--Enamelled circular Fibulæ--Gold
  Fibulæ--Pendant Cross--Cruciform Fibulæ--Penannular
  Fibulæ--Irish and English examples--Pendant Ornaments, etc.        266


  CHAPTER XVI.

  Anglo-Saxon Period--Buckets--Drinking-cups of wood--Bronze
  Bowls--Bronze Boxes--Combs--Tweezers--Châtelaines--Girdle
  Ornaments--Keys--Hair-pins--Counters, or Draughtmen,
  and Dice--Querns--Triturating Stones, etc.--Conclusion             280




LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.


ANCIENT BRITISH OR CELTIC PERIOD.

  Fig.                                                              Page

  Gib Hill Tumulus. (Frontispiece.)

  2 Section of Grave-mound, Lord’s Down, Dewlish, Dorset               8

  3 Section of Grave-mound, Gib Hill, Derbyshire                       9

  4 Section of Grave-mound, with two modes of interment by
      cremation                                                       10

  5 Section of Grave-mound, with inverted urn                         10

  6 Interment, Smerril Moor                                           12

  7 Interment, Tissington                                             13

  8 Interment, Roundway Hill                                          14

  9 Interment, Hitter Hill                                            15

  10 Plan of Barrow, showing interments, Hitter Hill                  17

  11 Interments, Hitter Hill                                          18

  12 Interments, Hitter Hill                                          20

  13 Skull, Hitter Hill                                               21

  14 Plan, with interments, Swinscoe                                  23

  15 Interment, sitting position, Parcelly Hay                        26

  16 Interment, sitting position, Monsal Dale                         28

  17 Plan of Barrow, with interments, Monsal Dale                     29

  18 Plan of Barrow, with interments, Cressbrook                      30

  19 Section of Barrow                                                32

  20 Stone Cist, Baslow Moor                                          33

  21 Section of Barrow                                                33

  22 Inverted Urn, with burnt bones, Wardlow                          34

  23 Plan of Long-Low                                                 36

  24 Stone Cist, Long-Low                                             38

  25 }
     } Skull, Long-Low                                                39
  26 }

  27 Mode of construction, Long-Low                                   40

  28 Stone Cist, Middleton Moor                                       41

  29 Stone Cist, Liff’s-Low                                           42

  30 Stone Cist, Gib Hill                                             43

  31 Portion of woollen garment, Scale House                          45

  32 }
     } Tree-coffin, Gristhorpe                                        48
  33 }

  34 Dagger, etc., Gristhorpe                                         49

  35 Flint, etc., Gristhorpe                                          49

  36 Tree-coffin, boat shape                                          49

  37 Cromlech, Lanyon                                                 52

  38 Cromlech, Lanyon plan                                            52

  39 Cromlech, Chun                                                   53

  40 Cromlech, Chun plan                                              53

  41 Cromlech, Plas Newydd                                            54

  42 Minning-Low, plan                                                55

  43 New Grange, general view                                         56

  44 New Grange, entrance to passage                                  57

  45 Dowth, general view                                              58

  46 Dowth, entrance to passage                                       58

  47 Cromlech, Knockeen                                               59

  48 Cromlech, Knockeen plan                                          59

  49 Cromlech, Gaulstown                                              60

  50 Cromlech, Gaulstown plan                                         60

  51 Cromlech, Ballynageerah                                          61

  52 Cromlech, Ballynageerah                                          62

  53 Cromlech, Ballynageerah plan                                     62

  54 Cromlech, L’Ancresse                                             63

  55 Chambered Tumulus, Gavr Innis, south entrance                    64

  56 Chambered Tumulus, Gavr Innis, opening in north chamber          65

  57 Chambered Tumulus, Gavr Innis, plan of chamber                   65

  58 Chambered Tumulus, Gavr Innis, carved stones                     65

  59 Chambered Tumulus, Gavr Innis, carved stones                     66

  60 Chambered Tumulus, Gavr Innis, carved stones                     66

  61 Chambered Tumulus, Gavr Innis, carved stones                     67

  62 Chambered Tumulus, Stony Littleton                               68

  63 Chambered Tumulus, Stony Littleton plan                          58

  64 Chambered Tumulus, Five Wells, Taddington                        69

  65 Chambered Tumulus, Five Wells, Taddington plan                   69

  66 Flax Dale Barrow, plan                                           72

  67 Section, Elk-Low                                                 73

  68 Stone Circle, “Nine Ladies,” Stanton Moor                        73

  69 Stone Circle, “Nine Ladies,” Stanton Moor plan                   74

  70 Stone Circle, construction of                                    75

  71 Stone Circle, Sancreed                                           76

  72 Stone Circle,                                                    76

  73 Stone Circle, Isle of Man                                        76

  74 Stone Circle, Trewavas Head                                      77

  75 Stone Circle, Mule Hill                                          77

  76 Stone Circle, Channel Islands                                    78

  77 Stone Circle, with “twin barrow”                                 78

  78 Stone Circle, with “twin barrow”                                 79

  79 Stone Circle, construction                                       79

  80 Stone Circle, Boscawen-un                                        80

  81 Stone Circle, Aber                                               80

  82 Stone Circle, Berriew                                            81

  83 Stone Circle, Penmaenmaur                                        81

  84 Stone Circle, Arbor-Low, Derbyshire                              82

  85 Pottery--fragment, Darwen                                        86

  86 Pottery--Cinerary Urn, Monsal Dale                               87

  87 Pottery--Cinerary Urn, Ballidon Moor                             88

  88 Pottery--Cinerary Urn, Ballidon Moor _in situ_                   88

  89 Pottery--Cinerary Urn, Trentham                                  89

  90 Pottery--Cinerary Urn, Darwen                                    90

  91 Pottery--Cinerary Urn, Dorsetshire                               91

  92 Pottery--Cinerary Urn, Dorsetshire                               91

  93 Pottery--Cinerary Urn, Darley Dale                               92

  94 Pottery--Cinerary Urn, Stone                                     93

  95 Pottery--Cinerary Urn, Cleatham                                  93

  96 Pottery--Cinerary Urn, Cleatham                                  93

  97 Pottery--Cinerary Urn, Calais Wold, Yorkshire                    94

  98 Pottery--Cinerary Urn, Darley Dale                               95

  99 Pottery--Cinerary Urn, Tredinney                                 96

  100 Pottery--Cinerary Urn, Morvah                                   96

  101 Pottery--Food vessel, Trentham                                  97

  102 Pottery--Food vessel, Fimber                                    98

  103 Pottery--Food vessel, Hitter Hill                               98

  104 Pottery--Food vessel, Hitter Hill                               99

  105 Pottery--Food vessel, Monsal Dale                              100

  106 Pottery--Food vessel, Fimber                                   100

  107 Pottery--Drinking-cup, Fimber                                  102

  108 Pottery--Drinking-cup, Hay Top, Monsal Dale                    102

  109 Pottery--Drinking-cup, Grind-Low                               102

  110 Pottery--Drinking-cup, Elk-Low                                 103

  111 Pottery--Drinking-cup, Elk-Low bottom                          104

  112 Pottery--Drinking-cup, Roundway Hill                           104

  113 Pottery--Drinking-cup, Gospel Hillock                          105

  114 Pottery--Incense cup, Yorkshire                                106

  115 Pottery--Incense cup, Yorkshire                                106

  116 Pottery--Incense cup, Yorkshire                                106

  117 Pottery--Incense cup, Yorkshire                                106

  118 Pottery--Incense cup, Yorkshire                                106

  119 Pottery--Incense cup, Yorkshire                                106

  120 Pottery--Incense cup, Dorsetshire                              106

  121 Pottery--Incense cup, Yorkshire                                106

  122 Pottery--Incense cup, Stanton Moor                             107

  123 Pottery--Incense cup, Baslow                                   107

  124 Pottery--Incense cup, Dorsetshire                              107

  125 Pottery--Incense cup, Darley Dale                              107

  126 Pottery--Handled vessel, Yorkshire                             108

  127 }
      }
  128 }
      }
  129 } Stone celts, Royal Irish Academy                             110
      }
  130 }
      }
  131 }

  132 Stone celt, Derbyshire example                                 110

  133 Stone hammer-head, Wollaton                                    111

  134 Stone celt, Derbyshire example                                 112

  135 Stone hammer-head, Winster                                     112

  136 Stone hammer-head, Cambridgeshire                              112

  137 Stone hammer-head, Trentham                                    112

  138 Stone hammer-head, Dorsetshire                                 113

  139 }
      }
  140 } Stone mauls, Royal Irish Academy                             113
      }
  141 }

  142 Stone hammer-head, Mickleover                                  113

  143 }
      } Triturating stones                                           114
  144 }

  145 Spindle whorl                                                  115

  146 }
      }
  147 }
      }
  148 }
      }
  149 }
      } Flint arrow-heads, Greenlow and other places in Derbyshire   116
  150 }
      }
  151 }
      }
  152 }
      }
  153 }

  154 Flint, Green-Low                                               117

  155 Flint, Arbor-Low                                               118

  156 Flint, Calais Wold                                             119

  157 Flint, Calais Wold                                             119

  158 Flint, Gunthorpe