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                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE:

—Obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected.

—Volumes I and II of this work have been published by Project Gutenberg:
        -Vol.  I: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49104
        -Vol. II: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49118




                                  THE

                        HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES

                                  BY

                       JOSEPH FRANCOIS MICHAUD.

                      _TRANSLATED BY W. ROBSON._

                            A New Edition,

               WITH PREFACE AND SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER BY
                          HAMILTON W. MABIE.

                          _IN THREE VOLUMES._

                               VOL. III.

                               NEW YORK:

                        A. C. ARMSTRONG & SON,
                             714 BROADWAY.




CONTENTS TO VOL. III.


 BOOK XV.—A.D. 1255-1270.

 EIGHTH CRUSADE.

  Christian cities of Palestine fortified by Louis
  IX.—Quarrels among the Crusaders—Divisions
  among the Saracens—Aibek, sultan of Egypt,
  assassinated—Chegger-Adour, the sultana,
  assassinated—The Moguls, or Tartars, capture
  Bagdad—Koutouz elected sultan of Egypt—The
  Moguls capture the principal cities of Syria—The
  general terror inspired among the Mussulmans and
  Christians—Apprehensions of Bela IV., king of
  Hungary—Assassination of Koutouz—The Mamelukes of
  Egypt—Bibars proclaimed sultan of Egypt—Declares
  war against the Christians of Palestine—The
  Mamelukes defeat and expel the Tartars from
  Palestine—Constantinople recaptured by the Greeks,
  and the Latins expelled—The Christians defeated by
  the Mamelukes, and Palestine laid waste—Cæsarea,
  Arsouf, and Sefed besieged and captured—Slaughter
  of the Christians—Mohammedanism not a religion of
  the sword—Charlemagne’s career—Capture of Jaffa by
  the sultan of Egypt—Bohemond forms a treaty with
  Bibars—Antioch captured and destroyed, and the
  inhabitants slaughtered—Quarrels of the popes with the
  sovereigns of Europe—Royal family of Swabia—Charles,
  count of Anjou, crowned by the pope as king of
  Sicily—Mainfroy—Conraddin disputes the crown of
  Sicily—Louis IX. determines upon a fresh crusade to
  the Holy Land—The illustrious personages who take the
  cross in his support—Joinville declines to accompany
  him—Abaga, khan of the Tartars, sends ambassadors to
  Rome—Pope Clement IV. supports the new crusade—The
  clergy oppose the levying of contributions—A council
  held at Northampton for aiding the crusade—James king
  of Arragon, and Edward prince of England, engage in the
  crusade—Death of Clement IV.—The Crusaders arrive
  at Tunis—Historical notice of Tunis—The Mohammedans
  resist the Crusaders—Sickness and mortality among
  the Crusaders—Death of the duke de Nevers—Illness
  and fervent devotion of Louis—His death—Charles
  of Anjou lands at Tunis, and takes the command of
  the Crusaders—Returns to France with the bodies of
  his father, wife, and brother—The virtue? and piety
  of Louis IX.—Prince Edward of England arrives in
  Palestine—Nazareth captured by the Crusaders—Prince
  Edward returns to England—Thibault elected pope,
  under the title of Gregory X.—He convokes the council
  of Lyons for reviving a new crusade—Curious document
  issued by Humbert de Romanis—Three pretenders to
  the throne of Jerusalem—The continued victories of
  Bibars—His death and character—Death of Gregory
  X.—Revolt in Sicily—The Sicilian vespers—Kealaoun,
  the sultan of Egypt, concludes a treaty with the
  Christians of Ptolemaïs, and enters into treaties
  with European princes—Fort of Margat captured
  by the Mussulmans—Sieur Barthélemi becomes a
  Mohammedan renegade—Tripoli captured and destroyed,
  and the Christians slaughtered—Description of
  Ptolemaïs—Chalil elected sultan of Egypt—The
  Mussulman sect of Chages—Ptolemaïs captured
  and destroyed by Chalil—Virgins of St. Clair
  self-mutilated and destroyed—Death of William de
  Clermont—Devoted heroism of the Templars—Capture
  and destruction of Tyre, Berytus, Sidon, and all the
  Christian cities along the coast of Palestine                pp. 1-91.


 BOOK XVI.—A.D. 1291-1396.

 ATTEMPTED CRUSADES AGAINST THE TURKS.

  Pope Nicholas IV. attempts to revive a fresh
  crusade against the East—Sends missionaries to the
  Tartars—Their contests with the Mussulmans revive
  the hopes of the Christians—Argun, the Tartar
  chief—Conquests of the Tartars—Cazan, the Mogul
  prince, sends ambassadors to the Pope—Clement IV.
  proclaims a crusade at the council of Vienna—Exploits
  of the Hospitallers—Conquests and wealth of the
  Templars—Accusations against them—Philip le Bel
  of France takes the cross—His death—Philip le
  Long—His death—Charles le Bel—His death—Raymond
  Lulli preaches a fresh crusade—Philip of Valois
  convokes an assembly at Paris for reviving a fresh
  crusade—Renewed persecutions of the Christians
  in Palestine—Brother Andrew of Antioch—Petrarch
  an apostle of the holy war—Humbert II., dauphin
  of Viennois, takes the cross—Hugh of Lusignan,
  king of Cyprus—Political troubles of France—King
  John taken prisoner at Poictiers—Engages in a
  fresh crusade—Urban V. convokes a meeting at
  Avignon—Peter de Lusignan, and Charles IV., emperor
  of Germany, engage in the crusade—Alexandria
  captured and burnt by the Crusaders—Barbary
  invaded by the Christian forces—Tripoli captured
  and burnt—Towns of Syria destroyed—Origin and
  history of the Turks and the Ottoman empire—Their
  conquests and invasion of Greece—Constantinople
  menaced by the Turks—Its tottering state—The
  emperors of Constantinople—Amurath, the Turkish
  sultan—Bajazet—Two popes at the same time—Crusade
  against the Turks determined on—Bajazet defeats
  the Christian forces with great slaughter—Defeats
  the Hungarians—Manuel, emperor of Constantinople,
  visits France—Distracted state of Europe—History
  and conquests of Tamerlane the Tartar—The Turks
  defeated, and Syria overrun by the Tartars—Bajazet
  raises the siege of Constantinople, and is defeated
  by Tamerlane—Smyrna captured and destroyed—The
  Ottomans reconquer the provinces overrun by
  Tamerlane—The Greek Church submits to papal
  authority—The barbarities of the Turks towards the
  Christians—Pope Eugenius exhorts the Christian states
  to another crusade—Cardinal Julian preaches in its
  favour—Amurath enters into a treaty of peace with the
  Crusaders, which being violated, they are defeated
  with great slaughter—Ladislaus, king of Poland, and
  Cardinal Julian, slain—Battle of Warna—Accession
  of Mahomet II. to the Ottoman throne—His extensive
  empire—Besieges Constantinople—Character of
  Constantine Palæologus, the Greek emperor—His great
  efforts in defence of his capital—Mahomet takes the
  city by storm—Death of the emperor and destruction of
  the Greek empire                                           pp. 92-158.


 BOOK XVII.—A.D. 1453-1481.

 CRUSADES AGAINST THE TURKS.

  Consternation among the Christian states at the
  fall of Constantinople.—Philip, duke of Burgundy,
  assembles his nobility at Lille—Curious festival
  held by—Enthusiasm in favour of a crusade against
  the Turks—Bishop Sylvius, John Capistran, Frederick
  III. of Germany, and Pope Calixtus III. endeavour
  to stir up the crusade—The Turks penetrate into
  Hungary—Valour of Hunniades—They are defeated
  at Belgrade—An alarming comet—Bishop Sylvius
  elected Pope—Extended conquests of Mahomet II.—He
  subdues Greece—The Pope convokes an assembly at
  Mantua to urge on the crusade—His negociations
  with Mahomet—Bosnia conquered—Pius II. engages
  personally in the crusade, reaches Ancona, and
  dies—Scanderberg defeats the Turks—Mahomet II.
  swears to annihilate Christianity—The king of
  Persia marches against the Turks, and his army
  is destroyed—Cardinal Caraffa commands a fleet
  of Crusaders—Satalia and Smyrna pillaged by the
  Christian forces—Possessions of the Venetians and
  Genoese captured by the Turks—Jacques Cœur—Cyprus
  subjected to the Mussulmans—Taken possession of by
  the Turks—Rhodes bravely defended by the knights
  of St. John—The Turks invade Hungary and different
  parts of Europe simultaneously—Defeated by Corvinus,
  king of Hungary—Otranto captured by the Turks, and
  afterwards abandoned—Pope Sextus IV. implores the
  aid of Christian Europe against the Turks—Distracted
  state of Italy—Death of Mahomet II., and divisions
  in his family—Zizim disputes the Turkish empire with
  Bajazet, and visits Europe—Charles VIII. of Naples,
  engages in a crusade against the Turks—Alphonso II.
  of Arragon—Italy invaded, and Rome possessed by the
  French—Andrew Palæologus sells his claims to the
  empire of the East—Death of Zizim—-Bajazet declares
  war against Venice—Negotiates a treaty—Undertakes
  an expedition against Portugal—Commercial ambition
  of Venice—Diet at Augsburgh—Helian’s speech
  against the Venetians—Council of Lateran convoked
  by Julius II.—Bajazet II. dethroned, and succeeded
  by Selim—Disorders of Christendom—Selim conquers
  the king of Persia and the sultan of Egypt—Palestine
  and all the rival powers of the East under the
  domination of the Turks—Exertions of Leo X. for
  reviving a crusade against them—Vida, the Italian
  poet—Novagero’s eulogies on Leo X.—Cultivation
  of Greek in Italy—Great preparations for the new
  crusade—Eloquence of Sadoletus, and letters of Francis
  I. in its favour—Sale of indulgences—Quarrels of
  the Augustines and the Dominicans—Preaching of
  Luther against indulgences—Soliman succeeds to the
  Ottoman empire—Belgrade and Rhodes captured by the
  Turks—The knights of St. John expelled from Rhodes,
  and transferred to Malta—Francis I. made prisoner
  at the battle of Pavia—The Hungarians defeated
  by the Turks, and Louis II. slain—Clement VII.
  imprisoned by Charles V.—Religious distractions of
  Europe—Vienna besieged by the Turks—Hungary enters
  into a treaty of peace—Policy of Henry VIII., of
  Francis I., and of Charles V.—The Barbary states taken
  under the protection of the Ottoman Porte—Preaching
  of Luther—Heroic defence of Malta—Death of
  Soliman, and accession of Selim—Capture of
  Cyprus—The Turks signally defeated at the naval
  battle of Lepanto—Universal rejoicings throughout
  Christendom—General spread of civilization in
  Europe—Brilliant age of Leo X.—The military power
  of the Turks begins to decline—Defeated by Sobieski
  before the walls of Vienna—Causes and history of
  their decline—The Moors driven from Spain—State
  of Christendom in Europe, and progress of the
  Reformation—Ignatius Loyola—Pilgrimages to the Holy
  Land—A spirit of resignation assumes the place of
  enthusiasm for the crusades                               pp. 159-250.


 BOOK XVIII.—A.D. 1571-1685.

  Reflections on the state of Europe, on the various
  classes of society, and on the progress of navigation,
  industry, arts, and general knowledge during and after
  the crusades                                              pp. 251-348.


 APPENDIX.

  Pilgrimages—Itinerary from Bordeaux to
  Jerusalem—Foulque of Anjou—William of
  Malmesbury—Robert of Normandy—Charlemagne—Chronicle
  of Tours—Letters of Bohemond, of Archbishop
  Daimbert, and of the principal Crusaders—Council of
  Naplouse—Bull of Pope Eugenius III. for the second
  crusade—Letter from Saladin, detailing his capture
  of Jerusalem and the battle of Tiberias—Sermon
  made at Jerusalem by Mohammed Ben Zeky—Bull of
  Gregory VIII. A.D. 1187—Council of Paris, held in
  1188—Notes on the Greek fire—Memoir on the forest
  of Saron, or the enchanted forest of Tasso—Ralph
  Dicet—Ralph of Coggershall—Trick attempted by
  Saladin—Imprisonment of Richard I.—Journey in
  Wales by Archbishop Baldwin—Jourdain’s letter on
  the “Assassins” of Syria—History of the Ismaëlians,
  or “Assassins”—Treaty entered into by the leaders
  of the Crusaders for the division of Constantinople
  and the Greek empire—On the death of the marquis
  of Montferrat—Fragment of Nicetas’s Chronicles on
  the destruction of the statues of Constantinople
  by the Crusaders—Jourdain’s letter on the crusade
  of children in 1212—Letter of Pope Innocent III.
  urging on the crusade to the Holy Land—Poetry of the
  troubadours for the crusades—Funeral ceremonies of the
  Prussians—Letter from Count d’Artois on the taking
  of Damietta—Letter of St. Louis on his captivity and
  deliverance—List of the great officers or knights who
  followed St. Louis to Tunis—Instructions of St. Louis
  addressed on his death-bed to Philip-le-Hardi—Edward
  I., king of England, and his attempted
  assassination—Opening of the troncs in France, and
  expenditure of the receipts—Memoir of Leibnitz,
  addressed to Louis XIV.—Capitulations between France
  and the Ottoman Porte—Raynouard’s note on Hanmer’s
  “Mysterium Baphometi Revelatum”                           pp. 349-500.


 GENERAL INDEX                                                   p. 501.




                                HISTORY

                                  OF

                             THE CRUSADES.




BOOK XV.

EIGHTH CRUSADE.

A.D. 1255-1270.


LOUIS IX., during his sojourn in Palestine, had not only employed
himself in fortifying the Christian cities; he had neglected no means
of establishing that union and harmony among the Christians themselves,
which he felt would create their only security against the attacks
of the Mussulmans: unhappily for this people, whom he would have
preserved at the peril of his life, his counsels were not long in
being forgotten, and the spirit of discord soon displaced the generous
sentiments to which his example and discourses had given a momentary
life.

It may have been observed in the course of this history, that several
maritime nations had stores, counting-houses, and considerable
commercial establishments at Ptolemaïs, which had become the capital
of Palestine. Among these nations, Genoa and Venice occupied the
first rank: each of these colonies inhabited a separate quarter, and
had different laws, besides interests, which kept them at constant
variance; the only thing they possessed in common,[1] was the Church
of St. Sabbas, in which the Venetians and the Genoese assembled
together to celebrate the ceremonies of their religion.

This common possession had often been a subject of quarrel between
them; a short time after the departure of St. Louis, discord broke
out anew, and roused all the passions that the spirit of rivalry and
jealousy could give birth to between two nations which had so long
contended for the empire of the sea and pre-eminence in commerce.
Amidst this struggle, in which the very object of the contest ought
to have recalled sentiments of peace and charity to their hearts, the
Genoese and Venetians often came to blows in the city of Ptolemaïs, and
more than once, the sanctuary, which the two parties had fortified like
a place of war, resounded with the din of their sacrilegious battles.

Discord very soon crossed the seas, and carried fresh troubles into the
West. Genoa interested the Pisans in her cause, and sought allies and
auxiliaries even among the Greeks, at that time impatient to repossess
Constantinople. Venice, in order to avenge her injuries, courted the
alliance