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    COLOUR IN THE
    FLOWER GARDEN


[Illustration: _WHITE LILIES._]




    _THE "COUNTRY LIFE"
    LIBRARY_


                 COLOUR IN THE
                 FLOWER GARDEN


                      BY
                GERTRUDE JEKYLL


       [Illustration: A bunch of flowers.]


                 PUBLISHED BY

    "COUNTRY LIFE," LTD.   GEORGE NEWNES, LTD.
    20, TAVISTOCK STREET   7-12, SOUTHAMPTON ST.
    COVENT GARDEN, W.C.    COVENT GARDEN, W.C.

                      1908




INTRODUCTION


To plant and maintain a flower-border, _with a good scheme for colour_,
is by no means the easy thing that is commonly supposed.

I believe that the only way in which it can be made successful is to
devote certain borders to certain times of year; each border or garden
region to be bright for from one to three months.

Nothing seems to me more unsatisfactory than the border that in spring
shows a few patches of flowering bulbs in ground otherwise looking
empty, or with tufts of herbaceous plants just coming through. Then
the bulbs die down, and their place is wanted for something that comes
later. Either the ground will then show bare patches, or the place of
the bulbs will be forgotten and they will be cruelly stabbed by fork or
trowel when it is wished to put something in the apparently empty space.

For many years I have been working at these problems in my own garden,
and having come to certain conclusions, can venture to put them forth
with some confidence. I may mention that from the nature of the ground,
in its original state partly wooded and partly bare field, and from
its having been brought into cultivation and some sort of shape before
it was known where the house now upon it would exactly stand, the
garden has less general unity of design than I should have wished. The
position and general form of its various portions were accepted mainly
according to their natural conditions, so that the garden ground,
though but of small extent, falls into different regions, with a
general, but not altogether definite, cohesion.

I am strongly of opinion that the possession of a quantity of plants,
however good the plants may be themselves and however ample their
number, does not make a garden; it only makes a _collection_. Having
got the plants, the great thing is to use them with careful selection
and definite intention. Merely having them, or having them planted
unassorted in garden spaces, is only like having a box of paints
from the best colourman, or, to go one step further, it is like
having portions of these paints set out upon a palette. This does not
constitute a picture; and it seems to me that the duty we owe to our
gardens and to our own bettering in our gardens is so to use the plants
that they shall form beautiful pictures; and that, while delighting
our eyes, they should be always training those eyes to a more exalted
criticism; to a state of mind and artistic conscience that will not
tolerate bad or careless combination or any sort of misuse of plants,
but in which it becomes a point of honour to be always striving for the
best.

It is just in the way it is done that lies the whole difference between
commonplace gardening and gardening that may rightly claim to rank as a
fine art. Given the same space of ground and the same material, they
may either be fashioned into a dream of beauty, a place of perfect
rest and refreshment of mind and body--a series of soul-satisfying
pictures--a treasure of well-set jewels; or they may be so misused that
everything is jarring and displeasing. To learn how to perceive the
difference and how to do right is to apprehend gardening as a fine art.
In practice it is to place every plant or group of plants with such
thoughtful care and definite intention that they shall form a part of a
harmonious whole, and that successive portions, or in some cases even
single details, shall show a series of pictures. It is so to regulate
the trees and undergrowth of the wood that their lines and masses come
into beautiful form and harmonious proportion; it is to be always
watching, noting and doing, and putting oneself meanwhile into closest
acquaintance and sympathy with the growing things.

In this spirit, the garden and woodland, such as they are, have been
formed. There have been many failures, but, every now and then, I am
encouraged and rewarded by a certain measure of success. Yet, as the
critical faculty becomes keener, so does the standard of aim rise
higher; and, year by year, the desired point seems always to elude
attainment.

But, as I may perhaps have taken more trouble in working out certain
problems, and given more thought to methods of arranging growing
flowers, especially in ways of colour-combination, than amateurs in
general, I have thought that it may be helpful to some of them to
describe as well as I can by word, and to show by plan and picture,
what I have tried to do, and to point out where I have succeeded and
where I have failed.

I must ask my kind readers not to take it amiss if I mention here that
I cannot undertake to show it them on the spot. I am a solitary worker;
I am growing old and tired, and suffer from very bad and painful sight.
My garden is my workshop, my private study and place of rest. For the
sake of health and reasonable enjoyment of life it is necessary to
keep it quite private, and to refuse the many applications of those
who offer it visits. My oldest friends can now only be admitted. So I
ask my readers to spare me the painful task of writing long letters
of excuse and explanation; a task that has come upon me almost daily
of late years in the summer months, that has sorely tried my weak and
painful eyes, and has added much to the difficulty of getting through
an already over-large correspondence.




CONTENTS


                                                 PAGE
  INTRODUCTION                                      v


  CHAPTER I

  A MARCH STUDY AND THE BORDER OF EARLY BULBS       1


  CHAPTER II

  THE WOOD                                          8


  CHAPTER III

  THE SPRING GARDEN                                21


  CHAPTER IV

  BETWEEN SPRING AND SUMMER                        32


  CHAPTER V

  THE JUNE GARDEN                                  39


  CHAPTER VI

  THE MAIN HARDY FLOWER BORDER                     49


  CHAPTER VII

  THE FLOWER BORDER IN JULY                        58

  CHAPTER VIII

  THE FLOWER BORDER IN AUGUST                      65


  CHAPTER IX

  THE FLOWER BORDERS IN SEPTEMBER                  78


  CHAPTER X

  WOOD AND SHRUBBERY EDGES                         83


  CHAPTER XI

  GARDENS OF SPECIAL COLOURING                     89


  CHAPTER XII

  CLIMBING PLANTS                                 106


  CHAPTER XIII

  GROUPING OF PLANTS IN POTS                      112


  CHAPTER XIV

  SOME GARDEN PICTURES                            121


  CHAPTER XV

  A BEAUTIFUL FRUIT GARDEN                        127


  CHAPTER XVI

  PLANTING FOR WINTER COLOUR                      133


  CHAPTER XVII

  FORM IN PLANTING                                138

  INDEX                                           143




LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS


  WHITE LILIES                          _Frontispiece_

  IRIS STYLOSA                       _To face page_ 4

  MAGNOLIA CONSPICUA                      "    "     5

  MAGNOLIA STELLATA                       "    "     6

  FERNS IN THE BULB BORDER                "    "     7

  THE BANK OF EARLY BULBS                 "    "     7

  DAFFODILS BY A WOODLAND PATH            "    "    10

  WILD PRIMROSES IN THIN WOODLAND         "    "    11

  THE WIDE WOOD PATH                      "    "    12

  CISTUS LAURIFOLIUS                      "    "    13

  A WOOD PATH AMONG CHESTNUTS             "    "    14

  A WOOD PATH AMONG BIRCHES               "    "    15

  CISTUS CYPRIUS                          "    "    16

  CISTUS BY THE WOOD PATH                 "    "    17

  GAULTHERIA SHALLON IN FLOWER            "    "    18

  GAULTHERIA SHALLON IN FRUIT             "    "    19

  WHITE IRISH HEATH                       "    "    20

  THE SPRING GARDEN FROM =D= ON PLAN      "    "    21

  PLAN OF THE SPRING GARDEN               "    "    23

  THE FERN-LIKE SWEET CICELY              "    "    24

  THE SPRING GARDEN FROM =E= ON PLAN      "    "    25

  "FURTHER ROCK" FROM =G= ON PLAN         "    "    28

  "FURTHER ROCK" FROM =H= ON PLAN         "    "    29

  "NEAR ROCK" FROM =F= ON PLAN            "    "    30

  THE PRIMROSE GARDEN                     "    "    31

  STEPS TO THE HIDDEN GARDEN              "    "    32

  PHLOX DIVARICATA AND ARENARIA MONTANA   "    "    33

  MALE FERN IN THE HIDDEN GARDEN          "    "    34

  EXOCHORDA GRANDIFLORA                   "    "    35

  PLAN OF THE HIDDEN GARDEN               "    "    35

  EUPHORBIA WULFENII                      "    "    36

  IRISES AND LUPINES IN THE JUNE GARDEN   "    "    37

  PART OF THE GARLAND ROSE AT THE ANGLE   "    "    39

  ROSE BLUSH GALLICA ON DRY WALLING       "    "    42

  SPANISH IRIS                            "    "    43

  PLAN OF THE JUNE GARDEN                 "    "    44

  PLAN OF IRIS AND LUPINE BORDERS         "    "    44

  WHITE TREE LUPINE                       "    "    46

  CATMINT IN JUNE                         "    "    47

  SCOTCH BRIARS                           "    "    48

  GERANIUM IBERICUM PLATYPHYLLUM          "    "    49

  THE FLOWER BORDER IN LATE SUMMER        "    "    50

  THE CROSS WALK                          "    "    51

  THE EAST END OF THE FLOWER BORDER       "    "    52

  PLAN OF THE MAIN FLOWER BORDER          "    "    53

  GOOD STAKING--CAMPANULA PERSICIFOLIA    "    "    54

  CAREFUL STAKING OF MICHAELMAS DAISIES   "    "    55

  WHITE ROSE LA GUIRLANDE; GREY BORDERS
   BEYOND                                 "    "    60

  CLEMATIS RECTA                          "    "    61

  DELPHINIUM BELLADONNA                   "    "    62

  CANTERBURY BELLS                        "    "    63

  ROSE THE GARLAND IN A SILVER HOLLY      "    "    64

  ERYNGIUM OLIVERIANUM                    "    "    65

  TALL CAMPANULAS IN A GREY BORDER        "    "    66

  YUCCA FILAMENTOSA                       "    "    70

  THE GREY BORDERS: STACHYS, &C.          "    "    71

  A LAVENDER HEDGE                        "    "    74

  ÆSCULUS AND OLEARIA                     "    "    75

  PLAN OF GARDEN OF CHINA ASTERS          "    "    77

  SOME OF THE EARLY ASTERS                "    "    78

  THE SEPTEMBER GARDEN                    "    "    79

  THE SEPTEMBER GARDEN                    "    "    80

  THE SEPTEMBER GARDEN                    "    "    80

  BEGONIAS WITH MEGASEA FOLIAGE           "    "    80

  EARLY ASTERS AND PYRETHRUM ULIGINOSUM   "    "    81

  PLAN OF SEPTEMBER BORDERS               "    "    81

  GARLAND ROSE, WHERE GARDEN JOINS WOOD   "    "    84

  POLYGONUM AND MEGASEA AT A WOOD EDGE    "    "    84

  LILIES AND FUNKIAS AT A SHRUBBERY EDGE  "    "    84

  OLEARIA GUNNI, FERN AND FUNKIA          "    "    85

  FERNS AND LILIES AT A SHRUBBERY EDGE    "    "    86

  GYPSOPHILA AND MEGASEA                  "    "    87

  LILIES AND FERNS AT THE WOOD EDGE       "    "    88

  SMALL WIRE-STEMMED ASTER; SECOND YEAR   "    "    88

  SMALL WIRE-STEMMED ASTER; THIRD YEAR    "    "    88

  STOBÆA PURPUREA                         "    "    89

  THE GREY BORDERS: GYPSOPHILA,
   ECHINOPS, &C.                          "    "    92

  OCTOBER BORDERS OF MICHAELMAS DAISIES   "    "    92

  A SEPTEMBER GREY GARDEN                 "    "    92

  THE GREY BORDER: PINK HOLLYHOCK, &C.    "    "    93

  PLANS OF SPECIAL COLOUR GARDENS         "    "    93

  A DETAIL OF THE GREY SEPTEMBER GARDEN   "    "   100

  YUCCAS AND GREY FOLIAGE                 "    "   102

  A FRONT EDGE OF GREY FOLIAGE            "    "   103

  HARDY GRAPE VINE ON SOUTH SIDE OF HOUSE "    "   106

  HARDY GRAPE VINE ON HOUSE WALL          "    "   107

  VINE AND FIG AT DOOR OF MUSHROOM HOUSE  "    "   108

  CLEMATIS MONTANA AT ANGLE OF COURT      "    "   108

  CLEMATIS MONTANA OVER WORKSHOP WINDOW   "    "   108

  CLEMATIS MONTANA TRAINED AS GARLANDS    "    "   108

  CLEMATIS FLAMMULA AND SPIRÆA LINDLEYANA "    "   108

  ABUTILON VITIFOLIUM                     "    "   108

  IPOMŒA "HEAVENLY BLUE"                  "    "   108

  SOLANUM JASMINOIDES                     "    "   108

  CLEMATIS FLAMMULA ON ANGLE OF COTTAGE   "    "   108

  CLEMATIS FLAMMULA ON COTTAGE            "    "   109

  CLEMATIS FLAMMULA ON A WOODEN FENCE     "    "   110

  SWEET VERBENA                           "    "   111

  POT PLANTS JUST PLACED                  "    "   112

  PLANTS IN POTS IN THE SHADED COURT      "    "   112

  MAIDEN'S WREATH (FRANCOA RAMOSA)        "    "   112

  MAIDEN'S WREATH BY TANK                 "    "   113

  GERANIUMS, &C., IN A STONE-EDGED BED    "    "   116

  MAIDEN'S WREATH IN POTS ABOVE TANK      "    "   116

  FUNKIA, HYDRANGEA AND LILY IN THE SHADED
   COURT                                  "    "   116

  FUNKIA AND LILIUM SPECIOSUM             "    "   117

  LILIUM AURATUM                          "    "   120

  A TUB HYDRANGEA                         "    "   120

  STEPS AND HYDRANGEAS                    "    "   120

  THE NARROW SOUTH LAWN                   "    "   121

  HYDRANGEA TUBS AND BIRCH-TREE SEAT      "    "   124

  HYDRANGEA TUBS AND NUT WALK             "    "   124

  WHITE LILIES                            "    "   124

  THE STEPS AND THEIR INCIDENTS           "    "   125

  PLAN--THE BEAUTIFUL FRUIT GARDEN        "    "   129

  PLAN--A WILD HEATH GARDEN               "    "   139




COLOUR IN THE FLOWER GARDEN




CHAPTER I

A MARCH STUDY AND THE BORDER OF EARLY BULBS


There comes a day towards the end of March when there is but little
wind, and that is from the west or even south-west. The sun has gained
much power, so that it is pleasant to sit out in the garden, or, better
still, in some sunny nook of sheltered woodland. There is such a place
among silver-trunked Birches, with here and there the splendid richness
of masses of dark Holly. The rest of the background above eye-level
is of the warm bud-colour of the summer-leafing trees, and, below,
the fading rust of the now nearly flattened fronds of last year's
Bracken, and the still paler drifts of leaves from neighbouring Oaks
and Chestnuts. The sunlight strikes brightly on the silver stems of the
Birches, and casts their shadows clear-cut across the grassy woodland
ride. The grass is barely green