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                                  THE
                           ESPERANTO TEACHER,


                          A SIMPLE COURSE FOR
                            NON-GRAMMARIANS.


                                   BY
                              HELEN FRYER.


                             TENTH EDITION.
                   (B.E.A. PUBLICATIONS FUND--No. 3).


       All profits from the sale of this book are devoted to the
                        propaganda of Esperanto.



                                LONDON:
             BRITISH ESPERANTO ASSOCIATION (Incorporated),
                        17, Hart Street, W.C.I.


                   *       *       *       *       *


                             PRESENTATION.

Perhaps to no one is Esperanto of more service than to the
non-grammarian. It gives him for a minimum expenditure of time and money
a valuable insight into the principles of grammar and the meaning of
words, while enabling him, after only a few months of study, to get into
communication with his fellow men in all parts of the world.

To place these advantages within easy reach of all is the aim of this
little book. Written by an experienced teacher, revised by Mr. E. A.
Millidge, and based on the exercises of Dr. Zamenhof himself, it merits
the fullest confidence of the student, and may be heartily commended to
all into whose hands it may come.

                                                         W. W. PADFIELD.


                                PREFACE.

This little book has been prepared in the hope of helping those who,
having forgotten the lessons in grammar which they received at school,
find some difficulty in learning Esperanto from the existing textbooks.
It is hoped it will be found useful not only for solitary students, but
also for class work.

The exercises are taken chiefly from the "Ekzercaro" of Dr. Zamenhof.
The compiler also acknowledges her indebtedness especially to the
"Standard Course of Esperanto," by Mr. G. W. Bullen, and to the
"Esperanto Grammar and Commentary," by Major-General Geo. Cox, and while
accepting the whole responsibility for all inaccuracies and crudenesses,
she desires to thank all who have helped in the preparation, and
foremost among them Mr. W. W. Padfield, of Ipswich, for advice and
encouragement throughout the work, and to Mr. E. A. Millidge, for his
unfailing kindness and invaluable counsel and help in its preparation
and revision.


                       MANNER OF USING THE BOOK.

The student is strongly advised to cultivate the habit of thinking in
Esperanto from the very beginning of the study. To do this he should
try to realise the idea mentally without putting it into English words,
e.g., when learning the word "rozo" or "kolombo," let him bring the
object itself before his mind's eye, instead of repeating "'rozo',
rose; 'kolombo', pigeon"; or with the sentence "'la suno brilas', the
sun shines," let him picture the sun shining. Having studied the lesson
and learned the vocabulary, he should read the exercise, repeating each
sentence aloud until he has become familiar with it and can pronounce
it freely. Then turning to the English translation at the end of the
book, he should write the exercise into Esperanto, compare it with
the original, and re-learn and re-write if necessary. Although this
method may require a little more time and trouble at first, the greater
facility gained in speaking the language will well repay the outlay.

After mastering this book the student should take some reader, such
as "Unua Legolibro," by Dr. Kabe, and then proceed to the "Fundamenta
Krestomatio," the standard work on Esperanto, by Dr. Zamenhof.

A very good Esperanto-English vocabulary is to be found in the
"Esperanto Key," 1/2d., or in "The Whole of Esperanto for a Penny."


                    THE ORIGIN AND AIM OF ESPERANTO.

A few words as to the origin of Esperanto will perhaps not be out
of place here. The author of the language, Dr. Ludovic Zamenhof, a
Polish Jew, was born on December 3rd, 1859, at Bielovstok, in Poland,
a town whose inhabitants are of four distinct races, Poles, Russians,
Germans, and Jews, each with their own language and customs, and
often at open enmity with each other. Taught at home that all men are
brethren, Zamenhof found everywhere around him outside the denial of
this teaching, and even as a child came to the conclusion that the races
hated, because they could not understand, each other. Feeling keenly,
too, the disabilities under which his people specially laboured, being
cut off by their language from the people among whom they lived, while
too proud to learn the language of their persecutors, he set himself to
invent a language which should be neutral and therefore not require any
sacrifice of pride on the part of any race.

Interesting as is the story of Zamenhof's attempts and difficulties, it
must suffice here to say that at the end of 1878 the new language was
sufficiently advanced for him to impart it to schoolfellows like-minded
with himself, and on December 17th of that year they feted its birth,
and sang a hymn in the new language, celebrating the reign of unity and
peace which should be brought about by its means, "All mankind must
be united in one family." But the enthusiasm of its first followers
died down under the derision they encountered, and for nine years more
Zamenhof worked in secret at his language, translating, composing,
writing original articles, improving, polishing, till in 1887 he
published his first book under the title of "An International Language
by Dr. Esperanto." ("Esperanto" means "one who hopes").

That the idea which impelled the young Zamenhof to undertake such a work
is still the mainspring of his devotion to the cause is shown by the
following extract from his opening speech at the second International
Esperanto Congress in 1906:--"We are all conscious that it is not
the thought of its practical utility which inspires us to work for
Esperanto, but only the thought of the important and holy idea which
underlies an international language. This idea, you all know, is that
of: brotherhood and justice among all peoples." And, again, in his
presidential address at the third Esperanto Congress, held this year
(1907) at Cambridge, he said, "We are constantly repeating that we do
not wish to interfere in the internal life of the nations, but only to
build a bridge between the peoples. The ideal aim of Esperantists, never
until now exactly formulated, but always clearly felt, is: To establish
a neutral foundation, on which the various races of mankind may hold
peaceful, brotherly intercourse, without intruding on each other their
racial differences."

   Sur neuxtrala lingva fundamento,
   Komprenante unu la alian,
   La popoloj faros en konsento
   Unu grandan rondon familian.

   (On the foundation of a neutral language,
   Understanding one another,
   The peoples will form in agreement
   One great family circle).

                                                            HELEN FRYER.

December, 1907.


                             THE ALPHABET.


                         SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS.

In Esperanto each letter has only one sound, and each sound is
represented in only one way. The words are pronounced exactly as spelt,
every letter being sounded.

Those CONSONANTS which in English have one simple sound only are exactly
the same in Esperanto; they are--b, d, f, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, v, z (r
must be well rolled).

q, w, x, y are not used.

c, g, h, s, which in English represent more than one sound, and j are
also used with the mark ^--

                 c cx,   g gx,   h hx,   j jx,   s sx.

c - (whose two English sounds are represented by k and s) has the sound
of TS, as in iTS, TSar.

cx - like CH, TCH, in CHurCH, maTCH.

g - hard, as in Go, GiG, Gun.

gx - soft, as in Gentle, Gem, or like J in Just, Jew.

h - well breathed, as in Horse, Home, How.

hx - strongly breathed, and in the throat, as in the Scotch word loCH.
(Ask any Scotsman to pronounce it). Hx occurs but seldom. It is the
Irish GH in louGH, and the Welsh CH.

j - like Y in Yes, You, or J in halleluJah, fJord.

jx - like S in pleaSure, or the French J, as in deJeuner, Jean d'Arc.

s - like SS in aSS, leSS, never like S in roSe.

sx - like SH in SHe, SHall, SHip, or S in Sugar, Sure.

In newspapers, etc., which have not the proper type, cx, gx, hx, jx, sx
are often replaced by ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, or by c', g', h', j', s', and
ux by u.

ux - is also a consonant, and has the sound of W in We, as EUXropo, or U
in persUade.

The VOWELS a, e, i, o, u have not the English, but the Continental
sounds.

a - always like A in Ah! or in tArt.

e - like E in bEnd, but broader, like E in thEre.

i - is a sound between EE in mEEt and I in Is.

o - like O in fOr, or in the Scottish NO, or AU in AUght.

u - like OO in bOOt, pOOr.

a, e, i, o, u are all simple sounds, that is, the mouth is kept in one
position while they are being sounded. In learning them lengthen them
out, and be careful not to alter the position of the mouth, however long
they are drawn out. In the compound sounds given below the shape of the
mouth changes; to get the correct pronunciation sound each letter fully
and distinctly, gradually bringing them closer until they run together,
when they become almost as follows:--

aj - nearly like AI in AIsle, or I in nIce, fIne.

ej - nearly like EI in vEIn.

oj - nearly like OY in bOY, or OI in vOId.

uj - nearly like UJ in hallelUJah.

aux - like AHW, or nearly OU in hOUse, pronounced broadly, haOUse.

eux - like EHW, or EY W in thEY Were, AYW in wAYWard.

Practise saying aja, eja, oja, uja, auxa, euxa several times quickly.
Then gradually drop the final a.


                                ACCENT.

The accent or stress is always placed on the syllable before the last,
as es-PE-ro, es-pe-RAN-to, es-pe-ran-TIS-to, es-pe-ran-tis-TI-no; JU-na,
ju-NU-lo, ju-nu-LA-ro. All the syllables must be clearly pronounced, not
slurred over.


                      EXERCISE IN PRONOUNCIATION.

a - (as in bAth), PAT-ra, LA-na, a-GRA-bla, mal-VAR-ma, KLA-ra,
pa-FA-do.

e - (as in bEnd), BE-la, mEm, fe-NES-tro, ven-DRE-do, tre-E-ge,
le-TE-ro.

i - (as in sEE), mi, I-li, i-MI-ti, vi-ZI-ti, TRIN-ki, in-SIS-ti.

o - (as in fOr), HO-mo, RO-zo, ko-LOM-bo, DOR-mo (the R rolled), MOR-to,
po-PO-lo.

u - (as in bOOt), U-nu, dum, BRU-lu, sur-TU-to, vul-TU-ro, mur-MUR-i.

aj - (as in nIce), ajn, kaj, rAJ-to, taj-LO-ro, FAJ-ro, BE-laj.

ej - (as in plAY), VEJ-no, HEJ-mo, plej, HEJ-to.

oj - (as in bOY), PAT-roj, FOJ-no, HO-mojn, KOJ-no, SOJ-lo, KON-koj.

uj - (as in hallelUJah), tuj, CXI-uj, TI-uj.

aux - (as in cOW), AN-taux, LAUX-bo, fraux-LI-no, KAUX-zi, auxs- KUL-tu,
AUX-di.

eux - (like ehw), Eux-RO-po, neux-ral-GI-o, Eux-kar-IS-to,
reux-ma-TIS-mo.

c - (= ts, biTS), CE-lo, fa-CI-la (=FA-TSEE-LA), be-LE-co (BE-LE-TSO),
ofi-CI-ro, PA-co, ci-ko-NI-o, CO-lo.

cx - (= tch, maTCH), cxu, ecx, cxe, CXAM-bro, CXER-pi, TRAN-cxi, RI-cxa.

g - (as in Good), LON-ga, LE-gi, ge-NU-o, GEN-to, GLI-ti, GRO-so.

gx - (as in Gem), GXE-mi, gxis, gxar-DE-no, SA-gxa, MAN-gxi, RE-gxo.

h - (breathed), HA-ro, hi-RUN-do, ha-RIN-go, his-to-RI-o, he-DE-ro,
HIM-no.

hx - (in throat), hxe-MI-o, hxo-LE-ro, me-hxa-NI-ko, E-hxo, hxa-O-so.

j - (like y), JU-na, ma-JES-ta, sin-JO-ro, ka-JE-ro, jes, ja.

jx - (= zh), bon-AJX-o, JXE-ti, jxur-NA-lo, jxus, JXAUX-do, jxa-LU-zo.

s - (ss), SU-per, ses, STA-ri, trans, ves-PE-ro, SVIN-gi.

sx - (sh), FRE-sxa, SXE-lo, KU-sxi, SXTU-po, SXVI-ti, SXVE-li.

kz - ek-ZER-co, ek-ZEM-plo, ek-za-ME-no, ek-ze-KU-ti, ek-ZI-li,
ek-ZIS-ti.

kv - kvar, kvin, kvi-E-ta, KVAN-kam, KVER-ko, KVA-zaux.

gv - GVI-di, LIN-gvo.

kn - KNA-bo, KNE-di.

sc - (sts), SCI-o (sts-ee-o), SCE-no (stse-no), SCEP-tro, eks-CI-ti
(eks-TSEE-tee), eks-cel-EN-co (eks-tsel-EN-tso), sci-EN-co
(stsee-en-tso).

CEN-to, SEN-to; CE-lo, SE-lo, SXE-lo; CO-lo, KO-lo; ci, cxi; ec, ecx;
KRU-co, KRU-cxo; PA-go, PA-gxo; RE-gi, RE-gxi; SE-gi, SE-gxo; HO-ro,
HXO-ro; PE-si, PE-zi; STE-lo, SXTE-lo; SAN-go, SXAN-go; VER-so, VER-sxi;
dis-I-ri, dis-SXI-ri; GUS-ta, GXUS-ta; STU-po, SXTU-po; STA-lo, SXTA-lo;
POS-to, POSX-to; re-SER-vi, re-ZER-vi; ru-GXI-gi, ru-CXI-gxi; ri-CXI-gi,
ri-CXI-gxi, ri-CXE-co; FTI-zo.

a-E-ro, oce-A-no, fe-I-no, GXU-i, pe-RE-i, pe-RE-u; fo-I-ro,
CXI-u-JA-ra, VO-joj, tro-U-zi, for-RAM-pi, ku-I-ri; SKVA-mo,
zo-o-lo-GI-o, en-U-i, de-TRU-u, SXPRU-ci, ru-I-ni; Jan-u-A-ro,
Feb-ru-A-ro, li-E-no, ho-DI-aux, hi-E-raux, Hun-gar-U-jo, Ne-a-PO-lo,
sci-U-ro.


                   *       *       *       *       *


NOTE.--A useful mnemonic for the Esperanto vowels is pAr, pEAr, pIEr,
pORe, pOOr, but the sounds should not be dragged. It is helpful to note
that the English words "mate, reign, pane, bend; meet, beat, feel, lady;
grow, loan, soft; mute, yes, mule" (as pronounced in London and South of
England), would be written in Esperanto thus:--"mejt, rejn, pejn, bend;
mijt, bijt, fijl, lejdi; groux, louxn, soft; mjut, jes, mjul".


                               LESSON 1.

                                 WORDS.

In Esperanto a word generally consists of an unchanging part or root,
which expresses the idea, and an ending which shows the use of the word,
that is, whether it is a name, a describing word, etc. By changing the
ending the use of the word is changed.

Notice carefully the words given below which end in "o". It will be seen
that they are all names.

In Esperanto every name ends in "o".

(In Grammar names are called NOUNS).

Notice further the words which end in "-as." They all express doing or
being (action or state), which is going on at the present time, or which
is a custom at the present time.

The words "a," "an," are not expressed; "the" is translated by "la".

                              VOCABULARY.

   pAtro : father.                    cxAmbro : room.
   frAto : brother.                   fenEstro : window.
   fIlo : son.                        lIbro : book.
   TeodOro :Theodore.                 krajOno : pencil.
   tajlOro : tailor.                  plUmo : pen.
   leOno : lion.                      cxapElo : hat.
   bEsto : animal.                    dOmo : house.
   kolOm