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                            J. BRYER & SON,

              Nautical Instrument Makers & Yacht Fitters,

                        104, MINORIES, LONDON.

            13-in. high, =£5 10s.= Nickel-plated, =£6 10s.=


                    Blocks.
                    Rope.
                    Cleats.
                    Fairleads.
                    Flags.
                    Pumps.
                    Chains.
                    Anchors.
                    Cork Seats.
                    Stoves.
                    Knives, etc.
                    Masts.
                    Spars.
                    Wire Rigging.

                    [Illustration]

                    Spirit Compasses.
                    Dry Compasses.
                    Clocks and Aneroid Barometers.
                    Charts.
                    Books.
                    Night Glasses.
                    Lamps: Port, Starboard, and Anchor.
                    Cabin Lamps.

                  *       *       *       *       *

                               Rowlocks.
                              Boat Hooks.
                               Fendoffs.

      Extreme Height only 14 inches. 5-inch Card Liquid Compass.

These Binnacles are much approved of for small yachts, 3 and 5 tonners.
               Compass is perfectly steady in a sea way.

          _Rope of all Kinds for Yachts, Boats, and Canoes._

                           CATALOGUES FREE.




     The only Prize Medal awarded for Construction of Boats at the
              International Inventions Exhibition, 1885.

                     By Appointment to the Queen.

                            [Illustration]

                      ESTABLISHED OVER 100 YEARS.

                              R. J. TURK,

                    BOAT, PUNT, AND CANOE BUILDER,

                      KINGSTON-ON-THAMES, SURREY.

   _Boats, Punts, and Canoes of every kind Built with all the Latest
                            Improvements._

                HEAD QUARTERS OF THE ROYAL CANOE CLUB.

             CRUISING CANOE, with SELF-REEFING GEAR SAILS.


                            [Illustration]

    Gold Medal, Melbourne, 1888-1889. Gold Medal, Edinburgh, 1886.

    Gold Medal, Glasgow, 1886-1887. Silver Medal, Liverpool, 1886.

           Gold Medal, Paris International Exhibition, 1885.

         Silver and Bronze Medals, Falmouth Exhibition, 1885.

The Medal of the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, Leicester, 1885.

  Only Prize Medal, Inventions Exhibition, 1885, for Construction of
                                Boats.

           Silver Medal, Havre, 1887. Medal, Saltaire, 1887.

Highest Award, First Order of Merit, Adelaide International Exhibition,
                   1887, for Rowing Skiff and Canoe.

Silver Medal, Brussels, 1888. Silver and Bronze Medals, Barcelona, 1888.

Builder of the Nautilus Sailing Canoe, awarded Silver Medal, Inventions
                           Exhibition, 1885.


                 RADIX FOLDING CENTRE BOARD (Patent).

         Gold Medal, New Orleans. Silver Medal, Philadelphia.

                  Sole Agent for Europe, R. J. TURK.




                            NORIE & WILSON,

                           CHART PUBLISHERS,

                        156, MINORIES, LONDON.

              SAILING AND STEAM YACHTS FOR SALE OR HIRE.

                  YACHTING REQUISITES OF EVERY KIND.

 _Charts, Books, Nautical Instruments, Signal Flags, Burgees, Ensigns,
                                 etc._

                            [Illustration]

                         CATALOGUES POST FREE.




                               SAILING.

                             E. F. KNIGHT.




                       _THE ALL-ENGLAND SERIES._

                  _Small 8vo, cloth, price 1s. each._


     _CRICKET._ _By the HON. IVO BLIGH._

     _LAWN TENNIS._ _By H. W. W. WILBERFORCE, Sec. A.E.L.T.C._

     _ROWING AND SCULLING._ _By W. B. WOODGATE, Diamond Sculls._

     _SAILING._ _By E. F. KNIGHT, Author of “The Cruise of the
     ‘Falcon,’” &c._ [_Double volume, 2s._]

     _GOLF._ _By W. T. LINSKILL, Cam. Univ. Golf Club._

     _SWIMMING._ _By MARTIN COBBETT._

     _CYCLING._ _By H. H. GRIFFIN, L.A.C., N.C.U., C.T.C._

     _ATHLETICS._ _By H. H. GRIFFIN, L.A.C._

     _FOOTBALL--RUGBY GAME._ _By HARRY VASSALL._

     _FOOTBALL--ASSOCIATION GAME._ _By C. W. ALCOCK._

     _BOXING._ _By R. G. ALLANSON-WINN, Winner of Middle and Heavy
     Weights, Cambridge, 1876-8._

     _WRESTLING._ _By WALTER ARMSTRONG, Author of “Wrestliana.”_

     _TENNIS._ _By JULIAN MARSHALL._

     _FENCING._ _By H. A. COLMORE DUNN, Inns of Court School of Arms._

     _SKATING._ _By DOUGLAS ADAMS, London Skating Club._


                     _LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS._




                               SAILING.

                                  BY

                             E. F. KNIGHT,

                           BARRISTER-AT-LAW,

                AUTHOR OF “THE CRUISE OF THE ‘FALCON,’”
                  “THE ‘FALCON’ ON THE BALTIC,” ETC.

                    _WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS._

               LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK STREET,
                            COVENT GARDEN.
                                 1889.




                                LONDON:
             PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
                  STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.




CONTENTS.


CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY.
                                                                    PAGE

The choice of a boat--Description of the various parts of a
cutter                                                                 1


CHAPTER II.

THE ROPES.

Knots, bends, and hitches                                              6


CHAPTER III.

THE THEORY OF SAILING.

Leeway and lateral resistance--Heeling--Balancing sails--
Tacking--Action of rudder--Longitudinal resistance--Deep
keel or centre-board                                                  15


CHAPTER IV.

ON SMALL BOATS.

Open and half-decked boats--Ballast--The centre-board--
False keels--Lee-boards--Counters, square and pointed
sterns--Battened sails                                                22


CHAPTER V.

THE RIGS OF SMALL BOATS.

Spritsails--Dipping lugs--Standing lugs--Leg of mutton sails--The
balance lug--The Una rig--Balance reefs--The sloop--Rules
of open boat sailing                                                  28


CHAPTER VI.

A CUTTER’S RIGGING.

The bowsprit--Backstays--Main halyards--Tack tricing line--Lacing
mainsail to boom--Maintack tackle--The gaff--Foresheets--Forehorse--Jib
sheets--Mainsheet-horse--Topsail--Spinnaker--Strops
for block, etc.--The YAWL--The
KETCH                                                                 42


CHAPTER VII.

HOW TO SAIL A YACHT.

To get under way from moorings or anchorage--Setting sail--Close
hauled--Tacking--Missing stays--Waring--Squalls--Shifting
jibs--Jibing--Scandalizing mainsail--Hove to--Reefing--Returning
to moorings--Running aground                                          56


CHAPTER VIII.

MISCELLANEOUS HINTS.

Towing a dinghy--Berthon boats--To prevent a dinghy bumping
against an anchored yacht--Foul anchor--Mooring--The
drogue--The management of open boats in a heavy sea--Management
of a yacht in a rough sea--Boarding                                   71


CHAPTER IX.

FITTING OUT.

Ballasting a yacht--Lead on keel--The anchor--Setting up
rigging--Ventilation and dry rot--Mildew in sails--Stretching
new sails--Laying up a boat for the winter--Inventory                 82


CHAPTER X.

THE ECONOMY BETWEEN DECKS.

The well--Arrangement of cabin--Leaky decks--Cabin lights--The
forecastle--Cooking stoves                                            91


CHAPTER XI.

THE LAWS OF THE SEA.

Board of Trade regulations concerning lights, fog signals,
steering and sailing rules, pilot signals, etc.--Custom
House clearance on returning from a foreign port--Explanation
of the terms used in giving steering directions, etc.                 97


CHAPTER XII.

INSTRUMENTS OF NAVIGATION NECESSARY FOR COASTING.

Mercator’s chart--The mariner’s compass--The spirit
compass--Variation--Deviation--The log ship and line--The lead line  109


CHAPTER XIII.

HOW TO FIND ONE’S WAY AT SEA.

Cross bearings--Tacking across the sea--Leeway--How to
allow for a current--To find the hour of high water                  119


CHAPTER XIV.

WEATHER WISDOM.

Use of the instruments--Forecasting weather from natural
phenomena, etc.                                                      129