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                            PIGMENTS, PAINT

                                  AND

                               PAINTING




                            PIGMENTS, PAINT

                                  AND

                               PAINTING

                 _A PRACTICAL BOOK FOR PRACTICAL MEN_

                                  BY

                             GEORGE TERRY

                       [Illustration: colophon]

                                London
                      E. & F. N. SPON, 125 STRAND
                               New York
                SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 12 CORTLANDT STREET
                                 1893




INTRODUCTION.


In days gone by, the painter who served the usual term of
apprenticeship was deemed to have done all that was required to
qualify him for his trade. He may have learned little or much, but he
had “served his time,” and that was all that was expected of him. So
far as it went, the training was good, because it was nothing if not
practical, and practice is an essential element of skill. But nowadays
such a training can only be considered partial; mere practice, without
any scientific knowledge of the principles which underlie it, is but
half a qualification for the workman who aims at being really a master
of his trade.

When competition was unknown, and the low prices of raw material
offered no inducement for passing off inferior or fraudulent
substitutes, there was less need for a high degree of knowledge.
But under modern conditions, the painter who is unable to gauge the
qualities of the materials he uses, and who is ignorant of the rules
which govern those qualities, and of the principles which determine the
use of this and the rejection of that article, cannot long survive in
the struggle for supremacy or even livelihood.

Hence the need for a handbook such as this volume aims at being.
Granted that our technical schools and colleges are affording a liberal
and invaluable education to the workman who will avail himself of
the opportunities given him, still a man does not remain for ever at
school, and he needs a guide-book, handy of reference and accessible in
price, to refresh his memory and supplement the information gained in
the class-room and workshop.

To fulfil this useful purpose is the aim and object of this
unpretending volume.




CONTENTS.


CHAPTER I.

PRELIMINARY.

                                                                    PAGE

Colour                                                                 1

Pigments                                                               3


CHAPTER II.

BLACKS.

General                                                                5

Animal-black                                                           6

Bone-black                                                             6

Frankfort or Drop-black                                               11

Ivory-black                                                           11

Lamp-black                                                            11

Unimportant blacks--Aniline,
candle, charcoal, coal, cork,
German, iron, lead, manganese,
Prussian, prussiate,
Spanish, tannin                                                       25


CHAPTER III.

BLUES.

Cobalt blues--Cœruleum;
Cobalt blue; smalts                                                   27

Copper blues--Bremen
blue; Cæruleum; Lime
blue; Mountain blue or
Azurite; Péligot blue; Verditer                                       34

Indigo                                                                42

Manganese blue                                                        49

Prussian blue--General;
Yellow prussiate; Combination
of the cyanide and iron
solutions; Antwerp blue;
Bong’s blue; Brunswick
blue; Chinese blue; Paris
blue; Saxon blue; Soluble
blue; Turnbull’s blue                                                 49

Ultramarine                                                           70


CHAPTER IV.

BROWNS.

Asphalt or Bitumen                                                   101

Bistre                                                               101

Bone brown                                                           102

Cappagh brown                                                        102

Cassel earth                                                         102

Chicory brown                                                        102

Cologne earth                                                        102

Manganese brown                                                      103

Mars brown                                                           103

Prussian brown                                                       103

Rubens brown                                                         104

Sepia                                                                104

Ulmin                                                                105

Umbers                                                               105

Vandyke brown                                                        107


CHAPTER V.

GREENS.

Baryta                                                               109

Bremen                                                               112

Brighton                                                             112

Brunswick                                                            113

Chinese                                                              118

Chrome                                                               118

Cobalt                                                               119

Douglas                                                              120

Emerald                                                              121

Guignet’s                                                            125

Lokao                                                                129

Malachite                                                            129

Manganese                                                            130

Mineral                                                              130

Mitis                                                                130

Mountain                                                             131

Paris                                                                132

Prussian                                                             132

Rinmann                                                              132

Sap                                                                  132

Scheele’s                                                            133

Schweinfurth                                                         134

Terre verte                                                          134

Titanium                                                             135

Verdigris                                                            135

Verditer                                                             136

Verona earth                                                         136

Victoria                                                             137

Vienna                                                               137

Zinc                                                                 137


CHAPTER VI.

REDS.

Antimony vermilion                                                   138

Baryta red                                                           143

Cassius purple                                                       143

Chinese red                                                          144

Chrome orange                                                        144

Chrome red                                                           144

Cobalt pink                                                          144

Cobalt red                                                           144

Colcothar                                                            145

Derby red                                                            145

Indian red                                                           147

Lead orange                                                          147

Minium                                                               148

Orange mineral                                                       150

Oxide reds                                                           150

Persian red                                                          153

Realgar                                                              153

Red lead                                                             153

Rouge                                                                153

Venetian red                                                         153

Vermilion                                                            153

Victoria red                                                         169


CHAPTER VII.

WHITES.

Baryta white                                                         170

Blanc fixe                                                           172

Charlton white                                                       172

China clay                                                           172

Enamelled white                                                      183

English white                                                        183

Gypsum                                                               183

Kaolin                                                               183

Lead whites or White leads                                           183

Lime white                                                           245

Lithophone                                                           245

Magnesite                                                            245

Mineral white                                                        245

Orr’s enamel white                                                   245

Paris white                                                          246

Permanent white                                                      246

Satin white                                                          246

Spanish white                                                        246

Strontia white                                                       246

Terra alba                                                           246

Whiting                                                              246

Zinc whites                                                          247


CHAPTER VIII.

YELLOWS.

Arsenic yellow                                                       257

Aureolin yellow                                                      257

Cadmium yellow                                                       258

Chrome yellows                                                       258

Gamboge                                                              270

King’s yellow                                                        271

Naples yellows                                                       271

Ochres                                                               272

Orpiment                                                             280

Realgar                                                              280

Siennas                                                              281


CHAPTER IX.

LAKES.

Brazil-wood lake                                                     283

Carminated lake                                                      283

Carmine                                                              283

Cochineal lake                                                       284

Madder lake                                                          284

Yellow lakes                                                         285


CHAPTER X.

LUMINOUS PAINTS                                                      286


CHAPTER XI.

EXAMINATION OF PIGMENTS.

Fineness                                                             293

Body or covering power                                               293

Colour                                                               293

Durability                                                           294


CHAPTER XII.

VEHICLES AND DRYERS.

Generalities                                                         295

Ground-nut oil                                                       297

Hempseed oil                                                         298

Kukui or Candle-nut oil                                              298

Linseed oil                                                          299

Menhaden oil                                                         303

Poppy-seed oils                                                      305

Tobacco-seed oil                                                     306

Walnut oil                                                           307

Wood or Tung oil                                                     308

Extraction of seed oils                                              308

Dryers                                                               316

Litharge                                                             316

Cobalt and manganese benzoates                                       318

Cobalt and manganese borates                                         318

Resinates                                                            318

Zumatic dryers                                                       318

Manganese oxide                                                      318

Guynemer’s dryer                                                     319

Manganese oxalate                                                    319

Boiled oil                                                           320


CHAPTER XIII.

PAINT MACHINERY.

Wright & Co’s                                                        339

Hind and Lund’s                                                      345

Brinjes & Goodwin’s                                                  346


CHAPTER XIV.

PAINTING.

The surface                                                          351

Priming                                                              352

Drying                                                               353

Filling                                                              354

Coats                                                                355

Brushes                                                              355

Water-colours                                                        356

Removing odour                                                       356

Discoloration                                                        356

Composition                                                          358

Area covered                                                         360

Measuring                                                            360

Carriage and Car painting                                            361

Woodwork painting                                                    368

Iron painting                                                        369

Fresco painting                                                      378


INDEX                                                                383




ILLUSTRATIONS.


FIGURE                                                              PAGE

1, 2. BONE-BLACK FURNACE                                               8

3-11. APPARATUS FOR MAKING LAMP-BLACK                              12-22

12. FURNACE FOR ROASTING COBALT ORES                                  31

13. FURNACE FOR MAKING SMALTS                                         33

14-17. YELLOW PRUSSIATE FURNACE                                       60

18-20. HANNAY’S WHITE LEAD FURNACE                                   217

21-25. LEWIS’S WHITE LEAD FURNACE                               226, 230

26, 27. MACIVOR’S WHITE LEAD PROCESS                            233, 239

28. APPARATUS FOR MAKING ZINC OXIDE                                  248

29. APPARATUS FOR MAKING ZINC SULPHIDE                               253

30-32. FURNACE FOR ROASTING OCHRES                                   278

33-39. APPARATUS FOR EXTRACTING SEED-OILS                        309-315

40-44. WRIGHT & CO.’S PAINT MILLS                                340-344

45. HIND & LUND’S PAINT MILL                                         346

46-48. BRINJES AND GOODWIN’S PAINT MILLS                        347, 348

49. NOAKES & CO.’S METALLIC KEG                                      350




CHAPTER I.

PRELIMINARY.


=Colour.=--The term “colour” is inappropriately given by common usage
to material substances which convey a sense of colour to the human eye,
but is properly restricted to that sense itself. The material colour
should be called “pigment” or “dyestuff” in the raw state, and paint
when compounded with other substances for application in the form of a
coating.

The sense of colour is due to light. In the absence of light there
is no colour, only blackness; and black is really no colour, but an
absence of colour. Very many conditions combine to cause different
colour sensations, some of which are understood, while others we are
not able to explain.

For instance, take the action of heat upon a solution of chloride of
cobalt. As soon as the liquid becomes warm, the pink colour disappears
and gives place to blue; but on pouring water into it, the blue
vanishes and the pink reappears. Again, on heating the blue crystals
of sulphate of copper they become white, but the blue colour comes
back when water is added, and the solution assumes a deeper tint as it
dissolves more of the white powder.

If all the rays are cut off from an electric light except those which
are in and beyond the violet, and a flask containing a solution
of sulphate of quinine is held in that portion of the spectrum, it
will become luminous. The same thing will occur even more strikingly
on placing a piece of uranium glass in the ultra-violet rays. The
explanation of this phenomenon is that beyond those rays which give
light there are others which do not give light, i. e. which do not
cause us to experience the sensation of light; the reason being that
their vibrations are too rapid. But when certain other substances, such
as sulphate of quinine, or a thin slip of uranium glass, are placed in
the path of the rays