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IRELAND UNDER THE STUARTS

VOL. II.




_By the same Author_


  IRELAND UNDER THE TUDORS

  Vols. I. and II.--From the First Invasion of the
  Northmen to the year 1578.

  8vo. 32_s._

  Vol. III.--1578-1603. 8vo. 18_s._

  LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.
  London, New York, Bombay, and Calcutta




IRELAND

UNDER THE STUARTS

AND

DURING THE INTERREGNUM

BY
RICHARD BAGWELL, M.A.
AUTHOR OF 'IRELAND UNDER THE TUDORS'

VOL. II. 1642-1660

_WITH MAP_

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
1909

All rights reserved




CONTENTS

OF

THE SECOND VOLUME


  CHAPTER XXI

  MUNSTER AND CONNAUGHT, 1641-1642

                                                             PAGE

  The rebellion spreads to Munster                              1
  The King's proclamation                                       3
  St. Leger, Cork, and Inchiquin                                3
  State of Connaught                                            5
  Massacre at Shrule                                            6
  Clanricarde at Galway                                         7
  Weakness of the English party                                 8
  State of Clare--Ballyallia                                   10
  Cork and St. Leger                                           12


  CHAPTER XXII

  THE WAR TO THE BATTLE OF ROSS, 1642-1643

  Scots army in Ulster--Monro                                  14
  Strongholds preserved in Ulster                              16
  Ormonde in the Pale                                          17
  Battle of Kilrush                                            18
  The Catholic Confederation                                   19
  Owen Roe O'Neill                                             20
  Thomas Preston                                               21
  Loss of Limerick, St. Leger dies                             22
  Battle of Liscarrol                                          23
  Fighting in Ulster                                           23
  General Assembly at Kilkenny                                 25
  The Supreme Council--foreign support                         27
  Fighting in Leinster--Timahoe                                29
  Parliamentary agents in Dublin                               29
  Siege of New Ross                                            31
  Battle of Ross                                               32
  A papal nuncio talked of                                     34


  CHAPTER XXIII

  THE WAR TO THE FIRST CESSATION, 1642-1643

  The Adventurers for land--Lord Forbes                        36
  Forbes at Galway and elsewhere                               38
  A pragmatic chaplain, Hugh Peters                            40
  Forbes repulsed from Galway                                  41
  A useless expedition                                         42
  Siege and capture of Galway fort                             43
  O'Neill, Leven, and Monro                                    44
  The King will negotiate                                      46
  Dismissal of Parsons                                         47
  Vavasour and Castlehaven                                     48
  The King presses for a truce                                 48
  Scarampi and Bellings                                        49
  A cessation of arms, but no peace                            50
  Ormonde made Lord Lieutenant                                 51


  CHAPTER XXIV

  AFTER THE CESSATION, 1643-1644

  The cessation condemned by Parliament                        53
  The rout at Nantwich                                         54
  Monck advises the King                                       55
  The Solemn League and Covenant                               55
  The Covenant taken in Ulster                                 57
  Monro seizes Belfast                                         59
  Dissensions between Leinster and Ulster                      60
  Failure of Castlehaven's expedition                          60
  Antrim and Montrose                                          61
  The Irish under Montrose--Alaster MacDonnell                 62
  Rival diplomatists at Oxford                                 64
  Violence of both parties                                     66
  Failure of the Oxford negotiations                           68
  Inchiquin supports the Parliament                            69


  CHAPTER XXV

  INCHIQUIN, ORMONDE, AND GLAMORGAN, 1644-1645

  The no quarter ordinance                                     72
  Roman Catholics expelled from Cork, Youghal, and Kinsale     73
  The Covenant in Munster                                      74
  Negotiations for peace                                       75
  Bellings at Paris and Rome                                   76
  Recruits for France and Spain                                77
  Irish appeals for foreign help                               78
  Siege of Duncannon Fort                                      80
  Mission of Glamorgan with extraordinary powers               84
  Glamorgan in Ireland                                         87
  The Glamorgan treaty                                         88


  CHAPTER XXVI

  FIGHTING NORTH AND SOUTH--RINUCCINI, 1645

  Castlehaven in Munster                                       90
  Fall of Lismore, Youghal besieged                            93
  Relief of Youghal                                            94
  Coote in Connaught                                           95
  Rinuccini appointed nuncio                                   96
  Scope of his mission                                         97
  King and Queen distrusted at Rome                            98
  Rinuccini at Paris                                           99
  His voyage to Ireland                                       100
  Arrival in Kerry and welcome at Kilkenny                    102


  CHAPTER XXVII

  THE ORMONDE PEACE, 1646

  Glamorgan and Rinuccini                                     103
  Arrest of Glamorgan                                         104
  Charles repudiates him                                      106
  Mission of Sir Kenelm Digby                                 107
  Ireland must be sacrificed                                  108
  Sir Kenelm Digby's treaty                                   109
  Glamorgan swears fealty to the nuncio                       111
  Ormonde's peace with the Confederacy                        112
  Lord Digby's adventures                                     114
  The peace proclaimed at Dublin                              115
  Siege of Bunratty                                           115
  Battle of Benburb                                           117
  Scots power in Ulster broken                                120
  Rejoicings in Ireland and at Rome                           121
  Rinuccini opposes the peace                                 122
  Which the clergy reject                                     123
  Riot at Limerick                                            125
  Ormonde at Kilkenny                                         126
  Triumph of Rinuccini                                        129
  Quarrels of O'Neill and Preston                             130
  Lord Digby's intrigues                                      134
  Rinuccini loses his popularity                              136
  Discords among the Confederates                             137


  CHAPTER XXVIII

  SURRENDER OF DUBLIN AND AFTER, 1647

  Dublin between two fires                                    140
  Mission of George Leyburn                                   141
  Ormonde's reasons for surrendering to Parliament            143
  Digby's last plots in Ireland                               144
  Glamorgan as general                                        145
  His army adheres to Muskerry                                146
  Preston routed at Dungan Hill                               148
  Parliamentary neglect                                       149
  Victories of Inchiquin                                      150
  Lord Lisle's abortive viceroyalty                           151
  Sack of Cashel                                              153
  Mahony's _Disputatio Apologetica_                           154
  Rinuccini and O'Neill                                       155
  Battle of Knocknanuss                                       157
  Declining fortunes of the Confederacy                       158
  Fresh appeals for foreign aid                               159
  Inchiquin distrusted by Parliament                          161
  Ormonde goes to England and France                          162


  CHAPTER XXIX

  INCHIQUIN, RINUCCINI, AND ORMONDE, 1648

  Inchiquin deserts the Parliament                            164
  His truce with the Confederacy                              165
  Rinuccini dependent on O'Neill                              166
  Who threatens Kilkenny                                      168
  O'Neill, Inchiquin, and Michael Jones                       170
  O'Neill proclaimed traitor at Kilkenny                      170
  Ormonde returns to Ireland                                  171
  His reception at Kilkenny                                   172
  Monck master in Ulster                                      173
  The Prince of Wales expected                                174
  The Confederacy dissolved                                   175
  Rinuccini driven from Ireland                               176


  CHAPTER XXX

  RINUCCINI TO CROMWELL, 1649

  Ormonde's commanding position                               179
  Charles II. proclaimed                                      180
  Milton and the Ulster Presbyterians                         180
  Monck, O'Neill, and Coote in Ulster                         182
  Inchiquin takes Drogheda                                    183
  Ormonde defeated by Jones at Rathmines                      184
  Charles II. has thoughts of Ireland                         186
  Prince Rupert at Kinsale                                    187
  Broghill consents to serve Parliament                       189
  Cromwell leaves London                                      189


  CHAPTER XXXI

  CROMWELL IN IRELAND, 1649

  Cromwell restores discipline in Dublin                      191
  Storm of Drogheda                                           193
  Ormonde's treaty with O'Neill                               196
  Death and character of Owen Roe O'Neill                     197
  Cromwell at Wexford                                         198
  Storm of Wexford                                            200
  Cromwell takes New Ross                                     201
  Cork, Kinsale, and Youghal join Cromwell                    203
  Operations after New Ross                                   204
  Siege of Waterford                                          205
  Siege raised                                                206
  Death of Michael Jones                                      206
  Cromwell winters at Youghal                                 208
  Broghill's campaign                                         208
  Carrickfergus taken                                         209
  The Clonmacnoise decrees                                    210


  CHAPTER XXXII

  CROMWELL IN IRELAND, 1650

  Cromwell's declaration                                      212
  A lady's experience at Cork                                 213
  Cromwell's southern campaign                                214
  Operations in Leinster--Castlehaven                         216
  Cromwell takes Kilkenny                                     218
  Siege of Clonmel, assault repulsed                          220
  The town capitulates                                        222
  Battle of Macroom, Cromwell leaves Ireland                  223
  Submission of Protestant Royalists                          225


  CHAPTER XXXIII

  ORMONDE'S LAST STRUGGLES, 1650

  Dissensions among Irish Royalists                           226
  O'Neill succeeded by Bishop Macmahon                        227
  Englishmen turned out of the army                           228
  Battle of Scariffhollis                                     230
  Assembly summoned to meet at Loughrea                       232
  Ormonde excluded from Limerick                              232
  Clanricarde excluded from Galway                            233
  Surrender of Tecroghan and Carlow                           234
  Waterford capitulates                                       235
  Charlemont taken                                            236
  Meeting of bishops at Jamestown                             237
  Ormonde's adherents excommunicated                          238
  Charles II. repudiates the Irish                            239
  A conference at Galway                                      241
  The excommunication maintained--no Protestant governor      242
  The Loughrea assembly can do little                         243
  Ormonde leaves Ireland, Clanricarde Deputy                  243


  CHAPTER XXXIV

  CLANRICARDE AND IRETON, 1651

  Plague and famine                                           245
  A regicide government                                       246
  Hugh O'Neill at Limerick                                    247
  Charles IV., Duke of Lorraine                               249
  Taaffe's mission to Charles II.                             251
  A Lorraine envoy in Ireland                                 253
  Extent of Lorraine succours                                 254
  Terms of agreement with the Duke                            256
  Condemned by Ormonde and Clanricarde                        257
  No help after Worcester                                     258
  Ireton passes the Shannon                                   261
  Coote and Reynolds elude Clanricarde                        262
  Desperate defence of Gort--Ludlow                           263
  Siege of Limerick                                           263
  Ludlow in Clare                                             266
  Broghill's victory at Knockbrack                            268
  Capitulation of Limerick                                    271
  Treatment of the besieged                                   273
  Death and character of Ireton                               277


  CHAPTER XXXV

  LAST PHASE OF THE WAR, 1652

  Galway holds out                                            278
  The Irish in Scilly                                         279
  Meeting of officers at Kilkenny                             280
  Horrors of guerrilla warfare                                280
  Capitulation of Galway                                      283
  "Tame Tories"                                               284
  Clanricarde's last struggle                                 285
  Castlehaven leaves Ireland--his memoirs                     286
  Clanricarde goes to England--his character                  287
  Submission of Irish leaders                                 289
  Siege of Ross Castle                                        290
  The Parliament an avenger of blood                          292
  The Leinster articles                                       293
  Richard Grace                                               294
  Ludlow's last service in the field                          295
  Arrival of Fleetwood                                        298


  CHAPTER XXXVI

  END OF THE WAR, AND ITS PRICE

  Last stand at Innisbofin                                    298
  Last stand in Ulster                                        299
  Exhaustion of the country                                   300
  Treatment of priests                                        301
  Swordsmen sent abroad                                       303
  Fleetwood commander-in-chief                                304
  Sir Phelim O'Neill tried and executed                       305
  Alleged commission from Charles I.                          307
  Lord Muskerry acquitted                                     308
  Primate O'Reilly pardoned                                   310
  Lord Mayo tried and shot                                    311
  The Crown bound by the Adventurers' Act                     312


  CHAPTER XXXVII

  PEACE, SETTLEMENT, AND TRANSPLANTATION, 1652-1654

  Magnitude of the problem                                    315
  Effect of the 1641 evidence                                 317
  The Act of Settlement                                       317
  Lambert's abortive appointment as Deputy                    319
  Expulsion of the Long Parliament                            320
  Barebone's Parliament--Irish members                        321
  Casting lots for Ireland                                    322
  Claims of the army                                          322
  The Act of Satisfaction                                     324
  Transplantation proceeds slowly                             325
  The Protectorate established                                326
  Fleetwood Deputy                                            327
  Cromwell's first Parliament--Irish members                  328
  Transplantation--Gookin and Lawrence                        329
  Tories, name and thing                                      330
  The Waldensian massacre                                     332
  Difficulties of transplantation, Loughrea and Athlone       333
  Worsley and Petty--the Down survey                          334
  Clarendon on the settlement                                 338
  Desolation of the towns                                     339
  Proposed transplantation of Presbyterians                   341


  CHAPTER XXXVIII

  HENRY CROMWELL, 1655-1659

  Henry Cromwell supersedes Fleetwood                         343
  Deportation to the West Indies                              344
  Henry and the sectaries                                     346
  Reduction of the army                                       347
  Oliver and his son                                          348
  Cromwell's second Parliament--Irish members                 349
  The oath of abjuration                                      350
  Henry Lord Deputy                                           352
  Henry made Lord Lieutenant by his brother                   354
  Ireland in the Parliament of 1659                           355
  Petty and his detractors                                    356
  Henry recalled by the restored Rump                         359
  Attempted estimate of Henry Cromwell                        360


  CHAPTER XXXIX

  THE RESTORATION

  Provisional government, John Jones and Ludlow               362
  Monck interferes                                            363
  End of the revolutionary government                         364
  The Irish army proves Royalist                              365
  Monck gains Coote and Broghill                              366
  Ludlow's last efforts                                       366
  Impeachment of Ludlow and others                            368
  New commissioners of Government appointed                   369
  General convention and declarations of officers             370
  Charles II. proclaimed in Dublin                            371




MAP


  Ireland, to illustrate the Cromwellian settlement      _to face p. 1_

[Illustration: IRELAND

to illustrate the

CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT]




IRELAND UNDER THE STUARTS




CHAPTER XXI

MUNSTER AND CONNAUGHT, 1641-1642


[Sidenote: The rebellion spreads to Munster, December, 1641.]

[Sidenote: St. Leger's raid.]

There was no outbreak in Munster during November, but Lord President
St. Leger knew that he had no real means of resisting one. The Lords
Justices had drawn off most of the soldiers, the rest were occupied as
garrisons, and practically he had only his own troop of horse to depend
on. Before the end of the month the Leinster rebels had come nearly to
the Suir, and he repaired with what men he could collect to Clonmel
lest Lady Ormonde, who was at Carrick, should fall into the invaders'
hands. The gentlemen of Tipperary came to meet him, but could or would
do nothing. 'Every man stands at gaze, and suffers the rascals to rob
and pillage all the English about them.' Ormonde's own cattle were
driven off. St. Leger's brother-in-law having been pillaged, he took
indiscriminate vengeance, and some innocent men were probably killed.
He as good as told the Tipperary magnates that they were all rebels.
In the meantime the Leinster insurgents had crossed the estuary of the
Suir in boats, and ravaged the eastern part of Waterford. St. Leger
rode rapidly through the intervening mountains, though there was snow
on the ground, and fell upon a party of plunderers at Mothel, near
Carrick. The