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[The transcribers’ notes follow the text.]




                             FENCES, GATES

                                  AND

                               BRIDGES.

                          A PRACTICAL MANUAL.

                               EDITED BY
                           GEORGE A. MARTIN.

                     THREE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS.

                            [Illustration]

                               NEW YORK:
                         ORANGE JUDD COMPANY,
                                 1892.




    Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1887, by the

                             O. JUDD CO.,

      In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.




PREFATORY


It is authoritatively stated that the building and maintenance of the
farm fences in the United States have cost more than the construction
of the farm buildings. Be this as it may, while large numbers of works
have been written upon rural architecture we believe this is the first
publication specially devoted to Fences, Gates and Bridges. It aims to
be a practical work, showing the “evolution” of the fence from the road
barrier of logs, brush or sods to the latest improved forms of barbed
wire. The numerous illustrations are mainly representations of fences,
gates, etc., in actual use. The chapter on fence law is necessarily
condensed. The various judicial decisions upon the subject alone would
fill a large volume.

This little work, the first and only one of its character, is given to
the public in the confident hope that it will prove specially useful to
farmers and village residents.




TABLE OF CONTENTS.


CHAPTER I.

 Rail and other Primitive Fences                                  7-17

Virginia Rail Fence; Laying a Rail Fence; Staking and Wiring; A