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Transcriber's Note


Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.




THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES

VOLUME LXIX


THE

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.

Each book complete in One Volume, 12mo, and bound in Cloth.

  1. THE FORMS OF WATER IN CLOUDS AND RIVERS, ICE AND GLACIERS. By J.
       Tyndall, LL. D., F. R. S. With 35 Illustrations. $1.50.

  2. PHYSICS AND POLITICS; or, Thoughts on the Application of the
       Principles of "Natural Selection" and "Inheritance" to Political
       Society. By Walter Bagehot. $1.50.

  3. FOODS. By Edward Smith, M. D., LL. B., F. R. S. With numerous
       Illustrations. $1.75.

  4. MIND AND BODY: The Theories of their Relation. By Alexander
       Bain, LL. D. With 4 Illustrations. $1.50.

  5. THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY. By Herbert Spencer. $1.50.

  6. THE NEW CHEMISTRY. By Professor J. P. Cooke, Harvard University.
       With 31 Illustrations. $2.00.

  7. THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY. By Balfour Stewart, M.A., LL. D., F.
       R. S. With 14 Illustrations. $1.50.

  8. ANIMAL LOCOMOTION; or, Walking, Swimming, and Flying. By J. B.
       Pettigrew, M. D., F. R. S., etc. With 130 Illustrations. $1.75.

  9. RESPONSIBILITY IN MENTAL DISEASE. By Henry Maudsley, M. D.,
       $1.50.

  10. THE SCIENCE OF LAW. By Professor Sheldon Amos. $1.75.

  11. ANIMAL MECHANISM: A Treatise on Terrestrial and Aërial
       Locomotion. By Professor E. J. Marey, College of France. With
       117 Illustrations. $1.75.

  12. THE HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN RELIGION AND SCIENCE. By J.
       W. Draper, M. D., LL. D. $1.75.

  13. THE DOCTRINE OF DESCENT AND DARWINISM. By Professor Oscar
       Schmidt, Strasburg University. With 26 Illustrations. $1.50.

  14. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIGHT AND PHOTOGRAPHY IN THEIR APPLICATION
       TO ART, SCIENCE, AND INDUSTRY. By Dr. Hermann Vogel, Royal
       Industrial Academy of Berlin. With 100 Illustrations.. $2.00.

  15. FUNGI: Their Nature and Uses. By M. C. Cooke, M. A., LL. D.
       Edited by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M. A., F. L. S. With 109
       Illustrations. $1.50.

  16. THE LIFE AND GROWTH OF LANGUAGE. By Professor William Dwight
       Whitney, Yale College. $1 50.

  17. MONEY AND THE MECHANISM OF EXCHANGE. By W. Stanley Jevons, M. A.,
       F. R. S. $1.75.

  18. THE NATURE OF LIGHT, with a General Account of Physical Optics.
       By Dr. Eugene Lommel. With 188 Illustrations and a Table of
       Spectra in Colors. $2.00.

  19. ANIMAL PARASITES AND MESSMATES. By Professor P. J. Van Beneden,
       University of Louvain. With 83 Illustrations. $1.50.

  20. FERMENTATION. By Professor P. Schützenberger. With 28
       Illustrations. $1.50.

  21. THE FIVE SENSES OF MAN. By Professor Julius Bernstein,
       University of Halle. With 91 Illustrations. $1.75.

  22. THE THEORY OF SOUND IN ITS RELATION TO MUSIC. By Professor
       Pietro Blaserna, Royal University of Rome. With numerous
       Illustrations. $1.50.

  23. STUDIES IN SPECTRUM ANALYSIS. By J. Norman Lockyer, F. R. S.
       With 7 Photographic Illustrations of Spectra, and 52 other
       Illustrations. $2.50.

  24. A HISTORY OF THE GROWTH OF THE STEAM-ENGINE. By Professor R. H.
       Thurston, Cornell University. With 163 Illustrations. $2.50.

  25. EDUCATION AS A SCIENCE. By Alexander Bain, LL. D. $1.75.

  26. STUDENTS 1 TEXT-BOOK OF COLOR; or, Modern Chromatics. With
       Applications to Art and Industry. By Professor Ogden N. Rood,
       Columbia College. With 130 Illustrations. $2.00.

  27. THE HUMAN SPECIES. By Professor A. de Quatrefages, Museum of
       Natural History, Paris. $2.00.

  28. THE CRAYFISH: An Introduction to the Study of Zoölogy. By T. H.
       Huxley, F. R. S. With 82 Illustrations. $1.75.

  29. THE ATOMIC THEORY. By Professor A. Wurtz. Translated by E.
       Cleminshaw, F. C. S. With Illustrative Chart, $1.50.

  30. ANIMAL LIFE AS AFFECTED BY THE NATURAL CONDITIONS OF EXISTENCE.
       By Professor Karl Semper, University of Würzburg. With 106
       Illustrations and 2 Maps. $2.00.

  31. SIGHT: An Exposition of the Principles of Monocular and
       Binocular Vision. By Professor Joseph Le Conte, LL. D.,
       University of California. With 132 Illustrations. $1.50.

  32. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLES AND NERVES. By Professor I.
       Rosenthal, University of Erlangen. With 75 Illustrations. $1.50.

  33. ILLUSIONS: A Psychological Study. By James Sully. $1.50.

  34. THE SUN. By Professor C. A. Young, College of New Jersey. With
       83 Illustrations. $2.00.

  35. VOLCANOES; What they Are and What they Teach. By Professor John
       W. Judd, F. R S., Royal School of Mines. With 96 Illustrations.
       $2.00.

  36. SUICIDE: An Essay in Comparative Moral Statistics. By Professor
       Henry Morselli, M. D., Royal University, Turin. With 4
       Statistical Maps. $1.75.

  37. THE FORMATION OF VEGETABLE MOULD, THROUGH THE ACTION OF WORMS.
       With Observations on their Habits. By Charles Darwin, LL. D., F.
       R. S. With 15 Illustrations. $1.50.

  38. THE CONCEPTS AND THEORIES OF MODERN PHYSICS. By J. B. Stallo.
       $1.75.

  39. THE BRAIN AND ITS FUNCTIONS. By J. Luys, Hospice Salpêtrière,
       Paris. With 6 Illustrations. $1.50.

  40. MYTH AND SCIENCE. By Tito Vignoli. $1.50.

  41. DISEASES OF MEMORY: An Essay in the Positive Psychology. By Th.
       Ribot, author of "Heredity." $1.59.

  42. ANTS, BEES. AND WASPS. A Record of Observations of the Habits of
       the Social Hymenoptera. By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F. R. S.,
       etc. $2.00.

  43. THE SCIENCE OF POLITICS. By Professor Sheldon Amos. $1.75.

  44. ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. By George J. Romanes, M. D., F. R. S. $1.75.

  45. MAN BEFORE METALS. By Professor N. Jolt, Science Faculty of
       Toulouse. With 148 Illustrations. $1.75.

  46. THE ORGANS OF SPEECH AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE FORMATION OF
       ARTICULATE SOUNDS. By Professor G. H. von Meter, University of
       Zürich. With 47 Illustrations. $1.75.

  47. FALLACIES: A View of Logic from the Practical Side. By Alfred
       Sidgwick, B. A., Oxon. $1.75.

  48. ORIGIN OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. By Alphonse de Candolle. $2.00.

  49. JELLY-FISH, STAR-FISH, AND SEA-URCHINS. A Research on Primitive
       Nervous Systems. By George J. Romanes, M. D., F. R. S. With 63
       Illustrations. $1.75.

  50. THE COMMON SENSE OF THE EXACT SCIENCES. By William Kingdon
       Clifford. With 100 Figures. $1.50.

  51. PHYSICAL EXPRESSION: Its Modes and Principles. By Francis
       Warner, M.D., Assistant Physician, London Hospital. With 51
       Illustrations $1.75.

  52. ANTHROPOID APES. By Professor Robert Hartmann, University of
       Berlin. With 63 Illustrations. $1.75.

  53. THE MAMMALIA IN THEIR RELATION TO PRIMEVAL TIMES By Professor
       Oscar Schmidt, University of Strasburg. With 51 Illustrations.
       $1.50.

  54. COMPARATIVE LITERATURE. By Professor H. M. Posnett, M. A.,
       University College, Auckland. $1.75.

  55. EARTHQUAKES AND OTHER EARTH MOVEMENTS. By Professor John Milne,
       Imperial College of Engineering, Tokio. With 38 Figures. $1.75.

  56. MICROBES, FERMENTS, AND MOULDS. By E. L. Trouessart. With 107
       Illustrations. $1.50.

  57. THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS. By
       Professor Angelo Heilprin, Academy of Natural Sciences,
       Philadelphia. $2.00.

  58. WEATHER. A Popular Exposition of the Nature of Weather Changes
       from Day to Day. With 96 Diagrams. By Hon. Ralph Abercromby.
       $1.75.

  59. ANIMAL MAGNETISM. By Alfred Binet and Charles Féré, Assistant
       Physician, Hospice Salpêtrière, Paris. With 16 Figures. $1.50.

  60. INTERNATIONAL LAW, with Materials for a Code of International
       Law. By Professor Leone Levi, King's College, London. $1.50.

  61. THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. With 79 Illustrations. By Sir
       J. William Dawson. LL. D.. F. B. S. $1.75.

  62. ANTHROPOLOGY. An Introduction to the Study of Man and
       Civilization. By Edward B. Tylor, D. C. L., F. R. S. With 78
       Illustrations. $2.00.

  63. THE ORIGIN OF FLORAL STRUCTURES, THROUGH INSECT AND OTHER
       AGENCIES. By the Rev. George Henslow, M. A., etc. With 88
       Illustrations. $1.75.

  64. THE SENSES, INSTINCTS, AND INTELLIGENCE OF ANIMALS, WITH SPECIAL
       REFERENCE TO INSECTS. By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F. R. S., etc.
       With 118 Illustrations. $1.75.

  65. THE PRIMITIVE FAMILY IN ITS ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT. By Dr. C. N.
       Starcke, University of Copenhagen. $1.75.

  66. PHYSIOLOGY OF BODILY EXERCISE. By F. Lagrange, M.D. $1.75.

  67. THE COLORS OF ANIMALS: Their Meaning and Use. By Edward Bagnall
       Poulton, F. R. S. With 36 Illustrations and 1  Plate.
       $1.75.

  68. SOCIALISM: New and Old. By Professor William Graham, M. A.,
       Queen's College, Belfast. $1.75.

  69. MAN AND THE GLACIAL PERIOD. By Professor G. Frederick Wright, D.
       D., Oberlin Theological Seminary. With 108 Illustrations and 3
       Maps. $1.75.

  70. HANDBOOK OF GREEK AND LATIN PALÆOGRAPHY. By Edward Maunde
       Thompson, D. C. L., etc. $2.00.

  71. A HISTORY OF CRUSTACEA. Recent Malacostraca. By the Rev. Thomas
       R. R. Stebbing, M. A. With 51 Illustrations. $2.00.

  72. RACE AND LANGUAGE. By Professor André Lefèvre, Anthropological
       School, Paris.

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 72 Filth Avenue.


       *       *       *       *       *


[Illustration: CONTOUR AND GLACIAL MAP OF THE BRITISH ISLES]


                   THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES




                                 MAN AND

                           THE GLACIAL PERIOD


                                   BY

                           G. FREDERICK WRIGHT

                       D. D., LL. D., F. G. S. A.


                PROFESSOR IN OBERLIN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
        FORMERLY ASSISTANT ON THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
                 AUTHOR OF THE ICE AGE IN NORTH AMERICA.
                   LOGIC OF CHRISTIAN EVIDENCES, ETC.


                   _WITH AN APPENDIX ON TERTIARY MAN_
                        By PROF. HENRY W. HAYNES


                            FULLY ILLUSTRATED


                            _SECOND EDITION_


                                NEW YORK
                         D. APPLETON AND COMPANY

                                  1895


Copyright, 1892,

By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.



  Electrotyped and Printed
  at the Appleton Press, U. S. A.


TO

JUDGE C. C. BALDWIN

PRESIDENT OF THE WESTERN RESERVE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

CLEVELAND

THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED

IN RECOGNITION OF

HIS SAGACIOUS AND UNFAILING INTEREST IN

THE INVESTIGATIONS WHICH HAVE MADE IT POSSIBLE




PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.


Since, as stated in the Introduction (page 1), the plan of this volume
permitted only "a concise presentation of the facts," it was impossible
to introduce either full references to the illimitable literature of
the subject or detailed discussion of all disputed points. The facts
selected, therefore, were for the most part those upon which it was
supposed there would be pretty general agreement.

The discussion upon the subject of the continuity of the Glacial period
was, however, somewhat elaborate (see pages 106-121, 311, 324, 332),
and was presented with excessive respect for the authority of those who
maintain the opposite view; all that was claimed (page 110) being that
one might maintain the _unity_ or _continuity_ of the Glacial period
"without forfeiting his right to the respect of his fellow-geologists."
But it already appears that there was no need of this extreme modesty of
statement. On the contrary, the vigorous discussion of the subject which
has characterized the last two years reveals a decided reaction against
the theory that there has been more than one Glacial epoch in Quaternary
times; while there have been brought to light many most important if not
conclusive facts in favour of the theory supported in the volume.

In America the continuity of the Glacial period has been maintained
during the past two years with important new evidence, among others
by authorities of no less eminence and special experience in glacial
investigations than Professor Dana,[A] Mr. Warren Upham,[B] and Professor
Edward H. Williams, Jr.[C] Professor Williams's investigations on the
attenuated border of the glacial deposits in the Lehigh, the most
important upper tributary to the Delaware Valley, Pa., are of important
significance, since the area which he so carefully studied lies wholly
south of the terminal moraine of Lewis and Wright, and belongs to the
portion of the older drift which Professors Chamberlin and Salisbury
have been most positive in assigning to the first Glacial epoch, which
they have maintained was separated from the second epoch by a length of
time sufficient for the streams to erode rock gorges in the Delaware and
Lehigh Rivers from two hundred to three hundred feet in depth.[D] But
Professor Williams has found that the rock gorges of the Lehigh, and
even of its southern tributaries, had been worn down approximately to
the present depth of that of the Delaware before this earliest period of
glaciation, and that the gorges were filled with the earliest glacial
_débris_.

[Footnote A: American Journal of Science, vol. xlvi, pp. 327, 330.]

[Footnote B: American Journal of Science, vols, xlvi, pp. 114-121; xlvii,
pp. 358-365; American Geologist, vols, x, pp. 339-362, especially pp.
361, 362; xiii, pp. 114, 278; Bulletin of the Geological Society of
America, vol. v, pp. 71-86, 87-100.]

[Footnote C: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. v, pp.
13-16, 281-296; American Journal of Science, vol. xlvii, pp. 33-36.]

[Footnote D: See