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                                 WASPS

                          SOCIAL AND SOLITARY

[Illustration:
                                         Page 266
PELOPÆUS ON NEST, GROUP OF FINISHED CELLS, AND TUBE OPENED TO SHOW
SPIDERS]




                                 WASPS

                          SOCIAL AND SOLITARY


                                  BY

                           GEORGE W. PECKHAM

                                  AND

                         ELIZABETH G. PECKHAM


                        WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY

                            JOHN BURROUGHS


                  _ILLUSTRATIONS BY JAMES H. EMERTON_


    “Bold sons of air and heat, untamed, untired.”—ILIAD, Book XVII

  [Illustration: LOGO]

                          BOSTON AND NEW YORK

                     HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY

                    The Riverside Press, Cambridge

                                 1905




     COPYRIGHT 1905 BY GEORGE W. PECKHAM AND ELIZABETH G. PECKHAM

                          ALL RIGHTS RESERVED


                        _Published April, 1905_




NOTE


A PART of the matter presented in this volume was published several
years ago by the Wisconsin Biological Survey, under the title
“Instincts and Habits of the Solitary Wasps.” These chapters have
been revised and modified, and new matter based upon later work has
been added, in the hope that in their present less technical form the
observations recorded will be of interest to the general reader.

For a number of the text cuts used in this volume we are indebted to
the courtesy of Dr. E. A. Birge, Director of the Wisconsin Geological
and Natural History Survey.




                               CONTENTS


  CHAPTER                                                           PAGE

     I. COMMUNAL LIFE                                                  1

    II. AMMOPHILA AND HER CATERPILLARS                                15

   III. THE GREAT GOLDEN DIGGER                                       56

    IV. SEVERAL LITTLE WASPS                                          72

     V. CRABRO                                                        97

    VI. AN ISLAND SETTLEMENT                                         119

   VII. THE BURROWERS                                                141

  VIII. THE WOOD–BORERS                                              178

    IX. THE SPIDER–HUNTERS                                           196

     X. THE ENEMIES OF THE GRASSHOPPER                               248

    XI. WORKERS IN CLAY                                              265

   XII. SENSE OF DIRECTION                                           275

  XIII. INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE                                    292




                         LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS


                                                                    PAGE

  PELOPÆUS ON NEST, GROUP OF FINISHED CELLS, AND
  TUBE OPENED TO SHOW SPIDERS (page 266)                  _Frontispiece_

  WASP EATING                                                          3

  PAPER NEST WITH SIDE REMOVED TO SHOW CONSTRUCTION
  OF COMBS                                                            11

  AMMOPHILA URNARIA CARRYING CATERPILLAR TO
  NEST                                                                19

  AMMOPHILA URNARIA STINGING CATERPILLAR                              27

  CATERPILLAR WITH EGG OF AMMOPHILA URNARIA                           29

  NEST OF AMMOPHILA                                                   31

  AMMOPHILA URNARIA USING STONE TO POUND DOWN
  EARTH OVER NEST                                                     39

  THOROUGH LOCALITY STUDY BY SPHEX                                    59

  HASTY LOCALITY STUDY BY SPHEX                                       61

  SPHEX DRAGGING GRASSHOPPER TO HER NEST                              63

  NEST OF SPHEX                                                       69

  OXYBELUS QUADRINOTATUS                                              75

  NEST OF OXYBELUS                                                    79

  APORUS FASCIATUS                                                    81

  WASP HOMES IN THE LOG CABIN                                         85

  NEST OF PERENNIS                                                    89

  NEST OF ANORMIS                                                     91

  SEXMACULATUS IN THE LINDEN ROOTS                                    99

  CRABRO AND HER WHITE MOTHS                                         103

  CRABRO STIRPICOLA                                                  106

  BOTTLE ON STEM TO MEASURE WORK OF CRABRO                           107

  NEST OF C. STIRPICOLA                                              113

  AMMOPHILA SLEEPING IN THE GRASS (AFTER
  BANKS)                                                             115

  NEST OF BEMBEX                                                     125

  BEMBEX SPINOLÆ LOOKING OUT OF NEST                                 131

  BEMBEX                                                            