



Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Paul Marshall and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net






Transcriber's Notes:

  Underscores "_" before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_
    in the original text.
  A single underscore designates a subscript.
  Equal signs "=" before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold=
    in the original text.
  Carat symbol "^" designates a superscript.
  Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.
  Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.
  Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations
    in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered.




                               DECEMBER,
                 Volume XVI.       1915      Number 2.


                                The Ohio

                           Journal of Science

                 (Continuation of The Ohio Naturalist)

                         Official Organ of the

                OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY

                               and of the

                        OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

                             COLUMBUS, OHIO

     Annual Subscription Price, $2.00      Single Number, 30 Cents

 Entered at the Post-Office at Columbus, Ohio, as Second-Class Matter.




                      THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

                            PUBLISHED BY THE

                Ohio State University Scientific Society

                Issued Monthly during the Academic Year,
                 from November to June (eight numbers).

             OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

        Subscription Price: $2.00 per Year, payable in advance;
                      to Foreign Countries, $2.50.
                        Single Copies, 30 Cents.

                Editor,                JOHN H. SCHAFFNER
                Associate Editor,          JAMES S. HINE
                Associate Editor,      FREDERICK W. IVES


                         EDITORIAL BOARD

           J. F. LYMAN            Agricultural Chemistry
           F. W. IVES           Agricultural Engineering
           A. G. MCCALL                         Agronomy
           F. L. LANDACRE                        Anatomy
           J. H. SCHAFFNER                        Botany
           CARL B. HARROP            Ceramic Engineering
           JAS. R. WITHROW                     Chemistry
           F. H. ENO                   Civil Engineering
           MINNA C. DENTON                Home Economics
           N. W. SCHERER                        Forestry
           C. S. PROSSER                         Geology
           V. H. DAVIS                      Horticulture
           W. A. KNIGHT                  Industrial Arts
           C. J. WEST                        Mathematics
           HORACE JUDD            Mechanical Engineering
           JONATHAN FORMAN                     Pathology
           F. C. BLAKE                           Physics
           R. J. SEYMOUR            Physiology (General)
           CLAYTON MCPEEK           Physiology (Medical)
           E. R. HAYHURST     Public Health & Sanitation
           J. S. HINE             Zoology and Entomology

THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE is owned and controlled by the Ohio State
University Scientific Society. By a special arrangement with the Ohio
Academy of Science, the OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE is sent without
additional expense to all members of the Academy who are not in arrears
for annual dues.

The first fifteen volumes of the old OHIO NATURALIST may be obtained at
$1.00 per volume.

Remittances of all kinds should be made payable to the Business Manager,
J. S. HINE.

       Address The Ohio Journal of Science Ohio State University,
                                Columbus

              =Ohio Academy of Science Publications.=

   First and Second Annual Reports                 Price 30 cts. each
   Third and Fourth Annual Reports                 Price 25 cts. each
   Fifth to Sixteenth Annual Reports               Price 20 cts. each
   Seventeenth to Twenty-fourth Annual Report      Price 40 cts. each


                            SPECIAL PAPERS.

   1. Sandusky Flora. pp. 167. E. L. MOSELEY                     60 cts.
   2. The Odonata of Ohio. pp. 110. DAVID S. KELLICOTT           60 cts.
   3. The Preglacial Drainage of Ohio. pp. 76. W. G. TIGHT,
          J. A. BOWNOCKER, J. H. TODD and GERARD FOWKE           50 cts.
   4. The Fishes of Ohio. pp. 105. RAYMOND C. OSBURN             60 cts.
   5. Tabanidæ of Ohio. pp. 63. JAMES S. HINE                    50 cts.
   6. The Birds of Ohio. pp. 241. LYNDS JONES                    75 cts.
   7. Ecological Study of Big Spring Prairie. pp. 96.
          THOMAS A. BONSER                                       50 cts.
   8. The Coccidæ of Ohio, i. pp. 66. JAMES G. SANDERS           50 cts.
   9. Batrachians and Reptiles of Ohio. pp. 54. MAX MORSE        50 cts.
  10. Ecological Study of Brush Lake. pp. 20. J. H. SCHAFFNER,
          OTTO E. JENNINGS, FRED J. TYLER                        35 cts.
  11. The Willows of Ohio. pp. 60. ROBERT F. GRIGGS              50 cts.
  12. Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Ohio. pp. 35. V. STERKI   50 cts.
  13. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. F. L. LANDACRE  60 cts.
  14. Discomycetes in the Vicinity of Oxford, Ohio. pp. 54.
          FREDA M. BACHMAN                                       50 cts.
  15. Trees of Ohio and Surrounding Territory. pp. 122.
          JOHN H. SCHAFFNER                                      75 cts.
  16. The Pteridophytes of Ohio. pp. 41. JOHN H. SCHAFFNER       50 cts.
  17. Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. pp. 65. W. C. MORSE       60 cts.
  18. The Agaricaceæ of Ohio. pp. 116. W. G. STOVER              75 cts.
  19. An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. pp. 138.
          FREDERICA DETMERS                                      75 cts.

Address: C. W. REEDER, Librarian, Ohio Academy of Science.
         Library, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.




                      THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

       PUBLISHED BY THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY

               VOLUME XVI      DECEMBER, 1915      No. 2




                           TABLE OF CONTENTS


   WELLS—A Survey of the Zoocecidia on Species of Hicoria
         Caused by Parasites Belonging to the Eriophyidæ and
         the Itonididæ (Cecidomyiidæ)                            37
   WEST—The Geometry of the Translated Normal Curve              60
   GIBSON AND COGAN—A Preliminary List of the Jassoidea
         of Missouri, with Notes on Species                      71
   News and Notes                                                79




                A SURVEY OF THE ZOOCECIDIA ON SPECIES OF
                 HICORIA CAUSED BY PARASITES BELONGING
                  TO THE ERIOPHYIDÆ AND THE ITONIDIDÆ
                           (CECIDOMYIIDÆ).[1]


                       BERTRAM W. WELLS.

This paper is primarily an attempt to present adequate descriptions
of the types of 30 itonid (cecidomyid) and 2 eriophyid (mite) galls,
collected by the writer on hickory leaves. It is believed to contain
sufficient new material to warrant its publication in advance of a
general survey of N. E. United States zoocecidia, of which it will form
a part. The data is based on collections made in Connecticut, Ohio and
Kansas, most of the material however, being taken in Ohio.

In addition, those forms (few in number) previously described which
have not been seen by the author, have been added, so as to give a
character of completeness to the survey of the two groups of galls.

There are three groups of zoocecidia occurring on hickory trees:

   1. Galls formed by species of Eriophyes (Fam. Eriophyidæ of
     the Acarina or mites), or an allied genus. Only two are known.

   2. Galls induced by species of Phylloxera (Aphididæ of the
      Hemiptera). Pergande[2] has presented an excellent survey
      of these insects accompanied by very satisfactory descriptions
      of the cecidia formed by them.

   3. Galls caused by species of Caryomyia (Itonididæ of the
      Diptera). Possibly other genera may be represented on the
      hickories, but according to Felt[3] “most of the hickory leaf
      galls are probably made by species of Caryomyia, though
      other midges have been reared from these deformities.”

The genus Caryomyia, which undoubtedly occupies an important place in
relation to the majority of the galls described in the present paper,
will be given special consideration. Felt, to whom American cecidology
is heavily indebted for his extensive studies of dipterous cecidozoons,
presents the following description of the genus Caryomyia in the same
citation as that immediately above.

“Allied to Hormomyia, but differing by the thorax not being greatly
produced over the head and by the presence of but 14 antennal
segments. The males may have the flagellate antennal segments binodose
or cylindric and subsessile and invariably with three low, stout
circumfili. The antennal segments of the female are cylindric and with
two circumfili; palpi tri- or quadri-articulate; wings rather broad,
the third vein joining the costa at or near the wing apex; claws
simple, the pulvilli well developed. The ovipositor of the female is
short and with minute lobes apically. The genus appears to be confined
to hickory leaf galls.”

Adult insects not technically known are given the old generic name
“Cecidomyia.”

These galls as well as similar ones on other kinds of plants arise as
the result of some stimulus (the nature of which is still not definitely
known) applied by the very young larva to the growing tissue of the
immature leaf. Nothing has yet been done on the development of the
itonid galls of the hickories, but from studies on very similar types
we have reason to believe that the ontogeny of the itonid forms is
as follows: The egg is probably deposited superficially (for the
ovipositor of the female Caryomyia is short) on the under side of the
leaflet; on the upper side in a few cases.

Hyperplasia or excessive cell proliferation results (probably not
until after the larva has emerged from the egg) forming at first a
saucer-shaped structure, then cup-shaped and finally by the ingrowth
of the edges, the gall becomes a closed structure enveloping the larva
in a chamber. The distal growth, seldom if ever in the hickory forms,
proceeds so far as to obliterate the opening which was so prominent in
the very immature cup-shape stage. Hence in practically all galls of
this type a minute canal or pore can be demonstrated at the distal end.
In Küster’s[4] very serviceable classification of abnormal plant parts,
these fall under his “umwallungen” cecidia, a term very succinctly
describing their mode of development.

Two of the following described galls have been studied histologically
by Cook,[5] _Caryomyia holotricha_ O. S. and _C. tubicola_ O. S.

Concerning the problem of the distribution of the galls on the
different species of hickory, it is still too early to be able to make
any positive assertions. In most of the reports the species of tree has
not been given. It is very well known that certain species of galls are
found on 2 and 3 species of hickory, but whether they are developed on
all indiscriminately is not known. _H. cordiformis_ seems to bear much
fewer species than _H. ovata_ or _H. alba_. In the present list, the
report of the gall upon a particular species of tree does not at all
imply that it does not occur on others.

Having had the opportunity to give attention to gall collecting
in three rather widely separate localities, eastern Connecticut,
southern and northern Ohio and eastern Kansas, some observations on
the geographical distributions of the hickory itonids are here briefly
presented.

It is sometimes stated that the distribution of gall insects is similar
to that of their host plants. In certain cases this does not seem to
be true. In that of my number 32 first found and described by Sears,
no report of this large and striking form has appeared, showing it
to occur east of the Allegheny mountain system, a region in which
_H. ovata_ is abundant. In the cases of my numbers 5, 9, 19 and 31,
all heretofore unreported and possessing prominent distinguishing
characters, it would seem as though they were somewhat restricted in
their distribution, for while comparatively common in Ohio, they are
never seen in Connecticut or Kansas, where equally intensive collecting
was prosecuted. So few are the students of cecidia and so meager
the data in this field, that it is, however, much too early to make
positive assertions in matters of geographic distribution.

The data on the galls presented herewith was compiled for the most
part at the time of collection; the notes and drawings made from fresh
material. For later comparative work, the material was all preserved in
formalin, each collection being assigned to a vial.

The writer has refrained from attaching a specific name to his new
species of cecidia, a practice very common on the part of European
cecidologists. Even though the adult gall has no direct relation to
the adult insect, the fact, nevertheless, remains that the specificity
of the gall owes its origin to the specificity of the physiological
phenomena of the larval insect, and it is this, which in the mind of
the writer, gives pre-eminence to the insect. The adult gall and the
adult insect can be conceived as arising from the same complex, the
larva, the adult insect bearing, however, a more intimate and direct
relation to the original source of events than the gall. In many cases
the adult insects offer characters, making possible the delimitation of
species, with greater exactness, than do the galls. For these reasons
new names of cecidia should only appear with adequate descriptions of
the cecidozoons.

Though the galls almost uniformly occur on the under side of the
leaflet, the drawings have presented them in an inverted position, with
the gall uppermost, this being the position in which the galls would be
examined. In practically all cases there are two sketches of the type,
one showing the exterior aspect of the gall, the other the interior as
seen in a vertical, median section. The figure number is in all cases
the same as the list number.

The writer wishes to express his appreciation of the hospitality of
his friend, J. L. King, who, as assistant entomologist for the Ohio
Experiment Station, shared his field laboratory during some of the time
in which cecidological collecting was being carried on.

Though the writer has seen (with a few exceptions) the types herewith
detailed an amply sufficient number of times to establish them as
types, he does not claim infallibility, for the key he has worked
out to these types. It is hoped, however, that it, together with the
descriptions and illustrations will enable the student of the hickory
galls to become better acquainted with the members of the two groups
treated.

Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora Northern U. S. and Canada, (2nd
edition), New York, 1913, has been followed in the matter of plant
nomenclature.

The following two galls whose makers have been named by Felt have
probably not been seen by the writer. Felt’s descriptions are given.
They are not included in the key.

  =Caryomyia thompsoni= Felt.
     “Globose, thin-walled, long haired, melon-shaped, dia. 2-3 mm.”

See my number 23.

  =Caryomyia antennata= Felt.
     “Globose, thick-walled, yellowish green or brown. Dia. 4-5 mm.”

This description, as far as it goes, would indicate a similarity to
C. persicoides Beut.

   Felt, Jour. Econ. Ent. 4:456. 1911.


KEY.

The itonid group of galls herewith presented can be distinguished with
one exception (No. 33) from the very common Phylloxera galls (Aphididæ)
by the fact that the latter forms which are sufficiently small to be
comparable in size to the itonids are intercalated in the leaf blade,
i. e. the gall extends more or less prominently from both sides of
the leaf. The itonids always give the appearance of an appendicular
structure attached to the leaf.

  1. Gall on nut. Caryomyia nucicola. (3)
  1. Gall on leaf. 2.
  2. An apparent elongate enlargement of vein.
     Cecidomyia cynipsea (?) (4).
  2. An inrolled leaf edge. (2).
  2. Galls arising from intervenal tissue between veins or immediately
     adjoining veins; radially symmetric structures with principal axis
     more or less perpendicular to leaf blade. 3.
  3. Galls double-chambered as seen in vertical median section. 4.
  3. Galls single chambered. 7.
  4. Galls definitely depressed. (5).
  4. Galls small, sub