



Produced by Emmy, Juliet Sutherland, Music transcribed by
June Troyer. and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
at http://www.pgdp.net Music transcribed by Linda Cantoni.










  THE CHAUTAUQUAN.

  _A MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO THE PROMOTION OF TRUE CULTURE. ORGAN OF
  THE CHAUTAUQUA LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC CIRCLE._

  VOL. III.      MARCH, 1883.      No. 6.


Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle.


_President_, Lewis Miller, Akron, Ohio.

_Superintendent of Instruction_, J. H. Vincent, D. D., Plainfield, N. J.

_General Secretary_, Albert M. Martin, Pittsburgh, Pa.

_Office Secretary_, Miss Kate F. Kimball, Plainfield, N. J.

_Counselors_, Lyman Abbott, D. D.; J. M. Gibson, D. D.; Bishop H. W.
Warren, D. D.; W. C. Wilkinson, D. D.


    Transcriber's Note: This table of contents of this
    periodical was created to aid the reader.




Contents


                           REQUIRED READING
  History of Russia
  Chapter VIII.The Lithuanian and Livonian Orders                303
  A Glance at the History and Literature of Scandinavia
    Chapter V.The Romance of Axel                                305
  Pictures from English History
    VI.A Picturesque Half-Century                                309

                             SUNDAY READINGS
  [March 4.]
  The False Balance Detected by the True                          311
  [March 11.]
  Three Dispensations in History and in the Soul                  313
  [March 18.]
  Three Dispensations                                             314
  [March 25.]
  Three Dispensations                                             316

  Practice and Habit                                              317
  Thoughts and Aphorisms                                          318
  The Comet That Came But Once                                    319
  My Winter Garden                                                320
  Science and Common Sense                                        321
  The Sorrow of the Sea                                           322
  Anecdotes of Fashion                                            323
  Language in Animals                                             323
  The Electric Light                                              325
  Among the Mountains                                             326
  New Mexico                                                      327
  Speculation in Theology                                         329
  Advantage of Warm Clothing                                      332
  In Him Confiding                                                335
  The History of Education
    V.Egypt, Phnicia, Judea                                     336
  Song                                                            338
  Tales from ShakspereMacbeth                                    338
  Before Daybreak, With the Great Comet of 1882                   341
  Social Duties in the Family                                     342
  C. L. S. C. Work                                                345
  C. L. S. C. Songs                                               346
  A Sweet Surprise                                                346
  Local Circles                                                   347
  Questions and Answers
    One Hundred Questions and Answers on Recreations
      in Astronomy                                               353
  Answers to Questions For Further Study in the January Number    355
  Outline of C. L. S. C. Studies                                  356
  C. L. S. C. Round-TableHow to Read Together Profitably         356
  The Study of French                                             358
  Editors Outlook                                                359
  Editors Note-Book                                              361
  Editors Table                                                  363
  Our Daily Bread                                                 363
  New Books                                                       364


REQUIRED READING

FOR THE

_Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle for 1882-83_.

MARCH.




HISTORY OF RUSSIA.

By MRS. MARY S. ROBINSON.


_CHAPTER VIII._

THE LITHUANIAN AND LIVONIAN ORDERS.

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, three new races entered
Slavonia whose character essentially modified its subsequent history.
From the northwest came the Germans, from the east the Tartar Mongols,
from the west the Lithuanians. The modern Russian divisions of Livonia
and Esthonia, with the outlying regions, were peopled in the ninth
century with the Tchud or Lett tribes, of the Finnish race,the most
ancient, it is believed, of living European peoples. The Russian Finns
of the present time number one and a half million souls; but though
they long retained their distinctive nationality, they have yielded
to the process of Russification, and to-day, among the majority
of them, their ancient character is noticeable merely by certain
peculiarities of physiognomy and dialect. They are short and thick
of stature, tough as oak, and of a hickory hue. The countenance is
blurred and unfinished, so to speak. The face is broad and flat, the
cheek bones high, the nose depressed and bridgeless. Their dialects are
primitive and meager. Their manners and superstitions are traceable
to the earliest of known races; their religious observances antedate
those of any known form of paganism. They remain, in fact, pagan at
heart,