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[Illustration: CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS]




                    Statesman Edition VOL. II

                            Charles Sumner

                          HIS COMPLETE WORKS

                           With Introduction

                                  BY

                       HON. GEORGE FRISBIE HOAR

                            [Illustration]

                                BOSTON

                            LEE AND SHEPARD

                                  MCM




                           COPYRIGHT, 1900,

                                  BY

                           LEE AND SHEPARD.

                          Statesman Edition.

                    LIMITED TO ONE THOUSAND COPIES.
                           OF WHICH THIS IS

                                No. 565

                            Norwood Press:
                        NORWOOD, MASS., U.S.A.




    CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.


                                                                PAGE

  WHITE SLAVERY IN THE BARBARY STATES. A Lecture
  before the Boston Mercantile Library Association, February
  17, 1847 1

  RIVAL SYSTEMS OF PRISON DISCIPLINE. Speech before the
  Boston Prison Discipline Society, at Tremont Temple,
  June 18, 1847 104

  THE LATE JOSEPH LEWIS STACKPOLE, ESQ. Article in the
  Boston Daily Advertiser, July 23, 1847 151

  FAME AND GLORY. Oration before the Literary Societies of
  Amherst College, at their Anniversary, August 11, 1847 153

  NECESSITY OF POLITICAL ACTION AGAINST THE SLAVE POWER
  AND THE EXTENSION OF SLAVERY. Speech in the Whig
  State Convention of Massachusetts, at Springfield, September
  29, 1847 207

  THE LATE HENRY WHEATON. Article in the Boston Daily
  Advertiser, March 16, 1848 215

  UNION AMONG MEN OF ALL PARTIES AGAINST THE SLAVE
  POWER AND THE EXTENSION OF SLAVERY. Speech before
  a Mass Convention at Worcester, June 28, 1848 226

  THE LAW OF HUMAN PROGRESS. Oration before the Phi
  Beta Kappa Society of Union College, Schenectady,
  July 25, 1848 241

  THE PARTY OF FREEDOM. Speech on taking the Chair as
  Presiding Officer of a Public Meeting to ratify the Nominations
  of the Buffalo Convention, at Faneuil Hall,
  August 22, 1848 291

  PARTIES, AND IMPORTANCE OF A FREE-SOIL ORGANIZATION.
  Letter addressed to a Committee of the Free-Soil Party
  in Boston, October 20, 1848 299

  APPEAL FOR THE FREE-SOIL PARTY. Address of the State
  Committee to the People of Massachusetts, November 9,
  1843 316

  A LAST RALLY FOR FREEDOM. Letter to the Chairman of
  the Free-Soil Meeting at Faneuil Hall, November 9, 1848 320

  WAR SYSTEM OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS. Address
  before the American Peace Society, at its Anniversary
  Meeting in the Park Street Church, Boston, May 28, 1849 323




                 WHITE SLAVERY IN THE BARBARY STATES.

      A LECTURE BEFORE THE BOSTON MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION,
                          FEBRUARY 17, 1847.

                      Mutato nomine, de te
          Fabula narratur.--HOR. _Sat._ I. i. 69, 70.


    And thinkest thou this, O man, that judgest them which do such
    things, and doest the same, that thou shall escape the judgment of
    God?--_Rom._ ii. 3.

    There are individuals in the United States who hold more of
    their fellow-creatures in slavery than either of the Barbary
    Powers.--HUMPHREYS, _Valedictory Discourse before the
    Cincinnati of Connecticut_, p. 34.

    This was another attempt to expose Slavery before a promiscuous
    audience at a time when the subject was too delicate to be treated
    directly. Mr. Sumner commenced in the course at Boston, and
    afterwards gave the substance of his Lecture before many of the
    Lyceums of Massachusetts. Professedly historical in character, and
    carefully avoiding any discussion of slavery in our country, it
    escaped "censure," although jealous defenders of compromise were
    disturbed. Others were pleased to find their sentiments against
    slavery represented in the lecture-room.

    It was easy to see, that, under the guise of condemning the slavery
    of whites, he condemned the slavery of blacks. While showing how
    the first came to prevail, he naturally exposed the origin of all
    slavery; nor does he for a moment lose sight of slavery among
    us, which is constantly present under an _alias_. The outrage is
    exhibited not only in its original wrong and oppression, but in the
    constant efforts against it by all civilized nations, sometimes
    by ransom, sometimes by war, ending at last in bloody overthrow.
    Conspiracies and escapes are described. At that time there was
    intense interest in fugitive slaves, which was gratified by the
    stories here introduced, showing how human sympathies attend all
    seeking freedom. Elsewhere, as well as here, the North Star had
    been a guide. It was common to doubt the hardships of slavery in
    our country; but there were persons who doubted the hardships
    of slavery in the Barbary States. Nothing more common among
    compromisers than to say that our slaves did not desire freedom,
    and that they were better off than free <DW64>s; but there were
    persons, professing to know the condition of the Barbary States,
    who insisted that there were white slaves who left with regret, and
    that they were better off than free Christians there. Thus at each
    point is this historical lecture an argument against Slavery, and
    an answer to its defenders.




                               LECTURE.


History is sometimes called a gallery, where are exhibited scenes,
events, and characters of the Past. It may also be called the world's
great charnel-house, where are gathered coffins, dead men's bones, and
all the uncleanness of years that have fled. Thus is it both an example
and a warning to mankind. Walking among its pictures, radiant with
the inspiration of virtue and of freedom, we thrill with new impulse
to beneficent exertion. Groping amidst unsightly shapes without an
epitaph, we may at least derive fresh aversion to all their living
representatives.

In this mighty gallery, amidst angelic light, are the benefactors of
mankind,--poets who have sung the praise of virtue, historians who
have recorded its achievements, and the good of all time, who, by
word or deed, have striven for the welfare of others. Here are those
scenes where the godlike in man is made manifest in trial and danger.
Here also are those grand pictures exhibiting the establishment of
free institutions: the signing of Magna Charta, with its priceless
privileges, by a reluctant monarch; and the signing of the Declaration
of Independence, announcing the inalienable rights of man, by the
fathers of our Republic.

On the other hand, in ignominious confusion, far down in this dark,
dreary charnel-house, is tumbled all that now remains of the tyrants,
the persecutors, the selfish men, under whom mankind have groaned.
Here also, in festering, loathsome decay, are monstrous _institutions_
or _customs_, which the earth, weary of their infamy and wrong, has
refused to sustain,--the Helotism of Sparta, the Serfdom of Christian
Europe, the Ordeal by Battle, and Algerine Slavery.

From this charnel-house let me draw forth one of these. It may not be
without profit to dwell on the _origin_, _history_, and _character_
of a custom, which, after being for a long time a by-word and a
hissing among the nations, is at last driven from the world. The easy,
instinctive, positive reprobation which it will receive from all must
necessarily direct our judgment of other institutions, yet tolerated in
defiance of justice and humanity. I propose to consider the subject of
_White Slavery in Algiers_, or, perhaps it may be more appropriately
called, _White Slavery in the Barbary States_. As Algiers was its
chief seat, it seems to have acquired a current name from that place.
Nevertheless I shall proceed to speak of White Slavery, or the Slavery
of Christians, throughout the Barbary States.

This subject may fail in interest, but not in novelty. I am not aware
of any previous attempt to combine its scattered materials.


                   TERRITORY OF THE BARBARY STATES.

The territory now known as the Barbary States is memorable in history.
Classical inscriptions, broken arches, and ancient tombs--the memorials
of various ages--still bear interesting witness to the revolutions it
has undergone.[1] Early Greek legend made it the home of terror and
of happiness. Here was the retreat of the Gorgon, with snaky tresses,
turning all she looked upon into stone; and here also the Garden of
the Hesperides, with apples of gold. It was the scene of adventure and
mythology. Here Hercules wrestled with Antaeus, and Atlas sustained,
with weary shoulders, the overarching sky. At an early day Phoenician
fugitives transported the spirit of commerce to its coasts; and
Carthage, which these wanderers planted, became mistress of the seas,
explorer of distant regions, rival and victim of Rome. Here for a while
the energy and subtlety of Jugurtha baffled the Roman power, till at
last the whole region, from Egypt to the Pillars of Hercules, underwent
the process of "annexation" to the cormorant republic of ancient times.
A thriving population and fertile soil rendered it an immense granary.
It was filled with ancient cities, one of which was the refuge and
the grave of Cato, fleeing from the usurpations of Caesar. At a later
day Christianity was here preached by saintly bishops. The torrent of
the Vandals, first wasting Italy, passed this way; and the arms of
Belisarius here obtained their most signal triumphs. The Saracens, with
the Koran and the sword, declared ministers of conversion, next broke
from Arabia, as messengers of a new religion, and, pouring along these
shores, diffused the faith and doctrines of Mohammed. Their empire was
not confined even by these expansive limits, but, under Musa, entered
Spain, and afterwards at Roncesvalles, in "dolorous rout,"
overthrew the embattled chivalry of the Christian world under
Charlemagne.

    [1] The classical student will be gratified and surprised by the
    remains of antiquity described by Dr. Shaw, English chaplain at
    Algiers in the reign of George the First, in his "Travels, or
    Observations relating to Several Parts of Barbary and the Levant,"
    published in 1738.

The Saracenic power did not long retain its unity or importance; and
as we discern this territory in the dawn of modern history, when the
countries of Europe are appearing in their new nationalities, we
recognize five different communities or states, Morocco, Algiers,
Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca, the last of little moment and often included
in Tripoli, the whole constituting what