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  Transcriber’s Notes

  Text printed in italics in the source document has been transcribed
  _between underscores_, text printed in bold face =between equal
  signs=. Small capitals have been transcribed as ALL CAPITALS.

  More Transcriber’s Notes may be found at the end of this text.




  ANATOMY OF THE CAT

  BY

  JACOB REIGHARD
  _Professor of Zoology in the University of Michigan_

  AND

  H. S. JENNINGS
  _Instructor in Zoology in the University of Michigan_

  WITH
  _ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-THREE ORIGINAL FIGURES_
  DRAWN BY
  LOUISE BURRIDGE JENNINGS

  [Illustration]

  NEW YORK
  HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
  1901


  ROBERT DRUMMOND, PRINTER, NEW YORK.




PREFACE.


Although the cat has long been in common use for the practical study of
mammalian anatomy, a clear, correct, not too voluminous account of its
structure, such as should be in the hands of students in the laboratory,
has remained a desideratum. A number of works have been published on the
cat, some of them of much value, yet there is none which fulfils exactly
the conditions mentioned. The books which have appeared on this subject
are the following:

1. Strauss-Durckheim, H. Anatomie descriptive et comparative du Chat. 2
vols. Paris, 1845.

2. Mivart, St. George. The Cat: an Introduction to the Study of
Back-boned Animals, especially Mammals. New York, 1881.

3. Wilder, Burt G., and Gage, Simon H. Anatomical Technology as applied
to the Domestic Cat. New York, 1882.

4. Gorham, F. P., and Tower, R. W. A Laboratory Guide for the Dissection
of the Cat. New York, 1895.

5. Jayne, H. Mammalian Anatomy. Vol. I. Philadelphia, 1898.

The first of these works treats only of the muscles and bones, and is
not available for American students. Its excellent plates (or Williams’s
outline reproductions of the same) should be in every laboratory.

The second book named is written in such general terms that its
descriptions are not readily applicable to the actual structures found
in the dissection of the cat, and experience has shown that it is not
fitted for a laboratory handbook. It contains, in addition to a general
account of the anatomy of the cat, also a discussion of its embryology,
psychology, palæontology, and classification.

The book by Wilder and Gage professedly uses the cat as a means of
illustrating technical methods and a special system of nomenclature.
While of much value in many ways, it does not undertake to give a
complete account of the anatomy of the animal.

The fourth work is a brief laboratory guide.

The elaborate treatise by Jayne, now in course of publication, is a
monumental work, which will be invaluable for reference, but is too
voluminous to place in the hands of students. At present only the volume
on the bones has been published.

As appears from the above brief characterization, none of these books
gives a complete description of the anatomy of the cat in moderate
volume and without extraneous matter. This is what the present work aims
to do.

In the year 1891-92, Professor Reighard prepared a partial account of
the anatomy of the cat, which has since been in use, in typewritten
form, in University of Michigan classes. It has been used also at the
Universities of Illinois, Nebraska, and West Virginia, and in Dartmouth
College, and has proven so useful for college work in Mammalian Anatomy
that it was decided to complete it and prepare it for publication. This
has been done by Dr. Jennings.

The figures, which are throughout original, are direct reproductions of
ink drawings, made under the direction of Dr. Jennings by Mrs. Jennings.

The book is limited to a description of the normal anatomy of the cat.
The direct linear action of each muscle taken alone has been given in
the description of muscles; other matters belonging to the realm of
physiology, as well as all histological matter, have been excluded. It
was felt that the monumental work of Jayne on the anatomy of the cat,
now in course of publication, forms the best repository for a
description of variations and abnormalities, so that these have been
mentioned in the present volume only when they are so frequent as to be
of much practical importance.

Except where the contrary is stated, the descriptions are based
throughout on our own dissections and observations and are in