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TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

  * Italics are denoted by underscores as in _italics_.
  * Small caps are represented in upper case as in SMALL CAPS.
  * Letter spaced Greek text is enclosed in tildes as in ~καὶ τὰ
    λοιπά~.
  * Obvious printer errors have been silently corrected, after
    comparison with a later edition of this work. Greek text has
    also been corrected after checking with this later edition and
    with Perseus, when the reference was found.
  * Original spelling, hyphenation and punctuation have been kept,
    but variant spellings were made consistent when a predominant
    usage was found.
  * Some inconsistencies in the use of accents over proper nouns
    (like “Alkibiades” and “Alkibiadês”) have been retained.
  * The following changes were also made, after checking with
    Perseus and other editions:

    note 337: “Thucyd. vi, 69” → “Thucyd, i, 69”
    note 573:        “vii, 73” → “viii, 73”




  HISTORY OF GREECE.

  BY
  GEORGE GROTE, ESQ.

  VOL. VII.

  REPRINTED FROM THE LONDON EDITION

  NEW YORK:
  HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS
  329 AND 331 PEARL STREET.




CONTENTS.

VOL. VII.


PART II.

CONTINUATION OF HISTORICAL GREECE.


  CHAPTER LV.

  FROM THE PEACE OF NIKIAS TO THE OLYMPIC FESTIVAL OF
  OLYMPIAD 90.

  Negotiations for peace during the winter after the battle
  of Amphipolis.—Peace called the Peace of Nikias—concluded
  in March 421 B.C. Conditions of peace.—Peace accepted at
  Sparta by the majority of members of the Peloponnesian
  alliance.—The most powerful members of the alliance refuse
  to accept the truce—Bœotians, Megarians, Corinthians, and
  Eleians.—Position and feelings of the Lacedæmonians—their
  great anxiety for peace—their uncertain relations with
  Argos.—Steps taken by the Lacedæmonians to execute the
  peace—Amphipolis is not restored to Athens—the great
  allies of Sparta do not accept the peace.—Separate
  alliance for mutual defence concluded between Sparta and
  Athens.—Terms of the alliance.—Athens restores the Spartan
  captives.—Mismanagement of the political interests of
  Athens by Nikias and the peace party.—By the terms of
  the alliance Athens renounced all the advantages of her
  position in reference to the Lacedæmonians—she gained none
  of those concessions upon which she calculated, while
  they gained materially.—Discontent and remonstrances
  of the Athenians against Sparta in consequence of the
  non-performance of the conditions—they repent of having
  given up the captives—excuses of Sparta.—New combinations
  in Peloponnesus—suspicion entertained of concert between
  Sparta and Athens—Argos stands prominently forward—state
  of Argos—aristocratical regiment of one thousand formed
  in that city.—The Corinthians prevail upon Argos to stand
  forward as head of a new Peloponnesian alliance.—Congress
  of recusant Peloponnesian allies at Corinth—the Mantineians
  join Argos—state of Arcadia—rivalship of Tegea and
  Mantineia.—Remonstrances of Lacedæmonian envoys at the
  congress at Corinth—redefence of the Corinthians—pretence
  of religious scruple.—The Bœotians and Megarians refuse
  to break with Sparta, or to ally themselves with Argos—the
  Corinthians hesitate in actually joining Argos.—The
  Eleians become allies of Argos—their reasons for doing
  so—relations with Lepreum—the Corinthians now join Argos
  also.—Refusal of Tegea to separate from Sparta.—The
  Corinthians are disheartened—their application through
  the Bœotians to Athens.—The Lacedæmonians emancipate the
  Arcadian subjects of Mantineia—they plant the Brasidean
  Helots at Lepreum.—Treatment of the Spartan captives after
  their liberation from Athens and return to Sparta—they are
  disfranchised for a time and in a qualified manner.—The
  Athenians recapture Skiônê—put to death all the adult
  males.—Political relations in Peloponnesus—change of ephors
  at Sparta—the new ephors are hostile to Athens.—Congress
  at Sparta—Athenian, Bœotian, and Corinthian deputies,
  present—long debates, but no settlement attained of any
  one of the disputed points—intrigues of the anti-Athenian
  ephors—Kleobulus and Xenarês.—These ephors try to bring
  about underhand an alliance between Sparta and Argos,
  through the Bœotians—the project fails.—The Lacedæmonians
  conclude a special alliance with the Bœotians, thereby
  violating their alliance with Athens—the Bœotians raze
  Panaktum to the ground.—Application from the Argeians
  to Sparta to renew the expiring treaty. Project of
  renewed treaty agreed upon. Curious stipulation about
  combat by champions, to keep the question open about
  the title to Thyrea.—Lacedæmonian envoys go first to
  Bœotia, next to Athens—they find Panaktum demolished—they
  ask for the cession of Pylos from Athens.—The envoys
  are badly received at Athens—angry feeling against
  the Lacedæmonians.—Alkibiadês stands forward as a
  party-leader. His education and character.—Great energy
  and capacity of Alkibiadês in public affairs—his
  reckless expenditure—lawless demeanor—unprincipled
  character, inspiring suspicion and alarm—military
  service.—Alkibiadês—Sokratês—the Sophists.—Conflicting
  sentiments entertained towards Alkibiadês—his great energy
  and capacity. Admiration, fear, hatred, and jealousy, which
  he inspires.—Alkibiadês tries to renew the ancient but
  interrupted connection of his ancestors with Lacedæmon,
  as proxeni.—The Spartans reject his advances—he turns
  against them—alters his politics, and becomes their enemy
  at Athens.—He tries to bring Athens into alliance with
  Argos.—He induces the Argeians to send envoys to Athens—the
  Argeians eagerly embrace this opening, and drop their
  negotiations with Sparta.—Embassy of the Lacedæmonians
  to Athens, to press the Athenians not to throw up the
  alliance. The envoys are favorably received.—Trick by which
  Alkibiadês cheats and disgraces the envoys, and baffles
  the Lacedæmonian project. Indignation of the Athenians
  against Sparta.—Nikias prevails with the assembly to
  send himself and others as envoys to Sparta, in order to
  clear up the embarrassment.—Failure of the embassy of
  Nikias at Sparta—Athens concludes the alliance with Argos,
  Elis, and Mantineia.—Conditions of this convention and
  alliance.—Complicated relations among the Grecian states
  as to treaty and alliance.—Olympic festival of the 90th
  Olympiad, July 420 B.C., its memorable character.—First
  appearance of Athens at the Olympic festival since the
  beginning of the war. Immense display of Alkibiadês in
  the chariot-race.—The Eleians exclude the Spartan sacred
  legation from this Olympic festival, in consequence of
  alleged violation of the Olympic truce.—Alarm felt at the
  festival lest the Spartans should come in arms.—Depressed
  estimation of Sparta throughout Greece—Herakleia.             1-61


  CHAPTER LVI.

  FROM THE FESTIVAL OF OLYMPIAD 90, DOWN TO THE BATTLE OF
  MANTINEIA.

  New policy of Athens, attempted by Alkibiadês.—Expedition
  of Alkibiadês into the interior of Peloponnesus.—Attack
  upon Epidaurus by Argos and Athens.—Movements of the
  Spartans and Argeians.—The sacred month Karneius—trick
  played by the Argeians with their calendar—Congress
  at Mantineia for peace—the discussions prove
  abortive.—Athenian lordship of the sea—the alliance between
  Athens and Sparta continues in name, but is indirectly
  violated by both.—Invasion of Argos by Agis and the
  Lacedæmonians, Bœotians, and Corinthians.—Approach of the
  invaders to Argos by different lines of march.—Superior
  forces and advantageous position of the invaders—danger
  of Argos—Agis takes upon him to grant an armistice to
  the Argeians, and withdraws the army—dissatisfaction of
  the allies.—Severe censure against Agis on his return
  to Sparta.—Tardy arrival of Alkibiadês, Lachês, etc.,
  with the Athenian contingent at Argos—expedition of
  Athenians, Eleians, Mantineians, and Argeians, against
  the Arcadian town of Orchomenus.—Plans against Tegea—the
  Eleians return home.—Danger of Tegea—Agis and the
  Lacedæmonians march to its relief.—Manœuvres of Agis
  to bring on a battle on fair ground.—Forward march
  and new position of the Argeians.—The Lacedæmonians
  are surprised: their sudden and ready formation into
  battle order.—Gradation of command and responsibility
  peculiar to the Lacedæmonian army.—Lacedæmonian line:
  privileged post of the Skiritæ on the left.—Uncertain
  numbers of both armies.—Preliminary harangues to the
  soldiers.—Battle of Mantineia.—Movement ordered by Agis,
  on the instant before the battle; his order disobeyed.
  His left wing is defeated.—Complete ultimate victory
  of the Lacedæmonians.—Great effects of the victory in
  reëstablishing the reputation of Sparta.—Operations
  of Argeians, Eleians, etc., near Epidaurus.—Political
  change at Argos, arising out of the battle of
  Mantineia.—Oligarchical conspiracy of the Thousand-regiment
  at Argos, in concert with the Lacedæmonians.—Treaty of
  peace between Sparta and Argos.—Treaty of alliance between
  Sparta and Argos—dissolution of the alliance of Argos with
  Athens, Mantineia, and Elis.—Submission of Mantineia to
  Sparta.—Oligarchical revolution effected at Argos by the
  Thousand, in concert with the Lacedæmonians.—Oligarchy in
  Sikyôn and the towns in Achaia.—Violences of the Thousand
  at Argos: counter-revolution in that town: restoration of
  the democracy.—Proceedings of the restored Argeian Demos:
  tardiness of Sparta.—Alkibiadês at Argos: measures for the
  protection of the democracy.—Nominal peace, but precarious
  relations, between Athens and Sparta.—Relations of Athens
  with Perdikkas of Macedonia.—Negligence of Athens about
  Amphipolis: improvidence of Nikias and the peace-party:
  adventurous speculations of Alkibiadês.—Projected
  contention of ostracism between Nikias and Alkibiadês.
  Proposition supported by Hyperbolus.—Gradual desuetude of
  the ostracism, as the democracy became assured.—Siege of
  Mêlos by the Athenians.—Dialogue set forth by Thucydidês,
  between the Athenian envoys and the Executive Council
  of Mêlos.—Language represented by Thucydidês as having
  been held by the Athenian envoys—with the replies of
  the Melians.—Refusal of the Melians to submit.—Siege and
  capture of Mêlos.—Remarks upon the event.—View taken by
  Thucydidês of this incident.—Place which it occupies in the
  general historical conception of Thucydidês.                61-118


  CHAPTER LVII.

  SICILIAN AFFAIRS AFTER THE EXTINCTION OF THE GELONIAN
  DYNASTY.

  Expulsion of the Gelonian dynasty from Syracuse, and
  of other despots from the other Sicilian towns.—Large
  changes of resident inhabitants—effects of this
  fact.—Relative power and condition of the Sicilian
  cities. Political dissensions at Syracuse. Ostracism
  tried and abandoned.—Power and foreign exploits
  of Syracuse.—Sikels in the interior of Sicily—the
  Sikel prince Duketius—he founds the new Sikel town
  of Palikê.—Exploits of Duketius—he is defeated and
  becomes the prisoner of the Syracusans, who spare him,
  and send him to Corinth.—Duketius breaks his parole
  and returns to Sicily.—Conquests of Syracuse in the
  interior of Sicily—death of Duketius.—Prosperity
  and power of Agrigentum.—Intellectual movement in
  Sicily—Empedoklês—Tisias—Korax—Gorgias.—Sicilian
  cities—their condition and proceedings at the first
  breaking out of the Peloponnesian war, 431 B.C.—Relations
  of Sicily to Athens and Sparta—altered by the quarrel
  between Corinth and Korkyra and the intervention of
  Athens.—Expectations entertained by Sparta of aid from the
  Sicilian Dorians, at the beginning of the Peloponnesian
  war. Expectations not realized.—The Dorian cities in
  Sicily attack the Ionian cities in Sicily.—The Ionic
  cities in Sicily solicit aid from Athens—first Athenian
  expedition to Sicily under Lachês.—Second expedition
  under Pythodôrus.—Indecisive operations near Messênê and
  Rhegium.—Defeat of the Messenians by the Naxians and
  Sikels, near Naxos.—Eurymedon and Sophoklês, with a larger
  Athenian fleet, arrive in Sicily.—Congress of the Sicilian
  cities at Gela. Speech of Hermokratês.—General peace made
  between the Sicilian cities. Eurymedon accedes to the
  peace, and withdraws the Athenian fleet.—Displeasure of the
  Athenians against Eurymedon and his colleagues.—Intestine
  dissension in Leontini—expulsion of the Leontine Demos,
  by the aid of Syracuse.—Application of the Leontine
  Demos for help to Athens. The Athenians send Phæax
  to make observations.—Leontini depopulated—the Demos
  expelled—Leontine exiles at Athens.—War between Selinus and
  Egesta—the latter applies to Athens for aid.—Promises of
  the Egestæans: motives offered to Athens for intervention
  in Sicily.—Alkibiadês warmly espouses their cause, and
  advises intervention.—Inspecting commissioners despatched
  by the Athenians to Egesta—frauds practised by the
  Egestæans to delude them.—Return of the commissioners to
  Athens—impression produced by their report. Resolution
  taken to send an expedition to Sicily.—Embarrassment of
  Nikias as opposer of the expedition.—Speech of Nikias
  at the second assembly held by the Athenians.—Reply
  of Alkibiadês.—The assembly favorable to the views
  of Alkibiadês—adheres to the resolution of sailing
  to Sicily.—Second speech of Nikias—exaggerating the
  difficulties and dangers of the expedition, and demanding a
  force on the largest scale.—Effect of this speech—increased
  eagerness of the assembly for the expedition—order and
  unanimity in reference to the plan.—Excitement in the city
  among all classes—great increase in the scale on which the
  expedition was planned.—Large preparations made for the
  expedition.—Review of these preliminary proceedings to the
  Sicilian expedition.—Advice and influence of Nikias.—Advice
  and influence of Alkibiadês.—Athens believed herself
  entitled to be mistress of the islands as well as of the
  sea.                                                       118-162


  CHAPTER LVIII.

  FROM THE RESOLUTION OF THE ATHENIANS TO ATTACK SYRACUSE,
  DOWN TO THE FIRST WINTER AFTER THEIR ARRIVAL IN SICILY.

  Preparations for the expedition against Sicily—general
  enthusiasm and sanguine hopes at Athens.—Abundance in
  the Athenian treasury—display of wealth as well as of
  force in the armament.—Mutilation of the Hermæ at Athens.
  Numbers and sanctity of the Hermæ.—Violent excitement
  and religious alarm produced by the act at Athens.—The
  authors of the act unknown—but it was certainly done by
  design and conspiracy.—Various parties suspected—great
  probability beforehand that it would induce the Athenians
  to abandon or postpone the expedition.—The political
  enemies of Alkibiadês take advantage of the reigning
  excitement to try and ruin him.—Anxiety of the Athenians
  to detect and punish the conspirators—rewards offered for
  information.—Informations given in—commissioners