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                        Stories of the Nations

     A Series of Historical Studies intended to present in graphic
     narratives the stories of the different nations that have attained
     prominence in history.

In the story form the current of each national life is distinctly
indicated, and its picturesque and noteworthy periods and episodes are
presented for the reader in their philosophical relations to each other
as well as to universal history.

  12º, Illustrated, cloth, each             $1.50
  Half Leather, each                        $1.75
  Nos. 62 and following Nos.            net $1.35
      Each                        (By mail) $1.50
  Half leather, gilt top, each          net $1.60
                                  (By mail) $1.75

FOR FULL LIST SEE END OF THIS VOLUME




                               PORTUGAL

                       [Illustration: colophon]

               [Illustration: PRINCE HENRY OF PORTUGAL.

 (_From an Engraving of the Miniature in the MS. of "The Discovery of
                           Guinea," 1448._)]




                       THE STORY OF THE NATIONS

                               PORTUGAL

                                  BY
                           H. MORSE STEPHENS

     BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD; OXFORD UNIVERSITY EXTENSION LECTURER
            AUTHOR OF "A HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION"

                               NEW YORK
                          G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
                        LONDON: T. FISHER UNWIN
                                 1903

                            COPYRIGHT, 1891
                                  BY
                          G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

                 _Entered at Stationers' Hall, London_
                          BY T. FISHER UNWIN

                  Electrotyped, Printed, and Bound by
                   The Knickerbocker Press, New York
                          G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

[Illustration: text decoration]




PREFACE.


This volume is written on a different plan to that adopted in most of
the volumes in the same Series which have preceded it, and attempts to
give a short chronological history of Portugal. An episodical history,
though more interesting than a consecutive narrative, in that it treats
only of the most striking events, demands from the reader a groundwork
of accurate knowledge. This is not given with regard to the history of
Portugal in any book in the English language with which the author is
acquainted. Dunham, who combined a history of Portugal with that of
Spain, in five volumes published in Lardner's _Cabinet Cyclopaedia_
between 1838 and 1843, based his account on Vertot's _Revolutions de
Portugal_, first printed at Paris in 1678, and modern English standard
books of reference still make use of Dunham, and contain the old
blunders of identifying Portugal with Lusitania, recognizing the
fictitious Cortes of Lamego in 1143, regarding the victory of Ourique as
a "prodigious" victory, &c., &c. Since the time of Dunham, a few books
have been published in England bearing on special periods of Portuguese
history, such as the lives of the Marquis of Pombal and the Duke of
Saldanha, published by John Smith, Count of Carnota, and two volumes of
a _History of Portugal_, by E. MacMurdo, and which is still in progress;
but there exists no book containing a complete and trustworthy history
to which students may be referred.

Yet within the last fifty years the history of Portugal has been
entirely rewritten. The modern school of historians, which derived its
first impulsion from Niebuhr and Ranke, found a brilliant representative
in Alexandra Herculano, who saw that history could only be written after
a careful examination of contemporary documents, and who in his
_Historia de Portugal_, published between 1848 and 1853, swept away much
of the cobweb of legend which had enveloped the early history of his
country. Herculano undoubtedly owed much to Heinrich Schaefer, who wrote
the history of Portugal in the _Geschichte der Europaeischen Staaten_
edited by Heeren and Ukert; but he went much further than Schaefer, and
the history of the latter is now quite out of date. The works of
Herculano and his followers have quite superseded the histories of
Lemos, Sousa Monteiro, and J. F. Pereira, which are mentioned here only
as books to be avoided by the historical student.

It is not intended to give a complete bibliography of the works of the
modern Portuguese school of historians, but the author thinks it worth
while to refer to some of the books which he has used, and which can be
recommended as trustworthy guides to those who may wish to examine
further into the history of Portugal. First with regard to documents,
the _Collecc