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            THE
  ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

     ELEVENTH EDITION




  FIRST     edition, published in three       volumes, 1768-1771.
  SECOND       "         "        ten             "    1777-1784.
  THIRD        "         "        eighteen        "    1788-1797.
  FOURTH       "         "        twenty          "    1801-1810.
  FIFTH        "         "        twenty          "    1815-1817.
  SIXTH        "         "        twenty          "    1823-1824.
  SEVENTH      "         "        twenty-one      "    1830-1842.
  EIGHTH       "         "        twenty-two      "    1853-1860.
  NINTH        "         "        twenty-five     "    1875-1889.
  TENTH        "       ninth edition and eleven
                         supplementary volumes,        1902-1903.
  ELEVENTH     "     published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.




               COPYRIGHT
  in all countries subscribing to the
            Bern Convention

                   by
  THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS
                 of the
        UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

         _All rights reserved_




                   THE
         ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

                    A
                DICTIONARY
                    OF
  ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL
               INFORMATION

            ELEVENTH EDITION

                VOLUME IV

           BISHARIN to CALGARY


  New York
  Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
  342 Madison Avenue


  Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
  by
  The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company.




INITIALS USED IN VOLUME IV. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1]
WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.


A. B. R.
    ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, F.R.S., F.L.S., M.A., D.SC.
      Keeper of the Department of Botany, British Museum.

    Botany.


A. E. H.
    A. E. HOUGHTON.
      Formerly Correspondent of the _Standard_ in Spain. Author of
      _Restoration of the Bourbons in Spain._

    Cabrera.



A. E. S.
    ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY, F.R.S., M.A., D.SC.
      Fellow and Tutor of Christ's College, Cambridge. Reader in
      Zoology, Cambridge University. Joint-editor of the _Cambridge
      Natural History_.

    Brachiopoda.


A. F. P.
    ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.
      Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow
      of all Souls' College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the _Dictionary
      of National Biography_, 1893-1901. Lothian Prizeman (Oxford),
      1892. Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of _England under the
      Protector Somerset_, _Henry VIII._; _Thomas Cranmer_; &c.

    Bonner;
    Burghley;
    Baron.


A. Go.*
    REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.
    Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.

    Blandrata;
    Brenz;
    Buckholdt.


A. H. B.
    ARTHUR HENRY BULLEN.
      Founder of the Shakespeare Head Press, Stratford-on-Avon. Editor
      of _Collection of Old English Plays_; _Lyrics from the Song Books
      of the Elizabethan Age_; &c.

    Burton, Robert.


A. H.-S.
    SIR A. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, C.I.E.
      General in the Persian Army. Author of _Eastern Persian Irak_.

    Bushire.


A. H. Sm.
    ARTHUR HAMILTON SMITH, M.A., F.S.A.
      Keeper of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the
      British Museum. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological
      Institute. Author of _Catalogue of Greek Sculpture in the British
      Museum_; &c.

    Brooch.


A. J. G.
    REV. ALEXANDER J. GRIEVE, M.A., B.D.
      Professor of New Testament and Church History, Yorkshire United
      Independent College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras
      University, and Member of Mysore Educational Service.

    Butler