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[Illustration]




  A HANDBOOK

  OF

  PICTORIAL HISTORY.

[Illustration]

  SOME OTHER
  HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY
  PUBLICATIONS.

  +HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS.+
  In Four Sets. By H. W. Donald.
  Price, each set, +1/6+

  +HISTORY TEACHING
  BY BIOGRAPHIES.+
  In Two Volumes. By Alice Eve, B.A.
  Price, each, net, +3+/-; post free, +3/4-1/2+

  +"BRITANNIC"
  HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY.+
  In Two Parts. Price, each, net, +5+d.

  Details of the above will be found
  on pages at back of this book.

  A

  Handbook

  of

  PICTORIAL
  HISTORY

  Containing 680 Illustrations from Original &
  Contemporary Sources treating upon Architecture,
  Arms and Armour, Antiquities, Costumes,
  Customs, Shipping, Heraldry, The Church, etc.
  with Notes and Descriptive Articles on These
  Subjects for the use of Students & Teachers.

  Written and Illustrated
  _by_
  HENRY W. DONALD

  _Compiler of the Britannic Historical Geography &
  the Suggestions Historical Drawing Cards etc._

  [Illustration]

  LONDON:
  Charles and Son, Ltd.
  10, PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.C.4.
  AND GLASGOW.

  Made and printed in Great Britain.




PREFACE.


It has been felt that in the study of English History, to the
ordinary student and teacher, there are great difficulties in the
way of consulting the numerous standard and other excellent works,
on the subjects dealt with in this volume. Many have not sufficient
leisure, and many are unable to make use of the facilities for study
and research offered by our great national and provincial libraries
and museums. And, to most, the prohibitive cost of a representative
collection of these standard works is an effectual bar to the
acquisition of a personal collection.

An acquaintance with these subjects is necessary to an intelligent
appreciation of the life history and development of our nation, and
of the conditions of life of our ancestors, and this work has been
undertaken for students and teachers with regard to these matters, with
the hope that, by its means, the path of study will be illuminated, and
the interest shown in the study of history correspondingly increased.

Too often, in the past, has history been taught as a series of dry
lessons on facts and dates, and although in late years there has been
a great improvement in this respect, to many the living facts around
us, as bearing on our history, in our churches, our historic buildings,
our museums, and our national collections, are still disregarded. What
eloquent tongues they have, and yet, on what deaf ears do their voices
fall!

Mr. Fairholt, in his well-known work on "Costume in England," says:
"A knowledge of costume is, in some degree, inseparable from a right
knowledge of history. We can scarcely read its events without, in some
measure, picturing in the mind's eye the appearance of the actors."

What is true of costume, which includes, of course, civil, military,
and ecclesiastical costume, is equally true of architecture and other
matters associated with the daily lives of our forefathers.

How they lived and died, how they worked, how they dressed, how and
where they worshipped God, and the influences brought to bear upon them
by the Church, must be realized as factors in the development of the
nation.

It is hoped that this work may prove useful to the student, to the
pupils in our schools and colleges, and to teachers who have not been
able to make a special study of these things.

Several plans of arranging the subject-matter have suggested
themselves, and the writer has thought--though it is open, of course,
to criticism--that the work would be most usefully and most easily
consulted by arranging it under the heads of our historic periods.
It will be readily understood that this is merely an arbitrary
arrangement, and that there must be overlapping at times. The aim
has been to make each section as complete as possible in the given
space, and yet to avoid tedious details. To experts the food may seem
very light, but it is to the average student and teacher, to whom the
subjects are new, that the work must appeal.

Every effort has been made to secure accuracy and truthfulness, both in
the matter and in the six hundred and eighty drawings which illustrate
it.

Very many works have been consulted, and, as _all the illustrations
are from authentic and contemporary sources_, it is hoped that the
usefulness of the work will be very considerable.

The writer wishes to express his great obligation to the following
writers and books, whom he has laid under contribution:--

  Greenwell's _British Barrows_,
  Dawkin's _Early Man in Britain_,
  Evans's _Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain_,
  Strutt's _Horda_,
  Grose's _Military Antiquities_,
  Wallis Budge's _Roman Antiquities at Chesters_,
  Jewitt's _Ceramic Art of Great Britain_,
  Fairholt's _Costume in England_,
  Mrs. Ashdown's _British Costume during Nineteen Centuries_,
  Planche's _Cyclopaedia of Costume and History of British Costume_,
  Cutt's _Scenes and Characters of the Middle Ages_,
  Barnard's _Companion to English History, Middle Ages_,
  Traill's _Social England_,
  Green's _Short History_ (Illustrated Edition),
  Parker's various works on _Gothic Architecture_,
  Rickman's _Gothic Architecture_,
  Boutell's _Monumental Brasses of England_,
  Suffling's _English Church Brasses_,
  Macklin's _Brasses of England_,
  Ashdown's _British and Foreign Arms and Armour_,
  Hewitt's _Ancient Armour and Weapons in Europe_,
  Boutell's _Arms and Armour_,
  Fox-Davies's _Complete Guide to Heraldry_,
  Boutell's _English Heraldry_,
  Bloom's _English Seals_,
  Abbot Gasquet's _English Monastic Life_,
  Commander Robinson's _British Fleet_,
  Oman's _History of the Art of War_,
  Fowkes's _Bayeux Tapestry_,
  Gardiner's _History of England_,
  The _Journals of the British Archaeological Association_, and of
    various County Associations.

The writer, too, wishes to thank the Library Committee of the City
of London Corporation for permission to make drawings of objects in
the Guildhall Museum, and Mrs. Ashdown for permission to make use of
illustrations in her "British Costume."

  HENRY W. DONALD.




CONTENTS.

                                                           PAGE

  THE STONE AGE. (Plate 1)                                    7

  THE BRONZE AGE. (Plate 2)                                   9

  PREHISTORIC POTTERY AND FUNERAL CUSTOMS. (Plate 3)         11

  THE ROMAN WALL. (Plate 4)                                  13

  ROMAN POTTERY, ETC. (Plate 5)                              17

  ROMAN ANTIQUITIES FOUND IN LONDON. (Plate 6)               19

  ROMAN ARCHITECTURE IN BRITAIN. (Plate 7)                   21

  ROMAN ARMS, ETC. (Plate 8)                                 23

  SAXON WEAPONS. (Plate 9)                                   25

  SAXON COSTUME, A.D. 460-A.D. 1066. (Plates 10-11)          27

  ANGLO-SAXON ARCHITECTURE. (Plate 12)                       31

  SAXON CUSTOMS. (Plate 13)                                  33

  SAXON FARMING. (Plate 14)                                  35

  SAXON ANTIQUITIES. (Plate 15)                              37

  DANISH VESSELS, ETC. (Plate 16)                            39

  NORMAN COSTUMES. (Plate 17)                                41

  NORMAN ARMS AND ARMOUR. (Plate 18)                         43

  THE BAYEUX TAPESTRY. (Plate 19)                            46

  EARLY NORMAN ARCHITECTURE. (Plate 20)                      51

  LATER NORMAN ARCHITECTURE. (Plate 21)                      53

  NORMAN CASTLES. (Plate 22)                                 55

  NORMAN SEALS AND COINS. (Plate 23)                         59

  THE JOUST AND THE TOURNAMENT. (Plate 24)                   61

  ENGLISH ARCHERS. (Plate 25)                                63

  EARLY CANNON. (Plate 26)                                   67

  A FIFTEENTH CENTURY SHIP. (Plate 27)                       71

  BRASSES. (Plate 28)                                        73

  HERALDRY. (Plate 29)                                       78

  THE TUDOR NAVY. (Plate 30)                                 83

  PLANTAGENET COSTUME. (Plates 31-32)                        86

  MAIL ARMOUR. (Plate 33)                                    93

  EARLY ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. (Plates 34-35)                 98

  MIXED MAIL AND PLATE ARMOUR. (Plate 36)                   103


  LANCASTRIAN AND YORKIST PERIODS.

    Male Costumes. (Plate 37)                               107

    Female Costumes. (Plate 38)                             113

    Plate Armour. (Plate 39)                                115

    Decorated Architecture. (Plates 40-41)                  119


  TUDOR PERIOD.

    Male Costumes. (Plate 42)                               126

    Female Costumes. (Plate 43)                             131

    Plate Armour. (Plate 44)                                136

    Perpendicular Architecture. (Plates 45-46)              141


  STUART PERIOD (TO WILLIAM III.).

    Male Costumes. (Plate 47)                               144

    Female Costumes. (Plates 48-49)                         151

    Arms and Armour.--To end of Charles II. (Plate 50)       155


  ANNE, GEORGE I. AND GEORGE II.

    Male Costumes. (Plate 51)                               159

    Female Costumes. (Plate 52)                             163


  GEORGE III.

    Male Costumes. (Plate 53)                               165

    Female Costumes. (Plate 54)                             168


  THE MONASTIC ORDERS. (Plate 55)                           173

  GENERAL PLAN OF A MONASTERY. (Plate 56)                   174

  THE FRIARS AND CANONS. (Plate 57)                         177

  MILITARY MONASTIC ORDERS. (Plate 58)                      181

  ECCLESIASTICAL COSTUMES AND VESTMENTS. (Plate 59)         185

  PILGRIMS. (Plate 60)                                      189




THE STONE AGE.

_The Flint Weapons of Prehistoric Man in Britain._


When Britain was joined to the continent of Europe (at the time
when the mammoth lived), it was inhabited by the _Palaeolithic_ or
_Ancient Stone men_. They were ignorant of the use of metals, and used
implements of bone and of rudely chipped stone and flint, which they
did not know how to fasten to handles. These implements and weapons, of
a different type from those of later periods, are found in the river
beds of drifts, and these early people are spoken of as the "Drift men."

Cave-dwelling Palaeolithic men succeeded these. Their weapons were still
very rude, but they made handles and fixed them to the flints, so
forming arrows, lances or javelins, and axes.

These were followed by a race called _Neolithic_ men, or men of the
_New Stone Age_. Their stone implements were better shaped, more highly
finished, were often ground smooth, and even polished. They also made
a rude kind of pottery. These men were, doubtless, of the race called
_Iberians_.

[Illustration: PLATE 1.

  (Fig. 1): Flint hand-hammer or axe found in Gray's Inn Lane.
  This was the earliest form, roughly chipped into shape, with
  unsharpened edges. (Figs. 2 and 3): A dagger in the British
  Museum (front and side views). The dagger is one of the
  commonest weapons of the Stone Age, being simple in form and
  easy of construction. (Fig. 4): A javelin head; a simple,
  elongated splinter of flint, shaped to a small stem, which
  was inserted in the end of a shaft and fastened by means of
  ligaments. (Figs. 5 and 6): A stone celt (pronounced selt)
  or axe of the simplest form. This is ground, probably by the
  use of sand and water into a regular and sharp edge. (Fig.
  7): A flint flake, probably used as a scraper. (Fig. 8): A
  stemmed arrow-head. (Fig. 9): A barbed arrow-head (a later
  development). (Fig. 10): A lozenge-shaped arrow-head. (Fig.
  11): A polished stone axe, fixed in a stag's horn socket.
  (Fig. 12): A perforated hammer found at Scarborough. (Figs.
  13 and 14): A perforated axe (two views) found in Yorkshire.
  (Both Figs. 12 and 13 show a very high degree of skill in the
  shaping of the form, in the drilling, and in general finish.)
  (Fig. 15): A polished celt fixed in its original handle, found
  in Cumberland. (Fig. 16): A flint chisel-shaped tool. (Fig.
  17): A flint borer, used for making holes in wood, bone, or
  stone, found in the Yorkshire Wolds.]




THE BRONZE AGE.


The Iberians were succeeded by the Celts, who conquered, and probably
intermarried with, the former.

They had a knowledge of the use of metals, and employed copper first
for the manufacture of their weapons and tools. Then they learned that,
by mixing tin with copper, a harder metal was obtained, which we call
bronze, and this period is, consequently, called the _Bronze Age_. The
early bronze weapons were of the same form as the flint weapons, for
probably the latter were used as "patterns" for forming the mould.
Later, in the case of the celt, flanges were formed at the side, and,
finally, a socketed celt was made, showing a considerable skill in its
manufacture. "The knowledge of bronze must have affected the warfare of
the time in the same way as the introduction of gunpowder affected the
warfare of the Middle Ages." It has been estimated that the Bronze Age
commenced in Britain about 1500 B.C.

[Illustration: PLATE 2.

  (Fig. 1): A bronze spear head--Later Celtic--in the British
  Museum. It is probable that the flint spear-head continued in
  use into the Bronze Age, and that the spear-head with a socket
  was not invented until socketed celts were made. (Fig. 2): An
  ornamental bronze celt or axe found in Suffolk. The simpler
  form of the celt has been improved upon by the addition of
  flanges. (Figs. 3 and 4) show how they were probably fixed in
  handles. (Fig. 5): A bronze knife dagger found in the Isle of
  Wight (British Museum). (Fig. 6): A bronze arrow-head. (Fig.
  7): A bronze socketed celt. (Fig. 8): The same, with the
  probable method of fastening to a handle. (Fig. 9): A bronze
  cauldron found in Ireland. (Fig. 10): A late Celtic Helmet,
  ornamented and showing generally in its structure a very
  advanced skill in manufacture; found in the Thames; now in
  the British Museum. (Fig. 11): A bronze dagger in the British
  Museum. (Fig. 12): A bronze spear-head (elongated form), found
  at Stanwick in Yorkshire; now in the British Museum. Both the
  spear heads in Figs. 1 and 12 tend towards a leaf form. (Fig.
  13): A bronze sword, narrow and leaf-shaped, in the Guildhall
  Museum, London; showing rivet holes. The sword of the Bronze
  Age is remarkable for the beauty of its form. The average
  length of the blade was about two feet, the handle being made
  of horn or wood, split and rivetted on either, side. The sword
  was probably encased in a scabbard of leather, wood or bronze.]




PREHISTORIC POTTERY AND FUNERAL CUSTOMS.


Neolithic men (of the Later Stone Age) buried their dead in the caves
which they had used for dwellings, or in stone chambers, probably
representing the huts in which they lived. Each of these was used as
a vault, common to the family or tribe, for they are found containing
skeletons of all ages. The dead were buried in the tomb as they died,
in a contracted or crouching position, laid upon their sides, probably
due to their sleeping in that position, and not at full length on a
bed. Implements of various kinds, arrow heads, celts and pottery, were
frequently placed in the tombs, and were probably intended for the use
of