



Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net







Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally
      printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an
      underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective
      paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not
      inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek
      letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

    ARTICLE LABYRINTHULIDEA: "From each cyst ultimately emerges a
      single amoeba, or more rarely four (figs. 6, 7)." 'amoeba' amended
      from 'amoebae'.

    ARTICLE LACE: "... upon the lace-making industry in
      Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire contains many
      illustrations of laces made in these counties from the 17th century
      to the present time." 'Bedfordshire' amended from 'Bedforshire'.

    ARTICLE LACONIA: "The coast, especially on the east, is rugged and
      dangerous." 'especially' amended from 'expecially'.

    ARTICLE LA FARGE, JOHN: "Hokusai: A Talk about Hokusai (New York,
      1897), and An Artist's Letters from Japan (New York, 1897)."
      'Hokusai' amended from 'Hoksuai'.

    ARTICLE LAMELLIBRANCHIA: "The series of oval holes on the back of
      the lamella are the water-pores which open between the filaments in
      irregular rows separated horizontally by the transverse
      inter-filamentar junctions." 'filamentar' amended from 'filmentar'.




  THE

  ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

  ELEVENTH EDITION




  FIRST  edition, published in three    volumes, 1768-1771.
  SECOND    "        "        ten          "     1777-1784.
  THIRD     "        "        eighteen     "     1788-1797.
  FOURTH    "        "        twenty       "     1801-1810.
  FIFTH     "        "        twenty       "     1815-1817.
  SIXTH     "        "        twenty       "     1823-1824.
  SEVENTH   "        "        twenty-one   "     1830-1842.
  EIGHTH    "        "        twenty-two   "     1853-1860.
  NINTH     "        "        twenty-five  "     1875-1889.
  TENTH     "   ninth edition and eleven
                  supplementary volumes,         1902-1903.
  ELEVENTH  "  published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.


  COPYRIGHT

  in all countries subscribing to the Bern Convention

  by

  THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS
  of the
  UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

  _All rights reserved_




  THE

  ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

  A DICTIONARY OF
  ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

  ELEVENTH EDITION

  VOLUME XVI
  L to LORD ADVOCATE

  New York

  Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
  342 Madison Avenue

  Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
  by
  The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company.


       VOLUME XVI, SLICE I

      L to Lamellibranchia


ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

  L                                LA FARINA, GIUSEPPE
  LAACHER SEE                      LA FAYETTE, GILBERT MOTIER DE
  LAAGER                           LA FAYETTE, LOUISE DE
  LAAS, ERNST                      LA FAYETTE, ROCH GILBERT DU MOTIER
  LA BADIE, JEAN DE                LA FAYETTE, PIOCHE DE LA VERGNE
  LABEL                            LAFAYETTE
  LABEO, MARCUS ANTISTIUS          LA FERTE
  LABERIUS, DECIMUS                LA FERTE-BERNARD
  LABIATAE                         LA FERTE-MILON
  LABICANA, VIA                    LAFFITTE, JACQUES
  LABICHE, EUGENE MARIN            LAFFITTE, PIERRE
  LABICI                           LA FLECHE
  LABID                            LAFONT, PIERRE CHERI
  LABIENUS                         LA FONTAINE, JEAN DE
  LABLACHE, LUIGI                  LAFONTAINE, SIR LOUIS HIPPOLYTE
  LABOR DAY                        LAFOSSE, CHARLES DE
  LA BOURBOULE                     LAGARDE, PAUL ANTON DE
  LABOUR CHURCH, THE               LAGASH
  LA BOURDONNAIS, FRANCOIS         LAGHMAN
  LABOUR EXCHANGE                  LAGOON
  LABOUR LEGISLATION               LAGOS (province of Nigeria)
  LABOUR PARTY                     LAGOS (seaport of Nigeria)
  LABRADOR                         LAGOS (seaport of Portugal)
  LABRADORITE                      LA GRACE
  LABRADOR TEA                     LA GRAND' COMBE
  LABRUM                           LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS
  LA BRUYERE, JEAN DE              LAGRANGE-CHANCEL, FRANCOIS JOSEPH
  LABUAN                           LA GRANJA
  LABURNUM                         LAGRENEE, LOUIS JEAN FRANCOIS
  LABYRINTH                        LA GUAIRA
  LABYRINTHULIDEA                  LA GUERONNIERE, DUBREUIL HELION
  LAC                              LAGUERRE, JEAN HENRI GEORGES
  LACAILLE, NICOLAS LOUIS DE       LAGUNA
  LACAITA, SIR JAMES               LA HARPE, JEAN FRANCOIS DE
  LA CALLE                         LAHIRE, LAURENT DE
  LA CALPRENEDE, COSTES            LAHN
  LA CARLOTA                       LAHNDA
  LACCADIVE ISLANDS                LA HOGUE, BATTLE OF
  LACCOLITE                        LAHORE
  LACE                             LA HOZ Y MOTA, JUAN CLAUDIO DE
  LACE-BARK TREE                   LAHR
  LACEDAEMON                       LAIBACH
  LACEPEDE, BERNARD DE LA VILLE    LAIDLAW, WILLIAM
  LACEWING-FLY                     LAING, ALEXANDER GORDON
  LA CHAISE, FRANCOIS DE           LAING, DAVID
  LA CHAISE-DIEU                   LAING, MALCOLM
  LA CHALOTAIS, DE CARADEUC DE     LAING, SAMUEL
  LA CHARITE                       LAING'S NEK
  LA CHAUSSEE, NIVELLE DE          LAIRD, MACGREGOR
  LACHES                           LAIS
  LACHINE                          LAISANT, CHARLES ANNE
  LACHISH                          LAI-YANG
  LACHMANN, FRIEDRICH WILHELM      LAKANAL, JOSEPH
  LACINIUM, PROMUNTURIUM           LAKE, GERARD LAKE
  LA CIOTAT                        LAKE
  LA CLOCHE, JAMES DE              LAKE CHARLES
  LA CONDAMINE, CHARLES MARIE DE   LAKE CITY
  LACONIA (Peloponnese district)   LAKE DISTRICT
  LACONIA (New Hampshire, U.S.A.)  LAKE DWELLINGS
  LACONICUM                        LAKE GENEVA
  LACORDAIRE, JEAN BAPTISTE HENRI  LAKE OF THE WOODS
  LACQUER                          LAKE PLACID
  LACRETELLE, PIERRE LOUIS DE      LAKEWOOD
  LACROIX, ANTOINE FRANCOIS ALFRED LAKH
  LACROIX, PAUL                    LAKHIMPUR
  LACROMA                          LAKSHMI
  LA CROSSE                        LALAING, JACQUES DE
  LACROSSE                         LALANDE, JOSEPH JEROME LEFRANCAIS DE
  LA CRUZ, RAMON DE                LALIN
  LACRYMATORY                      LA LINEA
  LACTANTIUS FIRMIANUS             LALITPUR
  LACTIC ACID                      LALLY, THOMAS ARTHUR
  LACTONES                         LALLY-TOLLENDAL, TROPHIME GERARD
  LA CUEVA, JUAN DE                LALO, EDOUARD
  LACUNAR                          LA MADDALENA
  LACUZON                          LAMAISM
  LACY, FRANZ MORITZ               LAMALOU-LES-BAINS
  LACY, HARRIETTE DEBORAH          LAMA-MIAO
  LACY, MICHAEL ROPHINO            LAMAR, LUCIUS QUINTUS CINCINNATUS
  LACYDES OF CYRENE                LAMARCK, ANTOINE DE MONET
  LADAKH AND BALTISTAN             LA MARGHERITA, CLEMENTE SOLARO
  LADD, GEORGE TRUMBULL            LA MARMORA, ALFONSO FERRERO
  LADDER                           LAMARTINE, LOUIS DE PRAT DE
  LADING                           LAMB, CHARLES
  LADISLAUS I                      LAMB
  LADISLAUS IV.                    LAMBALLE, LOUISE OF SAVOY-CARIGNANO
  LADISLAUS V.                     LAMBALLE
  LA DIXMERIE, NICOLAS BRICAIRE DE LAMBAYEQUE
  LADO ENCLAVE                     LAMBEAUX, JEF
  LADOGA                           LAMBERMONT, AUGUSTE
  LADY                             LAMBERT, DANIEL
  LADYBANK                         LAMBERT, FRANCIS
  LADYBRAND                        LAMBERT, JOHANN HEINRICH
  LADY-CHAPEL                      LAMBERT, JOHN (English martyr)
  LADY DAY                         LAMBERT, JOHN (English general)
  LADYSMITH                        LAMBERT OF HERSFELD
  LAELIUS                          LAMBESSA
  LAENAS                           LAMBETH
  LAER, PIETER VAN                 LAMBETH CONFERENCES
  LAESTRYGONES                     LAMBINUS, DIONYSIUS
  LAETUS, JULIUS POMPONIUS         LAMBOURN
  LAEVIUS                          LAMECH
  LAEVULINIC ACID                  LAMEGO
  LA FARGE, JOHN                   LAMELLIBRANCHIA




INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XVI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1]
WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.


  A. B. Ch.
    A. B. CHATWOOD, B.SC., A.M.INST.C.E., M.INST.ELEC.E.

    Lock.

  A. B. R.
    ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, M.A., D.SC, F.R.S., F.L.S.

      Keeper, Department of Botany, British Museum. Author of _Text Book
      on Classification of Flowering Plants, &c._

    Leaf.

  A. C. F.
    ALEXANDER CAMPBELL FRASER, LL.D.

      See the biographical article: FRASER, A. C.

    Locke, John.

  A. C. S.
    ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE.

      See the biographical article: SWINBURNE, A. C.

    Landor.

  A. D.
    HENRY AUSTIN DOBSON, LL.D.

      See the biographical article: Dobson, HENRY AUSTIN.

    Locker-Lampson.

  A. Fi.
    PIERRE MARIE AUGUSTE FILON.

      See the biographical article: FILON, P. M. A.

    Labiche.

  A. F. P.
    ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.

      Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow
      of All Souls' College, Oxford. Assistant editor of the Dictionary
      of National Biography, 1893-1901. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1892;
      Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of _England under the Protector
      Somerset_; _Henry VIII._; _Life of Thomas Cranmer_; &c.

    Lambert, Francis;
    Lambert, Nicholson.

  A. Gl.
    ARNOLD GLOVER, M.A., LL.B. (d. 1905)

      Trinity College, Cambridge; Joint-editor of _Beaumont and
      Fletcher_ for the Cambridge University Press.

    Layard.

  A. Go.*
    REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.

      Lecturer in Church History in the University of Manchester.

    Laurentius, Paul;
    Libertines.

  A. G. D.
    ARTHUR GEORGE DOUGHTY, C.M.G., M.A., LITT.D., F.R.HIST.S.,
    F.R.S.(Canada).

      Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of the Geographical Board of
      Canada. Author of _The Cradle of New France_; &c. Joint editor of
      _Documents relating to the Constitutional History of Canada_.

    Lafontaine.

  A. H. S.
    REV. ARCHIBALD HENRY SAYCE, LITT.D., LL.D.

      See the biographical article: SAYCE, A. H.

    Laodicea.

  A. J. G.
    REV. ALEXANDER JAMES GRIEVE, M.A., B.D.

      Professor of New Testament and Church History, Yorkshire United
      Independent College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras
      University, and Member of Mysore Educational Service.

    Logos (_in part_).

  A. J. L.
    ANDREW JACKSON LAMOUREUX.

      Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. Editor of
      the _Rio News_ (Rio de Janeiro), 1879-1901.

    Lima (_Peru_).

  A. L.
    ANDREW LANG.

      See the biographical article: LANG, ANDREW.

    La Cloche.

  A. M. An.
    ADELAIDE MARY ANDERSON, M.A.

      H.M. Principal Lady Inspector of Factories, Home Office. Clerk to
      the Royal Commission on Labour, 1892-1894. Gamble Gold Medallist,
      Girton College, Cambridge, 1893. Author of various articles on
      Industrial Life and Legislation, &c.

    Labour Legislation.

  A. M. C.
    AGNES MARY CLERKE.

      See the biographical article: CLERKE, A. M.

    Lagrange;
    Laplace;
    Leverrier.

  A. N.
    ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.

      See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED.

    Lammergeyer;
    Lapwing;
    Lark;
    Linnet;
    Loom.

  A. P. C.
    ARTHUR PHILEMON COLEMAN, M.A., PH.D., F.R.S.

      Professor of Geology in the University of Toronto. Geologist,
      Bureau of Mines, Toronto, 1893-1910. Author of _Reports of the
      Bureau of Mines of Ontario_.

    Labrador (_in part_).

  A. P. Lo.
    ALBERT PETER LOW.

      Deputy Minister of Department of Mines, Canada. Member of
      Geological Survey of Canada. Author of _Report on the Exploration
      in the Labrador Peninsula_; &c.

    Labrador (_in part_).

  A. Se.*
    ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A., F.R.S.

      Professor of Zoology at the Imperial College of Science and
      Technology, London. Fellow, and formerly Tutor, of Trinity
      College, Cambridge. Professor of Zoology in the University of
      Cambridge, 1907-1909.

    Larval Forms.

  A. Sl.
    ARTHUR SHADWELL, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P.

      Member of Council of Epidemiological Society. Author of _The
      London Water-Supply_; _Industrial Efficiency_; _Drink, Temperance
      and Legislation_.

    Liquor Laws.

  A. So.
    ALBRECHT SOCIN, PH.D. (1844-1899).

      Formerly Professor of Semitic Philology in the Universities of
      Leipzig and Tubingen. Author of _Arabische Grammatik_; &c.

    Lebanon (_in part_).

  A. S. C.
    ALAN SUMMERLY COLE, C.B.

      Assistant Secretary for Art, Board of Education, 1900-1908. Author
      of _Ancient Needle Point and Pillow Lace_; _Embroidery and Lace_;
      _Ornament in European Silks_; &c.

    Lace.

  A. St H. G.
    ALFRED ST HILL GIBBONS.

      Major, East Yorkshire Regiment. Explorer in South Central Africa.
      Author of _Africa from South to North through Marotseland._

    Lewanika.

  A. S. M.
    ALEXANDER STUART MURRAY, LL.D.

      See the biographical article: MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART.

    Lamp.

  A. S. W.
    AUGUSTUS SAMUEL WILKINS, M.A., LL.D., LITT.D. (1843-1905).

      Professor of Latin, Owens College, Manchester, 1869-1905. Author
      of _Roman Literature_; &c.

    Latin Language (_in part_).

  A. T. T.
    A. T. THORSON.

      Official in Life Saving Service, U.S.A.

    Life