



Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Paul Marshall and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net






Transcriber's Notes:

  Underscores "_" before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_
    in the original text.

  Equal signs "=" before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold=
    in the original text.

  Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.

  Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.

  Misprints in the table SAVING DUE TO HEATING THE FEED WATER, Pg. 1936
    have been corrected, they are:

         Init. Temp.     Pressure     Old Value      New Value
            130            40           .0954         .0934
            200            40           .0900         .0999
            210            40           .1000         .1010
            230           100           .0117         .1012

 In the original text, there are two Fig. 2769's and two Fig. 2770's.
 The second of each has had an "a" suffix added, i.e. 2769a and 2770a.

 On line 7397 the word "impedence" was corrected to "impedance".

 Superscripts are shown as ^{d} and subscripts are shown as _{d}, where
 "d" is an integer.

 Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation has been left as in the original.




       THE THOUGHT IS IN THE QUESTION
      THE INFORMATION IS IN THE ANSWER

    HAWKINS ELECTRICAL GUIDE NUMBER EIGHT

     QUESTIONS ANSWERS & ILLUSTRATIONS

  A PROGRESSIVE COURSE OF STUDY FOR ENGINEERS,
  ELECTRICIANS, STUDENTS AND THOSE DESIRING TO
        ACQUIRE A WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF

       ELECTRICITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

   A PRACTICAL TREATISE by HAWKINS AND STAFF

   THEO AUDEL & CO. 72 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK.

   COPYRIGHTED, 1915, BY THEO. AUDEL & CO.,

               NEW YORK.
          Printed in the United States.




                   TABLE OF CONTENTS
                      GUIDE No. 8


  =WAVE FORM MEASUREMENT=                            1,839 to 1,868

   Importance of wave form measurement--=methods=:
   step by step; constantly recording--=classes of
   apparatus=: wave indication; _oscillographs_--=step
   by step methods=--Joubert's; four part commutator;
   modified four part commutator; ballistic galvanometer;
   zero; Hospitalier ondograph--=constantly recording
   methods=: cathode ray; glow light; moving iron; moving
   coil; hot wire--=oscillographs=--moving coil type;
   construction and operation; production of the time scale;
   oscillograms--falling plate camera; its use.

  =SWITCHBOARDS=                                     1,869 to 1,884

   =General principles=: diagram--small plant a.c.
   switchboard--=switchboard panels=; =generator
   panel=; diagram of connections--simple method of
   determining bus bar capacity--feeder panel--diagrams of
   connection for two phase and three phase installations.

  =ALTERNATING CURRENT WIRING=                       1,885 to 1,914

   Effects to be considered in making
   calculations--=induction=; self- and mutual; mutual
   induction, how caused--=transpositions=--inductance
   per mile of three phase circuit, table--=capacity=;
   table--=frequency--skin effect=; calculation;
   table--=corona effect=; its manifestation;
   critical voltage; spacing of wires--=resistance of
   wires--impedance--power factor=; apparent current;
   usual power factors encountered; example--=wire
   calculations--sizes of wire--table of the property of
   copper wire--drop=; example--current--example covering
   horse power, watts, apparent load, current, size of wire,
   drop, voltage at the alternator, and electrical horse power.

  =POWER STATIONS=                                   1,915 to 1,988

   Classification--=central stations=; types: a.c.,
   d.c., and a.c. and d.c.; reciprocating engine vs.
   turbine--=location of central stations=; price of
   land; trouble after erection; water supply; service
   requiring direct current--=size of plant=; nature
   of load; peak load; load factor; machinery required;
   example; factors of evaporation; grate surface per
   horse power--=general arrangement of station=;
   belt drive with counter shaft; desirable features of
   belt drive; conditions, suitable for counter shaft
   drive; location of engine and boilers; the steam pipe;
   piping between