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[Illustration: ENGLAND AND CANADA.--_A Journey between OLD and NEW
WESTMINSTER, by Sandford Fleming, C.E., C.M.G. etc._

  _Eastern Journey- - - - - - - - Western Journey------------_

  George Philip & Son London & Liverpool.]




    ENGLAND AND CANADA.

    A SUMMER TOUR
    BETWEEN
    OLD AND NEW WESTMINSTER
    WITH HISTORICAL NOTES.


    BY
    SANDFORD FLEMING, C.E., C.M.G., ETC.


    MONTREAL:
    DAWSON BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS.
    1884.




    Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year 1884,
    by SANDFORD FLEMING,
    in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.


    GAZETTE PRINTING COMPANY, MONTREAL.




    TO

    The Right Honourable the Marquis of Lorne, K.T.

    G.C.M.G., P.C., &C., &C.,

    ONE OF CANADA’S TRUEST AND WARMEST FRIENDS,

    WITH SINCERE RESPECT

    THIS RECORD OF A JOURNEY FROM THE IMPERIAL CAPITAL TO THE

    PACIFIC OCEAN, THROUGH CANADIAN TERRITORY,

    IS DEDICATED.




CONTENTS.


  CHAPTER I.

  _INTRODUCTORY._


  CHAPTER II.

  _HALIFAX TO LIVERPOOL._

  Halifax--Cunard Line--Intercolonial Railway--Truro--Travelling
    by Pullman--New Brunswick--Miramichi--Great Fires in New
    Brunswick--Salmon Fishing--Micmac Indians--Rimouski--S.S.
    Parisian--The first Ocean Steamer the Royal William--Incidents
    of Ocean Voyage--Arrival.                                    Page 11


  CHAPTER III.

  _ENGLAND._

  Willie Gordon--Custom House Annoyances--Cable Telegram--Post
    Office Annoyances--London--Spurgeon’s Tabernacle--An Ancestral
    Home--English and United States Hotels--English Reserve--A
    Railway Accident--The Land’s End--A Deaf Guest.              Page 33


  CHAPTER IV.

  _ENGLAND (Continued)._

  Marquis of Salisbury--Classical Studies--Henley Regatta--Red
    Lion--London Dinner to Lord Dufferin--His Speech--Greenwich--
    Fisheries Exhibition--Bray--The Vicar--The Thames--Minehead--
    The Polynesian.                                              Page 58


  CHAPTER V.

  _ENGLAND TO CANADA._

  The Ocean Voyage--Its Comfort--Moville--Mail Coach Road of Old
    Days--Impressive Service on Deck--Comfort on the Vessel--
    Rimouski--Halifax.                                           Page 84


  CHAPTER VI.

  _NOVA SCOTIA._

  Early Colonization--De Monts--Champlain--Sir William Alexander--
    Capture of Quebec--The Treaties--The Acadian Evangeline--
    Louisbourg--First Capture--Peace of Aix la Chapelle--Boundary
    Disputes--The Final Struggle--Deportation of the Acadians--
    Nova Scotia constituted a Province.                         Page 102


  CHAPTER VII.

  _HALIFAX TO QUEBEC._

  Home in Halifax--Start for the Pacific--The Intercolonial
    Railway--Major Robinson--Old Companions--The Ashburton
    Blunder--Quebec--The Provincial Legislature--Champlain--The
    Iroquois.                                                   Page 119


  CHAPTER VIII.

  _QUEBEC, MONTREAL, OTTAWA._

  Montreal--Ship Channel--Hon. John Young--St. Lawrence Canals--
    Indifference of Quebec--Quebec Interests Sacrificed--Need of a
    Bridge at Quebec--Montreal Trade in Early Times--Beauty of the
    City--Canadian Pacific Railway--Ottawa--The Social Influence
    of Government House--Kingston.                              Page 131


  CHAPTER IX.

  _TORONTO TO LAKE SUPERIOR._

  Toronto--Collingwood--Georgian Bay--The Sault St. Mary--
    Navigation of the Great Lakes--Manitoulin Islands--Lake Huron--
    Arrival at the Sault.                                       Page 147


  CHAPTER X.

  _LAKE SUPERIOR TO WINNIPEG._

  Lake Superior--Early Discoverers--Joliet and La Salle--
    Hennepin--Du Luth--Port Arthur--The Far West--The North-West
    Company--Rat Portage--Gold Mining--Winnipeg.                Page 161


  CHAPTER XI.

  _WINNIPEG, HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY, LORD SELKIRK._

  Early Explorers of the North-West--Du Luth--De la Verendrye--
    Mackenzie--Hudson’s Bay Company--Treaty of Utrecht--North-West
    Company--Lord Selkirk--War in the North-West--Union of the
    Rival Companies--The North-West Annexed to Canada.          Page 179


  CHAPTER XII.

  _WINNIPEG TO CALGARY._

  Winnipeg--Great Storm--Portage-la-Prairie--Brandon--Moose Jaw--
    Old Wives’ Lakes--The Indians--Maple Creek--Medicine Hat--
    Rocky Mountains.                                            Page 201


  CHAPTER XIII.

  _CALGARY TO THE SUMMIT._

  Start for the Mountains--The Cochrane Ranche--Gradual Ascent--
    Mount Cascade--Anthracite Coal--Sunday in the Rockies--
    Mountain Scenery--The Divide.                               Page 221


  CHAPTER XIV.

  _DOWN KICKING-HORSE VALLEY._

  The Descent--Summit Lake--The Kicking-Horse River--Singular
    Mountain Storms--An Engineering Party--A Beaver Meadow--A
    Dizzy Walk.                                                 Page 237


  CHAPTER XV.

  _TO THE SUMMIT OF THE SELKIRKS._

  The Eagle Pass--Kicking-horse River--Valley of the Columbia--The
    Selkirk Range--The Columbia River--Summit of the Selkirks--
    Major Rogers’ Discovery.                                    Page 252


  CHAPTER XVI.

  _DOWN THE ILLE-CELLE-WAET._

  The Descent of the Selkirk Range--Glaciers--The Last of our
    Horses--Devil’s Clubs--The Ille-celle-waet--A Rough Journey--
    A Mountain Storm--Slow Progress--A Roaring Torrent--Skunk
    Cabbage--Marsh--A Long Ten Miles’ Journey.                  Page 271


  CHAPTER XVII.

  _DOWN THE ILLE-CELLE-WAET.--Continued._

  A Difficult March--Cariboo Path--Organization of Advance--
    Passing Through the Canyon--Timber Jam--A Gun-shot heard--
    The Columbia again--Indians--Disappointment--The Question of
    Supplies becomes Urgent--No Relief Party Found--Suspense.   Page 284


  CHAPTER XVIII.

  _THROUGH THE EAGLE PASS._

  The Kamloops Men at Last--No Supplies--On Short Allowance--An
    Indian Guide--Bog-wading--The Summit of the Pass--Bluff Lake--
    Victoria Bluff--Three Valley Lake--Eagle River--Shooting
    Salmon--The _Cached_ Provisions--Pack-horses again--Road
    Making--The South Thompson--Indian Ranches.                 Page 295


  CHAPTER XIX.

  _KAMLOOPS TO THE COAST._

  Lake Kamloops--Savona’s Ferry--Irrigation--Chinese Navvies--
    Chinese Servants--Lytton--The Fraser River Canyon--Old
    Engineering Friends--Sunday at Yale--Paddling Down the Fraser--
    An English Fog at New Westminster.                          Page 311


  CHAPTER XX.

  _ON PACIFIC WATERS._

  New Westminster--Enormous Forest Trees--English Broom--Port
    Moody--Down Burrard Inlet--Sea Fog--Navigation by Echo--
    Straits of Georgia--The St. Juan Archipelago--Seamanship--
    Victoria.                                                   Page 329


  CHAPTER XXI.

  _BRITISH COLUMBIA._

  Sir Francis Drake--Mears--Vancouver--Astor--Hudson’s Bay
    Company--Gold Discoveries--Climate--Timber--Fisheries--
    Minerals--Mountain Scenery.                                 Page 340


  CHAPTER XXII.

  _HOME BY THE NORTHERN PACIFIC._

  Puget Sound--The Columbia--Portland--Oregon and San Juan
    Disputes--Arid Country--Mountain Summits--The Yellowstone--
    The Missouri--The Red River--Chicago--Standard Time Meeting--
    The British Association--Home.                              Page 355


