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Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally
      printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an
      underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective
      paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not
      inserted.

(5) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

    ARTICLE BRAIN: "The cough, the eye-closure, the impulse to smile,
      all these can be suppressed." 'impulse' amended from 'impluse'.

    ARTICLE BRAIN: "The deep ends of these olfactory neurones having
      entered the central nervous organ come into contact with the of
      large neurones, called, from their shape, mitral." 'dendrites'
      amended from 'dentrites'.




          ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

  A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE
           AND GENERAL INFORMATION

              ELEVENTH EDITION


            VOLUME IV, SLICE IV

   Bradford, William to Brequigny, Louis




ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:


  BRADFORD, WILLIAM (governor)       BRAOSE, WILLIAM DE
  BRADFORD, WILLIAM (printer)        BRASCASSAT, JACQUES RAYMOND
  BRADFORD, WILLIAM (painter)        BRAS D'OR
  BRADFORD (England)                 BRASDOR, PIERRE
  BRADFORD (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.)    BRASIDAS
  BRADFORD CLAY                      BRASS (Nigeria)
  BRADFORD-ON-AVON                   BRASS (alloy)
  BRADLAUGH, CHARLES                 BRASSES, MONUMENTAL
  BRADLEY, GEORGE GRANVILLE          BRASSEUR DE BOURBOURG, CHARLES
  BRADLEY, JAMES                     BRASSEY, THOMAS
  BRADSHAW, GEORGE                   BRASSO
  BRADSHAW, HENRY (English poet)     BRATHWAIT, RICHARD
  BRADSHAW, HENRY (British scholar)  BRATIANU, ION C.
  BRADSHAW, JOHN                     BRATLANDSDAL
  BRADWARDINE, THOMAS                BRATTISHING
  BRADY, NICHOLAS                    BRATTLEBORO
  BRAEKELEER, HENRI JEAN DE          BRAUNAU
  BRAEMAR                            BRAUNSBERG
  BRAG                               BRAVO
  BRAGA                              BRAWLING
  BRAGANZA                           BRAY, SIR REGINALD
  BRAGG, BRAXTON                     BRAY, THOMAS
  BRAGI                              BRAY (England)
  BRAHAM, JOHN                       BRAY (Ireland)
  BRAHE, PER                         BRAYLEY, EDWARD WEDLAKE
  BRAHE, TYCHO                       BRAZIER
  BRAHMAN                            BRAZIL (legendary island)
  BRAHMANA                           BRAZIL (republic)
  BRAHMANISM                         BRAZIL (Indiana, U.S.A.)
  BRAHMAPUTRA                        BRAZIL NUTS
  BRAHMA SAMAJ                       BRAZIL WOOD
  BRAHMS, JOHANNES                   BRAZING AND SOLDERING
  BRAHUI                             BRAZZA, PIERRE PAUL SAVORGNAN DE
  BRAID                              BRAZZA
  BRAIDWOOD, THOMAS                  BREACH
  BRAILA                             BREAD
  BRAIN                              BREADALBANE, JOHN CAMPBELL
  BRAINERD, DAVID                    BREADALBANE
  BRAINERD                           BREAD-FRUIT
  BRAINTREE (Essex, England)         BREAKING BULK
  BRAINTREE (Massachusetts, U.S.A.)  BREAKWATER
  BRAKE (town of Germany)            BREAL, MICHEL JULES ALFRED
  BRAKE (engineering)                BREAM
  BRAKELOND, JOCELYN DE              BREAST
  BRAMAH, JOSEPH                     BREAUTE, FALKES DE
  BRAMANTE                           BRECCIA
  BRAMPTON, HENRY HAWKINS            BRECHIN
  BRAMPTON                           BRECKINRIDGE, JOHN CABELL
  BRAMWELL, GEORGE WILLIAM BRAMWELL  BRECON
  BRAN (Welsh hero)                  BRECONSHIRE
  BRAN (husk of cereals)             BREDA
  BRANCH                             BREDAEL, JAN FRANS VAN
  BRANCO                             BREDERODE, HENRY
  BRANCOVAN                          BREDOW, GOTTFRIED GABRIEL
  BRAND, JOHN                        BREDOW
  BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY              BREECH
  BRANDE, WILLIAM THOMAS             BREEDS AND BREEDING
  BRANDENBURG (Prussian electorate)  BREEZE
  BRANDENBURG (Prussian province)    BREGENZ
  BRANDENBURG (town of Germany)      BREHON LAWS
  BRANDER, GUSTAVUS                  BREISACH
  BRANDES, GEORG MORRIS COHEN        BREISGAU
  BRANDING                           BREISLAK, SCIPIONE
  BRANDIS, CHRISTIAN AUGUST          BREITENFELD
  BRANDON (Canada)                   BREMEN (German state)
  BRANDON (England)                  BREMEN (German city)
  BRANDY                             BREMER, FREDRIKA
  BRANDYWINE                         BREMERHAVEN
  BRANFORD                           BRENDAN
  BRANGWYN, FRANK                    BRENHAM
  BRANKS                             BRENNER PASS
  BRANT, JOSEPH                      BRENNUS
  BRANT, SEBASTIAN                   BRENTANO, KLEMENS
  BRANTFORD                          BRENTANO, LUDWIG JOSEPH
  BRANTINGHAM, THOMAS DE             BRENTFORD
  BRANTOME, PIERRE DE BOURDEILLE     BRENTON, SIR JAHLEEL
  BRANTOME                           BRENTWOOD
  BRANXHOLM                          BRENZ, JOHANN
  BRANXTON                           BREQUIGNY, LOUIS GEORGES FEUDRIX DE


BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590-1657), American colonial governor and historian,
was born in Austerfield, Yorkshire, England, probably in March 1590. He
became somewhat estranged from his family, which was one of considerable
importance in the locality, when in early youth he joined the Puritan
sect known as Separatists, and united in membership with the
congregation at Scrooby. He prepared in 1607, with other members of the
church, to migrate to Holland, but the plan was discovered and several
of the leaders, among them Bradford, were imprisoned. In the year
following, however, he joined the English colony at Amsterdam, where he
learned the trade of silk weaving. He subsequently sold his Yorkshire
property and embarked in business on his own account at Leiden, where
the English refugees had removed. He became an active advocate of the
proposed emigration to America, was one of the party that sailed in the
"Mayflower" in September 1620, and was one of the signers of the compact
on shipboard in Cape Cod Bay. After the death of Governor John Carver in
April 1621, Bradford was elected governor of Plymouth Colony, and served
as such, with the exception of five years (1633, 1634, 1636, 1638 and
1644) until shortly before his death. After 1624, at Bradford's
suggestion, a board of five and later seven assistants was chosen
annually to share the executive responsibility. Bradford's rule was firm
and judicious, and to his guidance more than to that of any other man
the prosperity of the Plymouth Colony was due. His tact and kindness in
dealing with the Indians helped to relieve the colony from the conflicts
with which almost every other settlement was afflicted. In 1630 the
council for New England granted to "William Bradford, his heires,
associatts, and assignes," a new patent enlarging the original grant of
territory made to the Plymouth settlers. This patent Bradford in the
name of the trustees made over to the body corporate of the colony in
1641. Bradford died in Plymouth on the 9th of May 1657. He was the
author of a very important historical work, the _History of Plimouth
Plantation_ (until 1646), first published in the _Proceedings_ of the
Massachusetts Historical Society for 1856, and later by the state of
Massachusetts (Boston, 1898), and in facsimile, with an introduction by
John A. Doyle, in 1896. The manuscript disappeared from Boston during
the War of Independence, was discovered in the Fulham library, London,
in 1855, and was returned by the bishop of London to the state of
Massachusetts in 1897. This work has been of inestimable value to
writers on the history of the Pilgrims, and was freely used, in
manuscript, by Morton, Hubbard, Mather, Prince and Hutchinson. Bradford
was also undoubtedly part author, with Edward Winslow, of the "Diary of
Occurrences" published in Mourts' _Relation_, edited by Dr H.M. Dexter
(Boston, 1865). He also wrote a series of _Dialogues_, on church
government, published in the Massachusetts Historical Society's
Publications (1870.)

  For Bradford's ancestry and early life see Joseph Hunter, _Collections
  concerning the Founders of New Plymouth_, in Massachusetts Historical
  Society's _Collections_ (Boston, 1852); also the quaint sketch in
  Cotton Mather's _Magnalia_ (London, 1702), and a chapter in Williston
  Walker's _Ten New England Leaders_ (New York, 1901).




BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663-1752), American colonial printer, was born in
Leicestershire, England, on the 20th of May 1663. He learned the
printer's trade in London with Andrew Sowle, and in 1682 emigrated with
William Penn to Pennsylvania, where in 1685 he introduced the "art and
mystery" of printing into the Middle Colonies. His first imprint was an
almanac, _Kalendarium Pennsilvaniense or America's Messenger_ (1685). At
the outset he was ordered "not to print anything but what shall have
lycence from ye council," and in 1692, the colony then being torn by
schism, he issued a tract for the minority sect of Friends, whereupon
his press was seized and he was arrested. He was released, however, and
his press was restored on his appeal to Governor Benjamin Fletcher. In
1690, with William Rittenhouse (1644-1708) and others, he established in
Roxboro, Pennsylvania, now a part of Philadelphia, the first paper mill
in America. In the spring of 1693 he removed to New York, where he was
appointed royal printer for the colony, a position which he held for
more than fifty years; and on the 8th of November 1725 he issued the
first number of the _New York Gazette_, the first paper established in
New York and from 1725 to 1733 the only paper in the colony. Bradford
died in New York on the 23rd of May 1752.

His son, ANDREW SOWLE BRADFORD (1686-1742), removed from New York to
Philadelphia in 1712, and there on the 22nd of December 1719 issued the
first number of the _American Weekly Mercury_, the first newspaper in
the Middle Colonies. Benjamin Franklin, for a time a compositor in the
office, characterized the paper as "a paltry thing, in no way
interesting"; but it was continued for many years and was edited by
Bradford until his death.

The latter's nephew, WILLIAM BRADFORD (1722-1791), established in
December 1742 the _Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser_, which
was for sixty years under his control or that of his son, and which in
1774-1775 bore the oft-reproduced device of a divided serpent with the
motto "Unite or Die." He served in the War of American Independence,
rising to the rank of colonel. His son, WILLIAM BRADFORD (1755-1795),
also served in the War of Independence, and afterwards was
attorney-general of Pennsylvania (1791), a judge of the supreme court of
the state, and in 1794-1795 attorney-general of the United States.




BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1827-1892), American marine painter, was born at New
Bedford, Massachusetts. He was a Quaker, and was self-taught, painting
the ships and the marine views he saw along the coast of Massachusetts,
Labrador and Nova Scotia; he went on several Arctic expeditions with Dr
Hayes, and was the first American painter to portray the frozen regions
of the north. His pictures attracted much attention by reason of their
novelty and gorgeous colour effects. His "Steamer 'Panther' in Melville
Bay, under the Light of the Midnight Sun" was exhibited at the Royal
Academy in London in 1875. Bradford was a member of the National Academy
of Design, New York, and died in that city on the 25th of April 1892.
His style was somewhat influenced by Albert van Beest, who worked with
Bradford at Fairhaven for a time; but Bradford is minute and observant
of detail where van Beest's aim is general effect.




BRADFORD, a city, and municipal, county and parliamentary borough, in
the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 192 m. N.N.W. of London and 8 m.
W. of Leeds. Pop. (1891) 265,728; (1901) 279,767. It is served by the
Midland and the North Eastern railways (Midland station), and by the
Great Northern and the Lancashire & Yorkshire railways (Exchange
station). It lies in a small valley opening southward from that of the
Aire, and extends up the hills on either side. Most of the principal
streets radiate from a centre between the Midland and Exchange stations
and the town hall. This last is a handsome building, opened in 1873,
surmounted by a bell tower. The exterior is ornamented with statues of
English monarchs. The council-chamber contains excellent wood-carving.
The extension of the building was undertaken in 1905. The parish church
of St Peter is Perpendicular, dating from 1485, and occupies the site of
a Norman church. Its most noteworthy feature is the fine original roof
of oak. There was no other church in the town until 1815, but modern
churches and chapels are numerous. Among educational institutions, the
grammar school existed in the 16th century, and in 1663 received a
charter of incorporation from Charles II. It occupies a building erected
in 1873, and is largely endowed, possessing several scholarships founded
by prominent citizens. The technical college, under the corporation
since 1899, was opened in 1882. A mechanics' institute was founded in
1832, and in 1871 the handsome mechanics' hall, close to the town hall,
was opened. Other establishments are the Airedale College of students
for the Independent ministry, and the United Independent College (1888).
The general infirmary is the principal of numerous charitable
institutions. The most noteworthy public buildings beside the town hall
are St George's hall (1853), used for concerts and public meetings, the
exchange (1867), extensive market buildings, and two court-houses. The
Cartwright memorial hall, principally the gift of Lord Masham, opened in
1904 and containing an art gallery and museum, commemorates Dr Edmund
Cartwright (1743-1823) as the inventor of the power-loom and the
combing-machine. The hall stands in Lister Park, and was opened
immediately before, and used in connexion with, the industrial
exhibition held here in 1904. The Temperance hall is of interest
inasmuch as the first hall of this character in England was erected at
Bradford in 1837. Some of the great warehouses are of considerable
architectural merit. Statues commemorate several of those who have been
foremost in the development of the city, such as Sir Titus Salt, Mr S.C.
Lister (Lord Masham), and W.E. Forster. Of several parks the largest are
Lister, Peel, and Bowling parks, each exceeding fifty acres. In the last
is an ancient and picturesque mansion, which formerly belonged to the
Bowling or Bolling family. A large acreage of high-lying moorland near
the city is maintained by the corporation as a public recreation ground.

As a commercial centre Bradford is advantageously placed with regard to
both railway communication and connexion with the Humber and with
Liverpool by canal, and through the presence in its immediate vicinity
of valuable deposits of coal and iron. The principal textile
manufactures in order of importance are worsted, employing some 36,000
hands, females considerably outnumbering males; woollens, employing some
8000, silk and cotton. The corporation maintains a conditioning-hall for
testing textile materials. A new hall was opened in 1902. Engineering
and iron works (as at Bowling and Low Moor) are extensive; and the
freestone of the neighbourhood is largely quarried, and in Bradford
itself its use is general for building. It blackens easily under the
influence of smoke, and the town has consequently a somewhat gloomy
appearance. The trade of Bradford, according to an official estimate,
advanced between 1836 and 1884 from a total of five to at least
thirty-five millions sterling, and from not more than six