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Transcriber’s notes:

The text of this e-book has been preserved in its original form
apart from correction of several typographic errors: (rog → frog,
arrranged → arranged, downword → downward, and → of (in journal title),
developes → develops). Inconsistent use of accents and hyphenation, and
inconsistent spelling, e.g. referable/referrible, has not been altered.
Several redundant parentheses have been deleted. Paragraphs of quoted
text on pp. 17–19 are incomplete and/or paraphrased (compared with the
original source); ellipsis dots have been inserted to indicate text
omissions, and quotation marks inserted where they were lacking.

Some illustrations have been moved nearer to the relevant text and
their location therefore does not necessarily correspond to that
shown in the List of Illustrations. Footnotes have been numbered and
positioned below the relevant parapraphs.




THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.

LIST OF THE VOLUMES ALREADY PUBLISHED.


*THE FORMS OF WATER IN RAIN AND RIVERS, ICE AND GLACIERS.* By J.
TYNDALL, LL.D., F.R.S. With 26 Illustrations. Third Edition. Crown
8vo. 5s.

“One of Professor Tyndall’s best scientific treatises.”--_Standard._

“With the clearness and brilliancy of language which have won
for him his fame, he considers the subject of ice, snow, and
glaciers.”--_Morning Post._

“Before starting for Switzerland next summer every one should study
‘The Forms of Water.’”--_Globe._

“Eloquent and instructive in an eminent degree.”--_British Quarterly._


*PHYSICS AND POLITICS*; or, THOUGHTS ON THE APPLICATION OF THE
PRINCIPLES OF “NATURAL SELECTION” AND “INHERITANCE” TO POLITICAL
SOCIETY. By WALTER BAGEHOT. Crown 8vo. Second Edition. 4s.

“We can recommend the book as well deserving to be read by thoughtful
students of politics.”--_Saturday Review._

“Able and ingenious.”--_Spectator._

“A work of really original and interesting speculation.”--_Guardian._


*FOODS.* By Dr. EDWARD SMITH. Profusely Illustrated. Second Edition.
Price 5s.

“A comprehensive résumé of our present chemical and physiological
knowledge of the various foods, solid and liquid, which go so far to
ameliorate the troubles and vexations of this anxious and wearying
existence.”--_Chemist and Druggist._

“Heads of households will find it considerably to their advantage to
study its contents.”--_Court Express._

“A very comprehensive book. Every page teems with information. Readable
throughout.”--_Church Herald._


*MIND AND BODY*: THE THEORIES OF THEIR RELATIONS. By ALEXANDER BAIN,
LL.D., Professor of Logic at the University of Aberdeen. Four
Illustrations. Second Edition. 4s.


*THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY.* By HERBERT SPENCER. Crown 8vo. Second
Edition. Price 5s.


*ON THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY.* By Professor BALFOUR STEWART.
Fourteen Engravings. Price 5s.


*ANIMAL MECHANICS: or, Walking, Swimming, and Flying.* By Dr. J. B.
PETTIGREW, M.D. F.R S. 130 Illustrations. Price 5s.


*RESPONSIBILITY IN MENTAL DISEASE.* By Dr. HENRY MAUDSLEY.


*THE ANIMAL FRAME.* By Prof. E. J. MAREY. 119 Illustrations. Crown
8vo. Price 5s.


*THE NEW CHEMISTRY.* By Prof. JOSIAH P. COOKE, of the Harvard
University. Numerous Engravings. Price 5s.


☞ For List of forthcoming Volumes, see end of the book.

HENRY S. KING & CO. 65 CORNHILL, and 12 PATERNOSTER ROW.




[Illustration:

_C. Berjeau_     _W. Ballingall_

WALKING, SWIMMING, AND FLYING.]




                           ANIMAL LOCOMOTION

                                  OR

                    WALKING, SWIMMING, AND FLYING,

                        WITH A DISSERTATION ON

                             AËRONAUTICS.


                                  BY

          J. BELL PETTIGREW, M.D. F.R.S. F.R.S.E. F.R.C.P.E.

    PATHOLOGIST TO THE ROYAL INFIRMARY OF EDINBURGH; CURATOR OF THE
         MUSEUM OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF EDINBURGH;

  Extraordinary Member and late President of the Royal Medical Society
   of Edinburgh; Croonian Lecturer to the Royal Society of London