INSECTS***


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      | All non-italic genus names in the text have been italicized. |
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[Illustration: NATURE SERIES]




ORIGIN AND METAMORPHOSES OF INSECTS.

[Illustration]

Nature Series

ON THE ORIGIN AND METAMORPHOSES OF INSECTS

BY

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D.

Principal of the London Working Men's College; President of the London
Chamber of Commerce; and Vice-Chairman of the London County Council

With Numerous Illustrations







London Macmillan and Co. and New York 1890

The Right of Translation and Reproduction is Reserved

Richard Clay and Sons, Limited, London and Bungay.

First Edition 1873. Reprinted 1874. New Edition 1890.




PREFACE.


For some years, much of my leisure time has been devoted to the study of
the anatomy, development, and habits of the Annulosa, and especially of
Insects, on which subjects I have published various memoirs, chiefly in
the Transactions of the Royal, Linnaean, and Entomological Societies: of
these papers I subjoin a list. Although the details, of which these
memoirs necessarily for the most part consist, offer little interest,
excepting to those persons who are specially devoted to Entomology,
still there are portions which, having reference to the nature of
metamorphoses and to the origin of insects, are of a more general
character. I have also briefly referred to these questions in a
Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura, recently published by the Ray
Society, and in the Opening Address to the Biological Section of the
British Association at Brighton in 1872. Under these circumstances, it
has been suggested to me that a small volume, containing, at somewhat
greater length, in a more accessible form, and with the advantage of
illustrations, the conclusions to which I have been led on this
interesting subject, might not be altogether without interest to the
general reader. The result, which has already appeared in the pages of
_Nature_, is now submitted to the public, with some additions. I am well
aware that it has no pretence to be in any sense a complete treatise;
that the subject itself is one as to which our knowledge is still very
incomplete, and on which the highest authorities are much divided in
opinion. Whatever differences of opinion, however, there may be as to
the views here put forward, the facts on which they are based will, I
believe, be found correct. On this point I speak with the more
confidence, on account of the valuable assistance I have received from
many friends: to Mr. and Mrs. Busk and Dr. Hooker I am especially
indebted.

The papers above referred to are as follows:--

   1. _On Labidocera._--Annals and Magazine of Natural History,
        vol. xi., 1853.

   2. On Two New Sub-genera of Calanidae.--Annals and Magazine of
        Natural History, vol. xii., 1853.

   3. On Two New Species of Calanidae.--Annals and Magazine of
        Natural History, vol. xii., No. lxvii., 1853.

   4. On Two New Species of Calanidae.--Annals and Magazine of
        Natural History, vol. xii., No. lxix., 1853.

   5. On some Arctic Calanidae.--Annals and Magazine of Natural
        History, 1854.

   6. On the Freshwater Entomostraca of South
        America.--Transactions of the Entomological Society, vol.
        iii., 1855.

   7. On some New Entomostraca.--Transactions of the
        Entomological Society, vol. iv., 1856.

   8. On some Marine Entomostraca found at Weymouth.--Annals and
        Magazine of Natural History, vol. xx., 1857.

   9. On the Respiration of Insects.--Entomological Annual, 1857.

  10. An Account of the Two Methods of Reproduction in
         _Daphnia_.--Transactions of the Royal Society, 1857.

  11. On the Ova and Pseudova of Insects.--Transactions of the
        Royal Society, 1858.

  12. On the Arrangement of the Cutaneous Muscles of _Pygaera
        Bucephala_.--Linnean Society's Transactions, vol. xxii., 1858.

  13. On the Freshwater Entomostraca of South
        America.--Entomological Society's Transactions, 1858.

  14. On _Coccus Hesperidum_.--Royal Society Proceedings, vol.
        ix., 1858.

  15. On the Distribution of Tracheae in Insects.--Linnean
        Society's Transactions, vol. xxiii., 1860.

  16. On the Generative Organs and on the Formation of the Egg
        in Annulosa. Transactions of the Royal Society, 1861.

  17. On _Sphaerularia Bombi._--Natural History Review, 1861.

  18. On some Oceanic Entomostraca.--Linnean Society's
        Transactions, vol. xxiii., 1860.

  19. On the Thysanura. Part 1.--Linnean Society's Transactions,
        1862.

  20. On the Development of Lonchoptera.--Entomological
        Society's Transactions, 1862.

  21. On the Thysanura. Part 2.--Linnean Society's Transactions,
        1862.

  22. On the Development of Chloeon. Part 1.--Linnean Society's
        Transactions, 1863.

  23. On Two Aquatic Hymenoptera.--Linnean Society's
        Transactions, 1863.

  24. On some little-known Species of Freshwater
        Entomostraca.--Linnean Society's Transactions, vol. xxiv.,
        1863.

  25. On _Sphaerularia Bombi_.--Natural History Review, 1864.

  26. On the Development of Chloeon. Part 2.--Linnean Society's
        Transactions, 1865.

  27. Metamorphoses of Insects.--Journal of the Royal
        Institution, 1866.

  28. On _Pauropus_.--Linnean Society's Transactions, 1866.

  29. On the Thysanura. Part 3.--Linnean Society's Transactions,
        1867.

  30. Address to the Entomological Society.--Entomological
        Society's Transactions, 1867.

  31. On the Larva of Micropeplus Staphilinoides.--Entomological
        Society's Transactions, 1868.

  32. On the Thysanura. Part 4.--Linnean Society's Transactions,
        1869.

  33. Addresses to the Entomological Society.--Entomological
        Society's Transactions, 1867-1868.

  34. On the Origin of Insects.--Journal of the Linnean Society,
        vol. xi.

  35. Opening Address to the Biological Section of the British
        Association.--British Association Report, 1872.

  36. Observations on Ants, Bees, and Wasps. Part 1.--Journal of
        the Linnean Society, 1873.

  37. On British Wild Flowers considered in relation to Insects,
        1874.

  38. Observations on Ants, Bees, and Wasps. Part 2.--Journal of
        the Linnean Society, 1874.

  39. Observations on Ants, Bees, and Wasps. Part 3.--Journal of
        the Linnean Society, 1875.

  40. Observations on Ants, Bees, and Wasps. Part 4.--Journal of
        the Linnean Society, 1877.

  41. On some Points