




                                  Grace

                           Actual and Habitual

                           A Dogmatic Treatise

                                    By

               The Rt. Rev. Msgr. Joseph Pohle, Ph.D., D.D.

 Formerly Professor of Dogmatic Theology at St. Joseph's Seminary, Leeds
    (England), Later Professor of Fundamental Theology at The Catholic
                          University of America

                          Adapted and Edited by

                              Arthur Preuss

                          Third, Revised Edition

                        W. E. Blake & Son, Limited

                         Catholic Church Supplies

                              123 Church St.

                             Toronto, Canada

                                   1919





CONTENTS


Imprimatur
Introduction
Part I. Actual Grace
   Chapter I. The Nature Of Actual Grace
      Section 1. Definition Of Actual Grace
      Section 2. Division Of Actual Grace
   Chapter II. The Properties Of Actual Grace
      Section 1. The Necessity Of Actual Grace
         Article 1. The Capacity Of Mere Nature Without Grace
         Article 2. The Necessity Of Actual Grace For All Salutary Acts
         Article 3. The Necessity Of Actual Grace For The States Of
         Unbelief, Mortal Sin, And Justification
      Section 2. The Gratuity Of Actual Grace
      Section 3. The Universality Of Actual Grace
         Article 1. The Universality Of God's Will To Save
         Article 2. God's Will To Give Sufficient Grace To All Adult Human
         Beings In Particular
         Article 3. The Predestination Of The Elect
         Article 4. The Reprobation Of The Damned
   Chapter III. Grace In Its Relation To Free-Will
      Section 1. The Heresy of The Protestant Reformers And The Jansenists
      Section 2. Theological Systems Devised To Harmonize The Dogmas Of
      Grace And Free-Will
         Article 1. Thomism And Augustinianism
         Article 2. Molinism And Congruism
Part II. Sanctifying Grace
   Chapter I. The Genesis Of Sanctifying Grace, Or The Process Of
   Justification
      Section 1. The Necessity Of Faith For Justification
      Section 2. The Necessity Of Other Preparatory Acts Besides Faith
   Chapter II. The State Of Justification
      Section 1. The Nature Of Justification
         Article 1. The Negative Element Of Justification
         Article 2. The Positive Element Of Justification
      Section 2. Justifying Or Sanctifying Grace
         Article 1. The Nature Of Sanctifying Grace
         Article 2. The Effects Of Sanctifying Grace
         Article 3. The Supernatural Concomitants Of Sanctifying Grace
      Section 3. The Properties Of Sanctifying Grace
   Chapter III. The Fruits Of Justification, Or The Merit Of Good Works
      Section 1. The Existence Of Merit
      Section 2. The Requisites Of Merit
      Section 3. The Objects Of Merit
Index
Footnotes






IMPRIMATUR


_NIHIL OBSTAT_

_Sti. Ludovici, die 18 Jan. 1919_

_F. G. Holweck,_
_ Censor Librorum_

_IMPRIMATUR_

_Sti. Ludovici, die 21 Jan. 1919_

_Joannes J. Glennon_
_ Archiepiscopus_
_ Sti. Ludovici_

_Copyright, 1914_
_ by_
_ Joseph Gummersbach_

_All rights reserved_

_Printed in U. S. A._

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INTRODUCTION


Humanity was reconciled to God by the Redemption. This does not, however,
mean that every individual human being was forthwith justified, for
individual justification is wrought by the application to the soul of
grace derived from the inexhaustible merits of Jesus Christ.

There are two kinds of grace: (1) actual and (2) habitual. Actual grace is
a supernatural gift by which rational creatures are enabled to perform
salutary acts. Habitual, or, as it is commonly called, sanctifying, grace
is a habit, or more or less enduring state, which renders men pleasing to
God.

This distinction is of comparatively recent date, but it furnishes an
excellent principle of division for a dogmatic treatise on grace.(1)





PART I. ACTUAL GRACE


Actual grace is a transient supernatural help given by God from the
treasury of the merits of Jesus Christ for the purpose of enabling man to
work out his eternal salvation.

We shall consider: (1) The Nature of Actual Grace; (2) Its Properties, and
(3) Its Relation to Free-Will.


    GENERAL READINGS:--St. Thomas, _Summa Theologica_, 1a 2ae, qu.
    109-114, and the commentators, especially Billuart, _De Gratia_
    (ed. Lequette, t. III); the Salmanticenses, _De Gratia Dei_
    (_Cursus Theologiae_, Vol. IX sqq., Paris 1870); Thomas de Lemos,
    _Panoplia Divinae Gratiae_, Liege 1676; Dominicus Soto, _De Natura
    et Gratia_, l. III, Venice 1560; *Ripalda,(2) _De Ente
    Supernaturali_, 3 vols. (I, Bordeaux 1634; II, Lyons 1645; III,
    Cologne 1648).

    *C. v. Schaezler, _Natur und Uebernatur: Das Dogma von der Gnade_,
    Mainz 1865; IDEM, _Neue Untersuchungen ueber das Dogma von der
    Gnade_, Mainz 1867; *J. E. Kuhn, _Die christliche Lehre von der
    goettlichen Gnade_, Tuebingen 1868; Jos. Kleutgen, S. J., _Theologie
    der Vorseit_, Vol. II, 2nd ed., pp. 152 sqq., Muenster 1872; R.
    Cercia, _De Gratia Christi_, 3 vols., Paris 1879; *C. Mazzella, S.
    J., _De Gratia Christi_, 4th ed., Rome 1895; *J. H. Oswald, _Die
    Lehre von der Heiligung, d. i. Gnade, Rechtfertigung, Gnadenwahl_,
    3rd ed., Paderborn 1885; *D. Palmieri, S. J., _De Gratia Divina
    Actuali_, Gulpen 1885; *Heinrich-Gutberlet, _Dogmatische
    Theologie_, Vol. VIII, Mainz 1897; *S. Schiffini, S. J., _De
    Gratia Divina_, Freiburg 1901; G. Lahousse, S. J., _De Gratia
