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            THE
  ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

     ELEVENTH EDITION




  FIRST     edition, published in three       volumes, 1768-1771.
  SECOND       "         "        ten             "    1777-1784.
  THIRD        "         "        eighteen        "    1788-1797.
  FOURTH       "         "        twenty          "    1801-1810.
  FIFTH        "         "        twenty          "    1815-1817.
  SIXTH        "         "        twenty          "    1823-1824.
  SEVENTH      "         "        twenty-one      "    1830-1842.
  EIGHTH       "         "        twenty-two      "    1853-1860.
  NINTH        "         "        twenty-five     "    1875-1889.
  TENTH        "       ninth edition and eleven
                         supplementary volumes,        1902-1903.
  ELEVENTH     "     published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.




               COPYRIGHT
  in all countries subscribing to the
            Bern Convention

                   by
  THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS
                 of the
        UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

         _All rights reserved_




                   THE
         ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

                    A
                DICTIONARY
                    OF
  ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL
               INFORMATION

            ELEVENTH EDITION

                VOLUME IV

           BISHARIN to CALGARY


  New York
  Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
  342 Madison Avenue


  Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
  by
  The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company.




INITIALS USED IN VOLUME IV. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1]
WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.


A. B. R.
    ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, F.R.S., F.L.S., M.A., D.SC.
      Keeper of the Department of Botany, British Museum.

    Botany.


A. E. H.
    A. E. HOUGHTON.
      Formerly Correspondent of the _Standard_ in Spain. Author of
      _Restoration of the Bourbons in Spain._

    Cabrera.



A. E. S.
    ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY, F.R.S., M.A., D.SC.
      Fellow and Tutor of Christ's College, Cambridge. Reader in
      Zoology, Cambridge University. Joint-editor of the _Cambridge
      Natural History_.

    Brachiopoda.


A. F. P.
    ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.
      Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow
      of all Souls' College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the _Dictionary
      of National Biography_, 1893-1901. Lothian Prizeman (Oxford),
      1892. Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of _England under the
      Protector Somerset_, _Henry VIII._; _Thomas Cranmer_; &c.

    Bonner;
    Burghley;
    Baron.


A. Go.*
    REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.
    Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.

    Blandrata;
    Brenz;
    Buckholdt.


A. H. B.
    ARTHUR HENRY BULLEN.
      Founder of the Shakespeare Head Press, Stratford-on-Avon. Editor
      of _Collection of Old English Plays_; _Lyrics from the Song Books
      of the Elizabethan Age_; &c.

    Burton, Robert.


A. H.-S.
    SIR A. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, C.I.E.
      General in the Persian Army. Author of _Eastern Persian Irak_.

    Bushire.


A. H. Sm.
    ARTHUR HAMILTON SMITH, M.A., F.S.A.
      Keeper of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the
      British Museum. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological
      Institute. Author of _Catalogue of Greek Sculpture in the British
      Museum_; &c.

    Brooch.


A. J. G.
    REV. ALEXANDER J. GRIEVE, M.A., B.D.
      Professor of New Testament and Church History, Yorkshire United
      Independent College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras
      University, and Member of Mysore Educational Service.

    Butler;
    Bishop (_in part_).


A. J. L.
    ANDREW JACKSON LAMOUREUX.
      Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. Editor of
      the _Rio News_ (Rio de Janeiro), 1879-1901.

    Bogota;
    Bolivia: _Geography and Statistics_;
    Brazil: _Geography and Statistics_;
    Buenos Aires.


A. Lo.
    AUGUSTE LONGNON.
      Professor at the College de France. Director of the Ecole des
      Hautes Etudes. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Member of the
      Institute. Author of _Geographie de la Gaule au VI. siecle;
      Documents relatifs au comte de Champagne et de Brie;_ &c.

    Blois: _Countship of._


A. Me.
    MRS ALICE MEYNELL.
      Author of _Poems_; _Later Poems_; _The Rhythm of Life and other
      Essays_; &c.

    Browning, Elizabeth Barrett.


A. M. C.
    MISS AGNES MARY CLERKE.
      See the biographical article: CLERKE, A.M.

    Brahe, Tycho.

A. N.
    ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.
      See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED.

    Bunting; Bustard; Buzzard.


A. S. C.
    ALAN SUMMERLY COLE, C.B.
      Formerly Assistant Secretary, Board of Education, South
      Kensington. Author of _Ornament in European Silks_; _Catalogue of
      Tapestry_, _Embroidery_, _Lace and Egyptian Textiles in Victoria
      and Albert Museum_; &c.

    Brocade.

A. T. Q.-C.
    SIR ARTHUR T. QUILLER-COUCH.
      See the biographical article: QUILLER-COUCH, Sir A.T.

    Brown, Thomas Edward.


A. W. H.*
    ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.
      Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of
      Gray's Inn, 1900. Burdett, Sir Francis.

    Brandenburg: _Margraviate;_ Burdett, Sir Francis.


A. W. Po.
    ALFRED WILLIAM POLLARD, M.A.
      Assistant Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum. Fellow of
      King's College, London. Hon. Secretary, Bibliographical Society.
      Editor of _Books about Books_ and _Bibliographica_. Joint-editor
      of _The Library_. Chief Editor of the "Globe" _Chaucer_.

    Book;
    Book Collecting.


A. W. R.
    ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A., LL.B.
      Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of
      _Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_.

    Boarding-House.


B. R.
    SIR BOVERTON REDWOOD, D.SC., F.R.S. (Edin.), F.I.C., ASSOC. INST.
          C.E., M. INST. M.E.
      Adviser on Petroleum to the Admiralty, Home Office, India Office,
      Corporation of London, and Port of London Authority. President of
      the Society of Chemical Industry. Member of the Council of the
      Chemical Society. Member of Council of Institute of Chemistry.
      Author of _Cantor Lectures on Petroleum_, _Petroleum and its
      Products_, _Chemical Technology_, &c.

    Bitumen.


C. B.*
    CHARLES BEMONT, D.ES.L., LITT.D. (Oxon.).
      See the biographical article: BEMONT, C.

    Brequigny.


C. D.
    CYRIL J.H. DAVENPORT, F.S.A.
      Assistant to the Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum. Cantor
      Lecturer on Decorative Bookbindings, Society of Arts. Author of
      _Royal English Bookbindings_, _English Embroidered Bookbindings_,
      _History of the Book_, &c.

    Bookbinding.


C. D. W.
    HON. CARROLL DAVIDSON WRIGHT.
      See the biographical article: WRIGHT, C. D.

    Building Societies: _United States._


C. E.*
    CHARLES EVERITT, M.A., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S.
      Formerly Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford.

    Bone: _Industrial._


C. E. A.
    C. E. AKERS.
      Formerly _The Times_ Correspondent in Buenos Aires. Author of _A
      History of South America, 1854-1904_.

    Brazil: _History (in part)_.


C. El.
    SIR CHARLES NORTON EDGCUMBE ELIOT, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.A., LL.D.,
         D.C.L.
      Vice-Chancellor of Sheffield University. Formerly Fellow of
      Trinity College, Oxford. H.M.'s Commissioner and
      Commander-in-Chief for the British East Africa Protectorate, Agent
      and Consul-General at Zanzibar, and Consul-General for German East
      Africa, 1900-1904. Author of _Turkey in Europe_; _Letters from the
      Far East_, &c.

    Bokhara (_in part_).


C. E. S.
    HON. CHARLES EMORY SMITH.
      See the biographical article: SMITH, CHARLES EMORY.

    Blaine.


C. H.
    CHARLES HOSE, D.SC.
      Formerly Divisional Resident and Member of the Supreme Council of
      Sarawak. Author of _A Descriptive Account of the Mammals of
      Borneo_, and numerous papers in scientific journals.

    Brunei.


C. K. S.
    CLEMENT KING SHORTER.
      Editor of the _Sphere_. Author of _Charlotte Bronte and her
      Circle_, _The Brontes Life and Letters_, &c.

    Bronte, C., E. and A.


C. L. K.
    CHARLES LETHBRIDGE KINGSFORD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S., F.S.A.
      Assistant Secretary to the Board of Education. Author of _Life of
      Henry V._ Editor of _Chronicles of London_ and Stow's _Survey of
      London_.

    Buckingham, 2nd Duke of.


C. Pf.
    CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D. ES. L.
      Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of
      Honour. Author of _Etude sur le regne de Robert le Pieux_, _Le
      Duche merovingien d'Alsace et la legende de Saint Odile_.

    Brunhilda.


C. S. S.
    CHARLES SCOTT SHERRINGTON, D.SC., M.D., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.
      Professor of Physiology, University of Liverpool. Foreign Member
      of Academies of Rome, Vienna, Brussels, Gottingen, &c. Author of
      _The Integrative Action of the Nervous System_.

    Brain: _Physiology_.


C. W. W.
    MAJOR-GENERAL SIR CHARLES WILLIAM WILSON, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S.,
         R.E. (1836-1897).
      Secretary to the North American Boundary Commission, 1858-1862.
      British Commissioner on the Servian Boundary Commission.
      Director-General of the Ordnance Survey, 1886-1894.
      Director-General of Military Education, 1895-1898. Author of _From
      Korti to Khartum_; _Life of Lord Clive_, &c.

    Caesarea Mazaca (_in part_).


D. B. Ma.
    DUNCAN BLACK MACDONALD, M.A., D.D.
      Professor of Semitic Languages, Hartford Theological Seminary,
      U.S.A. Author of _Development of Muslim Theology_, _Jurisprudence
      and Constitutional Theory_,_ Selections from Ibn Khaldun_,
      _Religious Attitude and Life in Islam_, &c.

    Bukhari;
    Cadi.


D. C. B.
    DEMETRIUS CHARLES BOULGER.
      Author of _History of Belgium_, _England and Russia in Central
      Asia_, _History of China_, _Life of Gordon_, _India in the 19th
      Century_, &c.

    Bruges;
    Brussels.


D. C. T.
    DAVID CROAL THOMSON.
      Formerly Editor of the _Art Journal_. Author of _The Brothers
      Maris_, _The Barbizon School of Painters_, _Life of "Phiz"_, _Life
      of Bewick_, &c.

    Browne, Hablot Knight.


D. F. T.
    DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY.
      Balliol College, Oxford. Author of _Essays in Musical Analysis_,
      comprising _The Classical Concerts_, _The Goldberg Variations_,
      and analyses of many other classical works.

    Boccherini;
    Bruckner.


D. H.
    DAVID HANNAY.
      Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short
      History of Royal Navy, 1217-1688_, _Life of Emilio Castelar_, &c.

    Bouvet;
    Brenton;
    Brigandage;
    Buccaneers;
    Byng;
    Calderon, Rodrigo.


D. Ll. T.
    DANIEL LLEUFER THOMAS.
      Stipendiary Magistrate for Pontypridd and Rhondda. Formerly
      Assistant Commissioner to the Labour Commission and Secretary to
      the Welsh Land Commission.

    Brecon;
    Caerphilly.


D. Mn.
    REV. DUGALD MACFADYEN, M.A.
      Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Director
      of the London Missionary Society. Author of _Constructive
      Congregational Ideals_.

    Blaikie;
    Boston, Thomas;
    Bruce, Alexander Balmain;
    Cairns, John.


E. Br.
    ERNEST BARKER, M.A.
      Fellow of, and Lecturer in Modern History at, St John's College,
      Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven
      Scholar, 1895.

    Bohemund.


E. Ca.
    EGERTON CASTLE, M.A., F.S.A.
      Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of _English Book Plates_,
      _Bibliotheca Dimicateria_, &c.

    Book Plates.


E. C. B.
    RIGHT REV. EDWARD CUTHBERT BUTLER, O.S.B., D.LITT.
      Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath.

    Bridgittines;
    Brothers of Common Life;
    Bruno, Saint.


E. Es.
    EDMOND ESMONIN.

    Bombelles, Mare Marie, Marquis de.


E. G.
    EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D.
      See the biographical article: GOSSE, EDMUND

    Bjornson;
    Blank Verse;
    Bouts-Rimes;
    Bucolics;
    Busken-Huet.


E. H. C.
    ERNEST HARTLEY COLERIDGE, M.A.
      Balliol College, Oxford. Editor of _Byron's Poems_, _Letters of
      Samuel Taylor Coleridge_, &c.

    Byron.


E. H. B.
    SIR EDWARD H. BUNBURY, BART., M.A., F.R.G.S. (d. 1895).
      M.P. for Bury St Edmunds, 1847-1852. Author of _A History of
      Ancient Geography_, &c.

    Bithynia (_in part_).


E. H. M.
    ELLIS HOVELL MINNS, M.A.
      Lecturer and Assistant Librarian, and formerly Fellow of Pembroke
      College, Cambridge. University Lecturer in Palaeography.

    Bosporus Cimmerius;
    Budini.


E. K.
    EDMUND KNECHT, PH.D., F.I.C.
      Professor of Technological Chemistry, Manchester University. Head
      of Chemical Department, Municipal School of Technology,
      Manchester. Examiner in Dyeing, City and Guilds of London
      Institute. Author of _A Manual of Dyeing_, &c. Editor of _Journal
      of the Society of Dyers and Colourists_.

    Bleaching.


E. L. B.
    EDWARD LIVERMORE BURLINGAME, A.M., PH.D.
      Editor of _Scribner's Magazine_. Formerly on Staff of _New York
      Tribune_.

    Brook Farm.


E. Ma.
    EDWARD MANSON.
      Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Joint-editor with Sir John
      Macdonell, C.B. of the _Journal of Comparative Legislation_.
      Author of _Law of Trading Companies_, &c.

    Bond.


E. O.*
    EDMUND OWEN, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.SC.
      Consulting Surgeon to St Mary's Hospital, London, and to the
      Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street. Late Examiner in Surgery
      at the Universities of Cambridge, Durham and London. Author of _A
      Manual of Anatomy for Senior Students_.

    Bladder and Prostate Diseases;
    Bone: _Medical_.


E. Pr.
    EDGAR PRESTAGE.
      Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of
      Manchester. Commendador, Portuguese Order of S. Thiago.
      Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences, Lisbon
      Geographical Society, &c. Examiner in Portuguese in