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[Illustration:

  A SUB-SURFACE IRRIGATION SEWAGE-DISPOSAL PLANT.

  _Sewage._ _Frontispiece._
]




                  Practical Methods of Sewage Disposal
                FOR RESIDENCES, HOTELS AND INSTITUTIONS

                                   BY

                             HENRY N. OGDEN
                            M. AM. SOC. C.E.
        _Professor of Sanitary Engineering, Cornell University_

                                  AND

                          H. BURDETT CLEVELAND
                        ASSOC. M. AM. SOC. C.E.
  _Principal Assistant Engineer, New York State Department of Health_

                            _FIRST EDITION_
                            _FIRST THOUSAND_

                                NEW YORK
                           JOHN WILEY & SONS
                    LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED
                                  1912




                          Copyright, 1912, by
                             HENRY N. OGDEN
                                  and
                          H. BURDETT CLEVELAND


        PUBLISHERS PRINTING CO., 419–421 LAFAYETTE ST, NEW YORK

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                CONTENTS


                         CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY

                                                                   PAGES

 The problem of sewage disposal. Composition and character of       1–13
   sewage. Action of bacteria. Soils and their value for sewage
   treatment. Three essential conditions for effective sewage
   purification. Rates of operation. Preliminary and final
   treatment.


                      CHAPTER II. THE SETTLING TANK

 Function and capacity of settling tanks. Their construction.      14–36
   Siphon chambers. Use of concrete. Pipe connections. Roof.
   Baffle boards. Imhoff or Emscher tanks.


            CHAPTER III. VALVES, SIPHONS, AND SIPHON CHAMBERS

 Hand valves. Gate valves. Flap valves. Various types of           37–54
   siphons. Alternating and plural siphons. Air-lock siphons.
   Dosing apparatus.


                   CHAPTER IV. SUB-SURFACE IRRIGATION

 Advantages of sub-surface irrigation for sewage disposal.         55–72
   Details of system. Tables for use in constructing. Siphon
   chambers. Sub-surface tile. Alternate use of separate
   portions of area. Underdrainage.


                        CHAPTER V. SEWAGE FILTERS

 Relative efficiency of various types. Sand Filters. Tables for    73–97
   use in constructing siphons. Dosing and distribution methods.
   Maintenance. Contact Beds. Methods of construction. Alternate
   and timed siphons for filling and discharging. Table for use
   in constructing. Sprinkling Filters. Their construction and
   operation. Complicated and undesirable for small
   installation.


                      CHAPTER VI. BROAD IRRIGATION

 Fertilizing elements in sewage. Value of sewage for irrigation.  98–111
   Area required for sewage irrigation. Methods of applying the
   sewage. Maintenance of irrigated areas.


                     CHAPTER VII. ESTIMATES OF COST

 Cost of material: of laying sewers and drains; of sand; of      112–128
   excavating and refilling; of rock excavation; of concrete
   work; of valves; of dosing devices; of filling material for
   beds; of finishing and cleaning up. Table to show items to be
   considered in estimate of cost.




                            LIST OF FIGURES


        A sub-surface irrigation sewage-disposal plant    _Frontispiece_

 FIGURE                                                             PAGE

     1. Plan of settling tank                                         15

     2. Longitudinal section of settling  tank                        17

     3. Sketch of settling tank with longitudinal                     19
          partition wall

     4. Forms used for building side walls for concrete               23
          tank

     5. View of settling tank, showing baffles, sludge                26
          pipe, drain pipe, and inlet and outlet pipes

     6. Section showing tank with concrete roof and form              28
          for constructing roof

     7. Form for manhole opening                                      30

     8. Plan and longitudinal section of modified Imhoff              33
          tank

     9. Vertical cross-section of modified Imhoff tank                34

    10. Sludge valve for floor of tank                                38

    11. Sludge valve for side wall of tank                            39

    12. Sluice gate valve made by Coffin Valve Co                     40

    13. Ordinary gate valve                                           40

    14. English slide valve with wedge-lock handle                    41

    15. Flap valve attached to length of sewer pipe                   42

    16. Flap valve with metallic seat attached                        43

    17. Flap valve with loose-link hinges                             44

    18. Intermittent dosing apparatus made by Ansonia                 45
          Manufacturing Co.

    19. Simplest form of automatic siphon                             46

    20. Van Vranken automatic siphon                                  47

    21. Miller automatic siphon                                       48

    22. Double alternating siphons of the “Merritt” type              49

    23. Triple alternating siphons of the Miller type                 50

    24. Single “Merritt” automatic siphon                             51

    25. Air-lock siphon for admitting and releasing                   52
          sewage from each one of four beds in regular
          order

    26. Plan and section of sub-surface irrigation system             61

    27. Plan and section of a portion of a sub-surface                62
          irrigation system

    28. Y-branch of vitrified tile pipe                               64

    29. Eighth bend of vitrified tile pipe                            64

    30. Sub-surface tiling                                            65

    31. Photograph of tile laid as if for sewage disposal             66

    32. Sub-surface tiling with broken stone or gravel                67
          surrounding pipe

    33. Sub-surface systems on irregular ground                       68

    34