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THE CROSS.




[Illustration: SOMERSBY CROSS.

_From a photo by Carlton & Son, Horncastle._]




  The Cross
  IN
  Ritual, Architecture, and Art


  BY THE
  REV. GEO. S. TYACK, B.A.


  LONDON:
  WILLIAM ANDREWS & CO., 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE.




  WILLIAM ANDREWS & CO
  THE HULL PRESS




Preface.


In this work my aim has been to deal in a popular way with the manifold
uses of the Cross as the symbol of the Christian Faith. The attempt
necessitates certain limitations; to give prominence to controversial
points, to go to foreign lands for illustrations and examples when so many
apt ones are to be found at home, or to load the pages with
references--any of these things would have been opposed to the object
which I have set before myself. If my outline be sufficiently broad and
clear, and the details, so far as they go, accurate--and to attain this no
pains have been spared--I shall be content.

Before closing this brief preface, it is to me both a pleasure and a duty
to express my grateful thanks to my friend and publisher, Mr. William
Andrews, for the use of his collection of works, notes, and pictures
relating to the Cross, and from his own productions I have gleaned some
out-of-the-way information.

GEO. S. TYACK,

  CROWLE, DONCASTER,
  _August, 1896_.




Contents.


                                                                PAGE

  1. INTRODUCTORY--The pre-Christian Cross--Primitive
     cross-forms--The "Graffito blasfemo"--The vision of
     Constantine--Finding of the "True Cross"--The
     Crusades--Heraldic Crosses--The Templars, etc.--The
     Cross in the arms and badges and coinage of modern
     state                                                         1

  2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRUCIFIX--Early symbols of
     Christ, the Vine, Good Shepherd, etc.--The Agnus Dei--
     The Vatican Cross--Conciliar authority for Crucifix--
     The Iconoclasts--Eastern attitude towards images--
     Character of early crucifixes--Crucifixion scenes--
     Italian sacred art                                           14

  3. THE CROSS IN RITUAL--Prophetic types of the Cross--Sign
     of the Cross primitive--Method of making--Used in
     public offices: Eucharist, ordination, baptism,
     confirmation, public prayer--Processional Cross--
     Archbishop's Cross--Pectoral Cross--Cross in
     consecration of churches--Cross of Absolution--
     "Creeping to the Cross"--Feasts of the Cross--Invention
     and exaltation--Dedication to S. Cross or Holy Rood          28

  4. THE CROSS AS AN ORNAMENT OF THE CHURCH, ETC.--Cruciform
     churches--Altar Cross--Genevan aversion to--The rood
     and rood-loft--English roods--The "Rood of Grace"--
     Destruction of roods--Modern revival of use of--
     Embroidered crosses on vestments--The fylfot on bells--
     Spire-cross--Churchyard crosses destroyed and renewed--
     Weeping Cross and Palm Cross                                 44

  5. PUBLIC CROSSES--Universal use of cross-forms in old
     England--Removal of crosses--Crosses chiefly secular in
     use--Edinburgh Cross: its history--English
     market-crosses--Destructions and recent restorations--
     Chichester and other crosses--Preaching crosses--S.
     Paul's: its history--Other English preaching crosses         63

  6. MEMORIAL CROSSES--S. Oswald's Cross--Neville's Cross--
     Cross in Leeds--Alpine and Spanish Crosses--Eleanor
     Crosses and modern copies of them--Newark and Wedmore
     Crosses--Sandbach, Iona, Monasterboice, etc.--Crowle
     Stone--Hall Cross, Doncaster--Dartmoor Memorials             87

  7. WAYSIDE AND BOUNDARY CROSSES--Whiteleaf Cross--Uses of
     wayside crosses--Dartmoor Crosses--Cornish Crosses--
     Notable crosses elsewhere in England: Burythorpe,
     Tottenham, Henley, etc.--Well Crosses                       106

  8.