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                             FENCES, GATES

                                  AND

                               BRIDGES.

                          A PRACTICAL MANUAL.

                               EDITED BY
                           GEORGE A. MARTIN.

                     THREE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS.

                            [Illustration]

                               NEW YORK:
                         ORANGE JUDD COMPANY,
                                 1892.




    Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1887, by the

                             O. JUDD CO.,

      In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.




PREFATORY


It is authoritatively stated that the building and maintenance of the
farm fences in the United States have cost more than the construction
of the farm buildings. Be this as it may, while large numbers of works
have been written upon rural architecture we believe this is the first
publication specially devoted to Fences, Gates and Bridges. It aims to
be a practical work, showing the “evolution” of the fence from the road
barrier of logs, brush or sods to the latest improved forms of barbed
wire. The numerous illustrations are mainly representations of fences,
gates, etc., in actual use. The chapter on fence law is necessarily
condensed. The various judicial decisions upon the subject alone would
fill a large volume.

This little work, the first and only one of its character, is given to
the public in the confident hope that it will prove specially useful to
farmers and village residents.




TABLE OF CONTENTS.


CHAPTER I.

 Rail and other Primitive Fences                                  7-17

Virginia Rail Fence; Laying a Rail Fence; Staking and Wiring; A Fence
of Stakes and Riders; A Pole Fence; Fences for Soil Liable to Heave;
Other Primitive Fences.


CHAPTER II.

 Stone and Sod Fences                                            18-23

How a Stone Wall Should be Built; Building a Stone Fence; Truck for
Moving Stones; Re-inforcing a Stone Wall; A Composite Fence; A Prairie
Sod Fence.


CHAPTER III.

 Board Fences                                                    24-30

Building Board Fences; Fences for Land Subject to Overflow; A
Fence-Board Holder; Re-inforcing a Board Fence.


CHAPTER IV.

 Picket Fences                                                   31-42

A Good Garden Fence; A Southern Picket Fence; Fences of Split Pickets;
Ornamental Picket Fences; Rustic Picket Fences; Light Picket Fences;
Hand-made Wire and Picket Fences; Fence of Wire and Pickets.


CHAPTER V.

 Barb-Wire Fence                                                 43-61

Statistics and Forms of Barb Wire; How to Set Barb Wire Fence;
Unreeling and Stretching Barb Wire; Wire-Stretchers; Building Wire
Fence on Uneven Ground.


CHAPTER VI.

 Fences of Barb Wire and Boards                                  62-67

Combined Wire and Board Fence; A Bracketed Fence; Dog-Proof Fence.


CHAPTER VII.

 Hedges                                                          67-75

The Best Hedge Plants; Planting and Care of Osage Hedges; Hedges for
the South; Ornamental Hedges and Screens.


CHAPTER VIII.

 Portable Fences and Hurdles                                     75-85

Portable Board Fences; Portable Fences of Poles and Wire; Portable
Fences for Windbreaks; Portable Poultry Fences; Portable Folding Fence;
Temporary Wire and Iron Fences.


CHAPTER IX.

 Fences for Streams and Gullies                                  85-95

Flood Fences; Portable Wire Fence; Watering Place in a Creek.


CHAPTER X.

 Making and Setting Posts                                       95-117

Making Fence Posts; A Post Holder; Driving Fence Posts by Hand; To
Drive Posts Without Splitting; A Powerful Post Driver; Setting a
Gate Post; Live Posts; Mending a Split Post; Hook for Wiring Posts;
Drawing Fence Posts; Lifting Posts by Hand; Splicing Fence Posts;
Application of Wood Preservatives; Iron Fence Posts.


CHAPTER XI.

 Gates and Fastenings                                          117-164

Wooden Gates; A Very Substantial Farm Gate; A Strong and Neat Gate;
Light Iron Gates; Self-closing Gates; Gate for a Village Lot; A
Chinese Door or Gate Spring