VOLUME II (OF 2)***


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Transcriber's note:

      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).

      A carat character is used to denote superscription. A
      single character following the carat is superscripted
      (example: Isaac^1).

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      d'Alene', and is rendered as 'C[oe]ur.'

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THE LIFE OF ISAAC INGALLS STEVENS

By His Son

HAZARD STEVENS

With Maps and Illustrations

In Two Volumes

VOL. I







[Illustration]

Boston and New York
Houghton, Mifflin and Company
The Riverside Press, Cambridge
1900

Copyright, 1900, by Hazard Stevens
All Rights Reserved





CONTENTS


                              CHAPTER XXVI

                          THE CHEHALIS COUNCIL

  Graphic account by Judge James G. Swan--Indians assemble on
     lower Chehalis River--The camp and scenes--Method of
     proceeding--Indians object to leaving their wonted
     resorts--Tleyuk, young Chehalis chief, proves recusant and
     insolent--Governor Stevens rebukes him--Tears up his
     commission before his face--Dismisses the council--His
     forbearance, and desire to assist the Indians--Treaty made
     with Quenaiults and Quillehutes next fall as result of this
     council                                                           1


                             CHAPTER XXVII

             PERSONAL AND POLITICAL.--SAN JUAN CONTROVERSY

  Death of George Watson Stevens--Governor Stevens keeps Indians
     in order--Visits Vancouver--Confers with Superintendent
     Palmer, of Oregon--Firm stand against British claim to San
     Juan Archipelago--Purchases Taylor donation claim--Democratic
     convention to nominate delegate in Congress--Governor Stevens
     a candidate--Effect of speech before convention: "If he gets
     into Congress, we can never get him out"--J. Patton Anderson
     nominated                                                        10

                             CHAPTER XXVIII

                     INDIANS OF THE UPPER COLUMBIA

  Manly Indians--Ten Great Tribes--Nez Perces--Missionary
     Spalding--His work--Abandons mission--Escorted in safety by
     Nez Perces--Intractable Cuyuses--Religious rivalry--Dr.
     Whitman--Yakimas, Spokanes, Coeur d'Alenes, Flatheads, Pend
     Oreilles, Koutenays--Upper country free from settlers--Indian
     jealousy--Conspiracy to destroy whites discovered by Major
     Alvord--Warnings disregarded--Governor Stevens thrown in
     gap--Prepares for council--Walla Walla valley chosen by
     Kam-i-ah-kan--Journey to Dalles--Incidents--Unfavorable
     outlook--Escort secured--Trip to Walla Walla--"Call yourself
     a great chief and steal wood?"--Council ground--Scenes--General
     Palmer arrives--Programme for treaty--Officers--Lieutenant
     Gracie, Mr. Lawrence Kip, and escort arrive--Governor Stevens
     urges General Wool to establish post there                       16

                              CHAPTER XXIX

                        THE WALLA WALLA COUNCIL

  Nez Perces arrive--Savage parade--Head chief Hal-hal-tlos-sot or
     Lawyer, an Indian Solon--Cuyuses, Walla Wallas, Umatillas
     arrive--Pu-pu-mox-mox--Feasting the chiefs--Fathers Chirouse
     and Pandosy arrive--Kam-i-ah-kan--Four hundred mounted braves
     ride around Nez Perce camp--Young Chief--Spokane
     Garry--Palouses fail to attend--Timothy preaches in Nez Perce
     camp--Yakimas arrive--Commissioners visit Lawyer--Spotted
     Eagle discloses Cuyuse plots--Council opened--Treaties
     explained--Five thousand Indians present--Horse and foot
     races--Young Chief asks holiday--Pu-pu-mox-mox's bitter
     speech--Lawyer discloses conspiracy of Cuyuses to massacre
     whites--Moves his lodge into camp to put it under protection
     of Nez Perces--Governor Stevens prepares for trouble--Determines
     to continue council--Invites Indians to speak their minds--Lawyer
     favorable--Kam-i-ah-kan scornful--Pathetic speech of
     Eagle-from-the-Light--Steachus wants reservation in his own
     country--General Stevens's tent flooded--Lawyer accepts
     treaty--Young Chief and others refuse--Governor Stevens's pointed
     words--Separate reservations for Cuyuses, Walla Wallas, and
     Umatillas--Sudden arrival of Looking Glass--His indignation--
     Orders Nez Perces to their lodges--Night conference with
     Yakimas--Stormy council--Lawyer goes to his lodge--Kam-i-ah-kan,
     Pu-pu-mox-mox sign treaties--Lawyer's advice--Nez Perces
     and Cuyuses counsel by themselves--Lawyer's authority confirmed--
     Last day of treaty--Both tribes sign--Eagle-from-the-Light
     presents his medicine, a grizzly bear's skin, to Governor
     Stevens--Satisfactory ending great relief--Delegations
     to Blackfoot council--Nez Perce scalp-dance--Treachery of other
     tribes--Outbreak--Compelled to live under treaties--Provisions
     of treaties--Benefits of council--Present prosperity             34


                              CHAPTER XXX

                       CROSSING THE BITTER ROOTS

  Party for Blackfoot council--Crossing Snake River--Red Wolf and
     Timothy thrifty chiefs--Traverse fine country--Coeur
     d'Alene Mission--Council with Indians--Wrestling
     match--Crossing the Bitter Root Mountains--Rafting the Bitter
     Root River--Bitter Root or St. Mary's valley--Reception by
     the Flatheads and Pend Oreilles--Victor complains of the
     Blackfeet                                                        66


                              CHAPTER XXXI

                          THE FLATHEAD COUNCIL

  Chiefs unwilling to unite on one reservation--Alexander dreads
     strictness of the white man's rule--Big Canoe--What need of
     treaty between friends?--Let us live together--Protracted
     debates--Indians feast and counsel among themselves--No
     result--Victor leaves the council--Two days'
     intermission--Governor Stevens accepts Victor's proposition
     and concludes treaty--Moses refuses to sign treaty--"The
     Blackfeet will get his hair"                                     81

                             CHAPTER XXXII

              MARCH TO FORT BENTON.--MARSHALING THE TRIBES

  Nez Perces and Flatheads to hunt south of Missouri pending
     council--Prairie Plateau on summit of Rocky Mountains--Elk
     for supper--Lewis and Clark's Pass--Management of
     train--Traverse the plains--Abundant game--Bewildering
     buffalo trails--Reach Fort Benton--Governor Stevens meets
     Commissioner Cumming on Milk River--Boats belated--Provisions
     exhausted--Leathery jerked meat--Pemmican two years
     old--Hunting buffalo on Judith--Bighorn at Citadel
     Rock--Metsic, the hunter--Two thousand western Indians
     fraternizing with Blackfeet--Stolen horses--Doty recovers
     them--Cumming claims sole authority--Forced to subside into
     proper place--He stigmatizes Blackfeet and country--Disagrees
     on all points--Governor Stevens's views--A million and a half
     buffalo find sustenance on these plains                          92

                             CHAPTER XXXIII

                         THE BLACKFOOT COUNCIL

  Twelve thousand Indians kept in hand for months--Nez Perces and
     Snakes move to Yellowstone for food--Adams and Tappan seek
     Crows--Delay of boats imperils council--Indians
     summoned--Council changed to mouth of Judith
     River--Remarkable express service--Three thousand five
     hundred Indians assemble--Best feeling--Treaty
     concluded--Peace established--Terms well kept by
     Blackfeet--Scenes at council ground--Grand chorus of one
     hundred Germans--Homeric feasts--Disgruntled commissioner       107

                             CHAPTER XXXIV

         CROSSING THE MOUNTAINS IN MIDWINTER.--SURPRISE OF THE
                     COEUR D'ALENES AND SPOKANES

  The start homeward--The haggard expressman brings news of Indian
     outbreak--How Pearson ran the gauntlet of hostile
     Indians--Governor Stevens disregards warning
     dispatches--Resolves to force his way back by the direct
     route--Sends to Fort Benton for arms and ammunition--Hastens
     ahead of train to Bitter Root valley--Confers with Flatheads
     and Nez Perces--Alarming reports--Procures fresh animals--Nez
     Perce chiefs join the party--Taking the unexpected
     route--Crossing the snowy Bitter Roots--Ten dead horses--The
     surprise of the Coeur d'Alenes--"Peace or war?"--Craig and
     the Nez Perces take direct route home--Surprise of the
     Coeur d'Alenes--Rescue of blockaded miners--Indians called
     to council--The Stevens Guards and Spokane Invincibles
     organized                                                       120

                              CHAPTER XXXV

                    STORMY COUNCIL WITH THE SPOKANES

  Disaffected Indians--Kam-i-ah-kan's emissaries and
     falsehoods--Governor Stevens's firm front preserves
     friendship--Looking Glass's treachery discovered and
     frustrated--Dubious speeches--Indians' friendship
     gained--Light marching order--Four days' march in driving
     storm to the Nez Perce country                                  133


                             CHAPTER XXXVI

                        THE FAITHFUL NEZ PERCES

  Two thousand assemble in council--Offer two hundred and fifty
     warriors to force way through hostiles--Battle of Oregon
     volunteers--The way cleared--The Nez Perce guard of
     honor--March to Walla Walla--Capture of Ume-how-lish--Reception
     by the volunteers--Governor Stevens's speech--Winter
     campaign--Letter to General Wool--His inaction and mistaken
     views--In camp, 27 deg. below zero--The Nez Perces dismissed--
     Governor Stevens pushes on to the Dalles in advance of
     train--Crossing the gorged Deschutes--By trail down the
     Columbia to Vancouver--The sail at night in the storm--Arrival
     at Olympia after nine months' absence--Mrs. Stevens and
     children visit Whitby Island--In danger from northern Indians   143


                             CHAPTER XXXVII

                          PROSTRATION.--RESCUE

  Country utterly prostrated--Settlers take refuge in
     towns--Abandon farms--General Wool disbands volunteers, takes
     the defensive, and maligns the people--Review of war--
     Kam-i-ah-kan, leading spirit--Treacherous chiefs, fresh from
     signing treaties, incite war--Miners massacred--Agent
     Bolon murdered--Major Haller's repulse--Settlers driven from
     Walla Walla--Massacre on White River--Volunteers raised--
     Lieutenant Slaughter killed--Impenetrable forests and
     swamps--Cascades afford hidden resorts--Fruitless march of
     Major Rains to Yakima--Governor Stevens addresses
     legislature--His measures of relief--Calls out volunteers--
     Visits lower Sound--Enlists Indian auxiliaries--Settlers
     return to farms--Build blockhouses--Organization of
     volunteers                                                      156


                            CHAPTER XXXVIII

                      WAGING THE WAR ON THE SOUND

  Volunteers form Northern, Central, and Southern battalions--Plan
     of campaign--Cooperation sought with regulars--Memoir of
     information sent General Wool and Colonel Wright--Campaign
     east of Cascades suggested--Wool's flying visit to
     Sound--Demands virtual disbanding of volunteers--Governor
     Stevens's caustic letter of refusal--Pat-ka-nim fights
     hostiles--Naval forces--Battle of Connell's prairie--Scouring
     the forests and swamps amid rains and storms--Red
     allies--Massacre at Cascades--Two companies of rangers called
     out to reassure settlers--Unremitting warfare--Hostiles
     surrender or flee across Cascades--Posts and blockhouses
     turned over to regulars--Volunteers on Sound disbanded          171

                             CHAPTER XXXIX

                      THE WAR IN THE UPPER COUNTRY

  Fruitless movements of Oregon volunteers--Colonel Wright
     marches to Yakima valley in May--Parleys instead of
     fighting--Governor Stevens proposes joint movement across
     Cascades--Colonel Casey declines--Colonel Shaw crosses
     Nahchess Pass--Marches to Walla Walla--Governor Stevens
     journeys to Dalles--Dispatches Goff's and Williams's
     companies to Walla Walla--Seeks cooperation with Colonel
     Wright--Warns him against amnesty to Sound murderers--Three
     columns reach Walla Walla the same day--Shaw defeats hostiles
     in Grande Ronde--His victory restrains disaffected Nez
     Perces--Governor Stevens invites Colonel Wright to attend
     peace council in Walla Walla--That officer fooled by the
     Yakimas--His abortive campaign--Ow-hi's diplomacy               194

                               CHAPTER XL

                      THE FRUITLESS PEACE COUNCIL

  Governor Stevens, assured of support by Colonel Wright,
     revokes call for additional volunteers--Council with
     Klikitats--Refuses to receive Indian murderers on
     reservation--Pushes forward to Walla Walla--Indians take
     pack-train--Steptoe arrives with four companies--Indians
     assemble--Manifest hostility--Steptoe moves off--Volunteers
     start for Dalles--Steptoe refuses guard--Governor Stevens
     recalls volunteers--Hostile and threatening Indians--Steptoe
     refusing support, Governor Stevens moves to his camp--
     Disaffected chiefs demand that treaties be abrogated,
     whites leave the country--Governor Stevens demands
     submission--Terminates council--Starts for Dalles--Attacked
     on march--The fight--Moves back to Steptoe's camp--Indians
     attack it--Repulsed--Blockhouse built--One company
     left--Both commands march to Dalles--Steptoe's change of
     views--Demand on Colonel Wright to deliver up Sound
     murderers, who gives order--Cleverly evaded--Colonel Wright
     marches to Walla Walla--Counsels with hostile chiefs--Yields
     to their demands--Whites ordered out of the country--Shameful
     betrayal of duty--Governor Stevens's indignant letters to the
     War and Indian departments--Pernicious influence of
     missionaries and Hudson Bay Company--Governor Stevens's views
     finally adopted--Steptoe's defeat--Wright defeats
     hostiles--Summary executions--Fate of Ow-hi and Qualchen        206

                              CHAPTER XLI

                       DISBANDING THE VOLUNTEERS

  Entire force disbanded--Their character, discipline--Public
     property sold--So many captured animals that more were sold
     than purchased--Transportation cost nothing--Anecdote of
     Captain Henness--Thirty-five forts built by volunteers,
     twenty-three by settlers, seven by regulars--Colonel Casey
     refuses demand for surrender of murderers--Governor Stevens
     insists--Sharply rebukes Colonel Casey's slurs--Leschi
     surrendered for trial--Is finally hanged--Qui-e-muth killed     232

                              CHAPTER XLII

                  MARTIAL LAW.--DIFFICULTIES OVERCOME

  Hudson Bay Company's ex-employees remain in Indian
     country--Suspected of aiding enemy--Governor Stevens orders
     them to the towns--Five return to farms, at instigation of
     trouble-makers--Arrested and thrown in jail Judge Lander
     issues writ of habeas corpus--Martial law proclaimed in
     Pierce County--Colonel Shaw arrests judge and clerk, who are
     taken to Olympia and released--Lawyers pass condemnatory
     resolutions--Judge Lander holds court in Olympia--Issues
     writs--Martial law in Thurston County--Judge Lander
     arrested--Held prisoner at Camp Montgomery until end of
     war--Martial law abrogated--Governor Stevens fined fifty
     dollars--His action in proclaiming martial law disapproved by
     the President--Dishonorable discharge used to maintain
     discipline--Company A refuse to take field--Pass contumacious
     resolutions--Are dishonorably discharged--Control of
     disaffected Indians--Agents in constant danger--Summary
     dealing with whiskey-sellers--Agents men of high
     qualities--Statement of temporary reserves--Indians and
     agents--Northern Indians depredate on Sound--Captain
     Gansevoort severely punishes them at Port Gamble, and sends
     them north--Colonel Ebey falls victim to their revenge          242


                             CHAPTER XLIII

               LEGISLATIVE CENSURE.--POPULAR VINDICATION

