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[Illustration]




 THE SCIENCE OF
 ANIMAL LOCOMOTION
 (ZOOPRAXOGRAPHY)

 AN ELECTRO-PHOTOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF
 CONSECUTIVE PHASES OF ANIMAL MOVEMENTS

 BY

 EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE

 EXECUTED AND PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

 DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS
 RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION
 DIAGRAMS
 PROSPECTUS
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

 EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE

 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

 PHILADELPHIA

 OR
 10 HENRIETTA STREET,
     COVENT GARDEN
       LONDON




ANIMAL LOCOMOTION.

(ZOOPRAXOGRAPHY.)




INTRODUCTORY.


In 1872, the author of the present work at Sacramento, California,
commenced an investigation with the object of illustrating by
photography some phases of animal movements. In that year his
experiments were made with a famous horse--Occident, owned by Senator
Stanford--and photographs were made, which illustrated several phases of
action while the horse was trotting at full speed, laterally, in front
of the camera.

The experiments were desultorily continued; but it was not until 1877
that the results of any of them were published.

In the meanwhile he devised an automatic electro-photographic apparatus,
for the purpose of making consecutive photographic exposures at
_regulated_ intervals of time or of distance. Some of the results of his
experiments with this apparatus, which illustrated successive phases of
the action of horses while walking, trotting, galloping, &c., were
published in 1878, with the title of "THE HORSE IN MOTION." Copies of
these photographs were deposited the same year in the Library of
Congress at Washington, and some of them found their way to Berlin,
London, Paris, Vienna, &c., where they were commented upon by the
journals of the day.

In 1882, during a lecture on "The Science of Animal Locomotion in its
relation to Design in Art," given at the Royal Institution (see
_Proceedings_ of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, March 13,
1882), he exhibited the results of some of his experiments made during a
few antecedent years at Palo Alto, California; when he, with the
zoopraxiscope and an oxy-hydrogen lantern, projected on the wall a
synthesis of many of the actions he had analysed.

It may not be considered irrelevant if he repeats what he on that
occasion said in his analysis of the quadrupedal walk:--

"So far as the camera has revealed, these successive foot fallings are
invariable, and are probably common to all quadrupeds....

"It is also highly probable that these photographic
investigations--which were executed with wet collodion plates, with
exposures not exceeding in some instances the one five-thousandth part
of a second--will dispel many popular illusions as to the gait of a
horse, and that future and more exhaustive experiments, with the
advantages of recent chemical discoveries, will completely unveil to the
artist all the visible muscular action of men and animals during their
most rapid movements....

"The employment of automatic apparatus for the purpose of obtaining a
regulated succession of photographic exposures is too recent for its
value to be properly understood, or to be generally used for scientific
experiment. At some future time the explorer for hidden truths will find
it indispensable for his investigations."

In 1883, the University of Pennsylvania, with an enlightened exercise of
its functions as a contributor to human knowledge, instructed the author
to make, under its auspices, a comprehensive investigation of "Animal
Locomotion" in the broadest significance of the words.


A DIAGRAM OF THE STUDIO

and the arrangement of the apparatus used for this purpose is here
given.

[Illustration]

TT represents the track along which the model M was caused to move. B is
the background, divided into spaces of 5 centimetres square for the
purpose of measurement.

L, a horizontal battery of electro-photographic cameras, parallel to the
line of motion (at a distance of 15 metres or about 48 feet therefrom),
for a series of 12 lateral exposures.

R, a vertical battery of electro-photographic cameras, at right angles
to the lateral battery, for a series of 12 _rear_ foreshortenings.

F, a horizontal battery of electro-photographic cameras, at any suitable
angle to the lateral battery for a series of _front_ foreshortenings.

O, the position of the electric batteries, a chronograph for recording
the time intervals