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    BATTLES
    OF THE
    CIVIL WAR

    BY
    T. E. VINEYARD

    [Illustration]

    SPENCER, W. VA.
    1914




    COPYRIGHT, 1914
    BY
    T. E. VINEYARD

    HAMMOND PRESS
    W. B. CONKEY COMPANY
    CHICAGO




CONTENTS


                                                        PAGE
  FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN                                 9
  BATTLE OF SHILOH                                        14
  BATTLE OF FAIR OAKS AND SEVEN PINES                     19
  THE SEVEN DAYS' BATTLES BEFORE RICHMOND                 25
  BATTLE OF CEDAR MOUNTAIN                                36
  SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN                               40
  BATTLE OF ANTIETAM                                      46
  BATTLE OF MURFREESBORO                                  56
  BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG                                62
  BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE                              71
  SIEGE OF VICKSBURG                                      79
  BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG                                    86
  BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA                                  104
  BATTLE OF LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN AND MISSIONARY RIDGE        109
  BATTLE OF THE WILDERNESS                               114
  BATTLE OF SPOTTSYLVANIA COURT HOUSE                    120
  BATTLE OF COLD HARBOR                                  125
  SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA                             129
  BATTLE OF CLOYD MOUNTAIN                               136
  THE SIEGE AND FALL OF PETERSBURG                       142
  THE SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX                            149




ILLUSTRATIONS


                                                        PAGE
  GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE                                   16
  GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT                                32
  JOHN BROWN ON HIS WAY TO THE GALLOWS                    48
  BATTLEFIELD OF FIRST BULL RUN                           64
  BATTLE OF ANTIETAM                                      96
  BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG                                   112
  DEDICATING THE NATIONAL CEMETERY AT GETTYSBURG         128
  BATTLE OF SPOTTSYLVANIA COURT-HOUSE                    144




AUTHOR'S PREFACE


In all history of this American Republic, or perhaps any other nation,
there was no conflict that was so terrible as our Civil war. Napoleon's
efforts to bring into reality his dream of universal empire would not
compare with it.

I have endeavored in this book to describe in detail the chief points
that were enacted on the most important battlefields of that War. As
those who participated in that War are now fast passing away, and the
time will soon be here when they will only be remembered by their
deeds of valor on these battlefields, I deem it only fit and proper
that those in all walks of life should know more of these battles in
detail and of those who participated in them. I think you will get this
information from this book, as it is written specially with this view.
It should specially appeal to teachers and students who can use it in
a supplementary way in connection with the study of history of this
period.

I now commend this book to you, and trust that it may be the means of
giving you more light on this the greatest civil war of all time, and
that it may help to lengthen in the minds of the American people their
remembrance of those who participated in it.




FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN


At the beginning of July, 1861, the Federals had 30,000 men encamped
along the Potomac near the heights of Arlington under the general
command of General Winfield Scott, who was a veteran of the war of
1812, as well as the Mexican war, but who was at this time aged and
infirm, and remained in Washington, and Brigadier-General Irvin
McDowell was in immediate command of the army. Another 20,000 men lay
at Martinsburg under General Patterson who like Scott was a veteran of
the war of 1812 and of the Mexican war.

At Manassas Junction, about thirty miles from Washington, lay the
Confederate army under Brigadier-General Beauregard. General Joseph E.
Johnston was in command of 9,000 men in the Shenandoah Valley. Johnston
and Beauregard, as well as McDowell, had with Scott and Patterson
battled at the gates of Mexico.

General Scott gave orders to McDowell to move against Beauregard and
on the 16th day of July the army, with waving banners and lively hopes
of victory, and with "On to Richmond" as their battle cry, moved on
Manassas. General McDowell brought his army to a halt at Centreville
within seven miles of Manassas. Beauregard was apprised of the coming
of the Federals. The stream of Bull Run, from which the first great
battle of the war derived its name, flowed between the two armies.
Patterson failed to detain Johnston in the valley, and General Johnston
reached Manassas with his army on the afternoon of the 20th. General
Longstreet was also there, who some months later played a distinctive
part in the struggle at Gettysburg and in the death grapple of Lee and
Grant in the wilderness.

McDowell, after resting his troops for two days at Centreville, thought
the time for an engagement was now at hand, so on Sunday, July 21st,
at half-past two in the morning, the men were roused for the coming
conflict. Their dream of easy victory had already received a rude
shock, for on their second day at Centreville a skirmish between two
minor divisions of the opposing armies resulted in the defeat of the
Union forces with some loss.

Ambrose E. Burnside and William T. Sherman were at this time
subordinate officers under General McDowell. Burnside, who figured
later in the far more disastrous battle of Fredericksburg, and Sherman,
distinguished for his march to the sea.

The Union plan was that General Tyler should lead his division
westward and cross Bull Run at the Stone Bridge about four miles from
Centreville, and the remainder of the army under Hunter and Heintzelman
was to make a circuit of several miles through a dense wood and cross
Bull Run at Sudley's Ford. The plan was to attack the Confederate left
wing. The march to Sudley's Ford was slower than expected and it was
almost noon before this division of the army reached the field near
Stone Bridge.

General Tyler early in the day opened fire at Stone Bridge on the
Confederates under General Evans, but merely kept up a desultory fire.
As the morning wore away the Confederates suddenly discovered clouds
of dust rising above the treetops along the Warrenton turnpike, which
told them that the main Federal army was on them. Evans quickly turned
about and made ready for battle and waited calmly for the approach of
the enemy. Presently there was