



Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Leonard D Johnson and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team.





DISEASES OF THE HORSE'S FOOT

By
H. CAULTON REEKS

Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons
Author of 'The Common Colics of the Horse'



1906


To
J. MacQueen, F.R.C.V.S.,

Professor of Surgery at the Royal Veterinary College, London, as a slight
acknowledgment of his ability as a teacher, and in return for many kindly
services, this volume is gratefully inscribed by

THE AUTHOR.


PREFACE


Stimulated by the reception accorded my 'Common Colics of the Horse,' both
in this country and in America, and assured by my publishers that a work on
diseases of the foot was needed, I have been led to give to the veterinary
profession the present volume.

While keeping the size of the book within reasonable limits, no effort
has been spared to render it as complete as possible. This has only been
achieved by adding to my own experience a great deal of the work of others.
To mention individually those who have given me permission to use their
writings would be too long a matter here. In every case, however, where the
quotation is of any length, the source of my information is given, either
in the text or in an accompanying footnote. A few there are who will,
perhaps, find themselves quoted without my having first obtained their
permission to do so. They, with the others, will, I am sure, accept my
hearty thanks.

The publishers have been generous in the matter of illustrations and
diagrams, and although to the older practitioner some of these may appear
superfluous, it is hoped they will serve to render the work an acceptable
textbook for the student.

H. CAULTON REEKS.

SPALDING, _January, 1906_.


CONTENTS


CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION


CHAPTER II

REGIONAL ANATOMY

A. The Bones
B. The Ligaments
C. The Tendons
D. The Arteries
E. The Veins
F. The Nerves
G. The Complementary Apparatus of the Os Pedis
H. The Keratogenous Membrane
I. The Hoof


CHAPTER III

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS

A. Development of the Hoof
B. Chemical Properties and Histology of Horn
C. Expansion and Contraction of the Hoof
D. The Functions of the Lateral Cartilages
E. Growth of the Hoof


CHAPTER IV

METHOD OF EXAMINING THE FOOT


CHAPTER V

GENERAL REMARKS ON OPERATIONS ON THE FOOT

A. Methods of Restraint
B. Instruments required
C. The Application of Dressings
D. Plantar Neurectomy
    History of the Operation
    Preparation of the Subject
    The Operation
    After-treatment
E. Median Neurectomy
F. Length of Rest after Neurectomy
G. Sequelae of Neurectomy
    Liability of Pricked Foot going undetected
    Loss of Tone in the Non-sensitive Area
    Gelatinous Degeneration
    Chronic Oedema of the Leg
    Persistent Pruritus
    Fracture of the Bones
    Neuroma
    Reunion of the Divided Nerve
    The Existence of an Adventitious Nerve-supply
    Stumbling
H. Advantages of the Operation
I. The Use of the Horse that has undergone Neurectomy


CHAPTER VI

FAULTY CONFORMATION

A. Weak Heels
B. Contracted Foot
    (_a_) Contracted Heels
    (_b_) Local or Coronary Contraction
C. Flat-foot
D. Pumiced-foot, Dropped Sole, or Convex Sole
E. 'Ringed' or 'Ribbed' Hoof
F. The Hoof with Bad Horn
    (_a_) The Brittle Hoof
    (_b_) The Spongy Hoof
G. Club-Foot
H. The Crooked Foot
    (_a_) The Foot with Unequal Sides
    (_b_) The Curved Hoof


CHAPTER VII

DISEASES ARISING FROM FAULTY CONFORMATION

A. Sand-crack
    Definition
    Classification
    Causes
    Complications
    Treatment
    Surgical Shoeing for Sand-crack

B. Corns
    Definition
    Classification
    Causes
    Pathological Anatomy and Histology
    Treatment
    Surgical Shoeing for Corn

C. Chronic Bruised Sole


CHAPTER VIII

WOUNDS OF THE KERATOGENOUS MEMBRANE

A. Nail-bound
    Definition
    Causes
    Symptoms
    Treatment

B. Punctured Foot
    Definition
    Causes
    Common Situations of the Wound
    Classification
    Symptoms and Diagnosis
    Complications
    Prognosis
    Treatment

C. Coronitis (Simple)

  1. Acute
      Definition
      Causes
      Symptoms
      Complications
      Prognosis
      Treatment

  2. Chronic
      Definition
      Causes
      Symptoms
      Treatment

D. False Quarter
    Definition
    Causes
    Treatment

E. Accidental Tearing off of the Entire Hoof


CHAPTER IX

INFLAMMATORY AFFECTIONS OF THE KERATOGENOUS APPARATUS

A. ACUTE
  Acute Laminitis
    Definition
    Causes
    Symptoms
    Pathological Anatomy
    Complications
    Diagnosis and Prognosis
    Treatment
    Broad's Treatment for Laminitis
    Smith's Operation for Laminitis

B. CHRONIC

  1. Chronic Laminitis
      Definition
      Causes
      Symptoms
      Pathological Anatomy
      Treatment

  2. Seedy-Toe
      Definition
      Causes
      Symptoms
      Treatment

  3. Keraphyllocele
      Definition
      Causes
      Symptoms
      Treatment

  4. Keratoma

  5. Thrush
      Definition
      Causes
      Symptoms
      Treatment

  6. Canker
      Definition
      Causes, Predisposing and Exciting
      Symptoms and Pathological Anatomy
      Differential Diagnosis and Prognosis
      Treatment
      Malcolm's, Lieutenant Rose's, Bermbach's, Hoffmann's
              and Imminger's Treatment for Canker

  7. Specific Coronitis
      Definition
      Causes
      Symptoms
      Treatment


CHAPTER X

DISEASES OF THE LATERAL CARTILAGES

A. Wounds of the Cartilages

B. Quittor
    Definition
    Classification

  1. Simple or Cutaneous Quittor
      Definition
      Causes
      Symptoms
      Pathological Anatomy
      Prognosis
      Complications
      Treatment, Preventive and Curative

  2. Sub-horny Quittor
      Definition
      Causes
      Symptoms and Diagnosis
      Complications
      Necrosis of the Lateral Cartilage
      Pathological Anatomy of the Diseased Cartilage
      Necrosis of Tendon and of Ligament
      Ossification of the Cartilage
      Treatment
      Operations for Extirpation of the Cartilage

C. Ossification of the Lateral Cartilages (Side-bones)
    Definition
    Symptoms and Diagnosis
    Causes
    Treatment
    Smith's Operation for Ossification of the Lateral Cartilages


CHAPTER XI

DISEASES OF THE BONES

A. Periostitis and Ostitis
    1. Periostitis
        (_a_) Simple Acute Periostitis
        (_b_) Suppurative Periostitis
        (_c_) Osteoplastic Periostitis

    2. Ostitis
        (_a_) Rarefying Ostitis
        (_b_) Osteoplastic Ostitis
        (_c_) Caries and Necrosis

Treatment of Periostitis

Recorded Cases of Periostitis

B. Pyramidal Disease, Buttress Foot, or Low Ringbone
    Definition
    Symptoms and Diagnosis
    Pathological Anatomy
    Treatment
    Recorded Cases of Buttress Foot

C. Fractures of the Bones
    1. Fractures of the Os Coronae
        Recorded Cases of Fractures of the Os Coronae

    2. Fractures of the Os Pedis
        Recorded Cases of Fractures of the Os Pedis

    3. Fractures of the Navicular Bone
        Recorded Case of Fracture of the Navicular Bone

  Treatment of Fractures of the Bones of the Foot


CHAPTER XII

DISEASES OF THE JOINTS

A. Synovitis
    (_a_) Simple
      (1) Acute
      (2) Chronic
    (_b_) Purulent or Suppurative
B. Arthritis
    (_a_) Simple or Serous
    (_b_) Acute
    (_c_) Purulent or Suppurative
    (_d_) Anchylosis

C. Navicular Disease
    Definition
    History
    Pathology
      Changes in the Bursa
      Changes in the Cartilage
      Changes in the Tendon
      Changes in the Bone
    Causes
      Heredity
      Compression
      Concussion
      A Weak Navicular Bone
      An Irregular Blood-supply to the Bone
      Senile Decay
    Symptoms and Diagnosis
    Differential Diagnosis
    Prognosis
    Treatment

D. Dislocations

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1.  The Bones of the Phalanx
2.  The Os Coronae (Anterior View)
3.  The Os Coronae (Posterior View)
4.  The Os Pedis (Postero-lateral View)
5.  The Os Pedis (viewed from Below)
6.  The Navicular Bone (viewed from Below)
7.  The Navicular Bone (viewed from Above)
8.  Ligaments of the First and Second Interphalangeal Articulations
    (Lateral View). (_After Dollar and Wheatley_)
9.  Ligaments of the First and Second Interphalangeal Articulations
    (viewed from Behind). (_After Dollar and Wheatley_)
10. The Flexor Tendons and the Extensor Pedis.  (_After
    Hauebner_)
11. The Flexor Perforans and Perforatus
12. The Flexor Perforans and Perforatus (the Perforans cut through and
      deflected)
13. Median Section of Normal Foot
14. The Arteries of the Foot
15. The Veins and Nerves of the Foot
16. The Lateral Cartilage
17. The Keratogenous Membrane (viewed from the Side)
18. The Keratogenous Membrane (viewed from Below)
19. The Wall of the Hoof
20. Internal Features of the Hoof
21. Inferior Aspect of the Hoof
22. Hoof with the Sensitive Structures removed
23. Section of Epidermis
24. Section of Skin with Hair Follicle and Hair
25. Section of Human Nail and Nail-bed
26. Section of Foot of Equine Foetus. (_Mettam_)
27. Section from Foot of Sheep Embryo. (_Mettam_)
28. Section from Foot of Calf Embryo. (_Mettam_)
29. Section from Foot of Equine Foetus. (_Mettam_)
30. Section through Hoof and Soft Tissues of a Foal at Term. (_Mettam_)
31. Perpendicular Section of Horn of Wall
32. Horizontal Section of Horn of Wall
33. Horizontal Section through the Junction of the Wall with the Sole
34. Section of Frog. (_Mettam_)
35. Professor Lungwitz's Apparatus for Examining the Foot Movements
36. Professor Lungwitz's Apparatus for Examining the Foot Movements
37. The Movements of the Solar and Coronary Edges of the Hoof illustrated.
      (_Lungwitz_)
38. The Blind
39. The Side-line
40. Method of securing the Hind-foot with the Side-line
41. The Hind-foot secured with the Side-line
42. The Casting Hobbles
43. Method of securing the Hind-leg upon the Fore
44. The Hind-leg secured upon the Fore
45. The Drawing-knife (Ordinary Pattern)
46. Modern Forms of Drawing-knives
47. Symes's Knife
48-51. Illustrating Colonel Nunn's Method of applying a Poultice to the
      Foot
52. Poultice-boot of Canvas and Steel
53. Poultice-boot of Cocoa-fibre
54. Foot-swab
55. The Shoe with Plates
56. Quittor Syringe
57. The Esmarch Bandage and Tourniquet
58. Tourniquet with Wooden Block
59. Neurectomy Bistoury
60. Neurectomy Needle
61. Double Neurectomy Tenaculum
62. Adventitious Nerve-supply to Foot. (_Sessions_)
63. Tip Shoe
64. The Tip Shoe 'let in' to the Foot
65. The Thinned Tip
66. Drawing-knife for Charlier Shoeing
67. The Foot prepared for the Charlier Shoe
68. Bar Shoe
69. Rubber Bar Pad on Leather
70. The Bar Pad applied with a Half-shoe
71. Frog Pad
72. Frog Pad applied
73. Smith's Expansion Shoe for Contracted Feet
74. A Contracted Foot treated with Smith's Shoe
75. De Fay's Vice
76. Hartmann's Expanding Shoe
77. Broue's Slipper Shoe. (_Gutenacker_)
78. Einsiedel's Slipper and Bar-clip Shoe. (_Gutenacker_)
79. Hoof showing Coronary Contraction. (_Gutenacker_)
80. Flat-foot (Solar Surface). (_Gutenacker_)
81. Hoof showing Laminitis Rings on the Wall. _(Gutenacker)_
82. Hoof showing 'Grass' Rings on the Wall. (_Gutenacker_)
83. Club-foot. (_Gutenacker_)
84. Shoe with extended Toe-piece. (_Gutenacker_)
85. A Crooked Foot in Cross-section. (_Gutenacker_)
86. Sand-crack Firing-iron
87. Sand-crack Forceps and Clamp. (_Vachette's_)
88. McGill's Sand-crack Clamp
89. Koster's Sand-crack Clamp
90. Sand-crack Belt
91. Method of 'Easing' the Bearing of the Wall on the Shoe in the Treatment
      of Sand-crack
92. Method of 'Easing' the Bearing of the Wall on the Shoe in the Treatment
      of Sand-crack
93. Method of 'Easing' the Bearing of the Wall on the Shoe in the Treatment
      of Sand-crack
94 96. Grooving the Wall in the Treatment of Sand-crack
97. Removing the Wall in the Treatment of Sand-crack
98. Removing the Wall in the Treatment of Sand-crack
99. Horizontal Section of Corn. (_Gutenacker_)
100. Inner Surface of the Wall, showing Changes in Chronic Corn.
      (_Gutenacker_)
101. Perpendicular Section of the Wall in a Case of Chronic Corn.
      (_Gutenacker_)
102. Three-quarter Shoe
103. Three-quarter Bar Shoe
104. Shoe with a 'Dropped' Heel
105. Shoe with a 'Set' Heel
106. Curette, or Volkmann's Spoon
107. Resection of the Terminal Portion of the Perforans Tendon
      (_Gutenacker_)
108. Shoe with extended Toe-piece. (_Colonel Nunn_)
109. Mesian Section of Foot with Lesions following Coronitis.
      (_Gutenacker_)
110. Toe of Ordinary Hind-shoe
111. Toe of Hind-shoe Bevelled for the Prevention of Overreach
112. Hoof showing Lesion in the Wall following Coronitis.
      (_Gutenacker_)
113. Foot with Lesions of Chronic Coronitis. (_Gutenacker_)
114. Hoof Accidentally Tom from Foot. (_Cartledge_)
115. Hoof Accidentally Tom from Foot. (_Rogerson_)
116. Section of Foot with Laminitis of Eight Days' Duration.
(_Gutenacker_)
117. Section of Foot with Laminitis of Fourteen Days' Duration.
      (_Gutenacker_)
118. Chronic Ostitis of the Os Pedis in Laminitis.
119. Broad's Rocker Bar Shoe for Laminitis.
120. The Foot showing Grooves made in the Wall for Treatment of Laminitis
      (Anterior Surface).
121. The Foot showing Grooves made for the Treatment of Laminitis (Solar
      Surface).
122. Foot with Chronic Laminitis. (_Gutenacker_)
123. Inferior Aspect of Foot with Chronic Laminitis. (_Gutenacker_)
124. Section of Foot with Laminitis of Three Weeks' Duration.
      (_Gutenacker_)
125. Section of Foot with Laminitis of Several Years' Duration.
      (_Gutenacker_)
126. Diagram showing Position of the Abnormal Growth of Horn in Chronic
      Laminitis.
127. Diagram showing the same Abnormal Growth of Horn Removed prior to
      Shoeing.
128. Shoe with Heel-clip.
129. Internal Seedy-Toe.
130. External Seedy-Toe. (_Colonel Nunn_)
131. External Seedy-Toe. (_Colonel Nunn_)
132. A Keraphyllocele on the Inner Surface of the Horn of the Wall at the
Toe. (_Gutenacker_)
133. Os Pedis showing Absorption of Bone caused by the Pressure of a
      Keraphyllocele. (_Gutenacker_)
134. Foot with Canker of the Frog and Heels. (_Gutenacker_)
135. Foot with Canker extending to the Wall. (_Malcolm_)
136. Foot with Advanced Canker. (_Gutenacker_)
137. Feet affected with Specific Coronitis. (_Taylor_)
138. Fore-foot with Specific Coronitis. (_Taylor_)
139. Excision of the Lateral Cartilage (Old Method). (_Gutenacker_)
140. Excision of the Lateral Cartilage. (_After Moller and Frick_).
      (_Gutenacker_)
141. Excision of the Lateral Cartilage. (_After Bayer_.)
      (_Gutenacker_)
142. Partial Excision of the Lateral Cartilage
143. Ossified Lateral Cartilages, or Side-bones.
144. Smith's Side-bone Saw (Old Pattern).
145. Smith's Side-bone Saw (Improved Pattern).
146. Smith's Hoof Plane.
147. Hodder's Hoof Chisel.
148. Foot showing the Grooves made