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  SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN
  PORTO RICO

  BY
  FRED K. FLEAGLE
  DEAN, UNIVERSITY OF PORTO RICO

  D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS
  BOSTON      NEW YORK      CHICAGO




  COPYRIGHT, 1917,
  BY D. C. HEATH & CO.
  1 E 7




FOREWORD


IT would seem presumptuous, even after ten years of residence in Porto
Rico, to attempt to classify the social problems of the Island and offer
suggestions as to their solution, were it not for the fact that this
work does not claim to be a complete and final analysis of the
situation, but is designed merely to gather up the material available,
and present it in such form that it may be made the basis of class-room
study. The absence of such a collection of data was a handicap to the
author in his work in rural sociology in the University of Porto Rico,
and this book represents, in a somewhat abbreviated form, the material
covered. The fundamental principles of sociology are touched on but
lightly, since there are already available many excellent books
presenting this phase of the subject. It is expected that the instructor
will supplement by references and discussions, using the facts presented
here to bring out the general principles of theoretical sociology.

It is to be understood that the facts and data presented here are not to
be taken as a criticism of Porto Rico or of the Porto Ricans. They are
merely an exposition of the social situation as it exists, and do not
differ greatly, either in quantity or character, from similar facts
which could be gathered relating to any country. It is necessary,
however, to know our troubles if they are to be corrected, and we
deceive no one if we claim a state of human perfection which does not
exist. Neither do we relieve ourselves of responsibility for our own
mistakes by calling attention to the fact that other people have made
greater ones than we have. A frank facing of the situation, the
acknowledgment of whatever there may be that is unpleasant in a social
situation, and a sincere desire and attempt to make corrections, is the
only honest thing to do.

I have always been optimistic for the future of Porto Rico. It is an
island endowed by Nature with more than the usual amount of beauty and
brightness. My relations with the people of Porto Rico have been such as
to convince me that they have absorbed much of the natural atmosphere of
brightness and sunshine which is their heritage, and I believe them sons
and daughters worthy of such a beautiful and pleasant island home as
Porto Rico.

It will be noted that the emphasis in the following pages has been
placed on rural problems. This does not mean that there are more social
problems in the country than in the towns, but so little has been done
regarding country problems, and the course for which this material was
used as a basis being devoted to rural social problems, no attempt was
made to take up a discussion of the many topics which might be found in
the urban situations.

Special acknowledgment is made for the material used from the reports of
Drs. Ashford and Gutierrez, and for the data from the reports of the
Insular Bureau of Labor while under the direction of Mr. J. Clark Bills,
Jr. Some of this material is quoted verbatim from the reports, and the
author does not wish to claim it as his own.

   FRED K. FLEAGLE,
   _University of Porto Rico_




CONTENTS


                                                PAGE
  POPULATION                                       1

  THE JIBARO                                       6

  OVERPOPULATION                                  19

  THE FAMILY                                      28

  RURAL HOUSING CONDITIONS                        37

  WOMAN AND CHILD LABOR                           50

  INDUSTRIES                                      56

  THE LAND PROBLEM AND UNEMPLOYMENT               61

  POVERTY                                         68

  SICKNESS AND DISEASE                            76

  CRIME                                           84

  INTEMPERANCE                                    93

  JUVENILE DELINQUENTS                            97

  RURAL SCHOOLS                                  105

  THE SCHOOL AND THE COMMUNITY                   112

  RELATION OF THE TEACHER TO THE COMMUNITY       119

  PRESENT-DAY RURAL SCHOOL MOVEMENTS             125

  PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND LONGEVITY             130




SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN PORTO RICO


POPULATION


THE Island of Porto Rico, covering an area of about 3,500 square miles,
had in 1910 a total population of 1,118,012. The population was divided
