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Transcriber's note:

      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).

      Text enclosed by curly braces is in superscript
      (example: 7{me}).

      The original text contains a few letters with diacritical
      marks that are not represented in this text version.

      The original text includes Greek characters. For this
      text version these letters have been replaced with
      transliterations.

      The following symbols are used in this text version to
      represent symbols that can not be presented in any other
      way.

        [S] represents a Swastika with left-bar facing up.
        [Z] represents a Swastika with left-bar facing down.
        [Z circle] represents a Swastika inside a circle.
        [cross] represents a simple cross (plus-sign form).
        [circle] represents a circle.
        [U] represents a large U.
        [V] represents a large V.
        [Y] represents a large Y.
        [symbol] represents various symbols.

      In the Bibliography section the reader will encounter
      numerous vertical bars or "pipes" ( | ).  These were
      present in the original book. The reason for their
      presence is uncertain.

      Mismatched/unmatched quotation marks are as in the
      original.





Smithsonian Institution.
United States National Museum.

THE SWASTIKA,

The Earliest Known Symbol, and Its Migrations;
with Observations on the Migration of
Certain Industries in Prehistoric Times.

by

THOMAS WILSON,

Curator, Department of Prehistoric Anthropology,
U. S. National Museum.

From the Report of the U. S. National Museum for 1894,
pages 757-1011, with plates 1-25 and Figures 1-374.







Washington:
Government Printing Office.
1896.




TABLE OF CONTENTS.


                                                                   Page.

  Preface                                                            763

     I.--DEFINITIONS, DESCRIPTION, AND ORIGIN.

         Different forms of the cross                                765

         Names and definitions of the Swastika                       768

         Symbolism and interpretation                                770

         Origin and habitat                                          791


    II.--DISPERSION OF THE SWASTIKA.

         Extreme Orient                                              799
           Japan                                                     799
           Korea                                                     799
           China                                                     799
           Tibet                                                     802
           India                                                     802

         Classical Orient                                            806
           Babylonia, Assyria, Chaldea, and Persia                   806
           Phenicia                                                  807
           Lycaonia                                                  807
           Armenia                                                   807
           Caucasus                                                  808
           Asia Minor--Troy (Hissarlik)                              809
             First and Second Cities                                 810
             The Third or Burnt City                                 811
             The Fourth City                                         813
             The Fifth City                                          818
             The Sixth and Seventh Cities                            819
             Leaden idol of Hissarlik                                829
             Owl-shaped vases                                        830
             The age of Trojan cities                                832

         Africa                                                      833
           Egypt                                                     833
             Naukratis                                               834
             Coptos (Achmim-Panopolis)                               834
           Algeria                                                   838
           Ashantee                                                  838

         Classical Occident--Mediterranean                           839
           Greece, Cyprus, Rhodes, Melos, and Thera                  839
             Greek fret and Egyptian meander not the same as the
                 Swastika                                            839
             Swastika in panels                                      845
             Swastikas with four arms crossing at right angles,
                 ends bent to the right                              846
             Swastikas with four arms crossing at right angles,
                 ends bent to the left                               847
             Swastikas with four arms crossing at other than right
                 angles, the ends