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[Illustration]

[Illustration]




      THE THOUGHT IS IN THE QUESTION THE INFORMATION IS IN THE ANSWER

                                HAWKINS

                            ELECTRICAL GUIDE

                                 NUMBER
                                  ONE

                               QUESTIONS
                                ANSWERS
                                   &
                             ILLUSTRATIONS

                     A PROGRESSIVE COURSE OF STUDY
                 FOR ENGINEERS, ELECTRICIANS, STUDENTS
                    AND THOSE DESIRING TO ACQUIRE A
                          WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF

                    ELECTRICITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

                          A PRACTICAL TREATISE

                                   by

                           HAWKINS AND STAFF

              THEO. AUDEL & CO.   72 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK.


                           COPYRIGHTED, 1914,
                                   BY
                           THEO. AUDEL & CO.,
                               NEW YORK.

                     Printed in the United States.




                                PREFACE


_The word "guide" is defined as:_

=_One who leads another in any path or direction; a person who shows or
points out the way, especially by accompanying or going before; more
particularly, one who shows strangers or tourists about; a conductor;
leader, as "let us follow our guide."_=

_This book, or ="Guide,"= is so called because it =leads= or =points out
the way= to the acquirement of a theoretical and practical knowledge of
Electricity._

_There are several guides, each covering in detail a certain phase of the
broad subject of Electricity and leading the reader progressively, and in
such a way, that he easily grasps, not only the simple fundamental facts,
but the more complex problems, encountered in the study of Electricity.
This is accomplished by the aid of a =very large number of illustrations=,
together with specific explanations, worded in =concise and simple
language=._

_The Guides are written partly in the question and answer form, as this
style of presentation has met with hearty approval, not only from those of
limited education, but also from the better informed._

_Where recourse is had to the question and answer form, the special aim of
the author has been to give short and direct answers, in such plain
language as to preclude a misconception of the meaning. With this in view,
=the answer gives= simply =the information sought by the question=._

_=The answer is limited to one paragraph= so that the reader may
concentrate upon the fact or facts demanded by the question._

_Any enlargement of the answer or specific explanations of items contained
therein, are presented in separate paragraphs printed, in smaller type._

_With this plan of =separating the answer=, as it were, from items of
secondary importance, and making it short and simple, its content is more
forcibly impressed upon the mind of the reader._

_In a text book, it is necessary to illustrate and explain the various
species of commercial apparatus met with in practice, and in this
connection the Publishers desire to call attention to the manner in which
the author has treated what may be classed as the ="descriptive matter."=
Contrary to the usual custom of giving descriptions of commercial machines
in the main text, where they would occupy considerable space, to the
exclusion of the more important matter, all such descriptions are placed
in small type directly under the illustrations, leaving space for an
adequate presentation of the underlying =principles=, =theories=, and for
the large amount of =practical information= that is essential to obtain a
general knowledge of Electricity and its numerous applications._

_Credit is largely due to Frank D. Graham, B.S., M.S. (Princeton
University), and M.E. (Stevens Institute), practical engineer, for the
authorship of the =Guides=, and for original sketches illustrating
electrical principles and construction._




                     TABLE OF CONTENTS GUIDE NO. 1.


  =INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER=

  =SIGNS AND SYMBOLS=

  =ELECTRICITY=                                                   =1 to 4=

    Nature and source--=kinds of electricity:= static, current,
    dynamic, radiated, positive, negative, atmospheric, frictional,
    resinous, vitreous.

  =STATIC ELECTRICITY=                                           =5 to 26=

    Electrical =attraction and repulsion=--the charge--distribution
    of the charge--free and bound electricity--conduct