Rosalia (festival)
roman empire rosalia rosaria festival rose celebrated various date primarily may scattered midjuly observance sometimes called rosatio roseadornment dy rosationis day roseadornment could celebrated also violet violatio adorning violet also dy violae dy violationis day violetadornment commemoration dead rosatio developed custom placing flower burial site among extensive private religious practice mean roman cared dead reflecting value placed tradition mo maiorum way ancestor family lineage memorial ranging simple inscription grand public work several date roman calendar set aside public holiday memorial day devoted dead religious expression rosatio might also offered cult statue deity revered object may roman army celebrated rosaliae signorum rose festival adorned military standard garland rose festival private association club documented least fortyone inscription latin sixteen greek observance often called rhodismos flower traditional symbol rejuvenation rebirth memory red purple rose violet felt evoke color blood form propitiation blooming period framed season spring rose last flower bloom violet earliest part festive funerary banquet rose adorned strange repast life death together considered two aspect endless unknown process area empire rosalia assimilated floral element spring festival dionysus adonis others roseadornment practice strictly tied cultivation particular deity thus lent jewish christian commemoration early christian writer transferred imagery garland crown rose violet cult saint greece rome wreath garland flower greenery worn men woman festive occasion garland rose violet combined singly adorn erotic scene bridal procession drinking party greek lyric poetry archaic period onward latin literature rose violet meant experiencing carefree pleasure floral wreath garland mark wearer celebrant likely serve expression beauty brevity life rose violet popular flower rome wreath sometimes given gift flower associated offered deity particularly goddess aphrodite roman venus persephone proserpina chloris flora rose fragrance special attribute aphrodite also dionysus particularly imperialera poetry wine god drinking party presence eros love desire greek romance novel daphnis chloe nd century ad describes pleasure garden rose violet among abundant flora centered sacred space dionysus rome venus goddess garden well love beauty venus received rose ritual cleansing lavatio april wine festival vinalia celebrated honor april lavish display flower expression conviviality liberal generosity imperialera business letter surviving papyrus attempt soothe bridegroom mother upset rose harvest insufficient fill order wedding supplier compensated sending narcissus instead requested flower part roman wedding bridegroom likely bride wear flower crown statius st century ad describes groom wearing wreath rose violet lily emperor made formal arrival adventus city garland flower might among gesture greeting welcome delegation according account historia augusta presumably fictional decadent emperor heliogabalus buried guest one banquet avalanche rose petal greek culture phyllobolia showering victorious athlete bridal couple leaf flower petal classical mythology preserve number story blood flower linked divine metamorphosis adonis beloved aphrodite killed boar hunt blood produced flower central myth roman rite cybele selfcastration consort attis whose blood violetcolored flower sprang gnostic text origin world possibly dating early th century rose first flower come created virgin blood psyche soul united sexually eros thcentury poem cupid crucified galloroman poet ausonius god cupid roman equivalent eros tortured underworld goddess disappointed love blood wound cause rose grow egyptian religion funerary wreath laurel palm feather papyrus precious metal represented crown justification deceased receive judged weighing heart ceremony afterlife imperial period wreath might rose influence romanized cult isi statue isi adorned rose following navigium isidis imperial holiday march ceremonial procession represented sailing isi metamorphosis apuleius protagonist lucius transformed as journey redemption return human form eating rose becoming initiate mystery isi festival called rhodophoria preserved three greek papyrus rosebearing probably isi may greek name rosalia rose funerary significance greece particularly associated death entombment among roman greece rose appear funerary stele epitaph often girl imperialera greek epitaph death unmarried girl compared budding rose cut spring young woman buried wedding clothes like rose garden eightyearold boy like rose beautiful flower erotes love cupid symbol blooming youth mourning rose often mark death experienced untimely premature iliad aphrodite anoints hector corpse ambrosial oil rose maintain integrity body abuse death greek latin poetry rose grow blessed afterlife elysian field bloodless sacrifice dead could include rose garland violet well libation wine latin purpureus expressed redtopurple color range rose violet particularly flower death ancient etymology purpureus thought related greek porphyreos sense suffusing skin purple blood bruising wounding augustan epic poet vergil us metaphor purple flower describe premature bloody death young men battle death pallas evokes violet attis hyacinth generated dying blood apollo beloved hyacinthus claudian writes bloody splendor rose meadow proserpina abducted underworld hyacinth violet contributing lush flora rose ominous presence thorn may intimate bloodshed mortality even discourse love conversely rose funerary context allude festive banqueting since roman family met burial site several occasion throughout year libation shared meal celebrated cherished memory beloved dead continuity life family line roman tomb painting red rose often spill bountifully onto light ground ageless flower created perpetual rosalia expression roman belief soul continued existence bone ash deceased may imagined generating flower one latin epitaph readshere lie optatus child ennobled devotion pray ash may violet rose ask earth mother light upon boy life burden one rose planted tomb mausoleum adjacent ground might cultivated garden grow rose adornment even produce sell cemetery upkeep administrative cost th st century profusion cut cultivated flower still characteristic italian cemetery degree distinguished angloamerican practice difference one roman catholic practice criticized protestant especially th century pagan origin although rose long tradition funerary art earliest record roman rose festival named date reign domitian – ad place observance june inscription made priestly association collegium lucania devoted woodland god silvanus record vow wellbeing emperor prescribes sacrifice silvanus five occasion year among rosalia although silvanus typically regarded deity wood wild vergil describes bearing flowering fennel lily inscription three donor silvanus adopted cultic name anthus greek anthos flower fourth less certain reading may latin name florus masculine form flora since tree form plant life often emblematic silvanus connection flower obscure female counterpart silvanae primarily found danubian province sometimes depicted carrying flower pot wreath epithet dendrophorus treebearer linked romanized cult attis cybele celebrant called dendrophori participated welltodo people wrote made endoflife preparation might set aside fund maintenance memory care cura death including roseadornment one epitaph record man provision four annual observance honor parentalia official festival honoring dead february birthday dy natalis rosaria violaria guild association collegia often provided funeral benefit member formed specifically purpose benefactor might fund communal meal rosedays member college honored dead college aesculapius hygia rome celebrated violet day march rose day may flower festival frequent among occasion observed dining club burial society evidence rosalia come cisalpine gaul northern italy twentyfour latin inscription referring found ten latin inscription come italian peninsula three macedonia four thrace illyria pannonia six greek inscription come bithynia three macedonia one bulgaria scythia mysia phrygia lydia asia arcadia pergamon rosalia seems threeday festival may – beginning augustan day dy augusti day imperial cult marking birthday marriage anniversary emperor family threeday rosalia among occasion observed group hymnodes male choir organized celebrating imperial cult recorded greek inscription early ndcentury altar eukosmos officer good order presided group year provide one mina monetary unit one loaf celebrating rosalia augustan day first day month called panemos local calendar second panemos group priest provided wine table setting one mina three loaf rosalia grammateus secretary administrator responsible mina table setting worth one denarius one loaf third day rosalia group seems functioned like collegium rome burial society member inscription acmonia phrygia show rosalia context religious pluralism roman empire ad bequest made burial society ensure annual commemoration individual named titus praxias addition graveside communal meal cash gift member denarii allocated adorning tomb rose obligation membership legally religiously binding society tutelary deity invoked oversee ensure carrying deceased wish theos sebastos divus augustus latin zeus local unique epithet stodmenos asclepius savior roman aesculapius collegium artemis ephesus acmonia also significant greekspeaking jewish community inscription dating period – record similar arrangement made jewish woman husband provides annual roseadornment tomb legally constituted neighborhood community association solemn injunction deck rose year reckon justice god formula reckon god used among jew christian phrygia slighter possibility inscription might christian inscription among evidence judaism isolated general religious environment imperial world since rosatio could made without accompanying sacrifice tomb instead multiple deity jewish husband honoring wife invoked divine justice god chose participate custom community adapting way acceptable jewish faith imperialera macedonia several inscription mention rosalia commemorative festival funded bequest group vicianus village neighborhood association vicus thiasos legally constituted association often religious character symposium sense drinking social club thessalonica priestess thiasos bequeathed tract grapevine pay rose wreath dionysian thiasos disbanded failed duty property pas society dryophoroi oakbearers finally state addition association initiate mystery dionysus inscription macedonia thrace record bequest roseadornment thiasoi diana artemis littleattested thracian god hero sourogethes gravedigger guild gravedigger kindle tombside fire year rosalia context suggest wreath might burnt offering distinctive collocation occurs time macedonian commemoration inscription prescribing rosalia accompanied relief thracian horseman scholar think custom rosalia assimilated bacchic festival dead roman military particularly macedonia thrace greek inscription ad record donation roseadornment rhodismos council histria modern dobruja area settled thracian bessi especially devoted dionysus macedonia famed rose nearly evidence rosalia date roman period although ivy grapevine regular vegetative attribute dionysus athens rose violet could adornment dionysian feast fragment dithyramb praising dionysus poet pindar th century bc set floral scene generated opening season horae time semele mortal mother dionysus honored chamber purplerobed horai openedthe nectarbearing flower bring sweetsmelling springthen upon immortal earth castthe lovely tress violet rose fitted hairand voice song echo accompaniment pipesand chorus come semele circling headband dionysus equalizing figure democratic polis whose band initiate thiasos provided model civic organization form dionysia dating predemocratic athens anthesteria festival name scholar derive greek anthos flower blossom greek connecting blossoming grapevine th century ad byzantine antiquarian joannes lydus related festival name anthousa said greek equivalent latin flora threeday festival took place threshold winter spring involved theme liminality opening despite importance early athens many aspect elude certainty primarily celebration opening new wine previous fall vintage first day dionysus entered borne wheeled ship public procession taken private chamber king wife ritual union precise ceremony unknown may related myth ariadne became consort dionysus abandoned athenian culture hero theseus keeping theme new growth transformation anthesteria also occasion rite passage infancy childhood—a celebratory moment given high rate infant mortality ancient world child age three four received small jug chou specially decorated scene child playing adult activity chou sometimes depicted vessel adorned wreath following year child given ceremonial taste wine chou vessel often found childrens graf accompanying underworld premature death anthesteria also compared roman lemuria second day vulnerable time barrier world living dead became permeable shade dead could wander earth third day ghost driven city hermes chthonios underworld hermes received sacrifice form pot grain seed although identity shade unclear typically restless dead died prematurely wine rose priestess thessalonica bequeathed tract vineyard maintenance memory required dionysian initiate attended wear rose wreath dionysian context wine rose color red trapping violence funeral well amorous pursuit revelry dionysus described philostratus ca ad wearing wreath rose red purple cloak encounter ariadne whose sleep kind death awakened transformed god love crown symbolized ariadne immortal union dionysus underwent metamorphosis constellation corona borealis source corona diadem jewel roman dramatist seneca others garland rose astronomica manilius st century ad ariadne crown bejeweled purple red flowers—violets hyacinth poppy flower blooming rose made red blood—and exerts positive astrological influence cultivating flower garden weaving garland distilling perfume dionysian scene common roman sarcophagus persistence love face death may embodied attendant cupid erotes vergil aeneid purple flower strewn pouring bacchic libation funeral rite hero aeneas conduct dead father dionysiaca nonnus late th–early th century ad dionysus mourns death beautiful youth ampelos covering body flowers—roses lily anemones—and infusing ambrosia dead boy metamorphosis creates first grapevine turn produce transformative substance wine human use rite adonis adoneia also came regarded rosalia imperial era one version myth blood aphrodite foot pricked thorn dye flower produced body adonis killed boar lament adonis attributed bion nd century bc tear aphrodite match blood shed adonis drop drop blood tear become flower upon ground blood come rose tear windflower according myth adonis born incestuous union myrrha father delusional lust punishment aphrodite myrrha slighted girl deceived father darkness disguise learned really rage transformed human identity became fragranceproducing myrrh tree vegetative nature adonis expressed birth tree one tradition aphrodite took infant hid box larnax word often referring chest ash human remains gave underworld goddess persephone nurture grew beautiful youth aphrodite persephone—representing realm love death—claimed zeus decreed adonis would spend third year heavenly aphrodite third chthonic persephone third mortal plane theme similar persephone year divided underworld husband world jg frazer adonis archetypal vegetative god hj rose saw rite adonis outline oriental myth great mother lover dy vegetation dy come back life robert segal analyzed death adonis failure eternal child puer complete rite passage adult life citystate thus cautionary tale involving social violation incest murder license possessiveness celibacy childlessness woman performed adoneia ceremonial lamentation dirge sometimes presence effigy dead youth might placed couch perfumed adorned greenery part festival planted garden adonis containergrown annual seed planted shallow soil sprang quickly withered quickly compressing cycle life death festival often nocturnal part official state calendar holiday private rite seems like rosalia fixed date although celebration varied place place generally two phase joyful revelry like marriage feast celebration love aphrodite adonis ritual mourning death decoration ritual trapping feast including dish garden transformed funeral destroyed offering garlanded couch became lyingin bier prothesis iconography aphrodite adonis couple often hard distinguish greek art dionysus ariadne contrast greek depiction couple enjoying luxury delight love roman painting sarcophagus almost always frame love moment loss death adonis aphrodite arm posing question resurrection madaba imperial city province arabia presentday jordan series mythological mosaic scene aphrodite adonis enthroned attended six erotes three charites grace basket overturned rose near seen referring rosalia late antiquity literary work set rosalia—whether intended performance actual occasion using occasion fictional setting—take lament adonis theme shared language roman festival rosalia floral aspect adoneia may indicate similar comparable practice necessarily direct assimilation reign claudius antoninus pius holy week march developed ceremony magna mater great mother also known mater deum mother god cybele attis preliminary festival march marked discovery shepherd cybele infant attis among reed phrygian river continuous ceremony recommenced march arbor intrat tree enters lasted march day arbor intrat college dendrophores treebearers carried pine tree bound effigy attis wrapped woollen bandage like corpse ornamented violet wreath lucretius st century bc mention rose unnamed flower ecstatic procession magna mater megalensia april vivid complex account violet created violence attis myth given christian apologist arnobius ca whose version best reflects cult practice roman imperial period story begin rock phrygia named agdus come stone transformed human pyrrha deucalion repopulate world flood great mother god customarily rested assailed lustful jupiter unable achieve aim king god relieved masturbating rock born acdestis agdistis violent supremely powerful hermaphroditic deity deliberation god assign cura audacity liber roman god identified dionysus cura mean variously care concern cure oversight liber set snare replacing water agdistis favorite spring fons pure wine necessity time drive thirsty agdistis drink vein sucking torporinducing liquid trap sprung noose woven hair suspends agdistis genitals struggle break free cause selfcastration blood spring pomegranate tree fruit enticing nana daughter river god sangarius sinu reponit euphemism imperialera medical christian writing placed within vagina nana becomes pregnant enraging father lock away damaged good starves kept alive fruit vegetarian food provided mother god infant born sangarius order exposed discovered reared goatherd child attis exceptionally beautiful attis grows favored mother god agdistis constant companion influence wine attis reveals accomplishment hunter owing divine favor—an explanation wine religiously prohibited nefas sanctuary considered pollution would enter attiss relationship agdistis characterized infamis disreputable socially marginalizing phrygian king midas wishing redeem boy puer arranges marriage daughter lock city mater deum however know attiss fate fatum preserved harm avoids bond marriage mother god agdistis crash party agdistis spread frenzy madness among convivial guest detail appears vexed passage christian source daughter concubine man named gallus cut breast raging like bacchant attis throw pine tree cut genitals offering agdistis bleeds death flux blood born violet flower mother god wrap genitals garment dead cover earth aspect myth attested ritual inscription regarding sacrificial treatment animal scrotum wouldbe bride whose name violet greek ia cover attiss chest woollen band mourning agdistis kill dying blood changed purple violet tear mother god become almond tree signifies bitterness death take pine tree sacred cave agdistis join mourning begging jupiter restore attis life cannot permit fate allows body never decay hair keep growing little finger live wave perpetual motion arnobius explicitly state ritual performed honor attis day reenact aspect myth told much developed imperial period particular conflict intersection dionysian cult arbor intrat march dendrophores carried violetwreathed tree attis temple magna mater dy violae day arbor intrat recalled scattering violet onto graf parentalia next day dendrophores laid tree rest noisy music represented corybantes youth performed armed dance mythology served guardian infant god dy sanguinis day blood march devotee lacerated frenzy mourning spattering effigy blood craved nourishment dead follower may castrated day preliminary becoming galli eunuch priest cybele attis placed tomb sacred night followed according sallustius cutting tree accompanied fasting though cutting progress generation fed milk though reborn followed rejoicing garland new ascent god garland rejoicing hilaria occurred march vernal equinox julian calendar attis sense reborn renewed early christian source associate day resurrection jesus damascius saw liberation hades day rest requietio ritual cleansing lavatio magna mater carried march march may day initiation mystery magna mater attis vaticanum although scholar become less inclined view attis within rigid schema dying rising vegetation god vegetal cycle remains integral funerary nature rite pine tree pine cone introduced iconography attis cult significance roman period late st ndcentury statue attis athens basket containing pomegranate pine cone nosegay violet perceived connection older spring festival involved rose helped spread popularize rosalia private dy violae violaris roman enhanced public prominence arbor intrat ceremony conceptual link attis adonis developed primarily later imperial period neoplatonic philosopher porphyry ca ad saw adonis attis aspect fruit earth attis symbol blossom appear early spring fall complete fertilization whence attributed castration fruit attained seminal perfection adonis symbol cutting perfect fruit porphyry linked attis adonis korē persephone maiden influencing dry grain crop dionysus influence soft shell fruit deity seminal lawfor korē carried pluto sun going beneath earth seedtime dionysus begin sprout according condition power young hidden beneath earth yet produce fine fruit ally power blossom symbolized attis cutting ripened corn symbolized adonis rose violet typically among flower specie populate meadow persephone abducted pluto bride comparative mythologist mircea eliade saw divine metamorphosis flowing life vegetal human existence violent death interrupt creative potential life expressed form plant fruit flower eliade related violet attis rose anemone adonis legend flower appearing battlefield death hero roman army celebrated rosaliae signorum military standard signa adorned rose supplication two date may ah hooey viewed military rose festival incorporating traditional spring festival vegetative deity festival noted feriale duranum papyrus calendar cohort stationed duraeuropos reign severus alexander – ad calendar thought represent standard religious calendar issued military day earlier two rosaliae uncertain fragmentary text coincided period lemuria archaic festival day may propitiating shade lemures larva whose untimely death left wandering earth instead passing underworld ceremony lemuria vivid description ovid featured spitting black bean especially potent apotropaic gesture second rosaliae signorum occurred may day kalends june feast day june devoted tenebrous dea carna flesh goddess food goddess commonly called bean kalends kalendae fabariae may pertained rite dead like day lemuria marked calendar nefastus time normal activity religiously prohibited later empire rosaliae signorum coincided third day bean game ludi fabarici held may – june presumably honor carna civilian inscription record bequest roseadornment carnaria interpreted mommsen carnas kalends sculpture rdcentury military headquarters corium roman britain corbridge northumberland interpreted representing rosaliae rdcentury inscription mogontiacum presentday mainz province germania superior record dedication altar genius military unit centuria may although inscription name rosaliae date dedication made connection imperial cult may chosen coincide rosaliae signorum part devotional practice characteristic army surrounding military standard imperial historian tacitus say army venerated standard god inscription record dedication vota made behalf day legion marked anniversary formation natalis aquilae eagle birthday reference roman eagle standard roman military camp including marching camp constructed around central altar daily sacrifice made surrounded standard planted firmly ground image emperor god decorated unit displayed gold silver wreath standard represented bestowal living wreath eagle signa garlanded anointed lustrations ceremony beginning campaign victory crisis ritual imperial holiday among occasion wedding emperor honorius ad described epithalamium claudian military standard said grow red flower standardbearers soldier ritually shower imperial bridegroom flower purpureoque nimbo purple halo recounting mutiny claudius ad suetonius avers divine agency prevented eagle adorned pulled earth break camp legionary violated oath sacramentum reminded religious obligation turned toward repentance paenitentiam religione conversis christian apologist saw veneration signa central religious life roman military minucius felix tried demonstrate cruciform shape soldier worshipping christian cross without aware evidence rosalia empire st–rd century point toward festival dead soldier commemorated fallen comrade might swear oath mane deified spirit dead brothersinarms hooey however argued interpreting rosaliae signorum kind poppy day roman rose festival view two distinct mutually exclusive kind celebratory licentious festival spring somber cult dead transferred civilian realm old festival vegetative deity celebrated eastern empire spirit indulgence luxury uniquely keeping public imperial character holiday feriale duranum carnival view rosaliae signorum rejected william seston saw may festival celebratory lustrations first battle military campaigning season coordinate tubilustrium fell may two roseadornments tubilustrium purification ritual attested calendar march may perhaps originally monthly lustration lustrum performed regarding annunciatory trumpet tubi tuba long straight trumpet cornu curved around body used punctuate sacral game ceremony funeral signal timekeeping military march tubilustrium coincided city rome procession mar armed priest salii clanged sacred shield later empire become assimilated holy week attis occurring day tree rested temple magna mater pivotal point cycle deathchaos rebirthorder day brought together noise ritual wind percussion instrument different tradition clamor corybantes kouretes attended cybele attis roman ceremony apotropaic trumpet blast beating shield salian priest theologically identified kouretes early st century bc tacitus record performance noise ritual trumpet military conjunction lunar eclipse practice found source civilian context jörg rüpke conjecture tuba played monthly fortify waning moon luna one nundinal cycle full moon ides since roman calendar originally lunar signa trumpet closely related roman military culture ceremonially functionally trajan column trumpet shown pointing toward standard lustrations although latin lustratio usually translated purification lustral ceremony perhaps regarded realignments restoration good order lustration another word maintaining creating restoring boundary line centric order excentric disorder rosaliae standard may contingent supplicationes broad category propitiatory ritual realigned community case army pax deorum treaty peace god mean procession public prayer offering military calendar represented feriale duranum prescribed supplicationes also march – period began quinquatria ancient festival minerva mar concluded tubilustrium crisis third century prompted revival expansion archaic practice supplicatio connection military imperial cult later empire rose festival became part iconography month may date would vary locally accommodate blooming season month allegory mosaic may often represented floral wreath fillet ribbon worn sacrifice wine amphora may latin maius began middle ludi flora series game honor goddess flora opened april julian calendar concluded may flora goddess flower blooming festivity enjoyed notable degree sexual liberty nd century ad philostratus connects rose garland flora festival greek epigram palatine anthology may personified announce mother rose among explanation month name derived maia goddess growth increase whose name sometimes said come adjective maius greater maia honored may son mercury greek hermes god boundary commerce conductor soul afterlife theological identity maia capacious variously identified goddess terra mater mother earth good goddess bona dea great mother goddess magna mater title also cybele ops abundance resource carna goddess bean kalends june rose distributed arval brother archaic priesthood rome banquet may festival dea dia although month opened revelry flora midmay roman observed threeday lemuria propitiating wandering dead season rose thus coincided traditional roman festival pertaining blooming dying demand flower perfume festal funerary purpose made floriculture important economic activity especially rich estate roman africa one roman tomb painting show vendor displaying floral garland sale following lemuria mercury maia received joint sacrifice merchant festival ides may th calendar filocalus ad note flower fair may rose come market macellus month illustrated calendar king rose young man wearing longsleeved robe called dalmatica carry basket rose left arm holding single flower right hand smell pictorial calendar rose king related imagery rose festival often substitute replaces traditional emblem mercury rite represent may ovid fasti poem roman calendar flora divine representative may speaks role generating flower blood dead glory spring wound ovid show mythology weave together theme violence sexuality pleasure marriage agriculture roman considered may unpropitious month wedding postponement contributed popularity june bridal month day lemuria midmay dy religiosus religiously prohibited begin new undertaking specifically including marriage sake begetting child th century rosalia marked official calendar public holiday amphitheater game ludi theatrical performance calendar capua dating ad note rosaria amphitheater may th century day rose held gaza eastern roman empire spring festival may christianized continuation rosalia john gaza wrote two anacreontic poem say presented publicly day rose declamation christian rhetorician procopius poetry choricius gaza also set rosedays rose general part imagery early christian funerary art ivy martyr often depicted described flower imagery way identified flower paulinus nola reinterpreted tradition associated rosalia christian term natal poem natalicium saint felix nola set january sprinkle ground flower adorn doorway garland let winter breathe forth purple beauty purpureum spring let year flower time let nature submit holy day also earth owe wreath martyr’s tomb holy glory doorway heaven encircles flowering twin wreath war peace one earliest extant martyr shrine part basilica santambrogio milan mosaic portrait dating perhaps early – depicts saint victor within classically inspired wreath lily rose wheat stalk grape vine olive branch circular shape represents eternity vegetation four season christian imagination blooddeathflower pattern often transferred young men classical myth—primarily adonis attis—to female virgin martyr eulalia mérida described prudentius ca tender flower whose death make flower church garland martyr flow purple blood produce purple violet bloodred crocus purpureas viola sanguineosque crocos adorn relic rose also symbolize blood shed loss virginity sacrament marriage drawing custom floral crown award classical world cyprian described heavenly crown flower faithful afterlife lily good work additional crown rose martyr one early passion narrative martyr wear rose crown corona rosea heavenly banquet ambrose lily virgin violet confessor faith rose martyr imagery violet biblical precedent passage influenced vergilian imagery ambrose enjoins young woman virgin let rose modesty lily spirit flourish garden let bank violet drink spring watered sacred blood description jerome crown rose violet woven blood saint paulas martyrdom dante later entwines classical christian strand imagery paradiso linking garland saint rose corona ariadne imago translated heaven use term rosary latin rosarium crown garland rose marian prayer bead objected christian including alanus de rupe evoked profane rose wreath roman miracle involving rose ascribed female saint rose distinguishing attribute others ranging cecilia rome ad thérèse lisieux floral iconography saint cecilia includes rose floral wreath palm branch tall sprig almond leaf flower hand rose among characteristic attribute mary mother jesus became associated month may replacing goddess maia flora popular imagination mary described early christian literature rosa pudoris rose modesty rose among thorn middle age rose lily violet become special flower mary catholic culture offering flower still made mary notably mexican devotional practice lady guadalupe island pollap micronesia offering flower cult statue mary added ceremony rosary especially may concept rosary crown rose complement local tradition wearing flower wreath head latin hymn litany earliest christian era name mary mystical rose array rose epithet garden bore christ image rose ambrose declared blood christ eucharist transubstantiated wine perceived rose fivepetaled rose became symbol five wound christ hence resurrection living body corps saint said exude floral odor sanctity one notable sign holiness pope gregory described fragrance luminosity rose issuing blood martyr herman steinfeld exhaled fragrance like garden full rose lily violet poppy kind fragrant flower prayed bedridden virgin lydwine schiedam said consume nothing spiced wine wept fragrant tear blood called rose dried cheek overnight gathered kept box omen death opening rose mystical rosebush buried bag rose bloodtears used pillow flower blood relic interwoven imagery christian literature earliest period two day liturgical calendar called rose sunday fourth sunday lent also known dominica de rosa rose sunday rosecolored vestment may replace purple violet penitential vestment season day pope blesses golden rose jewel shape rose benedict canon st peter basilica midth century recorded ceremony day pope carried mosswrapped rose station cross thcentury ecclesiastical lexicographer saw golden rose function analogous golden bough mary assuming attribute persephone medieval rome dominica de rosis sunday rose pascha rosarum rosatum celebrated sunday pentecost octave feast ascension pope delivered sermon holy spirit day santa maria rotunda basilica converted ancient pantheon rose petal showered oculus dome represent descent tongue flame dinner ludus carnelevaris celebrated drinking among knight soldier followed performance featured killing animal symbolized various sin following tradition medieval text pentecost sometimes called rosata pascha simply rosalia eventually pentecost took name rose sunday two became conflated custom transferred custom scattering rose pentecost spread continued modern era reflected contemporary feast name pasqua di rose pasqua delle rose pâques rosées reflecting custom many church built holy ghost hole ceiling release rose petal white dove traditional romanian name pentecost rusalii thought derive rosalia name rusalii also used russian ukrainian alongside related term green week russian зелёные святки ukrainian зелені свята author th earlyth century speculated rose sunday christianized form originally pagan festival ancient greek funeral burial practice roman funeral burial rusalia festival memory dead ancient slav