Diablada
diablada also known danza de los diablos english dance devil andean folk dance performed bolivia altiplano region south america characterized performer wearing mask costume representing devil character precolumbian theology mythology combined spanish christian element added colonial era many scholar concluded dance descended llama llama dance honor uru god tiw aymaran ritual demon anchanchu originating precolumbian bolivia dance performed andean region early name originated oruro bolivia performer dressed like devil parade called diabladas first organized diablada group defined music choreography appeared bolivia also evidence dance originating among miner potosi bolivia regional dance peru chile may also influenced modern version bolivian historian claim diablada originated country oruro named place origin masterpiece oral intangible heritage humanity policy promoted unesco bolivia also claimed performance dance country cultural appropriation bolivian historian currently maintain diablada date back year ritual uru civilization dedicated mythological figure tiw protected cave lake river place shelter dance believed originated llama llama ancient settlement oruro one major center uru civilization dance includes reference animal appear uru mythology ant lizard toad snake bolivian anthropologist milton eyzaguirre add ancient culture bolivian andes practiced death cult called cupay term eventually evolving supay devil figure modern diablada due syncretism caused spanish influence later century tiw eventually associated devil spanish authority also outlawed several ancient tradition incorporated others christian theology local regional diablada festival arose spanish colonial period eventually consolidated carnaval de oruro modern city name spanish banned ceremony seventeenth century continued guise christian liturgy andean god concealed behind christian icon andean divinity became saint ito festival transformed christian ritual celebrated candlemas february traditional llama llama diablada worship uru god tiw became main dance carnival oruro chilean peruvian organization suggest since dance root andean civilization existed formation current national border belong equally three nation chilean historian concede diablada originated bolivia adopted chile fiesta de la tirana though also influenced similar th century chilean tradition called diablos sueltos peruvian historian also concede dance originated bolivia influenced earlier tradition practiced across altiplano region including specific peru peruvian version diablada puneña originated late among lupaka people puno region turn influenced jesuit dance merging bolivian version early scholar defend diabladas origin peru cite aymaran tradition surrounding deity anchanchu documented th century historian inca garcilaso de la vega also version diablada ecuador called diablada pillareña historian theorized modern diablada exhibit influence spanish dance tradition book la danza de los diablos julia elena fortún proposed connection catalan entremés called ball de diables performed catalonian community penedès tarragona dance depicts struggle lucifer archangel saint michael first known performed catalan scholar jordi rius mercade also found similarity ball de diables several andean dance including similarlythemed baile de diablos de cobán guatemala danza de los diablicos de túcume peru theory contradict common theory modern diablada influenced spanish practice auto sacramentales colonizer introduced christianity native andes due differing conception devil temptation auto sacramentales process cited influence emergence diablada puneña peru shortly spanish conquest inca empire believed garcilaso de la vega peruvian scholar nicomedes santa cruz bolivian anthropologist freddy arancibia andrade suggested similar process dance originating among miner rebelled spanish potosi combining ancient ritual tinku christian reference andrade also proposed similar process among striking miner origin modern version diablada though tradition diablada merged christianity colonial period meaning original tradition revived reassessed latin american war independence altiplano region particularly around lake titicaca became center appreciation precolumbian dance music bolivian war independence main religious festival honoring virgin candlemas replaced carnival allowed greater acknowledgement prechristian tradition including diablada present annual diablada festival established oruro first institutionalized diablada dance squad gran tradicional auténtica diablada oruro founded bolivia pedro pablo corrales squad established counterpart called los vaporinos peru squad bolivia invited travel fiesta de la tirana chile country first established squad called primera diablada servidores virgen del carmen centered iquique carnaval de oruro declared one masterpiece oral intangible heritage humanity along diablada dance performed festival bolivian government awarded high national honor gran tradicional auténtica diablada oruro th anniversary original form dance performed music band sikuris played siku modern time dance accompanied orchestra dancer often perform street public square ritual also performed indoor theater arena ritual begin krewe featuring lucifer satan several china supay devil woman followed personified seven deadly sin pride greed lust anger gluttony envy sloth afterwards troop devil come led saint michael blouse short skirt sword shield dance angel demon move continuously confrontation two side eclipsed saint michael appears defeat devil choreography three version consisting seven move music associated dance two part first known march second one known devil mecapaqueña squad play one melody start mecapaqueña fourth movement four since second half th century dialogue omitted focus dance diablada puneña originated modern peru lupaka people combined tenet christianity auto sacramentales ancient aymara tradition additional influence cult virgin mary added following century peruvian version diablada quite different ururobased bolivian version two merged fiesta de la candelaria however peruvian version continue feature homegrown figure like superman american indian ancient mexican character popular film costume used peruvian diablata also include influence tibet well element precolumbian peruvian culture sechin chavin nazca mochica homegrown mask produced sold peru starting music dance originally performed siku later replaced percussionist known sicumorenos chile diablada performed fiesta de la tirana northern region country festival attracts visitor annually small village la tirana festival descended celebration virgin carmen began one theory diablada de pillaro loosely translated devilish meet pillaro origin say born rebelion lower class agains ruling invader church carnaval de oruro fiesta de la candelaria fiesta de la tirana culture ministry bolivia archived wayback machine spanish folklore group association oruro spanish national culture institute peru spanish