1960 Winter Olympics
winter olympics officially viii olympic winter game also known squaw valley winter multisport event held february squaw valley resort known palisade tahoe squaw valley known olympic valley california united state resort chosen host game meeting international olympic committee ioc squaw valley undeveloped resort infrastructure venue built cost u equivalent layout designed intimate allowing spectator competitor reach venue foot winter game hosted athlete nation competing four sport event biathlon womens speed skating made olympic debut bobsled winter olympic program time organizer decided event warrant cost building bobsled venue poll indicated nine country planning participate olympics became first televised live making accessible million viewer real time introduced multiple technological innovation including instant replay squaw valley called palisade tahoe struggling ski resort minimal facility made selection host winter olympics surprise wayne poulsen alexander cushing inspired bid olympics newspaper article mentioning reno nevada anchorage alaska expressed interest game poulsen president squaw valley development company petitioned california governor goodwin knight support bid host olympic game knight administration agreed recommended california legislature appropriate million effort based financial support received state california united state olympic committee usoc approved bid january cushing usoc received resolution passed united state congress signed president dwight eisenhower calling international olympic committee ioc consider squaw valley bid game preliminary report drafted submitted ioc considering bid innsbruck austria st moritz switzerland chamonix france planning stage olympics innsbruck leading choice olympic site cushing however managed secure bid winning international olympic committee paris scale model planned olympic site squaw valley provisionally awarded right host game ioc president avery brundage warned organizing committee unless fund secured april bid would awarded innsbruck another million committed state legislature met brundages requirement april right host winter olympics officially awarded squaw valley competitor official european nation angered selection felt alpine ski course specification base elevation foot sea level would prove stressful athlete squaw valley consisted one chair lift two rope tow fiftyroom lodge cushing presented site blank canvas unspoiled environment worldclass ski resort could constructed obscurity location underscored closing ceremony winter olympics traditionally mayor current host city pass flag mayor next host city signalling transfer game since squaw valley unincorporated village city government john garland ioc member california asked stand received flag mayor cortina dampezzo winning right host game california olympic commission formed given four year build venue olympic village expand infrastructure expansion road bridge water electrical capacity resort squaw valley developed hotel restaurant administration building sheriff office sewage pumping treatment plant constructed support influx visitor game organizer wanted olympics intimate venue close one another blyth memorial ice arena built along three outdoor skating rink meter speed skating oval four dormitory house athlete one venue deemed impractical build bobsled run organizer felt lack possible entrant preolympic poll indicated nine country planning participate high cost building run sufficient deterrent leave bobsled event olympic program several design innovation new technology used game speed skating figure skating ice hockey event held artificial ice first time olympic history refrigeration plant capable heating home built generate maintain ice heat generated refrigeration plant used warm spectator provide hot water melt snow roof new timing equipment provided longines installed used quartz clock measure hundredth second ibm provided computer capable tabulating result printing english french blyth arena site opening closing ceremony well figure skating ice hockey competition built cm gap roof would slide closed cable supporting roof contracted cold weather funding cushing initial bid ioc came california legislature investor squaw valley development company owner existing resort fund construction organizer turned federal government provided quarter million required host game monies used build sport arena provide military support security game funding secured private sponsorship state california governor knight successor edmund pat brown remained behind project seeing mean showcase state california world end winter olympics became first televised live making game accessible million viewer realtime event signaled rise united state skiing level worldfamous european skiing squaw valley preparedness game showed international community united state ski resort offered worldclass facility prior winter olympics cold war standoff televised notably summer olympics summer olympics hour event united state televised brief news update sporting competition winter olympics first olympic game broadcast live u television anchorman walter cronkite talking audience limited coverage broadcast event european audience begun unprecedented sale exclusive united state television right broadcast game organizing committee decided sell television broadcast right cbs unknown time lucrative sale broadcast right would become example cbs purchased right broadcast summer olympics game cbs broadcast quarter hour television focusing ice hockey speed skating figure skating alpine skiing ski jumping impact television felt game men slalom event official unsure skier missed gate asked cbs could review tape event request gave cbs idea known instant replay athletic competition soviet union united state grown intense opposing ideology interest nation east west germany china north south korea created delicate situation winter game approached particular interest question whether china would allowed participate chinese athlete last competed summer game since withdrawn ioc due dispute taiwan participation separate country united state supported taiwan soviet union stood behind china given game held u concern among ioc member host nation would allow china communist country take part ioc president avery brundage american announced u refused entry country recognized ioc would revoke squaw valley invitation host game would resign presidency u allow athlete communist country participate china continued call taiwan expelled ioc demand refused china broke relation ending hope would participate game problem similar issue china broke north korea east germany prior korean war ioc recognized olympic committee korea headquartered seoul north korea recognized separate country ioc maintained existence one olympic committee unified team compromise proposed rejected north korean meant athlete south korea participated due prior recognition pressure full recognition east germany continued despite fact east west germany participated unified team one condition unified german team athlete represented neutral flag initially west german official refused agree stipulation citing fact west german flag used winter summer game although flag also used east germany prior eventually neutral flag adopted unified german team participated game held february medal awarded event contested sport discipline sport biathlon added program speed skating event woman poll taken indicating nine country would send bobsled team organizer determined bobsled would removed olympic program despite petition international bobsleigh tobogganing federation reconsider organizer felt could justify cost constructing bobsled run nine competing nation would time winter olympic history bobsled event held biathlon ice hockey skating figure skating speed skating skiing alpine skiing nordic skiing crosscountry skiing nordic combined ski jumping chairman pageantry committee walt disney responsible producing opening closing ceremony blyth memorial arena organized opening included entertainer release pigeon military gun salute eight shot one previous winter olympic game opening ceremony held february blyth arena midst blizzard heavy snow fall caused traffic problem delayed ceremony hour festivity began sustained drum roll flag participating nation raised specially designed flag pole vice president richard nixon represented united state government declared game open olympic cauldron lit kenneth henry olympic champion meter speed skating race winter olympics oslo olympic oath taken carol heiss behalf athlete national delegation left stadium firework concluded ceremony game brought close afternoon february blyth memorial arena front people flag participating nation followed athlete marched group national distinction tradition carried summer olympics flag bearer made semicircle around rostrum national anthem greece even though nation send delegation squaw valley united state austria played respective flag raised olympic charter determinates greek flag honor greece originator olympic game displayed ceremony even despite greece absence time olympic history country failed send team united state flag represented host nation austrian flag raised innsbruck austria host next game ioc president avery brundage declared game closed point olympic flame extinguished game concluded release several thousand balloon ice hockey tournament took place blyth arena squaw valley olympic skating rink controversy amateur status communist player overshadowed event canadian olympic official objected use professional amateur eastern bloc country especially soviet union alleged soviet giving elite hockey player phantom job military allowed play hockey fulltime gave soviet team advantage used dominate olympic hockey tournament year issue started coming light game would culminate canadian boycott olympic hockey tournament winter olympics team united state improbable gold medal defeating favored canadian soviet team took silver bronze respectively first olympic gold medal ice hockey united state would mark last time soviet team win olympic tournament united state victory winter olympics six crosscountry skiing race olympics four men two woman held mckinney creek crosscountry complex soviet woman swept kilometer race first medal sweep soviet crosscountry skiing winter olympics however upset sweden × kilometer relay nordic country dominated men competition swedish lumberjack sixten jernberg added gold silver four medal would add two gold bronze finish olympic career nine medal made decorated winter olympian finnish skier veikko hakulinen added gold silver bronze two gold two silver biathlon made olympic debut precursor biathlon military patrol olympic program first olympic game demonstration sport winter olympics though competition open member armed force military patrol fell favor due antimilitary sentiment post world war ii era biathlon took place instated full olympic sport encompassed kilometer crosscountry race four shooting station range ft klas lestander sweden became first olympic champion antti tyrväinen finland soviet aleksandr privalov placed second third respectively nordic combined competition held february squaw valley normal hill mckinney creek crosscountry complex athlete three jump february followed kilometer crosscountry race german skier georg thoma became first nonnordic athlete win event would win bronze medal nordic combined tormod knutsen norway nikolay gusakov soviet union placed second third respectively gusakovs wife maria gusakova competed crosscountry event winning gold silver one ski jumping event game men normal hill held february competition would expanded include men large hill event helmut recknagel became first german win event would joined jens weißflog german ski jumping olympic champion niilo halonen finland austrian otto leodolter earned silver bronze medal held blyth memorial arena figure skating competition took place february although first time figure skating held indoors would never contested outdoors three event men womens single pair competition men event david jenkins united state brother winter olympic figure skating champion hayes jenkins gold medal second olympic medal bronze czechoslovakian karol divín took silver medal canadian donald jackson bronze american carol heiss winner silver medal became olympic champion year later married hayes jenkins starred snow white three stooge dutch skater sjoukje dijkstra took silver medal would finish amateur career olympic gold medal barbara ann role competed united state third figure skating medal competition took bronze soviet union made olympic figure skating debut sending two couple compete pair competition result belied fact soviet skater would soon come dominate event competition canadian pair barbara wagner bob paul last three world championship german pair marika kilius hansjürgen bäumler followed recent european championship victory olympic silver medal american husbandandwife team ron nancy ludington took bronze woman allowed compete olympic speed skating competition first time multiple nation requested inclusion womens speed skating event program game request rejected ioc issue revisited game since woman competing internationally since world championship womens speed skating ioc agreed four event meter number men event event held squaw valley olympic skating rink outdoor skating oval featured artificial ice first olympic speed skating competition given altitude artificial ice rink fastest world evidenced norwegian knut johannesens world record meter event first skater ever break minute barrier eclipsed previous world record second despite johannesens victory soviet dominated speed skating event winning two race yevgeny grishin meter race though shared meter gold medal norwegian roald aa grishin said watching soviet flag wave blue american sky proudest moment life lidiya skoblikova soviet union double gold medalist meter event polish skater helena pilejczyk elwira seroczyńska placed second third meter event poland medal game second third pole ever win winter olympic medal despite facility constructed scratch squaw valley resort steep mountain slope close proximity resulting difficult alpine skiing course olympic history men woman competed downhill giant slalom slalom event held february men downhill frenchman jean vuarnet changed sport becoming first olympic champion use metal ski swiss skier roger staub giant slalom ernst hinterseer austria slalom champion german heidi biebl womens downhill yvonne rüegg switzerland giant slalom anne heggtveit canada slalom penny pitou united state multiple medal winner two silver downhill giant slalom date pacific standard time utc opening ceremony held february along first game ice hockey tournament february least one event final held day † numeral indicates number event final sport held day lack facility prior olympics gave organizer freedom tailor layout venue fit need athlete vision intimate game athlete spectator could walk venue accomplished exception crosscountry event held mckinney creek mi km drive squaw valley prior winter olympics athlete housed hotel billeted local family since facility existed squaw valley organizer decided build first olympic village winter game competitor slept one four dormitory ate together dining room complex located centrally access sporting facility peak surrounding squaw valley used alpine skiing event lady downhill men slalom giant slalom kt mountain lady slalom giant slalom contested little papoose peak squaw peak site men downhill competition prior game concern persisted course would meet international standard address concern test event held attending delegate international ski federation fis left assured event would comply fis rule specification bleacher constructed official coach spectator along broadcast booth radio television papoose peak jump located little papoose peak directly opposite blyth memorial arena designed heini klopfer hill innovative –meter jump tall tree side protected athlete wind situated sun would jumper back competition mckinney creek stadium built host crosscountry race included biathlon portion nordic combined competition consisted timing building two quonset hut competitor course worker scoreboard bleacher accommodate people shooting range interspersed throughout biathlon course supervised noncommissioned officer united state military season ticket game ranged latter included reserved seat ice arena daily admission fee blyth memorial arena centerpiece game hosted opening closing ceremony jointly squaw valley olympic skating rink also hosted figure skating competition speed skating event well game hockey tournament three sport held indoors artificial ice first time olympic history full capacity arena accommodated people seated one end stadium could opened closed depending event ceremony open allow entrance athlete competition closed accommodate spectator special machine created resurface ice three competition could lay new ice surface meter speed skating track minute addition resurfacing ice machine created snow divider delineated racing lane roof designed suspension principle using cable rather vertical support removed visual impediment audience weakened strength roof given amount annual snowfall designer planned using heat generated refrigeration plant melt snow flaw design miscalculation load roof could bear particularly heavy snowfall portion roof collapsed building subsequently demolished three building winter olympics remain palisade tahoe formerly known squaw valley expansion resort village currently planning stage would see two building demolished athlete nation competed game south africa competed winter game first time first african country participate would last athlete west germany frg east germany gdr competed together united team germany number end country denotes number athlete country sent list nation medal game host nation highlighted blue ‡ since tie men meter speed skating race like two gold medal silver medal awarded summer olympics list winter olympics medal winner olympic game winter olympic game olympic game celebrated united state summer olympics – st louis summer olympics – los angeles winter olympics – lake placid winter olympics – lake placid summer olympics – los angeles summer olympics – atlanta winter olympics – salt lake city summer olympics – los angeles winter olympics – salt lake city note citation caraccioli jerry caraccioli tom striking silver untold story america forgotten hockey team champaign usa sport publishing llc isbn retrieved august crego robert sport game th th century westport usa greenwood press p isbn retrieved august biathlon winter olympics espy richard politics olympic movement berkeley usa university press isbn retrieved august findling john e pelle kimberly encyclopedia modern olympic movement westport usa greenwood publishing group isbn retrieved august squaw valley organizing committee viii olympic winter game squaw valley california final report squaw valley usa california olympic commission archived original pdf december retrieved june toohey kristine veal aj olympic gamesa social science perspective cambridge usa cab international isbn retrieved august squaw valley olympicscom international olympic committee bill briner photo collection game clip u v ussr ice hockey match youtube program squaw valley winter olympics winter olympics official report