Pavarana
pavarana sanskrit pravāraṇā buddhist holy day celebrated aashvin full moon lunar month usually occurs full moon th month mark end three lunar month vassa sometimes called buddhist lent day marked asian country theravada buddhism practiced day monk pali bhikkhu must come community monk sangha atone offense may committed vassa mahayana buddhist also observe vassa many sonthien monk korea vietnam observe equivalent retreat three month intensive practice one location india buddhism began threemonthlong rainy season according vinaya mahavagga fourth khandhaka section time buddha rainy season group normally wandering monk sought shelter cohabitating residence order minimize potential interpersonal strife cohabitating monk agreed remain silent entire three month agreed upon nonverbal mean sharing alms rain retreat buddha learned monk silence described measure foolish instead buddha instituted pavarana ceremony mean dealing potential conflict breach disciplinary rule patimokkha vassa season buddha said prescribe bhikkhus bhikkhus finished vassa residence hold pavâranâ three way offence seen heard suspected hence result live accord atone offence committed keep rule discipline eye ought bhikkhus hold pavâranâ way let learned competent bhikkhu proclaim following ñatti motion samgha let samgha reverend sir hear today pavâranâ day samgha ready let samgha hold pavâranâ let senior bhikkhu adjust upper robe cover one shoulder sit squatting raise joined hand say pronounce pavâranâ friend samgha seen heard suspected may speak sir compassion towards see offence atone second time c third time pronounce pavâranâ c see offence atone let younger bhikkhu adjust upper robe c pavarana mean inviting admonition monk come together discus good bad monk addition anything may want confess last three month evening pavarana ceremony lantern released sky asalha puja māgha pūjā visakha puja uposatha vassa vinaya wan ok phansa thadingyut festival esala mangallaya kandy esala perahera ubon ratchathani candle festival list buddhist festival rhys david tw hermann oldenberg trans vinaya text part oxfordclarendon press available online httpwwwsacredtextscombudsbesbehtm chapter pavarana day fourth khandhaka parâvanâ ceremony available httpwwwsacredtextscombudsbesbehtm tieken hermann buddhist pavarana ceremony pali vinaya journal indian philosophy – doia jstor scid