Parentalia
ancient rome parentalia latin pronunciation parɛnˈtaːlɪa dy parentales ˈdɪeːs parɛnˈtaːleːs ancestral day nineday festival held honour family ancestor beginning february although parentalia holiday roman religious calendar observance mainly domestic familial importance family roman state however expressed public ceremony opening day ides february vestal conducted rite collective di parentes rome tomb tarpeia ovid describes sacred offering sacrificia flowergarlands wheat salt winesoaked bread violet shade dead mane di mane family tomb located outside rome sacred boundary pomerium observance meant strengthen mutual obligation protective tie living dead lawful duty paterfamilias head family parentalia concluded february midnight rite feralia paterfamilias addressed malevolent destructive aspect mane feralia placation exorcism ovid thought rustic primitive ancient affair parentalia appears functioned cleansing ritual caristia following day family held informal banquet celebrate affectionate bond benevolent ancestral dead lares emphasis collective cult mane early di parentes implies afterlife vague lacking individuation later cult vested personal quality imperial cult acquired divine numen became divi divine entity parentalia caristia temple closed marriage forbidden magistrate appeared without insignia indication official business conducted william warde fowler describes parentalia practically yearly renewal rite burial individual might also commemorated birthday dy natalis would commemorated throughout year marked day month kalends none ides lamp might lit tomb lemuria may aimed appeasing kinless hungry spirit dead chinese ancestor veneration jesa ancestral rite korea qingming festival roman funerary practice veneration dead day dead dolansky fanny honouring family dead parentalia ceremony spectacle memory phoenix – doiphx jstor phoenix scid naber parentalia mnemosyne – jstor phillips c robert parentalia oxford research encyclopedia classic doiacrefore isbn bennett ja june study parentalia two unpublished letter sir christopher wren annals science – doi pmid dolansky fanny parentalia encyclopedia ancient history doiwbeah isbn