South African Games
south african game year called south african open game multisport event held south africa apartheid era response country exclusion olympic game foreign athlete participated sometimes without endorsement national governing body sport south african game first event staged wanderer stadium johannesburg foreign competitor invited january ioc revoked south africa invitation summer olympics tokyo white game held february march black game april may south african open game held bloemfontein beginning march month u thant secretarygeneral united nation called member break sporting link south africa invitation extended white athlete mostlywhite country game organised south african national olympic committee sanoc used olympic ring publicity material without approval international olympic committee ioc violation olympic charter added multiple count sporting segregation ioc expelled sanoc south african government claimed competitor including abroad sport code three national team withdrew arrived pressure home government team west germany withdrew pressure supreme council boycott olympics full new zealand team participated though new zealand governing body stated athlete present individual rather representing one british athlete competed u amateur athletic union aau denied permission compete four invitee u state department two employee south africa competitor complained lowquality accommodation local business lost money due turnout fewer spectator expected separate black game held soweto broad boycott made even less successful south african open international game held pretoria march april sponsored shell oil billed multiracial south african government expected overseas competitor country game claimed sport local competitor population group foreign competitor official country west germany japan great britain belgium netherlands among invited african country threatened boycott commonwealth game new zealand white commonwealth athlete took part fourteen canadian competed unofficially government advice new zealand womens national field hockey team competed united state state department instructed u embassy pretoria make clear u participant unofficial expense paid south african organiser american lawn bowl association nominated pair autumn expense paid south african bowling association aau athlete competed aquatic swimming diving aau prevented track field athlete competing six member u olympic shooting team invited five oregon state university wrestler suspended aau competing university west florida basketball team comprising white black due compete fifa suspended football association south africa fasa fifa executive gave special permission foreign amateur team enter soccer tournament johannesburg organiser promised black spectator would allowed permission withdrawn emerged mixedrace team would permitted fifa president stanley rous sympathetic fasa needed vote confederation african football delegate retain position organiser instead staged fourteam soccer tournament four recognised south african race white scored – upset black final coloureds beat indian thirdplace playoff score rowing course constructed game roodeplaat sailing event durban report age later described successful staging south african game black competed much success south african festival game held mark th anniversary republic competitor participated none abroad sport venue pretoria johannesburg cape town durban south african game johannesburg mark city centennial began april lasted two week associated press reported foreign competitor country los angeles time reported total estimated athlete country sport included athletics swimming water skiing lawn bowl south african soccer federation multiracial boxing federation boycotted event team u gymnastics federation usgf present included african american corrinne wright president usgf said executive director committed send team without informing board african game central african game inactive west african game inactive espy richard politics olympic game epilogue university california press isbn retrieved june booth douglas december race game sport politics south africa routledge isbn retrieved june