1928 Summer Olympics
summer olympics dutch olympische zomerspelen officially game ix olympiad dutch spelen van de ixe olympiade international multisport event celebrated july august amsterdam netherlands city amsterdam previously bid olympic game still obliged give way wartorn antwerp belgium game pierre de coubertins paris game candidate city olympics los angeles would eventually selected host olympics four year later preparation summer olympics united state olympic committee reviewed cost revenue game committee reported total cost u million receipt u million giving negligible loss u considerable improvement game united state gold medal overall dutch nobleman frederik van tuyll van serooskerken first proposed amsterdam host city summer olympic game even netherlands olympic committee established olympic game canceled due world war netherlands olympic committee abandoned proposal amsterdam favor support nomination antwerp host city summer olympics paris selected summer olympics condition summer olympics would organized amsterdam decision supported netherlands olympic committee announced international olympic committee ioc june los angeles bid summer olympics unsuccessful city eventually selected host city summer olympics bidder year p first olympics organized ioc presidency henri de bailletlatour symbolic fire lit first time olympics tradition continues today first olympic flame torch relay however would take place summer olympics first time parade nation started greece hold origin olympics ended host country tradition continued ever since game officially opened prince hendrik consort queen wilhelmina authorized husband deputize p queen unable attend opening ceremony holiday norway want disrupt trip second time head state personally officiated olympic opening ceremony first occasion game st louis missouri officially opened david r francis mayor st louis queen initially refused appear either opening closing ceremony thought objected netherlands hosting game considered olympics demonstration paganism however returned norway conclusion game present closing ceremony presented first prize prize distribution held immediately beforehand p american company cocacola made first appearance official sponsor olympic game remaining oldest olympic sponsor day many car expected game amsterdam singlecar parking space consequently several new parking site provided special parking symbol launched show foreign visitor could park white p blue background become international traffic sign parking still used today game first bear name summer olympic game distinguish winter olympic game held since game first feature fixed schedule sixteen day still followed since previous olympics competition stretched several month athletics event held meter track later becoming standard athletics track germany returned olympic game first time since banned game due role world war german team immediately finished second medal count south american football made definite breakthrough uruguay retained title defeating argentina india took first ever gold medal field hockey beginning streak six consecutive gold medal sport paavo nurmi finland ninth final gold medal race canadian athlete percy williams exceeded expectation winning sprint event crown prince olav would later become king norway gold medal meter sailing event pat ocallaghan first ever medal newly independent ireland taking gold hammer throw mikio oda japan triple jump event result ft becoming first gold medalist asian country betty robinson usa womens metre world record time second still year age time algerianborn marathon runner boughera el ouafi gold medal france men marathon johnny weissmuller later appeared several tarzan movie two gold medal swimming individual gold men freestyle team gold men x freestyle relay summer olympics sport discipline event tournament parenthesis number event per discipline pp– womens athletics team gymnastics debuted olympics spite criticism five womens athletics event added meter meter high jump discus meter hurdle protest limited number event british woman athlete boycotted game halina konopacka poland became first female olympic track field champion report meter run ended several competitor completely exhausted widely erroneously circulated result ioc decided woman frail longdistance running womens olympic running event limited meter tennis disappeared program reappeared demonstration sport kaatsen considered official ioc korfball lacrosse game also included art competition five category architecture painting sculpture literature poetry however ioc longer considers official medal event medal awarded included today olympic medal count fourteen sport venue used summer olympics swim stadium demolished p het kasteel football stadium renovated – monnikenhuize stadium demolished schermzaal sport hall also demolished olympic stadium renovated still use old stadion demolished replaced housing amsterdam area total nation represented amsterdam game malta panama rhodesia zimbabwe competed olympic game first time germany returned banned nation participated previous game paris absent amsterdam brazil ecuador time australia new zealand canada south africa ireland dominion british empire india rhodesia also part british empire dominion sovereign state ie united state france argentina japan etc international community whole ie league nation term dominion used internally british empire ambiguous meaning something colony state year later statute westminster ambiguity would dispelled philippine unincorporated territory commonwealth united state top ten nation medal game official poster game displaying running man white shirt designed jos rover however ioc never succeeded obtaining copyright image ioc used different poster german text olympische spiele athlete partly covered dutch national flag holding peace leaf hand poster made german book amsterdam olympics last living competitor summer olympics carla marangoni member silver medalwinning italian gymnastic team twelve year old olympics marangoni died january age oldest living olympic medalist time death winter olympics list ioc country code amsterdam olympicscom international olympic committee ninth olympiad amsterdam official report louis nixdorff diary july – august archived january wayback machine memorabilia ninth olympiad amsterdam