Nicolas Saboly
Nicolas Saboly (30 January 1614 – 26 July 1675) was a French poet, composer and choirmaster. He composed many Christmas carols in the Provençal dialect which form one of the monuments of poetry in that language and have been continuously republished until the present day.
== Life ==
Nicolas Saboly was born on 31 January 1614 in Monteux to a family of herdsmen.
His great-grandfather Claude Saboly and his grandfather Raymond Saboly followed this occupation. 
It was  Raymond Saboly who came to settle in Monteux.
Nicolas was the youngest son of Felisa Meilheuret and Jean Saboly.
He had an older brother named Jean-Pierre Saboly and three sisters named Anne, Félicia (Felisa) and Claire.
=== Student destined for the priesthood ===
Saboly's father died on 15 August 1619, and Nicolas entered the Jesuit college of Carpentras. 
At the end of his schooling he became a member of the Congregation of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin on 14 May 1628.
In the autumn of 1628 he left his college to begin taking classes at the University of Avignon. 
He received the tonsure in 1630 and attended courses in law and theology, as evidenced by two notarial acts of 12 March 1632 and 27 December 1633, which he witnessed as a student of theology. 
In 1634 he left the University without taking his degrees. 
On 27 September 1635 he was ordained a sub-deacon, deacon and priest.
=== Career as choirmaster ===In 1639 Nicolas Saboly obtained the position of organist and choirmaster of the Saint-Siffrein Cathedral(fr) in Carpentras.
He was occasionally employed in local festivals, such as on 22 September 1639 when the clergy of Caromb asked him to play the organ for the parish festival of St. Maurice.
He received 10 florins and 12 sous for his performance.
His name disappears from the accounts of Saint-Siffrein after 20 June 1643, when he was replaced by the choirmaster David.
Nicolas Saboly went to Arles where he was choirmaster from 1643 to 1646, then the cathedral of Aix-en-Provence from 1652 to 1655.
He was in Nîmes in 1659.
He was choirmaster of the collegiate church of Saint-Pierre d'Avignon(fr) from before 1668 until his death.
=== Ecclesiastical benefices ===
Like many priests of his time, Saboly obtained several ecclesiastical benefits. 
On 16 April 1633  he became chaplain of St. Mary Magdalene in the Cathedral of Saint Siffrein in Carpentras.
He kept this benefice until 1663.
On 28 March 1658 he was issued a certificate of studies that found he had attended courses at the University of Avignon from 1628 to 1634, and was given a certificate of aptitude for obtaining profits in the dioceses of Nîmes and Uzès.
On 10 June 1660, after a lengthy process, he obtained a pension of 100 lt. (livre tournois) from the papal administration to take on the priory and the benefit of Saint-Benoît-de-Cayran in the diocese of Uzès.
After returning to Avignon he obtained the chaplaincy of Saint Mary, which he still held in 1663.
=== Testament and death ===
On 21 April 1671 Saboly's will was notarized by François Julien in Marseilles.
Saboly made his niece Claire Saboly (wife of Christophe Chardenas, bourgeois of Roquemaure, Gard) ) his universal heiress. 
He also bequeathed 600 lt. to his servant Isabeau Sevique, and reserved from his niece's legacy an annuity with 600 lt. of capital yielding 30 lt. annually to be paid to the chapter of Saint-Pierre d'Avignon so that after his death two masses would be said each week in his memory. 
He died four years later on 25 July 1675 in Avignon.
He is buried in the choir of the Saint-Pierre church.
Saboly's career as a choirmaster was standard for this period. 
He is famous for the carols that he composed.
== Works ==
=== Manuscript works ===
Bastide collection. Manuscript collection of 220 carols with music notes, in Provencal and French, compiled and written by Joseph Bastide, surgeon from Avignon, at the beginning of the 18th century. In-4 °, 500 p. Contains almost all of Saboly's compositions except for numbers 6, 11, 34, 49, 62, 64, 67.
Carpentras BM: Ms. 384. Collection of French and Provencal poetry, 17th  century. 4 °, 144 f. This collection contains pieces by Saboly and has been entirely attributed to him, wrongly. See the discussion of authenticity in Faury 1876, Part 2.
Two polyphonic masses in the manuscript Carpentras BM: Ms. 1267, probably written during his post at Saint-Siffrein;
Two motets
=== Printed works ===
==== First editions in fascicle ====The first editions of Saboly's carols consist of eight bound instalments, dated between 1668 and 1674, kept in Paris Ars. : BL 9478. The titles of the instalments are:Lei Noé de San Pierre. Avignon : Pierre Offray, 1668. 12°.
Lei Noé de San Pierre. Avignon : Pierre Offray, 1669. 12° read online.
Lei Noé de San Pierre. De l'année 1669. Avignon : 1669. 12° read online.
Histori de la naissenso dou fis de Diou, composado en Noé, per N. Saboly... Avignon : 1670. 12° read online.
Noés nouveous de l'an M.DC.LXXI. Composas per Nicolas Saboly... Avignon : Michel Chastel, 1671. 12°, 16 p. read online.
Noés nouveous de l'an M.DC.LXXII. Composas per... Avignon : 1672. 12°, 16 p.
Noés nouveous de l'an M. DC.LXXIII... Avignon : 1673. 12°, 16 p.
Noés nouveous de l'an M. DC.LXXIV... Avignon : 1674. 12°, 16 p.
==== Editions collected in one volume ====
Recueil des noëls provenceaux composez par le sieur Nicolas Saboly. Avignon : Michel Chastel, 1699. 12°, 100 p. Paris BNF : YE-12578.
Recueil des noëls provenceaux composez par le sieur Nicolas Saboly Avignon : F. Mallard et F. Domergue, 1724. 2e éd. 12°, 100 p. Paris BNF.
Recueil des noëls provenceaux composez par le sieur Nicolas Saboly... Avignon : J. Molière, 1737. 3e éd. 12°, 99 p. Paris BNF. Online on Gallica.
 Recueil des noëls provenceaux composé par le sr Nicolas Saboly,... Nouvelle édition, augmentée du Noël fait à la mémoire de M. Saboly, et de celui des Rois, fait par J.-F. D*** [Joseph-François Domergue]. Avignon : impr. de F.-J. Domergue, 1763. 12°, 112 p.
Idem. Avignon : T. F. Domergue le jeune, 1772. 12°, 114 p.
Idem. Avignon : J. T. Domergue, 1774. 12°, 120 p.
Recueil de Noëls provençaux composés par le sieur Nicolas Saboly. Avignon : Jean Chaillot, 1791. 12°.
Recueil de noëls provençaux, composés par le sieur Nicolas Saboly... Nouvelle édition, augmentée du noël fait à la mémoire de M. Saboly, & de celui des Rois, fait par J. F. Domergue, doyen d’Aramon. Carpentras : Gaudibert-Penne, 1803. 12°, 120 p.
Idem. Avignon : Jean Chaillot, 1804. 12°, 132 p.
Idem. Avignon : Jean Chaillot, 1807. 12°, 132 p.
Idem. Avignon : Chaillot Aîné, 1820. 12°, 132 p.
Idem. Avignon : Chaillot aîné, 1824. 12°, 132 p. Online on Google Books.
Idem. Avignon : Offray aîné, 1854. 12°, 132 p.
Idem. Avignon : Peyri, 1854. 12°, 132 p. Online on Google Books.
Recueil des Noels composés en langue provençale... Nouvelle édition... publiée pour la première fois avec les airs notés... par Fr. Seguin. Avignon : Fr. Seguin aîné, 1856. Partition 2°, L-87 p., mus. Online on Gallica. Édition réimprimée en 1897.
Nouvè de Micolau Saboly avec une préface de Frédéric Mistral. Avignon : Aubanel frères, 1865.
Vint-un Nouvè causi de Micolau Saboly (1614-1675), édition du Tricentenaire présentée par Pierre Fabre et Robert Allan, publication de l'Institut vauclusien d'études rhodaniennes. Vedène : Comptoir général du livre occitan, 1975.
 Li Nouvè di Rèire de Nicolas Saboly. Berre L'Etang : C.I.E.L d'Oc, s.d. Disponible en en PDF.
Recueil des Noëls provençaux, Lou Reviro-meinage, Œuvres complètes de Nicolas Saboly, présentation, traduction, notes Henri Moucadel. Montfaucon : A l'asard Bautezar !, 2014, 448 p.
==== Editions in collection with other authors ====
In the second part of the 19th century Saboly's were often published with those of Antoine Peyrol (18th century) and Joseph Roumanille (1818-1891). 
These many editions reflect the literary movement of the Félibriges. The list below is not exhaustive.Li nouvè de Saboly, Peyrol, Roumanille em'un peçu d'aquéli de l'abat Lambert em'uno mescladisso de nouvè vièi e nóu e de vers de J. Reboul. Edicioun revisto e adoubado pèr lou felibre de la Miougrano emé la bono ajudo dóu felibre de Bello-visto. Avignon : Aubanel, 1858. 18°, 228 p.
Li Nouvè de Saboly e de Roumanille. Em’un bon noumbre de viei Nouvè que soun esta jamai empremi. Edicioun nouvello, revisto coume se dèu. Avignon : Joseph Roumanille, 1865 (impr. adm. Gros frères). 8°, VIII-160 p. Online on Gallica.
Li nouvè de Saboly, de Peyrol e de J. Roumanille. Em'un bon noumbre de vièi Nouvè que se canton en Prouvènço. Edicioum nouvello, revisto coume se dèu. Avignon : Joseph Roumanille, 1879. 12°, viii-163 p.
Li Nouvè de Micoulau Saboly e di Felibre... em'uno charradisso pèr Frederi Mistral. Avignon : Aubanel, 1869. 12°, 182 p.
Li nouvè de Saboly, de Peyrol e de J. Roumanille... Avignon : Joseph Roumanille, 1873. 12°, 129 p.
Li nouvè de Saboly, de Peyrol e de J. Roumanille... Em'un bon noumbre de vièi Nouvè que se canton en Prouvènço. Avignon : Joseph Roumanille, 1879. 12°, VIII-163 p. Online on Gallica.
Li nouvè de Saboly de Peyrol e de J. Roumanille... IVe editcioun. - Avignon : Joseph Roumanille, 1887. 8°, 164 p.
== List of carols ==
Saboly did not compose all the Christmas carols that were attributed to him. 
They were originally published without music because they were sung to popular tunes that everyone knew by heart.
Saboly simply gave a note like on the air of the echo, on the air of the pastouro or sometimes On an air by Saboly.
The Provencal Documentation Center has retained in its booklet devoted to this author a list of 48 carols definitely composed by Saboly.
Following are the carols are according to the François Seguin edition of 1856:
== Opinions about Nicolas Saboly and his work ==
The Provençals take Saboly for Christmas as they take eggs for Easter and for Palm Sunday take a gratin of chickpeas. 
One cannot understand all the delicacy of Saboly's Christmas poetry if it is separated from the music. The lyrics are, in fact, so closely related to the melody that there is only one way to read them, which is to sing them.
Saboly, thanks to his carols, has become a real classic of Occitan literature; it is almost certain that in no other language can such an Attic perfection be found in such a simply popular manner.Saboly's style could be compared to that of La Bellaudière, as Pascal's prose could be compared to that of Montaigne
Nicolas Saboly is, with Bellaud de la Bellaudière, a golden link in the chain that unites Mistral to the troubadours.
Saboly's influence was considerable: he was one of the masters of Roumanille and Mistral.
His work contains an emotion tinged with good-nature that does not exclude certain political allusions and a merry mockery. He combined the inspiration of the Middle Ages with the knowledge of La Fontaine.
== Notes ==
== Citations ==
== Sources ==