Yamurikuma
yamurikuma female spirit represents ancestral woman indigenous wauja people wauja people located south america upper xingu river brazil wauja people celebrated yamurikuma ritual ceremony tradition century shaman xingu village call woman specifically perform sing song ritual female spirit yamurikuma deceased terminally ill xingu people one exception made woman community lead ritual yamurikuma also celebrated festival named spirit festival organized xingu tribe throughout specific festival xingu woman take male role tribe week gender role reversal xingu woman wear traditional attire men consists feather headwear anklet ornament rattle dance example attire consists headwear made various type bird jaguar skin jaguar claw jewelry material considered distinguished valuable worn men high prestige throughout festival also expected participate various physical activity tug war race swimming archery carrying heavy object like log overall celebrated activity performed xingu woman yamurikuma festival hukahuka wrestling match shaman responsible communication spirit perform ritual heal protect luring music singing dancing wauja native disease healing ritual performed based diagnosis shaman believed illness open gate spirit attach human soul causing human soul separate body whether spirit evil nonthreatening shaman mainly responsible diagnosing patient andor performing ritual detach spirit patient soul reattach body able heal patient family opt oneonone ritual healing shaman go different route seeking help community group perform ritual together alternative making public ceremony family pay shaman valuable like shell jewelry headwear money music important source communication spirit flute common instrument played create music ritual luring yamurikuma music often performed group woman shaman reach female spirit yamurikuma included patient diagnosis call group woman tribe help communicate yamurikuma heal victim illness depending mean ritual ceremony men sometimes perform yamurikuma ritual villager help patient perform ritual extract spirit channeling representing diagnosed spirit serving representative drink tobacco food spirit enjoy offering representative leave ill person following detachment patient soul spirit continue communicate celebrate departure patient family sing dance throughout gender reversal activity woman day day responsibility xingu men perform everyday besides week yamurikuma festival everything chore athletic activity performance xingu woman celebrated represented strong individual appreciated xingu indigenous society also referred kindene hukahuka common term used refer wrestling practice amongst xingu people wrestling match may serve funeral ritual kuarup ceremony celebrate life death rebirth also practiced yamurikuma festival xingu woman year continue practiced till day wrestling match opponent face rotate clockwise grunting like jaguar kneel ground shake others hand begin wrestle wrestling match last longer minute winner determined lift opponent ground manages knock ball christopher “as spirit speak interaction wauja exoteric ritual” journal de la société de américanistes vol pp – httpswwwjstororgstable costa carlos eduardo “practices looking transformation cheering alliance rivalry upper xinguan wrestiling” anuário antropológico vol pp – httpsdoiorgaa harvey penelope “ch ritual origin sexuality alto xingu” sex violence issue representation experience edited peter gow routledge new york ny pp – httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkgxezlznjfcdqyamurikumafestivalpgpa accessed oct hill jonathan “kamayura flute music study music metacommunication” ethnomusicology vol pp – jstor regitano aline chloe nahumclaudel “feminist perspective indigenous amazonia” cardenos de campo san paolo online vol pp – doiissnvipe santosgranero fernando “ deanimalization object food offering subjectivization mask flute among wauja southern amazonia” occult life thing native amazonian theory materiality personhood university arizona press tucson pp – stang carla “ch experience mehinaku experience” walk river amazonia ordinary reality mehinaku indian berghahn book new york pp – httpswwwjstororgstablejcttqdch accessed sept yamurikuma tribe xingu huka festival brazil part youtube yamurikumã association strengthening woman xingu instituto catitu