Mamankam festival
māmānkam māmāngam duodecennial medieval fair held bank dry riverbed pērār river nil̥a river ponnani bhārathappuzha tirunāvāya southern india temple associated festival nava mukunda temple tirunavaya seems begun temple festival analogous kumbha melas ujjaini prayaga haridwar kumbakonam tirunāvāya known ancient hindu temple festival flamboyantly celebrated auspex expense hindu chief kōzhikōde calicut samutiris zamorins fair religious festival samutiris also occasion display pomp power powerful chief kerala mamankam believed goddess ganga descended perar miraculous advent made river holy ganges much like famous kumbha mēḷas fair held every year carried huge economic social political significance apart brisk trading attested traveler arabia greece china various form martial art intellectual contest cultural festival hindu ritual ceremony folk art performance held tirunāvāya hindu pilgrim distant place trading group traveler also leave colorful account māmānkam duarte barbosa mention scaffolding erected field silken hanging spread kozhikode granthavari mamakam kilippattu kandaru menon patappattu along keralolpatti keralamahatmya major native chronicle mentioning mamankam festival innate nature festival dateable least era cheras cranganore c ce muddled myth legend still disputed per source nature fair underwent tragic change capture tirunāvāya chief kōzhikōde veḷḷāṭṭiri chief day forth vaḷḷuvanāṭu chief started send warrior kill sāmūtiri personally present fair kith kin regain honor conducting festival led long drawn rivalry bloodshed two clan per k v krishna iyer last māmānkam fair held cethe māmānkam came end conquest kōzhikōde sultān mysōre ḥaidar ʿalī ce subsequent treaty seringapatam english east india company canganpaḷḷi kaḷari paḻukkāmandapam nilapāṭu tara marunnara manikkiṇar tirunāvāya protected protected monument state archaeology department kēral̥a word māmānkam sometimes considered malayālam corruption two sanskrit word one perhaps related māgha month january – february according william logan maha makham mean literally great sacrifice different rendering name given mahamagham great magha k v krishna iyer mahamakham great sacrifice william logan k p padmanabha menon mahamaham great festival mahaankam great fight magha makam elamkulam p n kunjan pillai changampally kalari pazhukkamandapam nilapadu thara marunnara manikkiṇar tirunavaya protected protected monument state archaeology department kerala situated private land mean kerala tourism department able get involved preserving monument marunnara situated around acre land owned kerala state electricity board nilapatu tara inside land kodakkal tile factory august renovation mamankam ruin inaugurated authority came nila tourism project support state archaeology department kerala kerala industrial technical consultancy organisation appointed implementing agency project changampally kalari nilapadu thara manikkinar pazhukkamandapam marunnara renovated period assistance keralastate government around r lakh funded renovation per mid report time india mamankam relic tirunavaya fading oblivion ruined state due neglect authority concerned absence proper promotional strategy also noted another issue faced mamankam site nilapadu thara vakayur platform raised platform situated premise kodakkal tile factory mamankam festival samutiri kozhikode used stand raised platform manikkinar well body dead valluvanatu warrior thrown elephant apparently marunnara situated kodakkalbandar road used samutiris store explosive battle pazhukkamandapam spot samutiri royal used view mamankam festival changampally kalari situated close thazhatharakuttippuram road warrior trained battle administered treatment injured tirunavaya navayogipuram brhannadi kerala mahatmya seems sacred place hindu kerala time immemorial perar tirunavaya considered assume special sanctity flow temple god vishnu nava mukunda right bank temple brahma siva left tirunavaya fertile perar basin must one earliest brahmin settlement kerala perar also act main artery communication interior kerala land otherwise inaccessible due thick vegetation rainy season river backwater kerala afforded easiest cheapest almost mean communication time wheeled traffic packbullock traffic unknown accordingly found brahmin settled thickly close river selected site settlement command much possible artery traffic following description origin festival prior hegemony chief valluvanatu mamankam based native legend myth fair initially conducted landlord led executive officer styled rakshapurusha great protector four kalakas rakshapurusha continue office three year dispute arose selection next great protector assembly tirunavaya principle four section composed assembly failed agree selection executive officer resolved last select one rule purpose traveled chose one prince kingdom east western ghat brahmin brought prince tirunavaya placed seat honor bank perar proclaimed perumal kerala according original engagement prince continue ruler term year end retire private life leave country altogether coronation first king kerala took place pushya month magha karkitaka vyazham day every cycle jupiter thus became important history kerala reign perumal terminated day elected year event commemorated great feast brahmin noble chief kerala attended th day retiring perumal appeared brahmin assembly laid sword perumal assembly declares throne vacant another elected crowned perumal another year great feast coronation occurring magha month month every karkitaka vyazham known maha magha mamankam tamil according francis wrede chera perumals cranganore used preside mamankams seems first conducted brahmin fair came celebrated aegis chera ruler cranganore even latter samutiri time first invitation letter participate mamankam addressed pandyas reminiscence chera day great sacrifice alexander hamilton new account east indie vol give different account initial nature festival according custom king kerala rule year king obliged kill cutting throat public scaffold erected view brahmin assembly completing year term king body little burned great pomp ceremony brahmin elected new king next term kerala mahatmya corroborates account declaring king used deposed mamankam mention suicide according duarte barbosa king go bathe temple tank much fanfare thereafter prays idol mount scaffolding people take sharp knife cut throat performs sacrifice idol whoever desire reign next year undertake martyrdom idol present looking place brahmin proclaim new kingduarte barbosa mention kingdom quilacare calicut given detailed account life custom people including samutiri first chapter vol sir james frazer also support view extensive study jonathan duncan transaction bombay literary society mention recurring mamankam festival feudal tie broken party assembled public conclave tirunavaya readjusted time existing relation among end feast prior lease land considered end fresh grant obtained beginning next reign ancient custom even travancore tenure continue maximum period twelve year renewed thereafter known idealistic proposition work satisfactorily kerala native tradition continue describe evolution festival following manner influence perumal increased course time refused abdicate year practice fighting crown warrior tirunavaya came vogue perumal cranganore attended great feast instead abdicating crown presence brahmin seated tent pitched tirunavaya strongly guarded body spearmen lancer candidate kingship force way warrior kill perumal theoretically succeeded thus killing perumal immediately proclaimed crowned perumal next term year one succeeded killing perumal reign another year last perumal identified historian cheraman rama varma kulasekhara ruled c ce said ruled year surviving three mamankams tirunavaya last chera perumal rama kulasekhara conferred chief valluvanatu right conduct mamankam fair rakshapurusha great protector nair warrior perumal also assigned tirumandhamkunnattu bhagavati sacred brahmin chovvaram guardian deity also tirunavaya chera perumal cranganore supposed made partition kerala would appear project vellattiri chief valluvanatu called first suggested koya kozhikode koya kozhikode chief influential muslim merchant title royal port officer kozhikode chief kozhikode protested beyond mean koya offered military assistance immediately koya proceeded sea ship men samutiri warrior land tirunavaya subduing little chief village hindu temple way seems jupiter completed cycle chief kozhikode captured tirunavaya proclaimed great protector took right conducting mamankam fair chief kozhikode seems granted koya inexhaustible wealth caused stand right side another version represents koya securing privilege chief stratagem version legend seems suggest friendly relation existed koya chief valluvanatu well chief kozhikode one mamankam fair follower chief kozhikode managed penetrate bodyguard vellattiri chief kill vakayur platform manittara still another version chief kozhikode promised marry koyas daughter enterprise ended success kozhikode chief began repent rash hasty offer involved loss caste arranged came kozhikode receive soon crossed river kallai betel tobacco hand muslim man dressed woman considered tantamount marriage rivalry two brahmin settlement panniyur chovvaram also seems give chief kozhikode pretext attack vellattiri visscher letter malabar letter viii writes trumpet battle blown panniyur chovvaram often summoned chief kerala mutual hostility rivalry also mentioned de couto decade vol v sec chap immediate pretext kozhikodes occupation tirunavaya invasion tirumanasseri natu neighbor either side valluvanatu arangottu swarupam perumpatappu swarupam tirumanasseri natu small chiefdom mouth perar ruled brahmin chiefdom nominally subordinate arangottu access sea port ponnani bounded perar north brahmin chief tirumanasseri head panniyur namputiris considered protector brahmin living perinchellur chenganur enjoyed koyma right thirteen temple including talipparamba leader namputiri samghas kolattur nair warrior chief tirumanasseri natu appealed chief kozhikode help ceded port ponnani price protection kozhikkode warrior advanced land sea main army commanded zamorin approached tirunavaya north eralpatu proceeding sea occupied port ponnani tirumanasseri natu attacked vellattiri west campaign bitter protracted much kozhikode despairing success sought divine help propitiating valayanatu bhagavati tutelary deity vellattiris battle last decided death two prince belonging clan vellattiri taken part battle seems received liberal reward kozhikode koya kozhikode persian title shah bantar given privilege dignity nair chief jurisdiction muslim residing kozhikode bazar right receive small present illuvas kammalans mukkuvans whenever kozhikode conferred honor upon report collect broker rate fanams every foreign ship might put kozhikode levy poll tax fanams pantarakkatavu fanams beypore privilege sending mappila drummer piper every marriage kaliyattu duty removing roof offender velapuram condemned lose hearth home mamankam koya charge firework arranged kampaveti kalpalaka also mock fight ship perar hamilton new accountof east indie vol page record hearing gun firing two three day night successively koya given privilege standing right side chief kozhikode vakayur platform nilapatu tara last day mamankam fair eralpatu seems given privilege standing state left bank perar river whenever kozhikode chief appeared vakayur platform right bank munalpatu obtained honor standing state kuriyal midway temple tirunavaya vakayur day ayilyam chief vettam conceded privilege munalpatu standing state came day puyam tirumanasseri namputiri attached eralpatus suite ceremony connected mamankam taipuyam given right collecting small fee fair every merchant set booth perar riverbed chief cranganore given prerogative supervising feeding brahmin throughout mamankam festival alexander hamilton give account initial nature fair mention great feast associated festival subsequent mamankam fair chief kerala including ruler travancore obliged send flag symbol submission kozhikode flag used hoisted festival chief valluvanatu recognize zamorin legitimate great protector considered usurper used send chavers suicidal warrior instead men could kill zamorin personally present fair protected thousand warrior right great protector would devolved chief valluvanatu chavers nair warrior preferred death defeat sacrificed life avenge death valluvanatu clan member battle leading fall tirunavaya death vellaattiri clan member also started period intense hatred battle two clan kutippaka blood feud prevalent medieval kerala society nair warrior killed attempt kill zamorin duty relative even subsequent generation deceased avenge death chavers lost relative elder previous battle zamorin fueled kutippaka came various part valluvanatu assembled thirumanthamkunnu modern day angadipuram vellattiri led warrior one four major nair house valluvanatu viz putumanna panikkars candrattu panikkars vayankara panikkars verkotu panikkars detail provided william logan district manual malabar francis buchananhamilton journey madras country mysore canara malabar respectively vellattiri losing tirunavaya right great protector began conduct puram festival place mamankam angadipuram medieval valluvappalli capital temple tutelary deity thirumanthamkunnu bhagavati stood raised granite platform olden day predecessor started procession tirunavaya mamankam fair peace warrior sent mamankam fair afterwards samutiri occupied zamorin captured tirunavaya ad date first revealed rajendu arangode granthavari zamorin took karayma power tirunavaya temple one chieftain valluvanad karuvayur moosad capture tirunavaya samutiri kozhikode fair often turned battlefield gaspar correia give following description community bodyguard ruling familieswho pledging life royal household valluvanatuin avenging death two prince calicut guard dispersed seeking wherever might find men calicut amongst rushed fearless killing slaying till slain like desperate men played devil slain killed many people woman child chavers suicidal warrior sent kill zamorin hailed four important nair family valluvanatu family putumanna panikkars chandrattu panikkars kovilkkatt panikkars verkotu panikkars total eighteen chief chief vellattiri valluvanatu went mamankam fair led lead nair titled panikkar along family name four main nair family apart four lead warrior fourteen hailed following family two unknown valluvanatu family two valluvanatu two muppil nairs valluvanatu ruling house acchan elampulakkatu variar kulattur pisharati uppamkalattil vellodi patiramana nair parakkattu nair kakkoottu nair mannarmala pisharati cerukara eighteen local chief thirteen nairs mostly menonpanikkar section kiryatil nair subcaste two nambutiri three ambalavasi brahmin account valluvanatu attack mamankam held given william logan district manual account based kozhikode granthavaris – amid much din firing gun samutiri warrior elect four nair house valluvanatu step forth crowd receive last blessing farewell friend relative partaken last meal eat earth house temple representative chieftain vellattiri decked garland smeared ash particular occasion one house putumanna panikkar head fray joined seventeen friend – wish may fall sword shield support men elected die armed sword shield alone rush spearmen thronging palisade wind turn body bone casting forward backward high low even astonishment beholder worthy master johnson describes passage already quoted notwithstanding suppleness limb notwithstanding delight skill dexterity weapon result inevitable prosaically recorded chronicle thus number warrior came died early morning next day elephant began adorned gold trapping – putumana kantar menon follower – eighteen various time ten last day festival thing repeated whenever samutiri kozhikode take stand terrace assumes sword sword chera king shake men rush forth crowd west temple gate impaled spear guardsman relieve day day new account east indie volume alexander hamilton ad one jubilee happened tent pitched near ponnani seaport samutiri kozhikode fifteen league southward kozhikode three men would venture desperate action killing samutiri dais fell sword shield among guard killed wounded many killed one desperado valluvanatu chavers nephew fifteen sixteen year age kept close uncle attack guard saw fall youth got guard tent made stroke samutiris head certainly dispatched large brass lamp burning head marred blow could make another killed guard believe samutiri reign yet chanced come time along kerala coast heard gun two three day night successively many festival name mamankam conducted hindu temple across kerala disambiguate mamankam conducted tirunavaya usually denoted name place along title example machad mamankam tirunavaya thunchan parambu tirur vairankode vela william logan c malabar vol government press madras k v krishna iyer zamorins calicut earliest time ad calicut norman printing bureau n nampoothiri mamamkam rekhakal vallathol vidya peethom r raghava warrier sthanarohanam catangukal vallathol vidya peethom rajendu arangode granthavari tirumanamkunnu granthavari vallathol vidya peethom mamankam festival