Ujamaa
ujamaa lit fraternity swahili socialist ideology formed basis julius nyereres social economic development policy tanzania gained independence britain broadly ujamaa may mean cooperative economics sense local people cooperating provide essential living build maintain store shop business profit together nyerere used ujamaa basis national development project translated ujamaa concept institutionalization social economic political equality creation central democracy abolition discrimination based ascribed status nationalization economy key sector julius nyereres leadership tanzania commanded international attention attracted worldwide respect consistent emphasis upon ethical principle basis practical policy tanzania nyerere made great stride vital area social development infant mortality reduced per live birth life expectancy birth rose primary school enrollment raised age group female female despite rapidly increasing population adult literacy rate rose much higher african country continued rise however ujamaa decreased production casting doubt project ability offer economic growth within year independence nyerere introduced preventive detention act crush opposition nationalization transformed government largest employer country purchasing power declined according world bank researcher high tax bureaucracy created environment businessmen resorted evasion bribery corruption policy forced villagisation pursued operation vijiji order promote collective farming tanzanian political infrastructure created independence declaration critical response colonialist value british held mainland part modern tanzania mandated territory former german colony league nation world war mandated territory could colonised responsible power led selfgoverning independence reasonable timescale mainland territory became known tanganyika territory later united selfgoverning island zanzibar protectorate great britain form modern state tanzania independence colonial administration grassroots administration entrusted native court control local village headman local tribal chief jumbe system beginning around many native representative leadership organization began become responsible administrative obligation territory localized form governmental power improved attendance village representation fact village representation attendance monthly meeting increased time upon independence british rule december sovereign state tanganyika created need new political order later united zanzibar form modern tanzania lead independence tanganyika african national union tanu party led julius nyerere mainly rural peasantbased constituency tanu able create villageorganized political structure facilitated localization political representation allowed tanu grow party support million people within five year tanu able integrate various labor agricultural cooperative onto party ensure representation working class population soon become independent nation party leader would stay touch local village leader often elder village taking trip known safari discussing issue particular community practice inherited colonial administration border became established individual elected represent district gerrit huizer suggests elected official known cell boundary commission tanu belief responsibility state intervene actively economic life nation ensure well citizen prevent exploitation one person another one group another prevent accumulation wealth extent inconsistent classless society expansive government spending introduced broken arusha declaration two five year plan plan promised increased agricultural industrial production development yield particularly rural setting solution plan creating ujamaa village even though necessary tanzania became independent economy local practice ujamaa promoted reliance upon community important part society according ujamaa ideology community individual secondary furthermore ujamaa ideology promoted importance communal living change economic practice regard agricultural development fit line ujamaa ideology ujamaa domestic social project proof global community african socialism could achieved succeed creating fully independent economy ujamaa ideology presented arusha declaration promoted tanu promoted president nyerere significant effect structural development first fiveyear plan beginning social economic experiment began ruvuma southern region songea tanzania litowa success resulted mass movement people region tanzania anthropologist john shao argues according president julius nyerere september june seven million people moved june end four million people moved new settlement ujamaa village constructed particular way emphasize community economic selfreliance village structured home center row school town hall center complex village surrounded larger communal agricultural farm individual household given acre land able harvest individual crop family however surrounding farm land created serve economic stimulant structure production ujamaa village structure job description varied amongst different settlement depending village term development village less agricultural infrastructure smaller population would greater division labor amongst people many people would spend day cooperative plowing land planting staple crop community large population struggled division labor larger ujamaa village developed became problem agricultural yield labor practice ujamaa village became increasingly developed people would pursue less work would often punished forced work overtime tanu served vital purpose aiding localized ujamaa village tanu supplied larger resource access clean water construction material funding supply furthermore tanu aided local community creating election form representation larger political party vijiji project ujamaa specialized agricultural program helped centralize agricultural production within villagization process project official ensured population ujamaa village never fell less household agricultural unit divided cell unit allowed communal living simple representation relaying information tanu official vijiji project designed city high modernist ideology many academic studied vijiji project tanzania priya lal explains village created grid like form house bordered street led city center even though may seem though form development unique major social transformation rural tanzania seen thus ujamaa program utilized vijiji program fiveyear plan example prove agricultural yield possible within socialist communal living one biggest failing vijiji project creation misinformation tanu official would often record preexisting ujamaa village newly formed village inflate success number ujamaa socialist movement changed many economic production practice tanzania altered way family dynamic pursued within tanzania altogether—particularly gender role ujamaa project supported idea nuclear family nuclear family within laterdeveloping villagization effort centralized focus household rather brotherhood communal relation created internal tension socialist idea ujamaa fact later became cause struggle power within ujamaa village however tanu party created entire section government represented womens right equality within society department known umoja wa wanawake wa tanganyika uwt uwt priya explains designed address issue concerning womens integration socialist society however became evident official department wife important tanu official promoted rather patriarchal agenda large movement uwt increase literacy rate woman tanzania institute education system specifically woman however many academic institution teaching woman become better wife benefit society role wife example lal provides example class baby care nutrition health problem city taught womens educational institution even though uwt later began teach woman concept structural development still taught realm home economics however men woman rural tanzania continued farm individual farm provide subsistent yield income family particularly cashew plot ujamaa project many ecological effect influenced economic political action academic like john shao show inherent contradiction came forefront ujamaas political ecological undertaking rainfall important regard agricultural purpose land ujamaa project shao writes land twenty inch less generally suitable agriculture used mostly grazing however land received thirty forty inch rainfall year used grow staple crop well commercial product cotton prominent ecological consequence time tanzania due forced settlement tanu government president nyerere time forced settlement tanu provided artificial mean agricultural aid cracking yield result result production yield began decrease land became underdeveloped land utilized full potential therefore crop yield subpar biodiversity also became inferior also internal factor led implosion ujamaa program first resistance public resistance peasantry leave individual farm move communal living due lack personal capital came communal farm led president nyerere order forced movement ujamaa village hiphop scene tanzania greatly influenced key idea theme ujamaa turn century principle ujamaa resurrected unlikely source rapper hip hop artist street tanzania response year corrupt government leader political figure nyerere theme unity family equality message sent majority music produced response working class oppression sense form resistance principle cooperative economics—local people cooperating provide essential living—can seen lyric many tanzanian hiphop artist ujamaa also name two african american–themed undergraduate dorm cornell university stanford university distributism harambee ubuntu ideology african socialism uhuru movement collection essay ujamaa village kayombo e others university dar e salaam dar e salaam paul collier labour poverty rural tanzania ujamaa rural development united republic tanzania new york oxford university press isbn nyerere julius k ujamaa english ujamaaessays socialism dar e salaam oxford university press building ujamaa village tanzania edited j h proctor dar e salaam tanzania pub house huizer gerrit ujamaa village programme tanzania new form rural development hague institute social study hydén göran beyond ujamaa tanzania underdevelopment uncaptured peasantry berkeley university california press isbn kijanga peter ujamaa role church tanzania arusha tanzania evangelical lutheran church tanzania c jennings michael surrogate state ngo development ujamaa tanzania bloomfield ct kumarian press mchenry dean e tanzania ujamaa village implementation rural development strategy research series institute international study university california berkeley berkeley institute international study university california isbn putterman louis g peasant collective choice economic theory tanzania village greenwich conn jai press c ujamaa village collection original manuscript dar e salaam sn vail david j technology ujamaa village development tanzania syracuse n maxwell school citizenship public affair syracuse university ibhawoh bonny ji dibua deconstructing ujamaa legacy julius nyerere quest social economic development pdf mib african journal political science vol pp – lawrence cockcroft gerald belkin ralph ibbott conceivedled way ujamaa tanzanian affair issue january ujamaa hidden story tanzania socialist village ralph ibbott participant december