Carnival in the Netherlands
carnival netherlands dutch carnaval also called vastenavond – eve fasting limburgish vastelaovend festival held mainly southern eastern region netherlands emphasis rolereversal suspension social norm part celebration carnival feast assimilated catholic church taking element ancient pagan spring festival celebrated three day preceding christian holiday ash wednesday lent anthropological point view carnival reversal ritual social role reversed norm desired behavior suspended winter thought reign winter spirit driven summer return carnival thus regarded rite passage darkness light winter summer fertility celebration first spring festival new year precedes christian penitential season lent first day carnaval six week easter sunday carnival officially begin sunday last three day start lent first day ash wednesday midnight nowadays celebration often start thursday evening though make practice sixday celebration many people modern time relate holiday religion date still set start christian season lent southern part netherlands carnival normal daily life come near stop road temporarily blocked many local business close week many employee take day carnival according postnapoleon tradition feast last sunday tuesday recent year feast usually start saturday also friday evening school friday afternoon place thursday ouwe wijven considered start carnival make six day celebration festivity last entire day well night parade many ball bonte avonden meeting held week official carnival never first official court meeting november historically day lent would start wednesday midnight continue easter nowadays still official ending carnival though carnival activity herring eating traditionally held wednesday carnival day lent might another parade festivity called halfvasten halflent lent generally practiced anymore southern dutch population result irreligion dominating area nowadays oldest word point direction word carnival listed certificate italian subiaco ce timestamp carnelevare also known th century word carnisprivialis carnis privium old liège text term quarnivalle origin traced latin expression carne levare italian carne lavare carnem levare reasonable certainty translated farewell flesh taking away flesh ritual prelude lent two less likely explanation term would contraction latin carne meat paler rule literally time meat reign italian carnueale french carne avalis mean much devour flesh given well easter fall march earliest april latest result earliest possible carnival february latest possible date march official carnival date coming year february february march february february march february february february february march february february february march february february traditionally carnival feast last opportunity eat well time food shortage end winter one limited minimum necessary nowadays called vastenavond day fasting remaining winter store lard butter meat left would eaten would soon start rot decay selected livestock fact already slaughtered november meat would longer preservable food survived winter eaten assure everyone fed enough survive coming spring would provide new food source traditionally feast also applied sexual desire supposed suppressed following fasting several germanic tribe celebrated returning daylight predominant deity jubilee driven around noisy procession ship wheel feast germanic people celebrated day grew longer rebirth sun winter would driven make sure fertility could return spring central figure possibly fertility goddess nerthus also indication effigy nerthus freyr placed ship wheel accompanied procession people animal disguise men womens clothes aboard ship would marriage man woman consummated fertility ritual tacitus wrote germania germania ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator – german however consider consistent grandeur celestial being confine god within wall liken form human countenance germania mox vehiculum et vestis et si credere velis numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur – afterwards car vestment like believe divinity purified secret lake elaborate rite involving masked figure swabianalemannic carnaval might influence different aspect feast swabianalemannic carnaval known fastnacht take place baden swabia southwestern germany switzerland alsace vorarlberg western austria traditionally represents time year reign cold grim winter spirit spirit driven expelled carnaval ritual also ritual reenactment wild hunt cultural phenomenon among many gallic germanic people evidence ancient roman festival saturnalia bacchanalia may absorbed italian carnival saturnalia turn may based greek dionysia oriental festival like babylonical sacaea marduk pagan carnaval celebrated throughout europe russia example festival known maslenitsa roughly translated butter feast western roman empire early middle age christian festival corpus christi churchsanctioned celebration carnaval also manifestation european folk culture christian tradition fasting commemorate day jesus fasted desert according new testament also reflect christian value many christian festival christmas originally pagan midwinter festival easter pagan spring festival sinterklaas christian church found easier turn pagan carnaval catholic tradition eliminate unlike today carnaval middle age took day covered almost entire period christmas beginning lent two month several catholic holiday seized catholic population outlet daily frustration many christian sermon text example vessel used explain christian doctrine nave church baptism ship mary etc writing show procession shiplike cart held lavish feast celebrated eve lent greeting spring early middle age catholic church condemned devilish debauchery pagan ritual early year council nicaea attempted end pagan festival many synod council attempted set thing right statement caesarius arles – protested around ce sermon pagan practice seemed formed building block indiculus superstitionum et paganiarum small index superstitious pagan practice drafted synod leptines spurcalibus en februario condemned pope gregory great – decided fasting would start ash wednesday whole carnaval event set fasting set clear division pagan christian custom also custom carnaval ruling class would mocked using mask disguise year synod leptines leptines located near binche belgium spoke furiously excess month february also period date phrase whoever february variety less honorable act try drive winter christian pagan confession book around contain information people would dress animal old woman festivity january february noticing small penance gradually ecclesiastical authority began realize desired result could attained banning tradition eventually led degree christianization festivity became part liturgy liturgical year high late middle age change course became clear synod benevento beginning lent definitively established day called ash wednesday pope urban ii duration fasting already set day century discussion preceding council nicaea carnaval rather shrove tuesday officially accepted christianity followed lent time penance mortification ash wednesday within confines church liturgy old way changed fool feast narrenfeest fêtes de fous donkey feast main role beginning played clergy minor order subdeacon cleric many case illiterate also local main baker butcher however carnaval became prominent played role crazy bishop donkey pope part role reversal function carnaval den bosch according document known public stage performance jousting tournament game cockfight role dressing organized around prohibited roll dice gambling exception made carnaval appears letter council maastricht ban temporarily lifted people allowed play dice carnaval several pope past explicitly involved shrove tuesday celebration organized synod regarding fasting shrove tuesday participated cart procession promulgated special collection pope martin v elected november known nicknamed papa carnavale due fact elected november pope felt carnaval didnt last long enough like carnaval middle age reached highlight three day beginning lent period city officially handed power prince carnaval social revolution complete anonymity offered costume rank position longer important one could freely express opinion mock anything anyone particular nobility clergy wealthy citizen mocked ridiculed tradition still reflected contemporary parade brabantian tonproaten limburgish buutereednen speaker subject include mocking ridiculing local administration catholic church powerful influential organisation time suffer carnaval kind sacred tradition rule ridiculed feast donkey would put altar ezelsmis donkey mass civilian dressed priest staged mass prayer amen would replaced donkey imitation ia ia ia dance called polonaise done people follow pastor hand shoulder nose bottom also celebrated december forgotten feast massacre innocent commemorating infanticide bethlehem day child given power one day turned church choirboy put clergy cart full manure let pas village often gave mass opportunity pelt church minister shit phenomenon slightly modified version found spreading confetti carnaval float however church attacked feast furiously theologian paris felt carnaval control issued number prohibition drafted letter included following priest wear mask mass dance choir dressed woman matchmaker minstrel singing outrageous song altar eat black pudding fat sausage roll dice old shoe burned instead incense also running jumping inside church mass go street disguise cart wagon roam city give shameless performance excite laughter audience also incite filthy song obscene gesture theologian conclude letter stating even want mention worst thing take place carnaval role lower clergy however gradually got taken layman say therefore longer shrove tuesday fool bishop donkey pope donkey bishop laity started play role dignitary ridiculed later practice developed real title role prins vorst came use feast jester flanders netherlands widespread later feast fool taken urban carnaval association shipping company guild celebration became expensive every year expensive even prins vorst candidate often fled city prevent elected city even increased tax finance highly elaborate feast also early late middle age charivari occurred carnaval usual oldestknown dutch carnaval image date den bosch depicted several painting thcentury painter jheronimus bosch early modern period sixteenth century public massive carnaval celebration middle age came end council trent – reformation caused complete reverse attitude towards carnaval schism within christianity result reformation led religious divide territory present netherlands protestantism became dominant religion north river meuse rhine area cover today province limburg north brabant catholic religion remained dominant part netherlands reformation became predominantly protestant public shrovetide celebration disappeared street new protestant clergy found riotous catholic carnaval sinful north feast quickly eradicated also south carnaval restricted shrove tuesday interpreted romish superstition prohibited ban shertogenbosch eg carnaval banned protestant conquered city belonged roman catholic spaniard end th century carnaval netherlands mostly disappeared though smaller festivity lent south netherlands german rhineland north rhinewestphalia kept carnaval tradition alive next year catholic south feast became less celebrated well seventeenth eighteenth century though celebration banned entirely disappear clear fact new ban enacted every year despite protestant rule catholic th century managed celebrate sort street carnaval still dressing eating drinking feast sort game held like goose pulling rooster smashing smashing pulling head animal cat burningsmashing ray stabbing wolf hunting herring biting game held th th century venlo game banned wijnandsrade tradition held till also sketch play held since beginning french era den bosch would officially allow celebrating carnaval den bosch large effigy named knillis would burned typical carnaval ritual prohibited around also charivari folk custom may already existed often held around carnaval time like european country two main purpose charivari europe facilitate change current social structure act form censure within community goal enforce social standard rid community socially unacceptable relationship threatened stability whole charivari community would punish correct fellow citizen public mocking humiliation unwanted behavior like adulterous relationship men let deceived wife men abused wife men dominant marriage widow wished remarry woman wish marry outside social group like partner neighboring village violator social norm victim subjected humiliating procession noise music village forced embarrassing hard labor possession house would marked damaged soiled period carnaval group men would build carnaval float others painted portrait promiscuous girl girl boy men felt come age get married woman behaved wrongly another widespread phenomenon south dwaze maagd van het jaar foolish maiden year girl chosen bad behavior often maid sexually used master large doll depict girl shown sunday carnaval church men sang mocking song town square around doll premarital sexual active adulterous girl mocked also girl could get criticized appearance language turning suitor extent kind kept faithful friend men would write poetry parody often using already existing melody woman carnaval men would wear mask go pub pub perform play mocking song painting displayed illustration much often southern european country like france dutch charivari showed dissatisfaction towards decision authority kind political charivari never questioned authority government intended denounce abuse power corruption government heyday political charivari north brabant various form community charivari around carnaval till still often occurred since beginning th century netherlands french rule carnaval feast started revive south netherlands revival bestknown tradition including carnival parade masquerade ball masquerading recorded medieval italy carnival venice long time famous carnival although francis abolished tradition restored italy carnival tradition spread catholic nation spain portugal france france spread new france north america mardi gras spain portugal spread catholic colonization caribbean latin america early th century weakened medieval tradition started revive well german rhineland southern netherlands first modern carnaval parade took place cologne rhineland germany without denying current carnaval contains several recognizable aspect past feast held today relatively young carnaval known today began postwar period repressed result strong protestant influence country exception place limburg north brabant nineteenth century organization medieval carnaval celebration reviving vast majority carnaval association established world war ii exception feast still confined southern province limburg north brabant majority population catholic relatively strong demarcation catholic south one side calvinist west north side netherlands started diminish according cultural anthropologist jef de jager upcoming protest generation saw desire looser manner honored least carnaval day even mild criticism political social system painstakingly smothered authority suddenly appeared possible adolescent participant longing personal freedom appealed thus carnaval became south provo north netherlands actually happened exactly opposite happened middle age new morality tested investigate allowed investigate allowed hence de jager belief carnaval one development gave impetus south informal manner individualization sexual revolution ontzuiling depillarisation secularization carnaval exceeded border formed great river maas waal rhine lost religious connotation became secular feast also practice lent became rapidly extinct netherlands south netherlands mostly roman catholic tradition largely secular practice modern feast carnaval lost association christian religion result rapid secularization netherlands second half th century carnaval became celebrated part country protestant tradition end twentieth century carnaval association province netherlands active organizing celebration however area originally celebrate feast still growing become tradition result carnaval part country usually last one day emphasis role dressing feasting without social criticism parade month prelude massive carnaval festivity suspend daily life still mainly take place north brabant limburg twente municipality hulst sluis nijmegen overbetuwe lingewaard de liemers arnhem carnaval officially last sunday tuesday current practice often numerous carnaval festivity november actual feast especially last week carnaval sometimes also ash wednesday carnaval activity held postchristian carnaval consist several day consecutively drinking feasting roledressing social criticizing mocking parade music also specific carnaval tradition custom may vary town town important part modern carnaval ridiculing socially critical aspect carnaval mostly emphasized parade southern school often dedicate friday afternoon actual feast carnaval child invited come roledressed school sometimes school even organize school parade choose school prince though people take carnaval tradition seriously many people nowadays keep simple drink sing dance wearing colourful outfit november eleventh eleventh exactly start carnaval season netherlands start season celebrated almost every carnaval celebrating town kind ceremony reason date number traditionally number fool madman netherlands two kind carnaval rhenish carnaval burgundian carnaval carnavals many way similar origin unique tradition also easy distinguish rhenish variant usually celebrated limburg burgundian variant north mid west north brabant gelderland twente part zeeland utrecht east north brabant east brabantian spoken manifestation type carnaval form overlap region two type carnaval often classified burgundian rhenish carnaval netherlands derivative cologne carnaval burgundian carnaval originated traditional eating feast people would ridicule one another carnaval southern netherlands nowadays belgium luxembourg dutch province north brabant limburg especially duchy brabant carnaval feast eating drinking also serf social role reversal feast allows people behave outside usual acceptable social norm people dress character much seen eve christian feast hallows appears celtic anglosaxon culture though developed different origin dutch carnaval people often dress colourful take role like jester occupation object animal opposite gender sex archetype fairytale character well known people subculture historical figure foreign culture mask face paint often used combination costume old tradition wearing mask becoming replaced use face paint make easier drink eat feasting costume allow people change identity role society day without judged fellowman carnaval also applies feasting drinking licentious behaviour attributed temporary identity one take rather person costume may often meant political incorrect ridiculing taboobreaking politically socially religiously critical insulting selfmocking part role reversal origin feast function mirror exaggerate daily life denounce raise awareness everyday event put life perspective proper mocking carnaval costume simply insult ridicule make actually valuable point used make point carnaval costume offer opportunity temporarily change identity express oneself freely nowadays people different costume day celebrate carnaval lack time wash clothes traditionally role dressing serf three major purpose costume allows people become act according identity cannot take express rest year social standard serf thus outlet need costume offer visual way protesting expressing criticism mirroring exaggeration social circumstance authority daily life break taboo create awareness reflect past current event costume provides protection criticizing ridiculing others wearer either recognized criticism attributed role wearer assumes carnaval rather wearer wearer safely express criticism opinion without fear consequence daily life prince carnaval receives first day carnaval symbolic key city town hand mayor transfer three day power element carnaval already known medieval carnaval changing position power provide opportunity criticize authority without fear retribution part role reversal function carnaval since numerous society established organized carnaval ball fact association took many activity guild used organize middle age early modern period french occupation sense successor rhenish burgundian carnaval celebration dominated carnaval association association sometimes many per city village prince council eleven organize festivity member nonmember association carnaval burgundian carnaval main feature bonte avonden pronkzitting key exchange parade etc organized carnaval association association choose prince entourage even though burgundian town dozen carnaval association one prince per city village cologne already started organizing carnaval association followed düsseldorf mainz limburg carnaval organized association common german rhineland momus probably first carnaval association netherlands founded maastricht followed jocus city venlo momus name derives greek god momus according düsseldorfer narrenkalender carnaval great three son momus comus jocus momus greek god mockery criticism venlo sorority founded carnaval association could thus choose comus greek god festivity anarchy chaos jocus roman god wit raillery momus oldest existing carnaval association faded second world war war carnaval maastricht organized tempeleers currently oldest carnaval association jocus many place large carnaval parade held large float organized created carnaval association called dn optocht dn boonte störrem motley storm parade usual particular theme whereby authority ridiculed criticized event past year represented often politically incorrect used make people think outside box function mirror society also group individual foot participate fill gap carnaval wagon parade fanfare marching band provide typical carnaval music float built carnaval association also often independent group friend family neighbourhood club massive shiplooking wagon shown every carnaval parade manned prince entourage council eleven city held carnaval association organized parade usually last float parade carnaval parade often start end early afternoon wil start afternoon give participant opportunity join several parade day give public participant opportunity somewhat sober less hangover drinking day case start past hour well usually competition held choose outstanding contribution parade separate category float group foot individual participant although procession usually take starting point point arrival actually roams nowhere nowhere matter social binding parade along route crowd form essential part parade crowd spectator form living dike along carnaval river without parade would lose meaning also separate childrens parade sometimes held focus ridiculing criticism role changing dressing number eleven play undeniably important role carnaval opinion subject divergent much one explanation often nothing even hand number eleven central carnaval built kind mystical magical value age november november th th important date november exactly day december shortest day happens feast day sint maarten st martin day day celebrated part groningen north holland southern part limburg lesser extent south holland zeeland feast beginning dark period christmas long day winter century november day year work deemed done barn filled winter selected livestock would slaughtered importantly lease property tax interest tithe paid often weighed heavily population year scraping frugality putting every penny aside would end payment november rhenish burgundian carnaval play important role – first court meeting council eleven held preparation upcoming carnaval meeting also new prince announced brabant meeting new carnaval motto disclosed prince also start building carnaval float coming parade origin theory association fool imperfection eleven original fool number germanic culture german called schnapszahl associated alcohol consumption used numerology dutch language associated idiocy dutch gekkengetal imperfect number since one number less base number twelve duodecimal numeral system one number base number ten decimal numeral system also prime number association elf number eleven dutch german translated elf word originates protogermanic ainalibi combination word aina one libi left ten one leikw leave remain derivative elleovene old english endleofan protogermanic ainlif saxon elleban old frisian andlova dutch elf old high german einlif german elf old norse ellifu gothic ainlif suggested word elf became associated word elf elf elven alven early elf whose description depends almost entirely norse mythology text race being magical skill ambivalent towards human capable either helping hindering christianized society viewing elf increasingly sinister light anglosaxon england early th century old english medical book attest elf afflicting human livestock elfshot german elf alp seen addler people medical book already high middle age prayer warding agent causing nightmare eventually alp identity nightmare spirit became predominant ritual reenactment wild hunt cultural phenomenon among many gallic germanic people head army would erlenköning hellequin adolf cleve although certain historical data ancient meaning number may also younger explanation known oldest geckengesellschaft jester group founded count adolf cleve took place november everything indicates foundation celebration th apparently got control signing took place one day late seal count take th place row stamp motto noble jester society eylustigh fröhlich merry cheerful cabaret dialect held variant carnaval north brabant person cabaret called tonpraoter barrel speaker western part north brabant sauwelaar actually barrel limburg named buuttereedner buutteredner zeeland called ouwoer perform cabaret speech dialect many current issue event past year reviewed often local situation celebrity local regional politics mocked ridiculed insulted tonpraoter buuttereedner successor medieval jester open stage held week carnaval people community mostly amateur participate carnaval related act like music farce dance act cabaret bonte avond free visit public one special revue called pronkzitting organized event carnaval singing dancing focus mainly humorous contribution variety local tonpraoters buuttereedners pronkzitting also performance carnaval orchestra majorette prince youth prince council eleven attend unlike carnaval event pronkzitting usual dress code public evening dress origin carnaval cabaret may assumed emergence figure jester coinciding development medieval civilization since beginning occurrence fool personification folly century jester one tipped reality word jester mirrored exaggerated everyday reality wayward taboobreaking spoke truth others secretly thinking actual fool often lack ability behave according norm conscious jester exaggerated serve mirror public image jester mainly shaped heyday ran middle age late seventeenth century default image jester fool cap bell cheerful color oversized shoe marotte reality wore jester costume wore deliberately shabby clothes wore noble robe nowadays imagine jester often small deformed appearance always case basically two kind jester one physical especially mental disability fool could mocked employer real jester hired recruited mock others entertain setback one one could blame could take heat one people could laugh determine thing could worse jester intelligent artist wellspoken theatrical witty aware duty took position ruler people could tell king ruler one else dared role contemporary tonpraoters buuttereedners continue modern way familiar phenomenon carnaval presence prince entourage parody normal authority prince rule city day carnaval symbolizes way power held common people format custom varies region prince jester generally called adjutant however almost universally within carnaval tradition prince traditionally male person year often different person elected every year depending town tradition prince chosen association people town case campaign often held prince called prins prince sometimes vorst fürst female prins vorst called prinses princess vorstin fürstin begin occur frequently last decade year usual male council eleven every carnaval association proclaims prince one adjutant aide association also allgender youth council eleven chooses youth prince youth aide council eleven necessarily hold eleven member often eleven sometimes less adjutant prince occasion called jester part council eleven main aid prince second command origin council eleven actual origin name council eleven traced back duchy brabant fifteenth century netherlands belgium middle age consisted number duchy county heerlijkheden etc one duchy duchy brabant heart important region low country late th century included current province north brabant netherlands province antwerp flemish brabant belgium duke brabant anthony burgundy killed battle anzicourt delegate seven ancient city brabant four largest abbey brabant organized meeting discus succession duke duchesswidow eligible succession right luxembourg however two son oldest named jan eleven year november state decided recognize duke brabant daytoday government looked council eleven consisting seven city brabant four abbey appointment board member council eleven likely occurred following week around november plume traditional prince council eleven wear foreandaft bicorne pheasant tail feather particular place influenced rhenish carnaval carnaval however definition controlled unwritten law hence use tradition varies place place however generally speaking prince wear three feather bicorne former prince adjutant carnaval association president wear two feather actual member council eleven wear one feather bicorne plume worn left side bicorne everywhere limburg brabant boerenbruiloft peasant wedding part carnaval especially northern central part limburg eastern part north brabant boerenbruiloft often held carnaval important part carnaval culture carnaval association tradition concerning choosing spouse wedding small association often bride groom chosen council eleven couple married year venlo carnaval association chooses participant peasant wedding outsider group may company family football club delegation hospital venlo case board determined would become bride groom necessary newlywed couple real life also necessary bride groom single bride groom however love carnaval need transfer love people celebrate wedding along highlight festival peasant wedding wedding feast onecht notmarriage bride groom many aspect found reallife marriage first engagement announced would officially marriage family learn know well organizing party ceremony like normal wedding two family prepare piece entertainment wedding like real wedding reception feast organized guest asked wear appropriate clothing bride groom often dress wedding clothing bride example often wear poffer traditional brabantian headdress origin peasant wedding first mention boerenbruiloft peasant wedding saxon elector august dresden wedded peasant wife large ritual ceremony dn onech notmarriage real wedding tobe spouse also real peasant rather nobility real peasant given role nobleman reversal ritual role deliberately reversed role reversal intended avoid attraction eye christian god within noble circle believed eye god beginning spring focused failure past year thought could escape danger dressing wedding celebration behave peasant thus appear people bottom social ladder believed consequence peasant dressed nobleman would harmed god instead noble carnaval song carnaval song relatively recent phenomenon world war ii intentionally amateurish marching band zaate hermeniekes drunken marching band traditionally perform kind music street mainly limburg north brabant music played mainly indoors pub feast hall also done limburg carnaval music often song written especially occasion easy dance expression one culture one lifestyle content carnavalsschlager often melancholy even chauvinistic example may expression pride one village town region local patriotism praise one place therefore one local dialect also resistance loss identity alienation change affecting individuality local society absorption broader culture therefore often happens village name name prince group appear text carnaval song carnaval music used carnaval ridicule normal culture therefore creating playing carnaval music seasonal happening carnaval music usual composed bar bar local carnaval club usually try address current issue local dialect carnaval song carnaval song form opportunity composition good carnaval song several recognizable ingredient easy catchy popular melody usually song deliberately sung tune rhythm leaping character longshort often continuously rotated triplet common many accent music many questionanswer element harmony contains many third sixth text easy remember thus remembered drunk often humorous nature make point text many time sexual vulgar mocking offensive nature totally nonsense form usually consists several verse alternate chorus accessible inviting compelling rhythm danced dancing hossen jumping together group way dancing carnaval mainly found brabant also polonaise done carnaval southernmost part netherlands limburg three way carnaval dancing sjoenkele slowly moving back forth left right etc sitting standing one arm shoulder person beside arm hooked together tact pogoing jumping oneself polonaise southern limburg polonaise called reijaloet polonaise usually done spontaneous short moment time done dozen people together also parade official gathering usual dance show performed majorette called dansmarietjes dansmariekes dutch dweilorkesten kapellen carnaval brass band called joekskapelle zaate herremeniekes limburg dweilorkesten ambling orchestra word dweilen generally mean mop dutch context mean amble indicates partygoer ambling bar bar commonly provide feast music pub feasting hall parade north brabant limburg orchestra limited playing outside limburgs capital maastricht tuesday daytime pub play music speaker give room band naturally attracts many band region across dutch border immediately show big difference two variant burgundian carnaval mainly celebrated indoors rhenish carnaval mostly celebrated outdoors many pub maastricht take facade away carnaval open feast street kind orchestra also seen national sport event netherlands like speed skating example dutch carnaval music carnaval mestreech math niël twië bein ofwaal de veuroetgank two leg ie advancement frans boermans thuur luxembourg het land van maas en waal land meuse waal boudewijn de groot drinke totteme zinke drink till sink thijs van der molen den uyl den olie den uyl drunk den uyl oil vader abraham boer koekoek malle babbe crazy babbe rob de nij al het gras twee kontjes hoog grass stand two buttock tall hydra unne spijker munne kop nail head de stipkes limburgs klaaglied limburgish lament martine bijl het leven goed het brabantse land life good land brabant oh sixteen oh seven brabantse nachten zijn lang brabantic night long arie ribbens er staat een paard de gang horse hallway andré van duin mama woar mien pils mother beer normaal nachts na tweeën night two de havenzangers het feest kan beginnen party get started de deurzakkers bestel mar order beer rowwen hèze niks stront niks nothing shit nothing rowwen hèze rosamunde rowwen hèze dondert en bliksemt there thunder there lightning guus meeuwis lauwe pi lukewarm piss theo maassen zachte g harde l soft g hard l soft g hard dick jos van os land van de maasvallei land meuse valley wdreej de gròzzie van mèn buurvrouw neighbor garage ferry van de zaande veul gère link rechts left right snollebollekes wittewattetis gewittetnie know never know vader abraham pilsies voor de vat beer grab tray buren van de brandweer jacqueline waar de vaseline jacqueline wheres vaseline mosterd na de maaltijd terug de maas de kapotte kachels brabant mijn land brabant country gullie doorgoan keep going various artist traditional rhenish carnaval greeting exclamation alaaf lower rhine area common jubilant outcry calling toast actually carnaval festivity used day year word introduced maastricht although customary use anymore cologne word alaaf least th century probably older ended limburg hence rest southern netherlands cologne word probably go back dialect form german allab meaning everything way extension second used greeting word often accompanied reversed salute german rhineland used occupied prussian time strong militaristic custom region alternate salute devised protest parody right hand right temple usual top right hand left temple addition national provincial variation also diversity carnaval ritual various city town many yearbook local carnaval group local ritual described example den bosch near municipality large doll named farmer knillis symbolizes peasant farmer dressed early th century farmer outfit several meter tall stand prominently pedestal market carnaval sunday revealed early afternoon prince presence sometimes thousand carnaval celebrator carnaval end tuesday midnight symbolic burial burning depending town tradition farmer knillis prince adjutant knillis grown tradition several town den bosch revealed since carnaval sunday leap year knillis accompanied wife hendrien knillis would burned end carnaval den bosch tradition outlawed revived early th century since knillis buried instead burned den bosch tradition known however majority carnaval celebrating town north brabant helmond variation tradition found mansized boulder representing carnaval buried forecourt dug every year carnaval saturday boulder stay ground four day symbol carnaval end carnaval buried following year bystander mourn loud wailing weeping twente child dress go door door making noise rattling stick jar singing special song get candy quite like child ijsselmonde new year eve nowadays north holland st martin day called foekepotten however common anymore rest netherlands custom foekepotten already seen painting pieter bruegel called fight carnival lent man stick jar beneath figure barrel rhenish variant celebrated province limburg overlap eastern part north brabant based carnaval celebration city western german state north rhine westphalia especially cologne turn based mostly carnival venice major impact nature carnaval end th century carnaval rhineland used opportunity protest imperialist protestant prussia annexed area time many current militaristic tradition traced back protest feast week carnaval usual thursday socalled oude wijven limburgish auw wiever old woman day oudewijvenbals old woman ball ouwe wijve auw wiever pub street crowded costumed woman usually dressed old woman men dare go street pub risk humiliated hit buttock chased away also town tradition woman allowed kiss every man like ouw wijve established tradition day also cut away tie belt shoelace men wear get caught showing tradition especially widespread south limburg believed postwar invention rhineland woman wanted emphasize independence gained men returned front year war tradition may older background though position men compared woman society often matter debate cologne since socalled weiberfastnacht known thursday carnaval woman wearing men clothes reversing role thus literally man dutch border village groenstraat precursor auwwieverbal old woman ball auw wieverdaag old woman day known already early th century people time earned living breeding goat selling woman hair thursday carnaval men would sell hair french buyer sale man plenty money would go visit pub woman would sale expected stay home fear men would squander money raised hair woman would go find husband prevent wasting alcohol search along pub transformed later ouwewijvenbal woman time incognito firmly asserted husband men venlo tradition namely truujendaag woman dress late medieval clothing name probably derived headstrong figure gertruid bolwater venlo according legend siege city guelders war defeated several enemy soldier tore banner hand enemy soldier traditional clothing consists elaborate costume buy complete themed costume party store others create costume rhenish carnaval mostly take place outside street costume also warmer generally cover entire body costume elaborate consist usually multiple layer old woman witch costume animal costume horn sometimes antler face concealing mask concealing black red face paint joker costume traditional popular theme less standard today ordinary jacket clothing never worn top carnaval clothing underneath costume majorette perform typical carnaval dance originating rhineland young woman perform dance called tanzmariechen german netherlands young woman girl called dansmarietjes dance mary dansmariekes dutch choreographed dance movement primarily baton twirling parade official carnaval meeting introduced dutch carnaval second world war carnival normal form government parodied form prince entourage taking town also army defense force traditionally parodied way protesting prussian occupation rhenish area time cologne imitation arose particular make prussian militarism ridiculous carnaval greeting alaaf normal greeting revers joke army everything would make normal company look ridiculous majorette show clear origin camp follower th th century vibrant eventful past around time germany large number army would young woman regiment served day seller provider food drink took household chore like washing clothes thereby offered many woman girl prostitute would dress sexually provocative would dance soldier around began emerge regulation army slowly also applied camp follower increasingly woman married corporal soldier whose task among thing wash linen according old army decision camp follower became typical army prostitute anymore also proper married woman besides caring soldier could still continue entertaining various way carnival mockery officer camp follower depicted officer portraying effeminate wig bearing conceited fool camp follower woman military provocatively costumed also clearly recognizable man tanzmarie early twentieth century carnaval association found inspiration revue girl performed theater time scantily clad young woman accompanied military attribute like peak helmet military backpack showed provocative dance small group revue girl grew nightclublike star denied carnaval tanzmariechen popularized even parodied sparkling show could otherwise enjoyed european major city young woman girl took role tanzmariechen instead men performed parade postwar carnaval show element added carnaval partly due rapidly evolving ballet education majorette dansmariekes began increasingly act group part prussian military background sometimes still reflected today movement music clothing majorette somewhat slovenly camp follower accompanied troop evolved still prussian armyinspired show dance group metamorphosis went intermediate role performed men tanzmarie although current majorette dansmarietje root carnaval scene association majorette widely break historical tie profile sport dance club rhenish carnaval three official color appear everywhere red yellow green according carnavalogist theo fransen venlo tradition color go back several century specifically jester medieval time jester group kleve – germany wore color yellowred jester preferably wore greenred france even group french jester lyon dressed red yellow green colour used much meaning nowadays important mean communication time people could read write therefore used symbol among color symbolism color jester people middle age immediately clear present day jester seen funny humorous time middle age different since jester fact personification devil symbolic value color jester carry seen regard red color christian virtue ardent love also color devil fire death conflict war yellow color stand cheerfulness elation also envy retardation ignorance insanity green represents new life youthfulness boldness joy life vibrancy growth prosperity hand also stand inexperience nescience exuberant burgundian carnaval variant traditionally seen place north mid west north brabant including area den bosch os gelderland land maas waal achterhoek arnhem nijmegen part utrecht overijssel twente flanders place south beveland eastern part north brabant specifically peelland kwartier lesser degree kempenland kwartier show combination burgundian rhenish characteristic though festivity take place mostly inside pub hall show many costume tradition custom rhenish carnaval without prussian militaristic influence many burgundian carnavals town official motto often famous saying local dialect proclaimed november new prince motto kielegat breda since – de kop isser af – ti ene grote kerremus – dur wazzis eel lang geleje – ti nie te filleme – gaon dum boot – zijn ut spoor bijster – maokenut gèèf bont – ast mar erregus op lekt – ziedegij ut ok zitte – toren zien en zwijgen – ti drop dronder – kebber un nuske vor – kebbut licht gezien – meej tweej zevus kende nie blijve zitte – ut wor dweile plakke – kekse straole typical costume burgundian carnaval developed prosperous city duchy brabant county flanders time burgundian netherlands shape burgundian carnaval originally costumed eating feast people ridiculed great poverty prevailed brabant golden age world war ii traditional feast became characterized seemingly simple costume blue smock red bandana mid especially western north brabant perhaps iconic still found among costume today wearing smock secondarily made everyone egalitarian since people status cannot determined clothing thus making possible criticize authority regardless people position daily life traditional clothing consists old clothing curtain blue smock bandana kind accessory outfit found especially western part north brabant becoming less common last decade burgundian carnaval take place mostly inside pub feasting hall since warmer clothing also less thick consists fewer layer going different feasting location many people use old coat keep getting cold outside common city burgundian carnaval tradition change name carnaval although place eastern netherlands rhenish carnaval well name changing tradition especially common town around north brabant tradition change city name originates north brabant seldom seen limburg limburg town change name carnaval dialect version three day carnaval den bosch example change name oeteldonk popular belief say frog hill contrary popular belief oetel name oeteldonk referral frog facetious reference shertogenbosch bishop adrianus godschalk den dungen august – shertogenbosch january came village den dungen become new bishop den bosch january often fulminated pagan carnaval festivity van den oetelaar common surname den dungen time donk reference higher dry place marsh frog however symbol often used carnaval became symbol oeteldonk marsh example carnaval name change burgundian carnaval necessarily use green red yellow used rhenish carnaval den bosch example traditional carnaval color red white yellow color combined color catholic church white yellow brabantian flag red white flag color already seen painting fight carnival lent pieter bruegel shertogenbosch tilburg us green orange carnaval color eindhoven orange sky blue breda us red orange nijmegen officially us red black helmond different color year also known color black yellow green white red ap van gilst vastelavond en carnaval de geschiedenis van een volksfeest veenendaal th fransen carnaval ontmaskerd maasbree dr moser fastnacht – fasching – karneval grazwenenkeulen carnaval themanummer van volkscultuur tijdschrift tradities en tijdsverschijnselen c wijers prinsen en clown het limburgse narrenrijk het carnaval simpelveld en roermond – amsterdam knipselarchief meertens instituut medium related carnival netherlands wikimedia common