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Sindh ( ; ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, in the southeast of the country. Historically home to the Sindhi people, it is also locally known as the Mehran.   It was formerly known as Sind until the 1956. Sindh is the third largest province of Pakistan by area, and second largest province by population after Punjab. Sindh is bordered by Balochistan province to the west, and Punjab province to the north. Sindh also borders the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east, and Arabian Sea to the south. Sindh's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River, the Thar desert in the eastern portion of the province closest to the border with India, and the Kirthar Mountains in the western part of Sindh.  Sindh's climate is noted for hot summers and mild winters. The provincial capital of Sindh is also it's largest city of the province is Karachi, which is also Pakistan's largest city, and its financial hub.

Sindh has Pakistan's second largest economy. Sindh's capital, Karachi is center of Pakistan's financial sector, with the headquarters of several national banks located in the city. Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan's industrial sector as well. Sindh contains two of Pakistan's commercial seaports - Port Bin Qasim and the Port of Karachi. The remainder of Sindh has an agricultural based economy, and is a major produce of fruit and vegetables for consumption other parts of the country.    Sindh is also the centre of Pakistan's pharmaceutical industry.

Sindh is known for its distinct culture which is strongly influence by Sufism. Several important Sufi shrines are located throughout the province which attract millions annual devotees. Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of Hindu residents.  Sindh's capital, Karachi, is Pakistan's most ethnically diverse city, with Muhajirs, or descendants of those who migrated to Pakistan from India in 1947, making up the majority of the population. The city has seen ethnic tensions boil over into violence on several occasions. Sindh is home to two UNESCO world heritage sites - the Historical Monuments at Makli, and the Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro. 

Etymology

The word Sindh is derived from the Sanskrit language and is adapted from the Sanskrit term Sindhu which literally means "river" hence a reference to Indus River.  Spelling of its official name as Sind was discontinued in 2013 by an amendment passed in Sindh Assembly. 

The Greeks who conquered Sindh in 325 BC under the command of Alexander the Great rendered it as Indós, hence the modern Indus. The ancient Iranians referred to everything east of the river Indus as hind from the word Sindh. (In Persian, "s" is sounded "h.") When the British arrived in the 17th century in India, then ruled by the Maratha Empire, they applied the Greek version of the name Sindh to all of South Asia, calling it India. The starting letter of Sindh, i.e., 'seen' (س), equivalent to 's', is part of the name of Pakistan.  

History

Prehistoric period

Sindh's first known village settlements date as far back as 7000 BCE. Permanent settlements at Mehrgarh, currently in Balochistan, to the west expanded into Sindh. This culture blossomed over several millennia and gave rise to the Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BCE. The Indus Valley Civilization rivaled the contemporary civilizations of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in size and scope, numbering nearly half a million inhabitants at its height with well-planned grid cities and sewer systems.

The primitive village communities in Balochistan were still struggling against a difficult highland environment, a highly cultured people were trying to assert themselves at Kot Diji. This was one of the most developed urban civilizations of the ancient world. It flourished between the 25th century BCE and 1500 BCE in the Indus valley sites of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. The people had a high standard of art and craftsmanship and a well-developed system of quasi-pictographic writing which remains un-deciphered. The remarkable ruins of the beautifully planned towns, the brick buildings of the common people, roads, public baths and the covered drainage system suggest a highly organized community. 

According to some accounts, there is no evidence of large palaces or burial grounds for the elite. The grand and presumably holy site might have been the great bath, which is built upon an artificially created elevation.  This indigenous civilization collapsed around 1700 BCE. The cause is hotly debated and may have been a massive earthquake, which dried up the Ghaggar River. Skeletons discovered in the ruins of Mohen Jo Daro ("mount of dead") indicate that the city was suddenly attacked and the population was wiped out. 

Sindh finds mention in the Hindu epic Mahabharata as being part of Bharatvarsha. Sindh was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BC. In the late 4th century BC, Sindh was conquered by a mixed army led by Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great. Alexander described his encounters with these trans-Indus tribes of Sindh: "I am involved in the land of a lions and brave people, where every foot of the ground is like a well of steel, confronting my soldier. You have brought only one son into the world, but everyone in this land can be called an Alexander." The region remained under control of Greek satraps for only a few decades. After Alexander's death, there was a brief period of Seleucid rule, before Sindh was traded to the Mauryan Empire led by Chandragupta in 305 BC. During the rule of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, the Buddhist religion spread to Sindh.

Mauryan rule ended in 185 BC with the overthrow of the last king by the Shunga Dynasty. In the disorder that followed, Greek rule returned when Demetrius I of Bactria led a Greco-Bactrian invasion of India and annexed most of northwestern lands, including Sindh. Demetrius was later defeated and killed by a usurper, but his descendants continued to rule Sindh and other lands as the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Under the reign of Menander I many Indo-Greeks followed his example and converted to Buddhism.

In the late 2nd century BC, Scythian tribes shattered the Greco-Bactrian empire and invaded the Indo-Greek lands. Unable to take the Punjab region, they invaded South Asia through Sindh, where they became known as Indo-Scythians (later Western Satraps). By the 1st century AD, the Kushan Empire annexed Sindh. Kushans under Kanishka were great patrons of Buddhism and sponsored many building projects for local beliefs.  Ahirs were also found in large numbers in Sindh.  Abiria country of Abhira tribe was in southern Sindh.  

The Kushan Empire was defeated in the mid 3rd century AD by the Sassanid Empire of Persia, who installed vassals known as the Kushanshahs in these far eastern territories. These rulers were defeated by the Kidarites in the late 4th century. It then came under the Gupta Empire after dealing with the Kidarites. By the late 5th century, attacks by Hephthalite tribes known as the Indo-Hephthalites or Hunas (Huns) broke through the Gupta Empire's northwestern borders and overran much of northwestern India. Concurrently, Ror dynasty ruled parts of the region for several centuries. Afterwards, Sindh came under the rule of Emperor Harshavardhan, then the Rai Dynasty around 478. The Rais were overthrown by Chachar of Alor around 632. The Brahman dynasty ruled a vast territory that stretched from Multan in the north to the Rann of Kutch, Alor was their capital.

Arrival of Islam

In 711, Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Sindh and Indus Valley, bringing South Asian societies into contact with Islam. Dahir was an unpopular Hindu king that ruled over a Buddhist majority and that Chach of Alor and his kin were regarded as usurpers of the earlier Buddhist Rai Dynasty,  a view questioned by those who note the diffuse and blurred nature of Hindu and Buddhist practices in the region,  especially that of the royalty to be patrons of both and those who believe that Chach may have been a Buddhist.   The forces of Muhammad bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir in alliance with the Jats and other regional governors.

In 711 AD, Muhammad bin Qasim led an Umayyad force of 20,000 cavalry and 5 catapults. Muhammad bin Qasim defeated the Raja Dahir, and captured the cities of Alor, Multan and Debal. Sindh became the easternmost State of the Umayyad Caliphate and was referred to as "Al-Sindh" on Arab maps, with lands further east known as "Hind". Muhammad bin Qasim built the city of Mansura as his capital; the city then produced famous historical figures such as Abu Mashar Sindhi, Abu Ata al-Sindhi,  Abu Raja Sindhi and Sind ibn Ali. At the port city of Debal most of the Bawarij embraced Islam and became known as Sindhi Sailors, who were renowned for their in navigation, geography and languages. After Bin Qasim left, the Umayyads ruled Sindh through the Habbari dynasty.

By the year 750, Debal (modern Karachi) was second only to Basra; Sindhi sailors from the port city of Debal voyaged to Basra, Bushehr, Musqat, Aden, Kilwa, Zanzibar, Sofala, Malabar, Sri Lanka and Java (where Sindhi merchants were known as the Santri). During the power struggle between the Umayyads and the Abbasids. The Habbari Dynasty became semi independent and was eliminated and Mansura was invaded by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi. Sindh then became an eastern most State of the Abbasid Caliphate ruled by the Soomro Dynasty until the Siege of Baghdad (1258). Mansura was the first capital of the Soomra Dynasty and the last of the Habbari dynasty. Muslim geographers, historians and travelers such as al-Masudi, Ibn Hawqal, Istakhri, Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, al-Tabari, Baladhuri, Nizami,  al-Biruni, Saadi Shirazi, Ibn Battutah and Katip Çelebi  wrote about or visited the region, sometimes using the name "Sindh" for the entire area from the Arabian Sea to the Hindu Kush.

Soomra dynasty period

When Sindh was under the Umayyad Caliphate, the Habbari dynasty was in control. The Umayyads appointed Aziz al Habbari as the governor of Sindh. Habbaris ruled Sindh until Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi defeated the Habbaris in 1120. Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi viewed the Abbasid Caliphate to be the caliphs thus he removed the remaining influence of the Umayyad Caliphate in the region and Sindh fell to Abbasid control following the defeat of the Habbaris. The Abbasid Caliphate then made Al Khafif from Samarra; the term 'Soomro' means 'of Samarra' in Sindhi. The new governor of Sindh was to create a better, stronger and stable government. Once he became the governor he allotted several key positions to his family and friends; thus Al-Khafif or Sardar Khafif Soomro formed the Soomro Dynasty in Sindh and became its first king. Until the Siege of Baghdad (1258) the Soomro dynasty was the Abbasid Caliphate's functionary in Sindh, but after that it became independent. 

When the Soomro dynasty lost ties with the Abbasid Caliphate after the Siege of Baghdad (1258) the Soomra King Dodo-I, established their rule from the shores of the Arabian Sea to the Punjab in the north and in the east to Rajasthan and in the west to Pakistani Balochistan. The Soomros were one of the first indigenous Muslim dynasties in Sindh. They were the first Muslims to translate the Quran into the Sindhi language. The Sammas created a chivalrous culture in Sindh which eventually facilitated their rule centered at Mansura. It was later abandoned due to changes in the course of the Puran River; they ruled for the next 95 years until 1351. During this period, Kutch was ruled by the Samma Dynasty, who enjoyed good relations with the Soomras in Sindh. Since the Soomro Dynasty lost its support from the Abbasid Caliphate, the Sultans of Delhi wanted a piece of Sindh. The Soomros successfully defended their kingdom for about 36 years but their dynasties soon fell to the might of the massive Sultans of Delhi armies such as the Tughluks and the Khiljis.

Samma Dynasty period

In 1339 Jam Unar founded a Sindhi Muslim Rajput Samma Dynasty and challenged the Sultans of Delhi. He used the title of the Sultan of Sindh. The Samma tribe reached its peak during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II (also known by the nickname Jám Nindó). During his reign from 1461 to 1509, Nindó greatly expanded the new capital of Thatta and its Makli hills, which replaced Debal. He patronized Sindhi art, architecture and culture. The Samma had left behind a popular legacy especially in architecture, music and art. Important court figures included the famous poet Kazi Kadal, Sardar Darya Khan, Moltus Khan, Makhdoom Bilwal and the theologian Kazi Kaadan. However, Thatta was a port city; unlike garrison towns, it could not mobilize large armies against the Arghun and Tarkhan Mongol invaders, who killed many regional Sindhi Mirs and Amirs loyal to the Samma. Some Parts of sindh still remained under the Sultans of Delhi and the ruthless Arghuns and the Tarkhans sacked Thatta during the rule of Jam Ferozudin.

Mughal era

In the year 1524, the few remaining Sindhi Amirs welcomed the Mughal Empire and Babur dispatched his forces to rally the Arghuns and the Tarkhans. In the coming centuries Sindh became a region loyal to the Mughals, a network of forts manned by cavalry and musketeers further extended Mughal power in Sindh.   In 1540 a mutiny by Sher Shah Suri forced the Mughal Emperor Humayun to withdraw to Sindh, where he joined the Sindhi Emir Hussein Umrani. In 1541 Humayun married Hamida Banu Begum. She gave birth to the infant Akbar at Umarkot in the year 1542. 

During the reign of Akbar, Sindh produced scholars and others such as Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi, Tahir Muhammad Thattvi and Mir Ali Sir Thattvi and the Mughal chronicler Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak and his brother the poet Faizi was a descendant of a Sindhi Shaikh family from Rel, Siwistan in Sindh. Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak was the author of Akbarnama (an official biographical account of Akbar) and the Ain-i-Akbari (a detailed document recording the administration of the Mughal Empire).

During the Mughal period Sindhi literature began to flourish and historical figures such as Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, Sulatn-al-Aoliya Muhammad Zaman and Sachal Sarmast became prominent throughout the land. In 1603 Shah Jahan visited the State of Sindh; at Thatta he was generously welcomed by the locals after the death of his father Jahangir. Shah Jahan ordered the construction of the Shahjahan Mosque, which was completed during the early years of his rule under the supervision of Mirza Ghazi Beg. During his reign, in 1659 in the Mughal Empire, Muhammad Salih Tahtawi of Thatta created a seamless celestial globe with Arabic and Persian inscriptions using a wax casting method. 

Sindh was home to very famous wealthy merchant-rulers such as Mir Bejar of Sindh, whose great wealth had attracted the close ties with the Sultan bin Ahmad of Oman. 

In the year 1701 the Nawab Kalhora were authorized in a firman by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to administer subah Sindh.

From 1752 to 1762, Marathas collected Chauth or tributes from Sindh.  Maratha power was decimated in the entire region after the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. In 1762, Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro brought stability in Sindh, he reorganized and independently defeated the Marathas and their prominent vassal the Rao of Kuch in the Thar Desert and returned victoriously.

After the Sikhs annexed Multan, the Kalhora Dynasty supported counterattacks against the Sikhs and defined their borders. 

In 1783 a firman, which designated Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur as the new Nawab of Sindh, and mediated peace particularly after the Battle of Halani and the defeat of the ruling Kalhora by the Talpur baloch tribes. 

File:Суккур.jpg|Caravan of merchants in the Indus River Valley.

Talpurs

The Talpur tribe migrated from Dera Ghazi Khan in Punjab to Sindh on the invitation of Kalhora to help them organize unruly Baloch tribes living in Sindh. Talpurs, who learned the Sindhi language, settled in northern Sindh. Very soon they united all the Baloch tribes of Sindh and formed a confederacy against the Kalhora Dynasty. The Talpur Baloch soon gained power and overthrew the Kalhora after the Battle of Halani and conquered and ruled Sindh, and other parts of present-day Pakistan, from 1783 to 1843.
British East India Company forces led by General Charles James Napier overthrew the Talpur Baloch in 1843.

British Raj

In 1802, when Mir Ghulam Ali Khan Talpur Baloch succeeded as the Nawab, internal tensions broke out in the State. As a result, the following year the Maratha Empire declared war on Sindh and Berar Subah during which Arthur Wellesley took a leading role causing much early suspicion between the Emirs of Sindh and the British Empire.  The British East India Company made its first contacts in the Sindhi port city of Thatta, which according to a report was:
"a city as large as London containing 50,000 houses which were made of stone and mortar with large verandahs some three or four stories high ... the city has 3,000 looms ... the textiles of Sindh were the flower of the whole produce of the East, the international commerce of Sindh gave it a place among that of Nations, Thatta has 400 schools and 4,000 Dhows at its docks, the city is guarded by well armed Sepoys".

British and Bengal Presidency forces under General Charles James Napier arrived in Sindh in the mid-19th century and conquered Sindh in February 1843.  The Baloch coalition led by Talpur Balochs under Mir Nasir Khan Talpur Baloch was defeated at the Battle of Miani during which 5,000 Talpur Baloch were killed. Shortly afterward, Hoshu Sheedi commanded another army at the Battle of Dubbo, where 5,000 Baloch were killed. The first Agha Khan helped the British in their conquest of Sindh. As result he was granted a lifetime pension. A British journal  by Thomas Postans mentions the captive Sindhi Amirs: "The Amirs as being the prisoners of 'Her Majesty'... they are maintained in strict seclusion; they are described as Broken-Hearted and Miserable men, maintaining much of the dignity of fallen greatness, and without any querulous or angry complaining at this unlivable source of sorrow, refusing to be comforted".

Within weeks, Charles Napier and his forces occupied Sindh. After 1853 the British divided Sindh into districts and later made it part of British India's Bombay Presidency. Sindh became a separate province in 1936.

Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi pioneered the Sindhi Muslim Hur Movement against the British Raj. He was hanged on 20March 1943 in Hyderabad, Sindh. His burial place is not known. During the British period, railways, printing presses and bridges were introduced in the province. Writers like Mirza Kalich Beg compiled and traced the literary history of Sindh.

Pakistan Resolution in the Sindh Assembly

The Sindh assembly was the first British Indian legislature to pass the resolution in favour of Pakistan. Influential Sindhi activists under the supervision of G.M. Syed and other important leaders at the forefront of the provincial autonomy movement joined the Muslim League in 1938 and presented the Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly. In 1890 Sindh acquired representation for the first time in the Bombay Legislative Assembly. Four members represented Sindh. Those leaders and many others from Sindh played an important role in ensuring the separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency, which took place on 1April 1936. 

The newly created province of Sindh secured a legislative assembly of its own, elected on the basis of communal and minorities' representation. On 1April 1936 the British government appointed Sir Lancelot Graham as the first governor of Sindh. He also served as the head of the Council, which comprised 25 members, including two advisors from the Bombay Council to administer the affairs of Sindh until 1937. The British ruled the area for a century. According to English explorer Richard Burton, Sindh was one of the most restive provinces during the British Raj and was, at least originally, home to many prominent Muslim leaders such as Ubaidullah Sindhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah (neither of whom were Sindhi) who strove for greater Muslim autonomy. At the 27th Session of the Muslim League at Lahore on March23, 1940, Sir Haji Abdullah Haroon was among those who spoke and endorsed the Pakistan Resolution.

Independence of Pakistan

On 14 August 1947 Pakistan gained independence from the British Raj. In 1947 the Sindh Assembly passed the Pakistan resolution. 
The province of Sindh attained self-rule for the first time since the defeat of Sindhi Talpur Amirs in the Battle of Miani on 17 February 1843. The first major challenge faced by the Government of Pakistan in the city of Karachi involved the settlement of over 2 million mostly Urdu-speaking Muslim refugees who fled from persecution in northern India.

Geography and climate

Sindh is in the western corner of South Asia, bordering the Iranian plateau in the west. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579 km from north to south and 442 km (extreme) or 281 km (average) from east to west, with an area of 140915 km2 of Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west, and the Arabian Sea in the south. In the centre is a fertile plain around the Indus River.

Sindh lies in a tropical to subtropical region; it is hot in the summer and mild to warm in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 46 °C between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 °C occurs during December and January in the northern and higher elevated regions. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The southwest monsoon wind begins in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January.

Sindh lies between the two monsoons—the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by the Himalayan mountains—and escapes the influence of both. The region's scarcity of rainfall is compensated by the inundation of the Indus twice a year, caused by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season.

Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centred on Jacobabad), Wicholo (the middle region, centred on Hyderabad), and Lar (the lower region, centred on Karachi). The thermal equator passes through upper Sindh, where the air is generally very dry. Central Sindh's temperatures are generally lower than those of upper Sindh but higher than those of lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are typical during the summer. Central Sindh's maximum temperature typically reaches 43 -. Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the southwestern winds in summer and northeastern winds in winter, with lower rainfall than Central Sindh. Lower Sindh's maximum temperature reaches about 35 -. In the Kirthar range at 1800 m and higher at Gorakh Hill and other peaks in Dadu District, temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snowfall is received in the winters.

Flora and fauna

The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf palm, Acacia Rupestris (kher), and Tecomella undulata (lohirro) trees are typical of the western hill region. In the Indus valley, the Acacia nilotica (babul) (babbur) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The Azadirachta indica (neem) (nim), Zizyphys vulgaris (bir) (ber), Tamarix orientalis (jujuba lai) and Capparis aphylla (kirir) are among the more common trees.

Mango, date palms, and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange, and chiku are the typical fruit-bearing trees. The coastal strip and the creeks abound in semi-aquatic and aquatic plants, and the inshore Indus delta islands have forests of Avicennia tomentosa (timmer) and Ceriops candolleana (chaunir) trees. Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerous lake and ponds, particularly in the lower Sindh region.

Among the wild animals, the Sindh ibex (sareh), blackbuck, wild sheep (Urial or gadh) and wild bear are found in the western rocky range. The leopard is now rare and the Asiatic cheetah extinct. The Pirrang (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing. Deer occur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the striped hyena (charakh), jackal, fox, porcupine, common gray mongoose, and hedgehog. The Sindhi phekari, red lynx or Caracal cat, is found in some areas. Phartho (hog deer) and wild bear occur particularly in the central inundation belt. There are bats, lizards, and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper), and the mysterious Sindh krait of the Thar region, which is supposed to suck the victim's breath in his sleep. Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus, eastern Nara channel and Karachi backwater. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin, rorqual or blue whale, and skates frequent the seas along the Sindh coast. The Pallo (Sable fish), a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn. The Indus river dolphin is among the most endangered species in Pakistan and is found in the part of the Indus river in northern Sindh. Hog deer and wild bear occur particularly in the central inundation belt.

Some unusual sightings of Asian cheetah occurred in 2003 near the Balochistan border in Kirthar Mountains. The rare houbara bustard find Sindh's warm climate suitable to rest and mate. Unfortunately, it is hunted by locals and foreigners.

Although Sindh has a semi arid climate, through its coastal and riverine forests, its huge fresh water lakes and mountains and deserts, Sindh supports a large amount of varied wildlife. Due to the semi-arid climate of Sindh the left out forests support an average population of jackals and snakes. The national parks established by the Government of Pakistan in collaboration with many organizations such as World Wide Fund for Nature and Sindh Wildlife Department support a huge variety of animals and birds. The Kirthar National Park in the Kirthar range spreads over more than 3000 km2 of desert, stunted tree forests and a lake. The KNP supports Sindh ibex, wild sheep (urial) and black bear along with the rare leopard. There are also occasional sightings of The Sindhi phekari, ped lynx or Caracal cat. There is a project to introduce tigers and Asian elephants too in KNP near the huge Hub Dam Lake. Between July and November when the monsoon winds blow onshore from the ocean, giant olive ridley turtles lay their eggs along the seaward side. The turtles are protected species. After the mothers lay and leave them buried under the sands the SWD and WWF officials take the eggs and protect them until they are hatched to keep them from predators.

Demographics

Sindh has the 2nd highest Human Development Index out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.628.  The 1998 Census of Pakistan indicated a population of 30.4 million. According to 2011 estimates the population of Sindh increased 81.5% to a total of 55.24 million since the census of 1998. Sindh was the second largest gainer of population after Balochistan during this period. Just under half of the population are urban dwellers, mainly found in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas, Nawabshah District, Umerkot and Larkana. Sindhi is the sole official language of Sindh since the 19th century.

The Sindhis as a whole are composed of original descendants of an ancient population known as Sammaat, sub-groups related to the Baloch origin are found in interior Sindh and to a lesser extent Sindhis of Pashtun origins. Sindhis of Balochi origins make up about 30% of the total Sindhi population (they however speak Sindhi Saraiki as their native tongue), while Urdu-speaking Muhajirs make up over 19% of the total population of the province while Punjabi are 10% and Pashtuns represent 7%.

According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, Professor at University of Karachi, the Balochis migrated from Balochistan during the Little Ice Age. The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries,  . or alternatively, from about 1300.  to about 1850,    although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of this period, which varied according to local conditions. Professor Baloch said the climate of Balochistan was very cold and the region was inhabitable during the winter so the Baloch people in waves migrated and settled in Sindh and Punjab. 

Religion

Sindh's population is mainly Muslim (94.81%), and Sindh is home to nearly all (93%) of Pakistan's Hindus, who form 5.01% of the province's population. The majority of Muslims are Sunni Hanafi followed by Shia Ithnā‘ashariyyah and Ahmadis. The non-Muslim communities includes Hindus, Christians, and Zoroastrians 5.19% of Sindh. A large number of Hindus migrated to India after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 while Muslims arrived from India.

Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of Hindu residents, with 5% of Sindh's population overall, and 11.6% of Sindh's rural population, classifying itself as Hindu,  with over 35% of residents in Tharparkar District identifying as Hindu. 

Languages

Other languages include Dhatki (Thari), Kashmiri, Gujarati, Memoni, Dari, Kutchi, Khowar, Shina, Kashmiri, Bengali , Lari (dialect), Brahui and Parkari Koli (sometimes called just Parkari), a language only spoken by 250,000 natives of Sindh according to 1995 estimates. 

Sindhi language

Sindhi (Arabic script: سنڌي) is spoken by more than 35 million people (in 2011) in the province of Sindh. However 25% people are Sindhi-speaking in the largest city of Karachi Sindh, Pakistan. Karachi is also populated by Muhajirs who speak Urdu.  The other migrated inhabitants of the city are Pashtuns from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjabis from Punjab and other linguistic groups of Pakistan. Most of these Urdu-speaking people sought refuge in the city from India during the independence of Pakistan, and they settled in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkar and other cities in Sindh.

Sindhi is an Indo-European language, linguistically considered to be the sister language of Sanskrit. Balochi and Seraiki have influences of Sindhi also  accommodating substantial Persian, Turkish and Arabic words. Sindhi is written in a modified Arabic script. Today, Sindhi in Pakistan is heavily influenced by Urdu, with more borrowed Perso-Arabic elements, while Sindhi in India is influenced by Hindi, with more borrowed tatsam Sanskrit elements.

Key dialects: Kutchi, Lasi, Memoni, Lari, Vicholi, Utradi, Macharia and Dukslinu (spoken by Hindu Sindhi).

1972 Language violence in Sindh occurred starting on July 7, 1972 when the Sindh Assembly passed the The Sind Teaching, Promotion and Use of Sindhi Language Bill, 1972 which established Sindhi language as the sole official language of the province resulting in language violence in Sindh. 

Major cities

Government

The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is a unicameral and consists of 168 seats, of which 5% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh is Karachi. The provincial government is led by Chief Minister who is directly elected by the popular and landslide votes; the Governor serves as a ceremonial representative nominated and appointed by the President of Pakistan. Most of the influential Sindhi tribes in the province are involved in Pakistan's politics.

In addition, Sindh's politics is perceived as more left-wing and its political culture serves as a dominant place for left-wing spectrum of the country.  The province's trend towards the Pakistan Peoples Party and away from the Pakistan Muslim League (N) can be seen in nationwide general elections, in which, Sindh is a stronghold of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). The PML(N) has a limited support due to its centre-right agenda, and enjoys public support over the nationalist agenda and strong advocacy for economic reforms. 

In metropolitan cities such as Karachi and Hyderabad, the MQM (another left-wing party with promotion of Muhajirs) has a considerable vote bank and support. Minor leftist parties such as People's Movement also found support in rural areas of the province. 

Divisions

In 2008, after the public elections, the new government decided to restore the structure of Divisions of all provinces.  In Sindh after the lapse of the Local Governments Bodies term in 2010 the Divisional Commissioners system was to be restored.  
 

In July 2011, following excessive violence in the city of Karachi and after the political split between the ruling PPP and the majority party in Sindh, the MQM and after the resignation of the MQM Governor of Sindh, PPP and the Government of Sindh decided to restore the commissionerate system  in the province. As a consequence, the five divisions of Sindh were restored - namely Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas and Larkana with their respective districts. Subsequently two new divisions have been added in Sindh, Banbore and Nawab Shah/Shaheed Benazirabad division. 

Karachi district has been de-merged into its 5 original constituent districts namely Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South and Malir. Recently Korangi has been upgraded to the status of sixth district of Karachi. These six districts form the Karachi Division now. 

Districts

Note: In this map, Sujawal is shown within Thatta District on #22.

Economy

Sindh has the second largest economy in Pakistan. Its GDP per capita was $1,400 in 2010 which is 50 per cent more than the rest of the nation or 35 per cent more than the national average. Historically, Sindh's contribution to Pakistan's GDP has been between 30% to 32.7%. Its share in the service sector has ranged from 21% to 27.8% and in the agriculture sector from 21.4% to 27.7%. Performance wise, its best sector is the manufacturing sector, where its share has ranged from 36.7% to 46.5%.  Since 1972, Sindh's GDP has expanded by 3.6 times. 

Endowed with coastal access, Sindh is a major centre of economic activity in Pakistan and has a highly diversified economy ranging from heavy industry and finance centred in and around Karachi to a substantial agricultural base along the Indus. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and other goods.

Sindh is Pakistan's most natural gas producing province.

Agriculture is very important in Sindh with cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane, dates, bananas, and mangoes as the most important crops. Sindh is the richest province of Pakistan in natural resources of gas, petrol, and coal.

Education

This is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated by the government in 1998. 

Major public and private educational institutes of Sindh include:

* Government Islamia Science College Sukkur
* Adamjee Government Science College
* Aga Khan University
* APIIT
* Applied Economics Research Centre
* Bahria University
* Baqai Medical University
* Chandka Medical College Larkano
* College of Digital Sciences
* College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan
* COMMECS Institute of Business and Emerging Sciences
* D. J. Science College
* Dawood College of Engineering and Technology
* Defence Authority Degree College for Men
* Dow International Medical College
* Dow University of Health Sciences
* Fatima Jinnah Dental College
* Federal Urdu University
* Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur
* Government College for Men Nazimabad
* Government College of Commerce & Economics
* Government College of Technology, Karachi
* Government National College (Karachi)
* Greenwich University (Karachi)
* Hamdard University
* Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry
* Indus Valley Institute of Art and Architecture
* Institute of Business Administration, Karachi
* Institute of Business Administration, Sukkar
* Institute of Business Management
* Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering
* Institute of Sindhology
* Iqra University
* Islamia Science College (Karachi)
* Isra University
* Imperial Science College Nawabshah
* Jinnah Medical & Dental College
* Jinnah Polytechnic Institute
* Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre
* Jinnah University for Women
* KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering
* Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences
* Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
* Mohammad Ali Jinnah University
* National Academy of Performing Arts
* National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
* National University of Sciences and Technology
* NED University of Engineering and Technology
* Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases
* PAF Institute of Aviation Technology
* TES Public School,Daur
* PAF KIET- Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology
* Pakistan Navy Engineering College
* Pakistan Shipowners' College
* Pakistan Steel Cadet College
* Peoples Medical College for Girls Nawabshah
* Provincial Institute of Teachers Education Nawabshah
* Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah
* Rana Liaquat Ali Khan Government College of Home Economics
* Rehan College of Education
* Saint Patrick's College, Karachi
* Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University
* Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College
* Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology
* Sindh Agriculture University
* Sindh Medical College
* Superior College of Science Hyderabad
* GBELS Dourai Mahar Taluka Daur Distt:Shaheed Benazirabad
* Sindh Muslim Law College
* Sir Syed Government Girls College
* Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology
* St. Joseph's College
* Sukkur Institute of Science & Technology
* Textile Institute of Pakistan
* University of Karachi
* University of Sindh
* Usman Institute of Technology
* Ziauddin Medical University
* Chandka Medical College Larkana
* PIA Training Centre Karachi
* Government High School Ranipur

* Public School Hyderabad
* Government College Hyderabad
* Government Muslim Science College Hyderabad

Culture

Sindhi culture is known all over the world for its arts, crafts and heritage.

Arts and crafts

The traditions of Sindhi craftwork reflect the cumulative influence of 5000 years of invaders and settlers, whose modes of art were eventually assimilated into the culture. The elegant floral and geometrical designs that decorate everyday objects—whether of clay, metal, wood, stone or fabric—can be traced to Muslim influence.

Though chiefly an agricultural and pastoral province, Sindh has a reputation for ajraks, pottery, leatherwork, carpets, textiles, and silk cloths which, in design and finish, are matchless. The chief articles produced are blankets, coarse cotton cloth (soosi), camel fittings, metalwork, lacquered work, enamel, gold and silver embroidery. Hala is famous for pottery and tiles; Boobak for carpets; Nasirpur, Gambat and Thatta for cotton lungees and khes. Other popular crafts include the earthenware of Johi, the metal vessels of Shikarpur, the ralli quilt, embroidery and leather articles of Tharparkar, and the lacquered work of Kandhkot.

Prehistoric finds from archaeological sites like Mohenjo-daro, engravings in graveyards, and the architectural designs of Makli and other tombs have provided ample evidence of the people's literary and musical traditions.

Painting and calligraphy have developed in recent times. Some young trained men have taken up commercial art.

Cultural heritage

Sindh has a rich heritage of traditional handicraft that has evolved over the centuries. Perhaps the most professed exposition of Sindhi culture is in the handicrafts of Hala, a town some 30 kilometres from Hyderabad. Hala's artisans manufacture high-quality and impressively priced wooden handicrafts, textiles, paintings, handmade paper products, and blue pottery. Lacquered wood works known as Jandi, painting on wood, tiles, and pottery known as Kashi, hand woven textiles including khadi, susi, and ajraks are synonymous with Sindhi culture preserved in Hala's handicraft.

The Small and Medium Enterprises Authority (SMEDA) is planning to set up an organization of artisans to empower the community. SMEDA is publishing a directory of the artisans so that exporters can directly contact them. Hala is the home of a remarkable variety of traditional crafts and traditional handicrafts that carry with them centuries of skill that has woven magic into the motifs and designs used.

Sindh is known the world over for its handicrafts and arts. The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Damascus, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten (an English traveller who visited Sindh in the early 19th century) asserted that the articles of Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China. Technological improvements such as the spinning wheel (charkha) and treadle (pai-chah) in the weaver's loom were gradually introduced and the processes of designing, dyeing and printing by block were refined. The refined, lightweight, colourful, washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to the woolens and linens of the age. 

The ajrak has existed in Sindh since the birth of its civilization. The colour blue is predominantly used for ajraks. Sindh was traditionally a large producer of indigo and cotton cloth and both used to be exported to the Middle East. The ajrak is a mark of respect when it is given to an honoured guest or friend. In Sindh, it is most commonly given as a gift at Eid, at weddings, or on other special occasions like homecoming.

The ralli (also known as rilli, rehli, rallee, gindi or other names), or patchwork quilt, is another Sindhi icon and part of the heritage and culture. Most Sindhi homes have many rallis—one for each member of the family and a few spare for guests. The ralli is made with small pieces of cloth of geometrical shapes sewn together to create intricate designs. They may be used as a bedspread or a blanket and are often given as gifts to friends and guests.

File:Ralli.JPG|Ralli
File:Ralli.2.JPG|Ralli
File:Ralli.3.JPG|Ralli

Many women in rural Sindh are skilled in the production of caps. Sindhi caps are manufactured commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. These are in demand with visitors from Karachi and other places; however, these manufacturing units have a limited production capacity.

Sindhi people began celebrating Sindhi Topi Day on December6, 2009 to preserve the historical culture of Sindh by wearing Ajrak and Sindhi topi. 

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the World Wildlife Fund, Pakistan,  play an important role to promote the culture of Sindh. They provide training to women artisans in the interior of Sindh so they get a source of income. They are promoting their products under the name of "Crafts Forever".

Places of interest

Tourist sites include the ruins of Mohenjo-daro near the city of Larkana, Runi Kot, Kot Deji, the Jain temples of Nangar Parker and the historic temple of Sadhu Bela, Sukkur. Islamic architecture is quite prominent in the province; its numerous mausoleums include the ancient Shahbaz Qalander mausoleum.

* Historical Places of Sukkur http://hpsukkur.brinkster.net
* Aror (ruins of historical city) near Sukkur
* Chaukandi Tombs, Karachi
* Do darya, Karachi
* Forts at Hyderabad and Umarkot
* Gorakh Hill in Dadu
* Kahu-Jo-Darro near Mirpurkhas
* Kirthar National Park in Dadu
* Kot Diji Fort, Kot Diji
* Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad
* Makli Hill, Asia's largest necropolis, Makli, Thatta
* Mazar-e-Quaid, Karachi
* Minar-e-Mir Masum Shah, Sukkur
* Mohatta Palace Museum, Karachi
* Rani Bagh, Hyderabad
* Ranikot Fort near Sann
* Ruins of Mohenjo-daro and Museum near Larkana
* Pakka Qila, Hyderabad
* Sadhu Bela Temple near Sukkur
* Shahjahan Mosque, Thatta
* Shrine of Allama Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi, Thatta
* Shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Bhit Shah
* Shrine of Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan, Dadu
* Sukkur Barrage, Sukkur
* Talpurs' Faiz Mahal Palace, Khairpur

File:FaizMahal.jpg|Faiz Mahal, Khairpur
File:Ranikot Fort 07a.jpg|Ranikot Fort, one of the largest forts in the world
File:Chaukundi1.JPG|Chaukhandi tombs
File:Bhodesar temple, Nagarparkar.JPG|Remains of 9th century Jain temple in Bhodesar near Nagarparkar.
File:Keenjhar Lake Thatta.jpg|Keenjhar lake Thatta
File:Mohenjodaro Sindh.jpeg|Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro
File:Kanab beach.JPG|Karachi Beach
File:QASIM Fort.JPG|Qasim fort
File:Fort-detail.jpg|Kot Diji
File:Sukkur on the Indus.jpeg|West bank of the River Indus
File:Bakirwarolake.jpg|Bakri Waro Lake, Khairpur

File:Khi National Museum.jpg|National Museum of Pakistan
File:Kirthar National Park.jpg|Kirthar National Park
File:Karoonjhar Mountains.jpg|Karoonjhar Mountains
File:Karachi port and harbour aerial.jpg|Aerial view of Karachi Asian people  or Asiatic people  are people who descend from a portion of Asia's population.

There are varieties of definition and geographical data presented by organizations and individuals for classifying the ethnic groups in Asia.

Definitions by country

Anglophone Africa and Caribbean

In parts of anglophone Africa, especially East Africa and South Africa, and in parts of the Anglophone Caribbean, the term "Asian" is more commonly associated with people of South Asian origin, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans.

Australia

The Australian Census includes Central Asia. The Australian Census includes four regions of Asia in its official definition. Defined by the 2006–2011 Australian Census, three broad groups have the word Asian included in their name: Central and Southern Asian, South-East Asian and North-East Asian.  Russians are classified as Southern and Eastern Europeans while Middle Easterners are classified as North African and Middle Easterners. 

Canada

The Canadian Census uses the term 'Asian' pan-continentally and the list of visible minorities includes "West Asian", "South Asian", "Central Asian" and "Southeast Asian".  The Canadian government uses "West Asian" in its statistics; however people from the Arab countries of Western Asia are counted in a separate "Arab" category. [http://www.google.com/search?q=west+asian+site%3Astatcan.ca West Asian site:statcan.ca - Google Search]

New Zealand

New Zealand's census undertaken by Statistics New Zealand defines the Asian to include people of Chinese, Indian, Korean, Filipino, Japanese, Vietnamese, Sri Lankan, Cambodian and Thai ancestries.[http://www.stats.govt.nz/people/communities/asianpeople.htm Statistics New Zealand. Asian people. 2006. December 4, 2006] In less formal contexts, the term Asian often does not include South Asian people. 

Norway

Statistics Norway uses the term 'Asian' pan-continentally and considers people of Asian background to be people from all Asian countries. [http://www.ssb.no/vis/english/subjects/02/02/20/innvutv_en/main.html Immigration and emigration] [http://www.ssb.no/vis/samfunnsspeilet/utg/200604/10/art-2006-10-10-01.html SSB: Unge innvandrere i arbeid og utdanning – Er innvandrerungdom en marginalisert gruppe?]

Sweden

Statistics Sweden uses the term 'Asian' to refer to immigrants of Asian background from all Asian countries, including the Middle East.  

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the term "Asian" is more commonly associated with people of South Asian origin, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans.British Sociological Association. Equality and Diversity. Language and the BSA:Ethnicity & Race. 2005. October 26. [http://www.britsoc.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/4E70B7F7-58A1-43AB-A414-77F929A954D2/534/EqualityandDiversity_LanguageandtheBSA_RaceMar05.doc Britsoc.co.uk]   The UK usage of the term "Asian" is reflected in the "ethnic group" section of UK census forms, which treat "Asian" and "Chinese" as separate (see British Asian).[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID764&Pos
3&ColRank1&Rank
176 National Statistics.  Ethnicity. 2005. August 27, 2006]  Most respondents to the UK 2001 Census of non-Chinese East Asian and Southeast Asian descent chose to write-in their ethnicity in the "Other Ethnic Group" category rather than the "Other Asian" category, reflecting the association of the word Asian in the UK with South Asian. Despite there being a strong presence of East Asians in the United Kingdom there are considerably more South Asians, for example the 2001 Census recorded 1.05 million people of Indian origin and 247,000 of Chinese origin in the UK. Peter J. Aspinall of the Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, recommends privileging the term "South Asian" over the term "Asian", since the term "Asian" is a "contested term".

United States

In 1968, an Asian activist conference decided on favoring the name "Asian American" over the competing terms: "yellow", "Mongoloid", "Asiatic" and "Oriental", since the Filipinos at the meeting thought they were "brown" rather than "yellow" and the conference thought the term "Oriental" was Eurocentric, since they originate from lands "east" only from Europe's standpoint and, since the term "Oriental" suggested to them "passivity". 

Earlier Census forms from 1980 and prior listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups along with White and Black or Negro.  Previously, Asian Americans were classified as "other".Lee, Gordon. Hyphen Magazine. "The Forgotten Revolution." 2003. January 28, 2007.[http://www.hyphenmagazine.com/features/issues/summer03/theforgottenrevolution.php Hyphenmagazine.com]  But the 1980 Census marked the first general analyses of Asians as a group, combining several individual ancestry groups into "Asian or Pacific Islander."  By the 1990 Census, Asian or Pacific Islander (API) was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry.   

The 2000 and 2010 U.S. Census Bureau definition of the Asian "race" includes those who originate from the original peoples of the "Far East", "Southeast Asia" and the "Indian subcontinent". 

In 1930 and 1940, Indian Americans were identified as a separate race, Hindu, and in 1950 and 1960 they were racially classified as Other Race, and then in 1970 they were classified as White. Since 1980, Indians and all other South Asians have been classified as part of the Asian ethnic group.   Sociologist Madhulika Khandelwal described how "....as a result of activism, South Asians came to be included as 'Asians' in the census only in the 80's. Prior to that many South Asians had been checking 'Caucasian' or 'Other'." 

Respondents can also report their specific ancestry, e.g.: Okinawan, etc.  Someone reporting these ancestries but no race would be classified as "Asian". Unlike South Asians, Jewish Americans, Israeli Americans, Arab Americans, Iranian Americans and Central Asian Americans have not lobbied to be included as Asians by the U.S. Census Board.[http://www.aaiusa.org/foundation/355/not-quite-white Not Quite White: Race Classification and the Arab American Experience],  Arab American Institute, 1997, September 29, 2006.

In normal American usage Asian does not refer to the people from the Pacific Islands who are usually called Pacific Islanders.   The term "Asians and Pacific Islanders" or "Asia/Pacific" was used on the 1990 US Census. 

However, in the 2000 US Census,  the Asian or Pacific Islander category was separated into two categories, "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander". 

Arab States of the Persian Gulf

In the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, the term "Asian" generally refers to people of South Asian and Southeast Asian descent due to the large Indian, Pakistani and Filipino expatriate population in these countries.    However, there are instances where the term is used solely to refer to those of South Asian descent. 

Definition by non-government sources

Eugénia Maria Guedes Pinto Antunes da Cunha of the Department of Anthropology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, said there has been a modern trend in "most of the forensic anthropology literature" to "rename" the term "Mongoloid", a term in which she includes the "North American Indian", with the term "Asian" or "Asiatic". Antunes da Cunha said that, even though the "terminology" has changed, the "underlying assumptions are the same". 

Karen T. Taylor forensic art professor at the FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia, said that the term "Asian-derived" is a modern-day euphemism for the "Mongoloid race" and it includes "Native Americans" and "various Asian groups". 

In 2007, Kyung-Ran Jung et al. (Korean:전경란) of the Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea used the term "Asian populations" for the group he also referred to as the "Asian-Mongoloid" in which he included Japanese, Korean, Chinese and Thai for a meta-analysis of alleles in relation to rheumatoid arthritis. 

Dr. Marta Mirazón Lahr of the Department of Biological Anthropology at Cambridge University said "all" "Asian populations" are "grouped under the name Mongoloid". 

Masniari Novita of the Biomedical Department of Jember University, Jember, Indonesia, said "Asiatics" are part of the "Mongoloid" race while "Asians from the Indian Subcontinent" are part of the "Caucasian" race. 

Matt Cartmill of the Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke University, United States, said "geography has little to do with the race concept in its actual application", since "Asian individuals [can be] born in the same geographical region" as other races. 

Michael Bamshad et al. of the Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, found that "107 sub-Saharan African, 67 East Asian and 81 Western European" individuals genetically clustered with "ancestry from a single population" at levels of "almost 100%", but among "263 individuals from South India" the "proportion of ancestry shared with Europeans and Asians varies widely". 

Sandra Soo-Jin Lee (Korean:이수진) of the Department of Cultural and Social Anthropology at Stanford University, United States of America, said that the reasoning behind "Asian" being a "race" as defined by the US Census is "difficult to determine" because it includes "South Asians".Lee, Sandra S. Mountain, Joanna.  Barbara, Koening A. The Meanings of Race in the New Genomics: Implications for Health Disparities Research. Yale University. 2001. October 26, 2006. [http://www.yale.edu/yjhple/volume_1/pdf/033%20(koenig).pdf Yale.edu]

Willett Enos Rotzell professor of Botany and Zoology at the Hahnemann Medical College used the term "Asian" "race" to refer to the race he alternatively called the "Yellow or Mongolian race". 

A writing style guide published in 2011 by two professors at universities in the United States of America recommends using the term "Asian" to refer to people living in Asian countries such as "China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, etc." unless a given situation makes using a more specific nationality term more appropriate than using the broader term "Asian".
Union of Pakistan Pakistani Federation PAKISTAN Pakastan Pakistán Packistan پاکِستان پاكِستان Pakistana Name of Pakistan Etymology of Pakistan Pakistan Bakistan Pakistano Islamic Republic Of Pakistan Paquistan Pākistān Paakistan IROP Paskitan Islāmī Jumhūriyah-yi Pākistān Republic of Pakistan اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاكِستان Islamic Republic of Pakistan پاکستان Bakistaan Mumlikat-e-Khudad-e-Pakistan Pakistāna اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان Islāmī Jumhūrī-ye Pākistān ISO 3166-1:PK Pakland Pakistan, Islamic Republic Islamic Republic Pakistan The Islamic Republic Pakistan Pakisthan Federation of pakistan Al-Pakistan اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان Paquistao Paquistán Pákistán Pakasthan The Islamic Republic of Pakistan Pakistaan Pak-e-stan Pakistan. Islamic Pakistan Federation of Pakistan Pakstan Islamic State of Pakistan Pakistan, Islamic Republic of Bakstaan Pakistani Republic Pakistan's State of Pakistan باكستان Pakistani state The State of Pakistan The Republic of Pakistan Al-Bakistan Paquistão Pakisatan Mumlikat e Khudad e Pakistan I.R. of Pakistan پاڪستان Pak-i-stan
islamic pakistan pakistano pakistāna پاکِستان bakistan republic of pakistan pakastan pakistani republic pakstan pak e stan pak i stan pākistān bakistaan pákistán pakland pakistani state al pakistan paakistan pakistaan pakisatan name of pakistan paquistán pakasthan union of pakistan islamic republic of pakistan state of pakistan اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان باكستان pakistan s paquistão etymology of pakistan pakistana mumlikat e khudad e pakistan islāmī jumhūriyah yi pākistān pakistán islāmī jumhūrī ye pākistān paquistan paskitan pakistani federation packistan irop اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان iso 3166 1 pk islamic republic pakistan federation of pakistan پاکستان al bakistan paquistao islamic state of pakistan pakistan islamic republic i r of pakistan پاكِستان اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاكِستان پاڪستان pakisthan bakstaan pakistan pakistan islamic republic of
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