A saluki is which type of animal?
TagMe TagMe
Saluki.txt Dog_type.txt
Saluki Dog type
The Saluki or Persian Greyhound is a dog breed originating in the Fertile Crescent and Persia. The Saluki is classed as a sighthound and is typically deep-chested and long-legged. Salukis tend to be independent animals requiring patient training and are gentle and affectionate with their owners.

Name

The two ancient Sumerian words "Salu-ki" translate into "plunge-earth."  However there is no evidence the breed was referred to by the Sumerians with this name nor what "plunge to earth" might have meant in reference to the Saluki. The name of the breed first appeared in writing in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and may have derived from "Saluqiyyah," the Arabic form of Seleucia. However, this is disputed. British diplomat Sir Terence Clark wrote that the Arabic word "Saluqi" describes a person or thing from a place named Saluq.

Arab tradition states that Saluq was an ancient town in Yemen not far from modern Ta'izz, and the Arabs associate this town with the origin of the breed. However, the word "saluqi" might have been derived from reference to several other places: Saluq in Armenia, and three towns called Saluqiyah. One has become modern Silifke (Turkey), another is near Antioch (modern Antakya, Turkey) and third is located near Baghdad (Iraq). The latter was the capital of the Seleucid Empire (312 BC - 65 AD) and the adjective saluqi may have been derived by the Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula from the similar sounding word for Seleucid used in the Aramaic and Syriac languages spoken there by the various peoples of that part of Mesopotamia, but there is no irrefutable evidence. 

Description

Salukis are "sight" hounds—hunting by sight—and run their quarry down to kill or retrieve it. The normal size range for the breed is 23 - high at the withers and 40 - in weight. Females Salukis are slightly smaller than males.  The head is long and narrow with large eyes and drop ears. The tail of the breed is long and curved. It has the typical deep-chested, long-legged body of sighthounds.  The coat comes in a variety of colors including white, cream, fawn, red, grizzle/tan, black/tan, and tri-color (white, black and tan). 

File:Chart perski f444.jpg
File:Red Smooth Saluki.jpg
File:Malik the Saluki.jpg
File:Saluki dog breed.jpg

 

The overall appearance of the Saluki is one of grace and symmetry. Two coat types—smooth and feathered—are evident in the breed's gene pool. The latter variety has light feathering on the back of the legs and thighs. The fur on both types is silky and is low-shedding when compared to other breeds.

Swiftness and physical capacity

While the Greyhound is credited as being the fastest dog breed up to distances of around 800 m, both the Saluki and Whippet breeds are thought to be faster over longer distances. In 1996, The Guinness Book of Records listed a Saluki as being the fastest dog, capable of reaching a speed of  per hour.  Due to its heavily padded feet being able to absorb the impact on its body, the Saluki has remarkable stamina when running. 

Historically, Salukis were used for hunting by nomadic tribes. Typical quarry included the gazelle, hare, fox and jackal. While hunting hares, Bedouin hunters would sometimes ride close to their quarry on a camel holding a Saluki, which would be thrown towards the prey while at speed to give the dog a running start.  Gazelle hunters also used hawks to gouge out the eyes of the prey so that a Saluki could then bring down the blinded animal. 

Temperament

The modern Saluki has retained qualities of hunting hounds and may seem reserved to strangers. The often independent and aloof breed may be difficult to train. Training methods should always be gentle and patient.  Salukis may bore easily and are not an ideal breed to leave unattended for long periods.  The Saluki does not typically enjoy rough games or activities such as retrieving balls. Early socialization will help prevent timidity and shyness in later life. Given its hunting instincts, the dog is prone to chasing moving objects.

Health 

Hip dysplasia is uncommon in Salukis, with the breed ranking joint lowest in a survey by the British Veterinary Association in 2003. The breed scored an average of 5 points, with a score of 0 being low, while 106 is high.  In a 2006 breed specific survey conducted by The Kennel Club and the British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee, responses highlighted several health issues. The primary cause of death identified was that of cancer, being responsible for 35.6% of deaths, with the most common forms being that of liver cancer or lymphoma. The secondary cause of death was cardiac related, with forms such as heart failure, or unspecified heart defects. Old age is listed as the third most frequent cause of death. 

Cardiomyopathy, heart murmur and other cardiac issues were present in 17.2% of responses while dermatolic conditions such as dermatitis or alopecia were reported by 10.8% of responses. Salukis have an average lifespan of 12 to 14 years, which is similar to other breeds of their size. 

History

Two Salukis, painted by the Xuande Emperor of China (1398–1435).

The Saluki are one of the earliest dog breeds, splitting off (together with the related Afghan Hound) from the rest of dog breeds in the fourth major genetic split. 

The Saluki was historically bred in the Fertile Crescent where agriculture originated. Images of running dogs with long, narrow bodies adorn pottery found in Susa that dates back to 6,000 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia, with one writer suggesting that these might depict the ancestor of the saluki,  despite the depictions bearing erect, pointed ears.  Salukis and greyhounds were increasingly depicted on Egyptian tombs from the The Middle Kingdom (2134 BC–1785 BC) onward,  however it was during the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt that Salukis rose to prominence,  replacing the Tesem (thought to be similar to modern Pariah dogs  or a generic term for a dog) in ancient Egyptian art.   The breed spread southward into the Sudan. 

Henry IV by Lucas Cranach.

From Iran, the breed is mentioned in the poetry of Khaghani (1121-1190), depicted in miniature paintings of hunting scenes along with horseback archers by Master Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād (1450–1535),  depicted in book illustrations by 'Abd al-Wahhab ibn 'Abd al-Fattah ibn 'Ali (1516),  and in metal-smithing from the reign of the Injuid prince, Jamal al Dine Abu Is'haq, created between 1342–1353.  One of the more outstanding pieces of sculpture in Iran is the Savashi Canyon Relief, carved around 1800, that was commissioned by Shar Fath-Ali Shah Qajar to commemorate his hunting exploits. 

The Silk Road was a trading route that stretched from ancient Iran to China. From China, examples of the breed were painted by the fifth Ming Emperor Zhū Zhānjī, known more commonly as the Xuande Emperor during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). The inscription on the painting reads "playfully painted [by the] imperial brush" in 1427. Additional red seals were added in later years by owners of the painting, which also reveals that the painting was in the Imperial Chinese collection in the 18th century. 

From Europe, the legend maintains that the returning crusaders brought the Saluki back from the Middle East.  The painting of Henry IV, Duke of Saxony with his hunting dog, painted by Lucas Cranach the Elder in 1514, is thought by some to be a Saluki. The dog wears a collar decorated with a scallop shell, which is the badge of a pilgrim who has traveled the Way of Saint James in Spain.  Salukis appear in Paolo Veronese's 1573 work The Adoration of the Magi (also known as the Adoration of the Kings), currently located at the National Gallery, London.   Veronese painted the breed in another two of his religious paintings: the The Marriage at Cana and The Finding of Moses.

Sheik Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain during the 1930s, was known for a pack of Salukis that accompanied him throughout the Arab world on hunting trips. Following his death, his son Salman ibn Hamad Al Khalifa attempted to keep the lines pure-bred but they became interbred with other breeds. However, the pure-bred lines of the royal kennel were saved by the efforts of Dana Al Khalifa who was given two pure-bred puppies by the King, and about a decade later had pure-bred Salukis registered with the Kennel Club of Bahrain. Today, the breed is still held in high regard throughout the Middle East and were hunting dogs for nobles and rulers around the region. They are considered clean by the Bedouins, and are allowed to be in women's quarters, while other dogs must be kept outside. 

In 2014, a DNA study compared dogs and wolves for AMY2B (Alpha-Amylase 2B), which is a gene that codes a protein that assists with the first step in the digestion of dietary starch and glycogen. An expansion of this gene in dogs would enable early dogs to exploit a starch-rich diet as they fed on refuse from agriculture. Data indicated that the wolves and dingo had just 2 copies of the gene, the Siberian Husky that is associated with hunter-gatherers had just 3–4 copies, "whereas the Saluki, which was historically bred in the Fertile Crescent where agriculture originated, has 29 copies".

Breeding in the West

It was not until 1840, that the Salukis were first brought to England. Referred to as Slughis, they and the modern Sloughi were treated as the same breed, however recent genetic tests have shown that the two breeds are genetically separate.  The first successful modern breeding line of Salukis began in 1895, with Florence Amherst (daughter of the 1st Baron Amherst of Hackney). Having seen Salukis on a Nile tour in that year, she imported a breeding pair from the Al Salihah area of Lower Egypt. A champion of breed purity, she struggled alone for nearly three decades, and real Saluki popularity did not take hold until the early 1920s, when officers returning from the war in the Middle East and the Arab Revolt brought their pet Salukis home with them. 

One of these was Brigadier General Frederick Lance of the 19th Lancers, and his wife, Gladys, returned to Britain with two Salukis from Sarona, where he was stationed during the post-war occupation. The Lances were both keen hunters, and rode with their pack of dogs, including both Salukis and terriers, to course jackal and Dorcas Gazelle whilst stationed in the desert. They imported a male, called Sarona Kelb, who became an influence on the breed in the West. 

Together, the Lances and Florence Amherst mounted a campaign for recognition of the Middle Eastern breed, that coincided with the phenomenon of "Tutmania" caused by Howard Carter's discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb in late 1922. In 1923, the Saluki or Gazelle Hound Club was formed, and the Kennel Club granted official recognition to the breed. The first registered Salukis in the western studbook were Cyrus and Slongha Peri imported from Iran and registered with the DWZRV.  DWZRV also records the first litter in 1922. 

Imports to England during the inter-war years were chiefly from areas of British military influence and commerce: Bahrain, Egypt, Transjordan, and Iraq. Both Florence Amherst and the Lances imported breeding stock from the latter two countries. Despite substantial populations of Salukis in Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden, none of these were imported to England. 

English Salukis (chiefly descendants of Sarona Kelb) were exported to many countries,  but by the mid-1930s, interest slackened, and with the outbreak of World War II, breeding and show activities almost entirely stopped. The number of litters was minimal – just enough to keep the breed alive. Food rationing reserved all edible meat for humans, and to prevent the Salukis from dying from starvation or being killed by bombs, some owners euthanized entire kennels.  A small number of Saluki kennels survived the war, and along with fresh imports belonging to a second wave of soldiers returning from the Middle East, the slow process of re-establishing the breed began again.

Popularity of Salukis dramatically increased, and the Saluki Club of America was founded in 1927, Salukis were recognized by The Kennel Club in 1923, and by the American Kennel Club in 1929.   The breed is also the mascot of Southern Illinois University Carbondale.

The popularity of the Saluki in the United States, according to the American Kennel Club, has remained relatively stable over the past decade, with the breed ranked 107th in 1999, had decreased to 118th in 2008, but by 2008 had increased once again to 112th.  Between 2000 and 2009, 1215 Salukis were registered with The Kennel Club in the UK,  while this does not approach the numbers of the more popular breeds,  it is in line with similar breeds in the Hound Group such as the Borzoi, which had 1399 puppies registered in the same period. In September 2007, The Kennel Club Art Gallery's 12th exhibition celebrated the Saluki, The Saluki in Art showed a range of exhibits including terracotta and bronze works, along with contemporary artists and a range of trophies from Saluki breed clubs. Dog types are broad categories of dogs based on form, function or style of work, lineage, or appearance.  In contrast, modern dog breeds are particular breed standards, sharing a common set of heritable characteristics,  determined by the kennel club that recognizes the breed.

Dog types include ancestral forms (or landraces) that arose undocumented over a long period of time. 

A dog type can be referred to broadly, as in gun dog, or more specifically, as in Spaniel. Dogs raised and trained for a specific working ability rather than appearance may not closely resemble other dogs doing the same work, or any of the dogs of the analogous breed group of purebred dogs. 

Origins 

For the history of the dog, see Dog, Origin of the domestic dog

The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000-40,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are most closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves, with nearly all dog breed's genetic closeness to the gray wolf due to admixture  but several Arctic dog breeds with the Taymyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture. With the beginnings of agriculture, approximately 12,000 years ago, humans began making use of dogs in various ways. "When we became an agricultural society, what we needed dogs for changed enormously." 

Names in English 

The earliest books in the English language to mention numbers of dog types are from the "Cynegetica" (hunting literature), namely  The Art of Venery 1327 by the Anglo-French Master of game, Twiti (Twici),  a treatise which describes hunting with the limer (a leashed bloodhound type), the pack of running hounds (scent hounds) greyhounds, and alaunts. More significantly in recording the use and description of various dog types, The Master of Game circa 1406 by Edward of York   [https://archive.org/details/masterofgameo00edwa] a treatise which describes dogs and their work, such as the alaunt, greyhound, pack scent hounds, spaniel and mastiff used by the privileged and wealthy for hunting purposes. "The Master of Game" is a combination of the earlier Art of Venery and the famous French hunting treatise Livre de Chasse by Phébus (Gaston Phoebus) circa 1387 [http://classes.bnf.fr/phebus/]. The Boke of St. Albans, published in 1486 [https://archive.org/details/bokeofsaintalban00bern] a "school" book about hawking, hunting, fishing, and heraldry, attributed to Juliana Berners (Barnes), lists dogs of the time mainly by function: " First there is a greyhound, a bastard, a mongrel, a mastiff, a limer, a spaniel, raches (small-to-medium sized scenthounds),kennets (small hunting dogs), terriers, butcher's hounds, dung-heap dogs, trundel tails (lapdogs?) and prick-eared curs, and small ladies puppies that bear away the fleas and diverse small sorts".

Almost 100 years later, another book in English, De Canibus Britannicus by the author/physician John Caius, translated (Fleming) from Latin in 1576 [https://archive.org/details/worksofjohncaius00caiuuoft], attempts the first systematic approach to defining different types of dogs in various categories, demonstrating an apparent increase in types, and population. "English dogs": the gentle (i.e. well-bred) kind, serving game — harriers, terriers, bloodhounds, gazehounds, greyhounds, limers, tumblers and stealers; "the homely kind"; "the currish kind", toys. "Fowling dogs" - setters and spaniels. As well as the pastoral or shepherd types, mastiffs or bandogs, and various village dogs. Sub-types describing the function of dogs in each group were also included.

In 1758, Carl Linnaeus in Systema naturae named the domestic dog “familiaris” and added other dog classifications or species. More dog types were described as species by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1788, and by Robert Kerr in his English translation of Systema naturae (The Animal Kingdom) in 1792.  Today the species Linnaeus named are identifiable as dog types, not species or subspecies. Some, such as Canis aegyptius, a hairless dog type of Peru, have been documented and registered as breeds (Peruvian Hairless Dog). There are only two categories (subspecies) of domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris and C. l. dingo, recognized by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN Code). 

Beginning with the advent of  dog shows in the mid-19th century in England, dog fanciers established stud books and began refining breeds from the various types of dogs in use. 

Dog types and modern breeds 

"It is important," remind Ann Rogers Clark and Andrew Brace, "Not to claim great age for breeds, though it is quite legitimate to claim considerable antiquity for types of dogs."  The attempts to classify dogs into different 'species' show that dog types could be quite distinctive, from the 'Canis melitaeus' of lapdogs descended from ancient Roman pet dogs to the even more ancient 'Canis molossus', the Molossan types, to the 'Canis saultor', the dancing mongrel of beggars. These types were uniform enough to appear to have been selectively bred, but as Raymond Coppinger wrote, "Natural processes can produce, could produce, and do produce populations of unusual and uniform dogs, that is, dogs with a distinctive conformation."  The human manipulation was very indirect. In a very few cases, Emperors or monasteries or wealthy hunters might maintain lines of special dogs, from which we have today Pekingese, St. Bernards, and foxhounds.

At the beginning of the 19th century there were only a few dogs identified as breeds, but when dog fighting was outlawed in England in 1835, a new sport of dog showing began. Along with this sport came rules and written records and closed stud books. Some of the old types no longer needed for work (such as the wolfhound) were remade and kept from extinction as show dogs, and other old types were refined into many new breeds. Sometimes multiple new breeds might be born in the same littler of puppies.  In 1873 only 40 breeds and varieties were known;  today there are many hundreds of breeds, some 400 are recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale.

Dog types today are recognized in the names of Group or Section categories of dog breed registries. But dog types have not disappeared. Types of feral dogs are being discovered and registered as breeds, as with the New Guinea Singing Dog and Carolina Dog. Types re-emerge from mixes of breeds, like the Longdogs from Lurchers and Greyhounds. Named types of dogs that are not dog breeds are still being used where function or use is more important than appearance, especially for herding or hunting, as with the herding dog types of New Zealand that are described by their exact function (Heading Dog, Huntaway, Stopping Dog, etc. - functional terms, not necessarily breed names). 

Other uses of the word type in dogs 

For biologists, a type fixes a name to a taxon.  Dog fanciers use the term breed type in the sense of “qualities (as of bodily contour and carriage) that are felt to indicate excellence in members of a group”.  Breed type is specific to each dog breed’s written standard. A dog that closely resembles the appearance laid out in the standard is said to be typey.  Type also is used to refer to "dogs of a well established line" an identifiable style of dog within the breed type, usually from a specific kennel.

List of dog types 

Today, dog breeds are often categorized by the ancestral type and subtype from which the breed descended. In addition, dog breed groups, which kennel clubs use to organize breeds of dogs, are based on dog types such as hound or terrier. Some group categories cover more than one type; working dog refers to dogs that do some sort of work for humans, in contrast to companion dogs which are pets, although working dogs can also be companions, and companion dogs can do useful work. The terminology is unclear; see Working Group and Utility Group. Mixed-breed dogs can have any combination of working and companion functions and be of any type. Toy dogs are very small dogs of any type. See Toy Group. Ancient dog breeds are modern breeds genetically identified as descending from very old types of various kinds, and would fit into multiple categories.

The following are dog types and subtypes. A single type of dog may have been developed for multiple sorts of work, so there is some overlap. Broad categories are listed first, then sub-types. For a list of individual dog breeds, see List of Dog Breeds.

Companion dogs 

*Companion dog
*Bichon
*Designer dogs also (Poodle crosses)
*German Spitz

Guard dogs

*Anatolian Shepherd
*Molossers
*Mastiff
*Bulldogs
*Bandogs
*Mountain dog
*Great Pyrenees
*Pinschers
*Pit bulls
*Schnauzers

Hunting dogs

*Hunting dogs
*Bird dogs
**Gun dogs
***Spaniels including Cocker Spaniels
***Münsterländers
***Water dogs
***Retrievers
***Setters
***Pointers
*Curs
*Dachshund
*Feist
*Hounds
**Scent hounds
***Coonhounds
***Foxhounds
**Sighthounds
***Whippet
***Greyhound
***Lurcher (also Longdog)
*Laika
*Terriers
**Fell Terrier
**Fox Terrier

Working dogs 

also see Pastoral Dogs and Guard Dogs
*Working dog
**Tibetan Mastiffs

Pariah dogs (Primitive dogs) 

*Pariah dogs
*Canis lupus dingo
*Spitz
*Mongrels
*Sled dogs
*Sighthounds

Pastoral dogs 

*Pastoral dogs
**Herding or stock dogs, swift, handler-dependent dogs
**Livestock guardian dogs, who often live with the flocks and guard them from predators
*Drovers
*Collies
**Farm collie
*Sennenhunds (Swiss Mountain Dogs, Swiss Cattle Dogs)

Sled dogs 

*Sled dogs
**Huskies from Arctic regions
***Mackenzie River Huskies
**Eurohound
**Spitz
***German Spitz
**Eskimo dog

Turnspit dogs

*Turnspit dogs (extinct)

Notes 

Footnotes 

Note 1. Every modern dog breed has a written Standard, that describes in detail aspects of appearance. Standards are the basis of the sport of dog showing, as each dog is compared against the ideal of the written standard and awards are based on how closely the dog resembles the standard.

Note 2. Presumed to be of older lineage are modern dog breeds Shiba Inu, Chow Chow, Alaskan Malamute, Basenji, Shar Pei, Siberian Husky, Afghan Hound, Saluki, Tibetan Terrier, Lhasa Apso, Samoyed, Pekingese, and Shih Tzu. 

Note 3. Dog types in use in 1486: Grehoun, Bastard, Mengrell, Mastiff,  Lemor, Spanyel, Raches, Kenettyes, Teroures, Butchers’ Houndes, Myddyng dogges, Tryndel taylles, Prikherid currys, and smalle ladyes’ poppees. Some of these dog types are still identifiable today.

Note 4. Many modern breeds of dogs still use the names of early types, although they may or may not resemble the old types.

Note 5. Early attempts to categorize dogs as species (not actually species, today considered dog types) of Canis are described by Carl Linnaeus in Systema naturae, 1758, Gmelin in1788, Kerr in 1792. 

=
Domestic dogs Female dogs Canis familiaris Canis Familaris Canis familiaris domesticus Dogs (Animals) 🐕 She dog She-dog Dogs Doggy Canis familiarus domesticus Domestic dog Dogs as pets Dog (pet) Dog (Domestic) Pet dog She dogs Canis lupus familiaris Canine lupus Dog hood Shedog 🐶 The domestic dog clade A dog Canis domesticus Dogs as our pets Canis Canis Domestic Dog Canis Lupus Familiaris Doggie Dog C.l. familiaris Doggies A man's best friend Doghood Shedogs Bitch (female dog) She-dogs Dogness Bitch (dog) Female dog C. l. familiaris Shelter dog
dogs doggie doggy dog shedog canis domesticus she dogs canis canis canis lupus familiaris canis familaris female dogs domestic dogs c l familiaris bitch dog domestic dog pet dog man s best friend canis familiaris domesticus dogs animals female dog dogs as pets dog pet dog domestic dogs as our pets doggies shedogs canis familiaris 🐶 doghood canis familiarus domesticus shelter dog 🐕 dogness domestic dog clade bitch female dog dog hood she dog canine lupus
dog
WikipediaEntity
Dog
 Asselucky is which type of animal? 

 Assel cl cl cl is a a simple type type the type. It looks like you wouldn bring a general or type of set is an an English English question. I am am a bit more it is an experiment or any questions about something or it could be a general or perhaps a mix of language or a real general activity.