Which film director guested as the FBI Director in The Silence of the Lambs?
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Film_director.txt The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film).txt
Film director The Silence of the Lambs (film)
A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a film's artistic and dramatic aspects, and visualizes the script while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision. The director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking.  Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film. 

The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay in the boundaries of the film's budget. There are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors. Other film directors have attended a film school. Directors use different approaches. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue, while others control every aspect, and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners. Some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films.

Responsibility

Film directors create an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed.  Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of film production, as well as directing the shooting timetable and meeting deadlines.  This entails organizing the film crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film.   This requires skills of group leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful, fast-paced environment of a film set.  Moreover, it is necessary to have an artistic eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew,  thus, excellent communication skills are a must. 

Since the film director depends on the successful cooperation of many different creative individuals with possibly strongly contradicting artistic ideals and visions, he or she or it or they also needs/need to possess conflict resolution skills in order to mediate whenever necessary.  Thus the director ensures that all individuals involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as "a multi-dimensional jigsaw puzzle with egos and weather thrown in for good measure".   It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when and how they will work again.  Omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget.  Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating.   Theoretically the sole superior of a director is the studio that is financing the film,  however a poor working relationship between a film director and an actor could possibly result in the director being replaced if the actor is a major film star.  Even so, it is arguable that the director spends more time on a project than anyone else, considering that the director is one of the few positions that requires intimate involvement during every stage of film production. Thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one.  It has been said that "20-hour days are not unusual".

Under European Union law, the film director is considered the "author" or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a film director's film reflects the director's personal creative vision, as if they were the primary "auteur" (the French word for "author"). In spite of—and sometimes even because of—the production of the film as part of an industrial process, the auteur's creative voice is distinct enough to shine through studio interference and the collective process.

Career pathways

Some film directors started as screenwriters, film editors or actors.  Several American cinematographers have become directors, including Barry Sonnenfeld, originally the Coen brothers' DP; Jan de Bont, cinematographer on films as Die Hard and Basic Instinct, directed Speed and Twister. Recently Wally Pfister, cinematographer on Christopher Nolan's three Batman films made his directorial debut with Transcendence. Other film directors have attended a film school to "get formal training and education in their craft".   Film students generally study the basic skills used in making a film.  This includes, for example, preparation, shot lists and storyboards, blocking, protocols of dealing with professional actors, and reading scripts.  Some film schools are equipped with sound stages and post-production facilities.  Besides basic technical and logistical skills, students also receive education on the nature of professional relationships that occur during film production.  A full degree course can be designed for up to five years of studying.  Future directors usually complete short films during their enrollment. The National Film School of Denmark has the student's final projects presented on national TV.  Some film schools retain the rights for their students' works.  Many directors successfully prepared for making feature films by working in television.  The German Film and Television Academy Berlin consequently cooperates with the Berlin/Brandenburg TV station RBB (Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting) and ARTE. 

A handful of top directors made from $13 million to $257 million in 2011, such as James Cameron and Steven Spielberg.  In May 2011, the average United States film director made $122,220. 

Characteristics

Different directors can vary immensely amongst themselves, under various characteristics. Several examples are:

* Those who outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue. Notable examples include Ingmar Bergman, Christopher Guest, Spike Lee, Wim Wenders, Mike Leigh, Barry Levinson, Jean-Luc Godard, Miklós Jancsó, Gus Van Sant, Judd Apatow, Terrence Malick, Harmony Korine, Jay and Mark Duplass, and occasionally Robert Altman, Joe Swanberg, Sergio Leone and Federico Fellini.
* Those who control every aspect, and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely. Notable examples include David Lean, Akira Kurosawa, Steven Spielberg, Ridley Scott, Victor Fleming, Erich von Stroheim, James Cameron, George Lucas, Stanley Kubrick, Sidney Lumet, Andrew Bujalski, Christopher Nolan, David Fincher, Guillermo del Toro and Alfred Hitchcock.
* Those who write their own screenplays. Notable examples include Woody Allen, Werner Herzog, Alejandro Jodorowsky, John Cassavetes, Ingmar Bergman, Stanley Kubrick, Quentin Tarantino, James Cameron, George Lucas, J. F. Lawton, David Cronenberg, Charlie Chaplin, Billy Wilder, Ed Wood, David Lynch, the Coen brothers, Francis Ford Coppola, Sofia Coppola, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Pedro Almodóvar, John Hughes, Nick Park, Edward Burns, Kevin Smith, Todd Field, Cameron Crowe, Terrence Malick, Oren Peli, Eli Roth, Harmony Korine, Paul Thomas Anderson, Guillermo del Toro, Rainer Werner Fassbinder,Daryush Shokof, Oliver Stone, John Singleton, Spike Lee, Orson Welles, Akira Kurosawa, Hayao Miyazaki, M. Night Shyamalan, Paul Haggis, Billy Bob Thornton, James Wong, Tyler Perry, Robert Rodriguez, Christopher Nolan, George A. Romero, Sergio Leone, Satyajit Ray, Joss Whedon and David O. Russell. Steven Spielberg and Sidney J. Furie have written screenplays for a small number of their films.
* Those who collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners. Notable examples include Alejandro González Iñárritu and Guillermo Arriaga, Elia Kazan and Tennessee Williams, Terry Gilliam and Charles McKeown/Tony Grisoni, Wes Anderson and Owen Wilson/Noah Baumbach, Edgar Wright and Simon Pegg, Martin Scorsese and Nicholas Pileggi/Paul Schrader/Jay Cocks, Yasujirō Ozu and Kôgo Noda, Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh, Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor, Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale, Luis Buñuel and Jean-Claude Carrière/Luis Alcoriza, Krzysztof Kieślowski/Krzysztof Piesiewicz, Rajkumar Hirani/Abhijat Joshi/Vidhu Vinod Chopra, Frank Capra/Robert Riskin, Michelangelo Antonioni/Tonino Guerra, Billy Wilder/I.A.L. Diamond, Sergio Leone and Sergio Donati, Guillermo del Toro and Matthew Robbins, and Christopher Nolan/Jonathan Nolan/David S. Goyer.
* Those who edit their own films. Notable examples include Akira Kurosawa, Alfonso Cuarón, David Fincher Mike Cahill, Jean-Marc Vallée, Steven Soderbergh, David Lean, Don Coscarelli, Charlie Chaplin, Robert Rodriguez, Rajkumar Hirani, James Cameron, Ed Wood, Gaspar Noe, Takeshi Kitano, John Woo, Andy Warhol, Shinya Tsukamoto, Kenneth Anger, Gregg Araki, Gus Van Sant, Xavier Dolan, Ben Wheatley, Kelly Reichardt, Leni Riefenstahl, Kevin Smith, Rodrigo Cortes, Joe Swanberg, Steve James, Jafar Panahi, Ti West, Joel and Ethan Coen and many indie, Internet and arthouse filmmakers.
* Those who shoot their own films. Notable examples include Nicolas Roeg, Mike Cahill, Peter Hyams, Steven Soderbergh, Joe Swanberg, Tony Kaye, Gaspar Noe, Gregg Araki, Robert Rodriguez, Don Coscarelli, Josef von Sternberg, Shinya Tsukamoto and Kenneth Anger.
* Those who appear in their films. Notable examples include Clint Eastwood, Orson Welles, Mel Gibson, Martin Scorsese, Peter Jackson, John Waters, John Carpenter, Spike Lee, Tyler Perry, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Kevin Costner, Kenneth Anger, Woody Allen, Jon Favreau, Quentin Tarantino, Eli Roth, Michael Bay, Mel Brooks, Ben Stiller, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Charlie Chaplin, Terry Jones, Edward Burns, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Sam Raimi, Roman Polanski, Erich von Stroheim, Billy Bob Thornton, Sylvester Stallone, M. Night Shyamalan, Harold Ramis, Robert De Niro, John Woo, Kevin Smith, Warren Beatty, Robert Redford, Takeshi Kitano, Kenneth Branagh and Ed Wood. Alfred Hitchcock, Abel Ferrara, Shawn Levy, Edgar Wright and Spike Jonze made cameo appearances in their films.
* Those who compose the music score for their films. Notable examples include Charlie Chaplin, Clint Eastwood, David Lynch, Alejandro Jodorowsky, John Carpenter, Mike Figgis, Hal Hartley, Alejandro Amenábar, Satyajit Ray, Robert Rodriguez and Tom Tykwer.
*Another way to categorize directors is by their membership in a "school" of filmmaking, such as the French New Wave, the British New Wave or the New Hollywood school of filmmakers.

Professional organizations

In the United States, directors usually belong to the Directors Guild of America. The Canadian equivalent is the Directors Guild of Canada. In the UK, directors usually belong to Directors UK or the Directors Guild of Great Britain.

In Europe, FERA, the Federation of European Film Directors, represents 37 national directors' guilds in 30 countries.

Notable individuals

For each director, one notable film that they directed is given as an example of their work. The chosen film may be their film which won the highest awards or it may be one of their best-known movies.

* J.J. Abrams (Star Wars: The Force Awakens - 2015)
* Ben Affleck (Argo - 2012)
* Robert Aldrich (The Dirty Dozen - 1967)
* Lewis Allen (The Uninvited - 1944) 
* Woody Allen (Annie Hall - 1977)
* Pedro Almodóvar (All About My Mother - 1999)
* Robert Altman (MASH - 1970)
* Lindsay Anderson (if.... - 1968)
* Michael Anderson (The Dam Busters - 1955)
* Paul Thomas Anderson (Boogie Nights - 1997)
* Paul W. S. Anderson (Resident Evil - 2002)
* Wes Anderson (The Royal Tenenbaums - 2001)
* Theodoros Angelopoulos (Eternity and a Day - 1998)
* Jean-Jacques Annaud (The Name of the Rose - 1986)
* Sathyan Anthikad (Rasathanthram - 2006)
* Michelangelo Antonioni (L'Avventura - 1960)
* Dario Argento (Suspiria - 1977)
* Darren Aronofsky (Black Swan - 2010)
* Dorothy Arzner (The Bride Wore Red - 1937)
* Hal Ashby (Coming Home - 1978)
* Richard Attenborough (Gandhi - 1982)
* John G. Avildsen (Rocky - 1976)
* John Badham (Saturday Night Fever - 1977)
* Sooraj Barjatya (Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! - 1994)
* Mario Bava (Lisa and the Devil - 1972)
* Michael Bay (Transformers - 2007)
* Warren Beatty (Reds - 1981)
* Robert Benton (Kramer vs. Kramer - 1979)
* Ingmar Bergman (Wild Strawberries - 1957)
* Busby Berkeley (Take Me Out to the Ball Game - 1949)
* Bernardo Bertolucci (The Last Emperor - 1987)
* Luc Besson (Lucy - 2014)
* Sanjay Leela Bhansali (Devdas - 2002)
* Kathryn Bigelow (The Hurt Locker - 2008)
* Brad Bird (Ratatouille - 2007)
* Neill Blomkamp (District 9 - 2009)
* Don Bluth (The Land Before Time - 1988)
* Budd Boetticher (Seven Men from Now - 1956)
* Peter Bogdanovich (The Last Picture Show - 1971)
* John Boorman (Deliverance - 1972)
* Frank Borzage (A Farewell to Arms - 1932)
* Danny Boyle (Slumdog Millionaire - 2008)
* Robert Bresson (Au Hasard Balthazar - 1966)
* James L. Brooks (Terms of Endearment - 1983)
* Mel Brooks (Spaceballs - 1987)
* Tod Browning (Dracula - 1931)
* Luis Buñuel (Un Chien Andalou - 1929)
* Tim Burton (Big Fish - 2003)
* James Cameron (Titanic - 1997)
* Jane Campion (The Piano - 1993)
* Frank Capra  (It Happened One Night - 1934)
* Marcel Carné (Children of Paradise - 1945)
* John Carpenter  (Halloween - 1978)
* John Cassavetes (A Woman Under the Influence - 1974)
* Liliana Cavani (The Night Porter - 1974)
* Nuri Bilge Ceylan (Once Upon a Time in Anatolia - 2011)
* Claude Chabrol (Madame Bovary - 1991)
* Charlie Chaplin (Modern Times - 1936)
* Michael Cimino (The Deer Hunter - 1978)
* George Clooney (Good Night, and Good Luck - 2005)
* Henri-Georges Clouzot (The Wages of Fear - 1953)
* Joel and Ethan Coen (Fargo - 1996)
* Chris Columbus (Home Alone - 1990)
* Ryan Coogler (Creed - 2015)
* Francis Ford Coppola (The Godfather - 1972)
* Sofia Coppola (Lost in Translation - 2003)
* Roger Corman (The Little Shop of Horrors - 1960)
* Kevin Costner (Dances with Wolves - 1990)
* Wes Craven (A Nightmare on Elm Street - 1984)
* David Cronenberg (The Fly - 1986)
* Cameron Crowe (Jerry Maguire - 1996)
* Alfonso Cuarón (Gravity - 2013)
* Michael Curtiz (Casablanca - 1942)
* Stephen Daldry (Billy Elliot - 2000)
* Joe Dante (Gremlins - 1984)
* Frank Darabont (The Shawshank Redemption - 1994)
* Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne (The Kid with a Bike - 2011)
* Delmer Daves (The Hanging Tree -  1959)
* Andrew Davis (The Fugitive - 1993)
* Cecil B. DeMille (The Ten Commandments - 1956)
* Jonathan Demme (The Silence of the Lambs - 1991)
* Pete Docter (Inside Out - 2015)
* Andrew Dominik (The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford - 2007)
* Stanley Donen (Singin' in the Rain - 1952)
* Richard Donner (Lethal Weapon - 1987)
* Carl Theodor Dreyer (The Passion of Joan of Arc - 1928)
* Guru Dutt (Pyaasa - 1957)
* Clint Eastwood (Unforgiven - 1992)
* Atom Egoyan (The Sweet Hereafter - 1997)
* Sergei Eisenstein (Battleship Potemkin - 1925)
* Roland Emmerich (Independence Day - 1996)
* Ray Enright (Coroner Creek - 1948)
* Víctor Erice (Dream of Light - 1992)
* Asghar Farhadi (A Separation - 2011)
* Rainer Werner Fassbinder (The Marriage of Maria Braun - 1979)
* Federico Fellini (8½ - 1963)
* Todd Field (Little Children - 2006)
* David Fincher (Gone Girl - 2014)
* Victor Fleming (Gone With the Wind - 1939)
* John Ford (The Grapes of Wrath - 1940)
* Miloš Forman (One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest - 1975)
* Bob Fosse (Cabaret - 1972)
* John Frankenheimer (The Manchurian Candidate - 1962)
* William Friedkin (The Exorcist - 1973)
* Kinji Fukasaku (Battle Royale - 2000)
* Lucio Fulci (Zombi 2 - 1979)
* Samuel Fuller (The Naked Kiss - 1964)
* Ritwik Ghatak (Jukti Takko Aar Gappo - 1974)
* Mel Gibson (Braveheart - 1995)
* Lewis Gilbert (Educating Rita - 1983)
* Terry Gilliam (Brazil - 1985)
* Jean-Luc Godard (Breathless - 1960)
* Michel Gondry (Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind - 2004)
* Adoor Gopalakrishnan (Swayamvaram - 1972)
* Ashutosh Gowariker (Lagaan - 2001)
* F. Gary Gray (Straight Outta Compton - 2015)
* Paul Greengrass (The Bourne Ultimatum - 2007)
* D. W. Griffith (The Birth of a Nation - 1915)
* James Gunn (Guardians of the Galaxy - 2014)
* Paul Haggis (Crash - 2004)
* Lasse Hallström (My Life as a Dog - 1985)
* Michael Haneke (The White Ribbon - 2009)
* Renny Harlin (Die Hard 2 - 1990)
* Henry Hathaway (Lives of a Bengal Lancer - 1935)
* Howard Hawks (Gentlemen Prefer Blondes - 1953)
* Michel Hazanavicius (The Artist - 2011)
* Stuart Heisler (Along Came Jones - 1945)
* Werner Herzog (Rescue Dawn - 2006)
* George Roy Hill (Slaughterhouse-Five - 1972)
* Walter Hill (48 Hrs. - 1982)
* Rajkumar Hirani (3 Idiots - 2009)
* Oliver Hirschbiegel (Downfall - 2004)
* Alfred Hitchcock (Psycho - 1960)
* Tobe Hooper (The Texas Chain Saw Massacre - 1974)
* Tom Hooper (The King's Speech - 2010)
* Ron Howard (A Beautiful Mind - 2001)
* John Hughes (Ferris Bueller's Day Off - 1986)
* John Huston (The Maltese Falcon - 1941)
* Kon Ichikawa (Fires on the Plain - 1959)
* Alejandro González Iñárritu (Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) - 2014)
* Miklós Jancsó (The Red and the White - 1967)
* Peter Jackson (The Lord of the Rings - 2001-2003)
* Jim Jarmusch (Broken Flowers - 2005)
* Jean-Pierre Jeunet (Amélie - 2001)
* Norman Jewison (In the Heat of the Night - 1967)
* Alejandro Jodorowsky (El Topo - 1970)
* Karan Johar (Kuch Kuch Hota Hai - 1998)
* Rian Johnson (Looper - 2012)
* Joe Johnston (Honey, I Shrunk the Kids - 1989)
* Chuck Jones (What's Opera, Doc? - 1957)
* Spike Jonze (Her - 2013)
* Neil Jordan (The Crying Game - 1992)
* Deborah Kampmeier (Hounddog - 2003)
* Raj Kapoor (Awaara - 1951)
* Lawrence Kasdan (The Big Chill - 1983)
* Philip Kaufman (The Right Stuff - 1983)
* Elia Kazan (A Streetcar Named Desire - 1951)
* Buster Keaton (Sherlock, Jr. - 1928)
* Burt Kennedy (The Rounders - 1965)
* Mehboob Khan (Mother India - 1957)
* Abbas Kiarostami (Taste of Cherry - 1997)
* Krzysztof Kieślowski (The Three Colors trilogy - 1993-1994)
* Masaki Kobayashi (The Human Condition - 1959-1961)
* Barbara Kopple (Harlan County, USA - 1976)
* Stanley Kramer (Judgment at Nuremberg - 1961)
* Stanley Kubrick (2001: A Space Odyssey - 1968)
* Thiagarajan Kumararaja (Aaranya Kaandam - 2011)
* Akira Kurosawa (Seven Samurai - 1954)
* Emir Kusturica (Underground - 1995)
* Fritz Lang (Metropolis - 1927)
* John Lasseter (Toy Story - 1995)
* Charles Laughton (The Night of The Hunter - 1955)
* David Lean (Lawrence of Arabia - 1962)
* Ang Lee (Brokeback Mountain - 2005)
* Spike Lee (Do the Right Thing - 1989)
* Mike Leigh (Naked - 1993)
* Sergio Leone (The Good, the Bad and the Ugly - 1966)
* Barry Levinson (Rain Man - 1988)
* Joseph H. Lewis (The Big Combo - 1955)
* Richard Linklater (Boyhood - 2014)
* Ken Loach (The Wind That Shakes the Barley - 2006)
* Joseph Losey (Monsieur Klein - 1976)
* George Lucas (Star Wars - 1977)
* Sidney Lumet (Dog Day Afternoon - 1975)
* Ernst Lubitsch (Heaven Can Wait - 1943)
* Baz Luhrmann (Moulin Rouge! - 2001)
* David Lynch (Mulholland Dr. - 2001)
* Adrian Lyne (Fatal Attraction - 1987)
* Kevin Macdonald (The Last King of Scotland - 2006)
* Mahendran (Mullum Malarum - 1978)
* Samira Makhmalbaf (At Five in the Afternoon - 2003)
* Terrence Malick (The Tree of Life - 2011)
* Louis Malle (Au revoir les enfants - 1987)
* Joseph L. Mankiewicz (Guys and Dolls - 1955)
* Anthony Mann (Man of the West - 1958)
* Delbert Mann (Marty - 1955)
* Michael Mann (Heat - 1995)
* Garry Marshall (Pretty Woman - 1990)
* Penny Marshall (A League of Their Own - 1992)
* Rob Marshall (Chicago - 2002)
* Steve McQueen (12 Years a Slave - 2013)
* John McTiernan (Die Hard - 1988)
* Deepa Mehta (Water - 2005)
* Georges Méliès (A Trip to the Moon - 1902)
* Sam Mendes (American Beauty - 1999)
* Márta Mészáros (Diary for My Children - 1984)
* Nancy Meyers (Something's Gotta Give - 2003)
* Takashi Miike (13 Assassins - 2010)
* Lewis Milestone (All Quiet on the Western Front - 1930)
* George Miller (Mad Max: Fury Road - 2015)
* Anthony Minghella (The English Patient - 1996)
* Hayao Miyazaki (Spirited Away - 2001)
* Kenji Mizoguchi (Ugetsu - 1953)
* Mario Monicelli (Rossini! Rossini! - 1991)
* Michael Moore (Fahrenheit 9/11 - 2004)
* Hrishikesh Mukherjee (Anand - 1971)
* F. W. Murnau (Nosferatu - 1922)
* Mira Nair (Salaam Bombay! - 1988)
* Mike Nichols (The Graduate - 1967)
* Christopher Nolan (The Dark Knight - 2008)
* Frank Oz (The Score - 2001)
* Yasujirō Ozu (Tokyo Story - 1953)
* Padmarajan (Aparan - 1988)
* Brian De Palma (Scarface - 1983)
* Park Chan-Wook (Oldboy - 2003)
* Sergei Parajanov (The Color of Pomegranates - 1969)
* Alan Parker (Midnight Express - 1978)
* Pier Paolo Pasolini (Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom - 1975) 
* Sam Peckinpah (The Wild Bunch - 1969)
* Arthur Penn (Bonnie and Clyde - 1967)
* Sean Penn (Into the Wild - 2007)
* Wolfgang Petersen (Das Boot - 1981)
* Dadasaheb Phalke (Gangavataran - 1937)
* Roman Polanski (Chinatown - 1974)
* Sydney Pollack (Tootsie - 1982)
* Sally Potter (The Man Who Cried - 2000)
* Otto Preminger (Anatomy of a Murder - 1959)
* Powell and Pressburger (The Red Shoes - 1948)
* Bob Rafelson (Five Easy Pieces - 1970)
* Sam Raimi (Spider-Man - 2002)
* S. S. Rajamouli (Baahubali: The Beginning - 2015)
* Harold Ramis (Groundhog Day - 1993)
* Mani Ratnam (Nayakan - 1987)
* Nicholas Ray (Rebel Without a Cause - 1955)
* Satyajit Ray (The Apu Trilogy - 1955-1959)
* Robert Redford (Quiz Show - 1994)
* Nicolas Winding Refn (Drive - 2011)
* Rob Reiner (The Princess Bride - 1987)
* Ivan Reitman (Ghostbusters - 1984)
* Jason Reitman (Up in the Air - 2009)
* Jean Renoir (Grand Illusion - 1937)
* Alain Resnais (Last Year at Marienbad - 1961)
* Leni Riefenstahl (Triumph of the Will - 1935)
* Guy Ritchie (Snatch - 2000)
* Robert Rodriguez (From Dusk till Dawn - 1996)
* Éric Rohmer (Pauline at the Beach - 1983)
* George A. Romero (Night of the Living Dead - 1968)
* Roberto Rossellini (Rome, Open City - 1945)
* Eli Roth (Hostel - 2005)
* Bimal Roy (Do Bigha Zamin - 1953)
* Anthony and Joe Russo (Captain America: Civil War - 2016)
* Mark Rydell (On Golden Pond - 1981)
* Gus Van Sant (Good Will Hunting - 1997)
* John Sayles (The Secret of Roan Inish - 1994)
* Franklin J. Schaffner (Patton - 1970)
* John Schlesinger (Midnight Cowboy - 1969)
* Volker Schlöndorff (The Tin Drum - 1979)
* Joel Schumacher (The Lost Boys - 1987)
* Ettore Scola (Le Bal - 1983)
* Martin Scorsese (Goodfellas - 1990)
* Ridley Scott (Blade Runner - 1982)
* Tony Scott (Top Gun - 1986)
* Lesley Selander (Tall Man Riding - 1955)
* Shankar (Enthiran - 2010)
* V. Shantaram (Do Aankhen Barah Haath - 1958)
* Daryush Shokof (Seven Servants - 1996)
* M. Night Shyamalan (The Sixth Sense - 1999)
* Vittorio De Sica (Bicycle Thieves - 1948)
* Don Siegel (Dirty Harry - 1971)
* Bryan Singer (The Usual Suspects - 1995)
* Tarsem Singh (The Fall - 2006)
* John Singleton (Boyz n the Hood - 1991)
* Robert Siodmak (The Killers - 1946)
* Kevin Smith (Clerks - 1994)
* Zack Snyder (Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice - 2016)
* Steven Soderbergh (Ocean's Eleven - 2001)
* Paolo Sorrentino (The Great Beauty - 2013)
* Steven Spielberg (Schindler's List - 1993)
* Morgan Spurlock (Super Size Me - 2004)
* Sylvester Stallone (Rocky Balboa - 2006)
* George Stevens (Giant - 1956)
* Oliver Stone (Platoon - 1986)
* John Sturges (The Great Escape - 1963)
* Preston Sturges (The Great McGinty - 1940)
* István Szabó (Mephisto - 1981)
* Quentin Tarantino (Pulp Fiction - 1994)
* Andrei Tarkovsky (Solaris - 1972)
* Béla Tarr (Sátántangó - 1994)
* Giuseppe Tornatore (Cinema Paradiso - 1988)
* Guillermo del Toro (Pan's Labyrinth - 2006)
* Andre De Toth (House of Wax - 1953)
* Jacques Tourneur (Cat People - 1942)
* Lars von Trier (Melancholia - 2011)
* Jiří Trnka (The Emperor's Nightingale - 1949)
* François Truffaut (The 400 Blows - 1959)
* Tom Tykwer (Run Lola Run - 1998)
* Jean-Marc Vallée (Dallas Buyers Club - 2013)
* Agnès Varda (Cléo from 5 to 7 - 1962)
* Gore Verbinski (Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl - 2003)
* Paul Verhoeven (RoboCop - 1987)
* King Vidor (The Champ - 1931)
* Denis Villeneuve (Sicario - 2015)
* Thomas Vinterberg (The Hunt - 2012)
* Luchino Visconti (The Leopard - 1963)
* The Wachowskis (The Matrix - 1999)
* James Wan (The Conjuring - 2013)
* John Waters (Cry-Baby - 1990)
* Peter Weir (The Truman Show - 1998)
* Orson Welles (Citizen Kane - 1941)
* Wim Wenders (Paris, Texas - 1984)
* James Whale (Frankenstein - 1931)
* Joss Whedon (The Avengers - 2012)
* Robert Wiene (The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari - 1920)
* Cornel Wilde (Beach Red - 1967)
* Billy Wilder (The Apartment - 1960)
* Robert Wise (West Side Story - 1961)
* John Woo (Face/Off - 1997)
* Ed Wood (Plan 9 from Outer Space - 1959)
* Sam Wood (For Whom the Bell Tolls - 1943)
* Edgar Wright (Shaun of the Dead - 2004)
* Joe Wright (Atonement - 2007)
* William Wyler (Ben-Hur - 1959)
* Edward Yang (Yi Yi: A One and a Two - 2000)
* David Yates (Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix - 2007)
* Peter Yates (Bullitt - 1968)
* Karel Zeman (The Fabulous Baron Munchausen - 1961)
* Robert Zemeckis (Forrest Gump - 1994)
* Mai Zetterling (Loving Couples - 1964)
* Fred Zinnemann (From Here to Eternity - 1953)
* Rob Zombie (The Devil's Rejects - 2005) The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American psychological horror-thriller film directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jodie Foster, Anthony Hopkins, and Scott Glenn.  It is the sequel to the 1986 film Manhunter.  The film is based on Thomas Harris' 1988 novel of the same name, his second to feature Hannibal Lecter, a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer. In the film, Clarice Starling, a young U.S. FBI trainee, seeks the advice of the imprisoned Dr. Lecter to apprehend another serial killer, known only as "Buffalo Bill".

The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14, 1991, and grossed $272.7 million worldwide against its $19 million budget. It was only the third film, the other two being It Happened One Night and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, to win Academy Awards in all the top five categories: Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director, and Adapted Screenplay. It is also the first (and so far only) Best Picture winner widely considered to be a horror film, and only the third such film to be nominated in the category, after The Exorcist in 1973 and Jaws in 1975.  The film is considered "culturally, historically or aesthetically" significant by the U.S. Library of Congress and was selected to be preserved in the National Film Registry in 2011.  A sequel titled Hannibal was released in 2001 with Hopkins reprising his role, followed by two prequels: Red Dragon (2002) and Hannibal Rising (2007).

Plot 

Clarice Starling (Jodie Foster) is pulled from her training at the FBI Academy at Quantico, Virginia by Jack Crawford (Scott Glenn) of the Bureau's Behavioral Science Unit.  He assigns her to interview Hannibal Lecter, a former psychiatrist and incarcerated cannibalistic serial killer, whose insight might prove useful in the pursuit of a serial killer nicknamed "Buffalo Bill", who skins his female victims' corpses.

Starling travels to the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, where she is led by Frederick Chilton (Anthony Heald) to Lecter's solitary quarters.  Although initially pleasant and courteous, Lecter grows impatient with Starling's attempts at "dissecting" him and rebuffs her.  As she is leaving, one of the prisoners flicks semen at her.  Lecter, who considers this act "unspeakably ugly", calls Starling back and tells her to seek out an old patient of his.  This leads her to a storage shed where she discovers a man's severed head with a sphinx moth lodged in its throat.  She returns to Lecter, who tells her that the man is linked to Buffalo Bill.  He offers to profile Buffalo Bill on the condition that he be transferred away from Chilton, whom he detests.

Buffalo Bill abducts a U.S. Senator's daughter, Catherine Martin (Brooke Smith).  Crawford authorizes Starling to offer Lecter a fake deal promising a prison transfer if he provides information that helps them find Buffalo Bill and rescue Catherine.  Instead, Lecter demands a quid pro quo from Starling, offering clues about Buffalo Bill in exchange for personal information. Starling tells Lecter about the murder of her father when she was ten years old. Chilton secretly records the conversation and reveals Starling's deceit before offering Lecter a deal of Chilton's own making.  Lecter agrees and is flown to Memphis, Tennessee, where he verbally torments Senator Ruth Martin (Diane Baker) and gives her misleading information on Buffalo Bill including the name "Louis Friend".

Starling notices that "Louis Friend" is an anagram of "iron sulfide"—fool's gold.  She visits Lecter, who is now being held in a cage-like cell in a Tennessee courthouse, and asks for the truth.  Lecter tells her that all the information she needs is contained in the case file.  Rather than give her the real name, he insists that they continue their quid pro quo and she recounts a traumatic childhood incident where she was woken by the sound of spring lambs being slaughtered on a relative's farm in Montana.  Starling admits that she still sometimes wakes thinking she can hear lambs screaming, and Lecter speculates that she is motivated to save Catherine in the hope that it will end the nightmares.  Lecter gives her back the case files on Buffalo Bill after their conversation is interrupted by Chilton and the police who escort her from the building.  Later that evening, Lecter kills his guards, escapes from his cell and disappears.

Starling analyzes Lecter's annotations to the case files and realizes that Buffalo Bill knew his first victim personally.  Starling travels to the victim's hometown and discovers that Buffalo Bill was a tailor, with dresses and dress patterns identical to the patches of skin removed from each of his victims.  She telephones Crawford to inform him that Buffalo Bill is trying to fashion a "woman suit" of real skin, but Crawford is already en route to make an arrest, having cross-referenced Lecter's notes with hospital archives and finding a man named Jame Gumb, who once applied unsuccessfully for a sex-change operation.  Starling continues interviewing friends of Buffalo Bill's first victim in Ohio while Crawford leads an F.B.I. tactical team to Gumb's address in Illinois.  The house in Illinois is empty, and Starling is led to the house of "Jack Gordon", who she realizes is actually Jame Gumb, again by finding a sphinx moth. She pursues him into his multi-room basement, where she discovers that Catherine is still alive, but trapped in a dry well.  After turning off the basement lights, Gumb stalks Starling in the dark with night-vision goggles but gives his position away when he cocks his revolver. Starling turns around just in time and kills him, firing all the rounds in her revolver at him.

Some time later, at her FBI Academy graduation party, Starling receives a phone call from Lecter who is at an airport in Bimini.  He assures her that he does not plan to pursue her and asks her to return the favor, which she says she cannot do.  Lecter then hangs up the phone, saying that he is "having an old friend for dinner", and starts following a newly arrived Chilton before disappearing into the crowd.

Cast 

* Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling
** Masha Skorobogatov as young Clarice
* Anthony Hopkins as Dr. Hannibal Lecter
* Scott Glenn as Jack Crawford
* Ted Levine as Jame "Buffalo Bill" Gumb
* Anthony Heald as Dr. Frederick Chilton
* Brooke Smith as Catherine Martin
* Diane Baker as U.S. Senator Ruth Martin
* Kasi Lemmons as Ardelia Mapp
* Frankie Faison as Barney Matthews
* Tracey Walter as Lamar
* Charles Napier as Lt. Boyle
* Danny Darst as Sgt. Tate
* Alex Coleman as Sgt. Jim Pembry
* Dan Butler as Roden
* Paul Lazar as Pilcher
* Ron Vawter as Paul Krendler
* Roger Corman as F.B.I. Director Hayden Burke
* Chris Isaak as S.W.A.T. Commander
* Harry Northup as Mr. Bimmel
* Don Brockett as cellmate and "Pen Pal"

Production 

Development 

The Silence of the Lambs is based on Thomas Harris' 1988 novel of the same name and is the second film to feature the character Hannibal Lecter following the 1986 film Manhunter. Prior to the novel's release, Orion Pictures partnered with Gene Hackman to bring the novel to the big screen. With Hackman set to direct and possibly star in the role of Lecter, negotiations were made to split the $500,000 cost of rights between Hackman and the studio.  In addition to securing the rights to the novel, producers also had to acquire the rights to the name "Hannibal Lecter", which were owned by Manhunter producer Dino De Laurentiis. Owing to the financial failure of the earlier film, De Laurentiis lent the character rights to Orion Pictures for free. 

In November 1987, Ted Tally was brought on to write the adaptation;  Tally had previously crossed paths with Harris many times, with his interest in adapting The Silence of the Lambs originating from receiving an advanced copy of the book from Harris himself.  When Tally was about halfway through with the first draft, Hackman withdrew from the project and financing fell through. However, Orion Pictures co-founder Mike Medavoy assured Tally to keep writing as the studio itself took care of financing and searched for a replacement director.  As a result, Orion Pictures sought director Jonathan Demme to helm the project. With the screenplay not yet completed, Demme signed on after reading the novel.  From there, the project quickly took off, as Tally explained, "[Demme] read my first draft not long after it was finished, and we met, then I was just startled by the speed of things. We met in May 1989 and were shooting in November. I don't remember any big revisions." 

Casting 

Jodie Foster was interested in playing the role of Clarice Starling immediately after reading the novel. However, despite Foster's having just won an Academy Award for her performance in the 1988 film The Accused, Demme was not convinced that she was right for the part.   Having previously collaborated on Married to the Mob, Demme's first choice for the role of Starling was Michelle Pfeiffer, who turned it down, later saying, "It was a difficult decision, but I got nervous about the subject matter".The Barbara Walters Special, American Broadcast Company, 1992 As a result, Foster was awarded the role due to her passion towards the character. 

For the role of Dr. Hannibal Lecter, Demme originally approached Sean Connery. After the actor turned it down, Anthony Hopkins was then offered the part based on his performance in The Elephant Man.  Other actors considered for the role included Derek Jacobi and Daniel Day-Lewis. 

Scott Glenn was cast in the role of Jack Crawford, the Agent-in-Charge of the Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI in Quantico, Virginia. To prepare for the role, Glenn met with John E. Douglas, after whom the character is modeled. Douglas gave Glenn a tour of the Quantico facility and also played for him an audio tape containing various recordings that serial killers Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris had made of themselves raping and torturing a 16-year-old girl.   According to Douglas, Glenn wept as he experienced the recordings and even changed his liberal stance on the death penalty. 

Filming 

Principal photography for The Silence of the Lambs began on November 15, 1989 and concluded on March 1, 1990.  Filming primarily took place in and around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with some scenes shot in nearby northern West Virginia.  

The home of Buffalo Bill used for exterior scenes was in Layton, Pennsylvania.  

The exterior of the Western Center near Canonsburg, Pennsylvania served as the setting for Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane.  In what was a rare act of cooperation at the time, the FBI allowed scenes to be filmed at the FBI Academy in Quantico; some FBI staff members even acted in bit parts.  

Music 

The musical score for The Silence of the Lambs was composed by Howard Shore, who would also go on to collaborate with Demme on Philadelphia. Recorded in Munich during the latter half of the summer of 1990, the score was performed by the Munich Symphony Orchestra.  "I tried to write in a way that goes right into the fabric of the movie," explained Shore on his approach. "I tried to make the music just fit in. When you watch the movie you are not aware of the music. You get your feelings from all elements simultaneously, lighting, cinematography, costumes, acting, music. Jonathan Demme was very specific about the music." 

The tune played by the music box which Starling finds in the bedroom of Buffalo Bill's first victim is taken from Mozart's opera The Magic Flute.  It is, ironically, the tune played by Papageno's magical bells, which charms his enemies and protects him from danger.

A soundtrack album was released by MCA Records on February 5, 1991.  Music from the film was later used in the trailers for its sequel, Hannibal. 

Release 

The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14, 1991, grossing $13,766,814 during its opening weekend. Surpassing its own budget after one week, the film proved to be a major box office success. At the time it closed on October 10, 1991, the film grossed $130,742,922 domestically with a total worldwide gross of $272,742,922.  The film was the fourth highest-grossing film of 1991. 

The promotional poster contains a number of allusions — the moth alludes to Buffalo Bill's transgendering (as desire to transform), and features a skull, which is itself a quotation of In Voluptas Mors
by Philippe Halsman and Salvador Dalí.  The skull is in fact composed of the naked bodies of six women, alluding to Buffalo Bill's victims. 

Critical reception 

The Silence of the Lambs was a sleeper hit that gradually gained widespread success and critical acclaim.  Hopkins, Foster, and Levine garnered much acclaim for their performances. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 95% of 73 film critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 8.5 out of 10. The site's consensus reads: "Director Jonathan Demme's smart, taut thriller teeters on the edge between psychological study and all-out horror, and benefits greatly from stellar performances by Anthony Hopkins and Jodie Foster."  Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 84 out of 100, based on 17 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "universal acclaim". 

Roger Ebert, of the Chicago Sun-Times, specifically mentioned the "terrifying qualities" of Hannibal Lecter.  Ebert later added the film to his list of The Great Movies, recognizing the film as a "horror masterpiece" alongside such classics as Nosferatu, Psycho, and Halloween.  However, the film is also notable for being one of two multi-Academy Award winners (the other being Unforgiven) disapproved of by Ebert's colleague, Gene Siskel. Writing for the Chicago Tribune, Siskel said, "Foster's character, who is appealing, is dwarfed by the monsters she is after. I'd rather see her work on another case." 

Accolades 

The film won the Big Five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director (Demme), Best Actor (Hopkins), Best Actress (Foster), and Best Adapted Screenplay (Ted Tally), making it only the third film in history to accomplish that feat.  It was also nominated for Best Sound Mixing (Tom Fleischman and Christopher Newman) and Best Film Editing, but lost to Terminator 2: Judgment Day and JFK, respectively. 

Other awards include being named Best Film by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, CHI Awards and PEO Awards. Demme won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival  and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Director. The film was nominated for the Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association. It was also nominated for the British Academy Film Award for Best British Film. Screenwriter Ted Tally received an Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. The film was awarded Best Horror Film of the Year during the 2nd Horror Hall of Fame telecast, with Vincent Price presenting the award to the film's executive producer Gary Goetzman. 

In 1998, the film was listed as one of the 100 greatest films in the past 100 years by the American Film Institute.[http://www.afi.com/100years/movies.aspx AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies] Accessed 14 March 2007.  In 2006, at the Key Art Awards, the original poster for The Silence of the Lambs was named best film poster "of the past 35 years". 

The Silence of the Lambs placed seventh on Bravo's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments for Lecter's escape scene. The American Film Institute named Hannibal Lecter (as portrayed by Hopkins) the number one film villain of all time[http://www.afi.com/100years/handv.aspx AFI 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains] Accessed 14 March 2007.  and Clarice Starling (as portrayed by Foster) the sixth greatest film hero of all time.

In 2011, ABC aired a prime-time special, Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time, that counted down the best films chosen by fans based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People  magazine. The Silence of the Lambs was selected as the  1 Best Suspense/Thriller and Dr. Hannibal Lecter was selected as the  4 Greatest Film Character.

The film and its characters have appeared in the following AFI "100 Years" lists:
* AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies—#65
* AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills—#5
* AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
** Hannibal Lecter—#1 Villain
** Clarice Starling—#6 Hero
** "Buffalo Bill" (Jame Gumb)—Nominated Villain
* AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
** "A census taker once tried to test me. I ate his liver with some fava beans and a nice Chianti."—#21
** "I do wish we could chat longer, but I'm having an old friend for dinner."—Nominated
* AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores—Nominated
* AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)—#74

In 2015, Entertainment Weeklys 25th anniversary year, it included Silence of the Lambs in its list of the 25 best movies made since the magazine's beginning. 

Accusations of homophobia, transphobia and sexism 

Upon its release, The Silence of the Lambs was criticized by members of the LGBT community for its portrayal of Buffalo Bill as bisexual and transsexual. In response to the critiques, Demme replied that Buffalo Bill "wasn't a gay character. He was a tormented man who hated himself and wished he was a woman because that would have made him as far away from himself as he possibly could be." Demme added that he "came to realize that there is a tremendous absence of positive gay characters in movies". 

In a 1992 interview with Playboy magazine, notable feminist and women's rights advocate Betty Friedan stated, "I thought it was absolutely outrageous that The Silence of the Lambs won four  Oscars. […] I'm not saying that the movie shouldn't have been shown. I'm not denying the movie was an artistic triumph, but it was about the evisceration, the skinning alive of women. That is what I find offensive. Not the Playboy centerfold."
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