Which scientist was Time magazine's "Person of the 20th Century"?
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Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century Time 100
Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century is a compilation of the 20th century's 100 most influential people, published in Time magazine in 1999.

The idea for such a list started on February 1, 1998, with a debate at a symposium in Hanoi, Vietnam. The panel participants were former CBS Evening News anchor Dan Rather, historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, former New York governor Mario Cuomo, then–Stanford Provost Condoleezza Rice, publisher Irving Kristol, and Time managing editor Walter Isaacson.

In a separate issue on December 31, 1999, Time recognized Einstein as the Person of the Century.

List categories

Time's article cites twenty persons in each of five broad categories: Leaders and Revolutionaries, Scientists and Thinkers, Builders and Titans, Artists and Entertainers, and Heroes and Icons.

Person of the Century

Of the 100 chosen, Albert Einstein was chosen as the Person of the Century, on the grounds that he was the preeminent scientist in a century dominated by science. The editors of Time believed the 20th century "will be remembered foremost for its science and technology", and Einstein "serves as a symbol of all the scientists—such as Heisenberg, Bohr, Richard Feynman, ...who built upon his work". 

The cover of the magazine featured the famous image of Einstein taken in 1947 by American portrait photographer Philippe Halsman.

Runners-up:

File:FDR in 1933.jpg|Franklin D. Roosevelt
File:Portrait_Gandhi.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi

Controversies

It was debated whether Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, responsible for World War II, The Holocaust, and the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, should have been made Persons of the Century for their influence on the twentieth century. 
 
The argument was based on Times explicit criterion that the persons chosen should have the greatest impact on this century, for better or worse. In the same 31 December 1999 issue of Time, essayist Nancy Gibbs addressed the topic with the article The Necessary Evil? In the article, she argues that Hitler and Mussolini "were simply the latest in a long line of murderous figures, stretching back to before Genghis Khan. The only difference was technology: Both Hitler and Mussolini went about their cynical carnage with all the efficiency that modern industry had perfected" and present several rhetorical questions such as "Evil may be a powerful force, a seductive idea, but is it more powerful than genius, creativity, courage or generosity?" 

Only people to shape both the 20th and early 21st centuries

Of Time magazine's 100 most influential people of the 20th century, only the following five had the distinction of being listed again in the 21st century when  Time began publishing an annual list of the 100 people who continue to change the world: 

Image:Muhammad Ali NYWTS.jpg|Muhammad Ali
Image:Bill Gates June 2015.jpg|Bill Gates
Image:JohannesPaul2-portrait.jpg|Pope John Paul II
Image:Luciano Pavarotti 15.06.02 cropped.jpg|Luciano Pavarotti
Image:Nelson Mandela-2008 (edit).jpg|Nelson Mandela

Muhammad Ali has been recognized to be the most important sportsman in history. Bill Gates was considered influential in the 20th century for his role in the computer revolution, and then later recognized in the 21st century for his philanthropic influence. Pope John Paul II was recognized in part for his role in ending communism in Eastern Europe, then leading the Roman Catholic Church into the modern age in the 21st century. Luciano Pavarotti was declared as one of the most successful tenors of all time. Nelson Mandela was recognized for his role in ending South African apartheid in the 20th century, and as a symbol of forgiveness in the 21st. 

Winfrey was considered influential in the 20th for creating a more intimate confessional form of media communication, unleashing confession culture, and popularizing and revolutionizing    the tabloid talk show genre pioneered by Phil Donahue, which a Yale study claimed broke 20th century taboos and allowed gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgender people to enter the mainstream.  In the 21st century, she was considered influential as an inspirational role model, for the impact of her book club in making literature accessible to the masses, and for helping to elect the first African-American president of the United States.  Winfrey's influence on American culture is so significant and far-reaching that her first name is the subject of the neologism "oprahization", referring to an increased sensitivity towards self-disclosure from victims of abuse or tragedy. The word does not appear in physical dictionaries, although it has been cited in several professional articles and writings.

Criticisms

The list of the top 20 Artists and Entertainers, in particular, was criticized for not including Elvis Presley, a decision Handy initially defended in the following way:

One of the most important, innovative things about rock is the whole notion of songwriters singing their own works, of the immediacy of expression. Since Elvis didn't write his own material, unlike The Beatles or Bob Dylan or Luciano Pavarotti or Enrico Caruso or Robert Johnson, who's also someone who could have been included, maybe that cut against him… I think the Beatles pushed the envelope a lot further. Elvis' most original recordings were his first. The Beatles started out as imitators, then continued to grow throughout their years together. 

Handy was also asked to defend Times decision to include the fictional character Bart Simpson from The Simpsons television series among the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, and he did so as follows:

I don't see how you can look at this century and not include cartoons. They're one of our great contributions, along with jazz and film. (I know, I know. The movies were a 19th-century invention. But we 20th century folks really put them to good use.)… To some extent, too, we wanted people who also represented important 20th century trends or developments. That would help account for the Barts and Oprahs... What Bart, or really the Simpsons, have done is merge social satire with popular animation in a way that hasn't really been done before.
 
The list also received criticism for its inclusion of Lucky Luciano, who was chosen in part because "he modernized the Mafia, shaping it into a smoothly run national crime syndicate focused on the bottom line". New York mayor Rudy Giuliani accused Time of "romanticizing" gangsters, and he stated: "The idea that he civilized the Mafia is absurd. He murdered in order to get the position that he had, and then he authorized hundreds and hundreds of murders." The selection was called an "outrage" by Philip Cannistraro, a Queens College professor of Italian-American studies, and Thomas Vitale, the New York State vice president of Fieri, an Italian-American charitable organization, criticized Time for "perpetuating myths" about Italian-Americans. However, Time business editor Bill Saporito defended the selection by calling Luciano as "kind of an evil genius" who had a deep impact on the underground economy. "We're not out there to heap glory on these people", he explained. "We're out to say these are people who influenced our lives." Saporito further noted that "every piece of merchandise that came out of the Garment District had a little extra cost in it because of organized crime." Time 100 (often written in all-caps as TIME 100) is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the American world assembled by the American news magazine Time. First published in 1999 as the result of a debate among American academics, politicians, and journalists, the list is now an annual event. Although appearing on the list is often seen as an honor, Time makes it clear that entrants are recognized for changing the world, regardless of the consequences of their actions.
The final list of influential individuals is exclusively chosen by Time editors with nominations coming from the TIME 100 alumni and the magazine's international writing staff.  Only the winner of the Reader's Poll, conducted days before the official list is revealed, is chosen by the general public. 

Included in the list eleven times, Barack Obama is the person who has been listed most often.

History and format

The list was started with a debate at a symposium in Washington, D.C., on February 1, 1998, with panel participants CBS news anchor Dan Rather, historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, then New York governor Mario Cuomo, then–political science professor Condoleezza Rice, neoconservative publisher Irving Kristol (since  deceased), and Time managing editor Walter Isaacson.

The list was first published in 1999, when Time magazine named the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Based on the popularity of the installment, in 2004, Time magazine decided to make it an annual issue, listing the 100 people most influencing the world. Those recognized fall in one of five categories: Leaders & Revolutionaries, Builders & Titans, Artists & Entertainers, Scientists & Thinkers, Heroes & Icons. Since then, the categories were amended to the following: 
* Titans
* Pioneers
* Artists
* Leaders
* Icons

2004

[http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1970858,00.html List of individuals included in the TIME 100 in 2004]

2005

[http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1972656,00.html List of individuals included in the TIME 100 in 2005]

2006

[http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1975813,00.html List of individuals included in the TIME 100 in 2006]

2007

[http://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/completelist/0,29569,1595326,00.html List of individuals included in the TIME 100 in 2007]

2008

[http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1733748,00.html List of individuals included in the TIME 100 in 2008]

2009

[http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1894410,00.html List of individuals included in the TIME 100 in 2009]

2010

[http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1984685,00.html List of individuals included in the TIME 100 in 2010]

In its online presentation, Time introduced the list as follows: "In our annual TIME 100 issue, we name the people who most affect our world". The overall list was organized with 4 main sub-lists: Leaders, featuring Sarah Palin and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva; Artists, featuring Conan O'Brien and Lady Gaga; and Thinkers, featuring Steve Jobs and Zaha Hadid.  The list included 10 Indians.  Oprah Winfrey continued her streak of having been included on every Time 100 list and was one of thirty-one women on the list.  The list included many expected names and some surprises such as Scott Brown, who The Huffington Post described as a premature selection at that point in his career.  Others who were considered surprise selections included Elton John, Ashton Kutcher, and Taylor Swift, according to the Daily Mail.

The announcement of the list was celebrated by a black tie gala at the Time Warner Center in New York City on May 4, 2010.  The list was published the following day. Time readers contributed to the selection by an online vote of over 200 finalists. 

2011

[http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2066367,00.html List of individuals included in the TIME 100 in 2011]

The original online sources refer to the list with the following quote: "Meet the most influential people in the world. They are artists and activists, reformers and researchers, heads of state and captains of industry. Their ideas spark dialogue and dissent and sometimes even revolution. Welcome to this year's TIME 100." The announcement was celebrated with a black-tie event in New York City on April 26, 2011.  The honorees were joined by A-list celebrities at Frederick P. Rose Hall, Jazz at Lincoln Center for the event. Time readers contributed to the selection by an online vote of over 200 finalists. 

The list included familiar global newsmakers such as U.S. President Barack Obama and Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel as well as what the media describes as "newcomers" to the global press. The list included numerous figures representing the year of upheaval in the Middle East ranging from rebels, to political leaders to news correspondents. Although the events of what has been dubbed the Arab Spring were prominent, media figures unrelated to those events also figured in the list as well.  Additionally, Prince William of Wales and Kate Middleton were part of the list during the week before their wedding.   The list also included Katsunobu Sakurai, mayor of Minamisōma, Fukushima, which was the city most affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

2012

[http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2111975,00.html List of individuals included in the TIME 100 in 2012]

2013

[http://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/all/ List of individuals included in the TIME 100 in 2013]

2014

[http://time.com/collection/2014-time-100/ List of individuals included in the TIME 100 in 2014]

The official list of 100 most influential people were revealed on April 24, 2014 featuring Beyoncé on the US cover and Robert Redford, Jason Collins, and Mary Barra on its international covers.  A record of 41 women are included in the edition, the highest number of female personalities in the list's history.  The annual gala was held on April 29, 2014 in New York City.

Managing editor of Time, Nancy Gibbs says of the year's list:

2015

[http://time.com/collection/2015-time-100/ List of individuals included in the TIME 100 in 2015]

2016

[http://time.com/collection/2016-time-100/ List of individuals included in the TIME 100 in 2016]

*Adele
*Alan Stern
*Alejandro González Iñárritu
*Angela Merkel
*Ariana Grande
*Aung San Suu Kyi
*Aziz Ansari
*Barack Obama
*Bernie Sanders
* Binny & Sachin Bansal
*Bjarke Ingels
*Caitlyn Jenner
*Charlize Theron
*Christiana Figueres
*Christine Lagarde
*Dan Carder
*Darren Walker
*Denis Mukwege
*Diana Natalicio
*Donald Trump
*Dwayne Johnson
*Elena Ferrante
*Eli Broad
* Felix Kjellberg
*François Hollande
*Gael García Bernal
* Gina Rodriguez
*Guo Pei
*Hillary Clinton
*Hope Jahren
*Ibtihaj Muhammad
*Idris Elba
*Jaha Dukureh
*James Comey
*Jin Liqun
*John Kerry
*Jordan Spieth
*Julia Louis-Dreyfus
*Justin Trudeau
*Karlie Kloss
* Kathleen Kennedy
*Kathy Niakan
*Katie Ledecky
*Kendrick Lamar
*Kim Jong-un
*Kip Thorne
*Laura Esserman & Shelley Hwang
* Lee Berger
*Leonardo DiCaprio
*Lester Holt
*Lewis Hamilton
*Lin-Manuel Miranda
*Lori Robinson
*Marc Edwards & Mona Hanna-Attisha
*Marilynne Robinson
*Mark Rylance
*Mauricio Macri
*Melissa McCarthy
*Muhammad bin Nayef
*Mussie Zerai
*Nadia Murad
*Nicki Minaj
*Nikki Haley
*Oscar Isaac
*Palmer Luckey
*Paul Ryan
*Pope Francis
* Priscilla Chan & Mark Zuckerberg
*Priyanka Chopra
* Queen Máxima
*Raghuram Rajan
*Raj Panjabi
*Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
*Reince Priebus
*Riccardo Tisci
*Ronda Rousey
*Roy Choi
*Ryan Coogler
*Sania Mirza
*Sean MacFarland
*Sérgio Moro
*Stephen Curry
*Sundar Pichai
*Sunita Narain
*Ta-Nehisi Coates
*Taraji P. Henson
*Ted Cruz
*Tim Cook
*Tsai Ing-wen
*Tu Youyou
*Usain Bolt
*Vladimir Putin
*Wang Jianlin
*Xi Jinping
*Yayoi Kusama
*Yuri Milner

Multiple appearances

Although each category is given equal weight during any given year, people from some science/political fields and heroes are more likely to make repeat appearances on the list from year to year.  Repeat appearances are rare; only the following individuals have appeared more than twice.

Note: The order of the following list is based on the number of times each person has appeared on the Time 100.  Those who are tied are listed alphabetically.  Those listed in bold are the select few whose repeat appearances include Time's ranking of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.

Listed five times or more

Image:President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg|Barack Obama Listed eleven times: 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007 & 2005
Image:Hillary Clinton official Secretary of State portrait crop.jpg|Hillary Rodham Clinton Listed ten times: 2016, 2015, 2014, 2012, 2011, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, & 2004 (in 2004 she was included as part of The Clintons)(Finalist in 2005)
Image:Oprah Winfrey 2010.jpg|Oprah Winfrey Listed nine times: 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004 & the 20th century
Image:Angela Merkel 24092007.jpg|Angela Merkel Listed eight times: 2016, 2015, 2014, 2012, 2011, 2009, 2007 & 2006(Finalist in 2010, 2008)
Image:Xi Jinping October 2013 (cropped).jpg|Xi Jinping Listed seven times:  2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011 & 2009
Image:Kim Jong-Un Photorealistic-Sketch - modified.jpg|Kim Jong-unListed six times: 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012 & 2011
Image:Steve Jobs Headshot 2010-CROP.jpg|Steve JobsListed five times: 2010, 2008, 2007, 2005 & 2004(Finalist in 2009)
Image:Vladimir Putin - 2006.jpg|Vladimir PutinListed five times: 2016, 2015, 2014, 2008 & 2004
Image:Aung San Suu Kyi 17 November 2011.jpg|Aung San Suu Kyi Listed five times: 2016, 2013, 2011, 2008 & 2004

Listed four times

Image:Bush talking.jpg|George W. Bush2008, 2006, 2005 & 2004 (Finalist in 2009)
Image:Bill Clinton, Feb 2013.jpg|Bill Clinton2010, 2006, 2005, & 2004
Image:George Clooney 66ème Festival de Venise (Mostra) 3Alt1.jpg|George Clooney2009, 2008, 2007 & 2006
Image:Jamie Dimon, CEO of JPMorgan Chase.jpg|Jamie Dimon2011, 2009, 2008 & 2006
Image:Pope Francis in March 2013 (cropped).jpg|Pope Francis2016, 2015, 2014 & 2013
Image:BillGates2012.jpg|Bill Gates2006, 2005, 2004 & the 20th century(Finalist in 2010, 2008)
Image:Hu Jintao at White House 2011.jpg|Hu Jintao2008, 2007, 2005 & 2004(Finalist in 2009)
Image:Christine Lagarde WEF.jpg|Christine Lagarde2016, 2012, 2010 & 2009
Image:Condi Rice.jpg|Condoleezza Rice2007, 2006, 2005, & 2004(Finalist in 2008)

Listed three times

Image:Pope Benedict XVI 2 (cropped 2).jpg|Pope Benedict XVI2007, 2006 & 2005
Image:Malala Yousafzai at Girl Summit 2014.jpg|Malala Yousafzai2015, 2014 & 2013
Image:Mark Zuckerberg em setembro de 2014.jpg|Mark Zuckerberg2016 (shared with wife Priscilla Chan), 2011 & 2008
Image:Jeff Bezos' iconic laugh crop.jpg|Jeff Bezos2014, 2009 & 2008
Image:Warren Buffett KU-crop,flip.jpg|Warren Buffett2012, 2007 & 2004
Image:Catherine Elizabeth Middleton (colorized).jpg|Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge2013, 2012 & 2011
Image:Tim Cook 2009 cropped.jpg|Tim Cook2016, 2015, 2012
Image:Dalai-Lama-Wien-2012.jpg|The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso2008, 2005 & 2004(Finalist in 2009)
Image:Recep Tayyip Erdogan.PNG|Recep Tayyip Erdoğan2016, 2010 & 2004
Image:John Kerry official Secretary of State portrait.jpg|John Kerry2016, 2014 & 2004
Image:David Koch-crop-2007.jpg|David Koch2015, 2014 & 2011
Image:Nelson Mandela 1998 cropped.JPG|Nelson Mandela2005, 2004 & the 20th century(Finalist in 2008, 2007)
Image:Rupert Murdoch 2011 Shankbone 3.JPG|Rupert Murdoch2008, 2005 & 2004(Finalist in 2010, 2009)
Image:Benjamin Netanyahu 2012.jpg|Benjamin Netanyahu2015, 2012 & 2011(Finalist in 2013, 2010, 2009)
Image:Michelle Obama 2013 official portrait.jpg|Michelle Obama2013, 2011 & 2009
Image:Brad Pitt June 2014 (cropped).jpg|Brad Pitt2009, 2008 & 2007
Image:Muqtada-alsadr.jpg|Muqtada al-Sadr2011, 2008 & 2006
Image:Elizabeth Warren 113th Congress.jpg|Elizabeth Warren2015, 2010 & 2009
Image:No image.svg|Charles Koch2015, 2014 & 2011

Selection criteria

In 2004, Time editors "identified three rather distinct qualities", when choosing the Time 100 explained Time editor-at-large Michael Elliott:
First, there were those who came to their status by means of a very public possession of power; President George W. Bush is the pre-eminent example. Others, though they are rarely heard from in public, nonetheless have a real influence on the great events of our time. Think of Ali Husaini Sistani, the Grand Ayatullah of Iraq's Shi'ites. Still others affect our lives through their moral example. Consider Nelson Mandela's forgiveness of his captors and his willingness to walk away from the South African presidency after a single term. 

In the 2007 Time 100 list, managing editor Richard Stengel explained that the Time 100 was not a list of the hottest, most popular, or most powerful people, but rather the most influential, stating:
Influence is hard to measure, and what we look for is people whose ideas, whose example, whose talent, whose discoveries transform the world we live in.  Influence is less about the hard power of force than the soft power of ideas and example.  Yes, there are Presidents and dictators who can change the world through fiat, but we're more interested in innovators like Monty Jones, the Sierra Leone scientist who has developed a strain of rice that can save African agriculture.  Or heroes like the great chessmaster Garry Kasparov, who is leading the lonely fight for greater democracy in Russia. Or Academy Award winning actor George Clooney who has leveraged his celebrity to bring attention to the tragedy in Darfur.

Time 100 Award 

From 2005 to 2008, Time magazine awarded each Time 100 honoree Darko Mladenovic's Ray crystal sculpture produced by Swarovski. 

Controversies

The fact that the then British Prime Minister Tony Blair was excluded from the 2004 list caused mild controversy. Time editor-at-large Michael Elliott defended the decision to consistently exclude Blair:
Gerhard Schröder and Jacques Chirac are not there either.  This is a worldwide list. There are no Western European political leaders on it because they are not that powerful or influential at this time. 

Although George W. Bush has been on the list several times, controversy emerged when he was dropped from the list in 2007 in part because of the Democratic victory in the 2006 congressional election.  Former Senator Rick Santorum (R–PA) of Fox News said: The fact of the matter is, the president of the United States, I don't care who's in that office, is the most powerful man on the face of the Earth and has more influence over various aspects of lives, not just in this country, but around the world. And for Time magazine to dismiss that just shows you how biased and, I would argue, hateful they are. 

"Any U.S. president has a certain built-in influence", explained Adi Ignatius, Time's deputy managing editor who oversaw the list at the time. "Bush had actually squandered some of that built-in influence. His position on Iraq has cost him support in his own party...To a certain point, he sort of reached a lame-duck status". 

The list has generated controversy over who was included in other years as well. In 2005, conservative commentator Ann Coulter was listed, which led Salon to observe:
When Time magazine named Ann Coulter among its 100 "most influential people" last week, alongside such heavyweights as Ariel Sharon, Bill Clinton, Nelson Mandela, Kim Jong Il, and the Dalai Lama, the choice produced guffaws online. Plugging the issue on Fox News last week, Time executive editor Priscilla Painton insisted it was Coulter's use of "humor" that made her so influential, stopping just short of suggesting that Coulter is the conservative Jon Stewart. But even Fox's Bill O'Reilly wasn't buying it. He pressed Painton: "Do you think people, Americans, listen to Ann Coulter? Do you think she has influence in public opinion?" 

Time magazine defended Coulter as a bestselling author whose controversial commentary strongly affected the United States' political debates; she did not, however, make additional appearances on the list.

In 2010, Time faced mild oppositions when they excluded Bollywood actor Shahrukh Khan from their list, even though he was said to be very much "in the race". Khan's fan following has been claimed to be one of the biggest in contemporary cinema and this decision came as a surprise to readers from many parts of the world. 

In February 2016, Time included the British and male author Evelyn Waugh on its "100 Most Read Female Writers in College Classes" list (he was 97th on the list) which created much media attention and concerns about the level of basic education among the magazine's staff.     Time later issued a retraction.  In a BBC interview with Justin Webb a Corpus Christi College, Oxford University English professor named Valentine Cunningham stated the mistake was "a piece of profound ignorance on the part of Time magazine."  

Hacking

In 2009, the winner of the annual Time 100 online poll was moot, the founder of the 4chan website, who received 16,794,368 votes. Time magazine claimed that their technical team "did detect and extinguish several attempts to hack the vote".  However, it was shown weeks before the poll ended that the results had been heavily influenced by hackers. The first letters of the top 21 names spell out "marblecake also the game". Marblecake, also an obscene 4chan meme, was the name of the IRC channel (which would appear on IRC as #marblecake) used for communication by some of the participants in rigging the poll.  

A similar scheme was also performed in the 2012 Person of the Year poll when voting was rigged by members of 4chan's /b/ board to spell out, when sorted by descending positive votes, "KJU GAS CHAMBERS" with the first letter of the nominees' names, alluding to allegations that the North Korean government had been operating gas chambers near the Sino–Russian border.  Similarly, when sorted in descending order by negative votes, the first letters of the names spell out  "MM has CP buttsex", with MM referring to Mohamed Morsi.

Academic research

The Time 100 was cited in a 2008 academic analysis by Craig Garthwaite and Tim Moore, economists at the University of Maryland, College Park. In light of Oprah Winfrey at that time holding the record for most appearances on the Time 100, the economists decided to measure if Winfrey was influential enough to decide a U.S. presidential election by examining the impact of her endorsement of Barack Obama for president. The economists wrote the following:

Oprah Winfrey is a celebrity of nearly unparalleled influence. She has been named to Time magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people six times—more than any other individual, including the Dalai Lama, Nelson Mandela, Bill Gates, George Clooney, and Rupert Murdoch. She was named one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, an honor shared with Albert Einstein, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. She was only one of four people who were included on these lists in both the 20th and 21st century. The others included Mandela, Gates, and Pope John Paul II....
The scope of Winfrey’s influence creates a unique opportunity to examine the effect of endorsements on political outcomes.

The economists found a statistically significant correlation between the number of Winfrey fans in a geographic region (as estimated by magazine sales and book club selections) and the number of votes Obama received in that region during the race for the 2008 Democratic presidential primary. They found that the correlation even held up when they controlled for all kinds of confounding variables like race, gender, income, education, and sales of other magazines. They further found that the correlation only emerged after Winfrey had endorsed Obama, suggesting that it was the influence of her endorsement that caused the correlation. When they statistically removed the correlation to see how Obama would have performed without Winfrey's endorsement, they found that over one million votes vanished from Obama’s total in the Democratic primary and that Clinton received far more votes.
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