In which country are the Angel Falls, the highest waterfall in the world?
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Angel Falls Waterfall
Angel Falls (; Pemon language: Kerepakupai Vená, meaning "waterfall of the deepest place", or Parakupá Vená, meaning "the fall from the highest point") is a waterfall in Venezuela.
It is the world's highest uninterrupted waterfall, with a height of 979 m and a plunge of 807 m. The waterfall drops over the edge of the Auyantepui mountain in the Canaima National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Canaima), a UNESCO World Heritage site in the Gran Sabana region of Bolívar State. The height figure  mostly consists of the main plunge but also includes about 400 m of sloped cascade and rapids below the drop and a 30 m high plunge downstream of the talus rapids.

The falls are along a fork of the Rio Kerepacupai Meru which flows into the Churun River, a tributary of the Carrao River, itself a tributary of the Orinoco River.

History

Name

The waterfall has been known as the "Angel Falls" since the Mid-20th century; they are named after Jimmie Angel, a US aviator, who was the first person to fly over the falls.  Angel's ashes were scattered over the falls on 2 July 1960. 

The common Spanish name Salto Ángel derives from his surname. In 2009, President Hugo Chávez announced his intention to change the name to the purported original indigenous Pemon term ("Kerepakupai Vená", meaning "waterfall of the deepest place"), on the grounds that the nation's most famous landmark should bear an indigenous name.  Explaining the name change, Chávez was reported to have said, "This is ours, long before Angel ever arrived there ... this is indigenous property."  However, he later said that he would not decree the change of name, but only was defending the use of Kerepakupai Vená. 

Exploration

Sir Walter Raleigh described what was possibly a tepuy (table top mountain), and he is said to have been the first European to view Angel Falls, although these claims are considered far-fetched.  Some historians state that the first European to visit the waterfall was Fernando de Berrío, a Spanish explorer and governor from the 16th and 17th centuries. 

According to accounts of Venezuelan explorer Ernesto Sánchez La Cruz, he spotted the falls in 1912, but he did not publicize his discovery. Cruz possibly saw the Montoya Falls in the Sierra Pacaraima region, which are more than 500 m tall. They were not known to the outside world until American aviator Jimmie Angel flew over them on 16 November 1933 on a flight while he was searching for a valuable ore bed.  

Returning on 9 October 1937, Angel tried to land his Flamingo monoplane El Río Caroní atop Auyan-tepui, but the plane was damaged when the wheels sank into the marshy ground. Angel and his three companions, including his wife Marie, were forced to descend the tepui on foot. It took them 11 days to make their way back to civilization by the gradually sloping back side, but news of their adventure spread and the waterfall was named Angel Falls in his honor. The name of the waterfall—"Salto Angel"—was first published on a Venezuelan government map in December 1939.

Angel's plane remained on top of the tepui for 33 years before being lifted out by helicopter.  It was restored at the Aviation Museum in Maracay and now sits outdoors on the front of the airport at Ciudad Bolívar.

The first recorded person of European descent to reach the base of the falls was Latvian explorer Aleksandrs Laime, also known as Alejandro Laime to the native Pemon tribe. He reached the falls alone in 1946. He was the first to reach the upper side of falls in the late 1950s, by climbing on the back side where the slope is not vertical. He also reached Angel's plane 18 years after the crash landing. On 18 November 1955, Latvian independence day, he announced to Venezuelan newspaper El Nacional that this stream without any known local name should be called after a Latvian river, Gauja. The same year, this name was registered in the National Cartographic Institution of Venezuela. There are no convincing proofs that indigenous Pemon people had named the local streams, as Auyán-tepui was considered to be a dangerous place and was not visited by the indigenous people. However, lately the Pemon name Kerep is used as well.

Laime was also the first to clear a trail that leads from the Churun River to the base of the falls. On the way is a viewpoint commonly used to capture the falls in photographs. It is named Mirador Laime ("Laime's Viewpoint" in Spanish) in his honor. This trail is used now mostly for tourists, to lead them from the Isla Ratón camp to the small clearing.

The official height of the falls was determined by a survey carried out by an expedition organized and financed by American journalist Ruth Robertson on 13 May 1949.  The first known attempt to climb the face of the cliff was made in 1968 during the wet season. It failed because of slippery rock. In 1969, a second attempt was made during the dry season. This attempt was thwarted by lack of water and an overhang 400 ft from the top. The first climb to the top of the cliff was completed on 13 January 1971. The climbers required nine and a half days to ascend and one and a half days to rappel down. 

Tourism

Angel Falls is one of Venezuela's top tourist attractions, though a trip to the falls is a complicated affair. The falls are located in an isolated jungle. A flight from Puerto Ordaz or Ciudad Bolívar is required to reach Canaima camp, the starting point for river trips to the base of the falls. River trips generally take place from June to December, when the rivers are deep enough for use by the Pemon guides. During the dry season (December to March) there is less water seen than in the other months.

In popular media

Angel Falls also inspired the setting of the Disney animated film Up (2009) although, in the film, the location was called Paradise Falls instead of Angel Falls. It also makes a small appearance in the Disney film Dinosaur, as well as the 1990 film Arachnophobia. Most recently, it makes an appearance in the 2015 film Point Break.

File:Salto angel.jpg|Angel Falls during the dry season
File:JimmieAngelPlane.jpg|Jimmie Angel's aircraft, El Rio Caroní, exhibited in front of Ciudad Bolívar airport
File:Angel falls in Venezuela 001.JPG|Panoramic shot of Angel Falls
File:Salto Angel - Cañon del Diablo.JPG|Churún Canyon (also known as Devil's Canyon) A waterfall is a place where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of drops in the course of a stream or river. Waterfalls also occur where meltwater drops over the edge of a tabular iceberg or ice shelf.

Formation

Waterfalls are commonly formed in the upper course of the river.  At these times the channel is often narrow and deep. When the river courses over resistant bedrock, erosion happens slowly, while downstream the erosion occurs more rapidly.  As the watercourse increases its velocity at the edge of the waterfall, it plucks material from the riverbed. Whirlpools created in the turbulence as well as sand and stones carried by the watercourse increase the erosion capacity. This causes the waterfall to carve deeper into the bed and to recede upstream. Often over time, the waterfall will recede back to form a canyon or gorge downstream as it recedes upstream, and it will carve deeper into the ridge above it.  The rate of retreat for a waterfall can be as high as one and half meters per year.

Often, the rock stratum just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, meaning that undercutting due to splashback will occur here to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a rock shelter under and behind the waterfall. Eventually, the outcropping, more resistant cap rock will collapse under pressure to add blocks of rock to the base of the waterfall. These blocks of rock are then broken down into smaller boulders by attrition as they collide with each other, and they also erode the base of the waterfall by abrasion, creating a deep plunge pool or gorge. 

Streams become wider and shallower just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep area just below the waterfall because of the kinetic energy of the water hitting the bottom. Waterfalls normally form in a rocky area due to erosion. After a long period of being fully formed, the water falling off the ledge will retreat, causing a horizontal pit parallel to the waterfall wall. Eventually, as the pit grows deeper, the waterfall collapses to be replaced by a steeply sloping stretch of river bed. In addition to gradual processes such as erosion, earth movement caused by earthquakes or landslides or volcanoes can cause a differential in land heights which interfere with the natural course of a water flow, and result in waterfalls.

A river sometimes flows over a large step in the rocks that may have been formed by a fault line. Waterfalls can occur along the edge of a glacial trough, where a stream or river flowing into a glacier continues to flow into a valley after the glacier has receded or melted. The large waterfalls in Yosemite Valley are examples of this phenomenon, which is referred to as a hanging valley. Another reason hanging valleys may form is where two rivers join and one is flowing faster than the other.
Waterfalls can be grouped into ten broad classes based on the average volume of water present on the fall (which depends on both the waterfall's average flow and its height) using a logarithmic scale. Class 10 waterfalls include Niagara Falls, Paulo Afonso Falls and Khone Falls.

Classes of other well-known waterfalls include Victoria Falls and Kaieteur Falls (Class 9); Rhine Falls and Gullfoss (Class 8); Angel Falls and Dettifoss (Class 7); Yosemite Falls, Lower Yellowstone Falls and Umphang Thee Lor Sue Waterfall (Class 6); Sutherland Falls (Class 5). 

Types

* Ledge waterfall: Water descends vertically over a vertical cliff, maintaining partial contact with the bedrock.
** Block/Sheet: Water descends from a relatively wide stream or river. 
** Classical: Ledge waterfalls where fall height is nearly equal to stream width, forming a vertical square shape.
** Curtain: Ledge waterfalls which descend over a height larger than the width of falling water stream.
* Plunge: Fast moving water descends vertically, losing complete contact with the bedrock surface. The contact is typically lost due to horizontal thrust of the water before it falls. It always starts from a narrow stream. 
** Punchbowl: Water descends in a constricted form and then spreads out in a wider pool.
* Horsetail: Descending water maintains contact with bedrock most of the time.
** Slide: Water glides down maintaining continuous contact.
** Ribbon: Water descends over a long narrow strip.
** Chute: A large quantity of water forced through a narrow, vertical passage.
** Fan: Water spreads horizontally as it descends while remaining in contact with bedrock.
* Cascade: Water descends a series of rock steps.
* Tiered/Multi-step/Staircase: A series of waterfalls one after another of roughly the same size each with its own sunken plunge pool.
* Cataract: A large, powerful waterfall.
* Segmented: Distinctly separate flows of water form as it descends.
* Catadupa: A cataract or waterfall, originally those of the Nile. The term catadupae refers to people inhabiting near such cataracts; there are suppositions that these people are deaf due to the constant din. 
* Frozen: Any waterfall which has some element of ice or snow.
*Moulin:  A moulin is a waterfall in a glacier

Underwater waterfalls

It is thought that the underwater waterfall the Denmark  Strait cataract is the largest waterfall by all measures with a drop of 11,500 feet or 3,500 m and a flow rate exceeding 175 million cubic feet (5.0 million cubic meters) per second, making it 350 times as voluminous as the extinct Guaíra Falls on the border of Brazil and Paraguay, which was once thought to be the most voluminous waterfall on Earth.

Examples of famous waterfalls

Significant waterfalls,  listed alphabetically:
* Angel Falls in Venezuela is the world's tallest above-water waterfall at 979 m.
* Ban Gioc–Detian Falls, a transnational waterfall on the border between China and Vietnam.
* Bridalveil Fall in Yosemite Valley is 189 m high with a sheer drop.
* Cumberland Falls in Kentucky is one of several falls in the world at which a moonbow is visible.
* Dettifoss in northeast Iceland is the largest waterfall in Europe in terms of volume discharge, having an average water flow of 200 m³/s.The falls are 100 m wide and have a drop of 44 m down to the Jökulsárgljúfur canyon.
* Eas a' Chual Aluinn in Scotland, at 200 m, the highest waterfall in the United Kingdom.
* Falls of Lora, also in Scotland, is an unusual rapids in the sea that is created when the waters in Loch Etive pour out through the narrow mouth of the loch over a rocky shelf. 
* Gocta, the sixteenth tallest in the world at 771 m, is located in the province of Chachapoyas, Peru.
* Huangguoshu Waterfall in Anshun, Guizhou, China, is the largest waterfall in East Asia.
* Iguazu Falls is an extensive series of waterfalls along a 2.7-km (1.7-mile) stretch of escarpment on the Argentina-Brazil border.
* James Bruce Falls, the tallest waterfall in North America at 840 m, is located in the Princess Louisa Marine Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada.
* Jiao Lung Waterfall in Alishan, Chiayi, Taiwan, is the tallest waterfall in East Asia at 600 m.
* Jog Falls in Karnataka, India, is the second-highest plunge waterfall in India.
* Kaieteur Falls (Potaro River in central Guyana), located in the Kaieteur National Park, is 226 m.
* Niagara Falls are the widest, most powerful falls in North America.
* Nohkalikai Falls is India's tallest plunge waterfall, located in Meghalaya state, India.
* Pissing Mare Falls, at 350 m, is among the tallest waterfalls in eastern North America.
* Ramnefjellsfossen in Stryn, Nesdalen, Norway, is the world's third tallest at 808 m.
* Reichenbach Falls in Switzerland, a series of falls totaling 250 m in height, were the site of the disappearance and purported death of fictional detective Sherlock Holmes in the story "The Final Problem".
* Rhine Falls near Schaffhausen, Switzerland, are among the largest in Europe, at 150 m wide.
* Ribbon Fall, a seasonal waterfall in Yosemite National Park, is the highest single-drop fall in North America, at 1612 ft.
* Shir-Abad Waterfall is located near Khan Bebin in Golestan Province, Iran.
* Shoshone Falls in Idaho has been termed the "Niagara of the West".
* St.Clair's Falls, Sri Lanka's widest waterfall, is 265 ft tall.
* Takakkaw Falls, 384 m high, are in Yoho National Park in Canada.
* Tequendama Falls is a 132 m waterfall on the Bogotá River, about 30 km southwest of Bogotá in Colombia.
* Tugela Falls is the world's second tallest at 947 m in KwaZulu-Natal province, Republic of South Africa.
* Venta Rapid in Latvia, said to be Europe's widest waterfall, is more than 800 ft wide but only about 6 ft high.
* Victoria Falls, on the Zambezi river along the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, is among the largest waterfalls in the world. During periods of high flow, it creates an unbroken sheet of water more than a mile wide.
* Virginia Falls (Northwest Territories) on South Nahanni River, Northwest Territories, Canada. World's 14th largest waterfall located in Nahanni National Park Reserve a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
* Waihilau Falls, at 792 m, is located in the Waimanu Valley, Hawaii, United States.
* Yosemite Falls,  739 m, located in Yosemite National Park, United States.
* Yumbilla Falls is the world's fifth tallest waterfall and located in Peru.

Image gallery

File:黄果树瀑布.jpg|Huangguoshu Waterfall in Guizhou province, China, is a block-type waterfall and a cataract.
File:Thailand 484 song khon.jpg|Song Khon Waterfall in Loei Province, Thailand is an example of a cascade waterfall.
File:Pamukkale_001.jpg|In Pamukkale, Turkey is an example of travertine terraces built by flowing water.
File:Powerscourt HPIM1262.JPG|Powerscourt Waterfall, near Enniskerry, Wicklow County, Ireland, is an example of a horsetail waterfall.
File:1st fall of the Elephant falls, Shillong.jpg|First fall of Elephant Falls in Shillong, India, is an example of a horsetail-punchbowl waterfall.
File:Wallaman falls 01.jpg|Wallaman Falls in Queensland, Australia, is an example of a plunge waterfall. 
File:Sempervirens Falls.JPG|Sempervirens Falls in California, USA, is an example of a plunge-punchbowl waterfall.
File:Plitvice Lakes, Barrier between Gavanovac and Kaluderovac.JPG|Several of the scores of waterfalls of various types at Plitvice Lakes, Croatia
File:2008-0705-MPLStour-StAnthonyFalls-PAN.jpg|Saint Anthony Falls in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, is a natural waterfall modified with spillway, dams, and locks to allow commercial navigation on the river.
File:Waterfall Australia - Wasserfall Australien (22819957609).jpg|thumb|Waterfall Cairns, Australia
File:Ruby Falls.JPG|Ruby Falls is an underground waterfall within a cave in Tennessee, USA.
File:AlamereFalls.JPG|Alamere Falls is a tidefall—a waterfall flowing directly into the ocean—in California, USA.
File:Waterfall Australia - Wasserfall Australien (22892186310).jpg|thumb|Waterfall in Australia
File:Seljalandsfoss, Suðurland, Islandia, 2014-08-16, DD 201-203 HDR.JPG|thumb|Seljalandsfoss, Suðurland, Iceland
ISO 3166-1:VE Venezula Venezuela, RB Republica de Venezuela Venuzeula The Bolivarian Republic Of Venezuela Venizuela Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Venezuelan Venezuela Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela Venazeula Bolivaria Republic of Venezuela Venezuala Venecuela Venzuela VENEZULEA República Bolivariana de Venezuela Etymology of Venezuela Benezuela Venzauela VEN Venezeula Republica de venezuela Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) BRV Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Name of Venezuela V'zuela
venazeula venezuela venezuala republic of venezuela venezulea venzauela venizuela bolivaria venezuela bolivarian republic of venezuelan venuzeula venecuela benezuela iso 3166 1 ve venzuela venezula ven bolivarian republic of venezuela venezuela rb venezeula republica bolivariana de venezuela v zuela república bolivariana de venezuela brv name of venezuela republica de venezuela etymology of venezuela
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Venezuela
 in which country are the Angel Falls the highest waterfall in the world. 

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