Who created the Miss World pageant?
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Miss World Beauty pageant
The Miss World pageant is the oldest surviving major international beauty pageant. It was created in the United Kingdom by Eric Morley in 1951.   Since his death in 2000, Morley's widow, Julia Morley, has co-chaired the pageant.   Alongside with its rival, the Miss Universe and Miss Earth contests, Miss World pageant is one of the three most publicised beauty contests in the world.    

The current Miss World is Mireia Lalaguna of Spain who was crowned on 19 December 2015 in Sanya, China PR.

20th century 

In 1951, Eric Morley organised a bikini contest as part of the Festival of Britain celebrations that he called the Festival Bikini Contest.  The event was popular with the press, and was dubbed "Miss World" by the media. The swimsuit competition was intended as a promotion for the bikini  which had only recently been introduced onto the market, and which was still widely regarded as immodest. When the 1951 Miss World pageant winner, Kerstin "Kiki" Hakansson from Sweden, was crowned in a bikini, it added to the controversy.

The pageant was originally planned as a Pageant for the Festival of Britain, but Eric Morley decided to make the Miss World pageant an annual event.   Morley registered the "Miss World" name as a trademark,  and all future pageants were held under that name. However, because of the controversy arising from Håkansson's crowning in a bikini, countries with religious traditions threatened not to send delegates to future events, and the bikini was condemned by the Pope.  Objection to the bikini led to its replacement in all future pageants  with what was accepted as more modest swimwear, and from 1976 swimsuits were replaced by evening gowns for the crowning.  Håkansson remains the only Miss World crowned in a bikini. In Miss World 2013 all participants wore a one-piece swimsuit plus a traditional sarong below the waist as a compromise with local culture. 

Miss World Order or I’ll give you the results in reverse order. Morley announced the Miss World winners in the order No 3, No 2 and No 1. This keeps the tension up and avoids the anticlimax if Nos 2 and 3 are announced after the winner.
 

In 1959, the BBC started broadcasting the pageant. The pageant's popularity grew with the advent of television. During the 1960s and 1970s, Miss World would be among the most watched programs of the year on British television.  However, in 1970, the Miss World contest in London was disrupted by women's liberation protesters armed with flour bombs, stink bombs, and water pistols. 

In the 1980s, the pageant repositioned itself with the slogan Beauty With a Purpose, with added tests of intelligence and personality.  However, there have been various objections to the contest.   Although it still "enjoys success worldwide, it was last broadcast on UK televisions in 1998."Brooke Magnanti. Miss World bikini ban: why it's no victory for feminists. Telegraph Media Group 07 Jun 2013 [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/10105935/Miss-World-2013-bikini-ban-why-its-no-victory-for-feminists.html]

21st century 

Eric Morley died in 2000, and his wife, Julia, succeeded as chairwoman of the Miss World organisation. 

The first black African Miss World winner, Agbani Darego of Nigeria, was crowned in 2001. As part of its marketing strategy, Miss World came up with a "Vote For Me" television special during that edition, featuring the delegates behind the scenes and on the beach, and allowing viewers to either phone in or vote online for their favourites. It also sells its Talent, Beach Beauty and Sports events as television specials to broadcasters. 

In 2002 the pageant was slated for Abuja, the capital city of Nigeria to host its final. This choice was controversial, as a northern Nigerian woman, Amina Lawal, was awaiting death by stoning for adultery under Sharia law there, but Miss World chose to use the publicity surrounding its presence to bring greater global awareness and action to Amina's plight (see Controversies section).  

Miss World Organisation 

The Miss World Organisation owns and manages the annual Miss World Finals, a competition that has grown into one of the world's biggest.  Since its launch in 1951, the Miss World organisation has raised more than £250 million for children's charities  that help disabled and underprivileged children.  Miss World is franchised in more than 100 countries.   Miss World, Limited is a privately held firm, and thus figures for its earnings, expenses and charitable contributions are not publicly available.

Titleholders

Winners gallery

File:Megan Young.jpg|2013: Megan Young, Philippines
File:Miss World at the Expo in Shanghai.jpg|2009: Kaiane Aldorino, Gibraltar
File:Miss Russia 08 Ksenia Sukhinova.jpg|2008: Ksenia Sukhinova, Russia
File:Miss World 07 ZiLin Zhang.jpg|2007: Zhang Zilin, China PR
File:Miss World 06 Tatiana Kucharova.jpg|2006: Taťána Kuchařová, Czech Republic
File:MajuMantillaHuanchaco.jpg|2004: María Julia Mantilla, Peru
File:Rosanna Davison 2003.jpg|2003: Rosanna Davison, Ireland
File:Priyanka Chopra at Dil Dhadakne Do promotions.jpg|2000: Priyanka Chopra, India
File:Yukta mookhey lfw.jpg|1999: Yukta Mookhey, India
File:Linor.jpg|1998: Linor Abargil, Israel
File:Diana Hayden launches her own book on women's grooming 03 (cropped).jpg|1997: Diana Hayden, India
File:Aishwarya Rai Cannes 2013.jpg|1994: Aishwarya Rai, India
File:Silvana Suárez caption.jpg|1978: Silvana Suárez, Argentina
File:Mary Stavin.jpg|1977: Mary Stävin, Sweden
File:Madeleine Hartog Bel.jpg|1967: Madeline Hartog-Bel, Peru
File:Reita-Faria.jpg|1966: Reita Faria, India
File:Ann Sidney 1965.jpg|1964: Ann Sidney, United Kingdom
File:Miss Jamaica World 1963.png|1963: Carole Joan Crawford, Jamaica
File:Rina Lodders (1963).jpg|1962: Catharina Lodders, Netherlands
File:Rosemarie Frankland.jpg|1961: Rosemarie Frankland, United Kingdom
File:Corine Rottschäfer (miss World 1959).jpg|1959: Corine Rottschäfer, Netherlands
File:Pennyanne1958.jpg|1958: Penelope Coelen, South Africa
File:Maritalindahl57.jpg|1957: Marita Lindahl, Finland
File:Petra Schürmann.jpg|1956: Petra Schürmann, Germany
File:Antigonecostanda1954.jpg|1954: Antigone Costanda, Egypt
File:Missworld1951.jpg|1951: Kiki Håkansson, Sweden

Categories

The winner of these events, called "fast track" competitions, automatically make it into the semifinals of Miss World.  The fast track categories are Miss World Beach Beauty, Beauty With a Purpose, Sports Challenge, Talent and Top Model. Miss World Beach Beauty, replacing Miss World Best in Swimsuit, and Miss World Sports were added in 2003. Miss World Top Model was added in 2004.

Miss World Beach Beauty

Miss World Beach Beauty was a swimsuit or fast track competition in the Miss World pageant.  The Beach Beauty event first started in 2003, when the Miss World Organization decided to have preliminary or fast track events to automatically give a semifinal spot to some of the delegates. This event allowed the Miss World delegates (over 100) to have a chance of being in the semifinals. The winner goes on to make the semifinals automatically. The Beach Beauty event showcased different swimsuits designed by Miss World 1975, Wilnelia Merced. In 2014, the organisation eliminated the swimsuit competition from the pageant. 

Miss World Beauty With a Purpose

Beauty with a Purpose, formerly known as Miss World Scholarship, is an event established in 2001 that is celebrated during the activities prior to the Miss World pageant. It awards the contestant with the most relevant and important charity project in her nation. Since 2005 the winner automatically makes the semifinals.

Miss World Best in Swimsuit

Miss World Best in Swimsuit was an award given to the delegate at Miss World who has the highest score at the swimsuit competition during the finals. The award has only been given out for 3 years and no award was presented from 1998 to 2002. The new Miss World Beach Beauty competition was established in 2003 to choose the new Best in Swimsuit winner. The winner proceeded to make the semifinals automatically. The winner of this award is chosen in the list of semifinalists during the finals, unlike Beach Beauty which chooses the winner in a batch of 100+ contestants.

Miss World Sports Challenge

Miss World Sports or Sportswoman is a title and award given to the winner of a sports event at Miss World. It is a fast track or preliminary event, giving the winner automatically makes it into the semifinals. So far there are 5 Miss World Sports winners starting at 2003. In 2005, there was no Miss Sports winner because it wasn't held as an individual fast track event, but rather a continental team competition. Starting in 2006, the individual competition was back again.

Miss World Talent

Miss World Talent is a talent or fast track competition in the Miss World pageant, in which a number of contestants show their abilities in singing, dancing, poetry, etc.  Introduced in Miss World 1978, the winner of the event automatically makes it into the semifinals starting 2003. The award returned at Miss World 2001.

Miss World Top Model

The Miss World Top Model is a modeling fast track competition at the Miss World Pageant.  The competition was first held in 2004, but not in 2005-2006. It has been held since 2007; the winner of the competition automatically qualifies for the semifinals. 

Pageant controversies

1970s – 1990s

The Miss World pageant has been the target of many controversies since its inception.
* In 1970, feminist protesters threw flour bombs during the live event at London's Royal Albert Hall, momentarily alarming the host, Bob Hope.  
* The 1973 winner, Marjorie Wallace, was stripped of her title on 8 March 1974, because she had failed to fulfill the basic requirements of the job.  The Miss World organizers did not elect someone to serve in her place. 
* In 1976, several countries went on a boycott, because the pageant included both a Caucasian and African representative for South Africa.  South Africa competed for the last time in 1977, before it was welcomed back in 1991 as Apartheid disintegrated. 
* The 1980 winner Gabriella Brum of Germany resigned one day after winning, initially claiming her boyfriend disapproved. A few days later it emerged that she had been forced to resign after it was discovered that she posed naked for a magazine. 
* In 1996, wide-scale protests took place in Bangalore, India, over the hosting of the beauty contest. The swimsuit shootings were moved to the Seychelles, and heavy security was placed. Despite the chaos, the pageant's live telecast went on smoothly.   

Nigeria 2002 

In the year leading up the finals in Nigeria, several European title holders lobbied their governments and the EU parliament to support Amina Lawal's cause.  A number of contestants followed the lead of Kathrine Sørland of Norway in boycotting the contest (despite the controversy Sørland would go on to become a semi-finalist in both the Miss World and Miss Universe contest), while others such as Costa Rica were instructed by their national governments and parliaments not to attend the contest. Among the other boycotting nations were Denmark, Spain, Switzerland, Panama, Belgium and Kenya. There was further controversy over the possibly suspended participation of France and South Africa, which may or may not have been due to the boycott.  For her part, Lawal asked that contestants not suspend their participation in the contest, saying that it was for the good of her country and that they could, as the representative of Sweden had earlier remarked, make a much stronger case for her on the ground in Nigeria. 

Despite the increasing international profile the boycott was garnering in the world press, the contest went ahead in Nigeria after being rescheduled to avoid taking place during Ramadan, with many prominent nations sending delegates. Osmel Sousa of Venezuela, one of the world's most influential national directors, famously said "there is no question about it (the participation of Miss Venezuela in the contest)." The trouble did not end there, however. A ThisDay (Lagos, Nigeria) newspaper editorial suggesting that Muhammad would probably have chosen one of his wives from among the contestants had he been alive to see it, resulted in inter-religious riots that started on 22 November in which over 200 people were killed in the city of Kaduna, along with many houses of worship being burned by religious zealots.  Because of these riots, the 2002 pageant was moved to London, following widely circulated reports that the representatives of Canada and Korea had withdrawn from the contest and returned to their respective countries out of safety concerns. A fatwa urging the beheading of the woman who wrote the offending words, Isioma Daniel, was issued in Nigeria, but was declared null and void by the relevant Saudi Arabian authorities.     Upon the pageant's return to England, many of the boycotting contestants chose to attend, including Miss Norway, Kathrine Sørland, who was ironically tipped in the last few days as the number one favourite for the crown she had previously boycotted.     

The eventual winner of the pageant was Azra Akın of Turkey, the first predominantly Muslim country to hold the title since Egypt in 1954. 

China 2015

Anastasia Lin, a Falun Gong practitioner, was willing and entitled to participate in the event as Miss World Canada, and the pageant still listed her as a contestant. However, up to the last minute, Lin waited for an official invitation that was necessary for Chinese visa application, but to no avail and hence missed the official deadline of 20 November 2015 for entry to the pageant and was declared persona non grata by the Chinese Government. Lin had openly criticized China's human rights violations. She is allowed by the Miss World Organization to compete at Miss World 2016.

Miss World hosts and artists

The following is a list Miss World hosts and invited artists through the years. A beauty pageant  or beauty contest is a competition that has traditionally focused on judging and ranking the physical attributes of the contestants, although some contests have evolved to also incorporate personality traits, intelligence, talent, and answers to judges' questions as judged criteria. The term almost invariably refers only to contests for unmarried women such as the Big Four international beauty pageants; with similar events for men or boys being called by other names and are more likely to be bodybuilding contests.

The organisers of each pageant may determine the rules of the competition, including the age range of contestants. The rules may also require the contestants to be unmarried, and be "virtuous", "amateur", and available for promotions, besides other criteria. It may also set the clothing standards in which contestants will be judged, including the type of swimsuit.

Beauty pageants are generally multi-tiered, with local competitions feeding into the larger competitions. For example, the international pageants have hundreds or thousands of local competitions. In the United States, there is now a commercial beauty pageant industry that organizes thousands of local and regional events for all ages. A winner of a beauty contest is often called a beauty queen. Child beauty pageants mainly focus on beauty, gowns, sportswear modelling, talent, and personal interviews. Adult and teen pageants focus on makeup, hair and gowns, swimsuit modelling, and personal interviews.

Possible awards include titles, tiaras or crowns, sashes, scepters, savings bonds, scholarships, and cash prizes. However, adult and teen pageants have been moving more towards judging speaking, and many no longer contain swimsuit or talent sections. Some pageants award college scholarships, to the winner or multiple runners-up. 

History 

European festivals dating to the medieval era provide the most direct lineage for beauty pageants. For example, English May Day celebrations always involved the selection of a May Queen. In the United States, the May Day tradition of selecting a woman to serve as a symbol of bounty and community ideals continued, as young beautiful women participated in public celebrations. 

A beauty pageant was held during the Eglinton Tournament of 1839, organised by Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton, as part of a re-enactment of a medieval joust that was held in Scotland. The pageant was won by Georgiana Seymour, Duchess of Somerset, the wife of Edward Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset, and sister of Caroline Norton, and she was proclaimed as the "Queen of Beauty".

Entrepreneur Phineas Taylor Barnum staged the first modern American pageant in 1854, but his beauty contest was closed down after public protest.  

Beauty contests became more popular in the 1880s. In 1888, the title of 'beauty queen' was awarded to an 18-year-old Creole contestant at a pageant in Spa, Belgium. All participants had to supply a photograph and a short description of themselves to be eligible to enter and a final selection of 21 was judged by a formal panel.  Such events were not regarded as respectable. Beauty contests came to be considered more respectable with the first modern "Miss America" contest held in 1921.

Miss America pageant 

The oldest pageant still in operation today is the Miss America pageant, which was organised in 1921 by a local businessman as a means to entice tourists to Atlantic City, New Jersey. The pageant hosted the winners of local newspaper beauty contests in the "Inter-City Beauty" Contest, which was attended by over one hundred thousand people. Sixteen-year-old Margaret Gorman of Washington, D.C. was crowned Miss America 1921, having won both the popularity and beauty contests, and was awarded $100. 

International pageants 

In May 1920, promoter C.E. Barfield of Galveston, Texas organized a new event known as "Splash Day" on the island. The event featured a "Bathing Girl Revue" competition as the centerpiece of its attractions.    The event was the kick-off of the summer tourist season in the city and was carried forward annually. The event quickly became known outside of Texas and, beginning in 1926, the world's first international contest was added, known as the International Pageant of Pulchritude. This contest is said to have served as a model for modern pageants.   It featured contestants from England, Russia, Turkey, and many other nations and the title awarded at the time was known as "Miss Universe."  The event was discontinued in the United States in 1932 because of the Depression (the international competition was revived briefly in Belgium).

After World War II

The popularity of the Miss America pageant prompted other organizations to establish similar contests in the 1950s and beyond. Some were significant while others were trivial, such as the National Donut Queen contest. The Miss World contest started in 1951, Miss Universe started in 1952 as did Miss USA. Miss International started in 1960. The Miss Black America contest started in 1968 in response to the exclusion of African American women from the Miss America pageant. The Miss Universe Organization started the Miss Teen USA in 1983 for the 14-19 age group, and Miss Earth started in 2001. These contests continue to this day.

The requirement for contestants to wear a swimsuit was a controversial aspect of the various competitions. The controversy was heightened with the increasing popularity of the bikini after its introduction in 1946. The bikini was banned for the Miss America contest in 1947 because of Roman Catholic protesters. When the Miss World contest started in 1951, there was an outcry when the winner was crowned in a bikini. Pope Pius XII condemned the crowning as sinful,Various, Selvedge: The Fabric of Your Life, page 39, Selvedge Ltd., 2005 and countries with religious traditions threatened to withdraw delegates.Han Shin, Beauty with a Purpose, page 193, iUniverse, 2004, ISBN 0-595-30926-7 The bikini was banned for future and other contests. It was not until the late 1990s that they became permitted again,  but still generated controversy when finals were held in countries where bikinis (or swimsuits in general) were socially disapproved.  For example, in 2003, Vida Samadzai from Afghanistan caused an uproar in her native country when she participated in the Miss Earth contest in a bikini. In 2013, the swimsuit round of the Miss World contest was dropped because of Islamist protests in Bali, Indonesia, where the contest took place. In 2014, the Miss World contest eliminated the swimsuit competition from its pageant. 

Criticism 

Critics of beauty pageants argue that such contests reinforce the idea that girls and women should be valued primarily for their physical appearance, and that this puts tremendous pressure on women to conform to conventional beauty standards by spending time and money on fashion, cosmetics, hair styling, and even cosmetic surgery. They claim that this pursuit of physical beauty even encourages some women to go on a diet to the point of harming themselves. 

It is argued that rather than being empowering, beauty pageants do exactly the opposite because they deny the full humanity of women by placing them as the subject of objectification; they reinforce the idea that a woman's only purpose is to look attractive. 

Another criticism that is placed on beauty pageants is in the way beauty is quantifiably scored as highlighted by the "Myth of the Perfect 10".  Beauty becomes a numerical coefficient in ranking contestants, and this type of scoring still remains followed as a system even in nationwide beauty pageants such as Miss America. 

Major beauty pageants

Major international contests for women include the yearly Miss World competition (founded by Eric Morley in 1951), Miss Universe (founded in 1952), Miss International (founded in 1960), and Miss Earth (founded in 2001 with environmental awareness as its concern).  These are considered the Big Four pageants, the four largest and most famous international beauty contests for single or unmarried women.
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