Adversaries can steal application access tokens as a means of acquiring credentials to access remote systems and resources.

Application access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user or service and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud and container-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).(Citation: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019)  Adversaries who steal account API tokens in cloud and containerized environments may be able to access data and perform actions with the permissions of these accounts, which can lead to privilege escalation and further compromise of the environment.

For example, in Kubernetes environments, processes running inside a container may communicate with the Kubernetes API server using service account tokens. If a container is compromised, an adversary may be able to steal the container’s token and thereby gain access to Kubernetes API commands.(Citation: Kubernetes Service Accounts)  Similarly, instances within continuous-development / continuous-integration (CI/CD) pipelines will often use API tokens to authenticate to other services for testing and deployment.(Citation: Cider Security Top 10 CICD Security Risks) If these pipelines are compromised, adversaries may be able to steal these tokens and leverage their privileges.

Token theft can also occur through social engineering, in which case user action may be required to grant access. OAuth is one commonly implemented framework that issues tokens to users for access to systems. An application desiring access to cloud-based services or protected APIs can gain entry using OAuth 2.0 through a variety of authorization protocols. An example commonly-used sequence is Microsoft's Authorization Code Grant flow.(Citation: Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019)(Citation: Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019) An OAuth access token enables a third-party application to interact with resources containing user data in the ways requested by the application without obtaining user credentials. 
 
Adversaries can leverage OAuth authorization by constructing a malicious application designed to be granted access to resources with the target user's OAuth token.(Citation: Amnesty OAuth Phishing Attacks, August 2019)(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017) The adversary will need to complete registration of their application with the authorization server, for example Microsoft Identity Platform using Azure Portal, the Visual Studio IDE, the command-line interface, PowerShell, or REST API calls.(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD App Registration - May 2019) Then, they can send a [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002) to the target user to entice them to grant access to the application. Once the OAuth access token is granted, the application can gain potentially long-term access to features of the user account through [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001).(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD Identity Tokens - Aug 2019)

Application access tokens may function within a limited lifetime, limiting how long an adversary can utilize the stolen token. However, in some cases, adversaries can also steal application refresh tokens(Citation: Auth0 Understanding Refresh Tokens), allowing them to obtain new access tokens without prompting the user.  


Steal Application Access Token
source_name: mitre-attack  url: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528  external_id: T1528     source_name: Amnesty OAuth Phishing Attacks, August 2019  description: Amnesty International. (2019, August 16). Evolving Phishing Attacks Targeting Journalists and Human Rights Defenders from the Middle-East and North Africa. Retrieved October 8, 2019.  url: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2019/08/evolving-phishing-attacks-targeting-journalists-and-human-rights-defenders-from-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/     source_name: Auth0 Understanding Refresh Tokens  description: Auth0 Inc.. (n.d.). Understanding Refresh Tokens. Retrieved December 16, 2021.  url: https://auth0.com/learn/refresh-tokens/     source_name: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019  description: Auth0. (n.d.). Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs. Retrieved September 12, 2019.  url: https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/     source_name: Cider Security Top 10 CICD Security Risks  description: Daniel Krivelevich and Omer Gil. (n.d.). Top 10 CI/CD Security Risks. Retrieved March 24, 2024.  url: https://www.cidersecurity.io/top-10-cicd-security-risks/     source_name: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017  description: Hacquebord, F.. (2017, April 25). Pawn Storm Abuses Open Authentication in Advanced Social Engineering Attacks. Retrieved October 4, 2019.  url: https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/pawn-storm-abuses-open-authentication-advanced-social-engineering-attacks     source_name: Kubernetes Service Accounts  description: Kubernetes. (2022, February 26). Configure Service Accounts for Pods. Retrieved April 1, 2022.  url: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/     source_name: Microsoft - Azure AD Identity Tokens - Aug 2019  description: Microsoft. (2019, August 29). Microsoft identity platform access tokens. Retrieved September 12, 2019.  url: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/access-tokens     source_name: Microsoft - Azure AD App Registration - May 2019  description: Microsoft. (2019, May 8). Quickstart: Register an application with the Microsoft identity platform. Retrieved September 12, 2019.  url: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/quickstart-register-app     source_name: Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019  description: Microsoft. (n.d.). Microsoft identity platform and OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow. Retrieved September 12, 2019.  url: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/v2-oauth2-auth-code-flow     source_name: Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019  description: Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2019.  url: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/active-directory-v2-protocols     