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 Photographer: Daniel Acker/Bloomberg Photographer: Daniel Acker/Bloomberg 
 
 The aloe vera gel many Americans buy to soothe damaged skin contains no evidence of aloe vera at all. 
 
 Samples of store-brand aloe gel purchased at national retailers Wal-Mart, Target and CVS showed no indication of the plant in various lab tests. The products all listed aloe barbadensis leaf juice — another name for aloe vera — as either the No. 1 ingredient or No. 2 after water. 
 
 There’s no watchdog assuring that aloe products are what they say they are. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration doesn’t approve cosmetics before they’re sold and has never levied a fine for selling fake aloe. That means suppliers are on an honor system, even as the total U.S. market for aloe products, including drinks and vitamins, has grown 11 percent in the past year to $146 million, according to Chicago-based market researcher SPINS LLC. 
 
 “You have to be very careful when you select and use aloe products,” said Tod Cooperman, president of White Plains, New York-based ConsumerLab.com, which has done aloe testing. 
 
 Aloe’s three chemical markers — acemannan, malic acid and glucose — were absent in the tests for Wal-Mart, Target and CVS products conducted by a lab hired by Bloomberg News. The three samples contained a cheaper element called maltodextrin, a sugar sometimes used to imitate aloe. The gel that’s sold at another retailer, Walgreens, contained one marker, malic acid, but not the other two. That means the presence of aloe can’t be confirmed or ruled out, said Ken Jones, an independent industry consultant based in Chapala, Mexico. 
 
 23,000 Stores 
 
 Target Corp. declined to comment. Spokesmen for Wal-Mart Stores Inc., CVS Health Corp. and Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc. said their suppliers confirmed to them that their products were authentic. The four retailers have 23,000 outlets between them. 
 
 Walmart Equate brand Aloe After Sun Gel Photographer: Daniel Acker/Bloomberg 
 
 The four gels that Bloomberg had analyzed were Wal-Mart’s Equate Aloe After Sun Gel with pure aloe vera; Target’s Up & Up Aloe Vera Gel with pure aloe vera; CVS Aftersun Aloe Vera Moisturizing Gel; and Walgreens Alcohol Free Aloe Vera Body Gel. The lab that did the testing requested anonymity to preserve its business relationships. 
 
 The tests used a technique called nuclear magnetic resonance. It found additives such as maltodextrin and other ingredients, like triethanolamine, an emulsifier. In all the samples, lactic acid, a component that indicates degraded aloe vera, was absent. 
 
 Fruit of the Earth, a Fort Worth, Texas-based aloe brand founded in 1980, said it made the gels for Wal-Mart, Target and Walgreens. Fruit of the Earth said its aloe supplier was Ormond Beach, Florida-based Concentrated Aloe Corp., which said it uses fair trade, organic aloe that’s farmed and processed in Guatemala. 
 
 Both companies disputed Bloomberg’s findings. 
 
 Raw Ingredients 
 
 “We’ve been in the business a long time and we know where the raw ingredients come from,’’ John Dondrea, Fruit of the Earth’s general counsel, said in a telephone interview. “We stand behind our products.’’ 
 
 CVS brand Aftersun Aloe Vera Moisturizing Gel Source: CVS 
 
 Tim Meadows, president of Concentrated Aloe Corp., said that nuclear magnetic resonance isn’t reliable for cosmetics because the presence of multiple ingredients can cause interference and there’s no way to test for aloe in finished products. He added that maltodextrin isn’t an adulterant because it can be used in the drying process, and while some ways of processing aloe remove acemannan, that doesn’t mean the aloe isn’t real, he said. 
 
 “Acemannan has been misinterpreted,’’ Meadows said. “The cosmetics industry requires highly processed aloe. How that affects acemannan is anybody’s guess.’’ 
 
 Though it’s true that nuclear magnetic resonance isn’t a test that’s designed to study aloe vera in cosmetics, the lab results suggest that the plant “is not a major component” of the products, said James Neal-Kababick, director of Flora Research Labs in Grants Pass, Oregon, which tests and researches natural products. Jones, the consultant who also reviewed some of the tests, said he didn’t see evidence of aloe or interfering substances. 
 
 The CVS aloe gel was made by Product Quest Manufacturing LLC. The Daytona Beach, Florida-based firm declined to comment or identify its supplier. 
 
 Lawsuits Filed 
 
 Several law firms, including Bloomfield Hills, Michigan-based Barbat, Mansour & Suciu PLLC, have filed lawsuits against the four retailers after separate testing failed to find aloe in the companies’ private-label products. They’re seeking class-action status and restitution for all the customers who they say were misled. 
 
 See also: The Parmesan Cheese You Sprinkle on Your Penne Could Be Wood 
 
 “No reasonable person would have purchased or used the products if they knew the products did not contain any aloe vera,’’ attorneys wrote in a complaint filed in September in Illinois on behalf of plaintiffs represented by 10 law firms. 
 
 Fruit of the Earth, Wal-Mart, Target, CVS and Walgreens denied the allegations. 
 
 Independently, ConsumerLab.com said it had Fruit of the Earth brand Aloe Vera 100% Gel tested using nuclear magnetic resonance and found no evidence of aloe, while a competing brand, Aubrey Organics, did contain the markers that indicate aloe. ConsumerLab said it tested a dozen aloe products, including pills and juices, and just half the items appeared to meet the claims on their labels. 
 
 Beneficial Properties 
 
 Acemannan is thought to give the plant its beneficial properties, said Jane Wilson, executive director of the International Aloe Science Council in Silver Spring, Maryland, which represents the industry. 
 
 Walgreens Well brand alcohol free Aloe Vera Body Gel Photographer: Daniel Acker/Bloomberg 
 
 Jesper Hummeluhr, founder of Copenhagen-based cosmetics maker Aloe Vera Group APS, said that if acemannan isn’t detected, the aloe was degraded during the manufacturing process or the product contains no aloe. He’s been making aloe products since 1989. 
 
 “What you have there is not aloe,’’ said Hummeluhr, who reviewed some of the results without being told the name of the brands. “It could be a lot of water and a little bit of aloe added.’’ 
 
 Reliability Questioned 
 
 Acemannan is as much as 15 percent of aloe’s makeup. Levels below 0.01 percent of dry weight won’t register in the tests. Fruit of the Earth’s Dondrea declined to say how much aloe is in the firm’s gels, citing proprietary formulations. 
 
 Aloe vera is a succulent farmed in hot climates like Texas and Mexico. Its spiky leaves contain a clear goo that people have used as a topical ointment to treat burns and other skin problems for millennia. Known as the “plant of immortality” in ancient Egypt, it was depicted on stone carvings 6,000 years ago, a burial gift for pharaohs, and it’s been used as a folk remedy for conditions from diabetes to epilepsy, according to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. 
 
 Imitation Aloe 
 
 Concerns over imitation aloe aren’t new. The industry created the International Aloe Science Council in the 1980s as more and more products hit store shelves that contained little or no aloe, said Wilson, the group’s executive director. Maltodextrin, a light-colored powder that looks like aloe powder and is used as a food additive, was a common filler or substitute. Maltodextrin is cheaper than aloe, Wilson said. 
 
 Target brand Aloe Vera Gel Photographer: Daniel Acker/Bloomberg 
 
 Jeff Barrie, a Keene, New Hampshire-based sales manager at AloeCorp, one of the biggest suppliers of raw aloe powder, said he’s seen competitors beat his lowest prices by half. That means they’re not selling aloe, he said. Aloe powder can cost as much as $240 a kilogram, he said, while the same amount of maltodextrin can cost a few dollars. 
 
 Making just 1 kilogram of aloe powder, the ingredient used in finished goods like gels and drinks, requires 400 kilos (882 pounds) of aloe leaves, Barrie said. The process involves removing rinds from the leaves and dehydrating the remaining aloe into a powder form. 
 
 “Aloe is all harvested by hand,” Barrie said. “It’s an involved process and it’s not cheap.” 
 
 There’s no conclusive body of scientific research affirming aloe’s healing properties. While some studies have shown a benefit for burns and cuts, “there’s nothing to hang your hat on” in terms of clear evidence, partly because there hasn’t been enough research, said D. Craig Hopp, a program director at the National Center for Complementary and Integrated Health in Bethesda, Maryland. 
 
 Loving Aloe 
 
 “There’s a lot of people that swear by aloe and love it, and if you put it in your product, you’ll sell more of it whether it’s a cream or a lotion for sunburns,’’ said Gary Shreeve, a vice president of global operations at Scottsdale, Arizona-based Forever Living Products, which sells aloe certified by the International Aloe Science Council. 
 
 Some people are old school about aloe. Rather than buying aloe products, they just keep the succulent around the house. 
 
 Meredith Zielke, a documentary filmmaker in Chicago, is one of many aloe lovers who have a simple remedy. She keeps the plant in her home to cool her skin when her Lyme disease acts up. And it works, she said. 
 
 “I like just having it at home to snip it from there,” Zielke said. “I just like the comfort and the knowledge of having a plant in your house that can actually heal you.” 

 The aloe vera plant is known for its ability to heal sunburn and other skin ailments, but customers who bought aloe gel might now have reason to feel even more burned. 
 
 Store-branded aloe gel sold at Walmart (WMT), Target (TGT) and CVS (CVS) appears to lack one essential ingredient: aloe vera, according to a new study from Bloomberg News, which commissioned lab to test the products. While all of the products listed aloe vera juice as either their first or second ingredient, none of them included the three chemical markers that signify the presence of aloe vera, the report found. 
 
 The findings come amid increased questions about whether more government oversight is required for cosmetics and body-care products, although the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act bars companies from mislabeling ingredients. Cosmetic products and ingredients don’t require approval from the Food and Drug Administration, other than for color additives. 
 
 Questions about such products are regulated were raised last year in the case of Wen Hair Care, a shampoo line that has sparked lawsuits after some customers suffered rashes and hair loss. As for the supposedly aloe-less aloe products, customers have already filed lawsuits that allege false advertising and negligent misrepresentation, among other problems. 
 
 “No consumer would have purchased the product had they known it contained no aloe vera,” alleges one of the lawsuits, which was filed in August against Target. 
 
 Citing pending litigation, Target said it was unable to comment on Bloomberg’s report. 
 
 Walmart isn’t planning to remove the aloe gel product from its shelves, spokesman Randy Hargrove said. “We hold our suppliers to high standards and are committed to providing our customers the quality products they expect. We contacted our supplier, and they stand behind the authenticity of their products,” he said. 
 
 The retailer’s supplier, aloe maker Fruit of the Earth, said it disputed Bloomberg’s findings. “We have also had tests conducted on the raw aloe material used in our gel products, which show the presence of the alleged marker (acemannan) that Bloomberg reported finding no evidence of,” general counsel John Dondrea wrote in an email. He 
 
 CVS also defended the quality of its aloe gel. “We are committed to bringing high quality products to consumers, and maintain ongoing contact with suppliers to ensure that they meet our high standards,” the company said in a statement. “We have reviewed with the supplier, and they have affirmed the product’s authenticity.” 
 
 The aloe vera market is a bright spot for drug stores and other retailers, with the U.S. market for aloe products growing 11 percent in the last year to $146 million, according to Bloomberg, which cites market researcher SPINS LLC. 
 
 If there is no aloe vera in the products, as Bloomberg alleges, what’s actually inside the bottles? The testing found maltodextrin, which the report notes is a cheaper ingredient that is sometimes used as a filler in aloe products. The aloe vera gel samples tested by Bloomberg found no trace of acemannan, malic acid and glucose, the three chemical markers for aloe. Walgreens’ aloe gel included malic acid, but lacked the other two, Bloomberg noted. 
 
 ConsumerLab.com, a company that conducts independent tests on health and nutrition products, said that its testing found that only about half of aloe products contained satisfactory levels of aloe, with many having only a small amount or none at all. 
 
 Aloe vera users have one way to make sure they are applying the real deal: Use an actual aloe vera plant. Many consumers keep one in their home, and cut a leaf on the succulent when they want to rub some gel on a cut or burn. 
 
 Even so, it might be best to take its healing properties with a grain of salt, since the National Center for Complementary and Integrated Health notes that there’s not enough evidence to conclude whether it’s as useful as devotees of the plant believe.
– Tests conducted on the aloe vera gels sold by some of America's biggest retailers failed to detect any trace of the ingredient you would most expect to find in a product calling itself aloe vera gel. Bloomberg says the lab it hired to test aloe vera products from Walmart, Target, and CVS couldn't find the three chemical markers associated with the plant, but it did find maltodextrin, a much cheaper product sometimes used in place of genuine aloe. Tests on aloe vera gel from another retailer, Walgreens, found just one of the markers, malic acid, which experts say isn't enough to confirm the presence of the plant. The products all listed the plant at the No. 1 or No. 2 ingredient, after water. The FDA has never levied a fine for using fake aloe, putting retailers on what Bloomberg calls an "honor system." Aloe gel supplier Fruit of the Earth has disputed the finding, and CVS and Walmart both say they are standing by their suppliers. Target declined to comment, citing pending lawsuits, one of which states: "No consumer would have purchased the product had they known it contained no aloe vera," per CBS News. Aloe vera has been used as an ointment for thousand of years. Joe Barrie of AloeCorp, one of the the biggest suppliers of aloe vera powder, tells Bloomberg that some competitors are selling for half of his lowest price, suggesting that what they're selling isn't aloe. He says it can take more than 200 pounds of aloe leaves to make a single pound of the powder. "Aloe is all harvested by hand," he says. "It’s an involved process and it’s not cheap." (A study of herbal supplements found a disturbing lack of herbs.)