Abstract 
 
 Clear empirical demonstrations of the theoretical principles underlying assortative mating remain elusive. This article examines a moderator of assortative mating—how well couple members knew each other before dating—suggested by recent findings related to market-based (i.e., competition) theories. Specifically, competition is pervasive to the extent that people achieve consensus about who possesses desirable qualities (e.g., attractiveness) and who does not. Because consensus is stronger earlier in the acquaintance process, assortative mating based on attractiveness should be stronger among couples who formed a relationship after a short period rather than a long period of acquaintance. A study of 167 couples included measures of how long partners had known each other before dating and whether they had been friends before dating, as well as coders’ ratings of physical attractiveness. As predicted, couples revealed stronger evidence of assortative mating to the extent that they knew each other for a short time and were not friends before initiating a romantic relationship. 

 Partners who become romantically involved soon after meeting tend to be more similar in physical attractiveness than partners who get together after knowing each other for a while, according to new findings published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science. 
 
 "Our results indicate that perceptions of beauty in a romantic partner might change with time, as individuals get to know one another better before they start dating," says lead researcher Lucy Hunt of the University of Texas at Austin. "Having more time to get acquainted may allow other factors, such as another person's compatibility as a relationship partner, to make that person appealing in ways that outshine more easily observable characteristics such as physical attractiveness. Or perhaps another person might actually become more attractive in the eyes of the beholder by virtue of these other factors." 
 
 Hunt and colleagues Paul Eastwick (UT-Austin) and Eli Finkel (Northwestern University) were interested in understanding why individuals tend to be paired with mates who have similar physical, behavioral, and psychological characteristics -- a well-documented phenomenon psychological scientists refer to as "assortative mating." 
 
 One explanation for this pattern in pairing comes from a competition-based perspective: an individual's success in the mating "market" is limited by his or her own desirability. People who are physically attractive tend to be seen as very desirable and are, therefore, better able to win over highly-desirable partners themselves. 
 
 Hunt and colleagues hypothesized that the length of acquaintance between partners may shift the dynamics of this sexual competition. Their prior research showed that, as people get to know each other more intimately and across various contexts, their opinions about the other person's desirability change, making objective physical attractiveness less relevant in determining whether the two individuals become a couple. 
 
 "Having the time to interact with others in diverse settings affords more opportunities to form unique impressions that go beyond one's initial snap judgments," says Hunt. "Given that people initiate romantic relationships both with strangers and acquaintances in real life, we were interested in how time might affect how similarly attractive couple members are to one another." 
 
 Hunt, Eastwick, and Finkel hypothesized that partners who had known each other a short time before dating were likely to be similarly attractive, while partners who were well-acquainted before their romantic involvement might show a greater mismatch in physical attractiveness. 
 
 The researchers looked at data collected from 167 couples -- 67 dating and 100 married -- who were participating in a longitudinal study of romantic relationships. The couples had been together for as few as 3 months and as long as 53 years, with an average relationship length of 8 years and 8 months. 
 
 As part of the study, the couples were videotaped talking about how they had changed over the course of the relationship. Using these videos, independent, trained coders used rating scales to indicate the physical attractiveness of each partner; the ratings were strongly correlated among the coders, suggesting a high level of agreement on the physical desirability of each partner. 
 
 The results revealed that the longer the romantic partners had known each other before dating, the less likely they were to be matched on attractiveness, just as the researchers hypothesized. For example, the pairing of an unattractive woman with an attractive man was more likely to emerge if the partners had known one another for many months prior to dating. 
 
 Partners who began dating within a month of first meeting each other showed a strong correlation for physical attractiveness. But the correlation was much lower for partners who had known each other for a long time before dating. A similar pattern emerged when the researchers looked at whether pairs were friends before they started dating -- friends-first couples were less likely to be matched on attractiveness than couples who were strangers before dating. 
 
 Interestingly, the level of match on attractiveness was not associated with relationship satisfaction for either men or women in the study. That is, both friends-first and stranger-first relationships seem approximately equally happy years later. 
 
 Hunt and colleagues note that the research will need to be replicated across more diverse samples and contexts, but these findings suggest that length of acquaintance can influence whether we perceive someone as being a desirable partner: 
 
 "There may be more to the old saying than was previously thought: Maybe it's the case that beauty is partially in the eye of the beholder, especially as time passes," Hunt concludes. 
 
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 This research was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grants BCS-1243323 (to P. W. Eastwick) and BCS-719780 (to E. J. Finkel). 
 
 All relevant materials have been made publicly available via Open Science Framework and can be accessed at https:/ / osf. io/ zmh8j . The complete Open Practices Disclosure for this article can be found at http://pss. sagepub. com/ content/ by/ supplemental-data . This article has received the badge for Open Materials. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https:/ / osf. io/ tvyxz/ wiki/ view/ and http://pss. sagepub. com/ content/ 25/ 1/ 3. full . 
 
 For more information about this study, please contact: Lucy L. Hunt at lucyhunt@utexas.edu. 
 
 The article abstract are available online: http://pss. sagepub. com/ content/ early/ 2015/ 06/ 11/ 0956797615579273. abstract 
 
 The APS journal Psychological Science is the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology. For a copy of the article "Leveling the Playing Field: Longer Acquaintance Predicts Reduced Assortative Mating on Attractiveness" and access to other Psychological Science research findings, please contact Anna Mikulak at 202-293-9300 or amikulak@psychologicalscience.org.
– "Who ever loved, that loved not at first sight?" So asked poet Christopher Marlowe some 500 years ago, and now social scientists say they've got a scientific answer to the romantic notion that attraction is instant. It turns out that people who started dating within a month of meeting tend to be similarly attractive, while those who knew each other longer or were friends first tended to be less similar in their level of attraction, the researchers report this month in the journal Psychological Science. The 167 couples (100 of them married) had been together as little as three months and as long as 53 years, and attraction was assessed by a panel of judges watching video of participants being interviewed. The conclusion is that the better we get to know someone, the better equipped we are to assess that person's desirability based on a range of features, not just physical ones, they report in a press release. This is called "mate value," and not surprisingly, it evolves over time and can lead to "slow love," as one researcher puts it. In fact, in a 2012 Match.com survey, a third of men and nearly half of women say they've fallen in love with someone they didn't first find attractive. "Everyone is terrified that online dating is reducing mate value to just a few superficial things like beauty—whether you swipe left or right on Tinder," an anthropologist tells the New York Times. "But that’s just the start of the process. Once you meet someone and get to know them, their mate value keeps changing." (One dating site attempts to take attraction to a genetic level.)