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 / Updated By Hillel Aron 
 
 They appeared seemingly overnight: hundreds of two-wheeled electric scooters all over the city of Santa Monica, California. 
 
 The company behind the scooters, Bird, launched in the affluent beachside city last September with little advance notice, but its product was suddenly everywhere, littering sidewalks and clogging bike paths. 
 
 Public officials were flummoxed that a company could do such a thing. 
 
 “We were not expecting this company to launch in the way they did and appear on our streets and sidewalks,” said Anuj Gupta, deputy city manager of Santa Monica, who called Bird’s outreach “halfhearted” and “underwhelming.” 
 
 But Bird did, and in the process has become one of the most out-of-nowhere success stories in startup history. Founded in 2017, the company has already raised more than $400 million, according to the startup database Crunchbase. It has reportedly sought valuations approaching $2 billion in its most recent talks. 
 
 And it’s not alone. Lime, whose white-and-green e-scooters first appeared in the Los Angeles area about a month ago, is a direct competitor. There’s also Spin in San Francisco, which has also been dealing with a sudden invasion of scooter companies — and banned them from operating. 
 
 The scooters work in much the same way as public bike-sharing companies. Most scooters, including Bird’s, are “dockless,” in that customers can grab one, use it for a quick ride, and then park it just about anywhere, all by using a smartphone app. 
 
 At a public meeting in Santa Monica in June, residents described chaotic scenes of scooters being ridden by teenagers, sometimes two at a time, smashing into pedestrians and being left strewn about. And like bicycle riders, few scooter-users wear helmets, as California law mandates, and few obey state law that forbids riding on the sidewalk. 
 
 “Pedestrians have become the bowling pins of Santa Monica,” said one resident, Bill Davids, at the meeting. “We cannot walk safely down the street. There is just flagrant and outrageous violations of basic traffic formalities.” 
 
 Startup culture 
 
 It's only been a few years since cities were dealing with the last startups that arrived without warning: ride-hailing companies such as Uber and Lyft. Cities then tried to manage their expansion, though most eventually relented or figured out deals to let them operate. 
 
 Scooter startups are using similar blitzkrieg tactics, and cities are taking action. In December, Santa Monica filed criminal charges against Bird for operating without a business license and for violating other regulations. In February, the company agreed to a list of demands, including paying $300,000 in fines. 
 
 People ride electric scooters run by Lime and Bird on the Embarcadero in San Francisco in April. David Paul Morris / Bloomberg via Getty Images file 
 
 But public outrage over the scooters was just heating up, as more and more Bird scooters appeared on the road in Los Angeles and 17 other U.S. cities. 
 
 Bradley Tusk, founder of Tusk Ventures, a venture capital fund that invests in startups and works with them on regulatory issues, said scooter startups have had an easier time than Uber and Lyft because they’re filling a new niche. 
 
 “The main difference is that scooters are not disrupting an entrenched interest like Uber did,” Tusk, an early investor in Bird, said in an email. “There is no existing scooter industry that has lobbyists, makes hefty campaign donations and wants to block new competition.” 
 
 Being new means little competition, but it also means that cities don’t quite know what to do with scooter companies. 
 
 “But it’s similar in that you have an entirely new transportation option that regulators aren’t sure how to handle, so there’s intense debate and interaction in every city,” Tusk said. 
 
 The anti-scooter backlash is about more than just public safety. Like other tech companies, Bird and Lime seek to reimagine the public realm. Uber and Lyft turned cars into taxis; Airbnb turned spare bedrooms into hotels. 
 
 With Bird and Lime, streets and even sidewalks are now thoroughfares for travel or for parking. Leaving scooters anywhere and everywhere is a feature for these companies, but a legitimate issue for residents. 
 
 “You’re on a bike path, people just leave them there,” said Ross Guidici, who lives in Santa Monica. He said he enjoys riding electric scooters but is shocked by how at the end of the day, “they’re littered like garbage.” 
 
 Uncaged 
 
 Dockless scooters are ridden standing up, and can be rented by anyone with a smartphone by downloading an app. 
 
 Signing up takes just a few minutes (the user is asked to take a photo of his or her driver’s license and must sign a user agreement absolving Bird or Lime of any liabilities in the case of an accident) and then the user is free to zip quietly around the city. They cost a dollar to unlock and an additional 15 cents per minute. 
 
 And they’re quick. The scooters can reach speeds of 15 to 17 miles per hour — well over the average speed of a cyclist. At night, people can make extra cash as “chargers,” plugging scooters into their home outlets for $5 to $20 per scooter then placing them back in specified areas the next morning. 
 
 While there’s been plenty of initial skepticism about these companies, many people have been won over. 
 
 “I wanted to hate the scooters. I really did,” wrote New York Times technology columnist Kevin Roose. “E-scooters might look and feel kind of dorky, but they aren’t an urban menace or a harbinger of the apocalypse. In fact — sigh — they’re pretty great.” 
 
 Investors are similarly optimistic. Bird has had no problem raising cash, and neither has Lime, which on Monday announced a fresh $335 million in funding from a group of backers that includes Uber at a valuation of $1.1 billion. That makes it the second scooter company to become a "unicorn," a slang term for startups that are worth more than a billion dollars. 
 
 The appeal is simple: cheap, on-demand transportation that can make it easier to get around without a car. On Los Angeles, that’s an intriguing idea. 
 
 Although the county is spending billions of dollars to construct an ambitiously sprawling network of subway and light rail lines, only a fraction of L.A. residents live within walking distance of a rail stop, and public transportation use in the city has been declining. City planners point to the stubborn “first mile/last mile problem” – that is, how to get people to and from their rail stops more quickly. Some think scooters may provide an answer, and Santa Monica may be the perfect testing ground, since it has both light rail and more than 100 miles of bike lanes. 
 
 The new form of transportation has become popular among tourists and people taking short trips. Scott Epstein works as a researcher on the north side of the UCLA campus, a 25-minute downhill walk from bustling Westwood Village – and where parking is notoriously hard to come by. He sometimes rides his bicycle to lunch, but that means coming back to the office drenched in sweat on a hot day. 
 
 “A scooter is a nice option for me,” he said. “I think we need more options for short trips around the neighborhood for whatever reason.” 
 
 Scoot at your own risk 
 
 Neither Bird nor Lime will say how many of their scooters are available on any given day in Los Angeles, but their apps suggest that it is well into the thousands. The scooters are seemingly everywhere on the Westside, as prevalent as bicycles. 
 
 Bird and Lime did not respond to requests for comment. 
 
 But riding in the street presents its own problems, as much of the L.A. roadway is cracked and pothole-ridden. Eric Spiegelman, who is president of the L.A. Taxicab Commission, was riding a Lime scooter for the first time, without a helmet, when he hit a divot in the road and went tumbling. 
 
 “They look like toys, they seem like toys, but when you’re driving at 17 miles-per-hour down the street without a helmet or elbow pads, they’re not toys,” Spiegelman said. 
 
 The city of Santa Monica has begun a pilot program to regulate the use of e-scooters. That includes allowing only pre-approved vendors and making sure that supply isn’t outstripping demand. 
 
 Eventually, that may lead to a cap on the number of scooters in Santa Monica — though it will remain to be seen if the companies would abide by those rules. 
 
 “Obviously the clutter and the aesthetics of these devices is a concern,” said Gupta, the deputy city manager. “We’re going through a transition period where some of our residents are very frustrated with these devices.” 
 
 Tusk, who helped Uber deal with its regulatory issues, said politicians were learning that they have to learn to work with companies even if the companies’ tactics are aggressive. 
 
 “Until Uber, politicians thought they could keep the genie in the bottle,” Tusk said. “Now they know they can’t.” 

 Lime just closed a very successful investing round that will bring it much closer to ride-hailing giant Uber. 
 
 The e-scooter company raised $335 million from GV (formerly Google Ventures), Uber, Alphabet, IVP, Atomico and Fidelity. The company is now valued at $1 billion. In a blog post, co-founders Toby Sun and Brad Bao said the successful funding round means Joe Kraus of GV will join the company’s board and that they would begin working with Uber to co-brand the scooters and make them available through Uber’s app. 
 
 For Uber, the investment is “another step towards our vision of becoming a one-stop shop for all your transportation needs,” according to vice president and head of new modalities Rachel Holt. Uber also acquired the bike share company Jump Bike in April. For Lime, the investment may be just the leg up it needs against its competitors to expand to new cities and triumph in the permit wars. 
 
 For its part, Uber is also engaged in a race to be the most ubiquitous provider of city transportation. Ride share competitor Lyft has also entered the bike and scooter share market by acquiring the largest bike rental operator in North America. 
 
 Bike, scooter, and rideshare companies present a utopian vision of a car-less future, but their tactics have caused headaches for cities like San Francisco, where sidewalk clutter, abandoned scooters, and illegal behavior like riding on the sidewalk or without a helmet has pitted local residents against each other. 

 Scooter rental startup Bird Rides is now valued at $2 billion after a recent $300 million funding round, according to a source close to the matter. 
 
 That's a fast rise for the Los Angeles-based company, which launched its first scooter pilot program in Santa Monica, California, last September. It now operates scooter shares in 22 US cities. 
 
 "The investors love the growth ... and the numbers, but I think they also like the mission of Bird," said CEO and founder Travis Vanderzanden told CNNMoney. "People have been trying to find ways to get Americans out of cars for a long time, and we think Bird can have a big impact." 
 
 The scooters, which can go up to 15 miles per hour, give city residents an alternative commuting option. The scooters, rented via an app, cost $1 to unlock and about $0.15 to ride per minute. They operate on the same lithium ion batteries that cell phones and tablets use. 
 
 Related: Uber and Lyft want to be about so much more than cars 
 
 "What we learned over time is that people are not only having fun on Birds and using them to explore cities, but they're actually using them to commute to and from work," said Vanderzanden, who was once the COO of Lyft and later a VP of growth at Uber. 
 
 But not everyone is onboard with the electric scooter craze. Scooter startups like Bird allow riders to park them anywhere that doesn't block pedestrian walkways. However, residents in cities such as Los Angeles say they often litter sidewalks and pose a danger to pedestrians. On Instagram, #ScootersBehavingBadly showcases photos of electric scooters blocking traffic and parked on top of city benches. 
 
 Some cities like San Francisco and Denver have even banned them until new regulation is passed. Vanderzanden said he believes the scooters should be regulated, too. 
 
 Related: Self-driving cars. Scooters. The future of commuting to work is here 
 
 "We want to work with cities and figure it out," said Bird's Vanderzanden. "It's been hard for [cities] to see this wave of electric scooters coming and so there's really not a lot of laws around the electric scooters yet. We're actually supportive of regulation." 
 
 Although Bird was among the first scooter share companies to market, it faces increasing competition from companies such as San Francisco-based Lime, which operates scooter and bikeshare programs in 70 cities. On Monday, Uber announced it is partnering with Lime to offer scooter rentals within its app. 
 
 Meanwhile, Lime put hundreds of the scooters on the streets of Paris last month. 
 
 "The numbers have been crazy [in] the first few days," said Arthur-Louis Jacques, the head of Lime in France. "We put a few hundred scooters, and it's not enough. We need to [add] more because people are looking for them." 
 
 Lime said one million people in the US already use its bike and electric scooter sharing services. The company raised $135 million dollars from investors since its launch a year and a half ago, according to Jacques. He declined to share Lime's valuation. 
 
 Related: Self-driving cars. Scooters. The future of commuting to work is here 
 
 Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo approved Lime's scooter operation in the city, as long as riders stay on the road or city bike lanes. 
 
 "For the moment, the scooters that I see are properly parked," she said. "I have yet to see any scooters on the sidewalks." 
 
 She emphasized how this proper use is key to making the scooter system work in Paris. 
 
 "If there were any [on sidewalks], they would be sanctioned," she said. "You don't have the right to ride on the sidewalks and to block the movement of pedestrians."
– Ride-sharing, bike-sharing, and now scooter-sharing: Rentable electric scooters are popping up all over the place, including Los Angeles, San Francisco, and at least 20 other cities across the US. Millions of dollars in funding have been poured in to a number of scooter startups including Bird, Lime, and Spin, and the dockless two-wheeled vehicles are proving popular with users. Public officials, not so much; NBC News reports that Santa Monica officials were "flummoxed" when hundreds of e-scooters appeared in the city with little advance notice. And some residents are concerned, too: At a public meeting this month in Santa Monica, one concerned citizen said pedestrians have become like "bowling pins" as users, often teens, ride scooters erratically on sidewalks and then leave them strewn about wherever. In a battle similar to the one that has been raging between scooter companies and city officials in San Francisco, Santa Monica filed criminal charges against Bird for regulation violations including operating without a business license; the company has agreed to a list of demands and will pay $300,000 in fines. But that's not much for a company that has raised more than $400 million since its founding last year, and scooter startups don't seem likely to go anywhere as investors and tech columnists alike jump on board. Sources tell CNN Bird is now valued at $2 billion, and Uber has teamed with Lime, the second scooter startup to be valued at more than a billion dollars. In LA, particularly, many believe scooters will be a big hit as an easy (users can rent one with a smartphone app) and cheap (15 cents per minute) way to get around the city without a car.