title: Survey of Cultural Awareness in Language Models: Text and Beyond
summary: Large-scale deployment of large language models (LLMs) in various
  applications, such as chatbots and virtual assistants, requires LLMs to be
  culturally sensitive to the user to ensure inclusivity. Culture has been widely
  studied in psychology and anthropology, and there has been a recent surge in
  research on making LLMs more culturally inclusive in LLMs that goes beyond
  multilinguality and builds on findings from psychology and anthropology. In
  this paper, we survey efforts towards incorporating cultural awareness into
  text-based and multimodal LLMs. We start by defining cultural awareness in
  LLMs, taking the definitions of culture from anthropology and psychology as a
  point of departure. We then examine methodologies adopted for creating
  cross-cultural datasets, strategies for cultural inclusion in downstream tasks,
  and methodologies that have been used for benchmarking cultural awareness in
  LLMs. Further, we discuss the ethical implications of cultural alignment, the
  role of Human-Computer Interaction in driving cultural inclusion in LLMs, and
  the role of cultural alignment in driving social science research. We finally
  provide pointers to future research based on our findings about gaps in the
  literature.
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paper_authors.name: Faiz Ghifari Haznitrama
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paper_authors.name: Inhwa Song
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paper_authors.fullname: Inhwa Song
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paper_authors.name: Alice Oh
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paper_authors.fullname: Alice Oh
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paper_title: Survey of Cultural Awareness in Language Models: Text and Beyond
paper_summary: Large-scale deployment of large language models (LLMs) in various
  applications, such as chatbots and virtual assistants, requires LLMs to be
  culturally sensitive to the user to ensure inclusivity. Culture has been widely
  studied in psychology and anthropology, and there has been a recent surge in
  research on making LLMs more culturally inclusive in LLMs that goes beyond
  multilinguality and builds on findings from psychology and anthropology. In
  this paper, we survey efforts towards incorporating cultural awareness into
  text-based and multimodal LLMs. We start by defining cultural awareness in
  LLMs, taking the definitions of culture from anthropology and psychology as a
  point of departure. We then examine methodologies adopted for creating
  cross-cultural datasets, strategies for cultural inclusion in downstream tasks,
  and methodologies that have been used for benchmarking cultural awareness in
  LLMs. Further, we discuss the ethical implications of cultural alignment, the
  role of Human-Computer Interaction in driving cultural inclusion in LLMs, and
  the role of cultural alignment in driving social science research. We finally
  provide pointers to future research based on our findings about gaps in the
  literature.