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Birth Through Junior High
(1917-1932) -- (0-15 years)
Chapter 2 Section C
"THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF AN UNIMPORTANT IMPORTANT MAN"
by Glenn D. McMurry
Our church and school were side-by-side.
Note the out-house on the left whcih was used both on Sundays and school days.
The church and school at Elmer hold many, many happy memories for me. In those days the church and school were the community meeting places. Because the church had a full-sized basement, most of the activities were held there.
The church was a typical white frame building with a steeple, containing a large bell. To the consternation of all the pigeons in the area, it was rung promptly at ten o'clock, each Sunday morning. Tom Ball, the closest resident and long-time member, had the responsibility for ringing the bell.
The church had a set of cement steps leading to the front door. To me as a little boy, those steps seemed really long and high. The church had been built high off the ground in order to allow room for the basement windows.
The cement steps had pipe bannisters and naturally we kids liked to slide down them every chance we got. Of course, those chances weren't very frequent and often didn't last long before we'd hear, "You kids get off those bannisters. Those pipes are dirty and you'll get your clothes dirty. Besides, you might fall off and get hurt!"
The speaker was partly right. The pipe was probably dirty and sometimes a kid did fall off, but so far as I know, no one ever got hurt. Dirty clothes? Probably, but what fun it was!
The church was as plain inside as it was outside. It was just a large room full of wooden chairs. To keep those chairs in order, the church fathers had fastened groups of them together with long boards under the seats. That saved work when arranging and rearranging the chairs for Sunday morning service and other various activities.
Boy, were those chairs hard! They had no padding of any kind. Of course, what could you expect in a little country church? I discovered that even the church in town I visited occasionally didn't have padded seats. I guess religion was supposed to be experienced by all our senses, including the nerve endings on our bottoms.
The church had a small closed foyer with two doors that opened into the main room. I remember the chairs were arranged so at a funeral the coffin could be carried in through one door and down the aisle to the front, and then carried down the other aisle and out the other door. At all the funerals I remember during that time, there was always an open coffin in front of the church during the service. I'll never forget the day of my sister Helen's funeral. I can still see the attendants rolling her coffin down the aisle.
In the front of the church was a small platform holding the pulpit, piano and about ten chairs for the choir. Don Gilmore was the pianist, and believe it or not, I sometimes got to play when he wasn't there.
They knew there were a limited number of hymns I could play so they were kind to me. After all I was still in grade school at the time. If the director would pick out songs in the key of "C," I could do fine. One of my favorites was "Bringing In the Sheaves." They seemed to like my playing and that really boosted my ego. I was always thrilled when I was asked to play for church.
The Church Carnival
We had a full basement under the church. I remember many activities which were held there. Once we staged a carnival. The curtains for the stage were made from bed sheets held up with wires stretched from wall to wall. All around the basement we had curtains attached to the post supports to make the booths. All the posts and windows were decorated with bright crepe paper and anything else we could find to make the room look pretty and attractive.
One attraction was: "A drive through the woods." I was impressed with the sign and decided to look in. After paying the admission and entering, I found that the act was a guy with a hammer driving a nail into pieces of wood! Ugh!
Of course, the carnival had many other interesting attractions, and there was always food for sale.
The dinner-box fund raisers were lots of fun. Eligible young women, yes, even young men on occasion for a gag, would pack a box and decorate it for selling at the auction. A girl wasn't supposed to tell which box lunch she brought, but some broke the rule. When that happened, a bidder, hoping to get his girl's box, would sometimes be in trouble. The other guys, guessing what was going on, would bid the price up and make him pay dearly. It was great fun. At the end of the auction, all who bought boxes would open them and discover the name of the maker, who was then his dinner partner.
Carbide Lights
Since natural gas wasn't available during the time they built the Elmer church, carbide gas was used. Behind the church, in a separate basement or cave, they constructed an elaborate gas generator, complete with small pipe lines and valves to control the gas flow throughout the church.
Carbide is described in my dictionary as "A compound of an element, usually a metal, with carbon; especially, calcium carbide." I really don't know just what the composition of our carbide was. I just remember the folks talking about the carbide lights.
Carbide gas is generated by combining small amounts of water with the carbide. When the mixture generates sufficient gas pressure within the system, the gas reaches the light fixtures. When lighted the gas produces a very bright light. All worked well for a few years. Then, the pipes and valves began to corrode and shut down the gas supply. Upon examination, it was found that the entire system was so clogged that, without major repairs, it would soon completely corrode shut. The company experts decided that nothing could be done to restore the unit. Finally, it shut down completely. Too bad!
From then on we kids were constantly ordered to stay away from the area near the old gas generator. We were told the whole thing might explode without a warning. Regardless of the system's ultimate failure and the danger, I was always very fascinated by the place. One day, I decided that it would be safe to explore it.
Wow! There were many interesting pipes and valves to be examined. Surely, some of those valves could be turned and the system could work again with the help I could give it, I thought. But alas, it was not to be!
Years later I went down into that cave. Nothing had changed. The old sacks of carbide had broken open and the carbide itself had leeched away on the floor. Such a sad ending for a once ingenious light system.
Church Finance
"Mom, why are they trying to make folks give them money?" I asked one day when Dad was ready to visit old Mr. Bowser.
"Every year we Methodists expect our members to contribute to the church. You know, Glenn, it costs money to have a church. There are repairs to be made, and it costs to heat it in winter. We also have mission projects and, of course, the preacher needs his salary."
Mom also explained that even the occasional church attenders were asked to make a contribution. Bowser wasn't a member and didn't go to church often so it was Dad's job to visit him and ask for his donation.
I'll never forget old Mr. Bowser. He was the first person I remember saying some of the words he used. Everything he said was full of cuss words. You would think his life depended upon just how much swearing he could do.
One of his favorite milder words was "shit." I'd heard that word, probably at school, and I well remember my Dad's reprimand when I decided to use it. "Glenn, we don't say those kinds of words. Don't let me hear you use it again!"
Another thing I heard Bowser say was "son-of-a-bitch." That puzzled me a bit since I knew that a mamma dog was a bitch. What was the purpose in saying "Son-of-a-dog?" Bowser also said "Son-of-a-gun." Now that sounded rather neat, I thought. However, when I tried out my newly learned phrases, my Mom didn't appreciate them.
"Don't you think you can talk without using such words?" she asked.
Dad had a way of not paying attention to Bowser's kind of talk. He had a job to do on him and went right on telling him how he needed a contribution from him to keep the church going.
"Well, Fred, things aren't going along very well these days," Bowser finally said. "I guess I can give you a dollar towards the preacher's salary."
Although Dad was expecting more, I suppose he figured more talking would be useless, and we went back home. That visit with old Bowser surely made an impression on me, both because he gave only one dollar and because of the language he used during that conversation. I had to admire my Dad for his courage in going back year after year to him, and to others like him, to ask for money for our church.
I well remember "money raising" day at church. There was a finance committee that decided on the budget for the year. The largest part of the budget was the preacher's salary. Various members took turns being chairman of the committee, and Dad had the job a number of times. I can safely say chairman because I don't believe it was ever a woman.
The main "money raising" Sunday was usually soon after harvest. That would be the time the farmers had the most money. A meeting would be called following the regular church service.
"Now you folks know what we're going to do this morning," the chairman would report. "We need to have pledges for next year's budget. First we are going to pass pieces of paper and let you write down what you will give."
Of course, that was done only after the usual talks on the need for either raising the preacher's salary or having more money the next year for some special project.
After each one wrote his amount, the papers were collected and the secretary or treasurer would total them.
"I'm sorry," the chairman usually had to say. "We didn't get the money needed. We have to have at least two hundred more.
"They would then pass out more papers to see if some would raise their amounts. They would also go over names of absent members and once-or-twice-a-year attenders. These would be assigned to anyone willing to contact them. That's the way Dad always seemed to get Bowser's name.
Another way of raising funds was almost like an auction. Perhaps some need arose during the year or the money promised wasn't coming in. The committee would explain that a certain dollar amount was needed.
"Who'll give twenty-five dollars?" the chairman would ask. The secretary who had already noted on a board the amount needed, then carefully counted those who held up their hands to give the stated amount. Each time the amount was subtracted to show how much more was still needed.
"Now who'll give twenty? We still have lots to raise. Ott, how about you?" So it would go. Each time the amount asked for would be smaller. Usually, the times I remember, they finally were able to get what they needed.
One time the preacher got into a pinch and had to admit that he had gotten into debt. I suppose he had some kind of family emergency and his rather small salary just didn't stretch. Embarrassed, he called on the chairman of the finance committee for help. I don't remember just how it all ended, but I imagine the people managed to help him out of a bad situation.
Methodism and Other Religions
Our church at Elmer was a Methodist church. I didn't really know much about any other churches, let alone any other religions. I did learn that the folks at the Baptist church, a few miles to the south and east of ours, were not particularly interested in cooperative affairs. Also, a person who wasn't a baptized member of that church couldn't take communion. They were invited to leave at communion time. That seemed wrong to me as our minister would always say, "All believers or seekers after Jesus are invited to the Lord's table.
"Sometimes I would visit the Mennonite church out in the country. The Gingerich kids would invite me to go with them. I learned later on that some of the Amish, thinking their religion was too strict, joined the Mennonites.
The faithful Amish kept to themselves. Their church was held in their homes. On Sunday if you saw lots of buggies at a particular home, you knew that was the meeting place for the day. The meeting seemed to last most of the day, too.
Catholics, Jews, Moslems, Buddhists and any other Protestant faiths besides Methodism were, for the most part, unknown to me. I might also add that, except for seeing a Negro in town occasionally, all the people I had contact with were Caucasian. Indeed, on a farm in central Kansas in those days, one's knowledge of the rest of the world was very limited. Of course, we studied geography in school, but all the places and people in the book seemed very far removed from me. When I was growing up most of the people with whom my family associated were white Protestants, and most of the Protestants were Methodists.
It was in the little Elmer Church that I received my first formal religious education. My parents were faithful attenders, as had been my Grandfather and Grandmother McMurry. Although I didn't understand much the preacher said in church, Sunday School was different. There the teachers told us stories we could understand. As I recall Mrs. Sybil McNew taught the class that prepared me for membership at the Elmer Episcopal Methodist Church.
As important as the church was, of more importance to my religious training was what I learned at home from Mom and Dad.
At home, Mom regularly read her Bible and I realized that it was a special book, in fact, the most important book in our home. Mom also read Bible stories to us kids, usually at bedtime. She read them from a story book instead of directly from her Bible. However, I understood they were from the Bible and that they were important for me to know.
I'm not sure whether I got the right meanings from all the Bible stories, but I certainly do remember them and they have always been a good basis from which to start serious Bible study. It was many years later, of course, that I became interested in the chronological aspects and the true meanings of the stories.
Several of the stories remain vividly in my mind. I'm sure the facts are not exactly straight, but here's how I remember some of them.
I'm certain that the story about David and Goliath has greater implications than I knew about at that time, but here goes anyway.
David was a good shepherd and I'm certain he was a fine young man. His father had great faith in him at least. David liked to use his slingshot and got to be a sure shot with it. I imagined, as Mom read, how David practiced, selecting the nicest round stones, positioning them in his slingshot, aiming at about anything in front of him and letting go. Time after time, he would use that slingshot until he could hit nearly anything he wanted to hit.
I'm sure David liked to roam the rolling hills as he watched his father's sheep grazing on the green grass. I'm sure he gathered nice round rocks and kept them in his little buckskin bag attached to his waist. There must have been all kinds of birds and animals at which he could aim his slingshot. How I wished I could have been with him. I'm sure his slingshot was of a different design from mine. I never could make one of those things work for me. I did try many, many times to hit cans perched on a fence post. Regardless of how I tried, since I never could hit those cans, I finally quit trying. David, on the other hand, must have mastered the art of sending those rocks just where he wanted them to go.
Next came the giants that were giving David, his family and friends many problems. Those giants were very large and I'll bet they were ten feet tall. Because the entire group were so big, they got the idea that they could lord over the smaller folk and get away with it. Yes, those giants were really bad people. They'd steal sheep and cattle from David's family and even killed his people when they tried to protect their animals.
"What are we going to do, David?" his father lamented. "Those big giants are killing all our animals and now they are going to kill us to get rid of us. We are very afraid of them."
Apparently the King found out about David's particular talent and summoned him before him. "Can you help us, young man?"
Oh, goodness, I thought. What can David do to help them get rid of those bad giants?
David told the King that he'd do it. He said to the King, "Call out to the giants over the hill to select the biggest and most ferocious warrior giant they have and I'll challenge him to a duel."
Knowing that David was a God-fearing young man, the King did exactly as David asked.
I don't know exactly what message was sent to the King of the giants, but soon a messenger came back with a reply to the challenge. The day and time were set for the duel.
That wicked King nearly laughed himself to death. He told David's King that not only would they accept the challenge, but if that kid killed their giant, they'd never bother David's people again. However, if their giant killed that kid, the rest of the giants would come from over the hills and kill all the other people there, men, women and children.
If I'd been David, I would have cleared out right then. What a terrible thing. It was one thing to be killed by the giant, but killing all his family, no!
"Here, David," the King said. "I will have my helpers fit you out with the best armor and the sharpest sword in the Kingdom. You're going to need it."
David tried on the armor but after finding it was much too heavy, said to the King, "I'm sorry, Sir, I can't use that armor. It is too heavy. Also, I don't know how to use a sword. No, Sir, all I want is my trusty slingshot. Thanks anyway. God will be my armor."
David's father had taught his son to honor and trust God. David had no intention of changing his ways, and his father had perfect confidence in him.
Soon the appointed day and time for the duel arrived. David got up early. He dressed in his ordinary shepherd's clothing and hung his slingshot from his shoulder. David knew what he had to do, but the weight of his responsibility didn't scare him.
The first thing he did was to walk down to the little stream he had crossed many, many times and select several smooth rocks. These he placed in his little leather bag. Then, I imagine, he looked up and said, "Thank you, God. I know you will protect me," and walked towards the hills.
I could hear the roar of that giant. Then as he came nearer, I could hear the clang of his armor.
Frankly, I think I'd have turned back about that time, but David walked as though he were shepherding his sheep. He was confident of what he was going to do. He knew God was by his side. Without breaking his pace, he continued towards the hills to confront the task ahead of him .
As David continued to walk towards the hill, the roar of the giant grew louder and louder. David could hear the clanging of the giant's armor. Then, David could see the top of the giant's head. Clank, clank, clank, the armor resounded over the hills.
Still, David made no change in his pace towards the giant.
As the giant came closer, David could see how really large that giant was. He must have been ten feet tall. No wonder the clanking was slow. David had to make three steps for each of the giant's. Then as the giant got closer and closer, he began to roar like the thunder and cursed the ground on which David walked. When he realized how small David was, he began to laugh. As he laughed, he waved his sword in the air and said, "What a joke! You are just a kid. I'll kill you with one swipe of my hand. What a stupid thing it was for my King to pit me against a mere child."
David was very calm as he walked closer to the giant. He eyed the giant closely and when the giant stopped and started to laugh, David was carefully selecting one of the stones from his leather bag. A few steps later, David stopped in his tracks, arranged his slingshot and adjusted the stone in it.
The giant continued to laugh at David. He knew he'd have to get much closer to the kid before he could give him a killing swipe.
David waited until the giant got about fifteen feet from him. Then he sized up the right spot where the rock would hit.
Although the giant had a helmet on his head, David noticed there was an opening in the helmet exposing his temple. Quietly and very slowly David began to wave his slingshot around his head. Then faster and faster he swung it. Suddenly, David gave a final hard swing and released the rock from his slingshot. The rock had found its mark. The giant was stunned and then fell, crashing down to the ground. Before he could recover from the rock's impact, David rushed to his side. He grabbed the giant's sword and quick as a flash cut off the giant's head.
I didn't like the bloody aspects of that story. Nothing, yes, nothing cleared that picture from my mind. It was and still is a vivid picture in my memory.
What was the moral of the story? Well, might didn't make right, that's for sure. Or, perhaps he was the smartest? Was it that God guided David's hand so that the rock stunned that giant?
I'm sure all of David's people were very happy. Too, when the giants found out the biggest of them had been felled by a shepherd boy's slingshot, they left that part of the country.
With such a story, I said, no killing for me. I wish I had never seen that picture of David holding the giant's head by the hair. Was David really such a hero to me after all? I wonder. Didn't those people ever hear of the word forgiveness and the wonderful effects of God's love? Even as a kid I had a better understanding of God's love than that. Oh, well!
Jacob's Favorite Son, Joseph
The stories written about Jacob impressed me as a kid. He was a wealthy landowner, had many herds of animals and also more than one wife. In those days, that was allowed, so who knows exactly how many wives he had around at one time. Jacob was a very religious man. He believed in God as all his forefathers did. Too, he worshiped according to the Hebrew law as he understood it at the time.
Jacob, as a young man, worked for another wealthy landowner and as far as I was concerned, he was a hard man to work for. He took advantage of Jacob for years. In fact he was down and out untruthful in his dealings with Jacob. When Jacob first saw Rachel, one of the available women on the ranch, he fell madly in love with her. He couldn't take his eyes off Rachel. She was very beautiful. So Jacob made up his mind to ask her father for permission to marry her.
"You haven't been working long enough here; however, if you work hard for seven years, I'll give her to you."
That was a hard situation for Jacob to take. But, knowing how he loved Rachel, he agreed.
Imagine that! Being forced to be around the woman he loved for seven years before being allowed to marry her. But Jacob was diligent and tried to please his master.
At the end of the seven years, Jacob again approached Rachel's father, "Now may I take Rachel for my wife? I have worked hard doing my job on the ranch just as you wished."
Now Rachel's father reneged on his promise to Jacob.
"Well, I've decided that if you want to get married right now, I'll give you my other daughter, Leah. She, too, is a beautiful girl and I think she would make a good wife for you. If you want Rachel, you'll have to wait another seven years. Then, if you are still a good worker, I'll give her to you."
That guy was a phony. He lied to Jacob. He had no intentions of giving Rachel to Jacob. His excuse was that the older daughter had to be married first, and during the seven years, Leah hadn't found a husband.
Jacob agreed to marry Leah with the promise from his boss that he could have Rachel after another seven years.
While waiting for Rachel, it seems Jacob became very wealthy. How he could have become rich in that period, I don't know.
At the end of the seven years, again Jacob approached his father-in-law and popped the question to him.
"I did what you commanded. It's been a long seven-year wait. Now I want Rachel for my wife."
What an arrangement!
Jacob got Rachel for his wife and she gave him a son whom he named Joseph. Later they had another son, Benjamin. With the sons from Leah and his other mistresses, he now had a total of twelve sons.
Because Joseph was the firstborn of his favorite wife, Rachel, he loved Joseph more than his other sons. That in itself was enough to cause problems in any family. He sent his other sons away from home much of the time to take care of the cows, camels, horses and pigs. Joseph was trained as a shepherd to herd the sheep. He brought them in each night to keep them from the wild animals. Therefore, he was home each night.
Imagine the conversation that ensued when Joseph's older brothers got together around the fireside to exchange business matters and pass along the latest jokes and rumors. I'm sure the favoritism their father showed to Joseph was often the topic.
"What will our father do next? Did you guys see what he gave that runt, Joseph?"
"Yes," another piped up, "I saw it. I wonder where Dad got it. Imagine giving that kid such a coat. It was made of many colors of material. It must have cost a fortune."
"Look, see that? We can see that dumb coat from far away. Isn't it disgusting? Dad never did give us anything like that."
"I wouldn't even want such a coat to show off, would you?
It was obvious in many ways that Jacob loved Joseph more than the rest. Even Benjamin, the smallest, had noted that Joseph was his father's favorite, but Benjamin liked Joseph anyway. Probably because they played together as they were growing up.
Jacob's wealth was a hot subject. The brothers were getting itchy. Who would inherit their father's fortune? Talk about envy. Those guys had it. Of course, who could blame them? They felt sure Joseph would get more than his share.
Things got worse and worse.
"Let's get rid of that kid. Then we won't have to worry about who is going to get father's fortune. It will be distributed equally amongst us."
"That's a good idea, but how can we do that without hurting father? He's all wrapped up in that kid. If we kill Joseph and he finds out that we did it, we'd never get a penny of that money."
"I have an idea," one of the brothers said. "Remember that old well we found out there in the desert? Why don't we throw him into it and leave him to die?"
"You know, that's not such a bad idea. That way he'll just come up missing."
"Hey," another one said, "Let's kill an animal and spread blood on Joseph's coat. That will make it look like a wild animal killed him."
"That's it. Let's do it. When it's over, we'll all go to father and tell him how a wild animal killed Joseph. At least, he won't suspect us."
How, where and when Benjamin overheard this conversation, I'm not sure, but he did. He didn't let on that he had overheard the plot. After all, he might be thrown into the well along with Joseph if he said something.
Benjamin kept quiet, for sure, but in his own mind he knew exactly what he'd do. After his brothers left the well, he'd go and rescue Joseph.
According to their plan, the brothers took Joseph and threw him into the well.
Just as they were ready to leave, they noticed a passing caravan on its way to Egypt.
"Hey, I have a good idea. We don't have to let Joseph die in the bottom of that well," one of the brothers said. "Let's make a little money by selling Joseph as a slave. That way we won't have murder on our hands."
That's what happened. They pulled Joseph from the well, and made a good deal with the chief of the caravan.
The brothers then returned to their father and showed him the coat covered with blood. Jacob went into mourning. The more they tried to soothe and console his father, the more depressed he got. Nothing worked! They surely must have felt some guilt over their dastardly act.
Benjamin left quickly to find that well and rescue Joseph. Of course, he found it empty. He returned to his father very, very sad. His plan had failed. Joseph was now really gone!
When the caravan arrived in Egypt, the chief promptly sold Joseph to the head of the King's guard. Everything got along fine until he got into trouble with the officer's wife. She thought Joseph was cute. When he refused her advances, she lied to her husband, accusing Joseph of assaulting her.
Joseph was then thrown into prison. Joseph took advantage of his talent by interpreting dreams for his prison mates. He made quite a hit, apparently.
One day, the King had a dream which disturbed him very much. He called all his wise men to him and told them about it. They didn't know what the King's dream meant. It was something about seven lean cows eating seven fat cows.
"Oh, King, I know a young man who can interpret that dream for you. He is in prison. Would you like me to bring him to you?"
Naturally, the King ordered him to be brought. Joseph was taken from the prison and dressed for his audience before the King.
I well remember the picture in that Bible story book showing Joseph standing before the King.
After listening to the King's dream, Joseph began to tell the King what it meant. The essence of that dream was that God would cause the land to produce an abundance of grain for seven years. For the next seven years, God would send a blight over the entire land causing a seven-year famine. Not only would his subjects suffer, but everyone in neighboring lands would also suffer.
The King was very disturbed, and asked, "What can I do to avert such a catastrophe?"
"Oh, King," Joseph said, "my God has told me what can be done."
I can just hear that King saying, "Go to it, Joseph. You have complete power to do whatever you need to do to make my people ready for that famine. Whatever command you give, it will be the law of the land."
What about that? Joseph was in command. A poor Hebrew shepherd boy had made it to the top.
Joseph commanded many large granaries to be built. He then took a portion of each farmer's grain and stored it. After a few years of good harvests, seven to be exact, the granaries were filled.
About that time, the weather changed and it stopped raining. For seven years, just as Joseph said, there was a great famine over the entire land.
"No one will go hungry," Joseph commanded. "When you are in need, report to the authorities in charge of the granaries and they will parcel out grain to you. There will be plenty for the famine years."
Of course, Jacob's family also ran out of food, and they learned about the grain available in Egypt.
The sons insisted they should go to Egypt and buy some grain, and their father reluctantly agreed.
"You can go, but you can't take Benjamin with you," he said. "I lost my Joseph and I don't want to lose Benjamin. I would die without him."
The ten brothers journeyed to Egypt to buy grain.
Surprise! Joseph recognized his brothers at once, but they didn't recognize him. Joseph hadn't forgotten how his brothers sold him into slavery. It was his opportunity to test them to see if they had a change of heart about him. So, he kept his identity from them.
His brothers were surprised to see how nice the officer treated them. Joseph had warned him of their arrival. Not only were they were treated kindly, they also were invited to a great feast.
After they had eaten, the brothers were summoned before Joseph. He really gave them the works without disclosing his identity. He asked all about their father, mother, and other brothers. Upon learning that the family was all right, he turned away and cried for joy.
"Wow!" the brothers whispered amongst themselves. "What a great feed, but something must be wrong. We've got to be careful."
Well, there was something wrong. After having their sacks filled, Joseph had his expensive goblet put into one of his brother's bags. Then he bade his brothers goodbye.
Soon some men came after the brothers and discovered the cup. They were brought back before Joseph.
"You thieves! After all I did for you, you deceived me," Joseph said.
For that, one of the brothers was thrown into prison. Joseph then commanded that before they could get their brother out of prison, they must bring their younger brother to him.
Jacob was furious when he found that Benjamin had to be taken from him, but their grain was about gone and he had to agree to have Benjamin go.
Wasn't that a little mean of Joseph to torture his brothers? I suppose they had it coming to them. After the way they laughed at him for telling all of his crazy dreams to them. Especially the one about their bowing before him. No wonder they hated him.
When Joseph saw his brother Benjamin, he released the other brother from prison and confessed who he was. He told them the whole story. What a party they had! They all forgave each other and agreed to bring their father to Egypt also.
The story ended with the father, now an old man, going to Egypt. When he was finally reunited with his favorite son, he cried. I'd have cried, too, wouldn't you?
Of all the stories Mom read, the Jesus stories were my favorites. During the Christmas season, she always read about the birth of Jesus from the Holy Bible. To me some of the words were really odd.
"Mom, how come they always wrote 'thee' and 'thou' in the Bible?"
"Glenn, the writers used those words because that's how they talked at that time."
That wasn't much of a reason for me. I thought my "Bible Story Book for Children" was better than Mom's Bible. It had many colored pictures in it. I especially liked that picture of Jesus lying in the manger. Mary, Jesus' mother, was shown sitting near Jesus with a bright light around her head. Joseph, his father, is there in the picture, as well as those three wise men presenting gifts. There was also a picture showing the three wise men being led to Jesus by the light of a bright star.
I liked the story until we came to the part about the terrible ruler who tried to get rid of Jesus.
"What?" Herod the King asked. "What's that I hear? Who said that a little baby would grow up to take my place?"
Those wise men had let the cat out of the bag. That King let on like he wanted to go see that baby and honor it. He was a great big liar! Even those wise men got suspicious and cleared out and headed another direction.
The King was furious! He got so mad he ordered all the little boy babies under one year of age killed. He didn't take any chance having one of those kids take his place on HIS throne.
That picture of the soldiers grabbing little boys preparing to kill them was absolutely awful to look at. I couldn't imagine such a thing. I remember being glad I didn't live in his country.
Another story I liked was about Jesus being left behind in the temple.
It happened when Jesus was just a kid, about ten years old. They had started off on a trip to another town and suddenly Jesus was missing.
There were robbers around those days so people moved in groups for their own protection. They immediately left the group and turned back to retrace their steps. His folks, especially his mother, were worried that something terrible had happened to him.
"Do you think he was wandering around the shops in town and forgot to leave with the group?" his mother asked. "Where should we go first?"
"The first thing to do," his father said, "is to notify the temple authorities that Jesus is missing."
When they got to the Temple, they had a shock. He was sitting in the middle of the elders discussing religion.
That picture of Jesus standing lecturing to those guys stuck in my head. They were amazed how smart he was. He acted as though he knew exactly what he was talking about.
Those elders were probably getting suspicious of Jesus. They thought they knew all about their God and they weren't about to have a kid telling them such things. I decided it was fortunate his folks found him when they did.
"Jesus, what in the world got into you? Can you imagine how worried we were? We were afraid that robbers had stolen you?"
"What made you worry over me?" Jesus told his folks. "I was doing the will of my Father."
His mother wondered where he got such an idea. He was just a kid. He was smart, of course, but he was acting like a teacher. "Being about my Father's business!" rang in her mind. He was really fulfilling prophecy. Her boy was really the Son of God.
I'll bet his father was more than surprised. "Come, let's get out of here. It's going to take us a whole day to catch up with our group. What made you do such a thing, Jesus?"
Jesus wasn't talking about his own father, he was talking about his Heavenly Father, the one and only God. Jesus was really filled with the spirit of God and let folks know it.
Of course, Mom also read about Jesus causing trouble with the authorities wherever he went. She read about his healing people, making a blind man see, and even raising a man from the dead. She also read about his being killed. I can see that picture of him on the cross between the two thieves, and the one of Easter morning and the empty tomb. Then there were pictures of him with his disciples again, and finally, of him floating up into the sky to Heaven to be his Father.
The first prayer I remember was what my Mom taught me. Each night at bedtime she would hold me on her lap and repeat, "Now I lay my down to sleep, I pray the Lord my soul to keep. If I should die before I wake, I pray the Lord my soul to take."
Soon I was saying it with her, and as I got older, I would say it by myself.
Later Mom always added, "God bless Papa, God bless Junior and God bless Helen." That line then became a part of my nightly prayer.
When I was old enough to sleep by myself upstairs, Mom would tuck me in bed, give me a good-night kiss, and remind me, "Say your prayers, Glenn."
At each mealtime, after Mom had us seated at the table, she would tell us to be quiet and fold our hands in our laps. Getting we kids ready for the blessing before we ate was important to her. When we were quiet, she would nod to Dad. That was the signal for him to close his eyes, bow his head and give the blessing.
Dad's prayer didn't really mean much to me because I couldn't understand all the words. Even when he asked the blessing at a gathering of relatives or at church, he always gave the same blessing.
Although I didn't understand just what he was saying, I knew he was talking to God and saying thanks for the food.
I remember one time hearing my Aunt Nelle say, "I always like to hear Fred ask the blessing. Although I don't always understand it all, I feel how reverent and sincere he is."
That's exactly how I have always felt about Dad's blessing before each meal.
My Grandpa McMurry expected his entire family to kneel beside their chairs as he spoke his morning prayer. My folks weren't that formal, but when we visited my grandparents, I knew what I was supposed to do.
Songs of Faith
Songs of the faith were introduced to me at a very early age, both at church and at home. These hymns gave me important concepts about God and Jesus. I understood that God loved me and Jesus loved me. The existence of God and Jesus were unalterable facts.
God seemed to be more distant from me than Jesus. Many songs seemed to say He was up there high in the sky. However, other songs said, "God Be With You, God Will Take Care of You, Nearer, My God, to Thee, etc."
Jesus seemed much closer to me for some reason. "Jesus Loves Me, This I Know" was one of the first songs I remember. My Mom sang it often. It made Jesus seem real to me. I knew both Mom and Dad felt the same way. How could I ever feel differently?
"Tell me the Stories of Jesus" is another song I remember. Mom had many favorite hymns. "Wonderful Words of Life" was one I heard her sing over and over while she was working in the kitchen or even in the garden. Although she didn't know she was often singing off key, it didn't make any difference to her. The words were important to her. I didn't know that she was tone deaf until I started to play the piano.
"Mom, you're not in tune with the piano," I said one day when I was practicing.
"I'm not surprised, son."
It was then that I realized that Mom's deafness kept her from singing in tune. I think that was the beginning of my attempts to transpose. I'd try to find what key she was in and play the song in that key.
Most of the music in our home was the church hymns. My sister Helen learned to play the hymns before I did. Dad would occasionally get Grandpa's old violin out and play along. He did more squeaking than anything, but we kids always got a big kick out of his playing for us.
Every Sunday at church congregational singing was an important part of the service. All sang their hearts out. All of us kids joined right in, too. How could I keep from learning the songs of my faith? The song book I remember was blue and had "Gospel Songs" written on the front.
Thank God, I had a wonderful Mom and Dad who introduced me to Jesus at an early age. They not only taught me at home, but also took me with them to church. Sunday morning meant, "Get ready to go to church." It took some very unusual circumstance, such as being snowed in or a serious illness in the family, to keep us home on Sunday mornings.
I might add here that going to church on Sunday morning has been my habit throughout my life. After I was married and had children, my children, too, understood that on Sunday morning we all went to church.
As I grew older the Jesus stories became more to me than just pictures in my story book. I developed a faith in God and His Son, and began to understand a little about LOVE as shown by the life of Jesus. I came to realize that the Christmas Baby became a man who changed the world. Even the most skeptical have to admit that some kind of power still emanates from Jesus today. There are too many instances of lives being changed by His power to discount His influence in today's world.
Click Here For More of Chapter 2


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Bale grazing on the Niagara Escarpment
January 20, 2014 Features
Genomics 101
What you need to know about colostrum for beef calves
January 20, 2014 Beef Cattle
The role of technology in the efficient production of wholesome beef
Do we need to worm livestock at turnout?
April 23, 2013 Beef Cattle
Beef Processing Plants in Canada
Machinery and Shop
canadian cattlemen response to covid-19 See Details
By Debbie Furber
"Bale grazing with sisal twine seemed to make so much sense," Bill Redrupp says. Photo: Bryan Davies Photography
Intrigued with what he had been reading about practices to extend the grazing season out west, Bill Redrupp was keen to give them a try on his mixed farm located on the foothills of the Niagara Escarpment near the former shipbuilding community of Collingwood, Ont., on Georgian Bay.
About three years ago, he called Canadian Cattlemen for a list of resource people on the subject and went to work setting up a bale-grazing system to winter his herd of 25 Hereford cows. He recently called to say that bale grazing works equally well in his area of Ontario, where there aren't a lot of cattle to start with and bale grazing is even less common.
"Bale grazing using sisal twine seemed to make so much sense — taking the animals to the bales and catching manure in the field," Redrupp says. "The only negative I could see was feed wastage, but the wastage is of value to the land building up soil."
He started by bale grazing the herd through November and December because he was leery about winter weather conditions, mainly the effects of high winds whipping off the escarpment come January and February more so than snow buildup. Now, the cows bale graze winter long, starting around the first of December.
Many years, such as this with ample precipitation and sunshine, he has pasture to graze well into November. Corn stover for late-fall grazing is a bonus every third year in his cash crop rotation, which happened to roll around this year in the midst of abundant forage growth for pasture and hay.
The first cut of hay alone nearly covered off the 200 bales needed to see the herd through the winter and a second cut yielded another 135. With the drought of 2012 fresh in everyone's mind, he is happy to have the carry-over as insurance. Though his farm was on the edge of the drought and had enough pasture, he did have to buy in some hay and considers himself fortunate to have been able to find it close to home from a neighbour who had recently sold his herd.
The hayfields and pastures are a 50/50 mix of alfalfa with orchardgrass and brome grass. First-cut bales are moved off to the side to take a second cut and those bales are left to be grazed where they roll out of the baler. He'll harrow over the residue to accommodate baling the following year.
The residue from bale grazing on pasture land is left for the cattle to work into the land, so he'll change up the location from year to year to prevent heavy buildup in any one area and to treat areas that need special attention. He uses 40-foot spacings between bales whenever they have to be placed. In all, he sets up five 20-acre bale-grazing areas with single-strand electric fences for cross-fencing as needed and another movable wire to give the cows access to about two weeks of bales at a time.
He notices that the boost in forage growth from the added fertility and moisture retention really isn't evident until the second summer after bale grazing.
So, it's working from a forage production standpoint, Redrupp says, adding that he is particularly happy with the results on an eight-year-old hayfield, where production has not declined and the 50/50 mix is staying stable.
It's also working from an economic perspective and even more so considering that he had been paying someone to do the haying and feed the herd all of the years up to his retirement as a partner in Pricewaterhouse Coopers at Toronto, where he was raised.
His mother was originally from the Collingwood area and as a kid he made frequent trips there with his parents to visit relatives. The view from the escarpment over the Georgian Bay was breathtaking and after securing his career in Toronto, it seemed like a good idea to invest in the little 60-acre farm on the slope that had come up for sale. A few years later, he added a nearby farm that included a sizeable piece of logged land not really suitable for cropping and went about returning it to its natural state by planting 30,000 white pines. He capped off his holding with the 75-acre farm next to his original farm, taking it up to 275 acres in all.
Though the size doesn't compare to farms he sees out west, like the Douglas Lake Ranch he visited in 2012 while on the World Hereford Conference tour, it's a fair-size operation for his neck of the woods where agricultural land is now selling for $10,000 an acre and can grow 150-bushel corn crops.
Redrupp's farm is evenly split between cropland and forages for hay and pasture, along with the 50 acres of white pine and spruce forest.
Currently, he has a 50/50 crop-share agreement with a local farmer, Colin Walker, who runs a large dairy farm and retails crop inputs. Walker is very knowledgeable about cropping and Redrupp appreciates his willingness to teach him about what he is doing with the land and why. They use a three-crop rotation that includes corn, soybean and winter wheat.
Redrupp's interest in Hereford cattle stems back to a visit to Hereford, England, while on a trip with a business partner. He had a bit of a rocky start in the beef industry, though, when the first cow he purchased and placed in a friend's care was the one and only cow in the county to be diagnosed with brucellosis back in the days of mandatory testing.
He started over again with four Horned Herefords and built up a herd on his own place by paying neighbours to look after them. His Polled Hereford herd of today has been developed using good-quality bulls, retaining heifers from his own herd, and adding quality females from reputable breeders along the way.
"I don't show cattle or promote purebreds, but I do enjoy quality and I am proud of the bloodlines and herd I've built on them through the years," Redrupp says, adding that the sire of his current herd sire out of Bryan and Annette Latimer's Remitall West herd near Olds, Alta., is the sire of the 2012 grand champion Hereford bull at the Toronto Royal Winter Fair and a paternal brother to the 2013 grand champion Hereford bull at the show in Denver, Colorado.
The aspect of the beef industry he probably enjoys the most is animal health and husbandry and his veterinarian has been a great mentor in this regard. When it comes right down to it, he simply likes everything about cattle and the land.
Admittedly, Herefords aren't the most popular breed in the province. The light-coloured cattle with Continental breeding, such as Limousin and Charolais, are dominant and typically fetch top market prices.
He has found a fairly strong market through the Ontario Stock Yards at Cookstown for his 600-weight Hereford calves after weaning in early November. Buyers there recognize the Remitall name and appreciate the quality of the calves, so he has been able to capture premiums for quality when there are premiums to be had. Redrupp sends the herd sire's ultrasound carcass data on the truck with the calves and the stockyard makes the information available to potential buyers before and during the sale. It helps, too, that a lot of Mennonite farms do business there and they are not usually in the market for large groups of feeder calves all at one time.
Trying some swath grazing is next on his to-do list and this was to be the year to get started until the rains came and boosted forage yields beyond his expectations.
The challenge of the ever-changing work environment and the opportunity to learn new things every day are all part of the intrigue of farming that holds Redrupp to the land.
— Debbie Furber is a field editor with Canadian Cattlemen at Tisdale, Sask. This article first appeared in the Fall 2013 special edition.
Debbie Furber's recent articles
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GFM Podcasts
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Holding back calves this year? We're here to help. Feeding & backgrounding info relevant to your operation, all in one place. Get tips from the experts to get you through the season in Canadian Cattlemen: The Best of Feeding & Backgrounding.
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River's Edge Farm is a working farm that does double duty as a primary residence and 35 acre working farm on one hand and a unique retreat on the other. The farm, which specializes in breeding and boarding alpacas, is 20 miles from the Cumberland, Maryland I-68 exit. The alpaca breeding herd and a rotating menagerie of horses, goats, ducks and other friendly farm animals are lovingly tended and very socialized. The farm hosts guests and retreat groups in a loft apartment over the main barn. The Potomac River is accessible by trail; the property has a quartermile of riverfront and access to the canal towpath.


text:
2Use
3.1Classical Mouldings
3.2Gothic Mouldings
Molding (decorative)
(Redirected from Moulding (decorative))
Class of decorative elements in the ornamentation
For other uses, see Molding (process) and Mold (cooking implement).
Cavetto molding and resulting shadow pattern
Ovolo molding and resulting shadow pattern
Cyma recta molding and resulting shadow pattern
Moulding (spelled molding in the United States), or coving (in United Kingdom, Australia), is a strip of material with various profiles used to cover transitions between surfaces or for decoration. It is traditionally made from solid milled wood or plaster, but may be of plastic or reformed wood. In classical architecture and sculpture, the moulding is often carved in marble or other stones.
A "plain" moulding has right-angled upper and lower edges. A "sprung" moulding has upper and lower edges that bevel towards its rear, allowing mounting between two non-parallel planes (such as a wall and a ceiling), with an open space behind. Mouldings may be decorated with paterae as long, uninterrupted elements may be boring for eyes.
Decorative plaster mouldings and coving in a late Victorian town house in South Wales.
Decorative mouldings have been made of wood, stone and cement. Recently mouldings have been made of extruded PVC and Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) as a core with a cement-based protective coating. Synthetic mouldings are a cost-effective alternative that rival the aesthetic and function of traditional profiles.[citation needed]
Moldings from 1728 Table of architecture in the Cyclopedia[1]
Common mouldings include:
Archivolt: Ornamental moulding or band following the curve on the underside of an arch.
Astragal: Semi-circular moulding attached to one of a pair of doors to cover the gap where they meet.
Baguette: Thin, half-round moulding, smaller than an astragal, sometimes carved, and enriched with foliages, pearls, ribbands, laurels, etc. When enriched with ornaments, it was also called chapelet.[1]
Bandelet: Any little band or flat moulding, which crowns a Doric architrave. It is also called a tenia (from Greek ταινία an article of clothing in the form of a ribbon).[1]
Baseboard, "base moulding" or "skirting board": Used to conceal the junction of an interior wall and floor, to protect the wall from impacts and to add decorative features. A "speed base" makes use of a base "cap moulding" set on top of a plain 1" thick board, however there are hundreds of baseboard profiles.
Baton: See Torus
Batten or board and batten: Symmetrical moulding that is placed across a joint where two parallel panels or boards meet
Bead moulding: Narrow, half-round convex moulding, when repeated forms reeding
Beading or bead: Moulding in the form of a row of half spherical beads, larger than pearling
Other forms: Bead and leaf, bead and reel, bead and spindle
Beak: Small fillet moulding left on the edge of a larmier, which forms a canal, and makes a kind of pendant.[1] See also: chin-beak
Bed-mould or Bed moulding: Narrow moulding used at the junction of a wall and ceiling, found under the cornice, of which it is a part.[2] Similar to crown moulding, a bed mould is used to cover the joint between the ceiling and wall. Bed moulds can be either sprung or plain, or flush to the wall as an extension of a cornice mould.[3]
Bolection: Raised moulding projecting proud of a face frame at the intersection of the different levels between the frame and an inset panel on a door or wood panel. It will sometimes have a rabbet on its underside the depth of the lower level so it can lay flat over both. It can leave an inset panel free to expand or contract with temperature and humidity.
Cable moulding or ropework: Convex moulding carved in imitation of a twisted rope or cord, and used for decorative mouldings of the Romanesque style in England, France and Spain and adapted for 18th-century silver and furniture design (Thomas Sheraton)[4][5]
Cabled fluting or cable: Convex circular moulding sunk in the concave fluting of a classic column, and rising about one-third of the height of the shaft[1]
Casing: Finish trim around the sides of a door or window opening covering the gap between finished wall and the jam or frame it is attached to.
Cartouche (in French) escutcheon: Framed panel in the form of a scroll with an inscribed centre, or surrounded by compound mouldings decorated with floral motifs
Cavetto: (in Italian) cavare("to hollow"): Concave, quarter-round moulding sometimes employed in the place of the cymatium of a cornice, as in the Doric order of the Theatre of Marcellus.[6] It forms the crowning feature of Egyptian temples and took the place of the cymatium in many Etruscan temples.
Chair rail or dado rail: Horizontal moulding placed part way up a wall to protect the surface from chair-backs, and used simply as decoration
Chamfer: Beveled edge between two adjacent surfaces
Chin-beak: Concave quarter-round moulding, rare in ancient buildings, more common today.[1]
Corner guard: Used to protect the edge of the wall at an outside corner, or to cover a joint on an inside corner.
Cornice: Generally any horizontal decorative moulding
Cove moulding or coving: Concave-profile moulding that is used at the junction of an interior wall and ceiling
Crown moulding: Wide, sprung moulding that is used at the junction of an interior wall and ceiling. General term for any moulding at the top or "crowning" an architectural element.
Cyma: Moulding of double curvature, combining the convex ovolo and concave cavetto. When the concave part is uppermost, it is called a cyma recta but if the convex portion is at the top, it is called a Cyma reversa (See diagram at Ogee.) When crowning moulding at the entablature is of the cyma form, it is called a cymatium.[7]
Dentils: Small blocks spaced evenly along the bottom edge of the cornice
Drip cap: Moulding placed over a door or window opening to prevent water from flowing under the siding or across the glass
Echinus: Similar to the ovolo moulding and found beneath the abacus of the Doric capital or decorated with the egg-and-dart pattern below the Ionic capital[4]
Egg-and-dart: egg shapes alternating with V-shapes; one of the most widely used classical mouldings.[4]
Also: Egg and tongue, egg and anchor, egg and star
Fillet: Small, flat band separating two surfaces, or between the flutes of a column. Fillet is also used on handrail applications when the handrail is "plowed" to accept square shaped balusters. The fillet is used on the bottom side of the handrail between each of the balusters.
Fluting: Vertical, half-round grooves cut into the surface of a column in regular intervals, each separated by a flat astragal. This ornament was used for all but the Tuscan order
Godroon or Gadroon: Ornamental band with the appearance of beading or reeding, especially frequent in silverwork and moulding. It comes from the Latin guttus, meaning flask. It is said to be derived from raised work on linen, applied in France to varieties of the, bead and reel, in which the bead is often carved with ornament. In England the term is constantly used by auctioneers to describe the raised convex decorations under the bowl of stone or terracotta vases. The godroons radiate from the vertical support of the vase and rise halfway up the bowl.
Also: Gadrooning, lobed decoration, (k)nukked decoration, thumb moulding
Guilloché: Interlocking curved bands in a repeating pattern often forming circles enriched with rosettes and found in Assyrian ornament, classical and Renaissance architecture.[4]
Keel moulding : Sharp-edged moulding resembling a cross-section of a ship's keel, common in the Early English and Decorated styles.
Lamb's Tongue: Lambs Tongue is a moulding having a deep, symmetrical profile ending in a narrow edge.[8]
Muntin: Narrow strip of wood or metal separating and holding panes of glass in a window.
Ogee: see "Cyma"
Order: Each of a series of mouldings
Ovolo: Simple, convex quarter-round moulding that can also be enriched with the egg-and-dart or other pattern
Neck moulding
Panel Mould: A moulding that is flat on the back and profiled on the face. It is applied directly on a flat surface like a wall or flush door in squares or rectangles to simulate a panel.
Picture rail: Functional moulding installed 7–9 feet above the floor from which framed art is hung, common in commercial buildings and homes with plaster walls.
Rosette: Circular, floral decorative element found in Mesopotamian design and early Greek stele, common in revival styles of architecture since the Renaissance.[4]
Scotia: Concave moulding with asymetric upper and lower profiles. When used as a base its lower edge projects beyond the top, as on columns as a transition between two torus mouldings with different diameters;[4] also used with its upper edge projecting on mantels, crown mouldings, and on stairs, supporting their treads' nosing
Screen moulding: Small moulding used to hide and reinforce where a screen is attached to its frame.
Shoe moulding, toe moulding or quarter-round: Small flexible moulding used at the junction of a baseboard and floor as a stylistic element or to cover any gap between the two.
Strapwork: Imitates thick lengths of leather straps applied to a surface to produce pattern of ribs in connected circles, squares, scrolls, lozenges etc. Popular in England in 16th & 17th. centuries, used in plaster on ceilings,[9] also sculpted in stone on exterior of buildings, e.g. around entrance doors. Also carved in wood, and used for topiary designs for parterres.
Torus: Convex, semi-circular moulding, larger than an astragal, often at the base of a column, which may be enriched with leaves or plaiting. In the Ionic orders there are generally two torus mouldings separated by a scotia with annulets.[10]
Trim moulding: General term used for mouldings used to create added detail or cover up gaps, including corner mouldings, cove mouldings, rope mouldings, quarter rounds, and accent mouldings.[11]
Use[edit]
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At their simplest, mouldings hide and help weather seal natural joints produced in the framing process of building a structure. As decorative elements, they are a means of applying light- and dark-shaded stripes to a structural object without having to change the material or apply pigments. Depending on their function they may be primarily a means of hiding or weather-sealing a joint, purely decorative, or some combination of the three.
As decorative elements the contrast of dark and light areas gives definition to the object. If a vertical wall is lit at an angle of about 45 degrees above the wall (for example, by the sun) then adding a small overhanging horizontal moulding, called a fillet moulding, will introduce a dark horizontal shadow below it. Adding a vertical fillet to a horizontal surface will create a light vertical shadow. Graded shadows are possible by using mouldings in different shapes: the concave cavetto moulding produces a horizontal shadow that is darker at the top and lighter at the bottom; an ovolo (convex) moulding makes a shadow that is lighter at the top and darker at the bottom. Other varieties of concave moulding are the scotia and congé and other convex mouldings the echinus, the torus and the astragal.
Placing an ovolo directly above a cavetto forms a smooth s-shaped curve with vertical ends that is called an ogee or cyma reversa moulding. Its shadow appears as a band light at the top and bottom but dark in the interior. Similarly, a cavetto above an ovolo forms an s with horizontal ends, called a cyma or cyma recta. Its shadow shows two dark bands with a light interior.
Together the basic elements and their variants form a decorative vocabulary that can be assembled and rearranged in endless combinations. This vocabulary is at the core of both classical architecture and Gothic architecture.
Classical Mouldings[edit]
When practiced in the Classical tradition the combination and arrangement of mouldings are primarily done according to preconceived compositions.[citation needed] Typically, mouldings are rarely improvised by the architect or builder, but rather follows established conventions that define the ratio, geometry, scale, and overall configuration of a moulding course or entablature in proportion to the entire building. Classical mouldings have their roots in ancient civilizations, with examples such the 'cornice cavetto' and 'papyriform columns' appearing in ancient Egyptian architecture,[citation needed] while Greek and Roman practices developed into the highly the regulated classical orders. Necessary to the spread of Classical architecture was the circulation of pattern books, which provided reproducible copies and diagrammatic plans for architects and builders.[citation needed] Works containing sections and ratios of mouldings appear as early as the Roman era with Vitruvius and much later influential publications such as Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola's, Five Orders of Architecture, and James Gibbs's, Rules for Drawing the Several Parts of Architecture. Pattern books can be credited for the regularization and continuity of classical architectural mouldings across countries and continents particularly during the colonial era, contributing to the global occurrence of Classical mouldings and elements.[citation needed] Pattern books remained common currency amongst architects and builders up until the early 20th century, but soon after mostly disappeared as Classical architecture lost favor to Modernist and post-war building practices that conscientiously stripped their buildings of mouldings.[citation needed] However, the study of formalized pattern languages, including mouldings, has since been revived through online resources and the popularity of new classical architecture in the early 21st century.[citation needed]
Gothic Mouldings[edit]
The middle ages are characterized as a period of decline and erosion in the formal knowledge of Classical architectural principles.[citation needed] This eventually resulted in an amateur and 'malformed' use of moulding patterns that eventually development into the complex and inventive Gothic style.[citation needed] While impressive and seemingly articulate across Europe, Gothic architecture remained mostly regional and no comprehensive pattern books were developed at the time, but instead likely circulated through pilgrimage and the migration of trained Gothic masons.[citation needed] These medieval forms were later imitated by prominent Gothic Revivalists such as Augustus Pugin and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc who formalized Gothic mouldings, developing them into its own systematic pattern books which could be replicated by architects with no native Gothic architecture.
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^ a b c d e f This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "Table of architecture". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. p. 128.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bed-Mould". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 622.
^ "Bed Mould". metrie.com. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
^ a b c d e f Lewis, Philippa & Gillian Darley (1986) Dictionary of Ornament, NY: Pantheon
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cable Moulding". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 921.
^ Spiers, Richard Phené (1911). "Mouldings". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 932. Please note that a wikilink to the article on [Mouldings] in [EB1911] is not available
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cyma". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 690.
^ "Lamb's tongue profile". Retrieved August 26, 2019.
^ See drawings of period ceilings in Bankart, George, "The Art of the Plasterer", 1908; also Millar, William, "Plastering, Plain & Decorative", 1897
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Torus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 79.
^ Distinctive Wood Designs Inc. (2010) "Trim Mouldings"
Theory of Mouldings (Classical America Series in Art and Architecture); C Howard Walker (Author); Richard Sammons (Foreword); W. W. Norton & Co. (July 31, 2007); ISBN 0-393-73233-9
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Muharram in Kashmir has turned an eventful time when the government forces impose curfew and curbs on the religious processions led by Shia Muslims. This month several mourners were injured in action by government forces, trying to stop people from taking out processions.
Sanna Irshad Mattoo and Vikar Syed bring this story of Muharram in Kashmir.


text:
Von Lusch v. State
Calhoun v. State
His specific objection was that this bore no relationship to the specified aggravating circumstances. In von…
Nelson v. State
" Id. Ordinarily, a "general objection is sufficient to preserve all grounds which may exist." von Lusch v.…
106 Citing Cases
Full title:RICHARD VON LUSCH v . STATE OF MARYLAND
Date published: Jan 31, 1977
368 A.2d 468
deciding that where the trial court does not request a statement of the grounds for an objection and the defendant does not voluntarily delineate specific grounds, a general objection is sufficient to preserve all grounds with respect to evidentiary matters
Summary of this case from Hood v. State
See 4 Summaries
[No. 44, September Term, 1976.]
Decided January 31, 1977.
CRIMINAL LAW — EVIDENCE — Prior Offense — Cross-Examination Of Defendant About His Prior Conviction For Auto Larceny In 1931 When He Had Not Been Represented By Counsel Was Improper — Constitutionally Infirm Convictions, Infirm Because They Antedated Gideon v. Wainwright And Were Cases In Which The Defendant Was Convicted Without Being Represented By Counsel, Cannot Be Used To Support The Guilt Of A Defendant, To Enhance The Punishment Of A Defendant Or To Impeach The Credibility Of A Defendant. pp. 258-259
CRIMINAL LAW — EVIDENCE — Where Defendant's Testimony Was The Principal Thrust Of His Defense The Error In Admitting Evidence Of Defendant's Prior Conviction To Impeach His Credibility Was Not "Harmless Beyond A Reasonable Doubt." pp. 259-261
CRIMINAL LAW — EVIDENCE — Grounds For Objection To Evidence — Where One Objecting To The Admission Of Evidence, Although Not Requested By The Court To State His Grounds, States The Specific Grounds For His Objection, He Will Be Bound By Those Grounds And Will Ordinarily Be Deemed To Have Waived Any Objection To The Evidence On A Ground Not Stated. pp. 261-263
CRIMINAL LAW — EVIDENCE — Grounds For Objection To Evidence — No Waiver In This Case Of Defendant's Right To Challenge The Evidence On The Ground That He Had Not Been Represented By Counsel At The Time Of The Prior Conviction As Defendant's Counsel Was Not Requested By The Trial Court To Give Reasons For The Objection And As He Made Only A General Objection Which The Trial Court Overruled. pp. 263-264
Certiorari to the Court of Special Appeals. (Circuit Court for Caroline County, Turner J.).
Richard von Lusch was convicted by a jury on four counts of unlawfully using telephone facilities with the intent to "annoy, abuse, torment, harrass, or embarrass one or more persons." On appeal the Court of Special Appeals affirmed the conviction by a 2-1 vote but vacated the sentences and remanded for resentencing. The Court of Appeals granted von Lusch's petition for a writ of certiorari.
Judgment of the Court of Special Appeals reversed.
The cause was argued before MURPHY, C.J., and SINGLEY, SMITH, DIGGES, LEVINE and ELDRIDGE, JJ.
Philip W. Moore, with whom was Michael F. O'Connor on the brief, for appellant.
Bernard A. Raum, Assistant Attorney General, with whom were Francis B. Burch, Attorney General, and Clarence W. Sharp, Assistant Attorney General, on the brief, for appellee.
ELDRIDGE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case presents questions involving the admissibility of evidence at petitioner's criminal trial of petitioner's prior conviction of a crime at a time when he was not represented by counsel. Also presented is the question of whether petitioner waived his objection to the evidence by failing to specify the ground for the objection.
Petitioner Richard von Lusch resides in Queen Anne's County, Maryland. Located in the general vicinity of petitioner's home is an airport, known as the Bay Bridge Airport. The record indicates that petitioner considers the airport operations a hindrance to the peaceful enjoyment of his home, detrimental to his health, and a violation of the zoning regulations of Queen Anne's County. In 1974, petitioner allegedly made numerous telephone calls both to Mr. Julius Grollman, an operator of a local general store and one of the county commissioners in Queen Anne's County, and to the Bay Bridge Airport. Subsequently, charges were brought against petitioner as a result of separate complaints filed by Mr. Grollman and by Mr. Eugene Grannon, president of the company operating the airport.
Petitioner was tried before a jury in the Circuit Court for Caroline County, after removal from Queen Anne's County, on four counts of unlawfully using telephone facilities with the intent to "annoy, abuse, torment, harass, or embarrass one or more persons" in violation of Maryland Code (1957, 1976 Repl. Vol.), Art. 27, § 555A. At trial, Mr. Grollman testified that on May 5, 1974, he and members of his family received 40 telephone calls from petitioner. Mr. Grollman further testified that on May 11, 1974, he received 14 telephone calls from petitioner between 8:50 a.m. and 9:15 a.m. According to his testimony, the nature of the calls was similar and involved complaints about airplanes flying over petitioner's house and "why I [Grollman] didn't protect his rights or enforce the law of airplanes flying over." Mr. Grollman testified that petitioner habitually hung up the phone without allowing him to respond to the statements. Airport personnel testified that Bay Bridge Airport received 14 and 12 telephone calls from petitioner on May 5, 1974, and May 11, 1974, respectively. According to their testimony, the substance of the telephone calls was similar to the ones received by Mr. Grollman. Furthermore, they testified that petitioner was abusive and used vulgar language.
While petitioner did not seriously dispute the number of telephone calls allegedly made on the two days, he vehemently denied that the calls were made with the requisite intent to annoy or harass as required by Art. 27, § 555A. According to petitioner, he merely attempted to "have . . . [his] rights observed." He further testified that he neither used abusive language nor hung up the phone abruptly upon making the complaints, but rather that Mr. Grollman and the airport personnel used abusive and threatening language and consistently hung up on him, which necessitated the frequency of calls. Mrs. von Lusch supported her husband's testimony with respect to the nature of the telephone calls.
Petitioner was convicted on all four counts of violating Art. 27, § 555A, for which he was sentenced to a term of 3 months' confinement in the county jail on each count. The jail sentences were suspended and petitioner was placed on probation for 3 years. He also received a fine of $500.00 on each of the four counts.
Upon appeal to the Court of Special Appeals, several grounds for reversal were urged by petitioner. One of those grounds was that evidence concerning petitioner's conviction for auto larceny on April 25, 1931, was improperly admitted for impeachment purposes, as the conviction had been obtained at a trial in which the petitioner was not represented by counsel. In affirming the conviction by a 2-1 vote, Judge Lowe dissenting, the Court of Special Appeals failed to reach the merits of this contention. The majority held that petitioner's right to challenge the evidence, on the ground that he had not been represented by counsel at the time of the prior conviction, had been waived by his attorney's failure to specify this ground for his objection. The Court of Special Appeals, however, vacated the sentences because of the absence of counsel for the petitioner at the sentencing stage of the proceedings and remanded the case for resentencing. Von Lusch v. State, 31 Md. App. 271, 356 A.2d 277 (1976). Thereafter, this Court granted von Lusch's petition for a writ of certiorari.
Petitioner contends that it was improper for the prosecution during cross-examination to ask him about his conviction for auto larceny on April 25, 1931, because, at the time the prior conviction had been secured, he had not been represented by counsel. We agree. As Judge Singley recently pointed out for this Court in Taylor v. State, 278 Md. 150, 152, 360 A.2d 430 (1976), the Supreme Court's decisions in Loper v. Beto, 405 U.S. 473, 92 S.Ct. 1014, 31 L.Ed.2d 374 (1972); United States v. Tucker, 404 U.S. 443, 92 S.Ct. 589, 30 L.Ed.2d 592 (1972); and Burgett v. Texas, 389 U.S. 109, 88 S.Ct. 258, 19 L.Ed.2d 319 (1967), "stand for the proposition that constitutionally infirm convictions, infirm because they antedated Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963), and were cases in which the defendant was convicted without being represented by counsel, could not be used to support the guilt of a defendant, to enhance the punishment of a defendant, or to impeach the credibility of a defendant." Loper v. Beto, supra, directly governs the instant case. There, the Supreme Court stated (405 U.S. at 483):
It has not been disputed in this case that petitioner was not represented by counsel at the time he was convicted of auto larceny in 1931.
"Unless Burgett is to be forsaken, the conclusion is inescapable that the use of convictions constitutionally invalid under Gideon v. Wainwright to impeach a defendant's credibility deprives him of due process of law. We can put the matter no better than in the words of the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit:
"`We conclude that the Burgett rule against use of uncounseled convictions "to prove guilt" was intended to prohibit their use "to impeach credibility," for the obvious purpose and likely effect of impeaching the defendant's credibility is to imply, if not prove, guilt. Even if such prohibition was not originally contemplated, we fail to discern any distinction which would allow such invalid convictions to be used to impeach credibility. The absence of counsel impairs the reliability of such convictions just as much when used to impeach as when used as direct proof of guilt.' Gilday v. Scafati, 428 F.2d 1027, 1029."
It is clear, therefore, that evidence of petitioner's 1931 conviction was improperly used to impeach his credibility.
The State does not seriously suggest that the introduction of the 1931 conviction was proper in light of Loper v. Beto, supra; United States v. Tucker, supra; and Burgett v. Texas, supra. Instead the State contends that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. However, in Burgett, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of whether the admission of such evidence constituted prejudicial error, stating (389 U.S. at 115):
"The admission of a prior criminal conviction which is constitutionally infirm under the standards of Gideon v. Wainwright is inherently prejudicial and we are unable to say that the instructions to disregard it made the constitutional error `harmless beyond a reasonable doubt' within the meaning of Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18."
And in Loper v. Beto, supra, 405 U.S. at 483 n. 12, involving the use of prior invalid convictions for impeachment purposes, the Court simply noted:
"In the circumstances of this case there is little room for a finding of harmless error, if, as appears on the record now before us, Loper was unrepresented by counsel and did not waive counsel at the time of the earlier convictions."
See also Dorsey v. State, 276 Md. 638, 648 n. 6, 350 A.2d 665 (1976), where we pointed to Burgett and Loper as examples of cases involving types of error which perhaps could never be treated as harmless.
However, assuming arguendo that there are situations in which the admission against a criminal defendant of prior convictions that are constitutionally invalid under Gideon v. Wainwright is harmless error, we believe that under the circumstances of this case the error cannot be deemed harmless. Here, the petitioner's testimony was the principal thrust of his defense. His credibility therefore was of the utmost importance. Although the evidence with respect to the number of telephone calls made by petitioner was not seriously disputed, the testimony regarding the nature of the calls, which was relevant to disclose petitioner's intent in making the calls, was contradictory. Mr. Grollman and the airport personnel testified that petitioner was arrogant, abusive and abrupt on the phone, consistently hanging up without allowing any opportunity for a response. On the other hand, petitioner testified that it was not he who acted in this manner but rather Mr. Grollman and the airport personnel. He further testified that the frequency of his calls was necessitated by the complaining witnesses' behavior in hanging up the phone upon recognizing his voice, thereby frustrating his attempts to convey his complaints. Under the circumstances presented, the case largely turned upon the credibility of the various witnesses. Therefore, the error in admitting evidence of petitioner's prior conviction to impeach his credibility was not "harmless beyond a reasonable doubt." Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967); Dorsey v. State, supra, 276 Md. at 659.
Next the State argues, as the Court of Special Appeals held, that petitioner waived any objection based upon Loper and Burgett to the admission of the evidence concerning his prior conviction because petitioner's counsel failed to mention such ground. While acknowledging that under Maryland Rules 522 d and 725 f it is not necessary to state the grounds for objections to evidence unless requested by the court, and that in the present case petitioner's counsel was not asked by the court to state the grounds, the Court of Special Appeals held that where a party voluntarily states his grounds for objection even though not asked, he must state all grounds and waives any not so stated. The Court of Special Appeals went on to hold that petitioner's counsel voluntarily offered certain reasons for his objection in this case, and that, therefore, his failure to mention the Loper and Burgett ground constituted a waiver. The majority in the Court of Special Appeals thus stated:
"Numerous decisions hold that where the objecting party is asked by the trial court to state grounds for an objection to evidence, the objector should state all the reasons (if he has more than one) for objecting, and if he does not he is ordinarily regarded as having waived any basis not so stated. . . . We see no reason why the waiver rule should not apply with equal force where, although not asked to do so, the objector nevertheless states the basis for his objection. In the instant case, there is no reason to assume that had the appellant been asked by the trial judge he, or his counsel, would have stated any different or further grounds for the objection. Nor is there any indication in the record, or claim on appeal, that appellant or his counsel were prevented from fully articulating, once they undertook to do so, all grounds for the objection. Since the Burgett principle was not included as one of the stated grounds for the objection at the trial below, we hold that the objection on that ground has been waived. We therefore do not consider it." (31 Md. App. at 286-287.)
The portion of the trial transcript relating to this matter is as follows:
Q. (By prosecuting attorney) On April 25, 1931, were you convicted of larceny of an auto?
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Object. Your Honor.
THE COURT: Now just a minute. Just a minute! He has subjected himself to cross-examination by taking the stand.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: There was no direct examination on that subject whatsoever. . . .
THE COURT: But it may be (unintelligible).
DEFENSE COUNSEL: It is prejudicial and we ask for a mistrial.
THE COURT: All right, sir overrule your Motion.
PROSECUTING ATTORNEY: Your Honor any time a witness takes the stand his credibility is at issue.
THE COURT: Yes sir, his credibility is at issue and that is all there is to it.
Q. (By prosecuting attorney) You were convicted of larceny of an auto?
A. (By von Lusch) Yes, that is right. A fifteen dollar ($15.00) Ford.
The Court of Special Appeals viewed the above-quoted statements made by defense counsel as an attempt on his part to express specific grounds for objecting to the admissibility of petitioner's prior auto larceny conviction.
As previously pointed out, under Maryland Rules 522 d and 725 f, where the trial court does not request a statement of the grounds for an objection, a general objection is sufficient to preserve all grounds which may exist. As this Court held in Bailey v. State, 263 Md. 424, 428, 283 A.2d 360 (1971), even where the basis for the objection is a so-called "non-traditional" one, such as the Burgett principle, it is unnecessary to state the basis unless requested by the court.
On the other hand, where the trial court does request specific grounds for an objection, the objector is bound by the grounds that he states, and he normally is deemed to have waived any objection to the evidence on a ground not stated. Wilt v. Wilt, 242 Md. 129, 218 A.2d 180 (1966); Eckhart v. Ayres, 240 Md. 153, 213 A.2d 493 (1965). In this case, the Court of Special Appeals extended this principle to the situation where the objector, although not requested by the court, voluntarily offers specific reasons for objecting to certain evidence.
This extension by the Court of Special Appeals of the principle set forth in Wilt v. Wilt, supra, and Eckhart v. Ayres, supra, is a logical one, and we agree with it. Consequently where one objecting to the admission of evidence, although not requested by the court to state his grounds, goes ahead and delineates the specific grounds for his objection, he will be bound by those grounds and will ordinarily be deemed to have waived other grounds not mentioned. However, we do not think that this principle is applicable under the facts here.
In the instant case, we do not believe that the statements by petitioner's attorney were attempts to express specific reasons for the objection. Instead, they appear to be mere responses to remarks of the trial court. Upon counsel's initial objection without stating any grounds, the trial court observed that petitioner had "subjected himself to cross-examination by taking the stand." In response to that, petitioner's counsel stated that there had been "no direct examination on that subject whatsoever." Although the record, at this point, indicates that the transcription of the trial judge's reply was unintelligible, petitioner's attorney further stated that the evidence of the prior conviction was "prejudicial." Both statements by counsel appear to have been prompted by remarks made by the trial court and not an attempt to delineate specific grounds for the objection. Moreover, we do not believe that merely characterizing something as "prejudicial" is an effort to specify a particular basis for an objection. While we agree with the Court of Special Appeals that where counsel clearly states specific grounds for an objection without a request by the trial court, he waives the right to challenge the evidence on other grounds, the circumstances presented here indicate that petitioner's counsel made a general objection to the admissibility of petitioner's prior auto larceny conviction.
As petitioner's counsel was not requested by the trial court to give reasons for the objection, and as he made only a general objection which the trial court overruled, there was no waiver of petitioner's right to challenge the evidence on the ground that he had not been represented by counsel at the time of the prior conviction.
Case remanded to the Court of Special Appeals with instructions to reverse the judgment of the Circuit Court for Caroline County and remand the case to that court for a new trial.
Costs to be paid by Queen Anne's County.
In Von Lusch v. State, 279 Md. 255, 264, 368 A.2d 468, 473 (1977), we said, "[W]here counsel clearly states specific grounds for an objection without a request by the trial court, he waives the right to challenge the evidence on other grounds...."
Summary of this case from In re Bennett
outlining that it is not the appellate Court's responsibility to find the law to support a party's appellate contentions
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Summary of this case from Roop Grp. Prop., Mgmt., P.A. v. Vangenderen


Nationals Senator Barnaby Joyce has accused Prime Minister Kevin Rudd of putting the interests of developing countries ahead of farmers in his actions against climate change.
Senator Joyce is today visiting a property near Cooma in south-east New South Wales to speak with a farmer who has been on hunger strike for almost a month to protest land clearing laws.
Monaro grazier Peter Spencer is perched on a wind tower around 20 metres above the ground at his Shannons Flat property and has not eaten for 26 days.
Mr Spencer has asked for millions of dollars in compensation and wants an inquiry into state land clearing laws, saying his land is now unviable because the laws have been used by the Federal Government to lock up land to meet carbon reduction targets.
Yesterday Senator Joyce called on the Government to change the laws because they disadvantage farmers and said, "If you want to take an asset off an individual you should pay them for it."
But his comments have drawn a swift rebuke from the Government.
Finance Minister Lindsay Tanner has accused Senator Joyce of being unfit for office and has demanded Opposition Leader Tony Abbott clarify if it is Coalition policy.
"The Opposition's policy, announced by Barnaby Joyce, that the Federal Government should pay compensation to farmers for the impact of state legislation has the potential to open the Commonwealth up to thousands of claims running into the billions of dollars," he said.
"Mr Abbott and Senator Joyce must explain the cost impact their new compensation policy will have on their direct action climate change policy and exactly how they are going to use taxpayer funds to pay for it."
However one of the Government's own MPs has also made similar comments.
Labor MP for Eden-Monaro Mike Kelly told the Cooma Monaro Express earlier this week that farmers like Mr Spencer should be compensated.
"I understand it's a difficult situation for him. The previous government should have set up a system in the heyday where farmers could be compensated for this sort of thing," he said.
Senator Joyce says Mr Spencer and other rural Australians cannot farm their land and are without compensation while climate talks continue in Copenhagen.
"I do find it obnoxious that currently we've got Mr Spencer, who's been defrauded of his assets, putting his own life in danger," he said.
"Mr Rudd is in Copenhagen creating some new cargo cult and organising agreements where we help out [Robert] Mugabe and Hugo Chavez, yet our own farmers, they've picked up the tab for this."
Senator Joyce says Mr Spencer's plight represents that of many farmers who have paid the price of Australia being part of the Kyoto Protocol.
"They basically woke up one night and had found that the Labor government had taken their asset from them without compensation," he said.
The Coalition is now formulating a climate change policy which Opposotion Leader Tony Abbott says will be made up of direct action measures such as tree planting.
Federal Nationals Leader Warren Truss says his party will maintain its strong opposition to any Government incentives that would encourage farms to be converted to tree plantations.
Mr Truss says the focus should be on growing more trees on marginal land, not any incentives that would mean farmers give up their crops.
"We're not opposed to tree planting, we're not opposed to carbon sinks but we are opposed to Government incentives to take prime agricultural land out of food production and turn it into tree plantations," he said.
"It's fine to reduce the temperature of the planet but its not much point if we haven't got any food to live on."
Opposition climate change spokesman Greg Hunt says both parties are on the same page over the issue.
"We all agreed at the outset that we wouldn't be dealing with good farming land so it's not been an internal issue because we said right from the outset that we would be dealing with soil carbons to improve productivity," he said.