Download the declaration of conformity.
The ModBus sensor can either be a LoRaWAN class A sensor (50-70-080) or a LoRaWAN class C sensor (50-70-109).
The class A sensor manages two different power supplies: one is external and may range from 9 to 24V, the other one is internal on a disposable 3.6V A-type battery. To use the external power supply, simply connect a compatible unit on the "Ext power" connector.
The class C sensor only manages the external power supply, which ranges from 9 to 24V.
The ModBus sensor incorporates all the connections needed for an RS485 bus: A, B and GND. It also includes an internal antenna.
The ModBus sensor allows communication (via the LoRaWAN network) with any equipment that implements the ModBus protocol as slave. Thus, it works as a ModBus master.
The ModBus equipment to communicate with must use the RTU coding type and an RS485 bus as the physical link. Moreover, the ModBus equipment must support at least one of the baud rates in the following list: 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600 or 115200 bit/s.
If these prerequisites are fulfilled, the nke Watteco ModBus sensor is compatible with the equipment, and thus, can correctly communicate with it to get or set any modbus registers present inside the equipment. Thus the ModBus equipment is now LoRaWAN ready thanks to the sensor.
Then connect the wires to the different signal or power terminals that will be used.
The cable to be used for RS485 communication must have some features to allow the signals to be correctly transferred from the ModBus sensor to the ModBus equipment, especially when there is a long distance to cover.
The RS485 bus signals must be connected to the corresponding signals on the ModBus equipment side. The Ground signal of the RS485 is generally connected to the shielding braid on both sides.
Moreover, a terminating resistor for the RS485 bus is available on the ModBus sensor. By default, this resistor is enabled thanks to a jumper placed over the 2 contact pads. This resistor is not always needed to achieve good communication on the RS485 bus. The choice of enabling or disabling it is at the user's discretion. To enable it, leave the jumper on the pad. To disable it, remove the jumper.
When powered by its 3.6V/3.6Ah internal disposable battery, the class A ModBus sensor autonomy is greater than 10 years for a report of 4 bytes (2 ModBus registers) with SF12 every 1 hour.
More examples of ModBus sensor autonomy on its disposable battery are shown below.
N.B.: The autonomy times here above are given for an end-device with SF12 in unconfirmed mode.
N.B. 2: As the class C device is only powered by an external power supply, its autonomy has no limitation.
When the class A ModBus sensor is delivered, the sensor is in storage mode.
To get the end-device out of storage mode, a magnet must be placed near the reed switch for 1 second, until the device starts beeping regularly. The picture below shows where to place the magnet.
The table below describes the actions to be performed on the reed switch to disable or enable the storage mode.
When the class C ModBus sensor is delivered, it is ready to operate. It simply needs to be powered using an external power supply. Once powered, the device starts immediately and tries to connect to the LoRaWAN network.
Once the ModBus sensor starts, it tries to associate to a LoRaWAN network. During that time, it beeps regularly every 2 seconds.
Once the association is completed, the ModBus sensor beeps 4 times and then stops beeping.
The table below summarizes this.
With the reed switch on the ModBus sensor and a magnet, several commands can be sent to the sensor. Below is the list of commands.
Configuration mode (only for class A sensor) : « void » frames are sent every minute for 10 minutes.
The ModBus sensor automatically executes a reassociation procedure if no downlink frame is received by the sensor during a given periodicity (4 days by default) or if a given number of confirmed frames (100 by default) are considered as failure (no acknowledgement received). However, a reassociation procedure can be requested by sending an applicative frame to the sensor or via the sensor's IHM.
In the ModBus sensor, the Serial Master/Slave Protocol implements 8 EndPoints (software version v3.5.0.4294.4338) or 10 EndPoints (software version v3.5.0.4740). That means that up to 8 (or 10) requests can be managed by the ModBus sensor, thus up to 8 (or 10) reports with different configurations and different ModBus requests.
This number of Endpoints allows a wide variety of exchanges between nke Watteco's ModBus sensor and the ModBus equipment.
Furthermore, the ModBus sensors (class A or class C) integrate the following clusters.
Since the ModBus sensor is a very open sensor that is compatible with wide range of equipment, there is no default report configuration on the "Serial Master/Slave Protocol" cluster.
The minimum ModBus exchange periodicity available is 1 minute. If in the configuration of the report, the minimum value is set under 1 minute, the sensor changes it to 1 minute. If the minimum value is more than 1 minute, the exchange periodicity depends on the minimum and maximum intervals in the report configuration.
If the minimum is set at 0 and the maximum at another value, then an exchange will be carried out every minute, and a report will be sent when the time reaches the maximum value (if delta is set to 0). If delta is set to 1, a first report will be sent after 1 minute. Afterwards, a report will be sent each time the answer from the ModBus equipment changes.
If the minimum is set at a value other than 0 and above 1 minute, then this value is the periodicity used by the sensor to send the request to the ModBus equipment.
Finally, if the maximum and minimum values are under 1 minute, the report will be sent every maximum period, but the ModBus answer sent on the LoRaWAN network will only be updated every minute.
Solution: the solution is to configure all the serial link parameters using the "Serial Interface" cluster. There is just one EndPoint for this cluster on the ModBus sensor, thus the EndPoint is 0, we will use the "Write attribute no response" command (0x05) and the cluster ID is 0x8006. Thus, the different payloads to be sent to the ModBus sensor to correctly configure the serial link (on the FPort 125) can be found below. It can be seen that the payload to change the stop bit is here. However, it is not necessary since 1 bit is its actual default value.
Situation: we want to save a ModBus request on the second EndPoint of the ModBus sensor. This request should allow 2 registers of the ModBus equipment to be read from the address 0x140. The ModBus address of the equipment (thus, the ModBus slave address) is 0x23.
Situation: now that the request on the second EndPoint has been correctly saved (see paragraph above), we want to report the answer of the ModBus slave to this request every 1 hour. In other words, we want to have the content of the 0x0140 and 0x0141 ModBus register every 1 hour.
Solution: the solution is to configure a report with the command "Configure reporting" (0x06), on the second EndPoint (0x31) of the cluster "Serial Master/Slave Protocol" (0x8007), on the Attribute "Answer" (0x0001) with a periodicity of one hour.
Situation: let's imagine that several ModBus requests have been saved on the ModBus sensor. And now the user wants to get all the ModBus answers from the requests, in one go and with the same periodicity. It allows the duty cycle of the sensor to be optimised. The user wants to have all these answers every 2 hours.
Solution: the solution is to configure a report with the command "Configure reporting" (0x06), on the first EndPoint (0x11) of the cluster "Multi Master/Slave Answers" (0x8009), on the Attribute "Present Value" (0x0000) with a periodicity of two hours. The cluster used is described in details here.


Whitaker led the Quakers at the Eagle Invitational hosted by Benedictine with a 13th place finish in a field of 188 runners. Whitaker covered the 8K course in 26:26.3. The Quakers placed 7th among 18 teams.


text:
New Incentives' Coverage Assessments: Plans as of October 2021
New Incentives is a GiveWell top charity that runs a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program to increase uptake of routine childhood immunization in North West Nigeria.
In September 2021, New Incentives began conducting baseline vaccination coverage assessments before starting to work in new areas. It plans to reassess vaccination coverage after it has worked in each of the new areas for a year, and then every six months. This page records how we expect to use findings from these assessments to update our cost-effectiveness analysis of New Incentives' program.
The vaccine coverage assessments will not have a control group, as the randomized controlled trial (RCT) on which our top charity recommendation for New Incentives is based did, so they constitute lower-quality evidence of impact.1 We expect to use the newer data in conjunction with the results from the RCT to estimate New Incentives' impact as it expands to new locations and as time passes since the RCT was conducted.
We believe it is valuable to record these plans before reviewing any coverage estimates, but also expect that we will not be able to anticipate all possible outcomes and will need some flexibility in how we interpret the results.
Plans for vaccination coverage assessments
GiveWell's plans for interpreting and using results from the vaccination coverage assessments
Baseline assessments
Coverage at 12-month follow-up
Additional follow-ups
Predicting off-trend results
Limitations to the assessments
No control group
Self-reporting bias
Spillover effects
Potential staff biases
Table of Contents 1) Summary 2) Plans for vaccination coverage assessments 3) GiveWell's plans for interpreting and using results from the vaccination coverage assessments 3.1) Baseline assessments 3.2) Coverage at 12-month follow-up 3.3) Coverage at 18-month follow-up 3.4) Coverage at 24-month follow-up 3.5) Additional follow-ups 4) Predicting off-trend results 5) Limitations to the assessments 5.1) No control group 5.2) COVID-19 5.3) Self-reporting bias 5.4) Spillover effects 5.5) Potential staff biases 6) Sources
New Incentives plans to group the Local Government Areas (LGAs) to which it is expanding into cohorts. For each cohort, it plans to:
Conduct a baseline assessment of vaccination coverage.2 New Incentives will use the results of the baseline assessment when considering which LGAs to work in.
Conduct follow-up assessments of vaccination coverage in the LGAs it works in, one year after the baseline assessment and every six months after that.3
For the first cohort for which it will conduct these assessments, New Incentives plans to do the baseline assessment in September to November 2021,4 and to begin enrolling infants in the program in these LGAs in the three months following the baseline assessments.5
While the RCT collected data on children 12 to 16 months of age,6 the vaccination coverage assessments will collect data on children 6 to 12 months of age,7 in order to generate coverage indicators more quickly. Children are scheduled to receive all routine immunizations covered by the New Incentives program, except the measles vaccine, by 14 weeks of age.8 Thus, we expect that a high percentage of children who are going to receive vaccinations (other than measles) will have done so by 6 months of age. We don't expect the assessments to track measles coverage as reliably as coverage for other vaccines.9
More details about the study methodology are available here.
In this spreadsheet, we have recorded our current guesses for the increase that New Incentives' vaccination coverage assessments will find over baseline coverage. We have set these guesses to be consistent with the coverage increases found in the New Incentives RCT, but expect coverage increases to be lower at earlier follow-up rounds because the New Incentives program won't yet be fully phased in. We may modify our guesses after seeing the baseline results if they show that the coverage assessment cohorts differ from the RCT cohort in key ways.
Across follow-up assessment rounds, we expect to place the most weight on changes in coverage for the BCG vaccine and the Penta 1 vaccine. The visits at which the BCG and Penta 1 vaccines are given provide a substantial portion of the benefits modeled in our cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of New Incentives' program.10 Additionally, we expect these two vaccines to have the most accurate coverage estimates because of (a) higher statistical power because more infants will have reached this point in the vaccination schedule by the time of the survey than for vaccines later in the schedule, (b) the ability to verify BCG vaccinations by examining infants' arms for BCG scars, and (c) better caregiver recall and verification.11 In addition, for infants who receive incentives for the BCG vaccine and are thus enrolled in the program, New Incentives can track retention rates through its regular operations.12
We will not have data from baseline and follow-up vaccination coverage assessments for LGAs that New Incentives already works in because it is not possible to do baseline assessments there. For LGAs without baseline assessments, we will put relatively more weight on the RCT results.
More details on how we expect to use the results from each time period of the vaccination coverage assessments to update our CEA of New Incentives' program follow.
There are three main ways we plan to use results of the baseline assessment in our CEA:13
Cost per additional child vaccinated: New Incentives provides incentives to all vaccinated infants, including those who would have been vaccinated without the incentives (since it is not feasible to distinguish who would and would not have received vaccines without the incentives). We plan to use baseline data from New Incentives' vaccine coverage assessments to inform our estimate of the proportion of infants in surveyed cohorts who would have received vaccinations without the program. We use this to calculate the cost per additional infant incentivized to be vaccinated.
Expected impact of incentives on vaccination rates based on baseline coverage level: If baseline coverage in the entry cohorts is substantially lower or higher than the control group coverage in the RCT endline survey, we may adjust our expectations about the increase in coverage we expect to see in the follow-up assessments. Baseline coverage in the new areas that is higher than the control group coverage in the RCT endline survey suggests a smaller pool of caregivers of unvaccinated children to influence with cash incentives, and thus a smaller likely effect of the intervention.14
Expected impact of incentives on vaccination rates based on reasons for not vaccinating: If the proportion of caregivers reporting that they have strongly held beliefs against vaccinating is higher in new cohorts than in the population surveyed during the RCT, this suggests that there will be a smaller pool of caregivers of unvaccinated children who will respond to cash incentives.15
We expect to use the results of the first follow-up assessment to make preliminary within-cohort comparisons of baseline coverage to coverage at the time of the follow-up. At the first follow-up assessment, we expect to see an increase in coverage of the BCG, Penta 1, and measles vaccines compared to the baseline. We do not expect the increases to be statistically significant at the first follow-up.16 We expect that the increase will be roughly one-third lower than the increase observed in the RCT because most of the children surveyed at this juncture will have been born before New Incentives was fully operational in these areas.17
We expect to use the results of the second follow-up assessment to make within-cohort comparisons of coverage at the time of that assessment to baseline coverage. At the second follow-up survey, we expect to see increases since baseline in coverage of the BCG, Penta 1, and measles vaccines that are 10% to 15% lower than those observed in the RCT.18 We expect to see increases in coverage for the BCG and Penta 1 vaccines over baseline that are statistically significant.19 We expect the increase to be lower than in the RCT because the survey cohort will not yet have been fully exposed to the New Incentives program.20
We expect to use the results of the third follow-up assessment to make within-cohort comparisons of coverage at the time of those surveys to baseline coverage. At the third follow-up, we expect coverage increases roughly equivalent to the coverage increases observed in the RCT.21
With increasing time between baseline and follow-up, the baseline vaccination coverage rate will become a worse proxy for the counterfactual coverage rate (i.e., the level of vaccination coverage that would be the case if New Incentives' program did not operate in that area). We plan to primarily use additional follow-ups to track whether coverage remains at a similar or higher level than at 24 months. Falling coverage rates would be a negative update on New Incentives' ongoing impact.
As of this writing, we are in discussions with New Incentives about how it will record unusual circumstances that it expects to impact vaccination coverage rates, before conducting each round of follow-up surveys. For cases where there are good reasons to believe a result will not be representative, the goal is to allow us to decide, independently of seeing the results, to put more weight on the RCT results or on the coverage assessment results from another cohort, and less weight on what we believe to be an unrepresentative result for this cohort. At this stage, the plan for recording these predictions is under development and may include:
Using routinely collected data on vaccine supply disruptions, security risks, staff availability (missed immunization days or missed clinics), vaccination campaigns in the area, severe weather events, and rapid changes in population due to migration to inform predictions.
Asking field managers and other senior members of the New Incentives operations team to identify other circumstances that could have a major impact on vaccination coverage in the relevant period of time.
New Incentives' senior staff combining this information into a prediction, for each follow-up round, of what coverage rate the survey will find and to what degree that coverage rate is driven by unusual circumstances.22
The vaccination coverage assessments do not include a control group—that is, a comparison group that is not receiving New Incentives' program. Changes in vaccination rates over time may be caused by other factors, and we may incorrectly ascribe them to New Incentives. As a result, we expect to continue placing significant weight on the results of the RCT, which did include a randomly assigned control group.
It may be possible to use a difference-in-differences study design for future cohorts to partially address concerns about the lack of a control group. To do so, additional planned cohorts could be surveyed around the same time as the first entry cohort, then changes in coverage over time compared between areas where New Incentives began offering the program earlier and those that entered the program later. Such a research design would entail additional expenses and logistics; we are unsure whether the benefits of such an approach would be worth the expense. We may pursue this design in the future after learning from the initial round of vaccination coverage assessments.
The COVID-19 pandemic may impact immunization coverage in the areas where New Incentives is expanding and thus affect the baseline coverage estimates. If, following baseline data collection, people's behavior changes as the effects of the pandemic ease, we could falsely attribute such changes to the New Incentives program.
The vaccination coverage assessments will rely on caregivers' reports of vaccines. They may misremember which vaccinations their infant received or report what they believe the interviewer wants to hear. We discuss this potential source of bias in our review of New Incentives' program. As in the case of the RCT, we plan to compare reported vaccination coverage to BCG scar rates to estimate the size of the bias. (Receiving a BCG immunization commonly leaves a scar on a child's arm.)23
Since the RCT was completed, the New Incentives program has scaled up substantially in the three states where it operates.24 It is possible that baseline coverage results could include some children who already received incentives from New Incentives in adjacent LGAs.
The coverage monitoring surveys will be conducted by New Incentives staff.25 It is possible that New Incentives staff will be motivated either consciously or unconsciously to generate results that overestimate the impact of the program.
IDinsight, the organization that conducted the New Incentives RCT, is helping to design the study and is creating training materials for New Incentives staff,26 which increases our confidence in the survey's quality. In addition, New Incentives has implemented quality-control procedures,27 including the following:
Verifying survey locations using GPS
Back-checking by revisiting a portion of households to check accuracy of data collection
Having supervisors conduct spot checks of enumerator survey technique in the field
Auditing audio recordings of the surveys
Remote checks of self-reported vaccination against photos of Child Health Cards, when the cards are available28
GiveWell, "New Incentives (Conditional Cash Transfers to Increase Infant Vaccination)" Source
GiveWell, "New Incentives" Source
GiveWell, Estimated coverage time trends for New Incentives rapid assessments, 2021 Source
GiveWell, New Incentives - impact of Penta visits on program benefits, 2021 Source
GiveWell, New Incentives CEA supplemental information, 2020 Source
GiveWell, New Incentives monitoring and evaluation 2017-2020 and plans for future evaluation Source
GiveWell, Studies of incentives for immunization, 2020 Source
IDinsight, Coverage Monitoring Analysis Plan, 2021 Source
IDinsight, Impact Evaluation of New Incentives, Final Report Source
IDinsight, New Incentives Coverage Monitoring Protocol, 2021 Source
World Health Organization, BCG vaccines: WHO position paper – February 2018 Source (archive)
IDinsight, funded by a GiveWell Incubation Grant, conducted an RCT to measure the impact of New Incentives' program on vaccination rates in three states in North West Nigeria. For information about the RCT, see here. See IDinsight, Impact Evaluation of New Incentives, Final Report for the results of this RCT.
The plan for coverage monitoring can be found here.
"New Incentives will group local government areas (LGAs) it expands to within a given state at a given point in time into 'expansion groups'. New Incentives will then collect coverage data in these expansion groups once before the start of operations to establish baseline coverage rates." IDinsight, Coverage Monitoring Analysis Plan, 2021, Pg. 1.
"The first follow-up will occur approximately 12 months after baseline." IDinsight, Coverage Monitoring Analysis Plan, 2021, Pg. 1.
"Once operating in all LGAs in an expansion group (usually within six months of completion of baseline), New Incentives will obtain follow-up RI coverage estimates in these LGAs in six months intervals." IDinsight, Coverage Monitoring Analysis Plan, 2021, Pg. 1.
New Incentives, call with GiveWell, September 7, 2021 (unpublished).
"Only children aged 12 to 16 months were included in the study." IDinsight, Impact Evaluation of New Incentives, Final Report, Pg. 17.
"The unit of analysis is the individual 6-12-month-old infant." IDinsight, Coverage Monitoring Analysis Plan, 2021, Pg. 4.
"BCG vaccine . . . 1 [dose], At birth; Penta vaccine . . . 3 [doses], At 6 weeks, 10 weeks, and 14 weeks; PCV vaccine . . . 3 [doses], Same as for Penta vaccine; Measles vaccine . . . 1 [dose], 9 months." IDinsight, Impact Evaluation of New Incentives, Final Report, Table 1, Pg. 11.
Many in the cohort of children 6 to 12 months old will not yet be eligible for the measles vaccine, which is scheduled to be given to children who are 9 months old, thus reducing the sample size (and statistical power) of the coverage assessment for the measles vaccine. "Measles vaccine . . . 1 [dose], 9 months." IDinsight, Impact Evaluation of New Incentives, Final Report, Table 1, Pg. 11.
Together, the BCG vaccine visit at birth and the Penta 1 vaccine visit at 6 weeks (at which children receive the DTP and HiB vaccines as part of Penta 1, as well as the PCV vaccine, and which is expected to include the rotavirus vaccine in 2022) account for roughly half of program benefits. See this spreadsheet for calculations. We learned about the expected timeline for introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in the states where New Incentives works from an unpublished conversation with New Incentives on April 13, 2021.
An analysis of the program benefits that are provided by the vaccines given at the visit for the Penta 1 vaccine can be found here.
In many cases, receipt of the BCG vaccine can be confirmed by the presence of a physical scar on the child's arm. Additionally, we hypothesize that caregiver recall may be better for this vaccine because it is the first one offered in the schedule.
While Penta 1 does not have as clear a verification marker as BCG, analysis of the rate of agreement between self-reports and alternative measures of vaccination status from the RCT suggested that caregiver recall was substantially better for Penta 1 than Penta 2 and 3. The analysis also indicated that the gap in recall accuracy between caregivers exposed to New Incentives and those in the control group was substantially larger for Penta 2 and 3, so comparisons to baseline coverage may be less accurate than for Penta 1 due to improved recall after exposure to New Incentives.
"Sensitivity was relatively high for BCG vaccine, Penta 1 vaccine, and Measles 1 vaccine and was higher in treatment than in control. Sensitivity was highest for BCG vaccine and lowest for any Penta vaccine (Table 20). BCG vaccine sensitivity was higher when using scars than when using either cards or CIRs. Overall, these relationships among the estimated sensitivities for the different vaccines were of reasonable magnitude and in line with expectations. The BCG vaccine commonly leaves a scar and is also amongst the first vaccines children receive. This should make it relatively easy for caregivers to remember. We would also have expected that it is easier for a caregiver to remember that their child received Penta 1 vaccination but that it can be difficult to recall the exact number of Penta vaccinations received." IDinsight, Impact Evaluation of New Incentives, Final Report, Pgs. 67-68.
Estimated total sensitivity was 93% for Penta 1, 83% for Penta 2, and 72% for Penta 3. IDinsight, Impact Evaluation of New Incentives, Final Report, Table 20, Estimate using Cards + CIR, Pg. 68.
Estimated treatment group sensitivity was 8 percentage points higher than the control group for Penta 1, 16 percentage points higher for Penta 2, and 14 percentage points higher for Penta 3. IDinsight, Impact Evaluation of New Incentives, Final Report, Table 20, Estimate using Cards + CIR, Pg. 68.
We expect to place less weight on coverage changes for other incentivized vaccines, such as PCV, offered at the same time as the Penta vaccines because we expect that their coverage rates will be similar to rates for Penta and that it is difficult for caregivers to distinguish these vaccines from each other.
"PCV, while not a primary outcome, is part of NI-ABAE's incentives conditions and is generally given at the same visits as Penta vaccine. It is not as prominent in the evaluation in large part because we expected it to be both highly correlated with and easily confused with Penta vaccine, making self-reported coverage data for it somewhat more difficult to interpret." IDinsight, Impact Evaluation of New Incentives, Final Report, footnote 27, Pg. 13.
Additionally, measles vaccines are administered beginning when children are 9 months old. Many in the cohort of children 6 to 12 months old will not yet be eligible for the vaccine, thus reducing the sample size (and statistical power) of the coverage assessment for the measles vaccine. Full vaccination coverage rates include the measles vaccine and thus are also based on a smaller sample.
"Measles vaccine . . . 1 [dose], 9 months." IDinsight, Impact Evaluation of New Incentives, Final Report, Table 1, Pg. 11.
"The minimum detectable effect sizes (MDES) to establish trends in measles and full immunization coverage are 12, 14, and 16 percentage points in Katsina, Jigawa, and Zamfara, respectively. These MDES indicate the possibility that this design is underpowered for New Incentives to detect meaningful differences over time for Measles coverage and full immunization outcomes." IDinsight, Coverage Monitoring Analysis Plan, 2021, Pg. 3.
See discussion of retention rate tracking in our full review of New Incentives.
See the most recent version of our cost-effectiveness analysis here, "New Incentives" tab.
See also GiveWell's literature review of incentives for immunization, which indicates that programs offering incentives for vaccination tend to show larger impacts in contexts with low baseline coverage rates.
New Incentives notes, "We will be less confident in reasons for not vaccinating until we add these to data quality checks starting in Q1 2022. We haven't added this yet to maximize focus on other key questions." Comment provided in response to reviewing a draft of this page in October 2021.
The coverage assessment is powered to detect an increase over baseline of approximately 11 percentage points for the BCG and Penta 1 vaccines and an increase of approximately 16 percentage points for the measles 1 vaccine. IDinsight, Coverage Monitoring Analysis Plan, 2021, Table 1, Pg. 3, "Trend*" columns. The power estimates cited here are averaged across all three states.
At the first follow-up, we expect increases of 11 percentage points for the BCG vaccine, 14 percentage points for the Penta 1 vaccine, and 10 percentage points for the measles vaccine. See this spreadsheet, "Expected effect sizes at 12-month follow up: combined across entire survey age range." These expected increases are close to the limit of the changes that can be detected by the monitoring assessment.
See this section of our review of New Incentives' program: "The RCT finds a 14 to 21 percentage point increase in the study's three pre-specified primary outcomes — i.e. self-report of having received 1) the BCG vaccine, 2) the measles vaccine, and 3) any of the three doses of PENTA vaccine. Relative to control households, households in the catchment area for treatment clinics were:
16 percentage points more likely to report receiving the BCG vaccination (95% CI 0.12-0.21, 63% control group mean),
21 percentage points more likely to report receiving any of the three doses of PENTA (95% CI 0.16-0.26, 54% control group mean), and
14 percentage points more likely to report any dose of measles (95% CI 0.10-0.18, control group mean 59%).
We expect increases of 11 percentage points for the BCG vaccine, 14 percentage points for the Penta 1 vaccine, and 10 percentage points for the measles vaccine. See this spreadsheet, "Expected effect sizes at 12-month follow up: combined across entire survey age range."
See previous footnote for increases observed in the RCT. We expect increases of 14 percentage points for the BCG vaccine, 18 percentage points for the Penta 1 vaccine, and 12 percentage points for measles. See this spreadsheet, "What effect size could we expect to obtain on vaccinations at 18-month follow up?"
We expect increases of 14 percentage points for the BCG vaccine, 18 percentage points for the Penta 1 vaccine, and 12 percentage points for measles. See this spreadsheet, "What effect size could we expect to obtain on vaccinations at 18-month follow up?"
The coverage survey is powered to detect a time trend increase of approximately 11 percentage points for the BCG and Penta 1 vaccines and an increase of approximately 16 percentage points for the measles 1 vaccine. IDinsight, Coverage Monitoring Analysis Plan, 2021, Table 1, Pg. 3, "Trend*" columns. The power estimates cited here are averaged across all three states.
Because the expected increases exceed the minimum detectable effect sizes, we expect the increases in the BCG and Penta 1 vaccines to be statistically significant.
Not all LGAs will begin operating at the same time: "We understand from New Incentives that there is a ~6 month 'ramp up' period once operations start in a given clinic / LGA. LGAs will introduce operations between months 1-6. This means that LGAs that start in month 1 will undergo the 'ramp up' period between months 2-7 and will be operating at 'status quo' by month 8. But LGAs that start operating in month 6 will undergo the 'ramp up' period between months 7-12 and will only be operating at 'status quo' at month 13." IDinsight, New Incentives Coverage Monitoring Protocol, 2021, Pg. 12.
Because of this, not all children in the relevant age group will have been able to be vaccinated by the second follow-up: "The 6-12 month olds who are surveyed at follow-up 1 will have been born as clinics are being activated - in some cases, they will have been born before their clinic was actually activated. The 6-12 month olds who are surveyed at follow-up 2 will have been born as some clinics are ramping up, so operations may not yet be stable. It is not until follow-up 3 that the 6-12 month olds will have been born when all clinics in the expansion group were operating according to 'status quo'." IDinsight, New Incentives Coverage Monitoring Protocol, 2021, Pg. 12.
Svetha Janumpalli, Founder and CEO, New Incentives, emails to GiveWell, October 1 and 5, 2021 (unpublished)
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that about 90% of infants vaccinated with BCG develop a scar. "However scar formation is not a marker for protection and approximately 10% of vaccine recipients do not develop a scar." World Health Organization, BCG vaccines: WHO position paper – February 2018, Pg. 84.
Data that New Incentives has collected indicates that 97% of infants had a BCG scar when they came for subsequent vaccinations. In June 2020, New Incentives started collecting data on the BCG scars of infants returning after the BCG vaccine. We have seen data covering roughly four months (June to October 2020). This data indicated that roughly 97% of infants had one BCG scar, roughly 3% had no BCG scar, and a small percentage (0.04%) had two or more scars. See GiveWell, New Incentives monitoring and evaluation 2017-2020 and plans for future evaluation, "Results" sheet, "Repeat enrollments - BCG scars on returning infants," for details.
As of August 2021, the program now covers 20 LGAs. New Incentives, email to GiveWell, August 27, 2021 (unpublished).
"NI-ABAE will use current staff to conduct the household surveys according to this protocol." IDinsight, New Incentives Coverage Monitoring Protocol, 2021, Pg. 8.
"A multi-day, remote training will be designed that all enumerators will be required to complete. This will include knowledge tests to confirm retention of knowledge and may be used to ultimately select enumerators. This training will cover modules including (but not limited to): Purpose of activity; best practices of enumeration; informed consent and ethics; use of the CAPI; sampling process and household identification; age screening; and question-by-question review and explanation of the surveys. A brief retraining will be conducted before every survey activity." IDinsight, New Incentives Coverage Monitoring Protocol, 2021, Pg. 10.
For example, IDinsight created IDinsight, Coverage Monitoring Analysis Plan, 2021.
"There are several steps that will be taken to ensure data quality:
Comprehensive enumerator training and periodic re-training: A multi-day, remote training will be designed that all enumerators will be required to complete. This will include knowledge tests to confirm retention of knowledge and may be used to ultimately select enumerators. This training will cover modules including (but not limited to): Purpose of activity; best practices of enumeration; informed consent and ethics; use of the CAPI; sampling process and household identification; age screening; and question-by-question review and explanation of the surveys. A brief retraining will be conducted before every survey activity.
Collection of GPS data: GPS data will be collected for each survey conducted to both help with relocating the household if selected for backchecks and to confirm that enumerators are conducting the surveys in the sampled area. [Additional clarity on this point provided by New Incentives in response to reviewing a draft of this page in October 2021: "GPS is used for reviewing survey patterns, starting points, enumeration areas, and missed households in addition to verifying survey locations."]
Back-checks: Back-checks will be conducted by managers and auditors only. The current plan is to randomly select a minimum of 10% of households that were surveyed (both screening and RI surveys). Back-checkers will then re-ask a subset of the survey questions to the household to confirm that the answers are consistent. The target number of back-checks may change based on the final sample sizes. [Update from New Incentives, November 5, 2021: "We found that there were not enough advantages to limiting back checks to managers and auditors so the back checks are being conducted by other staff members as well so that we can conduct more back checks. We select these staff members, managers, and auditors for back checks based on their performance in training surveys. We do not think there is significant room for collusion because surveyors do not back check surveys within a batch where they conducted one or more work packages. Back checkers are usually informed about their back check assignments no more than 2 days in advance and do not know the name of the surveyor. Furthermore, GPS checks, audio checks, and child health card checks would help us identify potential concerns."]
Spot-checks: NI-ABAE intends to have supervisors in the field to do live spot-checks, depending on the location of the enumerator. These spot checks will be used to observe whether enumerators are following protocols and to share feedback.
Audio Audits: NI-ABAE aims to record critical sections of the screening (number of children and their ages) and RI survey (self-reported vaccination status) and have managers and auditors verify whether the information entered by data collectors matches the recording. NI-ABAE will obtain explicit informed consent from respondents for these audio recordings. Resulting audio recordings will be stored in line with the data security measures described below."
IDinsight, New Incentives Coverage Monitoring Protocol, 2021, Pg. 10.
"We also check self-reported vaccination against a photo of the Child Health Cards, where available. We expect availability to be low at first but to be higher starting at the 12-month follow-up." Comment provided by New Incentives when reviewing a draft of this page in October 2021.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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What is Social Media Law?
by dgalarza | Nov 15, 2021 | Blog, James Rawlson, Personal Injury, Social Media
Social media use is one of the most popular online activities and plays a massive part in our lives. From Twitter to Facebook to LinkedIn, finding someone who does not use a social media platform is impossible. According to Statista, in 2020, over 3.6 billion...
Getting Compensated for Emotional Distress
by James Rawlson | Dec 26, 2014 | James Rawlson
In many personal injury cases, emotional distress is a major aspect of the recovery procedure. From the outside perspective, people rarely consider the grief that comes from not being able to go on a stroll after work, the impact on one's love life, or the...
Legal Custody & Physical Custody in North Carolina
by James Rawlson | Nov 25, 2014 | James Rawlson
Custody law for divorcing parents is complex and can very emotional. In order to faithfully address the multitude of situations that could arise from such a sensitive process, North Carolina law breaks custody law into two categories. A judge decides...
© James Rawlson 2023


Welcome to Albert Hall Museum!
Albert Hall Museum located at an altitude of 440m is a nice place to visit in Rajasthan. It's popular for its architecture, night and solo travel. It's somewhat offbeat. You won't find the place crowded.


i went to see miffy in utrecht. i asked around where is "miffy"? but nobody knows. i explained and drew her. they said she is not "miffy", her name is "nijtje pluis", so "miffy" is her english name. i tried to find her but she was out of town today because of monday. here is her town, utrecht.


In the right hands, lasers are an extremely precise dental instrument that have been in use in dentistry since 1990. Because they can cut, shape, and define the gum as no other dental instrument can, there are a wide range of dental procedures that benefit from lasers — from removing inflamed gum tissue to bacteria removal in a root canal. If precision laser dental therapy is right for your gum surgery, cavity treatment, or other oral issues, Dr. Heinrich-Null and her experienced team can show you why it may be worth considering. Call or make your appointment online today. Dr. Lisa Heinrich-Null, D.D.S., is conveniently located in Victoria, Texas.
What are situations where laser dentistry can help?
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In general, patients who undergo laser dental surgery experience less discomfort and heal faster. Anesthesia is sometimes not even necessary and infections are less likely. A laser is so precise there's also usually less blood and less damage to the gum, so healing times are quicker.
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Dr. Heinrich-Null and her experienced team can walk you through all the ways laser dental surgery can help your particular situation. To schedule an appointment, call or visit online today.


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Vito Colucci Jr.
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Internet Piracy
Intellectual property and information piracy occurring over the internet.
Online counterfeiting, trademark infringement, unfair competition, dilution, copyright infringement or technological protection circumvention.
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Locate the owners name and address form and email address.
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Help to protect yourself and your company from invasions and thefts due to surveillance wiretaps and bugs. Recently, cases of computer theft and alteration of computer records have been perpetrated by criminals who gained access to telephone data lines using electronic bugs.
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Some people have warned Colucci not to dig up the past. However, judging by the response to "Rogue Town" and the large turnout expected for his talk ― there's even more people who want those dark days to be remembered. "It's a part of history," said Colucci."it has to be known"
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Private corporations, public agencies and government officials invested in every transportation mode will exhibit, present, learn, and network. Eight distinct events, including an opening night reception and a banquet dinner, will showcase the tremendous leaders represented. You don't want to miss attending the one and only multi-modal conference of the year!
Be sure to look for this special professional development opportunity when you register for trhe 2015 WTS Annual Conference!
Only a few women have cracked the code to make it to the highest levels of leadership in the transportation industry. Grace Crunican, BART general manager, and Elizabeth Levin, consultant and former MassDOT/MBTA board member have co-authored Boots on the Ground, Flats in the Boardroom: Women Transportation Leaders Tell Their Stories. Featuring first-hand accounts from the industry's highest levels, their experiences will change your professional life. In this roundtable professional-development workshop, you will hear gripping stories and talk to the women who lived them. The women will excerpt the soon-to-be-released book, sharing beginnings, career turning points, failures, successes and work/life balance. In this intimate format, you will get individualized career advice and gain unparalleled access to some of the most successful women in transportation. All participants will receive a copy when published.
If you've created possibilities, successfully fused traditional and innovative strategies, and are defining the future of the transportation industry, we want to hear from you. Please consider sharing your insights and solutions in a poster presentation at the 2015 WTS Annual Conference in Chicago! Click HERE for information and the application to present your project at the conference!


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Copyright © Decorative Holiday Animal Print Outdoor Throw Pillow By August Grove in Outdoor Pillows All right reserved.


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10 Dumbest Things Said To Chinese Montrealers
Remarks based on old stereotypes need to end.
The Chinese have come a LONG way since they first landed on Canadian shores. The first Chinese migrants came from extreme poverty in the late 1800s and they faced adversity at all levels. Today, Chinese Canadians make up the largest non-European origin group in the country and one of the most successful groups in terms of income, education and occupation.
So it's shocking to hear what comes out of some people's mouths in 2015 when they talk about or to Chinese Montrealers. Some people suffer from foot-in-mouth disease because these things were all said to me or to my Chinese peers.
1."Where are you from? ... No, where are you REALLY from?"
Why doesn't anyone believe me when I tell them I'm from Montreal?! And I bet money that if you're of Chinese descent reading this, you know EXACTLY what I'm talking about! It doesn't matter where you were born in Canada, you have to reiterate where you're REALLY from. I literally told this one guy, "Do you want to see my birth certificate dumba$$?"
2. "Oh, you're from Montreal? Do you know my friend (insert Chinese name)?"
Seriously, are you freaking kidding me? Granted, Montreal's Chinese population has dwindled over the years to about 92,000 while Toronto and Vancouver have gained massively, does not mean I know every Chinese Montrealer.
3. "You know martial arts, right? You know, like Bruce Lee?"
This is a moment I wish I knew martial arts so I can kung fu your ass. This is a stereotype perpetrated in the movies. Yes, there's a gazillion types of Chinese martial arts styles and I don't know any of them, and all my Chinese friends do not know any of them either. And no, I haven't watched every Jackie Chan movie ever made either. But smacking you upside the head requires no martial arts training.
4. "Wow, you speak English really good."
It's, "Wow, you speak English really WELL." Now, if only I could say the same to you.
5. "How come you don't have a Chinese accent?"
Like I said before, I'm from Montreal! But then again, YOU don't speak English good.
6. We've all worked in or someone in your family owned a Chinese restaurant.
There is some truth to this for the older generation of Chinese who immigrated and for their first generation of Canadian-born children. This older group of immigrants had little skills, had linguistic problems with English and French, and faced discrimination so earning a living was a constant challenge. So they opened restaurants offering Chinese cuisine and the non-Chinese masses ended up loving it. And so you find a Chinese restaurant every 3 blocks. But newer Chinese immigrants in recent decades are the complete opposite - they're well educated, have sought after skills and work experience in some impressive professions, and they know at least some English.
7. "Your food is good. REALLY good."
Actually, this is true. Thank you and you're welcome. Remember these amazing recipes? You can order these at virtually any Chinese restaurant too. And aren't you grateful there are so many of them around?
8. "I saw dog meat in Chinatown. You've eaten it, right?"
Just because I'm of Chinese descent, does not mean I automatically eat dog you a$$ wipe! And just because you saw something at a store window that you're not sure of does not mean it's dog, OK? The idea of eating man's best friend is repulsive but I am aware dog meat is eaten in some countries, not just in China. (And I'm not proud of it either.) I've never seen it anywhere in Montreal (or anywhere else in the country). The person who said it to me even told me where he saw it. I investigated. Found out it was a small roasted pig. He's a massive moron.
9. "NAY HO MA!" (Translation: How are you?) and then giggles
You're dumber than you look if you honestly think I don't know when you're mocking me? I've given people the stink eye for this. It's usually a bunch of adolescent knuckleheads or a couple of older narcissistic knuckleheads on the street- whatever they are, they're jerk-offs.
10. "You're so good at math and sciences."
I remember half the physics class running up to me when we were given a problem to solve in small groups of 3-4. Literally, one said to me, "You're Chinese. So you're smart." So if there's one stereotype that is flattering is being branded as intelligent. But we're not genetically engineered to be smart. Anyone can be smart in any subject if they put their head to it. It's embedded in Chinese culture by Confucius that ones rank should be based on merit, and to master anything in life is through study. Plus, Chinese immigrant parents want their children to succeed with flying colours and not face the hardships they had to endure to prove themselves so education is of top priority.


This is a protected island found off the north coast of Mauritius with its nearest point about 400m from the shore line. It has an area of about 140 hectares.
Ile D'ambre is large compared to some of the other islets, and it has a number smaller islets of its own, including Île Mounick, Matapan Island and Îlot Canarde. The Forestry Services of the Ministry for Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources is in charge of the islet.


Deposite : $200 Specials: Contact the leasing team now for current special rates. There is a deal waiting that you cant afford to miss! *Special pricing is subject to change without notice. Details: Offering 775 sq ft, this spacious apartment features a large dining room open to an island kitchen perfect for your inner chef! The bedroom has a walk in closet and ceiling fan while the bathroom has a relaxing oversized garden tub.


The Valence Group has advised ChemicaInvest, a joint venture between CVC Capital Partners and Royal DSM, on the sale of Fibrant BV and 60% of the shares of Fibrant China to Highsun Group Holdings Limited of China. The transaction is expected to close in Q3 2018.
The Valence Group acted as advisor to Itaúsa on its sale of Brazilian chemical company Elekeiroz for R$160 million (EV), reduced by the net debt and proportionate to its shareholding (96.5% of total capital stock). The Company is a leading local producer of oxo-alcohols, plasticizers and anhydrides.
The Valence Group has advised Safripol Holdings Proprietary Limited ("Safripol") on its sale to KAP Industrial Holdings Limited ("KAP") for an enterprise value of ZAR4.1bn (c. US$310m).
This successful intra-Africa sell-side transaction highlights the truly global nature of The Valence Group's reach and capabilities.
The Valence Group has advised Canexus Corporation (TSX: CUS) on its sale to Chemtrade Logistics Income Fund (TSE: CHE.UN) for cash consideration of C$1.65 per common share, equivalent to an enterprise value of approximately C$900 million.
The transaction, which has been unanimously approved by the Canexus Board of Directors, is structured as a Plan of Arrangement and is subject to regulatory and shareholder approval, as well as other customary closing conditions.
Canexus is recommending shareholders vote in favor of the transaction and closing is expected before the end of April 2017.
The Valence Group also provided a fairness opinion to the Board of Directors of Canexus.
The Valence Group has advised The Dow Chemical Company on the sale of SAFECHEM Europe GmbH to CBPE Capital LLP, a London-based private equity investor.
SAFECHEM, headquartered in Düsseldorf, Germany, provides sustainable cleaning solutions, equipment and services for metal surface and dry cleaning applications to over 5,000 customers worldwide.
The transaction was completed on December 31, 2016. Terms were not disclosed.
The Valence Group also acted as financial advisor to Dow on the sale of its global Sodium Borohydride business to Wind Point Partners in February 2015.
The Valence Group has advised INEOS Group AG on its sale of INEOS Styrenics, a producer of high quality expandable polystyrene for the building, construction and packaging industries, to Synthos S.A., one of the largest chemical companies in Poland and the CEE region.
The Valence Group has acted as M&A advisor to Tessenderlo Group on the intended sale of its Compounds activities to Mitsubishi Chemicals Corporation. Terms of the transaction were not disclosed.
Tessenderlo's Compounds business unit employs 360 people and focuses on the formulation and production of thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) and PVC compounds for the building, automotive, cabling, manufacturing and footwear industries. The sale comprises four production sites in France, Poland and China, and an R&D site in Belgium.
Dynaplast-Extruco was formed in 2001 by the merger of two existing companies that were established in 1988 and 1989. Management bought Dynaplast-Extruco from Tessenderlo in 2011.
The Valence Group has successfully advised Tessenderlo Group (NYSE Euronext: TESB) on its sale of the PVC and Chlor-Alkali activities to INEOS subsidiary Kerling.
Kerling, through its INEOS ChlorVinyls business, will purchase Tessenderlo Groups PVC activities, including VCM, Chlor-Alkali and part of Organic Chlorine Derivatives. Besides the major plant at Tessenderlo in Belgium, the production plants in France (Mazingarbe) and the Netherlands (Beek and Maastricht) are involved. These businesses employ about 850 people. This transaction is subject to European merger control approval.
The purchase price is 110 million Euros on a cash-free, debt-free basis.
Frank Coenen, CEO of Tessenderlo Group, emphasised that INEOSChlorVinyls will be an excellent owner of these activities: In light of our announced strategy - focusing on specialities - we looked for a long time for the right home for these businesses. Our well-invested assets together with our highly competent workforce are both strengths that were recognized by INEOSChlorVinyls. As a European leader, INEOSChlorVinyls is well placed to offer these businesses the best possible growth opportunities.
The Valence Group has advised PolyOne Corp (NYSE:POL) on the successful sale of its 50% interest in SunBelt Chlor Alkali Partnership to Olin Corporation.
SunBelt, a chlor alkali manufacturer, is a 50/50 joint venture formed in 1996 between PolyOne (formerly The Geon Company) and Olin. PolyOnes stake in SunBelt was sold to Olin for $175 million, including $132 million in cash and the assumption of PolyOnes guarantee of $43 million of SunBelt debt, with an additional earn out over the next three years if certain performance metrics are achieved. I am pleased with the completion of this strategic win / win transaction for both Olin and PolyOne, said Stephen D. Newlin, chairman, president and chief executive officer of PolyOne. I would like to thank Olin for the many years of cooperative partnership we have enjoyed together and wish them well as they integrate SunBelt into their operations. Newlin added, For PolyOne, the sale of SunBelt represents another step in our transformation and portfolio repositioning as we intend to use the proceeds to accelerate specialty platform growth.
Mr. Newlin added: I would also like to thank The Valence Group for their support and counsel on this transaction. They are a highly valued M&A adviser to PolyOne, we have worked with the principals of The Valence Group in the past (most notably on the GLS acquisition) and we look forward to working with them in the future as we grow our specialties businesses.
Telly Zachariades, Partner, commented: PolyOne is a core and long-standing client. We are very grateful for the opportunity to work with such an outstanding management team.
PolyOne Corporation, with 2010 revenues of $2.6 billion, is a premier provider of specialized polymer materials, services and solutions. Headquartered outside of Cleveland, Ohio USA, PolyOne has operations around the world.
The Valence Group has successfully advised Cytec Industries, Inc. (NYSE: CYT) on the sale of its Building Block Chemicals Business , with 2010 sales of $600 million, to an affiliate of HIG Capital, LLC. Total consideration to be received of $180 million includes cash consideration of $165 million at closing and a Note for $15 million. The sale is subject to customary closing conditions.
The Building Block Chemicals product lines include acrylonitrile, sulfuric acid and melamine which are produced mostly for third party sale.
Telly Zachariades, Partner added: Working with a leading global specialty chemical company like Cytec is extremely gratifying. This is a significant transaction in the development of The Valence Group and evidence of our continuing increase in stature and market presence in the industry.
Cytec Industries, Inc. (NYSE: CYT) is a publicly traded specialty chemical and material technologies company serving a diverse range of end markets including aerospace composites, structural adhesives, automotive and industrial coatings, chemical intermediates, electronics, inks, mining and plastics.


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Rep. Adrian Smith
Representative for Nebraska's 3rd District
pronounced AY-dree-un // smith
Track Him
Contact Him
Smith's Official Website @RepAdrianSmith OpenSecrets VoteSmart Bioguide C-SPAN
Smith is the representative for Nebraska's 3rd congressional district (view map) and is a Republican. He has served since Jan 4, 2007. Smith is next up for reelection in 2022 and serves until Jan 3, 2023.
Smith is among the Republican legislators who, by calling for entire states to be disenfranchised in the 2020 presidential election, fomented the terrorist attack on the Capitol on January 6, 2021 that aimed to prevent the determination of the next president of the United States. Shortly after the 2020 election, Smith joined a case before the Supreme Court calling for all the votes for president in Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin — states that were narrowly won by Democrats — to be discounted, claiming that some voters there followed procedures set by the wrong state officials. The case amplified lies and conspiracy theories that fueled the movement that led to the attack on the Capitol. The Supreme Court rejected the case. On January 6, 2021 in the hours after the attack on the Capitol, Smith voted for the exclusion of Arizona and/or Pennsylvania — states narrowly won by Democrats — from the count of Electoral College votes that determined the next President of the United States. Following the rejection of several cases before the Supreme Court, one legislator called for violence.
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Ideology–Leadership Chart
Smith is shown as a purple triangle ▲ in our ideology-leadership chart below. Each dot is a member of the House of Representatives positioned according to our ideology score (left to right) and our leadership score (leaders are toward the top).
The chart is based on the bills Smith has sponsored and cosponsored from Jan 3, 2017 to Jan 15, 2021. See full analysis methodology.
Ratings from Advocacy Organizations
United States Chamber of Commerce: 83% The Club for Growth: 80% The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws: D League of Conservation Voters: 3% Human Rights Campaign: 0% Planned Parenthood Action Fund: 0%
Enacted Legislation
Smith was the primary sponsor of 3 bills that were enacted:
H.R. 1472 (116th): To rename the Homestead National Monument of America near Beatrice, Nebraska, as the Homestead National Historical Park.
H.R. 2284: Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2019
H.R. 4689 (115th): To authorize early repayment of obligations to the Bureau of Reclamation within the Northport Irrigation District in the State of Nebraska.
Does 3 not sound like a lot? Very few bills are ever enacted — most legislators sponsor only a handful that are signed into law. But there are other legislative activities that we don't track that are also important, including offering amendments, committee work and oversight of the other branches, and constituent services.
We consider a bill enacted if one of the following is true: a) it is enacted itself, b) it has a companion bill in the other chamber (as identified by Congress) which was enacted, or c) if at least about half of its provisions were incorporated into bills that were enacted (as determined by an automated text analysis, applicable beginning with bills in the 110th Congress).
Bills Sponsored
Smith sponsors bills primarily in these issue areas:
Health (35%) Taxation (20%) Social Welfare (15%) Foreign Trade and International Finance (10%) Public Lands and Natural Resources (10%) Environmental Protection (10%)
Recent Bills
Some of Smith's most recently sponsored bills include...
H.R. 6792: Improving Telehealth for Underserved Communities Act of 2020
H.R. 6569: Rural Health Relief Act
H.R. 5025: WEST Access Act
H.R. 2788: Rural Health Clinic Modernization Act of 2019
H.R. 2392: American Community Survey Act
H.R. 1473: Focusing State Efforts to Expand Opportunity Act
View All » | View Cosponsors »
Key Votes
Smith voted Nay
H.R. 6395: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021
Passed 335/78 on Dec 8, 2020.
H.R. 6157: Department of Defense and Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act, 2019 and Continuing Appropriations Act, ...
Passed 361/61 on Sep 26, 2018.
H.R. 6157 provides $674.6 billion in total discretionary budget authority for the Department of Defense for fiscal year (FY) 2019. The bill provides $606.5 billion ...
S. 1182: The American Legion 100th Anniversary Commemorative Coin Act
Passed 366/52 on Jul 25, 2018.
The House Amendment to S. 1182 extends the National Flood Insurance Program, which is set to expire July 31, 2018, through November 30, 2018. This ...
Smith voted Yea
H.R. 2048: Uniting and Strengthening America by Fulfilling Rights and Ensuring Effective Discipline Over Monitoring Act of 2015
Passed 338/88 on May 13, 2015.
The USA Freedom Act (H.R. 2048, Pub.L. 114–23) is a U.S. law enacted on June 2, 2015 that restored in modified form several provisions of ...
H.R. 83 (113th): Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015
Passed 219/206 on Dec 11, 2014.
This bill became the vehicle for passage of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015 [pdf], which was approved by the House on December ...
Smith voted Aye
H.J.Res. 124 (113th): Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2015
Passed 319/108 on Sep 17, 2014.
H.R. 1155 (113th): National Association of Registered Agents and Brokers Reform Act of 2013
Passed 397/6 on Sep 10, 2013.
Smith voted No
H.R. 1249 (112th): Leahy-Smith America Invents Act
Passed 304/117 on Jun 23, 2011.
The Leahy–Smith America Invents Act (AIA) is a United States federal statute that was passed by Congress and was signed into law by President Barack ...
H.R. 1907 (110th): Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program Act
H.R. 6074 (110th): Gas Price Relief for Consumers Act of 2008
H.R. 3867 (110th): Small Business Contracting Program Improvements Act
Passed 334/80 on Oct 30, 2007.
From Jan 2007 to Jan 2021, Smith missed 115 of 9,847 roll call votes, which is 1.2%. This is better than the median of 2.0% among the lifetime records of representatives currently serving. The chart below reports missed votes over time.
We don't track why legislators miss votes, but it's often due to medical absenses and major life events.
Show the numbers...
Votes Eligible
2007 Jan-Mar 213 0 0.0% 0th
2007 Apr-Jun 393 2 0.5% 15th
2007 Jul-Sep 317 4 1.3% 31st
2007 Oct-Dec 263 11 4.2% 63rd
2008 Apr-Jun 321 0 0.0% 0th
2008 Jul-Sep 205 4 2.0% 43rd
2008 Oct-Dec 15 0 0.0% 0th
2009 Jul-Sep 268 2 0.7% 24th
2009 Oct-Dec 246 0 0.0% 0th
2010 Jan-Mar 195 3 1.5% 29th
2010 Apr-Jun 219 3 1.4% 23rd
2010 Jul-Sep 151 0 0.0% 0th
2010 Nov-Dec 99 0 0.0% 0th
2011 Apr-Jun 281 2 0.7% 32nd
2011 Oct-Dec 208 1 0.5% 15th
2012 Jan-Mar 151 1 0.7% 23rd
2013 Jan-Jan 5 0 0.0% 0th
2013 Jan-Mar 89 2 2.2% 52nd
2017 Jan-Mar 208 4 1.9% 61st
2017 Apr-Jun 136 1 0.7% 31st
2017 Oct-Dec 167 19 11.4% 95th
2018 Nov-Dec 85 8 9.4% 84th
2019 Oct-Dec 146 2 1.4% 51st
2020 Apr-Jun 31 0 0.0% 0th
2020 Jul-Sep 80 0 0.0% 0th
2020 Oct-Dec 40 2 5.0% 66th
2021 Jan-Jan 17 0 0.0% 0th
The information on this page is originally sourced from a variety of materials, including:
unitedstates/congress-legislators, a community project gathering congressional information
The House and Senate websites, for committee membership and voting records
GPO Member Guide for the photo
GovInfo.gov, for sponsored bills
Adrian Smith is pronounced:
AY-dree-un // smith
The letters stand for sounds according to the following table:
as in
Capital letters indicate a stressed syllable.


This letter from Franklin Roosevelt, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, authorizes the Industrial Manager of the Portsmouth Naval Ship Yard to rerate employees who successfully complete a course in welding.
This artifact is a Chinese silver cocktail set with an bamboo relief theme. The set consists of a 3-piece cocktail shaker and six cups. Each piece has bamboo motif and unidentified Chinese characters appear on the bottoms. The pieces are in a fitted maroon leather box with blue velvet lining.