I'm currently using four harnesses which, although I know sounds a lot, all have very different uses. Here's the low down on the selection pictured above.
1. DMM Renegade 2 - this is a great harness and one I often point clients towards when they are looking to buy perfect all rounder. It's just the job for everything from summer cragging to winter climbing - infact it really does pretty much everything. This is my third Renegade and I won't hesitate to get another. They are simple, great quality, very comfy, have good racking options, are fully adjustable, durable and great value (RRP £65). There is really nothing not to love about the Renegade 2. DMM also make a similar spec women's specific fit version called the Puma 2.
2. Arcteryx R320a - a stripped down lightweight harness that is really good for sport climbing or fast and light trad. It doesn't suit racking up with a huge hardware armoury, but strip your load back and it works a treat. Loads of new technology went into styling and construction of these and, considering it has no padding, it is really comfortable and surprisingly durable. This model has been updated since I got it but this one has plenty of life left yet. At £120 retail this Arcteryx harness wasn't cheap…..but like all Arcteryx products they really deliver.
3. Black Diamond Couloir - I love this harness for mountaineering, scrambling and ski touring. It is a simple, super light, highly packable gem. The lack of padding isn't a problem if you aren't carrying much of a rack and have a few layers on. Having no padding means it dries really fast too. The Couloir retails for around £35 and it's nappy style fitting means it is easy to put on over big boots or when wearing crampons. A great design.
4. Black Diamond Big Gun - The Big Gun is an armchair of a harness designed for big wall and aid climbing. It is very supportive, very padded, very durable and with loads of racking - perfect for hanging around. I use mine mostly for hanging around alongside the clients on Lead to Lead Climbing courses and it's perfect for it. Certainly not needed by everyone and not cheap at about £90 retail but, if it suits your requirements, highly recommended.
So, that's harnesses. We'll add another 'What's in the gear store?' soon.


text:
		Order:
		<input type="text" class="form-control" required [(ngModel)]="instruction.order">

		Instruction:
		<input type="text" class="form-control" required [(ngModel)]="instruction.instruction">

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Executive Magazine
Lebanon needs to build a railway network
Sustaining mobility in Lebanon
Lebanon needs a disaster policy for earthquake risks
Despite protests, Mansourieh power lines go live
Exports must be part of economic growth strategy
Shared mobility apps provide more options, but may fuel congestion
Smart mobility in Lebanon
The case for increased cycling in Lebanon
Lost in Trainslation
MEA focused on local Lebanese market
Hybrid and electric vehicles in Lebanon
Public transport projects in Greater Beirut and beyond
Strategies, opportunities, and natural limitations to EV infrastructure in Lebanon
Private sector embarks on creation of EV charging-point infrastructure
Lebanon's informal public transport system
Econ & Policy
Change the image
Execute change
Economic Roadmap—First Draft
Economic Roadmap—Second Draft
Lebanon needs to build a railway network - July 9, 2019
Sustaining mobility in Lebanon - July 8, 2019
Lebanon needs a disaster policy for earthquake risks - July 8, 2019
Despite protests, Mansourieh power lines go live - July 8, 2019
Exports must be part of economic growth strategy - July 8, 2019
US presidential race heats up
Unclear who will lead both parties into the 2008 poll
March 1, 2007 by Claude Salhani
For the first time since 1952—since Dwight D. Eisenhower was in the White House—neither the incumbent president nor his vice president is in the running for the top job in the country. George W. Bush will have served two terms, making him constitutionally ineligible, and Vice President Dick Cheney? Well, realistically, his chances of being elected are about as good as his hunting skills.
The result is that the floor is wide-open and there is no shortage of candidates from both sides. But who would be most beneficial for the Middle East, especially as the Arab lobby in Washington is still light-years away from being able to influence a presidential election?
On the Democrat's side, the leading contenders are Hillary Clinton, a senator for New York; Barak Obama, a senator from Illinois; and Sens. Joe Biden of Delaware and Chris Dodd of Connecticut. Another candidate outside of Congress is John Edwards, the former one-term senator from North Carolina and vice presidential candidate in the 2004 elections.
On the Republican side there is Sen. John McCain of Arizona; Sen. Sam Brownback from Kansas; former mayor of New York, Rudy Giuliani; Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney; and possibly even former House Speaker Newt Gingrich—to name just a few.
While it is still far too early to draw any conclusions on the Republican side, early polls place McCain and Giuliani as the leaders of the pack, although the buzz around Republican circles predict the party's nomination is likely to go to a more conservative candidate; Romney is a possibility, but his Mormonism might not play will with evangelical voters, who tend to be suspicious of the faith.
So far, most candidates have avoided touching on the morass that is Middle East politics, other than to weigh in on the war in Iraq, viewed from a domestic perspective; should the US stay the course, as President Bush advocates, or declare victory and bring the troops home? Without getting into too much detail, overall, Democrats favor a pullout while Republicans say the US cannot afford to abandon Iraq. Although the Democrats realize that quitting Iraq cold-turkey is unrealistic, many Republicans recognize that the war will not be won through military means alone.
Regardless of who grabs their party's nomination as a first step in the battle for the '08 presidency, and ultimately wins the hearts and minds of the American people, Iraq will remain a major player in the US presidential campaign.
From Hillary Clinton to John McCain, Iraq, and now Iran, are the top items of concern when it comes to foreign policy. As for the crux of the Middle East issue—the Arab-Israeli dispute—most presidential contenders are happy to steer clear of the thorny subject as long as possible. That is usually until the televised debates, when the front-runners have to demonstrate their understanding of world politics and how they would handle those issues.
So where does that leave the Middle East? Pretty much in the same mess it has been in, except maybe for Lebanon.
While most, if not all presidential contenders—Democrats and Republicans alike—are likely to come out in support of Israel in any Mideast dispute, they are also more likely to continue Washington's support of pro-democracy movements, while mistrust of Damascus should play in Beirut's favor and continue to ensure US support for a legitimate Lebanese government.
The bad news for Lebanon, however, might be in the new American president's support of Israel. Again, from Hillary Clinton on the Democrat's side to Rudy Giuliani or John McCain on the Republican's, chances are they will show greater support for Israel than for Lebanon or the Arab world. Seeing that Israel is not about to forgive or forget its most recent entanglement with Hizbullah in Lebanon last August, there are good chances that the Jewish state will opt for a re-match, once a new occupant is in the White House.
Bush continues to back Lebanon's government. In his State of the Union last January, Bush made a point of mentioning the assassination of Industry Minister Pierre Gemayel, stressing his administration's support of a free and democratic Lebanon. In a private discussion with a group of journalists and think tank analysts in Washington in February, Amin Gemayel defended Bush, declaring: "Say what you want about Bush, it was thanks to his support that Syrian troops finally withdrew from Lebanon."
Claude Salhani
C'est la mer(de)
Comment Mobility Opinion Special Report
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Economics & Policy Exports Manufacturing
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Apple Changed Push Notifications And Yes, We're Already Developing a Solution
cloudsoftphone
voipbusiness
voipencryption
Starting with iOS 13, apps will no longer be allowed to run VOIP in the background.
A change coming in iOS 13 is forcing Facebook to change Messenger and WhatsApp and MeloTel to update our Cloud Softphone App. As "The Information" reports, Apple will no longer allow these apps to run Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) in the background when it's not in use.
The change could have the biggest impact on CloudSoftphone, which uses VOIP to enable end-to-end encryption. The update will be part of the September iOS 13 release, but developers have until April 2020 to comply.
Apple is changing the way VoIP apps work with iOS 13. But you don't have to worry about these changes. Your VoIP app will continue the work, and you won't notice any disruption at all to any of our products. Don't believe the sensationalist headlines that are calling for the end of VoIP. Apple's is just exercising control over its operating system. Your VoIP app will still work, push notifications will still function, and this change may even improve overall privacy and security.
There's no need to panic!
The Dev team is already on it – we're adapting our stack, and we know what we're doing. And when our solution is ready, you'll be the first to know.


Best offers for car rental in Venice. Effective prices and discounts up to 70% on popular car models. Instant online order confirmation. Make stops where you like, and not where the tour guide decides, quickly get to a place, carry everything you need with you, such a trip will be easy and convenient. And with the help of the Car-scanner service, it will be advantageous as well; you will find special offers for rent on our website.
Petrol stations are located on the outskirts of Venice, so it is better not to go to the city centre with the empty tank. You are allowed to transport fuel in a canister in the city, so you may, for your own calmness, buy and fill a 10-litre container with the right kind of petrol or diesel.
You may take a car to Venice and return it to another city without any problems. Just search for suitable offers by specifying the return city you need. The search results will show only offers from those companies that allow return in another city. The indicated price already includes a one-way tariff.


Cancer. It affects three out of every four families. The disease has probably affected you in some way, shape, or form — whether directly or indirectly.
My grandfather passed away from Hodgkin's lymphoma in 1976. A dedicated father, state representative, and friend, he was taken from my dad when he was quite young. So, in his memory, my family and I became involved with the charity Swim Across America when I was seven years old. Swim Across America raises money for cancer through swimming-related events.
Ryan Lochte (above at an SAA event) and other notable swimmers and celebrities have shown support for Swim Across America in recent years.
Ever since my first Swim Across America open water swim in Long Island Sound at age 8, I have enjoyed participating in SAA events and helping my family and the organization raise money in my grandfather's honor.
Three years ago, I started the North Jersey Swim Across America pool swim in my town to bring an event to my hometown like that in Long Island Sound which I had been participating for years. This year, the event will take place on June 29th from 6-8 AM at the Glen Rock Pool in Glen Rock, New Jersey. Swimmers and volunteers register at swimacrossamerica.org/northjersey and pledge to raise money and either swim a half mile, a mile, or laps of their choice.
But this year is going to be a little bit different. We're encouraging more and more triathletes to participate — to get involved with an organization that has raised over $45 million toward research, prevention, and treatment of cancer — and has even developed a new drug in the SAA lab that was approved to treat metastatic melanoma (the first drug to treat metastatic melanoma approved by the FDA in 13 years!!!).
On Saturday, June 29th, I encourage you to come to the event in NJ (if you're nearby) or to do a swim or brick workout in memory of someone who you've lost to cancer, or who is currently battling or has survived the disease. If you're able to come to the NJ event, you will have your laps counted by a lap counter, be eligible to win prizes based on fundraising amounts (anything from a t-shirt to a towel to an iPod!), and can participate in our brick workout afterwards (a group ride!) and other event activities.
But hey, I know that not all of you live in the Tri-state area. Even if you don't live in the area, you can still sign up at swimacrossamerica.org/northjersey (which will give you your own fundraising page and make you eligible for prizes!).
Let's make June 29th a #YoungTriForCancer — a time to bring added focus and motivation to our workouts.
If you're interested in participating in this event (whether in NJ or remotely) sign up at swimacrossamerica.org/northjersey. If you have any questions or concerns, please contact Caitlin@youngtri.com!
Find out more about Swim Across America here and see below for pictures from past events.


Sebastián Lelio's Oscar-nominated, Berlinale-winning A Fantastic Woman is a compelling tale of endurance, love, loss and resistance driven by a stand-out, debut performance from Chilean actor Daniela Vega, who is the trans-woman that drives this enthralling story, nominated in the Best Foreign Film category by the Academy. When Marina (Vega) suddenly loses Orlando, her lover and friend twenty years her senior, her identity as a trans-woman sees her ostracised from the family, shut-out of Orlando's funeral and targeted with suspicion and contempt by the authorities. Pushing back against a community which views her existence as an aberration and a perversion, Orlando's death reawakens an instinctive drive in Marina to assert herself as a complex, strong, forthright and fantastic woman.
Soaked in luminous visuals and peppered with elegant, surrealist flights of fancy, the film recalls the very best work of Pedro Almodóvar. At once richly beautiful and powerfully moving, Fantastic Woman is an urgent call for compassion towards a community that faces bigotry and hostility on a daily basis, and Daniela Vega is involved in a little piece of history, as one of two trans people involved in this year's nominations – the other being trans filmmaker Yance Ford, nominated for his documentary Strong Island.
A Fantastic Woman arrives in cinemas on 2nd March.


text:
Nichesblog.com
Keyword Analysis & Research: all justice league animated movies in order
all justice league animated movies in order 0.08 0.5 3261 38 43
all 1.99 0.2 2061 44 3
justice 0.74 1 5487 79 7
league 1.67 0.1 3327 48 6
animated 1.07 0.9 190 92 8
movies 0.41 0.3 9929 100 6
in 0.11 0.7 4700 65 2
order 0.11 1 4707 7 5
Keyword Research: People who searched all justice league animated movies in order also searched
all justice league animated movies in order 1.6 1 3067 1
What are the Justice League movies?
Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the follow-up to 2016's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU).
Is Justice League Unlimited?
Justice League Unlimited (JLU) is an American animated television series that was produced by Warner Bros. Animation and aired on Cartoon Network. Featuring a wide array of superheroes from the DC Comics universe, and specifically based on the Justice League superhero team, it is a direct sequel to the previous Justice League animated series.
Is Justice League in IMAX?
Justice League. The IMAX release of Justice League will be digitally re-mastered into the image and sound quality of The IMAX Experience® with proprietary IMAX DMR® (Digital Re-mastering) technology. The crystal-clear images, coupled with IMAX's customized theatre geometry and powerful digital audio, create a unique environment...
What is the Justice League movie?
Justice League is a 2017 American superhero movie directed by Zack Snyder. It is based on the DC Comics superhero team the Justice League. It is the fifth part in the DC Extended Universe. The movie has a screenplay written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon.
Search Results related to all justice league animated movies in order on Search Engine
Justice League Animated Movies In Order: The Chronological
fictionhorizon.com
https://fictionhorizon.com/justice-league-animated-movies-in-order/
8 rows · Nov 23, 2021 · The Death of Superman , Reign of the Supermen , Constantine: City of Demons , Batman: Hush , Wonder ...
DA: 38 PA: 94 MOZ Rank: 31 Up or Down: Up
List of all Justice League - JL (animated film series) - IMDb
1. Justice League: The New Frontier (2008 Video) PG-13 | 75 min | Animation, Action, Adventure 6. 2. Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths (2010 Video) PG-13 | 75 min | Animation, Action, Fantasy 7. 3. Justice League: Doom (2012 Video) PG-13 | 75 min | Animation, Action, Fantasy 7. 4. Justice ...
DC Animated Universe Chronological Watch Order (New 52)
This is the chronological watch order for the DC Animated Universe that's based off of DCs New 52 concepts and stories (with the exception of parts of Son of Batman, Batman: Hush, Constantine: City of Demons, The Death of Superman, Reign of the Supermen, and Teen Titans: The Judas Contract). All of these films (except for Son of Batman, Batman vs. Robin, Batman …
All DC Animated Movies (1993 - 2022) - IMDb
1. Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) PG | 76 min | Animation, Action, Adventure 7. 2. Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero (1998 Video) Unrated | 70 min | Animation, Action, Crime 7. 3. Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000 Video) PG-13 | 76 min | Animation, Action, Crime 7. 4. Batman: Mystery of the ...
DC Animated Movie Universe - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Animated_Movie_Universe
The DC Animated Movie Universe (DCAMU) is an American media franchise and shared universe centered on a series of superhero films, produced by Warner Bros. Animation and DC Entertainment and distributed by Warner Home Video. The films are part of the DC Universe Animated Original Movies line, based on the comic books published by DC Comics, and feature plot elements inspired by The New 52continuity. The continuity, established by crossing over common plot elements, s…
DC Universe Animated Original Movies - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe_Animated_Original_Movies
The following films are stand-alone, and do not share continuity with each other or other films (note exceptions) • Superman: Doomsday (2007)• Justice League: The New Frontier (2008)• Wonder Woman (2009)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_%28film%29
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Unlimited
imax.com
https://www.imax.com/movies/justice-league
DA: 8 PA: 66 MOZ Rank: 32 Up or Down: Up
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Part_One


text:
GadsbyNichols
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With over 200 properties available to buy in the Derby area at anyone time, we can help!
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Steve Gadsby
Steve commenced employment as a Trainee Chartered Surveyor with Maynard & Co. In 1975 he attended Bristol Polytechnic (now The University of West England) and was awarded a Bachelor of Science Degree in Valuation and Estate Management enabling him to qualify as a Chartered Surveyor with the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.
Steve further qualified, thereafter, as a Fellow of the former Incorporated Society of Valuers and Auctioneers, and Fellow of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors in 1998. His most recent qualification is as an RICS Registered Valuer.
Steve's career progression continued from Maynard & Co. when this company was acquired by Prudential Property Services, for whom he became an Area Director for Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and East Staffordshire before deciding to leave the 'corporate world' and opened a Chartered Surveyors and Estate Agency in Derby in 1989 as Harpur Gadsby, who then merged to become Gadsby Orridge, and more latterly as Gadsby Nichols.
Therefore, needless to say, Steve has had an intimate knowledge of the Derby Residential Market for over thirty-five years and nowadays specialises in Residential Estate Agency, Land and New Homes, and Valuation.
The Residential Estate Agency department has been retained by a considerable number of local Solicitors for professional valuations, sales, and probate etc., and prides itself on a considerable amount of repeat business from former clients.
Steve Gadsby has also been retained, over many years, by a considerable number of local and national Developers for marketing and valuation advice on a number of residential developments in the area.
Meet more of the Gadsby Nichols team... view all »
Andrew Nichols Candice Gibb Steve Gadsby
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text:
Mansura couple among La.'s Top Ten longest-married
Charles and Helen Simon of Mansura have been honored by Louisiana Family Forum for their 73 years of married bliss.
Mansura couple among La.'s Top Ten longest-married Charles and Helen Simon of Mansura have been honored by Louisiana Family Forum for their 73 years of married bliss. Check out this story on thetowntalk.com: https://www.thetowntalk.com/story/news/local/2016/02/14/mansura-couple-among-las-top-ten-longest-married/80381372/
Richard Sharkey, rsharkey@thetowntalk.com, (318) 487-6490 Published 3:44 p.m. CT Feb. 14, 2016
Charles and Helen Simon of Mansura have been married 73 years. They were honored recently by the Louisiana Family Forum as being among the Top Ten longest-married couples in Louisiana.(Photo: Courtesy of La. Family Forum)
Charles and Helen Simon of Mansura, who have been married for 73 years, have been honored by the Louisiana Family Forum as being among Louisiana's Top Ten Longest-Married Couples.
Honored by LFF as the longest-married couple were Lawrence and Varrie Player of Benton, who have been married 81 years.
The Simons were the only couple from Central Louisiana among the Top Ten.
Charles Simon and Helen Dupuis met at a gathering spot for teenagers called the "Pop In" in Mansura, according to the Louisiana Family Forum's website. "On Sunday nights, they would gather to visit with friends and dance where the girls were chaperoned by their mothers. Charles finally asked Helen to dance under the watchful eye of her mother, eventually dancing with no one else as the weeks progressed," the website information about the Simons reads.
Charles and Helen Simon of Mansura were married at St. Paul's Catholic Church in 1942. They are among the Top Ten longest-married couples in Louisiana. (Photo: Courtesy of La. Family Forum)
"They were married at St. Paul's Catholic Church on August 2, 1942. Charles was drafted into the U.S. Army in October, 1942. Four years later, Charles was discharged and returned home. Together they raised eight children; five boys and three girls. The hardest part of their lives was losing two of their children to illness.
"In addition to their eight children, Charles and Helen have 22 grandchildren, 43 great-grandchildren and 2 great-great-grandchildren. Charles and Helen continue to live in their home which was purchased in 1957."
Read or Share this story: https://www.thetowntalk.com/story/news/local/2016/02/14/mansura-couple-among-las-top-ten-longest-married/80381372/
Alexandria's Victoria Paul danced her way to another rose on 'The Bachelor'
Oakdale woman arrested after fatal hit-and-run
2 accused of selling alcohol without license at Colfax store
Dry Prong man charged with 100 counts of child pornography
Probable cause found for extortion case against alleged Alexandria bomber
Motion to suppress evidence in 2017 Alexandria homicide denied


text:
require 'spec_helper'

describe "Reset Password" do

  before(:each) do
    User.destroy_all
    visit root_path
    click_link "Sign Up"
    fill_in "Email", :with => "jim@jimvanfleet.com"
    fill_in "Password", :with => "12345678"
    fill_in "Password confirmation", :with => "12345678"
    click_button "Sign up"
    click_link "Sign Out"
    click_link "Sign In"
    click_link "Forgot your password?"
    fill_in "Email", :with => "jim@jimvanfleet.com"
    click_button "Send me reset password instructions"
  end

  context "in success" do

    it "should reset password" do
      expect(page).to have_content("You will receive an email with instructions about how to reset your password in a few minutes.")
    end
  end

  context "reset email" do
    before(:each) do
      open_email('jim@jimvanfleet.com')
      current_email.click_link 'Change my password'
      fill_in "New password", :with => "87654309"
      fill_in "Confirm new password", :with => "87654309"
      click_button "Change my password"
    end

    it "the links should" do
      expect(page).to have_content("successfully")
    end

    it "new password should" do
      click_link "Sign Out"
      visit root_path
      click_link "Sign In"
      fill_in "Email", :with => "jim@jimvanfleet.com"
      fill_in "Password", :with => "87654309"
      click_button "Sign in"
      expect(page).to have_content("successfully")
    end
  end
end


The Insurance Advisory Committee meets on an as-needed basis.
The committee and shall consist of 8 members, 7 persons to be appointed to membership on such committee by organizations of the employees affected, and 1 person who shall be a retiree of a governmental unit who shall be appointed by the appropriate public authority.
The Insurance Advisory Committee (IAC) was established pursuant to Massachusetts General Law 32B, Section 3.
The committee shall provide recommendations on group health insurance plans to the Board of Selectmen and provide information to and recommendations from municipal employees on group health plan benefits.
View an archive of IAC memos and charts.


Hey everyone I have little next to no time this week so please forgive me.
My birthday was amazing and I can't thank everyone enough for making it that way.
THE HURRICANE IS LITERALLY WAY FAR AWAY FROM ME I AM JUST AS SAFE AS ALL OF YOU.
Thank you for your concern I love you all, but it is on the east coast and I am on the south coast plus I'm an hour inland and we haven't had rain in a month.
Certainly many prayers are said here for the victims and crazy people that decided to stay even though they had many warnings to leave.
I love you. The Lord Loves you.


Kia's European designers have evolved the interior and exterior styling of the current cee'd into an exciting new look, with the powertrain team developing a wider range of engines and transmissions. The improvements include Kia's all-new three-cylinder 1.0-litre T-GDI engine, as well as a range of new safety, comfort and convenience upgrades. The changes apply to every model in the cee'd range, which now incorporates the five-door cee'd hatchback, Sportswagon and three-door pro_cee'd.


This 3 bed 1 bath home in Ellsworth sits on a large lot in town. 2 car detached garage, newer vinyl siding, roof/furnace/AC all new in 2012, newer Kinetico water system installed, dormer windows recently updated and this list goes on. Come take a look and put your finishing touches on this property.


Dr. Oz shows you how to save someone's life by recognizing the three warning signs for a cardiac emergency.
Marketing Funnels: Secret #37: Why Does The Fuel You Eat Actually Matter For An Entrepreneur?
Business Tips: Are Clients OR Employees First Priority?


Weekly web design business resources I run across. I have several for you this week, I hope you enjoy. I've added or voted up every site you see below via stumble upon as a way of sharing the resource. If you've found something to be bookmarkable this week please send it to me or add it to the comments below.
Josh Pigford of The Apple Blog gives us 30 Apps to Run your Business By.
The Best Logo details Six Things a Good Company Logo Design Must Have.
Tech Magazine writes the Full Web 2.0 API List. Every developer looking to integrate technologies needs API's so this list should come in handy.
Designer Daily provides us with 10 lists every good designer should bookmark.
Now this one is a bit old, but worth sharing. Typetester has a cool tool to allow the Comparison of Fonts for the Screen. Very useful.
Lastly, and this one isn't specifically web design related but it is really cool. Microsoft Live Labs has something called Photosynth. A pretty cool 3D space type photo gallery. Very cool.


text:
Q: When does the IsBusy property change on a BackgroundWorker? The BackgroundWorker component has an IsBusy flag. While it's executing RunWorkerASync, this flag is set to True. Does it change to False when RunWorkerASync finishes, or when RunWorkerCompleted finishes?

A: The IsBusy flag will be set to false as soon as RunWorkerASync ends, before RunWorkerCompleted executes. Say you wanted to retrieve the results of the BackgroundWorker's operation from another function like so:
Dim MyResult = "Not Set"

Sub Foo()

    DoSomeStuff()

    RunWorkerASync()

    'Wait for worker
    While Worker.IsBusy
        Wait()
    End While

    'Use result
    'This won't work because MyResult hasn't been
    'set yet by the RunWorkerCompleted handler
    'Will Print "Not Set", unless, by a timing quirk,
    'RunWorkerCompleted has enough time to execute
    'Before using its result.
    Print MyResult
End Sub

Sub RunWorkerASync()
    e.Result = "Result has been set"
End Sub

Sub RunWorkerCompleted()
    MyResult = e.Result 'Worker's output
End Sub

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Engaging with a range of community facilities across Fife, The Self Help Coach will support people who are experiencing mild to moderate mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, lack of motivation, low mood and stress.
The postholder will provide includes enabling people to recognise, understand and manage their symptoms and support them to take the steps they need to take to maintain good mental health. The Self Help Coach will also introduce people to additional specialist sources of support, encouraging people to develop good personal networks and stronger connections with their community.
Other key responsibilities of the Self Help Coach is to maintain accurate, up-to-date and secure records of the people they support, and to participate in regular clinical and non-clinical support and supervision.
- Educated to diploma level (or equivalent) with experience of approaches to self help techniques and/or CBT approach.


text:
Q: DirectX 7.0a game on Windows 8 slow There's this old game, called Midtown Madness 2, that I love playing. It requires DirectX v7.0a. I also have a laptop. On this laptop, when I play the game in Windows 7, it works perfectly. In Windows 8, it lags everywhere, even in the menus.
I read somewhere that Microsoft dropped hardware acceleration support for DirectX 7.x in Windows 8. Is it possible to get the game working in Windows 8? I really don't like Windows 7 (long story), and this game is the only thing that's holding me back from upgrading.

A: The possible solution is to disable Hyper-V (Windows 8 component) which is used for Microsoft virtual machines.
To disable Hyper-V go to Control Panel - Programs and Features - Turn Windows Components On or Off, then uncheck Hyper-V and click OK.
As other option I would try to turn On or Off V-Sync in the game video or in video driver settings, there is somewhat similar problem with Dead Space game on AMD videocards which fixes that way.

A: Here is a video that shows how to get Midtown Madness 2 to work on Windows 8. You need to put all the .dll files in same directory as you have installed the game and run midtown2.exe.
The game can take a bit longer to start but the game works for me with the right .dll's.


text:
Шестаковский район — административно-территориальная единица в составе Кировской области РСФСР, существовавшая в 1935—1955 годах. Административный центр — село Шестаково.

История
Образован в 1935 году из части селений Слободского района.

30 сентября 1955 года ликвидирован с передачей территории Белохолуницкому, Нагорскому и Слободскому районам.

Административное деление
В 1950 году в состав района входило 17 сельсоветов и 313 населённых пунктов:

Примечания

Ссылки
Упразднённые районы Кировской области

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Richard Kelley
Tenant Law
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text:
\section{Introduction}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{1.\arabic{equation}} \setcounter{equation}{0}
\label{sc:basic}

It is well known that the strong electric field causes particle pair production named the Schwinger effect~\cite{Schwinger:1951nm}. This occurs when the
electrostatic energy $qEL$ exceeds the twice of the rest mass $m$ of charged particles, namely, $qEL>2m$. Here, $q$ is the charge of particles, $E$ is the electric field,
and $L$ is a typical length scale. As for the length scale $L$, we usually take the Compton wave length of the particle $1/m$. Hence, the condition for Schwinger
pair production becomes $qE>2m^2$.  Since the Schwinger effect in (1+1)-dimensions can be interpretted as the nucleation process of pairs of particles.
it has been studied as a useful model of the bubble nucleation in (3+1)-dimensions.
For example, observer dependence of bubble nucleation process has been explored using Schwinger pair production process as a model~\cite{Garriga:2012qp,Garriga:2013pga}.

It is also intriguing to consider the Schwinger pair production in de Sitter space from the cosmological point of view.
 In the cosmological Schwinger effect, there is another length scale, that is, the Hubble parameter.
 In particular, when the mass of a charged particle is sufficiently small, the particle picture is obscure.
 Therefore, it is interesting to investigate Schwinger pair production in the expanding universe.
There are several works studying Schwinger pair production in the expanding (1+1)-dimensional universe~\cite{Garriga:1994bm, Kim:2008xv, Kim:2010cb}.
Especially, in \cite{Frob:2014zka}, an interesting phenomena called infrared hyperconductivity was found.
This occurs for light fields. There, the current created by pair production increases as the electric field decreases in contradiction to
the intuition.
Recently, the analysis has been extended to 4-dimensional expanding universe~\cite{Kobayashi:2014zza,FNPT15,Hayashinaka:2016qqn,Hayashinaka:2016dnt,SS17}.
However, in these works, the electric field in terms of energy density is decaying.
On the other hand, for example, the energy density of the electric field in anisotropic inflation does not decay~\cite{Watanabe:2009ct,Soda:2012zm,Maleknejad:2012fw}.
Actually, when we consider the generation of magnetic fields during inflation~\cite{Ratra:1991bn}, this kind of non-decaying electric field is generic.
Indeed, if an inflaton couples to the electric field through the  gauge kinetic function, the electric field remains during inflation.
Moreover, the scale invariant growth is an attractor solution~\cite{Kanno:2009ei}.
Hence, it is interesting to consider the Schwinger effect in this set up.
It would be nice to know the electric current and energy momentum tensor due to the Schwinger pair production
and clarify the backreaction to anisotropic inflation, in particular, anisotropic inflation with a charged inflaton~\cite{Emami:2010rm}.

In this paper, as a first step, we analytically study the Schwinger pair production using {\em the uniform asymptotic approximation method}
\cite{zhu_constructing_2014,zhu_gravitational_2014,zhu_inflationary_2014,zhu_high-order_2016},  and
calculate particle production rate due to the persistent electric field
in  the (3+1)-dimensional  de Sitter space. We focus on the parameter region where the hyperconductivity is expected to occur,
namely, we consider the weak electric field and the light scalar field.
We find the particle production rate grows as $ E^{1/2-\sqrt{|\beta|}}$ for $\beta \equiv m^2/H^2 - 9/4 < 0$.
This remarkable behavior comes from the infrared behavior of the light fields in de Sitter space.

The organization of the rest parts of the paper is as follows.
In section II, we introduce the basic setup. We consider the persistent electric field sustained by an inflaton field.
On this background, we consider  a charged scalar field.
In section III,  we apply the uniform asymptotic approximation method to the Schwinger effect in the (3+1)-dimensional de Sitter space
and obtain the Bogoliubov coefficients.
In section IV, we evaluate the particle production rate in de Sitter space in the presence of the electric field.
The final section is devoted to the conclusion. We gather technical parts in the four appendixes. In particular, in Appendix D we apply the uniform asymptotic approximation method
to study the pair production of particles in (1+1)-dimensional de Sitter space, a case in which the exact mode function is known \cite{Garriga:1994bm}, so we can  compare
the approximate solution obtained by the uniform asymptotic approximation method with the exact one. From Fig. \ref{2dcase}, it can be  seen that
 the approximate solution traces  the exact one extremely well.

\section{Electric field during anisotropic Inflation}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{2.\arabic{equation}} \setcounter{equation}{0}

In this section, we gives a basic setup we are going to investigate.
The point is that the gauge field has an attractor solution in the inflationary background.

Let us consider the following action for the gravitational field, the inflaton field $\varphi$ and the electro-magnetic vector field $A_\mu$ coupled with $\varphi$:
\begin{eqnarray}
S=\int d^4x\sqrt{-g}\left[~\frac{M_p^2}{2}R
-\frac{1}{2}\left(\partial_\mu\varphi\right)\left(\partial^{\mu}\varphi\right)
-V(\varphi)-\frac{1}{4} f^2 (\varphi) F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu}
~\right] \ ,
\label{action1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $M_p$ is the reduced Plack mass, $g$ is the determinant of the metric, $R$ is the Ricci scalar, $V(\varphi)$ is the inflaton potential, $f(\varphi)$ is the coupling
function of the inflaton field to the vector one, respectively. The field strength of the vector field is defined by $F_{\mu\nu}=\partial_\mu A_\nu -\partial_\nu A_\mu$. If
 $f(\varphi)$ is a constant, nothing happens for the gauge field. However, if $f(\varphi)$ rapidly changes, the gauge field will be sustained during inflation. In terms
 of the time dependence, the critical case corresponds to
$$
f(\varphi) \propto \frac{1}{a^2} \ .
$$
Here $a$ denotes the scale factor of the de-Sitter background and is introduced in (\ref{FRW}) below. Actually, this is known as an attractor even for supercritical cases
when we take into account the backreaction. This attractor solution has been named anisotropic inflation~\cite{Watanabe:2009ct}.

We can look at anisotropic inflation from the background and derturbative point of view.
First, we  ignore the tiny  anisotropy of expansion.
Hence, we can consider a fixed isotropic de Sitter background
\begin{eqnarray}
ds^2 = a^2 (\eta) \left( -d\eta^2 + dx^2 + dy^2 + dz^2 \right) \ ,
\label{FRW}
\end{eqnarray}
where $a = 1/(-H\eta)$ and we used the conformal time $\eta$.
Then, we put the Maxwell field on this background as a test field
\begin{eqnarray}
S=\int d^4x\sqrt{-g}\left[-\frac{1}{4} f^2 (\varphi) F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu}
~\right] \ ,
\label{action1}
\end{eqnarray}
where we assumed a general coupling function.
Now, we take the homogeneous fields of the form
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{amu1}
A_\mu=(~0,~v(\eta),~0,~0~)
\end{eqnarray}
The equation of motion $\nabla_\mu \left( f^2 F^{\mu\nu} \right) =0$
can be solved as
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{amu2}
    v(\eta) = E \int d\eta f^{-2}
            = \frac{E}{(2\alpha -1) H^{2\alpha}} (-\eta)^{-2\alpha +1}  \ .
\end{eqnarray}
where we  assumed $ f = a^{-\alpha}$. The functional form of $f$, that is, the parameter $\alpha$
should be determined by the model $f(\varphi)$ we are considering.
The trivial case $\alpha =0$ corresponds to the trivial function $f=1$ where the gage field rapidly decays as expected.
In anisotropic inflation, we know $\alpha =2$ is an attractor~\cite{Kanno:2009ei}.
In this case, the gauge field grows.
What we should investigate is Schwinger effect in this background.

We gave a perturbative model for anisotropic inflation.
Now, we regard these configurations as the background and
 consider a test charged scalar field \footnote{In this paper, we choose units so that the electric charge $e = 1$. To restore the unit, we can simply replace $E$ by $eE$, as one can see from
 Eqs.(\ref{amu1})-(\ref{amu3}).}
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{amu3}
  S = \int d^4 x \sqrt{-g} \left[
      - g^{\mu\nu}\left( \partial_\mu + i e A_\mu \right) \psi^*
      \left( \partial_\nu - i e A_\nu \right) \psi -m^2 \psi^* \psi
       \right] \ .
\end{eqnarray}
The equation of motion can be deduced as
\begin{eqnarray}
  \frac{1}{\sqrt{-g}} i\partial_\mu \left[ \sqrt{-g} g^{\mu\nu}
  \left( i\partial_\nu + A_\nu \right) \psi \right]
  + g^{\mu\nu} A_\mu \left( i\partial_\nu + A_\nu \right) \psi
  + m^2 \psi = 0 \ .
\end{eqnarray}
In the background, we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
  \psi'' + 2 \frac{a'}{a} \psi' - \partial_a^2 \psi
  + \left( i\partial_x + v \right)^2 \psi + m^2 a^2 \psi =0 \ .
\end{eqnarray}
By defining a new field $\phi (\eta) e^{i p_a x^a +ikx} = a\psi$, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
   \phi'' + \left[ p_a^2
   +\left( k -\frac{E}{(2\alpha -1) H^{2\alpha}} (-\eta)^{-2\alpha +1}\right)^2
   + \frac{m^2}{H^2 \eta^2} -\frac{2}{\eta^2} \right] \phi =0 \ .
\end{eqnarray}

Note that  $\alpha =1$ is a special case for which we can solve the wave equation exactly.
The result is quite similar to (1+1)-dimensional problem and analyzed in
\cite{Kobayashi:2014zza,Hayashinaka:2016qqn,Hayashinaka:2016dnt}.
However, what we are interested in is the case $\alpha =2$ which stems from anisotropic inflation.
In this case, the equation reads
\begin{eqnarray}
   \phi'' + \left[ p_a^2
   +\left( k -\frac{E}{3 H^{4}} (-\eta)^{-3}\right)^2
   + \frac{m^2}{H^2 \eta^2} -\frac{2}{\eta^2} \right] \phi =0 \ .
\end{eqnarray}
In the following sections, we will focus on the Schwinger pair production process with this setup.
Apparently, the equation is not the Fuchs type. Hence, we need to resort to approximation or numerical method.
We will do both in subsequent sections.

\section{ Uniform asymptotic approximation}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{3.\arabic{equation}} \setcounter{equation}{0}

In this section, we are going to apply the {\em uniform asymptotic approximation} developed in a series of  papers
\cite{zhu_constructing_2014,zhu_gravitational_2014,zhu_inflationary_2014,zhu_high-order_2016} to study the above equation. For this purpose, it is convenient to write the above equation in the form
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eom}
\frac{d^2 \phi_{k_\pm}}{dy^2}+\left(d+\frac{\tilde \beta}{y^2}+\frac{b_{\pm}}{y^3}+\frac{c}{y^6}\right)\phi_{k_\pm}=0,
\end{eqnarray}
where $k_+$($k_-$) denotes positive(negative) k, $y \equiv- |k| \eta$,  $\phi_{k_\pm}(y)=\phi(\eta)$, and the parameters $d, \tilde \beta, b_\pm, c$ are defined by
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{parameters}
\tilde \beta \equiv \frac{m^2}{H^2}-2,\;\;\;\; b_\pm\equiv  \mp\frac{2 k^2 E}{3H^4}, \;\;\; c\equiv \frac{b_\pm^2}{4}=\left(\frac{k^2E}{3H^4}\right)^2, \;\;\;\; d\equiv \frac{p_a^2}{k^2}+1.
\end{eqnarray}
Here $b_+$($b_-$) corresponds to $k_+$($k_-$). Note that in de Sitter background, the variable $y$ is in the range $y \in (0^+, +\infty)$.
Following \cite{zhu_constructing_2014,zhu_gravitational_2014,zhu_inflationary_2014,zhu_high-order_2016}, let us first write Eq.(\ref{eom}) in the standard form
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eom_uniform}
\frac{d^2 \phi_{k_\pm}}{dy^2}= \{\lambda^2 \hat g(y)+q(y)\} \phi_{k_\pm},
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}\label{gplusq}
\lambda^2 \hat g(y)+q(y)=- \left(d+\frac{\tilde \beta}{y^2}+\frac{b_\pm}{y^3}+\frac{c}{y^6}\right),
\end{eqnarray}
in which $\lambda$ is supposed to be a large parameter and will be used to trace the approximate orders of the uniform asymptotic approximation. At the end,   we can set $\lambda=1$ for simplicity.
The functions  $g(y)$ and $q(y)$ are arbitrary. The reason to introduce two of them, instead of only one,  is to use one of them to minimize the errors, as to be shown below. When $b_\pm=0$,
 Eq.(\ref{eom_uniform}) has exact solution. Thus, in the following we are going to concentrate ourselves only on the cases where  $b_\pm  \neq 0$.

\subsection{Errors of the approximation near the pole}

From the expression (\ref{gplusq}), one can see that the functions $\lambda^2 \hat g(y)$ in general  has a pole at $y=0$, which is of order higher than $2$. Following \cite{zhu_inflationary_2014}, in order to determine the two functions
 $\lambda^2 \hat g(y)$ and $q(y)$, we first analyze the behavior of the corresponding error control function of the uniform asymptotic approximation near this pole. As shown in \cite{zhu_inflationary_2014}, the error control function
near the pole $y=0^+$ is expressed as \footnote{The detailed derivation of the approximation and the corresponding error control functuon can be found in \cite{zhu_inflationary_2014}.},
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathscr{F}(y) =\int^y \left[\frac{5}{16} \frac{\hat g'^2(y)}{\hat g^{5/2}(y)} - \frac{1}{4} \frac{\hat g''(y)}{\hat g^{3/2}(y)}-\frac{q(y)}{\hat g^{1/2}(y)}\right]dy.
\end{eqnarray}
A crucial step in the application of the uniform asymptotic approximation is to guarantee that the error control function $\mathscr{F}(y)$ is finite near pole $y = 0^+$. Otherwise the approximate solution of Eq.(\ref{eom_uniform}) constructed by
 the uniform asymptotic approximation will blow up when $y \rightarrow 0^+$. For this purpose, following \cite{zhu_inflationary_2014}, we expand $\lambda^2 \hat g(y)$ and $q(y)$  in the Laurent series around $y=0$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{expand function}
\lambda^2 \hat g(y)=\frac{1}{y^i}\sum_{s=0}^\infty g_s y^{s},\;q(y)=\frac{1}{y^j} \sum_{s=0}^\infty q_s y^s,
\end{eqnarray}
where $i$ and $j$ represent the order of the pole at $y=0$ for $\lambda^2 \hat g(y)$ and $q(y)$,  respectively. Then,  to the  leading order, we find that
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{error}
\mathscr{F}(y)
\simeq - \frac{1}{g_0^{1/2}} \int^y \left[ \left(\frac{5 i^2}{16} -\frac{i(i+1)}{4}\right)y^{\frac{i}{2}-2}-q_0y^{\frac{i}{2}-j} \right]dy.
\end{eqnarray}
Thus,  to keep the error control function $\mathscr{F}(y)$ finite near $ y = 0^+$, we must require,
\begin{equation}
\label{cds}
i \ge 2, \;\;\; j \le \frac{i}{2} + 1.
\end{equation}
However, considering Eq.(\ref{gplusq}) we find that  the choices of $i$ and $j$ also depend on the values of $b_\pm$. In particular, when  $b_\pm \neq 0$,
we have $i=6$ and $j\le 4$. When  $b_\pm = 0$, we have $i  = 2$. In this case,  to keep the error control function $\mathscr{F}(y)$ be finite nearby  the pole, we must also choose $j = 2$ and $q_0 = -1/4$, that is,
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{cdq}
q(y) = - \frac{1}{ 4y^2}.
\end{eqnarray}
 In addition, even in the case  $b_\pm \neq 0$, if $|b_\pm| \ll 1$ (As to be shown below, this exactly corresponds to the weak electric limit.), there always exists a region
 $ 1 \gg y > \left|b_\pm^2/(4\tilde{\beta})\right|^{1/4}$, in which the term $\tilde{\beta}/y^2$ in Eq.(\ref{gplusq}) dominates,
and to minimize the error control function $\mathscr{F}(y)$, Eq.(\ref{cdq}) still represents a good choice. Yet, even when the external electric field
 is large,  the error control function for the choice of Eq.(\ref{cdq}) still remains finite.  So,  in this paper we shall adopt Eq.(\ref{cdq})
 for all the cases. With this choice, as to be shown below,   the analytical solution traces   the numerical (exact) one extremely well.  Then, we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}\label{general_g}
\lambda^2 \hat g(y) = - \left(d+\frac{\beta}{y^2}+\frac{b_\pm}{y^3}+\frac{c}{y^6}\right).
\end{eqnarray}
with $\beta\equiv \tilde \beta-1/4 = m^2/H^2-9/4$.

\subsection{Nature of the turning points}
\label{turning_points}

Except that $\lambda^2 \hat g(y)$ has a pole at $y=0^+$, it may also have zeros in the range $y \in (0^+,+\infty)$, which are called {\em turning points}. As shown in \cite{zhu_inflationary_2014}, the
corresponding approximate solution of (\ref{eom}) in the uniform asymptotic approximation is very sensitive to the nature of these turning points, which are  the roots of the equation,
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{roots}
 d+\frac{\beta}{y^2}+\frac{b_\pm}{y^3}+\frac{c}{y^6} = 0.
\end{eqnarray}
From the definition of parameters $\beta, b_\pm, c, d$, we find that
\begin{eqnarray}
\lambda^2 \hat g(y) =
\begin{cases}
-d <0, &  \;\; y\to +\infty,\\
- \frac{c}{y^6} <0, & \;\;\; y\to 0^+.
\end{cases}
\end{eqnarray}
In principle, Eq. (\ref{roots}) can have six roots. Since $d >0$, in both limits $y \to 0^{+}$ and $y \to +\infty$, the function $\lambda^2 \hat g(y)$ is negative. This implies that $\lambda^2 \hat g(y)=0$ can only have even numbers of roots, i.e., it can only have six, four, two, or zero roots. We note that these roots can be real, multiple, or even complex conjugated. In order to see explicitly how many roots, we can count the extreme points of $d y^6 + \beta y^4 + b_{\pm} y^3 + c$. Taking the derivative of $d y^6 + \beta y^4 + b_{\pm} y^3 + c$ we find
\begin{eqnarray}\label{extreme}
6 d y^3 + 4 \beta y + 3 b_{\pm}=0.
\end{eqnarray}
Unlike the roots of (\ref{roots}), the extreme points obtained from (\ref{extreme}) must be real and lie in the range $y \in (0, +\infty)$. It can be shown that the three extreme points must satisfied the relation $y_{m1}+y_{m2} + y_{m3}=0$. This indicates that one of them must lie in the negative side of the $y$-axix. Thus, in the positive side, $\lambda^2 \hat g(y)$  can at most have two extreme points, which implies that  it can at most  have two turning points. In Fig.~\ref{gofy_figure_1} we show several representative cases, which tells us that this is indeed the case.

\begin{figure}
{\label{gofy_figure_1}
\includegraphics[width=12.1cm]{gofy_figure.pdf}}
\caption{The three different behaviors of the function $\lambda^2 \hat g(y)$ in Eq.(\ref{general_g}). For each case, $\lambda^2 \hat g(y)$ has different types of turning points (zeros).
Case (a, b, c) correspond, respectively,  to  two real and single, one real and double, and two complex conjugated turning points. When $k>0$, the value of parameters used for each case are:
(a) $\beta=-2 (m^2/H^2=1/4)$, $b=-1 (k^2E/H^4=3/2)$, $c=1/4$, $d=3/2 (p_a^2/k^2=1/2)$; (b) $\beta=-3/2\; (m^2/H^2=3/4)$, $b=-1\; (k^2E/H^4=3/2)$, $c=1/4$, $d=3.9027 \;
(p_a^2/k^2=2.9027)$; (c) $\beta=-3/2\; (m^2/H^2=3/4)$, $b=-1\; (k^2E/H^4=3/2)$, $c=1/4$, $d=6 \; (p_a^2/k^2=5)$. For $k<0$, in order to get these three different cases, one must
choose  the parameters as: (a) $\beta=-2 (m^2/H^2=1/4)$, $b=0.15 (k^2E/H^4=0.225)$, $c=0.0375$, $d=1.05 (p_a^2/k^2=0.05)$; (b) $\beta=-3/2\; (m^2/H^2=3/4)$, $b=0.15\;
 (k^2E/H^4=0.225)$, $c=0.0375$, $d=2.714 \; (p_a^2/k^2=1.714)$; (c) $\beta=-3/2\; (m^2/H^2=3/4)$, $b=0.15\; (k^2E/H^4=0.225)$, $c=0.0375$, $d=6 \; (p_a^2/k^2=5)$.}
\label{gofy_figure_1}
\end{figure}

To study these roots further, let us first write  the function $\lambda^2 \hat g(y)$ in the form
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{3b}
\lambda^2 \hat g(y) = - \left(\frac{b_\pm}{2y^3}+1\right)^2 - \frac{p_a^2}{k^2} - \frac{\beta}{y^2}.
\end{eqnarray}
To find out the roots of $\lambda^2 \hat g(y)$ we need to solve the equation,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{equation}
 \left(\frac{b_\pm}{2y^3}+1\right)^2 = - \frac{\beta}{y^2}- \frac{p_a^2}{k^2}.
\end{eqnarray}
An inspection on this equation immediately leads to the conclusion that the function $\lambda^2 \hat g(y)$ can have real turning points only when
\begin{eqnarray}
(i) \; \beta<0 \;\;\; \text{or} \;\;\;  (ii)\; \beta=0= p_a.
\end{eqnarray}
In general, if the two turning points are  not equal (or a double root) of Eq.(\ref{equation}), each of them must be real and single. We denote these two turning points by $y_1$ and $y_2$.
When the values of the parameters change, these two turning points can eventually turn to a double or even complex  turning points. In any  case, we  assume that $\text{Re}(y_1)\leq
\text{Re}(y_2)$, respectively. In the following, let us first  consider two specific cases in which   $y_1$ and $y_2$ can be  derived explicitly.

\subsubsection{$\beta=0$}
In this case, we find that
\begin{eqnarray}
 \left(\frac{b_\pm}{2y^3}+1\right)^2 = - \frac{p_a^2}{k^2},
\end{eqnarray}
which leads to
\begin{eqnarray}\label{y1y2_caseA}
y_1^3 &=& -\frac{b_\pm}{2d} - i \frac{b_\pm}{2d} \frac{p_a}{|k|} ,\;\; y_2^3 = - \frac{b_\pm}{2d} +  i \frac{b_\pm}{2d} \frac{p_a}{|k|},
\end{eqnarray}
where we assume that $p_a$ is positive. It is easy to see that in this case $y_1$ and $y_2$ are always complex and $y_1 = y_2^*$. Thus in this case there are no real turning points.

\subsubsection{Weak electric field limit}

In the weak electric field limit, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
|b_\pm|\equiv \frac{2 k^2 E}{3 H^4} \ll 1.
\end{eqnarray}
In this case we can treat the parameter $b_\pm$ as a small quantity and expand the turning points $y_1$ and $y_2$ in the powers of $b_\pm$. After some calculations  we obtain, for $k>0$,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{y1y2_CaseC}
y_{1}=\frac{\sqrt{-b_+}}{(-4\beta)^{1/4}}+\frac{b_+}{4\beta}+\mathcal{O}\Big((-b_+)^{3/2}\Big),\;\;\;\; y_{2}=\sqrt{\frac{-\beta}{d}}+\frac{b_+}{2\beta}+\mathcal{O}\Big((-b_+)^2\Big).
\end{eqnarray}
Correspondingly, for $k<0$ we find
\begin{eqnarray}\label{y1y2_CaseD}
y_{1}=\frac{\sqrt{b_-}}{(-4\beta)^{1/4}}-\frac{b_-}{4\beta}+\mathcal{O}\Big((b_-)^{3/2}\Big),\;\;\;\; y_{2}=\sqrt{\frac{-\beta}{d}}+\frac{b_-}{2\beta}+\mathcal{O}\Big((b_-)^2\Big).
\end{eqnarray}
Note that in the above we have assumed that $\beta<0$, and then it is easy to see that $y_1$ and $y_2$ are both real and single.

\subsection{General  solutions with two turning points}

From the above we can see that   the function  $\lambda^2 \hat g(y)$ at most has  two turning points. In the following, we shall develop the general formulas for the cases with two turning points.
In the next subsection we consider particle creations first for the general case, and then   the particular cases considered above.  From  \cite{zhu_inflationary_2014}, we find that
 the general approximate solution of Eq.(\ref{eom}) can be expressed in terms of the parabolic cylinder functions $W(\frac{1}{2}\lambda \zeta_0^2,\pm \sqrt{2\lambda} \zeta)$ as
\begin{eqnarray}\label{solution}
\phi_{k_\pm}(y)&=&\alpha_1 \left(\frac{\zeta^2-\zeta_0^2}{-\hat g(y)}\right)^{\frac{1}{4}} \left[W\left(\frac{1}{2}\lambda \zeta_0^2, \sqrt{2\lambda}\zeta \right)\right]+\beta_1 \left(\frac{\zeta^2-\zeta_0^2}{-\hat g(y)}\right)^{\frac{1}{4}} \left[W\left(\frac{1}{2}\lambda \zeta_0^2, -\sqrt{2\lambda }\zeta \right)\right],\nonumber\\
\end{eqnarray}
where $\hat g(y)$ depends on $b_\pm$ through Eq.(\ref{3b})$, \alpha_1$, $\beta_1$ are two integration constants, $\zeta$ is a monotoning function of $y$ which are given in Appendix~\ref{Uniform_App}, and $\zeta_0^2$ is defined as
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{zeta0}
\zeta_0^2 = \frac{2}{\pi} \int_{y_1}^{y_2} \sqrt{\hat g(y)} dy.
\end{eqnarray}

In order to determine the integration constants $\alpha_1$ and $\beta_1$, we need to match the above solution to the initial conditions. In general, we consider the initial time at  $y = - |k|\eta \to +\infty$, for which we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\lambda^2 \hat g(y) \simeq -d.
\end{eqnarray}
Thus if we consider the Bunch-Davies vacuum in  the limit $y \to +\infty$, then the initial state can be approximately described by
\begin{eqnarray}\label{initial}
\lim_{y\to +\infty}\phi_{k_\pm}(y) = \frac{e^{ i d^{1/2} y}}{\sqrt{2} d^{1/4}}.
\end{eqnarray}
In order to match it with the approximate solution we obtained above, let us first consider the asymptotic form of the parabolic cylinder function in the limit $y \to +\infty$ ($\zeta \to +\infty$), which takes the form (see Appendix~\ref{Asy_W})
\begin{eqnarray}
W(\text{\textonehalf}\lambda\zeta_0^2,\sqrt{2\lambda}\zeta)=\left(\frac{ 2 j^2(\sqrt{\lambda}\zeta_0)}{\lambda (\zeta^2-\zeta_0^2)}\right)^{1/4}\cos{\mathfrak D},\;\;\;\; W(\text{\textonehalf}\lambda\zeta_0^2,-\sqrt{2\lambda}\zeta)=\left(\frac{ 2 j^{-2}(\sqrt{\lambda}\zeta_0)}{\lambda (\zeta^2-\zeta_0^2)}\right)^{1/4}\sin{\mathfrak D}.\nonumber\\
\end{eqnarray}
Here
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathfrak{D}\equiv \lambda \int_{\text{Re}(y_2)}^{y} \sqrt{-\hat g}dy+\frac{\pi}{4}+\phi\left(\frac{\lambda}{2}\zeta_0^2\right),
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{jf}
j(\sqrt{\lambda} \zeta_0)=\sqrt{1+e^{ \pi \lambda \zeta_0^2 }}-e^{\pi \lambda \zeta_0^2/2} \ ,
\label{jform}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\phi(x)$ is give by Eq.(\ref{phi}), and should not be confused with the  mode function $\phi_k(y)$. With the above asymptotic forms, when $y\to +\infty$ we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\phi_{k_\pm}(y)\simeq \alpha_1 \left(\frac{2 j^2}{-\lambda \hat g}\right)^{1/4}  \cos{\mathfrak{D}}+\beta_1  \left(\frac{2 j^{-2}}{-\lambda \hat g}\right)^{1/4}\sin{\mathfrak{D}},\nonumber\\
\end{eqnarray}
here $j\equiv j(\sqrt{\lambda} \zeta_0)$. Matching the above solution with the initial conditions (\ref{initial})  we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}\label{a1b1}
\alpha_1 = \frac{e^{i\theta}}{\sqrt{2} (2 \lambda j^2)^{1/4}},\;\;\beta_1= \frac{i e^{i\theta}}{\sqrt{2} (2 \lambda j^{-2})^{1/4}},
\end{eqnarray}
where $\theta$ is an irrelevant phase factor.

Now let us turn to consider the limit $y\to 0^+$ ($\zeta \to - \infty$). Then,  the asymptotic form of the parabolic cylinder function reads
\begin{eqnarray}
W(\text{\textonehalf}\lambda\zeta_0^2,\sqrt{2\lambda}\zeta)=\left(\frac{ 2 j^{-2}(\sqrt{\lambda}\zeta_0)}{\lambda (\zeta^2-\zeta_0^2)}\right)^{1/4}\sin{\mathfrak D},\;\;\;\;
W(\text{\textonehalf}\lambda\zeta_0^2,-\sqrt{2\lambda}\zeta)=\left(\frac{ 2 j^{2}(\sqrt{\lambda}\zeta_0)}{\lambda (\zeta^2-\zeta_0^2)}\right)^{1/4}\cos{\mathfrak D}.\nonumber\\
\end{eqnarray}
Here
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathfrak{D}=-\lambda \int_{\text{Re}(y_1)}^y \sqrt{-\hat g} dy+\frac{\pi}{4}+\phi\left(\frac{\lambda}{2}\zeta_0^2\right).
\end{eqnarray}
With these expressions for $y\to 0^+$ we find that the approximate solution can be cast in the form
\begin{eqnarray}\label{asymptotic}
\phi_{k_\pm}(y)&\simeq& \alpha_1 \left(\frac{2 j^{-2}}{-\lambda \hat g}\right)^{1/4}  \sin{\mathfrak{D}}+\beta_1  \left(\frac{2 j^{2}}{-\lambda \hat g}\right)^{1/4}\cos{\mathfrak{D}}\nonumber\\
&=& \frac{\alpha_{k_\pm}}{\sqrt{2\lambda }(-\hat g)^{1/4}}e^{-i \mathfrak{D}}+\frac{\beta_{k_\pm}}{\sqrt{2\lambda }(-\hat g)^{1/4}}e^{i\mathfrak{D}},
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}\label{akbk}
\alpha_{k_\pm}=\frac{1}{2}\left(j+\frac{1}{j}\right),\;\;\beta_{k_\pm}=\frac{i}{2}\left(j-\frac{1}{j}\right) \ .
\end{eqnarray}
Note that we have ignored the irrelevant phase factor $e^{i\theta}$. The coefficients  $\alpha_{k_\pm}$ and $\beta_{k_\pm}$ depend on the signs of $k$ through Eqs.(\ref{parameters}), (\ref{general_g}), (\ref{zeta0})
and (\ref{jf}). It is easy to show that $|\alpha_{k_\pm}|^2-|\beta_{k_\pm}^2|=1$. In Figs.~\ref{COMPA} ($k > 0$)  and \ref{COMPAB} ($k < 0$) we display both numerical  and analytical solutions
 with $\alpha_{k_\pm}$ and $\beta_{k_\pm}$ being given by Eq.(\ref{akbk}). From these figures we can see that the analytical solutions trace  the numerical ones very well.

\begin{figure}
{\includegraphics[width=8.1cm]{TwoRealB.pdf}}
{\includegraphics[width=8.1cm]{TwoComplexB.pdf}}\\
{\includegraphics[width=8.1cm]{TwoRealSmall_bB.pdf}}
{\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{TwoRealBsmallbbigm.pdf}}\\
{\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{TwoRealBcrit.pdf}}\\
\caption{Comparison between the analytical (red dotted curve) and numerical solutions (blue solid curve) of the mode function $\phi_{k_+}(y)$($k>0$). The left up panel corresponds to Case (a) with two real and single
turning points  as shown in Fig.~\ref{gofy_figure_1}, here $\beta=-2 (m^2/H^2=1/4)$, $d=3/2 (p_a^2/k^2=1/2)$, while the right up panel corresponds to Case (c) with two complex turning points as shown in Fig.~\ref{gofy_figure_1},
here  $\beta=-3/2\; (m^2/H^2=3/4)$, $d=6(p_a^2/k^2=5)$. The left middle panel corresponds to Case (a)  in Fig.~\ref{gofy_figure_1}, but with a small value of the parameter $b_+=-2k^2E/(3H^4)$, that is,
$\beta=-5/4 (m^2/H^2=1)$, $b_+=-0.001$, $d=3/2 (p_a^2/k^2=1/2)$. The right middle  panel corresponds to the parameters $b_+=-0.001$, $\beta=-1/8\; (m^2/H^2=17/8)$, and $d=1.5 (p_a^2/k^2=0.5)$.
The bottom panel corresponds to the parameters $b_+=-0.001$, $\beta=-1/4\; (m^2/H^2=2)$,  and $d=1.5 (p_a^2/k^2=0.5)$.} \label{COMPA}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
{\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{TwoRealA.pdf}}
{\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{TwoComplexA.pdf}}\\
{\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{TwoRealASmallb.pdf}}
{\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{TwoRealAsmallbbigm.pdf}}\\
{\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{TwoRealAcrit.pdf}}\\
\caption{Comparison between the analytical (red dotted curve) and numerical solutions (blue solid curve) of the mode function $\phi_{k_-}(y)$($k<0$). The left up panel corresponds to
Case (a) with two real and single turning points  as shown in Fig.~\ref{gofy_figure_1}, here $\beta=-2 (m^2/H^2=1/4)$, $d=1.05 (p_a^2/k^2=0.05)$, while the right up panel corresponds to
Case (c) with two complex turning points as shown in Fig.~\ref{gofy_figure_1}, here $\beta=-3/2\; (m^2/H^2=3/4)$, $d=6 \; (p_a^2/k^2=5)$. The left middle  panel corresponds to Case (a)
with a small value of the parameter $b_-=0.001$ and $\beta=-5/4\; (m^2/H^2=1)$, $d=1.05 (p_a^2/k^2=0.05)$.  The right middle  panel corresponds to
$b_-=0.001$, $\beta=-1/8\; (m^2/H^2=17/8)$, and $d=1.05 (p_a^2/k^2=0.05)$. The bottom panel corresponds to $b_-=0.001$, $\beta=-1/4\; (m^2/H^2=2)$, and $d=1.5 (p_a^2/k^2=0.5)$.} \label{COMPAB}
\end{figure}

\section{Schwinger Pair Production in de Sitter space}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{4.\arabic{equation}} \setcounter{equation}{0}

Now we are in a position to calculate the Schwinger pair production rate  $|\beta_{k}^2|$ (here $k$ can be either positive or negative).
 Using eqs.(\ref{jform}) and (\ref{akbk}), we find that
\begin{eqnarray}
|\beta_k|^2 &=& e^{\pi \zeta_0^2} \ .
\end{eqnarray}
Here $\beta_k$ is the Bogoliubov coefficient that measures the particle production rate. From the above equation, we can see that
 $|\beta_k^2|$ is determined by the quantity $\zeta_0^2$. Before proceeding further, several remarks about the nature of $\zeta_0^2$ now are in order.
 First, the sign of $\zeta_0^2$ is sensitive to the nature of the turning points $y_1$ and $y_2$, for which we classify them into several classes.
\begin{itemize}
\item When $y_1$ and $y_2$ are both single and real, we have $\zeta_0^2>0$, which implies that the particle production during the process is exponentially enhanced.
As we have shown in Sec.~\ref{turning_points}, for this case to happen, one must  require $\beta = m^2/H^2-9/4<0$.
\item When $y_1$ and $y_2$ are two real but equal roots, i.e., $y_1=y_2$, we have $\zeta_0^2=0$. Then,  we have
\begin{eqnarray}
|\beta_k|^2=1  \ .
\end{eqnarray}
\item When $y_1$ and $y_2$ are complex conjugate, i.e., $y_1=y_2*$, $\zeta_0^2$ is negative. This implies that the particle production is exponentially suppressed.
\end{itemize}
In the following we are going to calculate $\zeta_0^2$ explicitly for the several specific cases considered above.

\subsubsection{\bf $\beta=0$}

In this case, as we showed in Sec.~\ref{turning_points}, the turning points $y_1$ and $y_2$ can be explicitly obtained, which are given by Eq.(\ref{y1y2_caseA}). Then, $\zeta_0^2$ for both positive and negative wavenumber is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\lambda \zeta_0^2&=&\frac{2}{\pi}\int_{y_1}^{y_2} \sqrt{g}dy=  \frac{2 \sqrt{d}}{\pi} \int_{y_1}^{y_2} \frac{\sqrt{-(y^3-y_1^3)(y^3-y_2^3)}}{y^3}dy\nonumber\\
&=& \frac{\sqrt{d}\xi_1\xi_2}{6(\xi_1+1)} \Bigg\{
 \Big(3\xi_1+8\Big)\,_2F_1\left(\frac{1}{3},\frac{5}{6};2;-\xi_1\right)-10\, _2F_1\left(-\frac{2}{3},\frac{5}{6};2;-\xi_1\right)\Bigg\}.
\end{eqnarray}
Here $\xi_1=p^2_a/k^2$ and $\xi_2=(\frac{k^2E}{3H^4d})^{1/3}$ . Fig.~\ref{aaa} shows that $\lambda \zeta_0^2$ is always negative. Thus, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
|\beta_k|^2 = e^{\pi \zeta_0^2} <1.
\end{eqnarray}
That is, in the current case the particle production is always suppressed. In addition, the above results show that $\lambda \zeta_0^2 \propto - E^{1/3}$, which implies that the particle production rate becomes smaller when the electric field becomes larger. This seems in contradiction with the results obtained in \cite{Frob:2014zka}, where the particle production rate is enhanced when $E$ becomes larger for the $k<0$ modes. Actually,  both results are correct, and  can be understood qualitatively by using the WKB analysis, which is presented in detail in Appendix E, in which we show that for the case considered  in this subsection, the larger electric field tends to make the WKB condition well satisfied, while the case studied  in \cite{Frob:2014zka} tends to make the WKB condition violated or not well satisfied. This explains why the particle production rate is suppressed by large electric field in the current case, while it is enhanced for the case considered in \cite{Frob:2014zka}. For details, we refer readers to Appendix E.

\begin{figure}
{\includegraphics[width=8.1cm]{aaa.pdf}}
\caption{In this figure, $\sqrt{d}\xi_2/6$ is set to one, we can see $\zeta^2_0$ is always negative. In the special case when $p_a/k=1$, the particle creation rate is mode dependent as $|\beta_k|^2=e^{-\alpha k^{2/3}}$ with $\alpha$ being a constant determined by Hubble parameter H and electric field strength E.} \label{aaa}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Weak Electric Field Limit}

When the electric field is weak, that is, when $\frac{2k^2E}{3H^4} \ll 1$, both $b_\pm$ and $c$ are small quantities according to Eq.(\ref{eom}), so we can find approximate solution of $\zeta^2_0$ in the powers of $b_\pm$.
First, for  two turning points of Eq.(\ref{roots}), $y_{1,2}$  can be derived by expanding them in terms of  $b_\pm$ and are given explicitly by Eqs.(\ref{y1y2_CaseC}) and (\ref{y1y2_CaseD}).
Since
\begin{equation}
 \zeta_0^2=\frac{2}{\pi}\int_{y_1}^{y_2} \sqrt{g}dy,
\end{equation}
we also need to expand the integrand in powers of $b_\pm$, which is
\begin{equation}
g(y)=\frac{\sqrt{-\beta-d y^2}}{y}-\frac{b_\pm}{2y^2\sqrt{-\beta-d y^2}}+\mathcal{O}\Big(|b_\pm|^2\Big).
\end{equation}
Here we assume   $\beta < 0$,  since we already know that  the particle creation rate is suppressed for  $\beta > 0$.
Then, straightforward calculations yield
\begin{eqnarray}
\pi \zeta_0^2&=&2 \left[ \frac{\sqrt{-\beta}}{4}\left(-4+\ln \left(\frac{-64\beta^3}{d^2}\right)-2\text{ln}(|b_\pm|)\right)\pm\frac{\sqrt{|b_\pm|}}{\sqrt{2}(-\beta)^{1/4}} +\mathcal{O}\big((|b_\pm|)\big)\right]\nonumber\\
&=& \sqrt{\frac{9}{4}-\frac{m^2}{H^2}}\left[3\ln 2-2+\frac{3}
{2} \ln \left(\frac{9}{4}-\frac{ m^2}{H^2}\right)- \ln \left(1+\frac{p_a^2}{k^2}\right)-\ln\left(\frac{2 k^2E}{3H^4}\right)\right]\nonumber\\
&& \pm\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}} \frac{|k| E^{1/2}}{H^2} \left(\frac{9}{4}-\frac{m^2}{H^2}\right)^{-1/4}  +\mathcal{O}\big(E\big).
\end{eqnarray}
Thus, the Bogoliubov coefficient $|\beta_{k_\pm}|^2$ is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
|\beta_{k_\pm}|^2 = e^{\pi \zeta_0^2(b_\pm)} \propto  \left(\frac{3H^4}{2 k^2E}\right)^{ \sqrt{\frac{9}{4}-\frac{m^2}{H^2}}},
\end{eqnarray}
which diverge as $k^2E/H^4 \rightarrow 0$, and are plotted out for various values of $m^2/H^2$ in Figs. \ref{3d_2} and \ref{3d_3}.
  In these  figures, we also plot  the numerical  solutions, which show that the
approximate analytical solutions trace the numerical ones very well (see Appendix~\ref{numerical} for how to compute the numerical solutions).
 Then,  it is easy to see that in the weak electric field limit, $E\approx 0$, the electric current $J$ is given by  \cite{Frob:2014zka}
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{currentJ}
J \propto\Big( |\beta_{k_+}|^2-|\beta_{k_-}|^2 \Big)\approx {\cal{A}}  \left(\frac{k^2E}{H^4}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}- \sqrt{\frac{9}{4}-\frac{m^2}{H^2}}}  +\mathcal{O}\left(E^{\delta}\right),
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{equation}
{\cal{A}} \equiv -\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}(|\beta|)^{-1/4}e^{-2\sqrt{|\beta|}}\left(\frac{12|\beta|^{3/2}}{d}\right)^{\sqrt{|\beta|}}, \;\;\;\;
\delta \equiv \frac{3}{2}- \sqrt{\frac{9}{4}-\frac{m^2}{H^2}} \ge 0.
\end{equation}
Note that the above current is the semiclassical one.
The derivation is almost pararell to that in \cite{Frob:2014zka}.
Unfortunately, we could not compare this semi-classical current with a renormalized one,  because we do not know the analytic expression for the mode functions.
However, in the current situation, we believe the semi-classical analysis is sufficient to get a qualitative understanding.
Recall that  $\beta=m^2/H^2-9/4 < 0$ and $d=p^2_a / k^2+1$.
From the above expressions, we find that there exists a critical mass $m_c$,
\begin{equation}
\label{cmass}
m_{c}\equiv \sqrt{2}H,
\end{equation}
and for $m < m_c$,  the electric current  $J$ diverges   as ${k^2E}/{H^4} \rightarrow 0$. This is similar to what was found in \cite{Frob:2014zka},  the so-called  {\em infrared hyperconductivity}.
However,  in the (1+1)-dimensional case  this occurs only when $m = 0$, and the corresponding  electric current $J$  is inversely proportional to $E$  \cite{Frob:2014zka}.
It is interesting to note that $J \propto E^{-1}$ for $m = 0$ even in the (1+3)-dimensional de Sitter background,  as can be seen from Eq.(\ref{currentJ}). But, for $m \in (0, m_c)$, it diverges as
$1/E^{\Delta}$,  where $\Delta \equiv \sqrt{\frac{9}{4}-\frac{m^2}{H^2}}- \frac{1}{2}$ and $\Delta \in (0, 1)$.

\begin{figure}
{\includegraphics[width=8.1cm]{loglog00.pdf}}
{\includegraphics[width=8.1cm]{loglog001.pdf}}\\
{\includegraphics[width=8.1cm]{loglog01.pdf}}
{\includegraphics[width=8.1cm]{loglog10.pdf}}\\
\caption{These figures shows  the behavior of $|\beta_{k_+}|^2$ both numerically (red dotted curve) and analytically (blue solid curve) for different
values of $m^2/H^2$ when the electric field is very weak. Here, we choose $p_a^2/k^2=1$.} \label{3d_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
{\includegraphics[width=8.1cm]{loglog000.pdf}}
{\includegraphics[width=8.1cm]{loglog00001.pdf}}\\
{\includegraphics[width=8.1cm]{loglog0001.pdf}}
{\includegraphics[width=8.1cm]{loglog010.pdf}}\\
\caption{These figures shows  the behavior of $|\beta_{k_-}|^2$ both numerically (red dotted curve) and analytically (blue solid curve) for
different values of $m^2/H^2$ when the electric field is very weak. Here, we choose $p_a^2/k^2=1$.} \label{3d_3}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}

In this paper, we studied the Schwinger pair production process due to the persistent electric field in the (3+1)-dimensional  de Sitter space.
The persistent electric field can be sustained by the inflaton during anisotropic inflation~\cite{Watanabe:2009ct}.
More precisely, we analytically investigated  the Schwinger effect in  the de Sitter space by using the uniform asymptotic approximation method,
and showed that the equation of motion in general has two turning points.
 The nature of these points could be single, double, real or complex, depending on the choice of the free parameters involved in the theory.
Those different natures lead to different rates of particle production. For example, it is enhanced
when both turning points are real and single, and suppressed when both are complex. Furthermore, for the turning points to be real, it is necessary
$\beta \equiv m^2/H^2-9/4 < 0$, and  the more negative,  the easier to produce particles.
When $\beta$ is positive, both turning points are always complex,
and the particle production due to the Schwinger process is exponentially suppressed  for massive modes like as the conventional Schwinger effect.

We focussed on the case $\beta < 0$ and studied the
particle pair production for $b \; [\equiv 2k^2E/(3H^4)]$  very small.
Remarkably, we found  that the particle production rate is  $|\beta_k^2| \propto 1/E^{\sqrt{|\beta|}}$,
which diverges  as $E \to 0$, that is, the particle production is strongly enhanced in the weak electric field limit.
This indicates the occurrence of hyperconductivity in anisotropic inflation. This behavior originates from
the infrared behavior of light fields in de Sitter space. In fact, it is well known the massless field shows the bad behavior
in the infrared. In the presence of the electric field, the divergence is regulated. However, as the electric field decreases,
the infrared divergence shows up in the form of the hyperconductivity. Thus, for a scalar field with the finite mass,
this apparent divergence should be regulated at some point.  It is interesting to note that   the semi-classical current is given by Eq.(\ref{currentJ}),
which also diverges when the mass $m$ of the emitted particles is less than the critical mass
$m_c$ defined by Eq.(\ref{cmass}). It would be very interesting to compare the semi-classical current
 with the renormalized one. We leave this for future work.

\acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Gerald Cleaver, Klaus Kirsten and Qin Sheng for valuable comments and suggestions.
Part of the work was done when J.J.G was visiting Physics Department, Baylor University (BU). She would like to express her gratitude to the Department and BU for their hospitality.
The work was  supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17H02894 and MEXT KAKENHI Grant Number 15H05895 (J.S.), Baylor graduate programs
through Physics Department (B.F.L.), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC),  Grants Nos. 11375153 (A.W.),
11675145(A.W.), 11205133 (Q.W.), 11675143 (J.J.G, T.Z.), 11205133 (Q.W., T.Z.) and 11105120 (T.Z.), and the 2016 Postdoctoral  Fellowship of Zhejiang Province, China (J.J.G.).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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When it comes to teenagers, texting can get a little out of control. In fact, a recent study found that one in three teenagers send more than 100 text messages a day. At this rate, it's not surprising that four out of five teens sleep with their phone on or near their bed.
So what are the implications of sleep texting? If you're lucky, you'll send a few texts to friends that are may be relevant or cause a few harmless laughs. However, it can cause embarrassment– or worse. Some people have texted 911, for example.
The true troubles of sleeping so close to your phone do not end at sleep texting. With the bright lights and noises emitted from a phone, keeping the device on your pillow or around your bed is bound to interrupt sleep. When we stare at gadgets during the night, be it cell phones, iPads, laptops, or televisions, the bright light inhibits the release of melatonin – a hormone that helps us to fall asleep when it's dark. Typically doctors recommend avoiding these devices at least 30 minutes before you want to fall asleep.
With many people becoming increasingly reliant on cell phones, we'll likely hear more about "sleep texting" in the future. If you want to sleep well–and avoid yourself potential embarrassment–keep your cell phone away from your bed!


The Science of Sleep Snore No More Pillowis a product of research by a team of doctors in sleep medicine. This snoring pillow is, as the name suggests, a cure for your long-standing snoring problem. It is the number one snore reduction pillow in the US.
This pillow reduces snoring by lifting your chin off from your chest. This way, the throat is not closed off and lacking in space for oxygen to come in. To prevent snoring, there must be enough breathing room, so your body does not work hard as you rest.
A snoring pillow like Snore No More is a must if you are suffering from excessive snoring. At night, this becomes a big distraction because it can be too loud that it's no longer tolerable. If you're married, this might cause an issue with your spouse.
However, aside from this inconvenience, snoring can also cause more serious problems to your health. Snoring may actually be caused by obesity, and alsocause obesity. Your body becomes tired and this leads to a hormonal imbalance that makes you feel hungry all the time.
The 21 x 15 x 5 inches size Snore No More Pillow promises to help eliminate your snoring. It fits into any standard sized pillowcase, so you don't need to have a customized one. It is also gentle and soft, yet still provides adequate support.
Aside from snoring, the Snore No More Pillow also helpsimprove your sleep posture. Even as you sleep, it is important to keep a good posture because your body needs to be well-rested. Sleeping in a bad position can cause body sore and feeling of tiredness.
Are you still not convinced that a pillow can reduce your snoring? Then, stay with us to know more about the Snore No More Pillow!
The Science of Sleep is a brand of Hudson Medical. This brand is especially dedicated to providing solutions for sleeping problems, including snoring. They specialize in designing pillows that can reduce snoring while providing comfort for you.
If you are in the early stages of your snoring problem, then the Snore No More Pillow is highly-recommended. This top anti-snoring pillow is a good alternative to those who cannot get used to mouthpieces.
Aside from being an alternative to mouthpieces, the Snore No More Pillow holds its own value due to the comfort it brings. It helps improve your posture and condition, thus allowing you to sleep peacefully.
This snoring pillow ismade of polyurethane foam that is used for a lot of mattresses today. It allows the pillow to remain gentle despite being firm in order to support your head and neck.
The Snore No More Pillow is good for mild-to-moderate snorers. If you're just beginning to experience snoring, this pillow is a more convenient solution.
It is relatively lower in cost, and one of the cheaper options among other snoring pillows. If you immediately need a cure for snoring, then it will be easy to purchase this.
This anti-snoring pillow is hypoallergenic and antimicrobial. Thus, you won't experience sneezing, runny nose, or any allergic reaction while using it.
Snore No More Pillow is a natural means of preventing and reducing snoring.
It provides firm support for your head and neck. This enables the airway path to remain open for oxygen to freely flow.
This pillow is not just great for snore reduction; it also helps improve your posture as you sleep.
It might take a while getting used to the shape of the pillow. You might feel uncomfortable for a few days, but you'll eventually adjust.
You might find the pillow too firm for your comfort, especially when you prefer really soft pillows.
The company does not provide refunds for the pillow, mainly due to its cheap price.
Why Do You need to Stop Snoring?
Milder and moderate snoring cases definitely need to be addressed. Do you want to wait until it becomes too problematic to cure? The thing is, snoring can lead to even more serious situations such as heart diseases.
As you know, heart disease is a difficult sickness to treat. Snoring is found to be one of its primary root causes or symptom. Thus, when you have an anti-snoring pillow like Snore No More, take advantage of what it can offer.
What Makes Snore No More Pillow Different?
The fact of the matter is that Snore No More Pillow is not too different from other anti-snoring pillows. However, what makes it unique is its defined shape and firmness. Moreover, it uses a tried-and-tested model such as the CPR process.
Other than this, the Snore No More Pillow is a cheaper and more comfortable alternative to mouthpieces. You might find yourself uncomfortable with a snoring mouthpiece, especially when you're not okay with jaw soreness or salivation.
Is Snore No More Pillow Worth the Price?
For a relatively cheaper price than its competitor, the Snore No More Pillow is a good deal. In fact, it is less than half the price of other snoring pillows in the market. With such a small price, you can reduce your snoring in a natural way.
This snoring pillow can provide benefits. It can work both as a snoring pillow, as well as a body support. You are essentially getting two services with a price of one.
Does Snore No More Pillow Actually Work?
The science behind the Snore No More Pillow lies in its design. It is shaped in a way that it can support both of your head and neck.
The pillow tilts your head deep into the pillow. Meanwhile, the chin becomes even more raised, thus it doesn't slump forward. When the chin is slumped forward, the space on your throat becomes too narrow for air to flow.
This particular method is quite similar to CPR processes made during emergencies. The Snore No More Pillow makes an effective use of this method by reducing snoring. This way, your breathing as you sleep is better and your night is much more peaceful.
Anyone can use the Snore No More Pillow and enjoy the benefits it can provide. Some of these benefits extend beyond snoring. It goes as far as providing upper body support.
For one, the Snore No More Pillow gives you a great neck support as you sleep. Any tension you might feel is instantly gone as you relax into the pillow. Moreover, you don't need to worry about getting stiff neck the next morning.
As a body support, this pillow also good for your spine. It can be a simple everyday use or provide support to those who suffered actual spine damage.
The most important part is that the Snore No More Pillow is a natural means to prevent snoring. No other parts of your body need to be adjusted to make the pillow do its duty. Your snoring reduces greatly as your body and soul relaxes into the night.
Despite the things that Science of Sleep Snore No More Pillow can offer, the voice of the users also needs to be looked at. Thus, we gathered both the positive and negative comments of the users on the pillow.
Snoring has always been the problem of Sky L.'s mom. But after using the Snore No More Pillow, her snoring reduced significantly. Sky L. is now happy that her mom is able to sleep better after using this snoring pillow.
JEN concedes that the Snore No More Pillow is quite effective for her husband's snoring. After a few days of using this snoring pillow, his snoring is reduced and no longer as loud. However, she wants something that can completely stop snoring.
For Ari H., this snoring pillow is a perfect match because she snores with her mouth closed. The Snore No More Pillow allows her to sleep in any position and it won't be a problem. She also enjoys the versatile half-moon mold of the pillow.
It is not the most comfortable pillow for Philip G., but he likes it because it is compatible with his CPAP machine. He needs support as he sleeps while using CPAP. Luckily, the Snore No More Pillow proved to be useful for him.
The Snore No More Pillow offers two major benefits for the price of one. It is primarily an anti-snoring pillow that helps reduce snoring. It is also a body support, especially for your spine and your posture.
Having this anti-snoring pillow can improve your quality of life and health. After all, the state of your health also comes down to your body's condition. Wait no further because you can get your own Snore No More Pillow on Amazon.


Hi all!! I'm here to share the newest sketch and my take for Creative Scrappers! I'm a little late,planning, packing, and stressing about our vacation last week, made me space planning my blog posts....but better late than never, and this sketch is FABULOUS!!!
And here is my take...I used the AWESOME Union Square kit from NoelMignon.
Make sure you head over to Creative Scrappers and play along for your chance at prize from our current sponsor. Get the details here!! Also make sure and check out the awesome sale Kristine has going on here!!
Also linking up to Paper Issues!!


Stephanie has taught studio art and artwork historical past lessons to audiences of all ages. Work together with your instrument / singing teacher at topics associated to music theory comparable to studying rhythms, reading and playing chord schemes, repeating melodies by ear, both singing, enjoying or writing down, enjoying a chordal accompaniment to a melody by ear.
Listening to the music first in your mind's ear after which for real" on the piano (or by singing) is most important when learning music idea. Hartt DMA and Ph.D. students who wish to broaden their experiences in music principle might apply for admission to the doctoral minor.
Starting about the year one thousand, theorists, combining components selected from the disparate approaches of the Carolingians, produced new theoretical syntheses that included, additional developments in pedagogy and systematizing idea in the eleventh and later centuries.
It called the First European Conference of Music Analysis for 1989, which resulted in the basis of the Société belge d'Analyse musicale in Belgium and the Gruppo analisi e teoria musicale in Italy the identical yr, the Society for Music Analysis in the UK in 1991, the Vereniging voor Muziektheorie in the Netherlands in 1999 and the Gesellschaft für Musiktheorie in Germany in 2000.


Discerning drivers will appreciate the 2018 Dodge Grand Caravan. This 7 passenger van has just over 15,000 miles! It features a front-wheel-drive platform, an automatic transmission, and a refined 6 cylinder engine. Dodge infused the interior with top shelf amenities, such as: a trip computer, tilt and telescoping steering wheel, a power rear cargo door, cruise control, a roof rack, rear wipers, and much more. Storage solutions are integrated throughout the interior, demonstrating thoughtful attention to detail. Premium sound drives 6 speakers, providing you and your passengers a sensational audio experience. Dodge ensures the safety and security of its passengers with equipment such as: dual front impact airbags, front side impact airbags, traction control, brake assist, anti-whiplash front head restraints, a panic alarm, and 4 wheel disc brakes with ABS. For added security, dynamic Stability Control supplements the drivetrain. A Carfax history report indicates just one previous owner. Our sales reps are extremely helpful & knowledgeable. We'd be happy to answer any questions that you may have. Stop in and take a test drive!


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What will it take to persuade people to wear masks? Focus on benefits to others
Karen Kaplan
August 13, 2020, 9:00 AM ·4 min read
Demonstrators in Huntington Beach protest face mask rules and other measures intended to stem the coronavirus outbreak in California. (Jason Armond / Los Angeles Times)
They're uncomfortable. They look dorky. They make it hard to breathe. They're a symbol of Big Government run amok.
If these are the reasons why some Americans refuse to wear face masks in public, what will it take to change their minds? Psychologists have the answer: Focus on their moral obligation to avoid putting other people in danger.
Health messages that emphasize the benefits to others have been known to work before. For instance, smokers who haven't been able to quit for their own sakes are more likely to succeed if their goal is to protect their partners or children from the ill effects of secondhand smoke. Likewise, signs reminding doctors that clean hands are safer for patients prompted more liberal use of soap and sanitizing gel than did signs emphasizing the benefit to themselves.
To see whether invoking a person's moral obligation to his or her fellow citizens would make people more amenable to wearing face masks, a pair of psychology researchers from Ball State University and Ohio State University designed a series of experiments.
In the first experiment, 191 people were given a short description of COVID-19 and one of two justifications for wearing a mask and staying six feet apart from others. The first was "self-focused," asking people to "think about your own health" and the fact that social distancing would reduce their chances of catching the coronavirus. The second was "other-focused," inviting people to "think about everyone's health" and how social distancing could prevent the virus from reaching older adults and others who are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19.
Both arguments were convincing: On a scale of 1 (not at all persuasive) to 5 (extremely persuasive), the self-focused statement earned an average response of 3.7, and the other-focused statement scored a 3.9.
However, those who were asked to consider the health of others were significantly more likely to see social distancing as a moral issue. That's important, the researchers wrote, because "the more people moralized public health, the more persuasive they found their assigned message."
A second experiment changed things up a bit by measuring people's thoughts about public health and morality before they were lobbied about the benefits of social distancing (to account for the fact that the messages themselves might influence their thinking). The researchers also included more people (a total of 443) and added a third message that combined both the self-focused and other-focused points of view.
As before, the messages that prompted people to consider the health of others were more likely to be seen as moral arguments. They were also rated more persuasive than the self-focused message.
In the third and final experiment, the self-focused and other-focused messages were more similar, and the combination message was eliminated. Again, the more the 383 participants viewed public health through a moral lens, the more persuasive the message about protecting others was compared with the message about protecting themselves.
"In the midst of a global pandemic, messages highlighting the benefits of social distancing for the health and well-being of others may be more influential than messages highlighting social distancing's benefits for one's own health," the study authors concluded in their report, which will be published in the journal Social Psychological and Personality Science.
The findings come not a moment too soon. Scientists have used several lines of evidence to show that masks not only work, but are essential for containing the spread of COVID-19 as the economy reopens.
A study in Health Affairs compared disease spread in 15 states and the District of Columbia before and after face mask mandates were implemented. In the first 10 days, COVID-19 growth rates fell by about 1 percentage point compared with the week before masks were required. By the time the mandate had been in place for three weeks, COVID-19 growth rates had dropped by 2 percentage points.
Another study examined mask policies and social norms in 196 countries around the world. Researchers found that in countries where face masks were recommended, per capita COVID-19 mortality increased about 16% each week. By contrast, in countries without such recommendations, mortality rose by 62% each week.
And yet, 14% of Americans refuse to wear a mask when they leave their homes, and an additional 4% do so only rarely, according to a recent Gallup poll. Add in the 11% who don a face mask in public only some of the time, and that's nearly 3 in 10 U.S. adults who need more convincing.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises Americans ages 2 and up to wear masks when they go out in public or gather with people who aren't part of their household group. Masks are especially important indoors, where air flow is more limited than it is outside, and in circumstances where it's difficult to stay at least six feet away from others.
The CDC's slogan already takes the study's message to heart: "Your mask may protect them. Their mask may protect you."
This story originally appeared in Los Angeles Times.