text:
\section{Introduction}

An influential line of thought in the field of information visualization, spurred in part by the writings of Tufte and the data:ink ratio \cite{tufte1985visual} and additionally by the extended influence of minimalist design \cite{obendorf2009minimalism}, emphasizes the need to simplify the display and eliminate unnecessary marks. This design goal --   to strip information down to its essential essence -- is heavily influential in user interface design more broadly and has helped the field achieve important improvements in usability and interpretability.

However, this view can be taken too far, so much so that the role of annotations, especially textual annotations, has been under-studied in the design of visualizations \cite{stokesgive}.
In the research literature, there is often an implicit assumption that charts should be seen and not annotated. Few guidelines exist about how, where, and what kind of text annotations should appear. That said, practitioner books do provide helpful methods, examples, and case studies \cite{knaflic2015storytelling,vidyabridget}.

To address this gap, we and coauthors recently completed a  study that systematically varied the amount and type of textual annotations shown on univariate line charts. we then compared readers' subjective preferences across these designs \cite{stokes2022}. Contrary to minimalist guidelines, our study showed that significant textual annotation was often preferred over more spare designs, resulting in a guideline that states: ``Rather than aiming for maximally minimalist design, annotate charts with relevant text.''

In this current paper, we look in depth at the written opinions of study participants with the goal of understanding why having more textual annotations on the charts was generally preferred over having less. Using a grounded coding technique on more than 2000 comments, we extract three themes that illustrate the role of textual annotations in visualization.

The primary and most prevalent theme was an elucidation of the tension between the usefulness of adding information to a chart and the tendency for more information to make the chart look too cluttered. We find a strong preference for more information when it contributes context to the chart without redundancy. The second finding was the presence of narrative structure within text and how a preference for narrative can lead some participants to favor textual forms of expression. The third finding casts new light on the circumstances under which a subset of participants spontaneously brought up potential bias in the information displayed.

\section{Related Work}

A few studies have examined the impact of integrating text with visualizations. Text accompanying visualizations impacts the conclusions a reader makes \cite{kim2021towards, stokes2022} as well as their recollection of the topic \cite{kong2018frames, kong2019trust}. When the title of a visualization was slanted to convey only one possible message within the data, readers were more likely to recall the message or topic from the title, rather than other information in the chart \cite{kong2018frames, kong2019trust}. Additionally, text directs reader takeaways when positioned as a caption \cite{kim2021towards} or as an annotation \cite{stokes2022}. This effect is particularly strong when the text contains external information or provides additional context to the data.

However, in the context of information visualization, this integration of text and visuals is not always \textit{preferred} by a reader. In assessing participant preferences in conversation with chatbots, Hearst \& Tory found almost half of the readers preferred not to see any visual. When examining similar preferences, Stokes et al. found that readers \textit{most} preferred the integration of text and visuals, ranking the chart with the most annotations highest \cite{stokes2022}. The readers' overall preference for textual or visual communication influenced these rankings, such that those who preferred text as a method of communication also ranked an all-text condition higher than those who preferred visual communication overall.

The content of the text matters as well. In one study, when the text acted to `focus' a chart, the chart performed better in memory tasks and in ratings of aesthetics and clarity \cite{ajani2021declutter}. Text can also accompany a chart as a description for screen readers, in the form of alternative text (alt-text). In the context of alt-text, reader preferences for external information varied \cite{lundgard2021accessible}. Blind and low vision (BLV) readers disliked not being able to interpret the information for themselves, while sighted readers found the storytelling component added by this context to be useful for the interpretation of the chart.

Our work expands the examination of reader preferences, focusing specifically on sighted reader preferences for text annotations on univariate line charts. This also includes an all-text version to compare to visualizations \cite{stokesgive}.

\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/ranking_sets.pdf}
    \caption{Stimuli sets and corresponding variant labels: (a1) chart-title-annotation+, (a2, b1) chart-title-annotation-2, (a3) text-only, (a4) chart-only, (b2) chart-title-annotation-1, and (b3) chart-title. a) Ranking set A and results \cite{stokes2022}. b) Ranking set B and results \cite{stokes2022}.}
    \label{fig:ranking_sets}
\end{figure*}

\section{Study}

This paper utilizes data that was collected as part of a larger study \cite{stokes2022}, examining the research question, ``What attributes of charts with text do viewers find appealing in comparison to a chart or text on its own? Which do they find unappealing?''

\subsection{Participants}

The original study recruited participants from Amazon Mechanical Turk. Participants were located in the United States, fluent in English, had a 95\% acceptance rate on previous tasks, and completed the survey on a desktop or laptop device. Participants were compensated \$4.00 for a 16-minute survey (\$15 per hour) and were not permitted to take the survey multiple times.

After filtering participants who did not pass attention checks or who submitted nonsense responses, responses were collected from 302 participants, out of a total 512 recruited. Most participants had completed a 4-year degree and were 35-44 years old on average. On a scale from 1 (overall preference for textual communication) and 6 (overall preference for visual communication) \cite{garcia2016measuring}, participants had an average score of 4.06.

\subsection{Method}

For the full study, participants completed a survey with five main sections. Here, we examine responses from just one of these sections which focused on reader preferences. Further details on the other sections and analyses can be found in Stokes et al \cite{stokes2022}.

In the survey, participants were shown two different sets of stimuli, labeled A and B (see Figure \ref{fig:ranking_sets}), where A showed variants from 'extreme' ends of the visual to textual range, and (B) showed  a more detailed variation in the number of annotations. There were nine possible data shapes for each ranking set, shown in Figure \ref{fig:data_shapes}.

A participant first viewed each variant individually and answered a free-response question about which qualities of the information presentation they liked and disliked.  Next, they were asked to rank the set of images ``in the order you would prefer to encounter or see them''.

The stimuli consisted of six total items, shown in Figure \ref{fig:ranking_sets}. Within this paper, we refer to the variants as: chart-only (CO; a chart with only axes labels and tick marks), chart-title (CT; addition of a title), chart-title-annotation-1 (CTA1; addition of an annotation), chart-title-annotation-2 (CTA2; addition of a second annotation), chart-title-annotation+ (CTA+; a chart with a narrative about the data, ranging from 3-6 annotations), and text-only (TO; text passage describing the chart displayed).

\begin{figure}
    \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/data_shapes.pdf}
    \caption{Complete set of possible data shapes for ranking tasks.}
    \label{fig:data_shapes}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Semantic Content}

The textual annotations used for the stimuli abide by the framework of the four semantic levels from Lundgard \& Satyanarayan \cite{lundgard2021accessible}. Semantic Level 1 (L1) refers to elemental or encoded aspects of a chart. For example, ``\textit{Line depicts number of immigrants over time.}'' Semantic Level 2 (L2) refers to statistical or relational components. For example, ``\textit{Immigration in 1982 higher than in 1990.}'' Semantic Level 3 (L3) refers to perceptual or cognitive aspects. For example, ``\textit{Second peak occurs about 10 years after the first.}'' Semantic Level 4 (L4) provides external context to the chart. For example, ``\textit{Changes in administrative policy caused spikes in immigration.}''

Examples above can be seen in Figure \ref{fig:ranking_sets}. In the original study \cite{stokes2022}, the semantic content of the annotations was varied, such that some of the annotations were simply describing features or attributes in the chart (L1, L2, L3) while others provided external context (L4) (see \cite{lundgard2021accessible} for details). Text annotations were counterbalanced between stimuli, such that all possible combinations of semantic levels were present.

\subsection{Ranking Results}

Participants ranked chart Set A and B independently; the results are displayed in Figure \ref{fig:ranking_sets}. For Set A, CTA+ received the highest ranking, followed by CTA2. TO was ranked third, and CO was ranked fourth. For Set B, CTA2 was ranked first, followed by CTA1, with CT ranked last.

Overall, charts with more annotations were ranked higher than those with fewer. TO was ranked above CO, indicating preference for text over a visual form with no text. The following analysis investigates details motivating these rankings.

\begin{sidewaysfigure}[p]
    \vspace{10cm}
  \makebox[\linewidth]{
        \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/codes_quotes_1.pdf}
    }
        \caption{Summary of the thematic analysis. Specific codes are listed, along with their definitions and representative quotes from participants. Schema refers to the broader classifications of codes, which were used to create the themes. The total count of participants who mentioned a code at least once is shown, followed by a breakdown of these counts by stimulus variant.  The darker the shade of blue, the higher the count. Not all participants who mentioned a code did so for all variants; some did so for more than one variant.}
    \label{fig:counts_quotes}
\end{sidewaysfigure}

\afterpage{\clearpage}

\section{Thematic Analysis}

The preference study described above collected a rich set of 2,115 subjective statements about benefits and drawbacks of each chart type.

Using these responses, we conducted a thematic analysis to determine themes arising from participant responses, following the process detailed by Braun \& Clarke \cite{braun2006using, castleberry2018thematic}. This consisted of data familiarization, in which both authors read through responses to form and discuss initial impressions. The first author examined the full dataset and systematically coded the data using the MAXQDA software \cite{maxqda2022}. This process consisted of open coding using an inductive (data-driven) approach, such that the codes and themes identified are linked primarily to the data rather than driven by existing theory \cite{clarke2015thematic}.

The first author then generated initial themes by clustering together similar and related codes. These themes were reviewed by both authors, first in relation to the relevant codes and then in relation to the dataset as a whole. Finally, the themes were more clearly defined and named. These finalized themes are discussed below. Counts for CTA1 are averaged between the two instances (Set A and Set B), rounded up when necessary. All counts are out of the total number of participants (302) unless otherwise stated. Further information on codes and their counts can be seen in Figure \ref{fig:counts_quotes}.

Codes discussed in this paper were mentioned by more than 10\% of participants (31/302) unless stated otherwise. Counts and supporting evidence in the form of participant quotes are given throughout the paper and in Figure \ref{fig:counts_quotes}.

\subsection{Clutter or Context}

\label{section:clutter}

Participants frequently commented on the `simple' (155) or `cluttered' (90) nature of the chart. However, `simple' did not necessarily mean `good,' and `cluttered' did not always mean `bad'.

Participants preferred additional context rather than lacking information in how to approach and analyze the data shown. This was the most frequent comment, with 268 participants appreciating the additional context and 227 disliking charts that lacked context or detail. 114 participants also commented on the presence of `redundant' text, referring to L1, L2, or L3 annotations. This text described what was already visible to the reader in the data, rather than providing new information. While charts with more annotations were seen as more cluttered, the issue that participants cared about most was not the presence of text, but rather the purpose it served.

\subsubsection{CO and CT}

CO was the variant most frequently referred to as `simple' or `clean' (99), followed by CT (77). P25, in response to CO, wrote ``\textit{I like that the method is almost as simple as it can be.}'' Another, responding to CT, said ``\textit{I like how economical this one is - no annotations.. just the line visual... Simple,} '' [P191].

Both variants were also seen as easy to understand (80; 64). Participants made 49 comments about variants being `quick to understand', with CO receiving 13 of them, the most of any variant. CT was also seen as relatively quick to understand (9/49). One participant noted, ``\textit{[The chart is] pretty straightforward and doesn't take long to understand what it's showing,}'' regarding CT [P3].

Despite these advantages, both variants had serious drawbacks as well. The most frequent comment for both was that the charts lacked context or detail (143; 152). P64 described this absence in CT with ``\textit{I like that I have an image of immigration numbers over time, but I feel like it's not even trying to give me context}.''
Out of 70 comments requesting additional text to be added, CO received 29, the most of any variant. CT received 14. Mostly, participants were seeking further information, ``\textit{I don't like that there are no annotations that might explain the spikes and upward/downward trends,}'' [P212].

In the case of CO, participants were also responding to the lack of a title. P92 wrote, ``\textit{The title is missing. It needs a text title to explain the chart.}'' 29 participants commented on this, with only a two participant overlap from the set of 29 which asked for additional text to be added. This represented deeper issue than simply missing further information. It seemed to violate a schema or expectation participants had for a chart: charts have titles. The text in a title served to provide context, but it also served to situate the reader as to what they are looking at.

\subsubsection{CTA1}

CTA1 provided the participant with a title and single text annotation. The chart itself was less `simple,' (36) but the information was still easy to understand (70). P158 responded, ``\textit{I like that there are extra facts and text elements to give context to the data visualization. It helps to understand it better and more easily.}''

CTA1 did provide more context to the information, but for some, that still wasn't enough. CTA1 recieved almost as many comments that it contained context or detail (96) as it did that it lacked context or detail (91). P4 described this tension, ``\textit{The title text combined with the added explanation is good, but I'd have questions about why it continued to decrease like that.}'' Although CTA1 was able to shed some light on the context of the data, it could not provide a full picture with a single annotation.

Additionally, while comments around clutter remain low (14; 12 for CO, 14 for CT), participants were taking note of the semantic content of the text. As described earlier, some of the text annotations simply described the chart, while others provided external context. In comparison to CT (6), CTA1 received more comments (34) disliking redundant information in the annotation. For example, ``\textit{Dislike that the maximum is annotated - that is visually obvious, text adds no information,}'' [P106].

CTA1 provided the most visual balance between clutter and simplicity; comments about clutter increased and comments about simplicity decreased as more text was added to the charts.

\subsubsection{CTA2}

With a title and two annotations, more participants, though still not many, saw CTA2 as cluttered (23). CTA2 was also the least frequently seen as easy to understand (42). However, roughly the same amount of participants said it was \textit{difficult} to understand (7) in comparison to CT (9) or CTA1 (4).

P27 indicated a potential issue causing the feeling of `clutter' - more redundant text. They responded, ``\textit{The `Minimum' and other annotated text makes it feel cluttered and overwhelms me}''. 77 participants disliked the presence of redundant text, twice the amount that commented on it for CTA1, the most for any variant.

However, as shown in Figure \ref{fig:ranking_sets}, CTA2 was ranked above CTA1. A large motivation behind this may link to the additional piece of information or detail provided by the second annotation. 167 participants commented on the presence of context or detail, compared to 49 who commented on a lack of such. P5 summed this up well, ``\textit{I like this one even more [than CTA1] because it interprets some of the data and gives a reasoning of the spike}.''

\subsubsection{CTA+}

CTA+ was the highest ranked variant in ranking task A. It provided the most context and detail to the data (190), while still being easy to understand (60). P20 captured this combination, ``\textit{It's an easy to read chart with text explanations at the points of interest. This is definitely preferable because it is both concise yet thorough.}''

Although the annotations performed an important role, 53 participants still commented on the clutter of the chart. The annotations were conveying a great deal of information, but this felt like ``\textit{a lot to take in}'' and ``\textit{very busy}'' [P36]. Rather than stemming from the content of the text, this assessment of clutter likely stemmed from the amount of text. Only 20 participants commented on redundancy in text, the lowest since CT (6).

Part of this perceived clutter may have also stemmed from the visual language, as 19  participants felt the arrows and points were somewhat redundant. P223 called them ``\textit{a bit pointless and provide unnecessary visual clutter.}'' In particular, the gray arrows were seen as unnecessary, as the direction of the trend was obvious, and they took up more space than the point visuals.

Despite possible clutter, 30 participants liked the display of the information, ``\textit{I like that this offers both a visual and written explanation of what is going on}'' [P45]. The balance of mode of communication was beneficial, as participants could view the data while also receiving important context.

In summary, the integration of charts and text, when done intentionally and well, has the ability to communicate information in a way which feels understandable despite evoking a sense of clutter.

\subsection{Narrative Organization}

Participants tended to address TO differently than the chart variants. They focused on ways in which text communicates information, and instead of commenting on the visual display, they remarked on the lack thereof.

\subsubsection{TO}

TO did not receive many comments regarding `clutter' (7) or `simplicity' (13) in display. Participants used different ways to talk about the advantages and disadvantages of textual communication. In particular, the primary drawback of communicating through text was the lack of a visual, coded as `dislikes display method' (145).

Rather than receiving the trends and data points in a chart, participants felt as though they had to visualize the information themselves and hold it in their mind as they read the text passage. P37 described this, ``\textit{It is hard to keep the years and number of immigrants straight in my mind. This is info that would be better served by being displayed visually}.'' This extra ``\textit{mental effort}'' [P41] had evenly split support between participants who found the text passage easy to understand (72) and those who found it difficult (71) or slow (30) to understand. More participants commented on the difficult and slow nature of text communication than any other variant.

However, participants also revealed an advantage of textual communication: the ability to weave a cohesive narrative. Although engaging with the text might be more effortful than engaging with a chart, TO received the most comments about organization and structure (23/33). 21 of these 23 participants \textit{liked} the organization; ``\textit{this narrative clearly describes change over time... including reasons for the causation}'' [P134]. The temporal order of the story text made sense, even if visualizing the precise quantities was taxing. Despite the effort to convey the same information, there were few comments about any kind of narrative or organization for CTA+ (5).

While most participants preferred a form of multi-modal communication, 25 stated they preferred the text display: ``\textit{I like the nuance and detail allowed by language},'' [P169]. These responses illustrate the unique affordances of text communication. Simply conveying the same information in a chart does not necessarily convey the narrative component. None of the variants contained a particular focus on data-storytelling, but the text passage was not written to explicitly tell a story either. Rather, it was meant to be a text variant expressing the data and context of the chart. Text communication of data and context provided a story or narrative to the data more inherently than a chart with the same information.

\subsection{Misleading and Manipulating}

Finally, some participants felt cautious or suspicious of the stimuli presented, with 34 respondents mentioning a misleading or biased component of the variants. These comments were mostly found regarding charts with annotation (28/39 comments) and less around more single-modal communication (11/39).

\subsubsection{TO}

As mentioned previously, participants didn't comment on TO in the same way they did for chart variants. Very few mentioned anything about bias - the presence (3) or the lack (3).  While participants seemed aware of the hypothetical author's role in constructing the narrative around the text, they were not as likely to comment about the possible intentions or the ability to mislead a viewer with text.

\subsubsection{CO and CT}

Of the chart variants, CO (4) and CT (4) received the least comments regarding possible misleading or biased information. Only 18 participants commented on the lack of opinion or bias present in stimuli, meaning it did not reach the 31 participant minimum to be considered a significant code. However, in this context, it provides a useful perspective into why these variants may have received lower rates of `misleading' comments.

In total, 26 comments were made about the \textit{lack} of bias present. Of these, 11/26 referred to CO and 7/26 referred to CT, more than any other variant. The issue posed by the lack of context became a positive attribute in this area, as participants felt, ``it just presents the data,'' [P65] and they could ``make [their] own determination as to what is happening,'' [P113]. The absence of context or additional information meant that participants could select for themselves what they believed to be the important or meaningful areas of the chart.

Of the few (4) comments about bias in CO, they mostly concerned the artificial, ``bugged'' appearance of the data [P246]. This was a component of the stimuli, since they were artificially generated to have strong features. In the case of CT, participants felt the title text was misleading or ``injecting an opinion/political view,'' [P187]. Many of the comments of bias arose around text, making it more of an issue in charts with more annotations.

\subsubsection{CTA1, CTA2, and CTA+}

Comments about bias or misleading information were more common in the charts with more annotations: CTA1 (8), CTA2 (12), and CTA+ (8). Issues with CTA1 stemmed primarily from the lack of additional context provided. By only providing a single annotation, the chart seemed to take on a narrow focus, with one participant commenting ``\textit{hard to believe that that should be the key takeaway given the rest of the chart},'' [P123].

With an additional annotation, in CTA2, some participants still found issue with the annotations provided, ``purposely trying to lead me into a direction and viewpoint without giving me enough details,'' [P65]. While the charts provided context, participants still felt as though they were not seeing the full story - biased as much for the context shown as for the context omitted.

CTA+ included more context to the chart and received only one comment that there may be important information omitted [P6]. The other 7 participants found the text provided too much interpretation of the data, as  ``\textit{It makes conclusions based on opinion. It thinks for the reader instead of allowing the reader to do the thinking,}'' [P54]. This supports the sentiment found in the initial examination of this level taxonomy \cite{lundgard2021accessible}, as BLV readers disliked the level of interpretation L4 text provided.

\section{Explicit Comparisons}

In addition to commenting on what they liked and disliked about each variant, participants were also provided a text box to elaborate on their reasoning for the ranking of each stimuli set shown in Figure \ref{fig:ranking_sets}. This response was optional; 200 participants responded to one or both opportunities for elaboration.

The first author coded these responses with the same coding scheme used for the like/dislike responses. Any counts given are out of the 200 participants who responded, unless otherwise specified.

Participants most frequently used the existence of context or detail to rank the stimuli, with 159 mentioning that they ranked a variant higher because it provided information or context and 70 mentioning that they ranked a variant lower because it lacked the context provided by another. Another key component of the ranking choices was the variant being `easy' (75) or `quick' (23) to understand, which sometimes (45) overlapped with the presence of context. For instance, P8 wrote, ``\textit{When the graphs have some text explaining the rise or fall, it gives more context. It makes it easier to understand}.''

The visual or textual nature of the variant also played a role in the ranking, as 67 participants mentioned ranking a variant higher because they preferred the way it was shown over another possible medium. These comments were more common when ranking Set A (61) than when ranking Set B (11), as Set A contained the TO variant which led to comparisons between methods of communication.

Ranking Set B, on the other hand, led to more fine-grained comparisons, particularly focusing on the content of the annotations. While 51 participants commented on their dislike of the redundancy of annotations as a primary reason for ranking a variant lower, Set B received far more of these comments (43) than Set A (13). The primary differences between variants in Set B were the presence of an additional one or two annotations, which meant that most of the participant reasoning centered around the impact of each annotation. At times, the annotation added context, but it also may have added redundant information.

Participants made relatively few comments regarding simplicity (33) and clutter (27) in comparison to the responses describing likes and dislikes. While these factors may have come up in how they felt about individual variants, they were not significant enough to impact the ranking of the sets as a whole. This further supports Section \ref{section:clutter}, as one participant put it, ``\textit{While [Rank] 1 is too busy, it is also the most informative},'' [P55]. The clutter of information was a minor issue compared to the benefit it provided.

\section{Discussion}

By utilizing multiple methods of communication, combining text and charts often allows for a greater amount of information to be conveyed. Further understanding participant preferences for this combination allows designers and researchers to better assess the impact of this additional information.

Common visualization design guidelines promote practices of minimalism, which avoids overwhelming the reader with `clutter.' The responses examined in this paper indicate that the presence of `clutter' does not necessarily make for a poorly designed visualization. Instead, readers were able to appreciate the \textit{purpose} served by text annotations and preferred to receive this information and additional context. Readers generally showed a strong dislike of redundant information which did not serve to further their understanding of the data.

`Clutter' was generally a disadvantage of the visualization, but the context and detail the annotations provided made a key difference between otherwise identical charts. This supports Guideline 1 from Stokes et al., ``Rather than aiming for maximally minimalist design, annotate charts with relevant text.'' \cite{stokes2022}. Trading simplicity for information is advantageous for reader preferences.

Text communication is less subject to the issue of `clutter' but can be more difficult or slower to understand. The lack of visual means more effort on the reader's part to visualize information on their own, but text can provide a story or narrative structure which may be more difficult to convey in a single, static visualization. In this examination of reader preferences, including a text-only variant of the information allowed for a clearer understanding of the importance of visualizing the information and the drawbacks of using a single method of communication.

The authors of this paper found the creation of the text-only variant to be a useful exercise in creating and structuring a narrative around the data. This narrative, which was explicitly noticed by a subset (7.6\%) of participants provided a useful starting point for the creation of annotations. This also provides support for Guideline 4 from Stokes et al., ``Consider a text-only variant that can stand alone.'' \cite{stokes2022}. Text offers a different set of advantages and disadvantages than visual, which are important to consider when combining the two.

Text was also less considered a candidate for bias. When the same information is shown as an annotation on a chart, comments about bias or misleading text are more common. Visualizations can be structured in misleading ways \cite{cairo2019charts} or be used as a vector for misinformation \cite{lee2021viral}. A minority (11.3\%) of readers seem aware of this possibility and proceed with caution around context shown or not shown in a visualization. However, the text was presented in a neutral way; if it had been deliberately written in an opinionated manner, responses about bias in text may have been generated.

These results emphasize the importance of understanding the role of `trust' in relation to visualized data, especially as researchers turn to visualization to convey information regarding machine learning \cite{chatzimparmpas2020state, xiong2019examining}. It remains unclear which components of a visualization (e.g., amount of information, transparency, etc.) motivate trust.

Reader preferences in this paper illuminate how a reader engages with data or information and how they view the hypothetical author of the visualization. Informing the reader should be a top priority as it received the most comments. Narrative visualizations and trust in visualizations are two areas of important further investigation, as indicated by the themes extracted in this paper.

\section{Limitations}

Themes from this paper only refer to preferences, which may not correspond to performance. The annotations which are preferred by participants do not necessarily lead to a better understanding of the data, despite readers thinking that the visualization is easier to understand. Further work would be necessary to evaluate reader performance and understanding with a visualization.

These preferences also only refer to temporal data plotted in a line chart. Other chart types and other types of data are not yet explored. Future work regarding preferences for text and chart integration should examine additional types of data and visualization to assess additional factors not present in the cases studied here.

The charts in this study were presented in a stand-alone manner. It could be that if they had been embedded into documents and surrounded by paragraphs explaining the charts, the preferences might be different.

Finally, this analysis can only examine what participants \textit{said}, not what they \textit{did not say}. For example, just because a reader did not find a variant to be misleading does not mean they found it to be trustworthy. This would require more in-depth questioning on particular topics to account for in future work.

\section{Conclusion}

Reader opinions explored in this paper illuminate key contributions of textual annotations in visualization. While more annotations may lead to more clutter on a chart, they also lead to more information expressed. This additional information was often useful to the reader and outweighed the possible harm of clutter when contributing context. Conveying the same information in text received a greater amount of comments regarding narrative and structure, further demonstrating the possible benefits of text communication compared to visualizations. Text annotations may signify greater risk for bias expressed within the chart, as chart variants with more annotations received more comments regarding misleading information. These findings encourage continued investigation of the integration of text and charts.

\acknowledgments{
This research was supported in part by a gift from the Allen Institute for AI.
}

\bibliographystyle{abbrv}

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


We're delighted to announce Philip Wade and his wife Sue are returning to Crete to share Spheres Of Light (SOL) and Infinite Silence (IS) in greater depth and in an expanded programme.
Spheres Of Light and Infinite Silence (SOL IS) are profoundly simple, yet powerful, spiritual gifts that aid in Elevating Human Consciousness. They are here for all of humanity and intrinsic to us all. They are accessed by a pure heart-based intention alone. By giving yourself permission to engage with Spheres Of Light/Infinite Silence you truly begin to open up to you innate and divine essence.
"If you are looking for personal, growth, transformation, change and shift in your consciousness - this is for you. These gifts will assist you on your spiritual journey home to the innate beauty within you."
As you 'listen' to and follow the inner messages you receive you become your own most effective teacher and spiritual guide. Engaging with Spheres Of Light/Infinite Silence raises your consciousness bringing spiritual-growth, insight and healing consistent with the shifts you make. This all unfolds in a way that is unique to you which could be anything from immediately noticeable energetic effects to a slower unfolding. It also creates a chain reaction via a process akin to osmosis for all of humanity.
You are welcome to spend the whole period with us or only attend the days if you wish. Philip shares his time and gifts freely with the world and the contribution amounts below are for the costs of the Orizon Centre supporting this programme.
Set in the Cretan Countryside the beautiful purpose built Yurt is used regularly for community meditations. You will join this regular meeting of kindred souls to experience the profoundly simple gift of Spheres Of Light. There is also the opportunity to see the countryside around the Yurt. Please bring some food and/or drink to share. And we welcome donations supporting the efforts to maintain the place and keep our events running.
21:30 - Food on a bring and share basis.
Lissos was the ancient city with the Temple of Asklepios, where people came for healing from distant places. We will depart from the Orizon Center and journey for about 2 hours to Lissos. Some walking and ferry transport may be needed and you will need your own transport though we'll endeavour to share cars where possible. At the site, we will connect with SOL IS whilst out in nature.
10:00 Meet at Orizon Center, arrange transport shares and start the journey. We might stay in the South coast to have dinner at the local taverna or return to Orizon just before dinner time - according to group needs. Contribution to Orizon 20 Euros including picnic lunch, excluding ferry, and dinner at local taverna.
In this full day workshop we will begin by a meditative walk down to the Old Chapel site by the bay and engage with the gift of SOL IS. On returning to the Orizon Center the workshop will continue deepening your awareness and experience of these profoundly simple spiritual gifts. Contribution to Orizon 20 Euros including lunch.
In a beautiful cave not far from the Orizon Spiritual Center we will share in the profound gift and insights of Infinite Silence. You will need your own transport though we'll endeavour to share cars where possible.
10:00 Meet at Orizon Center and travel to the Cave and then the workshop programme is broadly as above. Contribution to Orizon 20 Euros including picnic lunch.
You are welcome to share in all or some of the events as you wish. Please note that timings for workshops and trips are approximate and to be adjusted as group energy flows.


They would do anything for love – including going behind bars. Local celebrities, including the Vancouver Canuck's Sven Baertschi and partner Laura Calvert, CTV weather anchor Ann Luu, Canadian TV personality Erin Cebula, radio personalities and local professionals will get locked into the Vancouver SPCA's dog kennels to raise funds for animals in need this Friday, Aug. 12.
Ann Luu – Ann Luu is the Weather Anchor for CTV News Vancouver at noon, 5 and 6, Ann Luu's In your Shoes segment, and host of Best of BC and Community Calendar on CTV. In her spare time, Ann volunteers for the BC SPCA and enjoys the great outdoors with her two pups and husband.
Sven Baertschi and Laura Calvert – Sven Baertschi is a Canucks left wing player who has been with the Canucks since March 2015. Recently re-signed for another two years, he and Laura Calvert are animal lovers and proud parents to their dog Bear.
Erin Cebula – Erin Cebula, a Canadian TV fixture since 2000, has graced the likes of Vancouver talk show Urban Rush, Canucks Pay-Per-View, Six Degrees of TV and HGTV Canada's feel-good hit, Makeover Wish. Erin is currently the West Coast Correspondent for Entertainment Tonight Canada, an active advocate for the BCSPCA, and the proud Spokesperson for BC Children's Hospital Lottery.
Rosann Youck – Rosann Youck is a longtime supporter of the BC SPCA; she has lost her heart numerous times to foster animals and gets down and dirty every Thursday walking dogs at the Burnaby branch. She has also been a committee member working on the Lower Mainland Offleashed Gala Committee.
Alece Anderson – Alece Anderson is a Vancouver broadcaster who co-hosts the 'Willy in the Morning Show' at Rock 101. Alece is a huge animal lover, and has been participating in the Lock-In for Love for the past four years, making this number five. She has three rescue animals of her own: two cats, Bandit and Zephyr, and her dog Dolly.
Darcy Matheson – Darcy is a longtime TV producer for CTV Vancouver, and pens animal columns for The Daily Hive and Modern Dog. Her first book, "Greening Your Pet Care," focuses on how pet owners can lower their companion animal's "carbon paw print" for the sake of their health – and the planet. She has two dogs, Murphy Brown, a Norfolk terrier, and Seymour, a lovable mutt.
Rebecca Bree Rawlinson – Rebecca Bree Rawlinson is the owner and founder of Rebecca Bree Boutique, which opened in 2012. Rebecca used her past experience working with brands such as Oscar de la Renta and Dolce & Gabbana at Canada's luxury retailer Holt Renfrew to craft her unique boutique that has garnered her attention in the likes of FLARE Magazine + FASHION.
Kenn Hamlin – An innovative marketing and communications professional, Kenn Hamlin joined TELUS in 2006 and has held dynamic roles in experiential event marketing, retail strategy, sponsorship and community affairs. An American by birth and Canadian by choice, Kenn is passionately involved in the community and the proud father of Mr. Kitty – TELUS' leading corporate cat.
Jodi Dunlop – A passionate animal lover who has worked for the BC SPCA for 28 years, and has been an SPCA branch manager in Vancouver, Chilliwack, Maple Ridge and Abbotsford, Jodi Dunlop's unwavering love of animals has led to her career working with furry friends in need, including fostering dogs, rabbits, cats, Guinea pigs, hedgehogs, birds, ferrets, puppies and kittens. Her current animals at home include three dogs, a parrot, fish, a Guinea pig and two rats.
"It's a huge win-win for the province's most vulnerable animals," Constantineau says.


Let Veronica worry about the paperwork while you concentrate on more important things. Veronica is fluent in Spanish and English.
Ben offers a wealth of knowledge, is thorough and efficient. He's fluent in Punjabi and is assited by Luz Gonzalez who is fluent in Spanish.


Discussion in 'Sponsor Announcements and Deals' started by Cotnijoe, Jan 25, 2018.
Hi Everyone. Lawrance with Unique Melody here. We have quite a few announcements, so be sure to stick around!
Before we get started, I'd like to mention that I'm always here (maybe a bit too much...) to answer any questions you may have or honestly just to chat (cuz that's always fun, right? ). I'm sure many of you have already seen me around as I've been around these parts for a good bit now. Feel free to leave me a PM at any time or to send me an email at umwang@uniquemelody.org. OK! On to the good stuff now!
First and foremost, we're excited to announce that we are now sponsors of Head-Fi. What does that mean for us and why did we choose to do this? More importantly, what does this mean for you?
With a new year comes new resolutions. While UM can be considered a veteran at this point within the audio enthusiast community, something we've admittedly struggled with in the past is communication and involvement with the community – Especially when it comes to the English speaking community. We've made strides in the past few years to improve this, but there's always room for improvement!
Sponsoring Head-Fi means that we have the ability to support the community and, more importantly, interact and be a part of the community at a level that we haven't been able to be in the past. This means diving into more details regarding our tech and products with you all, as well as taking feedback on how we can improve to better serve each and every one of you.
Speaking of community interaction… we're aware that there have been many individuals in the community that have been interested finding more impressions and thoughts on our products, or even to find the chance to try them out for themselves! We're finally looking to make that happen, but we want to know what you guys want to see from us! We've made a quick little survey for you all to fill out that gives us some quick feedback on that (more info in a hot sec).
As a little thank you to the community for the constant support, we'll be running a little giveaway along with the survey. What are we giving away? Something interesting that unfortunately I can't disclose yet. Yea... I'm just as annoyed as you are... trust me on that. I promise it's not lame though! While we certainly appreciate your support and hope to keep you up to date on everything UM related, following us on social media is not a requirement to enter the giveaway and does not affect your chances of taking the prize home. We'll draw the winner randomly and the winner will be contacted via email.
Last but not least, Unique Melody is celebrating our 10 year anniversary this year! Yes, it's really been a decade since we first started off with our reshelling service, and we've come a long way since then. To celebrate 10 years of crafting custom earpieces and 10 years of serving the audio enthusiast community, we've planned some cool events and promotions throughout the year, so be sure to keep up to date with us for all the latest and greatest!
Yethal, superuser1, DShim and 11 others like this.
Mshenay, ngoshawk and Cotnijoe like this.
Unique Melody & Shanling pairing?
ngoshawk and rantng like this.
I still love UM Martians, so I'm quite curious!
I'm definitely excited to see where this thread goes.
Good news, Lawrance! Too bad to see Cotnijoe unmasked though. I look forward to your future announcements.
Most excellent news! Such wonderful ambassadors to the Head-Fi community both @Shanling and UM are! Thanks, Lawrance!
Excellent news @Cotnijoe, I look forward to seeing more of UM around!
This is one that I hope to see more of. Ever since I spoke to @flinkenick about the V2 I have been wanting to find a demo but never managed it (didn't dare force fit his CIEMs) and now there is the V3! Perhaps at Canjam London?
We're looking into it but nothing's set in stone. Hopefully for the time being, we'll be able to bring some sort of tour to the UK as well =)!
Fingers crossed then! And I will keep an eye out for a possible UK tour, which would be great!


Our children in the Campus were very excited to meet the one and only Ms Samoa Faafafine 2015, and had her danced her traditional Samoan siva for them was a bonus. Not everyday you see this, but we are very grateful to the SFA committee for considering our children.
Ms Auina brought along toys and a monetary donations of $600.00, as well as beautiful words of encouragement for our children.
We gladly thanked Ms Auina for her time and the donations as well as their committee, even though she had limited time in Samoa, but she actually made it. She emphasised the importance of dreaming big and keeping that smile.
From the Campus of Hope, we wish Ms Auina a very prosperous and successful journey throughout the year.


When you need a new roof, there are plenty of things to consider—choosing the perfect color, selecting a material and style that works best for your home and personal taste, and even sticking to a particular budget. And while all of these decisions matter, there's an even more important one to consider. What lies under your roof—the attic and how it breathes and is vented—can greatly impact the life of your roof system.
A balanced attic ventilation system that consists of intake at the eaves, soffits, or fascias of the roof, and exhaust at or near your roof ridge, serves two important functions. First, it allows cool, fresh air to enter into the attic. Second, it allows hot, moist air to escape.
Even though a balanced ventilation system in your attic is crucial for regulating temperature all year round, it's especially important during the hot summer months, when the sun beats down on the roof and causes the attic to heat up even more. Improper ventilation can contribute to heat and moisture buildup in the attic and can even increase the temperature in your living space. Excessive heat and moisture can cause damage to shingles, wood framing, ceiling, siding, paint, and wallpaper.
Another effect of improper ventilation is that it may increase cooling energy consumption. A hot attic in the summer will cause a rise in a home's temperature—which homeowners will battle by blasting the air conditioning and fans to keep the living space comfortable. To keep up with the added heat, these units and appliances will need to work even harder to perform, which causes a spike in summer cooling costs.
Ventilation is not just an issue in the hotter months of the year. During the winter season, appliances as well as showers, baths, cooking, and laundry can contribute to extra moisture build-up and water vapor in the attic. When an attic is not properly ventilated, this moisture collects on the underside of the roof. It then condensates and can soak the insulation and reduce your home's energy efficiency. Excess moisture can also cause damage to the structure of the house, like rotting, and can even attract wood-eating insects like termites.
During cold weather in northern climates, improper ventilation can be a factor in the formation of ice dams. This occurs when the snow and ice on a roof melt from an attic that is too warm, then refreezes at the gutters and builds up along the eaves, forming a dam. When it melts, it can cause water to flow under the shingles and down the deck into your home through the walls, windows, and/or ceilings. Proper ventilation allows the necessary cold air to mix and cool the hot air from the house, which slows down the snow melting and helps reduce the risk of ice dam formation.
The U.S. Federal Housing Administration recommends a minimum of at least one square foot of attic ventilation (split evenly between intake and exhaust) for every 300 square feet of attic floor space. This 1/300 rule is general and may not apply to all buildings. It's typically the minimum recommended standard that should be used for ventilating attics. But make sure you do not over-ventilate, since too much ventilation can be a problem as well. An excess number of roof penetrations can cause leaks and other problems during extreme weather.
If you are not sure if your attic is properly vented, or if you've had high cooling and heating bills in the past, now is the time to call a reputable roofing contractor in your area, who will check your attic and roof to determine that you have the proper amount of ventilation your attic requires.
And since windows, doors, and appliances can also waste energy if not addressed or maintained properly, take a further look around the rest of your home to address energy efficiency and keep your home as comfortable as possible. The Department of Energy has some useful tips to help you audit the energy-efficiency of your home and save money.
This guest post was contributed by GAF.


text:
oculus
======

**This repository is frozen on the Oculus 0.4.4 SDK/driver, for the developer kit. For using newer drivers and the current consumer Oculus (as well as the HTC Vive), take a look at the [Max Worldmaking Package](https://github.com/worldmaking/Max_Worldmaking_Package).**

A Max/MSP/Jitter object to provide access to the Oculus Rift HMD via the LibOVR SDK.

For development history & feedback, also [see discussion on the C74 forum](http://www.cycling74.com/forums/topic/oculus-rift).

Here are some projects that have used this external:

- [Whiter Room](https://cycling74.com/project/whiter-room-oculus-video/), Tobias Rosenberger
- [Dance in the Rain](http://cargocollective.com/YKBX/Koda-Kumi-Dance-In-The-Rain-VR-Music-Video), Masato Tsutsui

## Requirements

Supports Max 7 on OSX and Windows (use the 32-bit Max 7 version on Windows). Might also work in Max 6.10, but support is not guaranteed.

Currently supports Oculus Developer Kit 2. Probably also works with Developer Kit 1, but not currently tested. Currently built against the LibOVR 0.4.4 beta.

Oculus development in general requires a powerful GPU; integrated cards are unlikely to be sufficient.

*Note that an Oculus HMD is not required to be present to work with the external; an offline simulator will be used when an HMD is not attached.*

## Installation & setup

- Install the LibOVR 0.4.4 runtime/driver from [Oculus](https://developer.oculus.com/downloads/#version=pc-0.4.4-beta). Later versions of the runtime *might* work.

- Once installed, run the configuration utility to configure the device for your system.

- Make sure that the runtime is set to 'extended mode'. Direct-to-HMD mode cannot not currently be used (see notes below).

- Configure display refresh rates to prevent judder (see notes below).

- Download the repository directory and unzip into ```Documents/Max 7/Packages``` (OSX) or ```My Documents/Max 7/Packages``` (Windows).

- Restart Max, and open the ```help/oculus.maxhelp``` to check that it is functioning correctly.

## Supported features

- Tracking
	- Orientation tracking (as Jitter-compatible quat)
	- Position tracking & status
	- Example integrating HMD tracking with in-world navigation (WASD + arrow keys)

- Rendering
	- Output rift distortion parameters, including distortion mesh
	- Example distortion shaders, including chromatic aberration correction
	- Example rendered scene
	- FPS monitoring (press 'f' to show in-world)
	- Low persistence rendering option (press 'p' to toggle this)

- Display management
	- If more than one display is present, an additional monitor view opens on the first display when HMD goes fullscreen, and the Rift view full-screens on nth display.
	- Automatically orients window according to display orientation (landscape/portrait)

## TODO

- Optimized predictive tracking.
- Health & safety warning overlay.
- Timewarp rendering.
- Direct-to-Rift / SDK-rendering. Not currently possible, due to the design of the LibOVR SDK, which shims the OpenGL graphics driver, and requires this to occur before any other OpenGL calls. It is therefore incompatible with a plugin system such as Max/MSP/Jitter externals.

## Notes on jitter & judder

Getting a stable experience with the oculus can present some difficulties.

**Display refresh rate**: If you have another display attached to the computer (as is likely), it is very important that both the Oculus Rift and the main display are configured to the same refresh rate. If this is not the case you are very likely to experience a nauseating judder when turning your head in the Rift display. Use the display manager (Windows display manager, or Nvidia/AMD equivalent, or OSX system preferences) to reconfigure the refresh rate. (Perhaps jit.displays might also be able to do this?) The Oculus Rift performs better at 75Hz; you may have to reduce the resolution on your main display in order to enable a 75Hz refresh rate there. If this is not possible, set the Rift to 60Hz (but this will result in a more noticeable motion blur or flicker). If the display manager does not allow you to change the refresh rate (e.g. some OSX retina displays), you may have to disconnect the display entirely.

**Patcher frame rate**: Additionally, the patcher must be able to render at 60-75fps to prevent nausea. If your GPU is struggling to keep this up, you can try reducing the render texture size (see help patcher).

## License

MIT license; copyright 2014-2015 Graham Wakefield.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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High-producing forage harvesting complex "PALESSE FS80"
PALESSE FS6025 is an up-to-date harvester, which can interest those agricultural enterprises of comparatively small and medium size that deal with procurement of fodder of high quality and figure on their machinery.
The ideas used in production of the harvester are highly appreciated for it 's high capacity and fuel saving. First of all it is a straight-through arrangement of masses guiding and also direct drive of drum type chopping device which provides the harvester with a maximum coefficient of efficiency possible of torque transmission. Metal and stone detectors are included in serial version.
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Last night Mack and I were invited to a friends house for a homestuck party. We had such a great time, Brianna, the host, did such a wonderful job decorating and it's always great to meet new people!
One of the many amazing homestuck costumes.
The ticket booth was such a great touch!
Everyone being informed of the rules for Hide and Seek.


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You are here: Others Basketball NBA: Rockets cruise past the Heat 115-102
NBA: Rockets cruise past the Heat 115-102
James Harden has long been known as a great scorer. Lately. Houston's star has been shining as a facilitator, too.
Harden scored 26 points and tied a career-high with 14 assists as the Rockets snapped a three-game skid with a 115-102 win over the Miami Heat on Tuesday night.
It was the second time in eight games that Harden has had 14 assists and he's had 10 or more in two other games in that stretch.
Harden knows that it makes the Rockets much better when he's able to get other people involved on offense.
Houston had a double-digit lead for most of the second half and was up by 10 when Josh Smith scored all of the team's points in a 7-2 run that pushed the advantage to 104-89 with about five minutes remaining.
The Rockets started Smith, a 6-foot-9 forward, at center with Dwight Howard serving a one-game suspension for making contact with an official this weekend and Clint Capela out with a thigh injury.
Smith scored a season-high 19 points in his second start this season and first since returning to Houston in a trade from the Clippers on Jan. 22.
He thinks the key to Tuesday's win was the team's defense.
The Rockets were up by seven entering the fourth quarter and scored the first six points of the period to make it 93-80 with about 10 1/2 minutes remaining.
A 3-pointer by Harden with just over three minutes remaining made it 110-93 and sent all Houston's starters to the bench.
Houston led by 14 early in the third quarter before Miami used a 15-3 run to cut the lead to 74-72 with about five minutes left in the period. Dwyane Wade made four points in the span and the Heat made three consecutive 3-pointers to cap that run with two from Deng and one from Justise Winslow.
The Rockets got back on track after that, using a 9-2 spurt to extend the lead to 83-74 with 2 1/2 minutes left in the quarter.
Patrick Beverley and Marcus Thornton made 3s to get that run going and Terrence Jones finished it with a dunk after a no-look bounce pass from Harden.
The Rockets scored the final five points of the first half and the first eight points of the second half to turn a tie game into a 68-55 lead with 10 minutes left in the third quarter.
Trevor Ariza started the third-quarter run with a 3-pointer and Smith scored the next five points.
Deng made a basket for the Heat before Smith sunk another 3-pointer to push Houston's advantage to 71-57.
Harden made the last five points of the second quarter to give Houston a 60-55 lead at halftime.
03/02/2016 17:46 - NBA: Kobe Bryant rescues Lakers one more time
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28/12/2015 16:15 - NBA: Westbrook rallies Thunder past Nuggets 122-112
07/06/2016 18:17 - Three Indian kids to attend Basketball Without Borders Camp in Australia
25/02/2016 18:18 - 21 year old Palpreet Singh to attend NBA Development League Tryout
15/02/2016 14:37 - West beats East 196-173 in highest scoring All Star Game ever
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Motorcoaches and minibuses with driver to transfer you anywhere in Malaga.
Consult us for other destinations in Andalucia and Spain and we will provides you the best rate and a real good service .
Also available another vehicles as minibus and minivan with or without driver & assistance guide.


JMW Solicitors :: Can a Landlord be subject to an unlawful sublease?
Can a Landlord be subject to an unlawful sublease?
For more information about this often complex area of law, contact Julian Rogozinski on 0161 828 8357 or the JMW commercial property team on 0345 872 6666.
There is a general rule that establishes a landlord can never, upon the expiry or termination of a tenancy, be bound by a sublease (whether created lawfully or not).
Notwithstanding this rule, landlords should be aware that there are three situations in which a landlord can be subject to an unlawful sublease that has, against its will, been foisted upon it.
Note: For the purposes of this article, an 'unlawful sublease' is a lease granted by a tenant to a subtenant in breach of the terms of the head lease (e.g. without the landlord's consent).
If a lease is forfeited by the head landlord, an unlawful subtenant can apply for relief from forfeiture where a sublease has been granted.
The rules governing applications for relief from forfeiture are complex and can often go against the landlord, despite the unlawful status of the subtenant. If relief is granted, it will create a new lease in favour of the subtenant. The terms of that new lease are entirely at the discretion of the court.
The court, in determining an application for relief from forfeiture, has wide discretion in determining whether to grant relief and on what terms it should be granted. However, landlords can take some comfort from the courts general approach in these cases, whereby the discretion to grant relief to a subtenant (and, even more so, to an unlawful subtenant) has been exercised sparingly because it thrusts upon the landlord a person or entity that it never accepted to be a tenant and creates a contract between them.
Also, the court will take into consideration the fact that the tenancy is unlawful when exercising its discretion.
The second situation whereby a landlord can become bound, against its will, by an unlawful sublease is as a result of the operation of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 ('the Act') on determination of a head lease.
The subtenant will first have to overcome the hurdle of satisfying the legislation that there was the existence of a business tenancy at the time of expiry of the head lease. Provided it can demonstrate this, the Act can operate to extend a sublease beyond the expiry of the term of a head lease.
The case of D'Silva v Lister House Developments Ltd  found that an unlawful sublease with security of tenure under the Act could survive the determination of a head lease, with the result that the head landlord would become the direct landlord of the unlawful subtenant.
This decision was followed in a more recent case (Brimex Ltd v Begum ) where the court applied the Act again to create a landlord and tenant relationship between the head landlord and the unlawful subtenant on determination of the head lease.
A damages claim could be brought against the former head tenant for breach of the alienation covenant in the head lease – but this would be worthwhile only if the former head tenant is solvent.
A claim could be brought against the unlawful subtenant for an injunction requiring the subtenant to surrender its tenancy. Case law has recently favoured the landlord and imposed an injunction against the unlawful subtenant (Crestfort Ltd v Tesco ) where it was found that the subtenant, when it accepted its sublease, committed a tort by knowingly and intentionally causing the breach of the alienation covenant in the head lease (e.g. where a subtenant accepted a sublease that it knows is in breach of the head lease).
The landlord could terminate the unlawful sublease and oppose any application for a new tenancy under the Act where it satisfies one of the limited grounds of opposition (i.e. where the landlord wants to take possession of the property for its own purpose) that are available to the landlord under the Act. However, the landlord needs to ensure that it serves all the relevant notices within the required time periods under the Act to oppose using one of the grounds.
The third situation in which a landlord and tenant relationship may arise between landlord and unlawful subtenant is upon application of the common law exception to the general rule that subleases automatically fall on determination of a head lease. That exception applies where the head lease has been surrendered or merged.
Following a surrender or merger of a head lease, the head lease is treated as notionally continuing for the purpose of preserving the sublease. This will, in effect, create a direct landlord and tenant relationship with a subtenant, again, regardless of the unlawful nature of the sublease.
It is clear that the law can operate unfavourably towards a landlord in the above situations. Despite the limited options noted above, it is always prudent for a landlord to ensure it is fully aware of who is occupying its property (through regular lease compliant inspections of the property for example). When negotiating a surrender or merger, or considering determination of the head lease for any other reason, it is essential that the landlord is aware of what subleases are in place (lawfully or unlawfully) and in turn what rights have arisen by the existence of the same.
For more information contact Julian Rogozinski on 0161 828 8357 or email julian.rogozinski@jmw.co.uk.


If you should fall ill within 1 month of your procedure, you must phone and discuss your symptoms with a qualified practitioner in our Pre -Assessment department. This includes if you have any recent cuts , scratches or open wounds which could be an infection risk.
It's important to remember that some dental issues are caused by infection, which could delay your operation. Should you require any dental work or lose a tooth in the 4 weeks leading up to your procedure, then please contact our pre-assessment department (useful to add their telephone number here) to discuss what treatment you have had. If you require dental treatment 2 days before your admission date then please contact the pre-theatre department.
Should you need go to hospital, for any reason, or have to stay in hospital, please contact us as soon as you can to report your symptoms.


This survey covers topics including family life and marriage, gender and gender roles, and sociodemographic characteristics.
ISSP Research Group (2016): International Social Survey Programme: Family and Changing Gender Roles IV - ISSP 2012. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA5900 Data file Version 4.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.12661.


text:
Q: Inherit multiple methods with same name from multiple classes I have two parent classes that share method names. I'd like to subclass them and reassign their methods under different names to the subclass. This is made complicated because these methods use other methods with shared names as well. Contrived but minimal example:
class Foo1():
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

    def print(self):
        print(self.get())

    def get(self):
        return 1

class Foo2():
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

    def print(self):
        print(self.get())

    def get(self):
        return 2

class Foo(Foo1, Foo2):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.print1 = super().print
        self.print2 = super(Foo1, self).print

foo = Foo()
foo.print1()
>>> 1
foo.print2()
>>> 1

In the example above, foo.print1() prints 1 as expected, but foo.print2() prints 1 instead of 2. I would like to structure Foo such that it calls Foo2's print and get methods and thus prints 2.
I understand this is because the name "self" actually points to Foo(), and so the methods "print" and "get" are pointing to Foo1's methods due to Foo1 being first in the MRO.
For my use case, it doesn't even make sense for Foo() to have "print" and "get" methods, only "print1" and "print2". This makes me suspect that I'm going about it all wrong. Is there a better way to construct a subclass that correctly inherits these methods from Foo1 and Foo2?

A: Have your class wrap Foo1 and Foo2 instances rather than using multiple inheritance.
class Foo:
    def __init__(self):
        foo1 = Foo1()
        foo2 = Foo2()

        self.print1 = foo1.print
        self.print2 = foo2.print

        self.get1 = foo1.get
        self.get2 = foo2.get

A: One option is to use composition, where your new class instance is just a wrapper around two instances of the original classes. Your methods will delegate to methods of the appropriate instances.
class Foo:
    def __init__(self):
        self.foo1 = Foo1()
        self.foo2 = Foo2()

    def print1(self):
        return self.foo1.print()

    def print2(self):
        return self.foo2.print()

    # etc

You might also be able to perform the composition at the class level, rather than the instance level. This will only work if the function signatures of Foo1 and Foo2 methods are compatible with the desired signature for the Foo methods.
class Foo:
    print1 = Foo1.print
    print2 = Foo2.print
    get1 = Foo1.get
    get2 = Foo2.get

In either case, you'll have to define Foo.__init__ to accept any necessary arguments for Foo1.__init__ and Foo2.__init__, and ensure they are passed to the correct one.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Looking to learn some helpful words for travel or study in Mexico? Learn how to say and pronounce the following Days words – a fine-tuned set of words perfect for travelers. We know how helpful learning some new language is when traveling throughout the globe.
Keep learning! Following are more categories of words that may be helpful in travels to Mexico, the Latin America & Caribbean region and beyond.
Overview: Located in Latin America & Caribbean, the official name of Mexico is United Mexican States. The population is 114,793,341 (2011), of which 28.71341 (2011) residents are under the age of 15. The income share held by highest 10% is 38.68 (2008), while the lowest 10% hold 1.81 (2008) of the income share. There are 36.15 (2011) internet users per 100 people, 41,497,792.77 (2011) internet users total. 22,260,000 (2010) tourists arrive each year, bringing in 9,075,000,000 (2010) in annual revenue.


We Buy Houses® Jackson. Our real estate investors are looking to buy homes throughout Jackson and the rest of New Jersey.
In Jackson and the surrounding area, We Buy Houses® investors buy homes, condos, land, and all types of real estate, in any condition, and in any price range.


inches: 10" x 10" x 0.7"
Compassion in action is the courage to do whatever is appropriate and beneficial in any given situation. Rather than being passive, benign, or even pleasant, this compassion is vivid and skilful, with the power to cut to the very root of our negative habits and emotions, to lay them bare that we might at last clearly recognize our own patterns and transcend them. This skilful precision is symbolized by the ritual 'hook-knife', and in 'Ruthless Compassion' the hook-knife is formed in the shape of a heart, its every action motivated by love.


Basu, Anindita. "Figure en toilette, Khajuraho." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified July 29, 2016. https://www.ancient.eu/image/5444/.
Basu, Anindita. "Figure en toilette, Khajuraho." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 29 Jul 2016. Web. 24 Apr 2019.


text:
You are here:Go to July
Type 1 diabetes in children still on the rise
The incidence of new cases of Type 1 diabetes in children is rising at around 3% a year, according to a report released today by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW).
There were over 6,000 new cases in children aged 0-14 years between 2000 and 2006, which equates to more than two new cases each day.
Katherine Faulks of the Institute's Cardiovascular, Diabetes and Kidney Unit said, 'The rate increased significantly from 19 children per 100,000 population in 2000 to 23 per 100,000 population in 2006.'
The report, Incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Australia 2000-2006: first results, shows that the rate of new cases of Type 1 diabetes was highest in children aged 10-14 years at 29 per 100,000 population.
'Despite popular perception, Type 1 diabetes does not only develop in childhood-it can arise at any age. But the disease develops at a lower rate throughout adulthood', Ms Faulks said.
While childhood rates rose between 2000 and 2006, the rates for people aged 15-24 years remained fairly stable, while for people aged 25 or over, the rates fell.
'This is consistent with other studies showing that the incidence is increasing among children but not among young adults', Ms Faulks said.
There were almost 9,000 new cases of Type 1 diabetes in people aged 15 years or over between 2000 and 2006, with males over the age of 15 almost twice as likely as females of the same age to develop the disease.
Ms Faulks said earlier analyses by the AIHW have shown that Australia's average annual rate of new cases of Type 1 diabetes among children is high compared with other countries.
Type 1 diabetes is caused in most cases by autoimmune destruction of the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin, which is needed for the body to take up glucose from the blood to be used as an energy source . People with Type 1 diabetes need insulin replacement in order to survive.
While it is thought that a combination of genetic and environmental factors cause the disease, the exact factors are unclear and research into the causes continues.
Incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Australia 2000-2006: first results 02 Jul 2008


text:
								<a class="btn btn-success" href=" <?php echo base_url(). "dashboard/" . $rol; ?> "> Regresar
								 REPORTE

                             <?php echo $titulo; ?>

					<?php
						if(isset($info) && !$info){
					?>

							No hay Información

					<?php
						}elseif(isset($info)){
					?>

								Sitio
								Alerta
								Sesión
								Respuesta

						<?php
							foreach ($info as $lista):
									echo "
";
									echo "";
									echo "Sitio: ";
echo "" . $lista['nombre_sitio'] . "";
									echo "
Nodo o Región: " . $lista['nombre_region'];
									echo "
Departamento: " . $lista['dpto_divipola_nombre'];
									echo "
Municipio: " . $lista['mpio_divipola_nombre'];
									echo "
Zona: " . $lista['nombre_zona'];
									echo "
Representante: ";
									echo "C.C. " . $lista['cedula_delegado'] . " " . $lista['nom_delegado'] . " "  . $lista['ape_delegado'];
									echo "
Celular representante: ";
									echo "".$lista['celular_delegado']."";
									echo "	";

									echo "";
									echo "Descripción: " . $lista['descripcion_alerta'];
									echo "
Mensaje: " . $lista['mensaje_alerta'];
									echo "
Tipo Alerta: " . $lista['nombre_tipo_alerta'] . "
";
									echo "Inicio Alerta: " . $lista['fecha_inicio'];
									echo "
Fin Alerta: " . $lista['fecha_fin'];
									echo "
Rol Alerta: " . $lista['nombre_rol'];
									echo "	";

									echo "";
									echo "Prueba: " . $lista['nombre_prueba'];
									echo "
Grupo de Instrumentos: " . $lista['nombre_grupo_instrumentos'];
									echo "
Sesión: " . $lista['sesion_prueba'];
									echo "
Fecha: " . $lista['fecha'];
									echo "
Hora Inicial: " . $lista['hora_inicio_prueba'];
									echo "
Hora Final: " . $lista['hora_fin_prueba'];
									echo "	";

									echo "";

									//buscar informacion de la respuesta si existe
$ci = &get_instance();
$ci->load->model("general_model");

$arrParam = array(
		"idSitioSesion" => $lista['id_sitio_sesion'],
		"idAlerta" => $lista['id_alerta']
);
$respuestas = $this->general_model->get_respuestas_alertas_vencidas_by($arrParam);

$userRol = $this->session->userdata("rol");
$userID = $this->session->userdata("id");

									if(!$respuestas){
										echo "
Alerta sin respuesta.
";

										//si el usuario logeado es el mismo coordinador de la del sitio
										//si el usuario logeado es el mismo operador de la del sitio
										//entonces puede dar respuesta a la alerta
										//o si es directivo puede dar respuesta

										//si no se dio respuesta entonces|
										//dar respuesta para el directivo o el coordinador o el operador
										if(($userRol == 6 && $lista['fk_id_user_operador'] == $userID) || ($userRol == 3 && $lista['fk_id_user_coordinador'] == $userID) || $userRol == 2 || $userRol == 1){
											//si no existe el representante entonces no se muestra el enlace
											if($lista['fk_id_user_delegado']){
echo "Dar Respuesta ";
											}else{
												echo "
Falta asignar representante para este Sitio
";
											}

										}

									}else{
										echo "Respuesta: ";
										echo $acepta = $respuestas[0]['acepta']==1?"Si":"No";
										echo "
Ausentes: " . $respuestas[0]['ausentes'];
										echo "
Observación: " . $respuestas[0]['observacion'];
										echo "
Fecha registro: " . $respuestas[0]['fecha_registro'];

//si no se acepta la alerta enotnces se crea enlace para poder aceptarla por parte del coordiandor, director o operador
if($respuestas[0]['acepta']==2){
		if(($userRol == 6 && $lista['fk_id_user_operador'] == $userID) || ($userRol == 3 && $lista['fk_id_user_coordinador'] == $userID) || $userRol == 2 || $userRol == 1){
echo "
Cambiar Respuesta ";
		}
}

									}
									echo "	";
							endforeach;
						?>

				<?php } ?>


text:
Euspira is een geslacht van weekdieren uit de klasse van de Gastropoda (slakken).

Soorten
 Euspira abyssicola (E. A. Smith, 1896)
 Euspira agujana (Dall, 1908)
 Euspira blaizensis (Kilburn, 1976)
 Euspira catena (da Costa, 1778)
 Euspira crawfordiana (Dall, 1908)
 Euspira elegans (Suter, 1917) †
 Euspira fringilla (Dall, 1881)
 Euspira fusca (Blainville, 1825)
 Euspira fyfei (Marwick, 1924) †
 Euspira grossularia (Marche-Marchad, 1957)
 Euspira guilleminii (Payraudeau, 1826)
 Euspira heros (Say, 1822)
 Euspira intricata (Donovan, 1804)
 Euspira lateaperta (Marwick, 1924) †
 Euspira levicula (A. E. Verrill, 1880)
 Euspira levis (E. A. Smith, 1896)
 Euspira litorina (Dall, 1908)
 Euspira macilenta (Philippi, 1844)
 Euspira montagui (Forbes, 1838)
 Euspira monterona Dall, 1919
 Euspira napus (E.A. Smith, 1904)
 Euspira nitida (Donovan, 1804)
 Euspira notabilis (Jeffreys, 1885)
 Euspira nux (Okutani, 1964)
 Euspira obtusa (Jeffreys, 1885)
 Euspira pallida (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829)
 Euspira pardoana (Dall, 1908)
 Euspira phaeocephala (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1896)
 Euspira pila (Pilsbry, 1911)
 Euspira plicispira (Kuroda, 1961)
 Euspira presubplicata (Bouchet & Warén, 1993)
 Euspira sagamiensis Kuroda & Habe, 1971
 Euspira strebeli (Dall, 1908)
 Euspira subplicata (Jeffreys, 1885)
 Euspira tenuis (Récluz, 1851)
 Euspira tenuistriata (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1911)
 Euspira triseriata (Say, 1826)
 Euspira yokoyamai (Kuroda & Habe, 1952)

Naticidae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Brazilian Breakfast Blend is an iconic flavour profile loved by coffee drinkers the world over. Roasted with 100% Arabica coffee beans, it is light in body with a crisp and delicate acidity to light up your palette and deliver a smooth finish with rich crema. Perfect as an espresso or with milk.


The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) is responsible for aviation and maritime search and rescue (SAR) in Australia and, each year, hundreds of lives are saved by SAR efforts. Many pilots have discovered that the comforting phrase 'it can't happen to me' is far from correct. If you prepare adequately for all eventualities, you will improve your ability to deal with any emergency situation and thus enable AMSA to offer you better assistance.
Select the route which gives you short legs (for example, every 15–20 minutes) between the best visual fixes rather than featureless land areas and avoid extensive areas of inhospitable, rugged terrain. Make sure that your maps cover the entire route. Remember that external navigation aids, such as GPS, should be cross-checked using other navigational methods to ensure their accuracy.
If your planned flight crosses high country or large water expanses, plan alternative routes that could be used in adverse weather. Remember the problems of rising ground in deteriorating meteorological conditions.
Make sure you get a forecast. Take special note of the weather, freezing level, significant cloud cover and expected visibility. Relate the forecast to your planned route and the nature of the terrain.
Always tell someone what you are doing—either by lodging a flight plan or leaving a flight note. If the weather is not suitable, consider using an alternate route or postponing the flight. Discuss the situation with someone else with aviation experience.
If you are making a day VFR flight, plan to arrive at least 10 minutes before the end of daylight, or earlier if your flight time is more than one hour, or if the terrain or the weather could reduce the light. If you are delayed, make sure that your departure is not too late to meet this requirement.
Break your flight into route segments, measure distances carefully and use a computer to find time intervals. Do not guess or give just one time interval. Either lodge a flight plan or leave a flight note with a responsible person. Plan a realistic SARTIME and don't forget to amend it if you are delayed for any reason. Provide a destination telephone number on your flight plan or flight note. Provide mobile phone numbers as well. Make sure you have sufficient fuel for the flight and unforeseen contingencies.
the search pattern is based on track-spacing, which is determined during SAR operation briefings or by the assessed visual range of the day (for example, a search pattern may start 10 nm either side of your planned route).
carry a 'survival food kit' of high calorie food items packed in a small waterproof container.
Survival kits may be purchased or homemade. Research the most appropriate contents for your survival kit for the flight you are planning.
A pilot who does not hold an instrument rating, or who is flying an aircraft not equipped for instrument flight, has no place in adverse weather. However, there are many instances where VFR pilots can find themselves in weather below the VMC minima.
Such occurrences are generally the result of poor planning for safety and all too frequently end in tragedy.
VFR flight in weather which is below VMC is not permitted (CAR 172, AIP ENR 1.2).
When you become aware that any element of the weather is about to fall below the VMC minima—do not hesitate, turn back immediately. Broadcast your intentions. Do not leave your decision until the weather has already fallen below VMC minima.
Plan your immediate flight path so that you remain well clear of cloud and heavy rain at all times. There have been many occasions when pilots have not intended to fly into cloud but, through inadequate planning, their flight path has taken them into cloud.
Certified, registered and other aerodromes (including many ALAs) are shown on WACs, VTCs and VNCs. Note which aerodromes lie close to your track and which might be suitable for a precautionary landing.
Decide how and when you will determine a critical point en route where you will make a firm decision to either continue, turn back, divert on an alternate route or conduct a precautionary landing on a suitable nearby field if other options cannot be safely executed.
When weather begins to deteriorate, monitor the changes carefully, considering alternate actions and your time limits and critical points for decision making. For example, if you have already planned an alternative route to another suitable aerodrome, decide on a critical point in terms of time or position on track when to take an alternative action, whether to divert or, if no aerodrome is nearby, safely conduct a precautionary landing on a suitable field.


text:
Le vendredi  est le 356 jour de l'année 1984.

Naissances
 Alexander Olsson, joueur professionnel de hockey sur glace suédois
 Charles Dissels, joueur de football néerlandais
 Darren Potter, joueur de football irlandais
 Dries van Schalkwyk, joueur de rugby sud-africain
 Francisco Sutil Tirado, footballeur espagnol
 Jemima Sumgong, athlète kenyane
 Juan Valera Espín, joueur de football espagnol
 Martina Skolkova, joueuse internationale slovaque de handball
 Michael McDowell, pilote américain de NASCAR
 Nathalie Rapti Gomez, actrice colombienne
 Peter van der Westhuizen, athlète sud-africain

Décès
 Alcide Simard (né le ), personnalité politique canadienne
 Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp (né le ), botaniste néerlandais
 Francis Cersot (né le ), militant socialiste, syndicaliste CGT puis Force ouvrière, résistant français et cadre au sein de la SFIO

Événements
 Fin de la série télévisée La Fièvre d'Hawaï
 Sortie de l'album Thing-Fish

Voir aussi
 21 décembre et décembre 1984