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Canadian, TX tornado – May 23 2019
May 23rd, 2019. Day 4 of our 2019 chasecation. Only a few days after the infamous and frustrating "high risk bust" in Oklahoma on May 19th (which remains the worst chase day I've had), we found ourselves in the Texas Panhandle under a Moderate risk – having driven all the way from Missouri the preceding day, where we had successfully chased the deadly Golden City tornado.
We based ourselves in Perryton, only a few miles south of the Oklahoma border, and in traditional chaser fashion took up residence in McDonald's (cheap coffee, fast food, WiFi… heaven!).
McDonald's in Perryton, TX, with a developing severe thunderstorm behind, 2:27 PM.
By around 3:30 PM we were extremely close to a severe thunderstorm, but the visibility was terrible. Anyone who chased during this period will recall just how much haze and dust there was, and we were filled with the same frustration we felt back on the high risk day. Eventually, we gave up on this storm due to an inability to see anything noteworthy. It went on to be tornado-warned shortly after we abandoned it, so we thought we had made a huge mistake…
How close we were to the storm vs. the seemingly quiet grey skies we could see…
However, by 5:30 PM a new tornado-warned cell had developed further south, and we were ready and waiting – along with a huge number of other storm chasers which included the TORUS field campaign and Reed Timmer! We were in a perfect position and very hopeful, but yet again visibility was extremely poor due to the haze. Several possible wall clouds were noted amongst the murk, but the comparison between the NWS warning of a "very dangerous storm" and what we could actually see was stark.
The Dominator, and a healthy looking tornado-warned storm on radar – but not looking at all interesting in reality!
So, we gave up on this storm and headed a bit further south and east, now concerned that the storms would grow upscale into a linear mode – though we were far enough from the KAMA radar that there was quite a difference between the radar reflectivites and the ground truth (always worth remembering the beam height!).
At around 7 PM, we pulled over to look west and re-think our plan. At this point I'd pretty much lost hope, and I was chatting to a fellow frustrated storm chaser about the haze. Suddenly, one of my chase team (thanks Rounak!) suddenly cried out "THERE! ON THE HORIZON!" (make sure you read that in an Australian accent).
Our first view of the tornado (looking W from US Highway 83 N of Canadian) as it appeared on the horizon in the wilderness, and the accompanying radar presentation. Note that the storm was not tornado-warned whilst a large tornado was already in progress, highlighting the need for spotter observations.
Sure enough, a big wedge tornado had dropped to the ground and emerged out of the murk, and out of a region where there were so few roads it was almost impossible to actually be close enough to see the tornadogenesis. After grabbing a photo and quickly tweeting NWS Amarillo (important storm chaser duty), we all hit the road and bolted north to get close to the tornado – filled with awe and adrenaline that there was actually a big wedge on the ground and we were about to get really close to it! *cue classic excited girly noises*
By 7:09 PM we were just NW of Canadian on Highway 83, and now very close to the wedge. This is where the whole experience became surreal, and the reason I'm writing this blog. Here I was, standing under a kilometre away from what must have been, at that time, the most violent atmospheric phenomenon on Planet Earth. Wind and rain were lashing us, and right in front of us was this huge tornado churning along through the high Texan plains. It was making an incredible sound which I can't quite describe, but I think at the time we described it as "eating".
A collection of photos of the Canadian wedge tornado taken around 7:11 PM.
Some might have felt fear, others might have felt satisfaction or scientific curiosity.
I just remember feeling completely transfixed. I remember other members of my crew shouting that we should go because we were probably about to become too close, but finding it very difficult to tear myself away from it no matter how close it was becoming.
The tornado felt strangely personable. Now, I'm aware that's a strange thing to say, and you might roll your eyes reading about a meteorologist having a moment like this. But in that moment I felt a transcendental connection to the atmosphere which I'm sure I won't ever forget. I am now finding that it is difficult to put it into words.
Maybe it was a rush of knowing that the thing I love most – the atmosphere – was producing a deadly amount of vorticity right in front of me. Deadly, but in a peaceful way – tornadoes aren't malicious, because the universe isn't malicious (I'm sure this is almost a quote from Interstellar). Maybe it was the realisation of a life-long dream to get close to a wedge tornado.
It is moments like these why I chase storms. To be right there with the awesome power of nature, and to be all-encompassed by such a tremendous, indescribable feeling. I'm not religious, but I'd like to think this is what seeing God would feel like.
The tornado was rated EF2, but NWS noted that it may have been stronger during its time out in the open fields.
This entry was posted in Storm chase on July 14, 2019 by Simon Lee.
Trump on climate change: what he should have said
If I followed up every time Donald Trump opened his mouth on climate change with a blog post pointing out where he was wrong, I'd have no time left to do anything else – but this one is a bit more special. This week, Trump visited the U.K., and part of that visit involved a conversation with Prince Charles – an advocate of organic farming and fighting climate change. They couldn't really have more opposing views, so what did POTUS have to say about climate change afterwards?
The following are quotes lifted from a BBC News article (as of 5 June 2019).
"I believe that there's a change in weather and I think it changes both ways," Mr Trump told Piers Morgan in an interview that aired on Wednesday.
This would make more sense if he said a "change in climate", as weather changes all the time. This one sentence encapsulates the President's inability to grasp the difference between weather and climate. He's correct in what he says – weather changes both ways! Indeed, some places do have a cooling climate – e.g. the North Atlantic warming hole – whilst it's possible that global warming may lead to all kinds of extreme weather including cold weather extremes due to changes to the jet stream.
What he should have said: "I accept that there is solid scientific evidence for climate change, which, whilst it doesn't necessarily rule-out some short-term increase in cold weather extremes, indicates there will be a long-term shift to overall more warmer weather."
"He wants to make sure future generations have climate that is good climate as opposed to a disaster and I agree."
Ah yes, "good climate vs. disaster climate". He says he agrees… but does he? The following quote suggests he considers creating "good" climate to have nothing to do with greenhouse gases…
What he should have said: "Prince Charles, like many, is fighting to ensure future generations, and all plants and animals, can thrive on this planet even more than we do now. I want to join him in that."
But Mr Trump once again placed the blame on other countries, namely China, India and Russia, for worsening air and water quality while claiming the US has one of "the cleanest climates there are".
This is a great example of Trump seemingly getting confused between air quality, climate change, and greenhouse gas emissions. No one refers to a "clean" climate. That doesn't make sense. If this statement was about greenhouse gases, it's wrong – with US emissions placed 2nd to China globally.
What he should have said: "The US is one of the largest contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, and we need to do something about that."
"Don't forget, it used to be called global warming, that wasn't working, then it was called climate change, now it's actually called extreme weather because with extreme weather you can't miss," the president said.
[insert WRONG! Trump GIF]
This is a fallacy which Trump keeps repeating. Global warming (the rise in Earth's average temperature) drives climate change, which is defined over long time periods. It is manifest in an increased frequency of extreme or record-breaking weather events. I actually believe Trump doesn't understand that, rather than repeating the falsehood for other reasons.
What he should have said: "Global warming leads to climate change, and now we're starting to see the effects of this with extreme weather events around the world."
Mr Trump pointed to past examples of weather disasters to refute the idea that "extreme weather" is becoming more common due to climate change.
"I don't remember tornados in the United States to this extent but then when you look back 40 years ago we had the worst tornado binge we ever had. In the 1890s we had our worst hurricanes."
Some serious cherrypicking here. And what's a tornado binge? There's also some implication in these words that people have suggested the recent US tornado outbreak is due to climate change, and that they have said so purely because of short-term memory. That's a load of garbage. Moreover, tornadoes and hurricanes are among the more contentious when it comes to the effect of global warming on their frequency. Tornadoes and hurricanes are also very US-centric, suggesting the President doesn't care about increases in severe weather in other parts of the world…
What he should have said: "I took an Advanced Statistics class at college, and I know that, in order to see whether there is a long-term change occurring, I need to perform many forms of statistical analysis – including significance tests on linear regression and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, to determine if my data is showing climate change, and not to randomly pick outliers in the past to prove my agenda. I also need to account for changes in data acquisition and homogeneity over time before making any conclusions. And a good example of this is the catastrophic loss of Arctic sea-ice since the late 1970s, when reliable records began."
This entry was posted in Communication, Global Warming on June 5, 2019 by Simon Lee.
Final Stratospheric Warmings
The stratospheric Polar Vortex is currently at record-strong levels, based on the metrics of 10 hPa 60N zonal-mean zonal-wind and 60-90N average temperature. This is likely to be due to a combination of the timing and duration of the major Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) in January: the duration of easterlies (most of January) shielded the vortex from vertically propagating wave activity for an extended period (these waves cannot propagate into a layer of mean easterly flow) allowing the vortex to redevelop following the SSW, whilst the early-season timing allowed strong radiative recovery in the absence of significant solar radiation. The associated positive stratospheric NAM is well coupled to a positive tropospheric NAM, which seems also to have enhanced North Atlantic storminess. It's all a far cry from where 2019 began.
10 hPa winds per GFS 12Z analysis March 15 2019. With U1060 at 49.2 m/s, this fulfills the 'strong vortex event' criterion of Tripathi et al. 2015 (41.2 m/s). Image credit wxcharts.com.
However, and not for the first time this winter, our attentions have turned to stratospheric warming! Recent forecasts from the GFS ensemble have shown a large pulse of wave activity with an amplification of the Aleutian ridge stretching and displacing the vortex. Stratospheric temperatures are expected to rise rapidly, and some ensemble members are suggesting [U] 10 hPa 60N to turn easterly again in early April.
Record-strong #PolarVortex set to undergo significant weakening next 10 days with amplifying Aleutian ridge & vortex displacement towards Eurasia.
1 member of today's 00Z GEFS reverses 10 hPa 60N zonal-mean zonal winds to easterly in next 16 days! pic.twitter.com/Qsjupq5VKf
— Simon Lee (@SimonLeeWx) March 14, 2019
So, a rapid rise in stratospheric temperatures, accompanied by a displacement of the polar vortex and a reversal of zonal winds… is this then another major Sudden Stratospheric Warming?
The major SSWs we talk about are more technically "major midwinter warmings" (MMWs), which are followed by a recovery of the stratospheric Polar Vortex to westerlies for at least 10 consecutive days before April 30 (Charlton and Polvani, 2007). The upcoming warming event is likely to become what is known as a dynamical Final Stratospheric Warming (FSW), also known as a "major final sudden stratospheric warming ("major final warming", MFW)" (Manney and Lawrence, 2016).
The "Final Warming" refers to the transition of the stratosphere to "summer mode" – when the polar vortex dissipates and easterlies develop which persist until late August/early September when the vortex reforms. This is most simply driven due to thermodynamics – a result of solar radiation returning and warming the polar region. Climatologically, the last day of zonal mean westerlies is April 12th.
However, sometimes a sudden warming driven by the same dynamical processes which cause MMWs can occur so late in the season that the vortex is unable to recover as the Sun returns to the pole. This then becomes a dynamical FSW.
There's a couple of reasons why FSWs don't get the same attention as MMWs. They are dynamically different in that the planetary wave behaviour following the event is different (since stratospheric easterlies remain). The late-season timing of the events means the typical cold-weather outbreaks don't occur with quite such severity, and tropospheric responses are often lost in the seasonal transition (with tropospheric jet streams and storm tracks evolving from winter-mode to spring-mode). There's also the consideration of the anomaly magnitude – stratospheric zonal winds are weak or easterly during April regardless of whether a dynamical FSW occurred, which is very different to mid-winter. But, largely, the differentiation is just based on statistics, and everything in the build-up and occurrence of the warming is the same – which makes them another source of information about the behaviour and predictability of the troposphere and stratosphere.
Some FSWs are rather special and are "SSWs in hiding". March 5th 2016 saw a very strong stratospheric warming event which produced the second-strongest zonal-mean easterlies on record (at 10 hPa 60N), but is often forgotten because it became an FSW [interestingly, the 2016 event also decelerated a record-strong vortex, like 2019 is expected to do…]. The oft-mentioned statistic of the February 2018 SSW being the first since January 2013 is indeed true, but it means the March 2016 event – which was an MMW in all but a technicality – is forgotten. There was some lively debate on Twitter recently as Judah Cohen argued the March 2016 event deserved to be included in the SSW Compendium! Indeed, it did have some significant surface impacts with downward propagation of a negative NAM phase into the troposphere. Britain saw a cold and snowy Easter that year, for example.
MERRA-2 data for 2015-16 10 hPa 60N zonal-mean zonal wind. The event in March 2016 saw date-record strong easterlies which did not return to westerlies, and thus was a Final Warming. Image credit NASA.
Time-height cross-section of normalized 65-90N geopotential height anomalies. The March 2016 stratospheric warming event is clearly evident, with downward propagation into April. Image credit NOAA CPC.
You have to draw the line somewhere. Maybe we should have a Final Stratospheric Warming Compendium so these events are given equal treatment.
Returning to 2019, given that we currently have a strongly zonal state, it will be interesting to see whether the upcoming warming event has an effect on that – though discerning any transitions from those which would occur simply because of the seasonal cycle may be more challenging. And, just like sudden warmings, we face the question of whether or not the troposphere is even all that bothered by the stratosphere!
Tripathi, O. P., A. Charlton-Perez, M. Sigmond, and F. Vitart, 2015: Enhanced long-range forecast skill in boreal winter following stratospheric strong vortex conditions. Environ. Res. Lett. http://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/104007
Charlton, A. J., and L. M. Polvani, 2007: A New Look at Stratospheric Sudden Warmings. Part I: Climatology and Modelling Benchmarks. J. Climate. http://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3996.1
Manney, G. L., and Z. D. Lawrence, 2016: The major stratospheric final warming in 2016: dispersal of vortex air and termination of Arctic chemical ozone loss. Atmos. Chem. Phys. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15371-2016
This entry was posted in SSW, Stratosphere on March 15, 2019 by Simon Lee.
A "winter heatwave" in a warming world
The final week of February 2019 has been characterised by anomalously warm, record-setting conditions over NW Europe. The United Kingdom broke its all-time maximum record temperature for February on several occasions and at several stations – the previous record of 19.7C from 1998 was obliterated, replaced with a new record of 21.2C (a huge difference of 1.5C, which were it to be replicated in August would see the UK experience 40C). For the first time, the UK experienced 20C during a winter month, and this moved the date of the first recorded 20C forward from March 2nd to February 26th. This was by all counts a "winter heatwave", in magnitude and duration, and widely produced temperatures which wouldn't be out of place in summer.
At the University of Reading, we also saw a new all-time (since 1908) record maximum for February – the previous record of 17.4C (which was first tied on Feb 25th!) was replaced with 19.5C on Feb 26th.
A classic "heatwave" sunset on February 27 from Whitley Wood Road, Reading, after temperatures reached 17.9C. A touch down on the previous day's 19.5C, but still 0.4C above the old record!
Why was it so warm?
This is a difficult question to answer, but there's several components which seem to have been required in order to get the atmospheric configuration such that high temperatures were possible over the UK. Here I present a few that I've noticed, but there's likely other finer components, too (these are not necessarily in any meaningful order):
Rossby wave train: evident in Figure 1, there is a pattern in the 200 hPa height anomalies suggesting a Rossby wave train propagating out of East Asia and the Pacific has been evident for the last week. This provides the enhanced meridional flow associated with blocking weather regimes. Figure 2 also shows anomalously weak 250 hPa zonal flow in the mid-latitudes, suggesting reduced propagation speeds of weather systems allowing for (and associated with) extended blocking regimes.
Figure 1: 7-day (20-26 Feb) mean 200 hPa height anomalies from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis. Apparent Rossby wave trains are shown with superimposed black arrows.
Figure 2: 250 hPa zonal-mean zonal wind anomalies from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis for 20-26 Feb 2019. Note the anomalously weak zonal winds in the N Hemisphere mid-latitudes.
Extreme eastern USA jet streak & cyclogenesis: the record-setting jet stream winds seen on Tuesday 19th preceded the development of the blocking ridge. This may be associated through the downstream impacts of such extreme winds (Figure 3) – decelerating an unusually strong jet requires a very active jet exit region, leading to strong (anti)cyclogenesis. A series of deep cyclones (Figure 4) developed in the jet exit region, and when combined with other factors aiding their meridional track, the cyclones likely acted to build the downstream ridge, with positive feedbacks, helping to amplify the pattern. HYSPLIT trajectories also suggest some of the air over the UK originated within the extreme jet streak prior to undergoing strong descent, which may have been aided by its unusually strong nature driving unusually strong descent.
Figure 3: 250 hPa winds on Feb 19th showing a possible downstream impact of ridge amplification over NW Europe.
Figure 4: MODIS view of a 938 hPa cyclone in the central North Atlantic on Feb 20, 2019.
Strong adiabatic descent: HYSPLIT back-trajectories shown in Figure 5 reveal the airmass over the UK originated near the tropopause a few days prior, before descending through the depth of the troposphere. This not only adiabatically warms the air (on top of its warm source region), but also dries out the entire column, allowing for strong insolation needed for the sensible heating to generate strong surface warming.
Figure 5: Ensemble of 84 hour backwards trajectories for air at 1500 m AMSL over London at 12Z Feb 25th based on GFS 0.5 degree data.
Anomaly persistence: once established, the block lasted for several days. This allowed for further descent of air which also underwent diabatic warming thanks to the intense radiation under cloudless skies – recirculating around the anticyclone (a similar pattern existed during the summer 2018 European heatwave).
These are the weather components which contributed. They describe the prior and contemporary state of the atmosphere. To relate this to the climate, I'll draw an analogy. You exeperience a car crash. Why? What I have presented so far would be equivalent to saying "You ran a stop sign". Now we naturally ask, "what about climate change?". In my analogy, this is asking, "Were you intoxicated?". Being intoxicated doesn't mean you will run a stop sign, and you certainly can do so without being drunk, but it will increase your risk of doing so.
There is no doubt that the configuration of the atmosphere during the last week has been extreme, and primed for producing these warm temperatures. However, in a stationary climate we do not expect to break records with the frequency that we are doing, especially given a lengthening record (e.g. Kendon 2014). Now that we have warmed the mean temperatures, an extreme dynamical perturbation to the mean state (e.g. a monster blocking ridge) will produce an even more extreme temperatures than we would have seen beforehand.
This mechanism is supported by looking more closely at the University of Reading's weather data record (Figure 6 & Table 1). Similar events, even with similar sunshine, have historically produced cooler temperatures. The recent frequency of extremely warm February temperatures is also evident, and you can also see recent cases of very warm temperatures with much less sunshine than older cases that matched the temperatures but only with strong solar forcing – suggesting, as I mentioned earlier, that it doesn't take as much of a 'push' to equal temperatures which were once close to a "theoretical maximum", such that now we can obliterate those records with sufficiently unusual large-scale anomalies.
Figure 6: Data from Reading University Atmospheric Observatory 1957-2019 showing daily maximum temperatures above the monthly 95th percentile and associated sunshine hours. Red indicates February 2019, grey indicates pre-2000, black post-2000. The 2019 record is shown with a red star. Tmax exceeding 16C is selected for further analysis in Table 1.
Table 1: Data corresponding to the points within the box in Figure 6 plus the 2019 record value.
But sunny, warm weather in February is nice!
Indeed it is – it was my birthday on February 24th, and I never expected to be celebrating it sitting outside! This event didn't have the same severe impacts as a summer heatwave, but to me it almost felt more disturbing – the knowledge of what this might mean should a similar extreme be generated in the summer months, and that climate change was "eating away" at winter's very existence. Unusual late winter/spring temperatures mainly impact the natural world which is highly sensitive to temperature and sunshine at this time of year (e.g. Figure 7), and this is why we should care – this could have many wide-ranging impacts on the ecology which supports our existence.
Figure 7: Blackthorn blossom, complete with Honey Bee (if you look closely), on Feb 23rd in Reading. This blossom is more likely in March and April.
NCEP/NCAR anomaly plots credit https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/map/.
This entry was posted in Communication, Global Warming, Weather Events on February 28, 2019 by Simon Lee.
10 years later: the January 2009 SSW
January 24th, 2009. This was the 'central date' (defined as the day on which the 10 hPa 60N zonal-mean zonal wind reverses from westerly to easterly) of a remarkable, record-breaking major Sudden Stratospheric Warming event, and there are several reasons why this event is worth a revisit 10 years later.
The Jan 2009 event set a large number of significant records in the stratosphere – and it still holds almost all of these to this day, despite strong competition from warming events in 2016 and 2018.
The aspect of the event that I always recall is the monumental (you might say…stratospheric) deceleration of the 10 hPa 60N zonal wind, which you can see in Figure 1. In early January 2009, the stratospheric polar vortex was date-record strong, with westerly zonal-mean winds ~70 m/s. Only a few days later, they were all-time record-weak, with zonal-mean easterlies of ~30 m/s. Only the final stratospheric warming (FSW) event of March 2016 comes close to rivalling 2009's easterlies – the event is in the clear in terms of SSWs that are 'major mid-winter warmings'. The mean deceleration rate between the peak (Jan 8th) and trough (Jan 28th) was an astonishing 10 m/s/day!
Figure 1: 10 hPa 60N zonal-mean zonal winds for 2008-09 from MERRA-2 (via NASA Ozonewatch).
Associated with this rapid deceleration of the vortex was a rapid warming. This is the most wonderful example of why we call them "sudden warmings". On January 12th, the mean 60-90N (polar-cap) 10 hPa temperature was 202K. On January 23rd, it was 253K – a rise of 51K in 11 days! The peak of 253K remains a satellite-era record for this region of the stratosphere, as you can see in Figure 2.
Figure 2: 10 hPa 60-90N average temperatures for 2008-09, according to MERRA-2 data.
Of course, to produce such a huge warming, you need a massive heat flux (which also indicates huge amounts of wave activity propagating into the stratosphere, through the Eliassen-Palm relation). The 45-75N heat flux at 10 hPa was another metric which hit outrageously high values that have never been matched. The peak of 564 K m/s on Jan 19th is 6.5 times larger than the daily-mean climatology (and 2.5 times larger than the 90th percentile!), which is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: 45-75N 10 hPa eddy heat flux ([v*T*]) for 2008-09, according to MERRA-2 data.
This all came together to produce a textbook wave-2 vortex split. Figure 4 shows this fantastic evolution (thanks to Patrick Martineau for the excellent graphics) – you can really see the cold, strong vortex that existed beforehand, and the strong heat flux from the Atlantic sector. I think you could call this "catastrophic vortex failure". It's also worth comparing the location of the daughter vortices in this event versus what's been happening so far in 2019.
Figure 4: Animation of 10 hPa geopotential height (left) and temperature (right) during the Jan 2009 SSW. Animation created by Patrick Martinaeau (http://p-martineau.com/ssw-animations/).
This SSW was also a Polar-night Jet Oscillation (PJO) event (Hitchcock et al. 2013), so had the associated impressive appearance on time-pressure plots of polar-cap geopotential height (Figure 5) – with a long-lasting signal in the lower-stratosphere. According to Karpechko et al. (2017)'s Table 1, 100% of the days 8-52 after the central date had a negative 150 hPa NAM (one of only 5 times that has occurred since 1979). I always think Jan 2009 looks like a side-on view of a foot stamping down on the troposphere! You can also see that the event affected the troposphere until late March – over 2 months after the initial warming.
Figure 5: 65-90N standardized geopotential height anomalies for JFM 2009 (credit: NOAA CPC).
This moves the discussion nicely onto the downward propagation of the event. It wasn't as strong as some SSWs – only 69% of the days 8-52 after the event had a negative 1000 hPa NAM index, and therefore ranks nearer the bottom end of Karpechko et al.'s "downward-propagating" SSWs (dSSW) (and that's not surprising looking at Figure 5). However, it was nevertheless a dSSW, and had various impacts across the N Hemisphere. I'm somewhat limited in my analysis by the current US government shutdown, so I'll focus on the British Isles.
Figure 6 (a snippet from some work I've been doing on SSWs and easterly outbreaks in the UK) shows the British Isles were influenced by easterlies 7-13 days after the SSW – which was the only case of mean easterlies in the 45 days following the event. Using this metric… the 2009 SSW isn't special at all, although does pass my semi-arbitrary threshold of 5 consecutive easterly days for a true "outbreak". However, I still do find it incredible that such a huge, hemispheric phenomenon as a major SSW, involving massive planetary waves and propagation from 30-50 km above our heads, can have a detectable response in such a small area as the British Isles. That's one of those "isn't the atmosphere amazing?!" moments.
Figure 6: Average 850 hPa zonal winds across the British Isles in the 45 days following the January 2009 SSW, according to JRA-55 reanalysis.
This easterly spell brought with it colder-than-normal temperatures and snow. The Met Office's monthly summary for Feb 2009 notes that "it was very cold during the first part of the month with snowfalls in many areas. This was the most widespread snowfall as a whole since February 1991". Figure 7 shows the Met Office surface analysis for 18Z Feb 1st, with a negative NAO pattern and an easterly flow over NW Europe evident.
Figure 7: 18Z Met Office surface pressure and frontal analysis for Feb 1st 2009.
Finally, the January 2009 SSW will always be special to me on a personal level, as it was the first time I had heard of sudden stratospheric warming and its influence on the tropospheric weather patterns. A schematic posted by the Met Office in a press release (announcing an increased likelihood of cold weather in the next few weeks), showed wind reversals propagating down from the stratosphere to the troposphere and eventually the surface. This fascinated me, and it started a journey which, 10 years later, finds me doing a stratosphere-related PhD project.
Figure 8: Met Office diagram showing the downward propagation of zonal wind reversals associated with a major SSW.
February 2009 – Met Office: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/2009/february
Hitchcock, P., T. G. Shepherd, and G. L. Manney, 2013: Statistical Characterization of Arctic Polar-Night Jet Oscillation Events. J. Climate., 26, 2096-2116, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00202.1.
Karpechko, A. Y., P. Hitchcock, D. H. W. Peters, and A. Schneidereit, 2017: Predictability of downward propagation of major sudden stratospheric warmings. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 1459-1470, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3017.
NASA MERRA-2 Annual Meteorological Statistics: https://acd-ext.gsfc.nasa.gov/Data_services/met/ann_data.html
NOAA CPC Stratosphere-Troposphere Monitoring: http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/stratosphere/strat-trop/
Polar vortex animation during Stratospheric Sudden Warming [Patrick Martineau]: http://p-martineau.com/ssw-animations/
Wetter3 UKMO surface chart archive: http://www1.wetter3.de/Archiv/archiv_ukmet.html
This entry was posted in SSW, Stratosphere, Weather Events on January 24, 2019 by Simon Lee.
Not all SSWs were created equal
Non-downward propagating SSWs?
Major stratospheric sudden warming events (SSWs) attract widespread attention because they are now known to have significant impacts on the tropospheric circulation (e.g. Baldwin and Dunkerton 2001, hereafter BD01). Anomalies in the stratospheric circulation (often expressed as the Northern Annual Mode (NAM) index, or polar cap geopotential height anomalies) propagate downwards through the stratosphere into the troposphere, rather like "dripping paint" (such as BD01 Fig. 2). A major SSW is associated with the development of a negative NAM in the stratosphere; the "typical" response is the development of a negative NAM (or the associated NAO/AO) in the troposphere ~10-14 days after the central date of the SSW (when the 10 hPa 60N zonal-mean zonal wind becomes easterly) which can persist for several months.
However, not all SSWs were created equal – and some SSWs do not strongly couple to the tropospheric circulation. A recent study by Karphechko et al. (2017) classified major SSWs as "downward propagating" (dSSW) or otherwise (nSSW) based on the 1000 hPa NAM index following the event, and found 43% were nSSW – i.e., not followed by a strong and persistently negative surface NAM. This is not a small fraction of SSWs, and the atmospheric evolution following the two types was found to be significantly different.
Our perception of SSWs in recent years has been highly influenced by a relatively unusual clustering of vortex-split, downward-propagating events (Jan 2009, Feb 2010, Jan 2013 and Feb 2018) which all had similar tropospheric impacts (all 4 of those events were followed by an outbreak of snow/cold in the UK, for example). The most recent nSSW occurred in Feb 2008. Thus, the announcement of a major SSW – particularly on social media – has become synonymous with a specific weather pattern.
In the nSSW cases considered by Karpechko et al., the composite (their Fig. 1c) actually shows intermittently positive NAM in the troposphere following the SSW – with the sign of the NAM opposing between the lower stratosphere and the troposphere for ~40 days following the central date. This is very different to the picture of dripping -NAM anomalies into the troposphere that BD01 made famous (which is consistent with Karpechko et al.'s dSSW).
Composites of all major SSWs are influenced by the higher frequency of dSSW and the stronger circulation anomalies induced, but this work suggests we need to be wary of these stratospheric events which don't strongly influence what happens beneath. However, forecast models often struggle to predict the downward propagation – so forecasting these events is troublesome. It also presents a communication problem, which current forecasts (see below!) suggest we may be about to run into: a major SSW could mean a significant reversal of the normal tropospheric circulation (with the potential for "Beast from the East"-type events in the UK), or it could mean very little (e.g. January 2002 following the non-downward propagating Dec 2001 SSW). Predicting these differences, and understanding the mechanisms involved, is an area of active research – and something I hope to address in my PhD work.
Do current forecasts suggest nSSW or dSSW?
As I write this, we're in a tentative stage – the main stratospheric heat flux event has occurred, and the 60N zonal-mean zonal wind has reversed to easterlies in the upper stratosphere. However, at 10 hPa we're still decelerating – with the event expected to become 'major' around Jan 1 (Fig. 1 & 2) if current forecasts are correct (inter-model agreement has substantially increased now the upper-stratospheric reversal is in the observations). The event looks very likely to be first driven by a wave-1 displacement of the vortex towards Eurasia, with an increasing likelihoodo of a vortex split (wave-2) to then occur, with the dominant daughetr vortex over Eurasia and a smaller vortex over N America (interestingly, this is opposite to what happened in Feb 2018). However, agreement on the split evolution remains lower than the displacement.
Figure 1: Forecasts of the 10 hPa 60N zonal-mean zonal wind from 00Z December 27th. There is a good agreement between the GFS and its ensemble of a major SSW occurring around Jan 1st.
Figure 2: ECMWF operational forecast from 12Z December 26th for 12Z January 1st showing a major SSW. Source: http://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/en/met/ag/strat/produkte/winterdiagnostics/.
So, predicting the tropospheric impacts is a challenge when the stratospheric forecasts don't agree! The spread in the GEFS forecasts beyond 10 days is very large – with some members showing a quick return to stratospheric westerlies whilst others flirt with record-strong easterlies. There's even some indication of bifurcation in the ensemble at longer ranges (perhaps relating to whether or not a split occurs), which may render the ensemble mean of less use.
Despite the uncertainty, one aspect that has been relatively persistent is the absence of a signal for downward propagation in the deterministic GFS (Fig. 3) and the longer-range models such as CFSv2 (Fig. 4). Comparing Fig. 3 here with the nSSW composite in the Karpechko paper is striking – there are many similarities, including the weak -NAM before the main event and the ~day 10 tropospheric +NAM development. On its own, this screams nSSW – but of course is just a single deterministic forecast from one model.
Figure 3: GFS NAM analyses and forecasts from 00Z December 26th. Source: Zac Lawrence's website (www.stratobserve.com).
The CFSv2 initially trended strongly towards a -NAO for January 2019 as the SSW signal grew – but this has since decayed and transitioned more towards an Atlantic ridge pattern (Fig. 4). The model clearly picked up on a major SSW occurring – but, like all forecast systems this time, has struggled to predict the type of SSW. There is currently no indication (Fig. 5) from the CFSv2 forecasts of a widespread hemispheric cold outbreak (a "warm Arctic-cold continents" pattern).
Figure 4: CFSv2 forecasts from Dec 1 – Dec 27 for January 2019 700 hPa geopotential height anomalies. Note the initial trend away from a +NAO towards a strong -NAO, before trending towards an "Atlantic ridge" pattern.
Figure 5: CFSv2 2m tempertaure anomaly forecast for January 2019 from an ensemble of forecasts launched between Dec 16-25. Base period 1999-2010. Source: http://origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/people/wwang/cfsv2fcst/.
My advice would be not to hold your breath for a "Beast from the East 2019 Edition". But as predictability typically increases once a major SSW has occurred, we should gain a much better picture in the first few days of 2019.
Takeaway message: the impacts of SSWs are more complex than whether it is a displacement or a split, and the mere reversal of the 10 hPa 60N zonal wind doesn't mean you'll be shovelling snow 2 weeks later.
Baldwin, M. P., and T. Dunkerton, 2001: Stratospheric Harbingers of Anomalous Weather Regimes. Science, 294, 581-584, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063315.
This entry was posted in Communication, SSW, Stratosphere on December 27, 2018 by Simon Lee.
The Stratosphere – why do we care?
I study the stratosphere, the layer of atmosphere that extends above the troposphere from about 10-50 km. Friends and colleagues of mine often joke (I hope…) that "nobody cares about the stratosphere" *, primarily because it contains no real 'weather' – such as what happens in the troposphere. With little to no water vapour, it can't be seen on visible satellite imagery – unlike the huge and beautiful weather systems in the troposphere. To visualise the stratosphere, we rely primarily on computer-generated graphics – and it's not like you can walk outside and experience it, either. So, why do we care? What follows is a relatively simple (I hope!) explanation.
Weather forecasts, particularly on TV, often explain that our weather is "all down to the position of the jet stream" (the band of fast flowing air high in the troposphere that forms on the boundary between warmer and cooler airmasses). Now, that's almost always true in the UK, but it's particularly potent in winter – when the temperature contrasts either side of the jet become enhanced thanks to the Polar Night. One of the main driving factors behind the speed and position of the jet stream (particularly the Atlantic jet stream) in winter is… the stratosphere!
Rather like the jet streams we know and love/loathe in the troposphere that guide the development and evolution of weather systems, in the stratosphere there exists another jet stream – the Polar Night Jet (Figure 1). This encircles the Stratospheric Polar Vortex (SPV). Both of these form as the pole tilts away from the Sun in winter, leading to intense cooling. The strong temperature gradient then forms a jet stream and cyclonic vortex, which isolates the air within the vortex, and it cools further…etc. The Polar Vortex is a normal phenomenon which forms each winter – nothing sensational like some headlines suggest.
Figure 1: GFS zonal wind analysis from February 4th 2018. Reds indicate westerly winds. A strong Polar Night Jet exists in the stratosphere, associated with a strong tropospheric jet.
Through a process known as stratosphere-troposphere coupling, the stratosphere and the troposphere beneath can 'talk' via the influence of planetary/Rossby waves. These very large waves in the mid-latitude westerly flow can propagate vertically from the troposphere into the stratosphere and influence the circulation there – a process known as wave-mean flow interaction. Sometimes, this is strong enough to strongly disrupt the SPV, and when that happens, the isolated reservoir of cold air is broken down and the temperature sky-rockets… by as much as 50C in only a few days. This is known as a Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW). Very strong SSWs – called major SSWs – occur in approximately 6 winters per decade, and result in a reversal of the Polar Night Jet to easterlies. The Polar Vortex is either displaced, split up, or destroyed (2018's SSW is shown in Figure 2).
Figure 2: The February 2018 Major SSW, as told through daily analyses from the GFS of 10 hPa wind (filled) and geopotential height (contours). This is classified as a 'split' SSW, for obvious reasons.
This has implications for our weather, because anomalies in the strength and position of the SPV and the Polar Night Jet can propagate downwards and influence the tropospheric jet stream. A stronger than normal SPV is associated with a strengthened tropospheric jet stream – and for us in the UK, that means Atlantic westerlies and generally mild winter weather. In contrast, following a major SSW, the easterlies propagate downwards (Figures 3 and 4) – resulting in a reduction in strength of the Atlantic westerlies. Sometimes, there can be a complete reversal of circulation – this happened in March 2018 with the infamous 'Beast from the East', bringing cold and snowy weather.
Figure 3: As in Figure 1, but for February 17th, following the major SSW. Note the weaker tropospheric jet and surface easterlies as the 'Beast from the East' developed in response.
Thus, being able to predict the state of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex is a source of skill for wintertime forecasts. Moreover, because there tends to be some lag between the events in the stratosphere and their maximum impact at the surface (~2 weeks), stratospheric predictability can provide increased predictability on the sub-seasonal timeframe (~15-30 days). Additionally, anomalies associated with a major SSW tend to persist in the lower stratosphere for even longer – which again, is a source of skill.
Figure 4: Anomalies in geopotential height for January-March 2018. Note how anomalies associated with the major SSW (red blob in the centre) propagate downwards like 'dripping paint'.
And that is why we care about the stratosphere!
Kidston et al., 2015: Stratospheric influence on tropospheric jet streams, storm tracks and surface weather. Nature Geoscience, 8, 433-440.
*A tongue-in-cheek quote from Reading Meteorology's weekly 'Weather and Climate Discussion' a few years ago that stuck with me was "the stratosphere – nothing of interest lies therein". I plan to use that in my thesis…
This entry was posted in Communication, PhD, Stratosphere on November 13, 2018 by Simon Lee.


This modern and elegant hotel, nestled in the heart of the Barri Gotic, is located very close to the famous Las Ramblas and is within a short walk from the renowned Plaza Cataluña. Within walking distance, guests will be able to reach the Cathedral and other sites of touristic and historic interest. Plenty of shops as well as restaurants and bars are all a few minutes away from the hotel. This is an ideal place to discover Barcelona.


Develop and maintain productive relationships with client management throughout the year. Establish expectations of value to be delivered.
Participate in performing audit procedures, especially focusing on complex and/or specialized issues. Collaborate to plan engagement objectives and an audit strategy that complies with professional standards and appropriately addresses risk.
Understand the client s industry and recognize key performance drivers, business trends, and emerging technical and industry developments. Stay informed of general business/economic developments and their impact to the client.
Develop people by encouraging individuals to think for themselves and take responsibility for their contributions to the team. Delegate work successfully. Conduct timely performance reviews and provide performance feedback/training. Lead by example. Use technology to continually learn, share knowledge with team members, and enhance service delivery. Maintain an educational program to continually develop skills.
Maintain cooperative relationships with other engagement teams. Monitor the engagement team s progress against the plan and alter it when needed. Generate new business opportunities. Develop long-term relationships and networks both internally and externally.


You need to tell us if you set up a new Direct Debit so we can make sure it's budgeted for.
Once you've set up the mandate with the company you'll be paying – you can usually either do this online, or give them a call – you need to tell us you've set it up.
how frequently you'll be paying it.
We need this info to be able to make sure we budget for it. We'll then text you and let you know we're budgeting for it.
If you don't let us know about a new Direct Debit, the money will still be taken from your account, but we won't have budgeted for it, so you may find yourself short for other bills or commitments.


SSC examinations: The candidates can check their results from the official website- ssc.nic.in.
SSC examinations: The Staff Selection Commission has released the exam calendar with the dates of the result declaration of SSC exams. The candidates can check their results from the official website- ssc.nic.in.
The calendar also consists of the dates of exams that were conducted in 2017 and 2018. The results of Stenographers' Grade 'C' & 'D' Examination, Junior Hindi Translators, Selection Posts Examination, Sub-Inspector in Delhi Police, CAPFs and ASI in CISF Examination 2018 and various other examinations will be declared soon according to the official calendar.
• For more information, the candidates should check the official notice here.


text:
Illustration - Photo: MTI
Cyber security centre issues warning over donation scams
Government sets up humanitarian council to coordinate aid
The Hungarian government has set up a humanitarian council tasked with coordinating the aid operation of government agencies and charities to help refugees from Ukraine, the government's spokeswoman said on Wednesday.
The body is headed by Gergely Gulyas, the prime minister's chief of staff, and comprises representatives of public and higher education, the social sector and healthcare, child protection, regional administration, labour, transport, the policy for Hungarians beyond the borders and the Hungary Helps humanitarian aid programme, Alexandra Szentkiralyi told a press conference in Budapest.
Miklos Soltesz, the state secretary for church and state relations, said he had met the head of UNHCR's Regional Representation on Tuesday who thanked him for Hungary's contribution. Another meeting is planned for Sunday, he said.
The Hungarian cyber security centre NKI has issued a warning of an increasing number of scams involving donations for Ukraine.
Charity drives have so far raised over 37 million US dollars in cryptocurrency donations for Ukraine, prompting cybercriminals to leap into action, the NKI said in a statement on Wednesday.
Security website BleepingComputer has come across a number of scam emails, phishing sites and forums posts looking to take advantage of unsuspecting users to con them out of their money, the NKI said. The "Help Ukraine" donation scam tries to entice users to aid Ukraine by donating to counterfeit Bitcoin and Ethereum addresses that are not affiliated with the Ukrainian government, it said.
The website MalwareHunterTeam has also uncovered some .org domains looking to scam users, the statement said. It has also warned users of the fraudulent fundraising site UkraineGlobalAid[.]com.
The NKI has advised the public to only send donations to addresses that have been published by the Ukrainian government.
Churches sending food, collecting donations
Orbán: All refugees from Ukraine taken care of in Hungary

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
import { expect } from 'chai';
import { SQL, literal } from '../src';

describe('pg-async SQL template tag', () => {
  it('parse without args', () => {
    const sql = SQL`SELECT * FROM test`;
    expect(sql.text).equal('SELECT * FROM test');
    expect(sql.values.length).equal(0);
    expect(sql.toString()).equal('SELECT * FROM test');
  });

  it('parse with custom formater arg', () => {
    const value1 = {
      toPostgres() {
        return 'raw text value';
      },
    };
    const sql = SQL`SELECT ${value1}`;
    expect(sql.text).equal('SELECT $1');
    expect(sql.values.length).equal(1);
    expect(sql.values[0]).equal(value1);
    expect(sql.toString()).equal("SELECT 'raw text value'");
    // cover caching
    expect(sql.toString()).equal("SELECT 'raw text value'");
  });

  it('parse with null arg', () => {
    const value1 = null;
    const sql = SQL`SELECT ${value1}`;
    expect(sql.text).equal('SELECT $1');
    expect(sql.values.length).equal(1);
    expect(sql.values[0]).equal(null);
    expect(sql.toString()).equal('SELECT NULL');
    // cover caching
    expect(sql.toString()).equal('SELECT NULL');
  });

  it('parse literal transform with null arg', () => {
    const value1 = null;
    const sql = SQL`SELECT $${value1}`;
    expect(sql.text).equal('SELECT NULL');
    expect(sql.values.length).equal(0);
    expect(sql.toString()).equal('SELECT NULL');
  });

  it('parse literal transform with string arg', () => {
    const value1 = 'ABC';
    const sql = SQL`SELECT $${value1}`;
    expect(sql.text).equal("SELECT 'ABC'");
    expect(sql.values.length).equal(0);
    expect(sql.toString()).equal("SELECT 'ABC'");
  });

  it('parse nested literal transform arg', () => {
    const value1 = SQL`${'ABC'}`;
    const sql = SQL`SELECT $${value1}`;
    expect(sql.text).equal('SELECT $1');
    expect(sql.values.length).equal(1);
    expect(sql.values[0]).equal('ABC');
    expect(sql.toString()).equal("SELECT 'ABC'");
  });

  it('parse with SQL formater arg', () => {
    const value1 = {
      toSQL() {
        return SQL`123.45::numeric(15,2)`;
      },
    };
    const sql = SQL`SELECT ${value1}`;
    expect(sql.text).equal('SELECT 123.45::numeric(15,2)');
    expect(sql.values.length).equal(0);
    expect(sql.toString()).equal('SELECT 123.45::numeric(15,2)');
  });

  it('parse with nested SQL', () => {
    const ip = '127.0.0.1';
    const login = 'langpavel';
    const userIdSql = SQL`(select id from user where login = ${login})`;
    const auditSql = SQL`insert into audit (uder_id, ip) values (${userIdSql}, ${ip})`;

    expect(userIdSql.text).equal('(select id from user where login = $1)');
    expect(userIdSql.values.length).equal(1);
    expect(userIdSql.values[0]).equal(login);

    expect(auditSql.text).equal(
      'insert into audit (uder_id, ip) values ((select id from user where login = $1), $2)',
    );
    expect(auditSql.values.length).equal(2);
    expect(auditSql.values[0]).equal(login);
    expect(auditSql.values[1]).equal(ip);
  });

  it('transform name', () => {
    const sql = SQL.transform('name', 'test "identifier"');
    expect(sql.toString()).equal('"test ""identifier"""');
  });

  it('parse with transform', () => {
    const table = 'address';
    const sql = SQL`select * from $name${table}`;
    expect(sql.text).equal('select * from "address"');
    expect(sql.values.length).equal(0);
  });

  it('parse with raw transform', () => {
    const table = 'address';
    const sql = SQL`select * from $!${table}`;
    expect(sql.text).equal('select * from address');
    expect(sql.values.length).equal(0);
  });

  it('parse with insert_object transform', () => {
    const data = {
      id: 123,
      val: 'abc',
    };
    const sql = SQL`INSERT INTO t $insert_object${data}`;
    expect(sql.text).equal('INSERT INTO t ("id","val") VALUES ($1,$2)');
    expect(sql.values.length).equal(2);
    expect(sql.values[0]).equal(123);
    expect(sql.values[1]).equal('abc');
  });

  it('SQL not nesting if ensuring SQL', () => {
    const sql1 = SQL`${'Value'}`;
    const sql2 = SQL(sql1);
    expect(sql1).equal(sql2);
  });

  it('SQL literal custom SQL transform', () => {
    const val = {
      toSQL() {
        return 'DEFAULT';
      },
    };
    const sql = SQL`insert... ($${val})`;
    expect(sql.text).equal('insert... (DEFAULT)');
    expect(sql.values.length).equal(0);
    expect(sql.toString()).equal('insert... (DEFAULT)');
  });
});

describe('pg-async SQL errors', () => {
  it('throws on unknown transform', () => {
    expect(() => SQL`SELECT * FROM $bleh${'something'}`).throws(Error);
  });

  it('throws on empty string', () => {
    expect(() => SQL`SELECT * FROM $ID${''}`).throws(Error);
  });

  it('throws on nonstring raw transform', () => {
    expect(() => SQL`SELECT * FROM $RAW${null}`).throws(Error);
  });

  it('throws on re-registering transform', () => {
    expect(() => {
      SQL.registerTransform('Id', val => val);
    }).throws(Error);
  });

  it('throws on registering nonfunction transform', () => {
    expect(() => {
      SQL.registerTransform('dummy', null);
    }).throws(Error);
  });

  it('throws on passing undefined', () => {
    const data = {};
    expect(() => SQL`update mytable set myvalue = ${data.mistyped}`).throws(
      Error,
    );
  });

  it('throws on transforming undefined', () => {
    let undef;
    expect(() => SQL`SELECT * FROM $ID${undef}`).throws(Error);
    expect(() => SQL`SELECT * FROM $${undef}`).throws(Error);
    expect(() => literal(undef)).throws(Error);
  });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Lewis Hamilton will start from his fiftieth career pole position at tomorrow's Australian Grand Prix, although the main talking point of the day was the dreadful revamped qualifying which saw no car on track for the final three minutes of Q3.
Crowd favourite Daniel Ricciardo was the first driver to be eliminated in Q3 and will start from eighth position. From there the grid was set, as no driver – apart from the Mercedes duo – attempted to improve his initial lap time.
Once Carlos Sainz Jr and Felipe Massa were eliminated in seventh and sixth respectively, the call came from Ferrari that they would not be going out to the track to attempt to improve their position. Sebastian Vettel was third and half a second off the pace, while Kimi Räikkönen was a further four-tenths off his teammate.
Max Verstappen was then eliminated in fifth, as the two Mercedes drivers took to the track to fight it out for pole.
What little chance at redemption the qualifying format had was thrown out the window, as once Hamilton and Rosberg both improved their laps, they were called into the pits and held there by Mercedes. This left no chance for a fight for pole, or give Rosberg a chance to respond to Hamilton's lap.
There was a long line at the beginning of qualifying due to the new format, where almost every driver took to the track to bank an early flying lap to improve their chances of a higher grid position.
Manor Racing's Pascal Wehrlein was the first driver to be eliminated in the new system, after he was stuck in the garage and unable to set a lap time. He was soon followed by his teammate Rio Haryanto, who will drop behind Wehrlein after he received a grid penalty for colliding with Romain Grosjean in the pit lane during FP3.
The Haas pairing of Esteban Gutiérrez and Romain Grosjean followed the Manors into the eliminated zone, as Red Bull's Daniil Kvyat and Felipe Nasr and Marcus Ericsson from Sauber were caught out by the new system, thinking they could complete the lap they were on after the countdown clock had reached zero.
The new qualifying system has immediately had a negative impact with Formula 1 fans, with many calling for the format to be dumped immediately.


text:
package ru.sergonas.poker.messaging

import akka.actor.{ActorRef, Actor}
import ru.sergonas.poker.materials.{Desk, Cards}
import ru.sergonas.poker.messaging.InputEvents._
import ru.sergonas.poker.messaging.OutputEvents._

class Room extends Actor {
  private[this] var players = Seq.empty[ActorRef]
  private[this] var currentPlayerMove: Option[ActorRef] = None
  private[this] var desk: Option[Desk] = None

  override def receive: Receive = {
    case JoinRoom(roomName) => if (players.length < 6) {
      players :+= sender()
    } else {
      sender() ! RoomJoinDenied(roomName, Some("Room is full"))
    }
    case Call =>
  }
}


text:
The University of Tulsa Archival Catalog
Artists -- Great Britain
Anna Kavan papers, 1867-1991
Identifier: 1986-003
Scope and Contents This artificial collection has been compiled from a number of acquisitions and included handwritten and typed manuscripts of novels, novellas and short stories. Also diaries, notebooks, photographs, personal memorabilia and correspondence with theater critic Raymond B. Marriott, George Bullock, Rhys Davies and letters, notes and drawings from K. T. Bluth to Kavan. Kavan's artwork, predominantly water color but including oil, pen and ink, and goache.
Found in: The University of Tulsa, McFarlin Library, Department of Special Collections & University Archives / Anna Kavan papers, 1867-1991
John Trumbull Collection, 1820-1831
Identifier: MC-1954-204
Scope and Contents This slender volume, similar to a scrapbook, contains two letters written and signed by Trumbull: one to Richard Rush regarding the death of artist Benjamin West, and the other to Sir Thomas Lawrence congratulating him on succeeding West as president of the Royal Academy. Another item in the book is a chart indicating the colors used in Trumbull's painting "Our Savior Receiving Little Children." This is followed by seven proofs, in various states, of an engraving of the painting...
Found in: Helmerich Center for American Research at Gilcrease Museum. / John Trumbull Collection, 1820-1831
Meic Stephens collection of Anna Kavan ephemera, 1943-1971
Scope and Contents Letter from Kavan to Rhys Davies; postcard from Kavan to Peter Davies; photo of Kavan; photos of Kavan's country and city residences; letter from Richard Centing to Rhys Davies including sample copy of "Under the Sign of Pisces" for which he was literary editor; "Books and Bookmen" article about Kavan; Theatre Cadair program for "Silverglass", a play by D.J. Britton; 2 Kavan self portraits.
Found in: The University of Tulsa, McFarlin Library, Department of Special Collections & University Archives / Meic Stephens collection of Anna Kavan ephemera, 1943-1971
Merlin Holland collection of Peter Forster's De Profundis color woodblock prints, approximately 1991-2011
Scope and Contents Peter Forster's color prints and masks of the image "Awful Brevity" used in the 1991 Folio Society edition of Oscar Wilde's De Profundis. The prints serve as an illustrative example of the printmaking process.
Found in: The University of Tulsa, McFarlin Library, Department of Special Collections & University Archives / Merlin Holland collection of Peter Forster's De Profundis color woodblock prints, approximately 1991-2011
More about 'Artists -- Great Britain'
Davies, Rhys, 1901-1978 2
Kavan, Anna, 1901-1968 2
Bluth, Karl Theodor, 1892-1964 1
Bullock, George 1
Centing, Richard R., 1936-2017 1
Davies, Peter 1
Forster, Peter, 1934- 1
Holland, Merlin, 1945- 1
Lawrence, Thomas, Sir, 1769-1830 1
Marriott, Raymond 1
Rush, Richard, 1780-1859 1
Stephens, Meic, 1938-2018 1
Trumbull, John, 1756-1843 1
West, Benjamin, 1738-1820 1
Wilde, Oscar, 1854-1900 1


How To Make A Granddad Feel Great . . .	Who Killed the Burma-Shave Poet?
Why, thank you very much! I'm glad your enjoying your visits!
Jim, what year did this take place. You use the relative scale "a high-school kid", but most of us don't know you well enough for that to mean anything. In advance, thanks for posting this otherwise wonderful memoir.
PS: I lost my electric eraser decades ago, but still use my Ames guide.
This was in either 1968 or 1969. Hope that helps!
And those Ames Guides are probably coveted by collectors; they'd think my old electric eraser is probably an ancient Dremel tool.
What a wonderful story—-the link was sent to me by one of my dad's fan–my dad was John Buscema. I can't begin to tell you how this touched my heart—my father was one of the most compassionate, generous men I have ever known. It brought back so many wonderful memories that I hold close to my heart. I remember in school, the kids that were into comics were in awe that John Buscema was my dad—the first time I ever attended a convention with my dad, I saw people rushing towards him for an autograph—I couldn't believe it! My dad was that popular–OMG! He was just dad to us—some dads were electricians, or plumber, or teachers—-my dad drew comics—we never thought anything of it!
Just before my dad's passing, he received so many letters from people like yourself, writing to tell him how much he touched their lives and what an inspiration he was to them—it was truly unbelievable. He was overcome with emotion and felt truly blessed to have received each and every letter.
Thank you again for your wonderful story—I know he is up above smiling down as he is reading this!
P.S.—I hope you followed your dream!
Thanks for the kind words! Your dad was not only the best of the Marvel artists, in my opinion and that of many others, but he was a very perceptive, empathetic and kind person. He was so nice to me and I'll never forget that.
As for following my dream, I've been in the graphics industry for many years and was actually able to work with Marvel again in the early days of computer-generated coloring. Your dad wasn't there when I was at the Marvel offices, but he was still discussed and admired by the Marvel staff.
Thank you for your reply, Jim. I also worked for Marvel, many years ago—I too was a colorist and worked under Glynnis Wein—Marve's wife–small world! My daughter, Stephanie Buscema is following her grandfather's footsteps and currently does work for Marvel, DC and Disney. Thank you again for your kind words about my dad!


text:
Inward Investment Guides | Location USA
Arizona — A Great Place For Business
Location USA / April 2013
Arizona is one of the fastest-growing, most dynamic economies in the United States. Both Fortune 500 and start-up technology companies call Arizona home, reaping the advantages of a competitive business climate and tax structure; a skilled, knowledge based work force; and world-class innovation, cultural, and scenic resources.
In Arizona, we foster the most desirable corporate climate in the country…we engage in aggressive, global competition…and we win. And with peers such as Boeing, Raytheon, Honeywell, CAE, Avnet, Intel, Amazon, Banner, TGen, Roche, ebay, and more…you know you'll be in good company in Arizona.
Arizona at a Glance
Jobs:
• 2.3 million
• 140,081 businesses
Geographic density:
• 113,635 square miles
• 56.3 people/square mile
• Average age: 35.9 years
• Statewide: 6.4 million
Media Wage:
• Statewide: $30,889
Arizona has reduced taxes or passed legislation favorable to business for 13 consecutive years with less burdensome government regulations. The state boasts a low cost of doing business and low total payroll cost, with the lowest workers' compensation and unemployment insurance rates in the nation. Arizona's overall state and local tax burden ranks 9th in the country, with 8.5 percent of per-capita income going to taxes, according to the Tax Foundation — that's compared to a national average of 9.7 percent.
Arizona is a right to work state with competitive operating costs.
• Accelerated depreciation
• Lower personal property taxes on equipment and machinery
• Reduced commercial and industrial property taxes
• Corporate income tax rate to 4.9 percent
• 100 percent sales factor
Strategic Southwest Location
Arizona is strategically located in the southwest United States, within a oneday drive of 65 million people. Our state is surrounded by some of the world's largest economies, including California (9th), Texas (13th), and Mexico (14th). We have two major interstates and five freeways into Los Angeles, Mexico, and east toward Texas; two transcontinental railroads; and 10 intrastate railroads that provide rail freight service. Arizona is also a six-hour drive to the Port of Los Angeles. Tucson, Arizona, is located 415 miles from Southern California, 64 miles from Mexico, and offers substantial freight handling and air service. Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport is ranked 15th in the world for takeoffs and landings and serves more than 100 global destinations.
Educated Work Force
CNBC ranks Arizona number two for the quality and availability of its work force. Arizona has access to one of the largest concentrations of science and technology students and graduates in the country through its large public universities — Arizona State University, University of Arizona, and Northern Arizona University. In addition, Arizona offers an excellent network of junior colleges, specialty universities, and vocational schools and is home to major online learning institutions.
• Total colleges (community and university): 165+
• Four-year colleges: 35+
• Community colleges: 90+
Exceptional Quality of Life
From snow to sunny days, major sports teams to minor league baseball, Arizona's quality of life is second to none.
• More sunny days than any other U.S. state
• Exceptional value in new and used homes; low property tax rates
• More than 400 public, private, and incomparable scenic golf courses
• Home to some of the most well-respected, recognizable healthcare facilities in the world
• Dozens of world-class resorts and spas, theatres, and entertainment
• All four major sports leagues, minor league baseball's Cactus League, and Nascar
Global competitiveness:
• More than 200 foreign companies have operations in Arizona
• Foreign direct investment (FDI) estimated at $10 billion
• 73,000 workers employed by foreign companies
Major trading partners include:
• Mexico (32.81% of exports, $5.71 billion)
• Canada (11.83%, $2.07 billion)
• China (5.74%, $1 billion)
• Japan (4.78%, $836 million)
• United Kingdom (4.51%, $789 million)
• Germany (4.4%, $770 million)
• Singapore (3.34%, $583 million)
• Thailand (3.16%, $553 million)
• Malaysia (2.85%, $500 million)
Arizona's top five exports to the world:
• Electrical machinery ($5.4 billion, 30.9% of total) — semiconductors, electrical appliances, wiring/cables
• Machinery, nonelectric: ($2.1 billion, 12.1% of total) — gas turbines, computers and parts, office machine parts
• Aircraft and spacecraft ($2.05 billion, 11.8% of total) — civilian aircraft, engines, controls, other
• Ores, slag, and ash ($1 billion, 5.8% of total) — copper ore and molybdenum ore (used to fortify steel)
• Optics and medical instruments ($971 million, 5.6% of total) — orthopedics, medical instruments, optics machines
Arizona's top five imports from around the world:
• Computer and electronic equipment ($4.3 billion, 24.7% of total) — processors and controllers, electronic integrated circuits
• Machinery, nonelectric: ($2.4 billion, 13.6% of total) — machines for manufacturing semiconductors, gas turbines
• Agricultural products ($2.18 billion, 12.4% of total) — tomatoes (fresh), pimenta fruits (fresh), grapes (fresh)
• Transportation equipment ($1.96 billion, 11.2% of total) — parts: insulated wiring sets for aircraft, refined copper cathodes, electrical plugs and sockets
• Electrical equipment ($1.34 billion, 7.7%) — photosensitive semiconductor devices, turbojet and propeller parts
The Arizona Commerce Authority spearheads the state's efforts to attract new business and expand businesses already excelling in the state. It's led by a group of the most formidable, visionary private and public-sector minds in Arizona, coupled with the most talented staff implementing the strategy. Engage with our experts today.
Senior Vice President, Business Attraction
Arizona Commerce Authority
333 N. Central Ave., Ste. 1900
kevins@azcommerce.com
www.azcommerce.com
What Does the Future Hold for FDI from Europe?
U.S. Governors' Strategies to Attract FDI
Practical Considerations for Expanding into the U.S.
Location USA 2019: A Letter from Ian Steff, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Manufacturing, U.S. Department of Commerce
Workforce Strategies for Projects Generated by FDI
South Korea-Based CJ Foods USA Plans Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Production Facility
Italy-Based System Logistics Expands Asheville, North Carolina, Plant
Canada-Based AGS Automotive Systems Expands Sterling Heights, Michigan, Operations
Woods Air Movement Selects Murfreesboro, Tennessee for U.S. Factory
Hardinge Relocates Manufacturing from Taiwan to Elmira, New York
Canada-Based Tolko Industries & Jasper Lumber Expand Walker County, Alabama, Lumber Mill


It is quite true, my very dear friends, that God has made man's spirit unstable and changeable in order that man would not abide in evildoing, and also that, once in possession of the good, he would not stop short, but would step up from one good to a higher one, and to a loftier one still. Thus, advancing from virtue to virtue, he might reach the summit of perfection. Hence it flows that man is fickle in doing evil, namely, he cannot persevere in it because he does not find repose in it. Therefore, instead of persisting in evildoing, he moves to do good; and moreover, since creatures did not give him peace, he returns to God. Now of course, I could give other reasons for man's being fickle, but, to our purpose, what I have said is enough.
I am sure, my dear friends, that, had I reflected hard enough on the evils which irresoluteness causes, I would have uprooted this evil from my soul long ago. First of all, it hampers man's progress because man finds himself, as it were, between two magnets without being pulled by either; namely, on the one hand, he neglects to do the present good as he looks at the future one. On the other hand, he leaves aside the future good by lingering on the present and even having doubts about the future. Do you know who he is like? He is like the person who wants to love two opposite things and gets neither one. As the proverb teaches, "he who hunts two hares at the same time will see one fleeing, the other escaping." As long as a man remains undecided and doubtful, he will surely never accomplish anything good. Experience teaches this. There is no need for me to go any further.
Moreover, irresoluteness causes man to change like the moon. Yes, the irresolute person is always restless and can never be content even amidst great joys; for no reason he gets sad and angry and easily looks after his own satisfaction.
In all truth, this weed of irresoluteness grows where divine light is lacking because the Holy Spirit quickly reaches the core of things rather than stop at the surface; man, instead, because he does not fathom the heart of things, is unable to decide what to do. This indecisiveness is at one and the same time cause and effect of lukewarmness. For the lukewarm person, when called upon to give advice on a subject, will give you plenty of reasons but will not decide which are the good ones. Thus, he will never tell you where to go or what to avoid. Consequently, if you were somewhat uncertain before, you are now left completely in doubt. He becomes eternally irresolute. On the other hand the indecisive person loses fervor and becomes lukewarm.
If we, dear friends, do not take the proper measures against this evil weed, it will produce in us a pernicious effect, I mean negligence, which is totally contrary to God's ways. Therefore, when a man has something important to do, he must think it over and over and, as it were, ruminate upon it; but after such serious reflection and after having sought proper advice, he should not delay executing his project; for the primary requirement in God's ways is expeditiousness and diligence. That's why the prophet Micah says, "What does the Lord require of you but to do justice and to love kindness, and to walk eagerly with your God?"; and Paul, "Sollicitudine non pigri" ("avoid with care all negligence"); and Peter, "satagite ut per bona opera ..." ("be prompt through good works ..."). "Satagite" ("Be prompt to action") he says. You will find this sense of urgency commanded and praised in innumerable passages of the Scriptures.
My very dear friends, I have to tell you the truth: it is mainly this irresoluteness in my soul, besides, perhaps, some other shortcoming, that has caused in me this great and blamable negligence and sluggishness to the point that either I never start anything at all or at least I linger on it for so long that I never accomplish it. Consider closely those brothers, the children of a recently deceased father who, having heard Jesus' counsel, "Let the dead bury their dead," right away followed Christ. And also Peter, James and John, once called, immediately followed Christ. And so, again and again, you will find that those who truly love Christ have always been, to our shame, fervent, diligent, and not sluggish.
Take courage, my brothers, stand up now and come along with me, for I mean we should root out these pernicious plants if perchance they are present in your souls; but if they are not, do come and help me as they are rooted in my heart; and, for God's sake, cooperate so that I may uproot them and imitate our Savior, who, by His obedience unto death stood up against irresoluteness and, to avoid being negligent, ran toward the cross regardless of its shame. And, if you can now offer me no other aid, help me at least with your prayers. Alas, dear friends, to whom do I dare to write? Indeed, to those who do act and do not merely talk, as I do. If this is the case, at least on my part, I can assure you that only my love for you has impelled me to write these few lines to you.
But I have to tell you something else: I am very much afraid that the two of you are very careless about finalizing the publication of the book. And I mean here in particular Mr. Bartolomeo [Ferrari] with regard to that poor fellow, Giovanni Hyeronimo; for not only have you allowed so many days to pass without sending any information but you have not even written a word about what you have done so far. As far as I am concerned, I am willing to excuse you, but search your conscience to see whether or not you deserve reproach or excuse.
Give my greetings to Rev. Mr. Don Giovanni. Fra Bono asks him and the two of you to keep him in your prayers. Do the same for me.


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An unforgettable trip to Israel in 2010 on JNF's Culinary and Wine Tour changed his life forever.
Gary Jay Kushner remembers growing up in a home with a Jewish National Fund (JNF) Blue Box always being present. But it was an unforgettable trip to Israel in 2010 on JNF's Culinary and Wine Tour that forever changed his life and view of Israel. "My wife Gail and I went on this trip with JNF because it looked like a great way to see Israel," said Kushner. After visiting several JNF partner projects, especially the Be'er Sheva River Park, a 1,300-acre urban renewal project that's rehabilitated the city into a vibrant and desirable place to live, Kushner wanted to get involved. "After that visit, Gail and I decided to make our first pledge," Kushner said.
Kushner, who lives in Bethesda, Md. and practices law in Washington, D.C., has three grown children, and has gone on to hold several prominent roles with JNF. He co-chaired JNF's Lawyers for Israel, an affinity group for lawyers interested in making an impact on Israel, from 2012-2015; served as vice president and now president of the Washington D.C. Board; dedicated a plaque in honor of his father at JNF's Wall of Honor at Ammunition Hill in Jerusalem in 2012; and helped found JNF's Task Force on Disabilities in late 2015.
"It's a labor of love to be part of JNF's projects and programs. I feel so inspired," said Kushner. He also proudly mentioned that his children, whose ages range from 24-33, "are all JNF supporters and will soon become JNF future members."
Although Kushner takes pride in the work he does for the land and people of Israel through JNF, he is most proud of his involvement with the Task Force on Disabilities.
He first became acquainted with JNF's work in providing services to Israel's special needs community after a meeting with Israel Defense Forces Major General (Res.) Doron Almog, chairman of JNF's partner organization ALEH Negev-Nahalat Eran, a state-of-the-art rehabilitative village in the Negev that offers care for people with severe disabilities. "I was introduced to Doron and his wife Didi through JNF and had lunch with them in Washington. We connected instantly," Kushner remarked. On his following trip to Israel, Kushner visited ALEH Negev and Almog asked him to join and be the chairman of ALEH Negev's international board of governors. Once the task force was formed, Kushner was asked to be its chairman. Kushner characterizes his visit to ALEH Negev and his friendship with Almog as the genesis of his "commitment to helping people with disabilities."
Jewish communities and communal organizations across the United States often refer to the month of February as Jewish Disabilities Awareness and Inclusion Month (JDAIM), but JNF has rebranded it as an 'action month' to ensure that everyone, regardless of any individual challenge, is able to feel that they are supported and belong. Nearly one in five people in the U.S., and one in eight in Israel, live with some form of a disability. JNF and its partners work daily to help children and adults in Israel who have physical, sensory, mental health, and intellectual disabilities to enjoy a better quality of life.
"I had no special interest in disabilities, but after meeting Gen. Almog and visiting ALEH Negev, I thought that this is an area where I could really make a difference," Kushner said. Almog echoed this sentiment, and added, "Gary could not conceal his excitement and love for the residents he met during his visit to ALEH Negev. He promotes and develops a vision for ALEH Negev with his extraordinary sensitivity, admirable leadership, and approach to teamwork. "
And JNF has been there through it all. "My trip to Israel with JNF literally changed my life in a positive and meaningful way," said Kushner. Growing up in Southern New Jersey and facing anti-Semitism in a community with few Jewish families, Kushner credits his visit to Israel with JNF for making him feel like he was part of a broader family: "I gained a sense of community and appreciation that Israel is a place where I belong and can feel at home. I also realized that I can make a difference in Israel because every day JNF is investing in the land and people, and you can see and feel it in so many ways."
Story by Daniel Peri
Publication: thesentinel.com
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Commons: 26 March 1952
Volume 498: debated on Wednesday 26 March 1952
Mr. Fenner Brockway
asked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether his attention has been drawn to the eviction from Ndabani, Kenya Colony, of 500 Wakambas; if he is aware that Ndabani had been earmarked for the future needs of the Wakamba people; that the land has now been sold to the Harris Estates Limited; that the evicted persons have now been transferred to places like Mukueni, where a man is not allowed to have more than five cattle owing to the aridity of the land, or to the Wakamba reserve, which is one of the most congested areas in the country; and what action he proposes to take.
Mr. Lyttelton
I assume the hon. Member is referring to the recent prosecution of 63 Akamba families for illegal residence on the farm of Captain Harries, which resulted in a magistrate's order for their removal. This area was never earmarked for the Akamba. These families had for eight months repeatedly been warned to leave. After the prosecutions, they were given time to reap their standing crops and provided with free transport to the areas in which they have been re-settled. I see no reason to intervene.
May I ask the right hon. Gentleman whether, in view of the land hunger of many of the Africans in Kenya, he will now stop the further extension of the allocating of land to European settlers?
That is a different question, to which I am not prepared to give an answer in general terms.
Sir Leslie Plummer
asked the Secretary of State for the Colonies why members of the Kipsigi tribe were evicted from their land in Kenya; and if he will now take steps to return them to their land.
No members of the Kipsigi tribe have been evicted from their land in Kenya. I assume that the hon. Member is referring to the eviction of certain illegal occupants of Crown land at Kimulot which was aliented after certain exchanges of land between the Highlands and the Lumbwa native land unit. All concerned, including the local native council gave their consent to this exchange, as a result of which the Kipsigis acquired about 17,650 acres in exchange for reversionary rights to 6,500 acres.
Sir L. Plummer
Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that the information I have is that, despite the court order in their favour, hundreds of these natives were forcibly evicted, that armoured cars and policemen were used to burn down their huts, and that their land was transferred to the African Highlands Produce Company? Will the Minister look into this matter again to see whether restitution can be made to them?
I have already made full inquiries and the facts are as I have stated. I am satisfied that the natives have greatly benefited from the arrangement.
Mr. Rankin
In the course of his inquiries, has not the right hon. Gentleman come to the conclusion that there is tremendous and widespread dissatisfaction in Kenya on the land problem so far as the Africans are concerned?
I am answering a specific Question and am not engaged in general remarks. The local native council, the Governor, the Legislative Council, the Native Lands Trust Board and the local land board all gave their consent to the exchange which is the subject of this Question.


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Johann Heinrich Tischbein (* 28. November 1742 in Haina; † 22. Dezember 1808 in Kassel), genannt der Jüngere, war ein Maler und Kupferstecher aus der hessischen Künstlerfamilie Tischbein.

Leben und Wirken

Johann Heinrich Tischbein der Jüngere war der Sohn von Johann Konrad Tischbein (1712–1778), einem Klosterschreiner in Haina, und der ältere Bruder von Johann Heinrich Wilhelm, dem sogenannten Goethe–Tischbein. Ausgebildet wurde er von seinem Onkel Johann Heinrich Tischbein, der als der Ältere oder auch der Kasseler Tischbein geführt wird. Nachdem sich Johann Heinrich der Jüngere einige Zeit in Holland aufgehalten hatte, ließ er sich in Kassel nieder. Sein Onkel hatte dort für den Landgrafen Wilhelm von Hessen–Kassel eine Gemäldegalerie eingerichtet, zu deren Inspector der Neffe 1775 ernannt wurde. Ab 1801 förderte er die Ausbildung von Franz Pforr, Sohn seiner Schwester, in Kassel.

Seine Malerei umfasste neben Porträts, wie zum Beispiel dem des Sturm-und-Drang-Dichters Gottfried August Bürger von 1771, vor allem Tier- und Landschaftsdarstellungen. Einen besonderen Namen machte er sich indes durch seine Kupferstiche und Radierungen; 1790 veröffentlichte er eine Kurtzgefaßte Abhandlung über die Aetzkunst, der 84 Blätter von ihm beigegeben waren. Eine Zeichnung des sogenannten Goethe-Elefanten von Johann Heinrich Tischbein d. J. wurde ebenfalls überliefert.

Literatur
  (Sammelartikel)

 Thomas Appel: Göttinger Künstlerlexikon. Maler – Grafiker – Bildhauer – Architekten: vom 14. Jahrhundert bis zur Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen 2022, ISBN 978-3-86395-504-5, S. 526 (https://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/handle/3/isbn-978-3-86395-504-5).

Maler (Deutschland)
Johann Heinrich Der Jungere
Kupferstecher (Deutschland)
Geboren 1742
Gestorben 1808
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Holiday Guide Chabad.org Video
Jewish Practice Jewish Holidays Tisha B'Av and the 3 Weeks Multimedia
Videos: The Three Weeks & Tisha B'Av
LIVE: Tisha B'Av Webcast
Two hours of Inspiration
On Tisha B'av, the 9th of Av, we mourn the destruction of the Beit Hamikdash, the Holy Temple. Our sages also tell us that when Moshiach comes, Tisha B'av will become a festival when we will celebrate the building of the third and final Temple.
The Kabbalah of Tisha B'Av
By Zushe Winner
Explore the deeper mystical dimension of the 9th of Av, the meaning of our current state of exile, and the hope for the ultimate transformation in the future Redemption.
From Tragedy Into Joy
An Introduction to the Three Weeks
By Moishe New
This class begins with a history of the three-week period of mourning for the Destruction of the Holy Temple and continues with an analysis of a prophecy of Jeremiah that hints to the future transformation of "bitterness into sweetness."
The Secret of Tisha B'Av
We need rebuke or love?
By Yisroel Glick
If we understand the underlying cause to the loss of the Holy Temple and the Divine presence it openly expressed, we can focus on reversing our exilic state of divine concealment.
Practical Halachah: The Three Weeks
The 17th of Tammuz, the Three Weeks, and the Nine Days
By Rabbi Yosef Shusterman
Learn the laws and customs for the mourning period of the "Three Weeks," which begin with the fast of 17 Tammuz, and culminates with the fast of Tisha B'Av.
The Chassidic Approach to the Three Weeks and Tisha B'Av
Why Tisha B'Av will be a festival in the messianic era?
By Yehuda Leib Schapiro
The teachings of chassidus look beyond the surface of the terrible destruction of the Holy Temple and the subsequent exile, which we mourn during the 3 weeks, and finds the hidden good embedded inside—offering insight into why they'll ultimately be transformed into joyous holidays in the times of Moshiach.
Who Needs a Temple?
What's the yearning all about?
By Tzvi Freeman
Why building a Temple on the Temple Mount is by necessity the first stage in making the world a G-dly place. (Based on the Rebbe's discourse Gadol Yihyeh K'vod Habayis Hazeh, 5722.)
Is Exile G‑d's Way of Punishing Us?
A Tisha B'Av Class
By Ben-Tzion Krasnianski
Why it is illogical to say that the destruction of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem, and the subsequent exile, came about as a punishment for the Jewish people.
The Secret of the Three Weeks
The saddest period in the Jewish calendar, when we mourn the destruction of the Holy Temple – amongst a litany of other national tragedies – is commonly referred to as 'The Three Weeks'. Yet, our Sages referred to this period as '21 Days'? The answer to this innocuous question reveals an astounding new depth to both the mourning period and its inevitable resolution. (Based on Sefer Hasichos 5750)
Trilogy of Tribulations
The Haftorah Portions of the Three Weeks
By Mendel Kaplan
A look at the three Haftorah portions read during the "Three Weeks" commemorating the destruction of the Holy Temple.
Rambam: Beit Habechirah
Maimonides: Laws of Building the Holy Temple
By Yehoshua B. Gordon
Numerology and Tisha B'Av
The numbers and letters of destruction and renewal
Aaron L. Raskin
The mystical secrets hinted at by the numbers in the dates associated with the destruction of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem—the 17th day of Tammuz, the 9th day of Av, and the three weeks or twenty-one days between them.
Destruction of the Second Temple
A biblical history of the Jews
By Mendel Dubov
This class continues to describe the reign of the Herodian kings and the events leading to the fall of the Holy Temple to the Roman Emperor, Titus.
Crying over the Destruction
The lamentations of Jeremiah the prophet
By Shimon Hecht
Says the prophet Jeremiah in Lamentations, "For these things I weep." Where were the rest of the Jewish people when Jeremiah was mourning the destruction of the Holy Temple?
Where is the Holy Ark?
A Textual Analysis of Maimonides' Mishneh Torah
By Yaakov Wagner
A precise textual analysis of ch. 4, halacha 1 of Rambam's "Laws of the Chosen House" (Hilchos Beis HaBechira) considers the historical role of the Ark in the Temple as well as its location today. (Based on Likutei Sichos vol. 21)
Building, Destruction and Renewal
The Three Temples as Three Phases of a Marriage
By Chay Amar
The Third Temple to be built by Moshiach corresponds to the third phase in a relationship in which opposites are harmonized and ultimate peace is achieved.
The Destruction of the Holy Temple - Part 1
Textual Study of Talmud (Gittin 55b-57a)
The Talmud's narrative of the unfortunate episodes that led to the destruction of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem and our subsequent exile.
The Destruction of the Holy Temple, Part 2
Textual Study of Talmud (Gittin 57a-57b)
A Preferred Home
From a Talk by the Lubavitcher Rebbe
During the three weeks between the 17th of Tammuz and the 9th of Av, we mourn the loss of both Holy Temples in Jerusalem. The Torah tells us, however, that when we study the laws of the Temple's construction, we are already rebuilding it.
Above the Exile
4 Menachem Av, 5740 · July 17, 1980
We recite in our prayers: "Because of our sins we have been exiled from our Land." But through Teshuvah - return to G-d - we remedy the root-cause of exile, and bring it to an end.
A Metaphor for Exile and Redemption
Before the siege of Jerusalem, G-d commanded the prophet Ezekiel to place an iron pot around a brick symbolizing the city's siege. (Ezekiel 4:3) Iron can be a metaphor for the grave character defect of rigidity or for the deep inner strength of the Jewish people that leads to Redemption.
Torah Vigil for Israel
Torah Classes from a Day of Learning
Study a variety of vibrant and topical subjects with scholarly teachers. These Torah classes are from a day of learning in Montreal, Canada dedicated to help bring peace to Israel on 8/3/2008.
"Studying the dimensions of the Holy Temple is like building it"
The Midrash relates that at the beginning of the Babylonian exile, seventy years before the Jews' return to Jerusalem, G-d instructed Ezekiel to teach them the dimensions of the Holy Temple, because when they engage in its study, G-d considers it as though they built it.
Intermediate Talmud: Stories of Tragic Destruction
Talmud Tractate Gittin, Chapter 5
Eicha in Depth
Study the Book of Lamentations
The Book of Lamentations is a sad song which contains the most heartrending prophecies of Jeremiah about the destruction of the Holy Temple and the ensuing exile. Join us for an informative and uplifting text-based study of this Biblical book, which is traditionally read on Tisha B'av.
What Is the Purpose of the Holy Temple?
Two dimensions in the mitzvah of building the Temple
By Zalman Dubinsky
Tragedy in Jewish Thought
How should we react when faced with tragedy?
By Eli Brackman
Looking at various perspectives on the destruction of the 2nd Temple and two central approaches to tragedy. Is it proper to react with grief and mourning? Or can positivity be glimpsed through the darkness?
A Light unto All the Nations
Tisha B'Av and the Book of Eicha
In the book of Eicha – authored by Jeremiah the prophet – the letter Lamed in the verse "Let it not befall you..." is written small. This symbolizes Jeremiah's role, and by extension every Jew, to be a light unto the nations.
From Fast to Feast
The transformation of fast days in the messianic era
In analyzing Maimonides' description of the future transformation of the current fast days into days of celebration in the Messianic era, this class sheds new light on the nature of things to come. (Likutei Sichos volume 15, p. 412)
The Secret of the Third Temple
By Mendel Raskin
Learn the unique attributes of the three holy Temples, and why the future temple will be eternal.
The Secret of Three
The 'Three Weeks', the Three Temples and the Number 3 in Torah
By Moshe Krasnanski
The Secret of the Second Temple
Studying about the construction and details of the 2nd Holy Temple informs us in the building of the final third Temple.
Why Do We Need the Holy Temple?
By Leibel Fine
Every year during the "three week" we mourn the destruction of the Beit HaMikdash. But what are we truly missing without the Temple?
The Nucleus of the Holy Temple
By Mendy Bresinger
Learn about the essential role of the Holy Ark in the Beit HaMikdash and the golden faced Keruvim stationed above the ark. We also examine the competing views of Hillel and Shammai: abnegation vs. cultivation.
Expanding Your 3 Most Important Relationships
With destruction also comes the opportunity for renewal and growth. During this time, we can focus on the potential within our relationship with G-d, with others, and with our world.
Destruction or Demolition?
By Raleigh Resnick
A Jew's ability to perceive joy through tears is his hallmark and motivates him to transform Tisha B'Av.
The Temple Meditation
A preparation for prayer; a consciousness of a great presence.
Hoping, Not Moping
By Mendy Gutnick
What is the correct response to sad days in the Jewish calendar? Are we meant to feel sad, down and perhaps even depressed? Rabbi Gutnick gives us another perspective of how the Torah wants us to observe the saddest days in our history.
Videos: The Three Weeks
Audio: The Three Weeks
Daily Siyum
Destruction of Holy Temple (55)
Three Weeks (174)


Orton-Gillingham, the oldest, and most respected instructional approach for teaching dyslexics addresses the gaps in an individual's fundamental literacy skills with language instruction that is individualized, cognitively based, direct and explicit, diagnostic and prescriptive, cumulative, structured, sequential, and multisensory.
Dr. Samuel T. Orton, a neuropsychiatrist and pathologist, was a pioneer in focusing attention on reading failure and related language processing difficulties. He brought together neuroscientific information and principles of remediation, having extensively studied children with the kind of language processing difficulties now commonly associated with dyslexia and formulating a set of teaching principles and practices for such children. Anna Gillingham was an educator, psychologist, and school administrator. Working with Dr. Orton, she devised methods of teaching these students based on the principles formulated by Dr. Orton, and she compiled and published instructional materials as early as the 1930s which provided the foundation for student instruction and teacher training in what became known as the Orton-Gillingham Approach.
Cognitively based- Students think about what they are being taught and understand the reasons for what they are learning.
Direct and explicit- Concepts are directly taught, modeled, and practiced in very structured lessons. A student is never expected to know anything that has not been taught and practiced.
Diagnostic and prescriptive- The teacher is trained to assess a student's performance and to use the information to adjust instruction to ensure that the instruction meets the needs of the student. In this way, elements of the next session can be prescribed on the basis of that child's need, to strengthen his understanding and reinforce it.
Sequential- each lesson follows a specific scope and sequence which provides the building blocks for learning the phonemic structure of the English Language.
Cumulative- As students learn new material, they continue to review old material to the level of automaticity. The organization of material follows the logical order of language, progressing from easiest to more difficult.
Multisensory- utilizes auditory, visual, and kinesthetic elements together to reinforce memory and enhance learning.
This comprehensive approach to instruction allows a student to enjoy a high degree of success during each lesson. If by giving each student the right kind of educational support, we can make a large contribution toward the solution of the problems with school failures and underacheivement.


text:
Together We Were Made is the third studio album by the British rock band the Feeling, released on 20 June 2011.

Critical reception

The album received a mixed response from critics, garnering a rating of 4.5 out of 10 from reviews aggregator Any Decent Music?.

Track listing

Charts

References

2011 albums
The Feeling albums
Albums produced by The Bullitts


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