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Closing the Gap started as a collective commitment of Australian federal, state and territory governments to address 'the fundamental divide between the health outcomes and life expectancy of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of Australia and non-Indigenous Australians'. The current commitment has evolved beyond its initial scope to a focus on systemic changes that, if achieved, will support Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to thrive.
An agreement signed in 2008 between the Australian and state and territory governments, the National Indigenous Reform Agreement (NIRA), fell short in meeting agreed targets. The National Agreement on Closing the Gap was subsequently negotiated with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander representatives, commencing on 30 July 2020. The Australian Local Government Association is also a party to the National Agreement (unlike the NIRA).
The National Agreement is complex and has new priority reforms and implementation measures that must be co-designed and delivered by all parties. Its outcomes will not be achieved quickly or easily, and adequate resourcing and continuing bipartisan commitment will be critical to its success.
The National Agreement on Closing the Gap (the National Agreement) commenced on 30 July 2020, superseding the commitment to the Closing the Gap targets that were set out in the National Indigenous Reform Agreement (NIRA) (p. 8). The National Agreement is ongoing (until replaced by a future agreement).
Unlike the NIRA, the National Agreement includes Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander representatives as signatories, through the Coalition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peak Organisations (the Coalition of Peaks), and commits all levels of government to a new way of working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Crucial to this 'new way' are 4 Priority Reform areas, which focus on changing the relationship between governments and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. The National Agreement also contains an expanded set of socioeconomic outcome areas, a number of which are the responsibility of state and territory governments.
The National Agreement is highly complex. It addresses deficiencies of the previous Closing the Gap strategy through commitments to significantly greater involvement of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in the design and delivery of policy and services, all jurisdictions taking greater responsibility to achieve the goals and targets set out in the National Agreement, and enhanced, more consistent monitoring and review processes.
Commitments to actions that will occur during the 47th Parliament range across:
key policy areas, including justice and housing
specific locations (including Western Sydney and the Kimberley region, as well as others not announced at the time of writing)
greater resourcing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisations
regular monitoring and evaluation.
These are discussed in greater detail below.
What is meant by 'Closing the Gap'?
Closing the Gap refers, broadly, to the collective commitment of Australian federal, state and territory governments to addressing 'the fundamental divide between the health outcomes and life expectancy of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of Australia and non-Indigenous Australians'.
In the Social justice report 2005, the then Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, Tom Calma, urged Australian governments to 'commit to achieving equality of health status and life expectation between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous people within 25 years' (Recommendation 1, p. 69). At the time, the life expectancy gap was thought to be 17 years; better data has since shown it was approximately 11 years. Health and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander non-government organisations responded with a Close the Gap campaign, including the annual National Close the Gap Day. Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and Opposition Leader Brendan Nelson committed to the goal in 2008.
The first 10 years (2008–2018)
The Closing the Gap framework was formalised by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) in 2008. Under the NIRA, the Australian Government and all state and territory governments committed to specific goals to lessen Indigenous disadvantage. The Closing the Gap strategy (Schedule A of the NIRA) recognised that closing the gap in Indigenous disadvantage was ambitious and would require a long-term, generational commitment focussing on health, education and employment outcomes.
Under the NIRA, 6 Closing the Gap targets were agreed in 2008. An additional target, on school attendance, was agreed in 2014, and a revised version of the 2008 early childhood education target was agreed in 2015 (AIHW 2018, p. 2). The prime minister reported annually to Parliament on progress towards the targets. The Australian Human Rights Commission also issued annual Close the Gap reports.
None of the 4 targets that expired in 2018 were met, and only 2 (early childhood education and Year 12 attainment) of the remaining 3 were on track when the Closing the Gap report 2020 was tabled in Parliament.
Why were the targets not met?
Many reviews and analyses of various aspects of the NIRA and the Closing the Gap strategy were prepared over the course of the NIRA, including a 10-year review by the Close the Gap Campaign Steering Committee, a 2019 briefing paper to the Joint Council on Closing the Gap and a 2021 analysis of the NIRA's effectiveness.
Factors identified as contributing to the targets not being met include:
• a lack of significant partnering with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (both in deciding the targets, and in their ongoing implementation)
• ambitious (as opposed to realistic) targets
• a focus on achieving the targets without a consistent focus to improve service delivery
• a lack of evidence as to whether the actions taken actually made a difference
• the non-renewal of associated National Partnership Agreements when these expired in 2013, and the subsequent decrease in involvement by the states and territories
• a change in government in 2013, giving rise to 'policy drift' from the original objectives of the Closing the Gap strategy.
'Refreshing' Closing the Gap and a more inclusive approach
In 2016, ahead of 4 of the targets expiring in 2018, COAG agreed to refresh the Closing the Gap framework and work more closely with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to do this.
In February 2018, a special gathering of prominent Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians presented COAG with a statement setting out priorities for a new Closing the Gap agenda and calling for governments to partner with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in the agreement's next iteration.
In March 2019, a formal Partnership Agreement on Closing the Gap was established between the Australian Government, state and territory governments, the Coalition of Peaks and the Australian Local Government Association. Over the following 16 months, including through the first nation-wide COVID-19 lockdown period, the partnership negotiated a new National Agreement on Closing the Gap.
The National Agreement on Closing the Gap
The National Agreement on Closing the Gap (the National Agreement) commenced on 30 July 2020, superseding the commitment to the Closing the Gap targets set out under the NIRA. The National Agreement commits all levels of government to a new way of working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
While the National Agreement contains socioeconomic outcomes and targets (building on those in the NIRA), at its centre are 4 Priority Reform areas. These are intended to be tools to change the way governments work with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in order to help 'accelerate improvements' in their lives (clause 25):
Priority Reform 1: Formal Partnerships and Shared Decision Making
Priority Reform 2: Building the Community-Controlled Sector
Priority Reform 3: Transforming Government Organisations
Priority Reform 4: Shared Access to Data and Information at a Regional Level.
Priority Reform 1
Formal Partnerships and Shared Decision Making
The intention of Priority Reform 1 is 'to accelerate policy and place-based progress against Closing the Gap' through sharing decision-making authority with governments (clause 28). Commitments under this priority reform include developing 5 policy partnerships by 2022, and 6 place-based partnerships by 2024 (clauses 30–31 and 38–39). Government parties have also agreed to 'undertake a stocktake of partnership arrangements already in place' by October 2022 with a view to 'review[ing] and strengthen[ing] existing partnerships' by October 2023 (clause 36).
The first policy partnership, the Justice Policy Partnership, was established in September 2021, with an initial focus on children aged under 14 (p. 4). Funding was committed in the 2022–23 Budget (p. 110) to develop a Social and Emotional Wellbeing Policy Partnership. The remaining 3 policy partnerships will be in the areas of housing, early childhood care and development, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages.
Building the Community-Controlled Sector
The target for this priority reform is to 'Increase the amount of government funding for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander programs and services going through Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community-controlled organisations' (clause 81a.ii). The key commitment under this priority reform is to build 'formal Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community-controlled sectors to deliver services to support Closing the Gap' (clause 42). Elements needed for a strong sector are described in 4 'streams': workforce, capital infrastructure, service provision, and governance (clause 45). Sector Strengthening Plans develop actions against each of these streams for agreed community sectors, with the first 4 being early childhood care and development, health, housing, and disability (clauses 50–53). (At the time of writing, the housing and disability plans were not publicly available- see the Implementation Tracker webpage.) There is scope to agree on additional sectors in 2023 (clause 53).
Transforming Government Organisations
The aim of Priority Reform 3 is 'to improve accountability and respond to the needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people' (clause 58). The target for this priority reform is a 'decrease in the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who have experiences of racism'. All government parties have committed to implement 6 'transformation elements' (clause 59) and report publicly on their progress by October 2023 (clause 67d).
Shared Access to Data and Information at a Regional Level
The intent of this priority reform is to enable Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisations and communities 'to obtain a comprehensive picture of what is happening in their communities and make decisions about their futures' (clause 70). This priority reform supports the achievement of the first 3 priority reforms. It includes a commitment to establish data projects in up to 6 locations across Australia by 2023 (clause 74).
In addition to the Priority Reform areas, the National Agreement contained 17 socioeconomic outcome areas (as at June 2022), with each having at least one target, for a total of 18 targets (outcome 15, relating to land and waters, has 2 targets). There are also targets for the 4 Priority Reform areas. Targets are 'specific and measurable goals that will be monitored to show how progress is being made across each of the outcome areas', while the outcomes are 'the desired result for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people'.
A further 2 socio-economic targets were yet to be finalised. Targets may be varied, and new targets added, with the agreement of parties to the National Agreement. These targets are 'refreshed' and expanded from the previous Closing the Gap strategy.
Funding and implementation of the National Agreement
The National Agreement emphasises that accountability rests with all governments. This is particularly important for the socioeconomic outcome areas relating to justice (outcomes 10 and 11) and child protection (outcome 12) where the states and territories hold many of the legislative levers.
All parties have agreed to develop implementation plans that set out how policies and programs are aligned to the National Agreement and what actions will be taken to achieve the Priority Reforms and outcomes, including information on funding and timeframes for actions. These will be reported against annually, with the first reports due in mid-2022.
Clauses 112 to114 of the National Agreement provide a high level acknowledgement of the resourcing necessary for implementation. This includes an agreement that by July 2022 government parties will 'review and identify current spending on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander programs and services to identify reprioritisation opportunities to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisations, particularly to community-controlled organisations'. These reviews will be 'discussed at Joint Council in the second half of 2022, where consideration will be given to whether additional joint budget work is needed to meet the activities under the Agreement'.
'The risk of inadequate funding' was considered in a recent Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research discussion paper (pp. 10–11). The paper proposed several additional reforms to mitigate against this (and other) risks, including (pp. 13–14):
an assessment of the costs of closing the gap by the Productivity Commission
that the triennial reviews (both Productivity Commission and Indigenous-led) assess the adequacy of the levels of investment
establishing an 'Indigenous managed public spreadsheet of government investments in closing the gap'.
In anticipation of all parties to the National Agreement developing implementation plans within 12 months, minimal funding was committed at the time of signing.
The Australian Government's implementation plan was released on 5 August 2021. New funding commitments were also detailed in the 2021–22 Mid-year economic and fiscal outlook (2021–22 MYEFO, pp. 214- 216). The Morrison Government's commitment had included more than $1 billion of new funding, of which $378.6 million was committed to the Territories Stolen Generations Redress Scheme that provides support to Stolen Generations survivors who were removed from their communities in the Northern Territory, ACT and Jervis Bay. An amount of $254.4 million was allocated towards health infrastructure (2021–22 MYEFO, p. 214) of which $100 million was provided under the already existing Indigenous Australians' Health Program (Commonwealth Closing the Gap Implementation Plan, p. 24).
The Australian Labor Party (ALP) affirmed its commitment to Closing the Gap in its 2022 election platform. Relevant funding announcements from the ALP during the campaign include those relating to justice reinvestment, remote housing and infrastructure, women's safety, management of land and waters, health, and First Nations languages in schools.
The Australian Greens' 2022 party platform included commitments relating to First Nations health, justice, women's safety, a national compensation scheme for the Stolen Generations, Birthing on Country projects, Caring for Country and Sea Country.
Monitoring progress of the National Agreement
Progress against every Closing the Gap target is tracked by the Productivity Commission and displayed on the Closing the Gap Dashboard. Baseline data is available for the socio-economic targets. At the time of writing, data was not yet available for the Priority Reform targets. The information is to be updated regularly (at least once a year) as more data becomes available. At the time of writing, 8 of the socio-economic targets had updated information available.
An Implementation Tracker monitors the implementation status of commitments made under the National Agreement, including any delays in implementation. Commitments are classified as 'complete', 'delayed', or 'not yet reportable'.
All parties are required to prepare publicly available annual reports. Additionally, the Productivity Commission prepares an annual data compilation report.
Every 3 years, the Productivity Commission will review progress under the National Agreement (clauses 121–124). In April 2022, the Morrison Government requested a first review of the agreement, which is due to be completed by December 2023.
There will also be triennial independent Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander-led reviews conducted within 12 months of each Productivity Commission review (clauses 125–128). The first review is to be completed by July 2024.
Working towards closing the gap in health, economic and other opportunities for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is a critical challenge for the 47th Parliament. The policy landscape is complex, but long-term attention that seeks to lessen the negative impacts of historical Indigenous disadvantage is needed. The current National Agreement is highly complex. Its desired outcomes are ambitious, and it is broadly acknowledged that its targets will not be achieved quickly or easily. Significant resourcing and continued bipartisan support at all jurisdictional levels is needed over the longer term. Governments will need to divest some control to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, with shared decision-making acknowledged as one of the Priority Reform areas under the National Agreement. These commitments are taking place at a critical juncture for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia, including in relation to cultural heritage reform and constitutional recognition (for further information, see the related articles elsewhere in this Briefing book). The alternative to effective and sustained bipartisan action will be continuing and widening socioeconomic disparities felt by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
Closing the Gap website.
M. C. Dillon, The New Policy Architecture for Closing the Gap: Innovation and regression, Discussion Paper no. 299/2021, Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, (Canberra: Australian National University, 2021).
ABSTARR Consulting Pty Ltd, Partnership Agreement on Closing the Gap: Partnership Health Check 2021, (Melbourne: ABSTARR, 2021).
Joint Council on Closing the Gap, Joint Council Response to the 2021 Partnership Health Check, 2021.
Joint Council on Closing the Gap Partnership Working Group, Lessons Learned from the National Indigenous Reform Agreement, document released under Freedom of
Information 23 November 2020, NIAA FOI Disclosure Log FOI/1920/023/IR, 23 August 2019.
Chris Holland, A Ten-Year Review: The Closing the Gap Strategy and Recommendations for Reset, (Canberra: Close the Gap Campaign Steering Committee, 2018).
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Closing the Gap Targets: 2017 Analysis of Progress and Key Drivers of Change, (Canberra: AIHW, 2018).
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In December 2013, Ducky Momo visited Disneyland during Christmas! And he wore a festive Christmas hat!
We got to Disneyland at 7am for early entry. Once the lines started getting long we went to the PCH Grill at the Paradise Pier hotel. Our daughter loved meeting Stitch so much last year, we knew this would be a hit, and successfully kept it a surprise.
My daughter this year got her own Ducky Momo backpack (handmade by my wife), and she put her stuffed Stitch into it. When Stitch saw his tiny doppleganger, he started to grab him and run off… but he came back, and was more than happy to pose with Ducky Momo.
Minnie Mouse came to our table and was very sweet. She cradled Ducky Momo like he was her baby.
Daisy Duck came by while I was away, and my wife didn't get a Ducky Momo picture. We were all done eating but they had been telling us for a long time Pluto would be around, so we stayed until he did come out. I probably ate more bacon than I should have while waiting.
We'd never met Pluto before so this was pretty fun. I've still never met Daisy.
Pluto really loved Ducky Momo.
Pluto loved Ducky Momo a little too much!
On the way out we met Mickey. We'd gone up to do their dance party a couple of times while eating, but this was our photo op moment.
Back at Disneyland, we went to the Jingle Jangle Jamboree in Big Thunder Ranch. We did the cookie decorating kits as a way of taking a nice break from the crowds, and Mrs. Claus came by the table. Goofy was around too but we didn't get a good opportunity to see him.
After seeing Mickey and the Magical Map, this friendly trio of Ducky Momo fans stopped to say how much they loved my backpack. I surprised them by pulling Ducky Momo out of it. The nested Momos are always a hit. They had a fourth member of the group that wasn't with them and missed out on this momentous and thrilling opportunity.
Shortly thereafter, this young lady, Grace, also noticed my backpack, and I was again able to astound someone by producing Ducky Momo from within it. Her friend had not yet learned about the Momosity of it all, and was perplexed by good-natured by her enthusiasm and my apparent insanity in having a Ducky Momo inside a Ducky Momo backpack, while wearing a Ducky Momo T-shirt.
On Monday we went to Disney's California Adventure. Disney Visa cardholders have a special Meet and Greet in DCA. We'd already met Minnie at the PCH Grill, but here, she's wearing just a bow instead of a hat with a bow! That makes all the difference.
Officer Calvin Blue wanders Buena Vista Street and writes citations for good behavior sometimes. I didn't get one, but I saw a little girl get one. I accosted him right before the Pixar Play Parade started.
On Tuesday we went back to Disneyland. I of course love the Disney Fairies. I wore my Pixie Hollow T-shirt I made, and my daughter had a matching one.
Tinker Bell didn't exactly know what to make of Ducky Momo but did like my shirt and Tinker Bell shoelaces.
Iridessa was very sweet. If I was a fairy, I would be a light talent I think. In real life I'm more of a tinker though.
My daughter went to the Bibbidi Bobbity Boutique. We got the package that let us skip the 70-minute line at the Royal Hall and see the princesses. But since they were all out of Elsa dresses from Frozen, we didn't actually have to buy the dress/wand/crown items to get the Castle Package.
Cinderella is a little more used to mice than ducks, but they still got along well.
Belle didn't judge Ducky Momo for being provincial, so they got along splendidly.
After a two-hour wait, we got to see Queen Elsa, the newest Princess from the movie Frozen. I believe there were equal amounts of Anna and Elsa merchandise, but Disney apparently was surprised that Elsa merchandise was MUCH more popular.
My wife found an Elsa dress at the Disney store before we left. "Oh, we have to get the dress as part of the package at the Boutique," I said. But what if they don't have any left, she asked? "Oh, I'm sure they'll have plenty," I said in one of the more foolish statements in my life.
We bought the last Elsa dress at the Disney store, along with Anna boots (that's what our daughter wanted, instead of Elsa slippers). We figured we could always return them if Disneyland had what we needed.
Disneyland, of course, had no Elsa dresses left larger than a size 3 and no more until MARCH. So my wife's planning ahead really worked out. I saw maybe 2 or 3 other children in Elsa dresses the entire trip.
Elsa, of course, has overcome her fear of her power and was delighted to hold Ducky Momo without her gloves.
My wife volunteered to stay in line all over again to meet Anna. Anna thought Ducky Momo was totally awesome, which, of course, he is.
Our last night at Disneyland. After six packed days, our daughter fell asleep in the stroller, and proceeded to sleep through a practically front-row seat at Fantasmic! How she slept through the music, fireworks, cannons, and dragon roaring is amazing to me.
We all wore our original Ducky Momo T-shirts on the last day.
On the way out, I got this picture in front of the Royal Hall.
This is my Ducky Momo backpack also with festive Santa hat. He rode with me on Dumbo because my daughter wanted to ride with Mommy.
I love your photos! Your wife is very talented. I am tempted to try my hand at making a Duckey momo for my grandson, for Christmas. Mason has one but, it is smallish and expensive. Thanks for sharing you fun with Duckey momo.


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Residential & Commercial Pumping
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Grease Services
Growth through Grease
Long-established West Virginia pumping contractor Crosier's Sanitary Service Inc. builds revenues by cleaning grease traps, hauling bulk waste and processing brown grease for sale When Ron Crosier bought his father's portable restroom and septic pumping business, he set his sights on diversifying into more lucrative markets: cleaning grease traps and hauling waste from coal mines and privately owned treatment plants. That was in 1995. And by several measures, the diversification efforts were right on target. Thanks to steadier long-term demand for grease-trap cleaning and sewage hauling and the development of a grease-disposal and reclamation process, Crosier took a business focused largely on restroom rentals and generating about $225,000 in gross sales and turned it into a $2 million-a-year enterprise.
Grease-trap cleaning spurred much of that dramatic growth and has supplanted restroom rentals as the primary focus for Crosier's Sanitary Service Inc. These days, the sales volume breaks down to approximately 50 percent grease traps, about 25 percent septic tanks/sewage hauling and roughly 25 percent restrooms (mostly located at coal mines). "We collect about 150,000 to 200,000 gallons of grease a month," Crosier says. "We serve customers in the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, eastern Kentucky and southeastern Ohio. To build a market, you have to go where the people are." By comparison, the company makes just more than 800 restroom service calls a week, down from a peak of 1,500 three years ago, Crosier notes, pointing to a decrease in coal strip-mining and construction restroom rentals. Over the years, the company's fleet of trucks and equipment expanded to meet the diversified service offerings. Today, Crosier's owns 11 service trucks; about 1,500 restrooms, mostly manufactured by Satellite Industries; and roughly 30 hand-wash stations, made by PolyPortables Inc.
A SAVVY STRATEGY
A former engineer who graduated from the West Virginia Institute of Technology in 1986 and later earned a master's degree in business administration from Marshall University, Crosier put his business skills to work after buying the company his father, John, founded in 1964. Grease-trap cleaning and sewage hauling attracted Crosier for several reasons, including less competition and better profit margins than he enjoys in the portable sanitation and septic service areas. "Because it's hard work, fewer people are interested in providing those services, and less competition means higher profit margins," Crosier says. "And there are high barriers to market entry in grease traps because of disposal issues, and in hauling sewage because the tanker trucks are expensive. And the higher the barriers to entry, the more profit there is to be made. Subscribe: If you don't want to bring your iPad into the bathroom, we can send you a magazine subscription for free! "In the restroom business, anyone with a few dollars can buy a slide-in unit and 20 restrooms and they're in business," he continues. "That's what depresses prices in this business, which is a real shame." Grease-trap business is steady because it's not completely dependent on the economy, explains Crosier, who services restaurants, hospitals, prisons and schools. "People always eat out," he says. "In a recession, they may go to McDonald's instead of Red Lobster, but they still eat out. And schools and prisons still feed people, no matter how the economy does." Moreover, state regulations dictate regular grease trap service, but not so with septic tanks. In addition, Crosier says grease traps afford a degree of flexibility for cleaning, as long as it's reasonably close to the required service interval. That's not the case with restrooms, which require cleaning at the same time and place every week – a rigorous schedule that can be disrupted by employee absenteeism, truck breakdowns and bad weather. The state's mountainous terrain, which prevents construction of long sewer lines, also influenced Crosier's diversification strategy because it spurred development of many small, privately owned sewage treatment plants that require sludge hauling. And remote coal mines, which don't have access to treatment plants and can't build septic systems in the bedrock left by mining, rely heavily on holding tanks for waste storage.
DISPOSAL ISSUES EMERGE
Initially, Crosier composted grease-trap waste on company-owned land. It was relatively inexpensive because the organic material required to make compost was readily available in the form of sawdust from nearby sawmills. The mills were paying haulers to remove the sawdust, so they were happy to fill Crosier's semi trailers at no charge. "Then demand for wood pellets picked up, and suddenly the mills wanted $500 a trailer load for the sawdust," he says. "That's when we started looking at other technology." At first, Crosier invested in two 40-yard dewatering boxes. But they were labor intensive and difficult to use in winter. So he developed and patented his own system, which heats grease-trap waste in two, 10,000-gallon insulated steel tanks until it's pasteurized. "At that point, the grease stratifies, with the (reusable) brown grease on top and water and food products on the bottom," he says. "Then we pump off the brown grease and sell it for about $1 a gallon to brokers, who bid on it. Companies use it to make an animal-feed additive or for fuel." The system can process a maximum of 20,000 gallons of grease-trap waste daily, enabling Crosier to save money on transportation and disposal costs. It also reduces the company's fuel costs because the boiler that heats the tanks runs on brown grease. The company uses about 10 percent of the brown grease it produces, and sells the rest. "It's a very economical system, so the (profit) margins are good," he says. "In our business, we have to compete on price with restaurants, not service. And being able to dispose of waste economically is what lets me compete on price." Because it's pasteurized, the remaining food and water waste can be land applied on farmland for free, he adds.
BIG TRUCKS
To haul grease waste, Crosier's uses two 1998 9400 International semi-tractors that pull 7,000-gallon aluminum tanks manufactured by Acro Trailers Co. For septage and sludge hauling, the company relies on two 2006 Sterling LT 9513s with 4,500-gallon steel tanks, made by Imperial Industries Inc., and a 2005 International 5900 with a 4,500-gallon steel Imperial tank. To service restrooms, the company depends on three 2000 International 9100s with 2,000-gallon aluminum tanks, made by Amthor International; a 1998 Peterbilt 385 with a 2,000-gallon, stainless steel tank made by Dyna-Vac Equipment; two 2007 International 4900s, one with a 2,000-gallon aluminum tank from Progress Tank and one with a 1,000-gallon, stainless steel Dyna-Vac tank; and two 2003 GMC 4500 flatbed delivery trucks. For cleaning things such as car-wash pits, sewer lines and stormwater drains, the company uses a 1999 International 8100 with a 2,500-gallon waste/500-gallon freshwater steel tank, made by Satellite Industries. The company also owns a Terramite T9 tractor loader backhoe, manufactured by Terraquip, and a John Deere 450 excavator. For restroom service trucks, Crosier prefers to buy used large, heavy-duty, single-axle road tractor truck chassis with rust-free aluminum-and-fiberglass cabs, then buy and install new tanks and pumps. "We buy them with 200,000 or so miles on them because the engine and cab will last until about 800,000 miles," Crosier says. "The trucks also have 35,000-pound gross vehicle weights, as opposed to 26,000 pounds for a typical restroom truck. "That's important because to service restrooms, we drive in very mountainous terrain, and coal mines are located amid very rugged terrain," he explains. "We'll put 40,000 to 50,000 miles a year on the engine. The transmissions in these trucks are huge and hold up to abuse." How tough are driving conditions? Crosier says his drivers deal with seven- or eight-mile-long stretches of 7 percent grades on some interstates, and haul roads in coal mines with up to 15 percent grades. And they often drive alongside mining haul trucks with tires that are taller than Crosier's trucks. The conditions require additional insurance, and mines require Crosier's drivers to attend an annual eight-hour course that certifies they're trained for driving on mine property. "You might drive through 6-inch-deep mud for hours," he notes. "These mines are big … and it's like driving on the surface of the moon. If you have 50 restrooms to service, for instance, you could be in the mine for six hours easily. It's incredible."
ENJOYS INDUSTRY SUPPORT
Crosier is a big believer in joining professional organizations, such as the National Association of Wastewater Transporters and the Portable Sanitation Association International. The groups are a great source of information about regulations, products, and business operations – not to mention camaraderie. "It's good to spend time with people who endure what you endure in business," Crosier says. "It provides you with encouragement and motivation to continue. It allows you to see that you can do this successfully and make money.'' Even though he's been involved in the industry for many years, Crosier says he still learns a lot of good business lessons from his peers. As an example, Crosier cites what he's learned about damage waivers for portable sanitation customers. He says that a modest $5 waiver fee per month on 300 restrooms would net $18,000 per year. "Before I attended PSAI meetings, maybe 10 percent of my customers bought the waiver," he says. "Then I attended a PSAI meeting where damage waivers was a roundtable topic. I learned the right way to sell a damage waiver and have had more than 90 percent takers ever since."
GOOD CAREER MOVE
Overall, Crosier has no regrets about leaving the corporate world 16 years ago, trading the perks that come with working as a structural engineer for the world of portable restrooms, grease traps and septic tanks. "I had a nice office with a wonderful view and a great staff," he says. "When I told my co-workers what I intended to do, they thought I was nuts. They couldn't understand why someone would leave that sort of work and a comfortable office for this kind of work. "But they don't realize that when someone in this business needs you, they really need you," he continues. "And when you fix their problems, they're genuinely grateful that you're there, doing what you do. I didn't get that kind of gratification working in an office." This article originally appeared in the February 2012 issue of Pumper Magazine.
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text:
Dancing on Ice host Phillip Schofield: 'Gemma Collins will be amazing – if she makes it to the live shows'
Ye of little faith, Phillip
By Kimberley Bond
Wednesday, 17th October 2018 at 11:15 am
With the full line-up for the 2019 edition of Dancing on Ice finally confirmed, fans of the ITV skating show are waiting with bated breath for the 11th series to finally kick off early next year.
But host Phillip Schofield is doubtful that all 12 of the contestants will even make it onto the ice – hinting that TOWIE diva Gemma Collins may not be getting her skates on in time for the live shows.
ITV insists Gemma Collins is NOT about to quit Dancing on Ice
When is Dancing on Ice back on TV? Which celebrities have signed up? Who are the judges?
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Speaking at the ITV Palooza, the 56-year-old explained, "I think Gemma Collins is a sensational booking, providing she makes it to the live shows.
"She's known as a walker, and I'd like her to be known as a skater. She says she's committed and we love having her as part of the show. Hopefully she'll do really well."
Gemma Collins, Dancing on Ice (ITV)
It was reported earlier this week by show sources that 37-year-old Collins has already threatened to quit the show after the first initial training sessions.
"She's already had one diva tantrum and threatened to quit after falling in training," a Dancing on Ice insider told the Daily Star. "Nobody took her threats seriously this time but with another two months before the show airs, everyone involved is worried the show's biggest star could walk."
Collins has had form at swiftly exiting shows, having previously quit the I'm a Celebrity jungle in 2014 citing health reasons.
However, reports she was threatening to quit Dancing on Ice were strongly denied by an ITV spokesperson and by Collins herself.
Speaking to journalists at the ITV Palooza, she said, "I am doing really well, so watch this space. I'm loving Dancing on Ice. Everyone's saying whatever about me, but I'm going to come out and smash it."
Dancing on Ice returns to ITV early next year
Phillip Schofield
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SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich owner, Dave Hart, is also the President on the board of the Liz Murphy Open Hand Pantry. The pantry helps those in our community that are less fortunate, providing necessary food and personal items to those in need. SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich is involved and committed to the residents of the communities that we serve.
When a candle was left lit in the window sill of this local church, a fire started and quickly began to spread. Luckily a neighbor saw the fire and it was extinguished before more extensive damage could occur. The fire and smoke restoration technicians of SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich were quick to respond. We cleaned soot from the walls, floors, and surfaces, making it "Like it never even happened."
SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich owner, Patrick Lavigne, conducting our weekly irritant smoke test on crew member, Peterly. We are committed to keeping our employees safe while they are out on the job.
Susan Kane and Rich Ciarletta helped support the Newbury Protection Fire Company's annual bonfire fundraiser! SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich is committed to supporting local fundraisers and charities in the communities we service.
Jodi Feil and Rich Ciarletta attended the Danvers Fire Department's open house. SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich was happy to give out lollipops, apples, and our cute little SERVPRO rubber ducks to all of the children who stopped by.
Owners Dave & Maureen Hart came out to donate blood at our Boston Children's Hospital Blood Drive. We are grateful for everyone that took the time out of their day to stop by and donate for this life-saving cause.
SERVPRO Acts of Green Ready to Go!
Sales & Marketing Reps Richard Ciarletta and Mary Ellen Lawlor on their way to deliver Blue Spruce saplings trees to our customers in honor of Earth Day. SERVPRO of Haverhill/Newburyport and SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich committed to 300 Acts of Green in support of The Earth Day Network's lofty goal of 3 Billion Acts of Green worldwide.
Rich Ciarletta and his wife enjoyed a glamorous night of dinner and dancing at Emmaus, Inc. Annual Stepping Out with the Valley Stars fundraiser. SERVPRO was a proud sponsor of this event!
Do You See The Signs?
If you see some of these discoloration marks on your ceilings or walls, don't ignore them. They are always the sign of water damage. Untreated, this can lead to much bigger problems. Call SERVPRO (and a plumber!).
After 2 minutes of shoveling, a fit person's heart rate jumps to 86 percent of its max capacity. For less strain, read some tips from Dr. John Forrest, M.D., a heart-health expert at Yale University.
Winds that reached hurricane force blasted through our area last week. This image, taken in Watertown MA., shows just how strong these winds can be — pulling down power lines like a game of Dominos.
As we brace for another winter storm this week, it's important to check that your gutters and windows are secure. If possible, take a look at your roof too. Exposed areas need to be covered before the snow fall to avoid water & mold damage.
Anyone who has suffered through the loss of a fire knows that the realization settles in after the crisis is over. First and foremost, it's always your safety that is the priority. But what happens afterward? How do you reclaim emotionally and materially?
We help with both aspects. Our highly trained estimator, crews, and staff can guide you through the process of contacting your insurance agent. We've done this for a very long time and know the process.
We also provide the invaluable peace of mind that comes with knowing we will get you back in your home or business as fast as we can. Our crews are certified in fire clean up and our specialty equipment is designed to expedite the process.
Volunteer of the Year Goes to Mary Ellen Lawlor!
Every year, the Greater Haverhill Chamber of Commerce hosts an awards breakfast, recognizing local businesses and it's employees for exemplary contributions to the community. This year, our own Mary Ellen Lawlor was presented with a well-deserved award of Volunteer of the Year.
Mary Ellen tirelessly devotes herself to several local charities and organizations, holding very active roles for each. We're very lucky to have Mary Ellen on our team!
A local business office suffered light sewage damage when a pipe overflowed after a particularly heavy rain storm. Although this was considered "light damage" when it comes to sewage there really is no such thing as "light." SERVPRO was at the property the same day, able to return the area to a pleasant, disinfected, and clean place.
After a water damage, no matter how well you think you've extracted the water and dehumidified the space, moisture will remain. It permeates any porous surface quickly and this is when mold begins to grow. It's imperative to take moisture readings to ensure the levels are at an acceptable number. This is part of our normal procedure at every job.
This mold was discovered in a basement wall when an adjacent wall was damaged due to a burst pipe. This mold likely grew over a period of months, unbeknownst to the homeowner. Upon discovering it, SERVPRO was able to remediate the entire basement area to provide peace of mind to the homeowner that this was not lingering anywhere else.
This kitchen fire spread quickly after the oven caught fire, causing the firefighters to punch holes through the wall to vent and control the flames. The homeowner, fortunately, was safe but left without a kitchen while the necessary clean-up and repairs were done. Luckily, we had them back in their home within days!
Frozen flooding? Is that even possible? We found out the hard way when a "Bomb Cyclone" snow storm hit New England in early 2018, dumping feet (as in plural) of snow during astronomical high tides which caused unprecedented flooding.
Storm Trooper Not Your Enemy!
This Storm Trooper re-wrote public opinion by shoveling out strangers' cars and walkways during a recent storm that paralyzed much of the East Coast.
The storm dumped several inches of snow and caused unprecedented flooding.
This homeowner laid newspapers down after a flood in their home. The idea was a good one to absorb some of the moisture, they quickly realized that wouldn't be enough and called SERVPRO!
Because of all the moisture in your bathroom, mold can easily grow under tiles. When it gets so bad that it's visible through the grout, it can be shocking once the tiles are removed!
If your window air conditioner unit isn't installed and pitched correctly, it can sometimes lead to mold. It's best to continually check under window sills, inside and outside, for sign of growth.
Crews begin cutting the drywall above the water line to ensure moisture won't lead to mold growth. Not taking these extra steps, in the remediation, after water or storm damage can lead to more problems down the road.
Rebuilding after a water or fire damage can be a daunting task. We'll stick with you through the whole process to get your home back to the point it was before the crisis.
A quick moving kitchen fire can spread well beyond it's point of origin – in under 3 minutes, according the National Fire Safety Council – as it did with this kitchen fire. Most of the first and second floors needed to be gutted due to smoke and/or fire damage.
Mold was found behind the drywall of Page School when it was removed during clean up of a water damage caused by a burst sprinkler pipe. SERVPRO was able to address this after the water damage was contained.
SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich dispatched crews in the overnight hours when Page School in Newbury, MA flooded due to a burst sprinkler pipe after a particularly nasty winter storm blew through New England.
What Is A Puff Back?
No, it has nothing to do with that magic dragon! A puff back is when a sticky, oily, smokey soot is blown back through your ventilation system due to a system failure. Our sister franchise, on Cape Cod, wrote an excellent article explaining how it occurs and the do's and don'ts of clean-up.
Power Strips and Space Heaters, Deadly Combination.
A Facebook post by Umatilla County Fire District No. 1 in Hermiston, Oregon, of a melted and burned power strip went viral.
Space heaters must be plugged directly into wall outlets, experts say. Never use an extension cord or power strip, which can overheat and result in a fire. Power strips are not designed to handle the high current flow needed for a space heater, and can overheat, melt and even catch fire due to the added energy flow.
Boys & Girls Club at Star Wars: The Last Jedi!
SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich recently hosted an event for several of it's commercial clients at a local movie theater for an early premiere of Star Wars: The Last Jedi. These lucky Boys & Girls Club members were personal guests of owner, Dave Hart.
So Many Different Types of Mold!
If you already know that so many different types of mold existed, then you probably also know it's best to call a professional to remove it. If you're like the rest of us who are surprised to learn there are so many types, then here's your news flash! It's important to get your home dried out your home as much as possible, since mold thrives in wet and humid environments. Professionals will use air movers, dehumidifiers and HEPA air scrubbers that work together to eliminate moisture and dry out the air and surfaces. They'll also wear safety gear like gloves, a mask and eye goggles.
When you look at those glistening icicles hanging off the edge of any building or home, you usually just think how pretty they are…hanging there innocently, shining in the sunlight! Well, not so fast! These beauties can often lead to ice dams, which can lead to huge headaches for the owner.
This illustration shows a good layman's explanation of what an ice dam is and how it forms and This Old House writes a great article on what to do if you have them.
Richard Ciarletta, Sales & Marketing Rep for SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich and Andrea LaCroix of Churchill Properties poses with the winner of the Galleria Open House grand prize. We donated a rolling cooler full of goodies to the lucky winner!
SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich office is in the Galleria Tile & Stone plaza, at 78 Turnpike Street, Unit G in Ipswich, MA.
When a pipe burst, forcing 10,000+ gallons of water through an old, historical building, much of the artwork in the school was at risk of irreversible damage. For example, this old piano, creatively repainted, would have been destroyed without a quick mitigation action plan.
SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich immediately brought in dozens of fans to combat the moisture and two 1 million BTU Incandescent Heaters to heat the air. The school is currently undergoing the mitigation process.
Some heavy duty equipment can be seen set up at Cogswell School in Haverhill, MA., after a burst pipe allowed 10,000 + gallons of water to rush through it's halls. SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich was called in to start the drying out process. Due to the historical nature of the building, a precise plan and delicate balance of "dry-in-place" procedure began.
If you don't believe the warnings that combustible materials should not be left in direct sunlight, think again. When this homeowner took a break from staining his deck, he left the rags in the open container of stain, in the direct sun. When the toxic chemicals heated up, the rags ignited causing a fire on the deck and extensive smoke damage throughout the first and second floor.
Congratulations to the SERVPRO Softball team for winning the 2017 Championship! Our own Justin Naffah had some pretty sweet moves!
SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich's Marketing Representative Richard Ciarletta sets up for the Lunch & Learn at Windhill Realty in Ipswich, MA. The lunch and learn is a great way to meet with realtors and explain how SERVPRO can help with any fire, water, mold or general cleaning issues.
Richard Ciarletta of SERVPRO (back left) served up dinner with The Ipswich Business Roundtable at The Dinner Bell in Ipswich, MA. The free weekly meal is a community event for people who want to get out and meet their neighbors.
SERVPRO's Michelle Lavigne, Dave Hart, Nury Cardoza and Patrick Lavigne attended the event with E-Z Way Cleaners Peter Carbone (second from left). This event raised money to benefit the Buttonwoods Museum.
SERVPRO's Richard Ciarletta and Mary Ellen Lawlor attended the American Red Cross Community Heroes Breakfast on Thursday March 30, 2017. The American Red Cross Heroes Breakfast was established in an effort to raise awareness for local heroes who carry out the mission of the Red Cross by making a commitment to creating stronger communities and providing help when disaster strikes.
SERVPRO's Richard Ciarletta (Marketing Representative), Michelle Lavigne (Owner) and Mary Ellen Lawlor (Marketing Representative) attended The Exchange Club of Haverhill's 16th Annual St. Patrick's Day Breakfast. SERVPRO of Haverhill/Newburyport/Danvers/Ipswich sponsored the bagpipers who played at the event.
Richard Ciarletta of SERVPRO Danvers/Ipswich and the North Shore Association of Realtors members gathered at Wellspring House in Gloucester for a backyard beautification project on 2 of the Wellspring properties. The clean-up phase is complete, and they will be looking for more volunteers for planting in the Spring.
Our SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich crew is learning about equipment use and maintenance as part of our continued training program. It's important to know not only how to use each piece of equipment correctly, but how to care for the equipment as well.
SERVPRO of Danvers/Ipswich's Richard Ciarletta joins in on the Ipswich Business Roundtable discussion. Discussions range from big-picture topics to smaller projects, and the group has spent a good deal of time discussing ways to attract more visitors to Ipswich.


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The End of Roe v. Wade: Shutdown SCOTUS ft. Hope Neyer w/ Shutdown DC
June 19, 2022Posted inpolitics
Flying solo, Scott talks with return guest, public health worker and organizer Hope Neyer (@heyneyer) with Shutdown DC (@ShutDown_DC) about the end of Roe v. Wade. They discuss above ground and underground actions at the end of Roe v. Wade, de-legitimatizing SCOTUS, right-wing backlash, the impacts of the overturning of Roe on blue states, red states and marginalized communities.
Listen in: https://apple.co/3Oj28zw
Watergate turns 50. Inside the White House Plumbers w/ author Matt Krogh
June 15, 2022Posted inPeoples' History, politics
June 17th is the 50th anniversary of the Watergate break in. In 1972, five men were arrested breaking into the Democratic National Committee HQ at the Watergate Hotel in Washington D.C. They were part of a group that operated out of the Nixon White House called the "Plumbers." Their job was to investigate leaks in the White House and conduct other surveillance and sabotage against Nixon's political enemies.
Listen in: https://apple.co/3zF7fWI
One of the heads of the White House Plumbers was Egil "Bud" Krogh. Krogh passed away in 2020, but before his death, he co-wrote a memoir of his experience in the Nixon Administration's secret espionage unit with his son Matt Krogh.
You Tube Censors the Green and Red Podcast!
Clearly, the Green and Red Podcast is a fly in someone's ointment. YouTube has taken down our episode about America's culture wars calling it "misinformation" and "inappropriate."
What did we say? We talked about guns, abortion rights, Texas, and the bleak state of American society and politics–in other words, what you see every day. Social media enables right-wing violence, the big lie, and COVID denial, but they canceled Green & Red's discussion of those realities.
They let right wingers and anti-vaxxers go crazy on those platforms, but not us. Free speech isn't really that free.
Blood-Soaked America ft. Greg Abbott, Ted Cruz and Charlton Heston
June 8, 2022Posted inpolitics
It's a bleak outlook for America these days– mass shootings, the end of Roe vs. Wade, inflation, culture wars and the rise of the far right.
Listen in: https://apple.co/3Nyu3eQ
June 1, 2022Posted inanti-capitalism, Media Releases
Have you been listening to the excellent, informative and inspiring stories that we've been bringing you non-stop since the spring of 2020? Over the past two years, we've brought you…
May 29, 2022Posted inForeign Policy
May 24, 2022Posted inPeoples' History, pop culture
Bob Dylan is the most important political singer/songwriter of the 20th Century, and he turns 81 on May 24th, so we had a fantastic discussion with Michael Stewart Foley, one of the preeminent scholars of music and politics and author of "Fresh Fruit and Rotting Vegetables," about the Dead Kennedys, and "Citizen Cash: The Political Life of Johnny Cash."
Listen in: https://apple.co/3wF8yTs
The End of Roe vs. Wade: Texas, Abortion and Mutual Aid ft. reporter Candice Bernd w/ Truthout
May 18, 2022Posted inpolitics
Texas' right wing establishment has waged war on abortion and abortion providers for many years. In 2013, Texas HB 2 closed 23 abortion clinics and led to an 11 hour filibuster by State Senator Wendy Davis and mass occupation of the state capital by pro-choice protestors. Earlier this year, the passage of SB 8 put bounties on anyone associated with providing an abortion. Texas abortion providers have already been preparing for escalated legal action and criminalization of the practice. Now with the likely overturning of Roe vs. Wade, that is becoming more real.
Listen in: https://apple.co/3MtxCT4
Bob and Scott host Candice Bernd (@candicebernd), Senior Editor and Reporter at Truthout, about her new article "Texas Abortion Funds Work to Reduce Looming Harms of Post-"Roe" Criminalization."
The End of Roe vs. Wade: Reproductive Rights and Direct Action ft. Hope w/ Shutdown DC
Last week, a draft of a brief overturning Roe v. Wade was leaked to Politico causing an uproar in many sectors. This decision will put the health and safety of millions of women in jeopardy. Predictably, the establishment focused on catching the leaker. Outrage hit Twitter. And the left hit the streets.
Listen in: https://apple.co/3Nhx2Yt
In a series of episodes, Green and Red will focus on how grassroots direct action and mutual aid groups are organizing in the wake of this political tidal wave. Before Roe, we saw underground movements to support women seeking abortions. After the 1973 ruling on Roe, we saw grassroots activists doing clinic defense in the face of violent right wing protests that included assassination of abortion providers and clinic bombings. Now as we're looking at a time where Roe could be overturned, we're going to be talking over the next couple of episodes about what's next for direct action and mutual aid at the end of Roe vs Wade.
Inside Oliver Stone's Kennedy-Conspiracy-Complex
May 11, 2022Posted inChomsky, Foreign Policy, Peoples' History
Cross-posted from Afflict the Comfortable
by Professor Robert Buzzanco
(I vanquished DiEugenio, so my challenge to Oliver Stone to debate is still on the table)
"When Oliver Stone heard it, he immediately called me, as he was excited about the result." And thus Kent Dorfman James DiEugenio, aka "Jimmy Die," received the imprimatur of his mentor and lord that he had done well.
Stone was referring to a debate I recently had with DiEugenio on the topic of the JFK assassination and the conspiracies Stone and others have laid out over the years, claiming that the "deep state," including the military-industrial complex and intelligence agencies, and maybe even the Vice President's office, had Kennedy killed because he was going soft on them—preparing to withdraw from Vietnam, normalize relations with Cuba, and end the Cold War. (You can hear the debate here). DiEugenio has continued his barrage of insults directed at Noam Chomsky and me, along with the tired old theories and anecdotes and misinformation, so I'm writing a last response to him. If Oliver Stone wants to enter the debate, he's always welcome to join Scott Parkin and me on Green & Red Podcast.
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Adash is a cost effective Puc socket using the same technology as Aline, which means that it is a strong and an effective solution when a minimal presentation is required.
Adash is simple to use and simple to install; from a single push fit shelf to a 350mm straight arm the Puc socket handles it with ease providing an adaptable merchandising solution. Its strength allows it to be used for shoes one minute and clothes the next without relying on a wall plate for additional support, this makes it ideal for the ever changing face of retail.


Police are investigating a series of alleged arsons were started in the Marsh Mills area of Plymouth on Sunday afternoon.
Plumes of thick smoke could be seen rising into the sky during three grass fires in the same area of the city.
One man has been arrested following the incident but police have confirmed that they are still searching for a second offender.
Eyewitnesses described seeing smoke coming from the Plymouth Road footbridge while a fire was also started in a garden on Willow Close.
Local residents gathered in the street to watch fire crews tackle the fires as they burnt.
Eyewitness Holly Woods said: "I was just driving past and there were huge clouds of smoke and fire crews just arriving.
"It looked like two fires, maybe a car but lots of smoke."
A Devon and Cornwall Police spokesperson has confirmed they are investigating a total of three separate fires which were reported to them at 5.04pm.
The fire service said that all the fires have now been put out.


text:
Title: Shoot 'em up
Subject: List of Intellivision games, List of cooperative video games, 505 Games, List of games that use the Classic Controller, List of Wii U software
Collection: Shoot 'Em Ups, Video Game Genres, Video Game Terminology
Action-adventure game
Action role-playing game
Grand Theft Auto clone
Stealth game
Survival game
Platform game
Platform-adventure game
Shooter game
Light gun shooter
Role-playing shooter
Tactical shooter
Cover system
First-person shooter engine
Free look
Quick time event
WASD keys
List of beat 'em ups
List of fighting game companies
List of fighting games
List of first-person shooters
List of freeware first-person shooters
List of third-person shooters
List of Shoot 'em up game companies
List of gun games
List of maze video games
List of platform games
A screenshot from Project Starfighter, a side-scrolling shoot-'em-up video game
Shoot 'em up (also known as shmup or STG) is a subgenre of the shooter genre of video games. In a shoot 'em up, the player character engages in a lone assault, often in a spacecraft or aircraft, shooting large numbers of enemies while dodging their attacks. There is no consensus as to which design elements compose a shoot 'em up. Some restrict the definition to games featuring spacecraft and certain types of character movement; others allow a broader definition including characters on foot and a variety of perspectives. Shoot 'em ups call for fast reactions and for the player to memorize levels and enemy attack patterns. "Bullet hell" games feature overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles.
The genre's origins can be traced back to Spacewar!, one of the very earliest computer games, developed in 1961 and eventually released in amusement arcades in the early 1970s. However, Tomohiro Nishikado, creator of Space Invaders, is generally credited with inventing the genre. Space Invaders premiered in Japanese arcades in 1978. Shoot 'em ups were popular throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. In the mid-1990s, shoot 'em ups became a niche genre based on design conventions established in the 1980s, and increasingly catered to specialist enthusiasts, particularly in Japan.
Common elements 1.1
Types 2
Origins and rise 3.1
Golden age and refinement 3.2
Bullet hell and niche appeal 3.3
A "shoot 'em up", also known as a "shmup"[1][2] or "STG" (the common Japanese abbreviation for "shooting games"),[3][4] is a game in which the protagonist combats a large number of enemies by shooting at them while dodging their fire. The controlling player must rely primarily on reaction times to succeed.[5][6] Beyond this, critics differ on exactly which design elements constitute a shoot 'em up. Some restrict the genre to games featuring some kind of craft, using fixed or scrolling movement.[5] Others widen the scope to include games featuring such protagonists as robots or humans on foot, as well as including games featuring "on-rails" (or "into the screen") and "run and gun" movement.[6][7][8] Mark Wolf restricts the definition to games featuring multiple antagonists ("'em" being short for "them"), calling games featuring one-on-one shooting "combat games".[9] Formerly, critics described any game where the primary design element was shooting as a "shoot 'em up",[6] but later shoot 'em ups became a specific, inward-looking genre based on design conventions established in those shooting games of the 1980s.[7]
Shoot 'em ups are a subgenre of shooter game, in turn a type of action game. These games are usually viewed from a top-down or side-view perspective, and players must use ranged weapons to take action at a distance. The player's avatar is typically a vehicle under constant attack. Thus, the player's goal is to shoot as quickly as possible anything that moves or threatens him.[10] In some games, the player's character can withstand some damage; in others, a single hit will result in his destruction.[2] The main skills required in shoot 'em ups are fast reactions and memorising enemy attack patterns. Some games feature overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles and the player has to memorise their patterns to survive.[1][11][12] These games belong to one of the fastest-paced video game genres.[10]
Large numbers of enemy characters are typically featured. These enemies may behave in a certain way dependent on their type, or attack in formations that the player can learn to predict. The basic gameplay tends to be straightforward and many games offset this with boss battles and a variety of weapons.[2] Shoot 'em ups rarely have realistic physics. Characters can instantly change direction with no inertia, and projectiles move in a straight line at constant speeds.[10] The player's character can collect "power-ups" which may afford the character greater protection, an "extra life", or upgraded weaponry.[11] Different weapons are often suited to different enemies, but these games seldom keep track of ammunition. As such, players tend to fire indiscriminately, and their weapons only damage legitimate targets.[10]
Shoot 'em ups are categorized by design elements, particularly viewpoint and movement:[6]
Fixed shooters (such as Space Invaders) consist of levels that each fit within a single screen. The protagonist's movement is fixed to a single axis of motion, and enemies attack in a single direction (such as descending from the top of the screen).[13] These games are sometimes also called "gallery shooters".[7]
Rail shooters limit the player to moving around the screen while the game follows a specific route;[14] these games often feature an "into the screen" viewpoint, with which the action is seen from behind the player character, and moves "into the screen", while the player retains control over dodging.[6][15] Examples include Captain Skyhawk. The term "rail shooter" is also often applied to light gun shooters that use "on-rails" movement,[16] and the term has also been applied to scripted events in first-person shooters such as Call of Duty in recent years.[17][18]
Tube shooters feature craft flying through an abstract tube.[19]
Scrolling shooters include vertical or horizontal scrolling games.
Vertically scrolling shooters: In a vertically scrolling shoot 'em up (or "vertical scroller"), the action is viewed from above and scrolls up (or very occasionally down) the screen.
Horizontally scrolling shooters: In a "horizontal shooter" or "side-scrolling shooter", in which the action is viewed side-on and scrolls horizontally.[6][7][20]
Isometrically scrolling shooters: A small number of scrolling shooters, such as Sega's Zaxxon, feature an isometric point of view.[7]
Multidirectional shooters feature 360 degree movement where the protagonist may rotate and move in any direction.[21] Multidirectional shooters with one joystick for movement and one joystick for firing in any direction independent of movement are called "twin-stick shooters."[22][23]
Bullet hell (弾幕, danmaku, literally "barrage" or "bullet curtain") is a shoot 'em up in which the entire screen is often almost completely filled with enemy bullets.[12] This type is also known as "curtain fire",[24] "manic shooters"[7] or "maniac shooters".[25] This style of game originated in the mid-1990s, and is an offshoot of scrolling shooters.[25]
Cute 'em ups feature brightly coloured graphics depicting surreal settings and enemies.[7] Newer, particularly Japanese, cute 'em ups may employ overtly sexual characters and innuendo.[26] Cute 'em ups tend to have unusual, oftentimes completely bizarre opponents for the player to fight, with the Parodius franchise being a perfect example.
Run and gun (or "run 'n' gun") describes a shoot 'em up in which the protagonist fights on foot, perhaps with the ability to jump. Run and gun games may use side scrolling, vertical scrolling or isometric viewpoints and may feature multidirectional movement.[8][27][28]
Origins and rise
Spacewar!, an early computer game featuring shooting and spacecraft
The genre's exact origins are a matter of some confusion.[6] Video game journalist Brian Ashcraft pinpoints Spacewar! (one of the very earliest computer games) as the first shoot 'em up,[29] but the later Space Invaders is more frequently cited as the "first" or "original" in the genre.[6][7][30] Spacewar! was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1961, for the amusement of the developers; it was, however, remade four times as an arcade game in the early to mid-1970s. The game featured combat between two spacecraft.[31]
Space Invaders (1978) set the template for the shoot 'em up genre
However, it was not until 1978's seminal Space Invaders, created by Nishikado at Japan's Taito Corporation, that the shooter genre became prolific.[32] Space Invaders pitted the player against multiple enemies descending from the top of the screen at a constantly increasing rate of speed.[30] The game used alien creatures inspired by The War of the Worlds (by H. G. Wells) because the developers were unable to render the movement of aircraft; in turn, the aliens replaced human enemies because of moral concerns (regarding the portrayal of killing humans) on the part of Taito Corporation. As with subsequent shoot 'em ups of the time, the game was set in space as the available technology only permitted a black background. The game also introduced the idea of giving the player a number of "lives". Space Invaders was a massive commercial success, causing a coin shortage in Japan,[33] and gaining mainstream popularity in America.[34] It popularised a more interactive style of gameplay with the enemies responding to the player-controlled cannon's movement,[35] and it was the first video game to popularise the concept of achieving a high score,[34][36][37] being the first to save the player's score.[34] The aliens of Space Invaders return fire at the protagonist, making them the first arcade game targets to do so.[38] It set the template for the shoot 'em up genre,[39] and has influenced most shooting games released since then.[32]
Golden age and refinement
In 1979, Namco's Galaxian—"the granddaddy of all top-down shooters", according to IGN—was released.[40] Its use of colour graphics and individualised antagonists were considered "strong evolutionary concepts" among space ship games.[41] That same year saw the release of SNK's debut shoot 'em up Ozma Wars, notable for being the first action game to feature a supply of energy, resembling a life bar, a mechanic that has now become common in the majority of modern action games.[42] It also featured vertically scrolling backgrounds and enemies.[43]
In 1981, Defender established scrolling in shoot 'em ups, offering horizontally extended levels. Unlike most later games in the genre, the player could move in either direction.[7] The game's use of scrolling helped remove design limitations associated with the screen,[44] and though the game's minimap feature had been introduced before, Defender integrated it into the gameplay in a more essential manner.[45] Konami's Scramble, released in 1981, is a side-scrolling shooter with forced scrolling. It was the first scrolling shooter to offer multiple, distinct levels.[7] Atari's Tempest, released in 1981, is one of the earliest tube shooters and an early attempt to incorporate a 3D perspective into shooter games.[46] Tempest ultimately went on to influence major rail shooters.[47][48]
Vertical scrolling shooters emerged around the same time. Namco's Xevious, released in 1982, is frequently cited as the first vertical scrolling shooter and, although it was in fact preceded by several other games of that type, it is considered one of the most influential.[7] Xevious is also the first to convincingly portray realistic landscapes as opposed to purely science fiction settings.[49] While Asteroids (1979) allowed the player to rotate the game's spacecraft,[50] 1982's highly acclaimed Robotron: 2084 was most influential on subsequent multi-directional shooters.[51][52]
Sega's Space Harrier, a rail shooter released in 1985, broke new ground graphically and its wide variety of settings across multiple levels gave players more to aim for than high scores.[53][54] 1985 also saw the release of Konami's Gradius, which gave the player greater control over the choice of weaponry, thus introducing another element of strategy.[7] The game also introduced the need for the player to memorise levels in order to achieve any measure of success.[55] Gradius, with its iconic protagonist, defined the side-scrolling shoot 'em up and spawned a series spanning several sequels.[56] The following year saw the emergence of one of Sega's forefront series with its game Fantasy Zone. The game received acclaim for its surreal graphics and setting and the protagonist, Opa-Opa, was for a time considered Sega's mascot.[57] The game borrowed Defender's device of allowing the player to control the direction of flight and along with the earlier TwinBee (1985), is an early archetype of the "cute 'em up" subgenre.[7][58] R-Type, an acclaimed side-scrolling shoot 'em up, was released in 1987 by Irem, employing slower paced scrolling than usual, with difficult levels calling for methodical strategies.[1][59] 1990's Raiden was the beginning of another acclaimed and enduring series to emerge from this period.[60][61]
Shoot 'em ups such as SNK's Ikari Warriors (1986) featuring characters on foot, rather than spacecraft, became popular in the mid-1980s in the wake of action movies such as Rambo: First Blood Part II.[62] The origins of this type go back to Berzerk by Stern Electronics, released in 1980. Taito's Front Line (1982) established the upwards-scrolling formula later popularized by Commando, in 1985.[28] Commando also drew comparisons to Rambo[63] and indeed contemporary critics considered military themes and protagonists similar to Rambo or Schwarzenegger prerequisites for a shoot 'em up, as opposed to an action-adventure game.[28] In 1986, Arsys Software released WiBArm, a shooter that switched between a 2D side-scrolling view in outdoor areas to a fully 3D polygonal third-person perspective inside buildings, while bosses were fought in an arena-style 2D battle, with the game featuring a variety of weapons and equipment.[64] In 1987, Square's 3-D WorldRunner was an early stereoscopic 3-D shooter played from a third-person perspective,[65] followed later that year by its sequel JJ,[66] and the following year by Space Harrier 3-D which used the SegaScope 3-D shutter glasses.[67] That same year, Sega's Thunder Blade switched between both a top-down view and a third-person view, and introduced the use of force feedback, where the joystick vibrates.[68] Also in 1987, Konami created Contra as an coin-op arcade game that was particularly acclaimed for its multi-directional aiming and two player cooperative gameplay. However, by the early 1990s and the popularity of 16-bit consoles, the scrolling shooter genre was overcrowded, with developers struggling to make their games stand out (one exception being the inventive Gunstar Heroes, by Treasure).[69]
Bullet hell and niche appeal
A new type of shoot 'em up emerged in the early 1990s: variously termed "bullet hell", "manic shooters", "maniac shooters" and danmaku (弾幕, "barrage"), these games required the player to dodge overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles and called for still more consistent reactions from players.[7][25] Bullet hell games arose from the need for 2D shoot 'em up developers to compete with the emerging popularity of 3D games: huge numbers of missiles on screen were intended to impress players.[25] Toaplan's Batsugun (1993) provided the prototypical template for this new breed, with Cave (formed by former employees of Toaplan, including Batsugun's main creator Tsuneki Ikeda, after the latter company collapsed) inventing the type proper with 1995's DonPachi.[70] Manic shooter games marked another point where the shoot 'em up genre began to cater to more dedicated players.[7][25] Games such as Gradius had been more difficult than Space Invaders or Xevious,[55] but bullet hell games were yet more inward-looking and aimed at dedicated fans of the genre looking for greater challenges.[7][71] While shooter games featuring protagonists on foot largely moved to 3D-based genres, popular, long-running series such as Contra and Metal Slug continued to receive new sequels.[72][73][74] Rail shooters have rarely been released in the new millennium, with only Rez and Panzer Dragoon Orta achieving cult recognition.[14][54][75]
Treasure's shoot 'em up, Radiant Silvergun (1998), introduced an element of narrative to the genre. It was lavished with critical acclaim for its refined design, though it was not released outside of Japan and remains a much sought after collectors' item.[1][7][76][77] Its successor Ikaruga (2001) featured improved graphics and was again acclaimed as one of the best games in the genre. Both Radiant Silvergun and Ikaruga were later released on Xbox Live Arcade.[1][7][78] The Touhou Project series spans eighteen years and twenty-two games as of 2014 and was listed in the Guinness World Records in October 2010 for being the "most prolific fan-made shooter series".[79] The genre has undergone something of a resurgence with the release of the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Wii online services,[78] while in Japan arcade shoot 'em ups retain a deep-rooted niche popularity.[80] Geometry Wars: Retro Evolved was released on Xbox Live Arcade in 2005 and in particular stood out from the various re-releases and casual games available on the service.[81] The PC has also seen its share of dōjin shoot 'em ups like Crimzon Clover, Jamestown: Legend of the Lost Colony, and the eXceed series. However, despite the genre's continued appeal to an enthusiastic niche of players, shoot 'em up developers are increasingly embattled financially by the power of home consoles and their attendant genres.[80][82]
^ a b c d e Buchanan, Levi, Top 10 Classic Shoot 'Em Ups, IGN, April 8, 2008, May 26, 2009
^ a b c Beck, Ian (May 19, 2006). "Jets'n'Guns".
^ Davies, Jonti. The Shooting Never Stops. GameSpy. 30 July 2008.
^ Carless, Simon. Final Form On Jamestown's Origins, Mechanics. Game Set Watch. 5 April 2011.
^ a b Ashcraft, p. 70
^ a b c d e f g h Bielby, Matt, "The Complete YS Guide to Shoot 'Em Ups", Your Sinclair, July, 1990 (issue 55), p. 33
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Game Genres: Shmups, Professor Jim Whitehead, January 29, 2007. Accessed June 17, 2008
^ a b Provo, Frank, Bloody Wolf, GameSpot, July 7, 2007. Accessed June 17, 2008
^ Mark J. P. Wolf (2008). The video game explosion: a history from PONG to PlayStation and beyond.
^ a b c d Rollings, Andrew; Ernest Adams (2006). Fundamentals of Game Design. Prentice Hall.
^ a b Parkin, Simon (September 21, 2006). "Gradius Collection".
^ Provo, Frank Galaga '90, GameSpot, August 10, 2007. Accessed June 17, 2008
^ a b Goldstein, Hilary, Panzer Dragoon Orta, IGN, January 10, 2003, July 17, 2008
^ Kalata, Kurt, Space Harrier, Hardcore Gaming 101. Accessed February 02, 2010
^ Ashcraft, Brian (2008), Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers,
^ "Call of Duty: Black Ops Review". Game Rant. 2010-11-11. Retrieved 2010-11-27. it becomes a little disappointing when you're forced to sit there and watch scripted walkthroughs of story moments. Going to the Pentagon is something that should be pretty exciting, but it's essentially a rail-shooter without the shooting.
^ Robert Howarth (November 8, 2007). "Call of Duty 4 First Impressions". Voodoo Extreme. IGN. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
^ Reed, Kristan, Gyruss, Eurogamer, April 19, 2007. Accessed February 17, 2009
^ Smith, Rachael, "Sidewize", Your Sinclair, October 1987 (issue 22), p. 38
^ Onyett, Charles (February 13, 2006). "Crystal Quest".
^ McAllister, Graham (March 30, 2011). "A Guide To iOS Twin Stick Shooter Usability".
^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (December 9, 2013). "Microsoft's ID@Xbox policy means this indie twin-stick shooter can't launch on Xbox One".
^ Sheffield, Brandon, Q&A: Capcom's Kujawa On Revisiting Classics, Bullet Hell, Gamasutra, April 22, 2008. Accessed March 2, 2009
^ a b c d e Ashcraft, p. 77
^ Ashcraft, p. 82
^ Dunham, Jeremy, First Look: Alien Hominid, IGN, July 27, 2004. Accessed June 17, 2008
^ a b c Bielby, Matt, "The YS Complete Guide To Shoot-'em-ups Part II", Your Sinclair, August 1990 (issue 56), p. 19
^ a b Buchanan, Levi, Space Invaders, IGN, March 31, 2003. Accessed June 14, 2008
^ Surette, Tim, Gaming pioneer passes away, GameSpot, June 7, 2006. Accessed June 16, 2008
^ a b Edwards, Benj. "Ten Things Everyone Should Know About Space Invaders".
^ Ashcraft pp. 72–73
^ a b c Geddes, Ryan; Hatfield, Daemon (2007-12-10). "IGN's Top 10 Most Influential Games". IGN. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
^ Retro Gamer Staff. "Nishikado-San Speaks".
^ Kevin Bowen. "The Gamespy Hall of Fame: Space Invaders".
^ Craig Glenday, ed. (2008-03-11). "Record Breaking Games: Shooting Games Roundup". Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2008.
^ "Players Guide To Electronic Science Fiction Games".
^ "Essential 50: Space Invaders".
^ Buchanan, Levi.Galaxian Mini, IGN, April 21, 2003. Accessed June 17, 2008
^ "Arcade Games". Joystick 1 (1): 10. September 1982.
^ Playing With Power: Great Ideas That Have Changed Gaming Forever, 1UP
^ The History of SNK, GameSpot. Accessed February 16, 2009
^ Stearny, Mark (September 1982). "The Evolution of Space Games: How We Got From Space Invaders to Zaxxon". JoyStik (1): 8–29.
^ Cuciz, David (May 2001). "Hall of Fame: Defender".
^ Roper, Chris, The Games of Atari Classics Evolved: Part 2, IGN, October 22, 2007. Accessed June 17, 2008
^ Terminator 3: The Redemption, Yahoo Games!. Accessed March 2, 2009
^ Leo, Jonathan, "Rez HD", GameAxis Unwired, March 2008, p. 47
^ Mielke, James, Asteroids Review,'GameSpot, November 19, 1998. Accessed February 17, 2009
^ Gerstmann, Jeff, Robotron: 2084 Review, GameSpot, December 20, 2005. Accessed February 17, 2009
^ Staff, Top 10 Tuesday: Game Designers, IGN. Accessed February 17, 2009
^ Buchanan, Levi, Space Harrier Retrospective, IGN, September 5, 2008. Accessed February 17, 2009
^ a b Maragos, Nich, Space Harrier (PS2), 1UP.com, January 1, 2000. Accessed February 17, 2009
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^ Fahs, Travis, Fantasy Zone Retrospective, IGN, October 1, 2008. Accessed February 13, 2009
^ Kalata, Kurt, Fantasy Zone, Harcore Gaming 101. Accessed February 02, 2010
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^ Buchanan, Levi, Raiden, IGN, February 17, 2004. Accessed February 13, 2009
^ Segre, Nicole, "Commando," Sinclair User, February 1986 (issue 47)
^ John Szczepaniak. "Retro Japanese Computers: Gaming's Final Frontier". Hardcore Gaming 101. p. 4. Retrieved 2011-03-16. Reprinted from "Retro Japanese Computers: Gaming's Final Frontier",
^ 3-D WorldRunner at Allgame
^ JJ: Tobidase Daisakusen Part II [Japanese] at Allgame
^ Space Harrier 3-D at Allgame
^ Thunder Blade at the Killer List of Videogames
^ IGN's Top 100 Games, IGN, July 25, 2005. Accessed February 19, 2009
^ Ashcraft, pp. 78-80
^ Magrino, Tom, Contra conquering DS, GameSpot, June 20, 2007. Accessed February 17, 2009
^ Staff, Contra Q&A, GameSpot, October 1, 2002. Accessed February 17, 2009
^ Bozon, Mark, Metal Slug Anthology Review, IGN, December 20, 2006. Accessed February 17, 2009
^ Brudwig, Erik, Rez HD is Coming, IGN, January 22, 2008. Accessed February 17, 2009
^ Buchanan, Levi, Fond Memories: Radiant Silvergun, IGN, April 7, 2008. Accessed February 13, 2009
^ McCarthy, Dave, The Best Games That Never Came out in Britain, IGN, January 26, 2009, Accessed February 13, 2009
^ a b Staff, Top 10 Tuesday: 2D Space Shooters, IGN, March 6, 2007. Accessed February 13, 2009
^ "Most prolific fan-made shooter series".
^ Gouskos, Carrie, Geometry Wars: Retro Evolved Review, GameSpot, November 23, 2005. Accessed February 13, 2009
^ "State of the Shoot ëEm Up - Edge Magazine". Next-gen.biz. 2008-11-17. Retrieved 2011-09-06.
Ashcraft, Brian, (2008) Arcade Mania! The Turbo-Charged World of Japan's Game Centers, (Kodansha International)
Pac-Man clone
Light gun
Bishōjo
Eroge
Graphic adventure
Interactive movie
Action role-playing
Tactical role-playing
Construction and management
Life simulation
Digital pet
Social simulation
Real-time tactics
Turn-based tactics
Vehicle simulation
Submarine simulator
Breakout clone
Exergame
Non-game
Tile-matching
Audio game
Christian game
Clone game
Crossover game
Cult game
Nonlinear gameplay
MMOG
Social network game
Advergame
Edugame
Traditional game
Shoot 'em ups
Video game terminology
North America, Atari 2600, The Times, Taito Corporation, Midway Games
Double Dragon, 3D computer graphics, Final Fight, Martial arts, Sega
List of Intellivision games
North America, Mattel Electronics, Shoot 'em up, APh Technological Consulting, Sega
List of cooperative video games
PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, Personal computer, Wii
Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Nintendo Wii
List of games that use the Classic Controller
Nintendo, Sega, Sports game, Konami, Capcom
List of Wii U software
Nintendo, Platform game, Ubisoft, Activision, Puzzle video game


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Unluckily, this seems to be not Shadowflame we loved.
With 2 charges, an 8-second duration, and a 14-second CD/recharge... how is it possible to stack this more than 2 times?
The earliest version in the Changelog has a 12-second CD/recharge, and even that doesn't allow for a 3-stack.
Hmm, I guess if you can get close to 45% Haste and reduce the CD so it's shorter than the duration... then you could get 3 stacks going. Is that the point?
Lobs a ball of Shadowflame at the target, dealing (27.5% of Spell power) Shadowflame damage immediately, and another (38.5% of Spell power) Shadowflame damage over 8 sec, stacking up to 3 times.
Suffering (9.625% of Spell power) Shadowflame damage every 2 sec.