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UNDETECTABLE = UNTRANSMITTABLE
U=U RESOURCES
U=U NEWS
Consenso En Español
1. Can a person with HIV on treatment with an undetectable viral load transmit HIV?
No. A person living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) who has an undetectable viral load cannot transmit HIV through sex.
2. What is an "undetectable viral load" and what is "viral load suppression"?
Viral load refers to the amount of HIV in a blood sample of a person living with HIV. Generally, the higher the viral load, the more likely you are to transmit HIV. Both "undetectable" and "viral load suppression" are extremely low measurements of HIV that are virtually the same. The terms are often used interchangeably in public health communications.
Undetectable viral load: ART can reduce a person's viral load to the point where it is so low (usually under 40 copies/ml depending on the test and region of the world) that it cannot be detected by measurements.2 This is called 'having an 'undetectable viral load,' which prevents the sexual transmission of HIV while simultaneously improving the health of a person living with HIV.1 It does not fully clear the virus from the body or cure someone of HIV. Excellence adherence, or taking ART as prescribed, is important to maintain an undetectable viral load.
Viral load suppression: When ART suppresses a person's viral load to less than 200 copies/ml, this is called being "virally suppressed." Being virally suppressed prevents the sexual transmission of HIV while simultaneously improving the health of a person living with HIV. 1 Studies show that when a person is virally suppressed they cannot transmit HIV to sexual partners. Excellence adherence, or taking ART as prescribed, is important to maintain viral suppression.
For the purposes of the U=U campaign, the term "undetectable" is used synonymously with the term "virally suppressed."
3. What is the evidence?
The conclusion is based on the overwhelming force of real world and research evidence including HPTN 052, PARTNER, PARTNER 2, Opposites Attract, and the Swiss Statement.3-11 For instance, in HPTN 052 there were ZERO transmissions between 1,763 mixed-status couples when the HIV positive partners were on ART with undetectable viral loads. In the PARTNER study, there were ZERO transmissions out of 58,000 condomless sex acts between people with HIV on ART who had undetectable viral loads and their HIV negative partners. In PARTNER 2, which was the extension of PARTNER and studied men who have sex with men, there were ZERO transmissions out of 77,000 condomless sex acts between people with HIV on ART with undetectable viral loads and their HIV negative partners.32,35 In the Opposites Attract study, there were ZERO transmissions out of 17,000 condomless sex acts between HIV positive undetectable and HIV negative male partners. 34 Since the advent of combination therapy, there have been no confirmed reports of anyone with an undetectable viral load sexually transmitting HIV.11, 29
4. Is the risk zero?
In real-world terms, yes the risk is zero. In theoretical terms, the risk is a tiny fraction close to zero. It's not helpful to focus on the theoretical risks because it is never possible to prove zero risk in science. Through statistical analysis, that number will keep getting closer and closer to zero. Researchers agree we can confidently say that a person with HIV on ART with an undetectable viral load cannot transmit HIV to their sexual partners. When someone is virally suppressed they are not infectious, the risk is scientifically equivalent to zero.1, 33, 35
5. Why are some groups saying an undetectable viral load reduces risk by 93-96%?
It's a widespread mistake when reporting the HPTN 052 study's findings. This study looked at the transmission risk from the first day a person with HIV starts treatment. The reason there was a 96% risk reduction (based on the study's interim results) and a 93% risk reduction (based on the study's final results) is because there were HIV transmissions before ART had the chance to suppress the virus and because treatment did not work properly for a small number of the participants. If only transmissions after the first six months of ART are considered, the risk reduction would have been 100% with a transmission risk of zero.3,11-14
6. What does 'Treatment as Prevention' mean?
Treatment as prevention (TasP) refers to any HIV prevention method that uses ART to decrease the risk of HIV transmission to a sexual or needle-sharing partner, or perinatally. ART reduces the HIV viral load in the blood, semen, vaginal fluid, and rectal fluid to very low levels, and as a result reduces HIV transmission.15 TasP is the foundation for U=U. TasP does not indicate the level of reduction in the risk or the level of viral load required to prevent transmission. U=U refers to the point when the virus in the blood is reduced to undetectable levels and there is effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually.
7. Does everyone who starts HIV treatment become and remain undetectable?
Nearly everyone who starts ART finds a drug regimen that works within six months.16 About one out of six people will need additional time to find the right treatment due to tolerance and adherence issues. Adherence to treatment and regular viral load monitoring are essential to maintaining an undetectable viral load.
8. Do viral "blips" increase the chance of transmission?
Viral blips have not been shown to increase the transmission of HIV.1,6,7 Small transient increases in viral load (between 50 and 1000 copies) known as 'blips'19 sometimes result on effective ART when people are adherent, but typically return to undetectable levels without any change in treatment. Unless the viral blips start to increase in frequency, they do not mean treatment isn't working and are normally not of concern to providers.1,7
9. Does having an STI affect the chance of HIV transmission?
Having an STI is not significant to HIV transmission when the partner with HIV has an undetectable viral load.7,9, 34 An STI in the presence of a detectable viral load may increase the risk of HIV transmission.
10. Why do some people have detectable viral loads?
Access to adequate healthcare, treatment, and viral load testing are serious barriers in many parts of the world. Some people who have access to treatment may choose not to be treated or may not be ready to start. Others start treatment but have challenges with adherence for a variety of reasons such as stigma, mental health challenges, substance abuse, unstable housing, difficulty paying for medications, hostile environments, drug resistance, and/or intolerable side effects.20 Some people with low but detectable viral loads also cannot transmit HIV. For instance, someone who is virally suppressed (under 200 copies/ml) and still detectable (above approx 40 copies/ml depending on the test) cannot transmit HIV. The major studies on the subject were based on the risk of HIV transmission from people who were virally suppressed.1 For people living with HIV who are not virally suppressed or undetectable, there are highly effective options including condoms, and in some parts of the world, PrEP, which can be used individually or in combination to prevent HIV. Everyone living with HIV regardless of viral load has the right to full and healthy social, sexual, and reproductive lives. See The Third U: Universal.
11. How often should viral load testing be done?
Regular viral load testing for health benefits is normally recommended about 2-4 times a year for people who have a stable undetectable viral load.21 People with HIV who are using an undetectable viral load as an HIV prevention strategy should talk to their providers to see if increased viral load testing is recommended.
12. What if there is detectable HIV in semen, vaginal or rectal fluids but not in the blood?
Scientists have found that HIV treatment that leads to an undetectable viral load in the blood also normally leads to an undetectable viral load in semen, vaginal, and rectal fluids. Occasionally people with an undetectable viral load in the blood have HIV RNA and DNA in semen, vaginal and rectal fluids but this has not been found to increase transmission risk. HIV RNA and DNA are only particles of HIV, and the whole virus is required to be infectious HIV. Further, studies show that HIV RNA and DNA are most common soon after starting HIV treatment and are hardly seen after a year or more of an undetectable viral load in the blood.22
13. Are there any side effects to being on HIV medicines?
HIV medicines can cause side effects for some people. Most are manageable. Fortunately, there are numerous HIV medicines available today that people can take without serious side effects. If you do experience any side effects it is important to discuss these with your healthcare provider.23
14. What does this mean for me if I have HIV?
It means that if you are undetectable and stay on HIV treatment, you are likely to be much healthier than if you were not on treatment and no longer need to be constrained by fear of transmitting the virus to others during sexual experiences. However, as Gus Cairns writes in Viral load and transmission - a factsheet for people with HIV, "if you want to stop using condoms, it is important to discuss this carefully with your partners and ensure they are also comfortable with the decision. Discussing what an undetectable viral load means with HIV-negative partners may help reduce their anxiety about HIV transmission. But this information will probably be new to most people who do not have HIV; it may take time for someone to understand and trust what you are saying."24 It is important to remember that while an undetectable viral load will protect your partners from your HIV, it does not protect them or you from other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or prevent pregnancy.
15. What does this mean for me if I don't have HIV?
You need not be constrained by fear of acquiring HIV while your sexual partner is undetectable. As Gus Cairns writes in Viral load and transmission - a factsheet for HIV negative people, "If you do want to stop using condoms, it is important to discuss this carefully with your partner and ensure they are also comfortable with the decision."26 It is important to remember that while an undetectable viral load will prevent transmission of HIV, it does not protect you or them from other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or unwanted pregnancy.
16. What does this mean for reproductive health, such as pregnancy and breastfeeding?
Knowing how an undetectable viral load prevents HIV transmission may be especially useful for people wishing to conceive a baby without using alternative insemination practices.25 An undetectable viral load also dramatically reduces the risk of vertical transmission - during pregnancy or breastfeeding. For more information on HIV and reproductive health, such as pregnancy and breastfeeding, please refer to HIVE www.HIVEonline.org or TheWellProject.org, including their most recent page on breastfeeding.
17. Should I stop using condoms and/or PrEP if I'm with someone who is undetectable?
PrEP and/ or condoms are not necessary to prevent HIV when the sexual partner has an undetectable viral load. Having an undetectable viral load, using PrEP and using condoms are all HIV prevention strategies that people can choose to use alone or in combination. We provide information about the latest science of HIV transmission so people with HIV and their partners can make informed decisions about what works for them. Some people may prefer to use several HIV prevention strategies for a variety of reasons such as to reduce transmission risk anxiety, to prevent other STIs, to prevent pregnancy, or if the partner with HIV has a history of inconsistent ART adherence. Condoms are the only method that helps prevent HIV, STIs, and pregnancy.
18. Do I need to disclose my HIV status to my sex partner if I am undetectable?
Having an undetectable viral load for at least six months and continuing to stay on medication means you are not putting your partner at risk. There is no moral imperative to disclose when you are not putting your partner at risk. However, you may want to consider the pluses and minuses of disclosing for you and your partner. A partner may become upset if they learn about your status after sexual interaction and it can cause unnecessary interpersonal consequences even when there is no risk of transmission. Also, it's extremely important to keep in mind that many discriminatory HIV criminalization laws exist in some states and parts of the world that require you to disclose your status, even when there is no risk of transmission.27,28 To learn more about the HIV criminalization laws in your state and country, visit The Center for HIV Law and Policy and SERO Project.
19. Can I trust that my partner is really undetectable?
Just like you cannot tell if someone has HIV by looking at them, you also cannot tell if someone has an undetectable viral load by how they look. Whether or not you choose to trust your partner is a highly personal decision and is likely to depend upon your sexual practices and relationship circumstances. People engaged in consensual sex are responsible for their own sexual health. In some circumstances, PrEP, is an excellent option to empower yourself against HIV transmission without depending upon trust of your sexual partner.
20. Does U=U apply to transmission through needle sharing?
U=U does not apply to HIV transmission through needle sharing. There is not yet enough research to draw a conclusion. For help regarding drug addiction and treatment, please visit drugrehab.com.
21. Why isn't my medical provider telling me this information?
Some medical providers are not up-to-date with the current science. Others agree with the science but are concerned about 1) an increase in condomless sex among people with HIV which may result in an increase in other STIs; and 2) patients' potential lack of understanding that maintaining an undetectable viral load requires excellent treatment adherence and monitoring; if they interrupt treatment by choice or circumstances outside of their control, their virus will likely rise to detectable levels. Some medical providers selectively choose to discuss this information only with patients and clients whom they judge are "responsible" (for example: monogamous and with a stable linkage to treatment) rather than directly address the concerns described above through education.
Page last reviewed: October 18, 2018
Page last updated: May 3, 2019
Authors and References
Professor Carrie Foote, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, and Bruce Richman, Prevention Access Campaign.
This FAQ is based on information from the following sources:
Prevention Access Campaign. Undetectable=Untransmittable Primer Consensus Statement. 2016;
http://www.preventionaccess.org/consensus
Accessed Sept. 7, 2016.
CDC.gov. Living with HIV. 2016;
http://www.cdc.gov/actagainstaids/basics/livingwhiv.html
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Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 Transmission. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;0(July 18):1-10.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1600693#t=article
Del Romero J, Castilla J, Hernando V, Rodríguez C, García S. Combined antiretroviral treatment and heterosexual transmission of HIV-1: cross sectional and prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal. 2010;340:c2205.
http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/340/bmj.c2205.full.pdf
Frieden TR, Foti KE, Mermin J. Applying Public Health Principles to the HIV Epidemic—How Are We Doing? New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;373(23):2281-2287.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMms1513641#t=article
i-Base. Q&A on the PARTNER study: how to interpret the zero transmission results. 2016;
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. Accessed 07/18/2016.
Loutfy M, Tyndall M, Baril J-G, Montaner JS, Kaul R, Hankins C. Canadian consensus statement on HIV and its transmission in the context of criminal law. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 2014;25(3):135-140.
http://www.hivlawandpolicy.org/resources/canadian-consensus-statement-hiv-and-its-transmission-context-criminal-law-mona-loutfy
Loutfy MR, Wu W, Letchumanan M, et al. Systematic review of HIV transmission between heterosexual serodiscordant couples where the HIV-positive partner is fully suppressed on antiretroviral therapy. PloS one. 2013;8(2):e55747.
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0055747
Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al. Sexual activity without condoms and risk of HIV transmission in serodifferent couples when the HIV-positive partner is using suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2016;316(2):171-181.
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2533066
Vernazza P. HIV-infizierte Menschen ohne andere STD sind unter wirksamer antiretroviraler Therapie sexuell nicht infektiös. 2008.
http://www.aids.ch/de/downloads/pdfs/EKAF-Statment_2008-05-089.pdf
Vernazza PL, Bernard EJ. HIV is not transmitted under fully suppressive therapy: The Swiss Statement – eight years later Swiss Med Weekly 2016;
http://bit.ly/SwissMedWeekly
Accessed Sept. 4, 2016, 146.
AIDS Vancouver. In the News: Dr. Julio Montaner's TED Talk HPTN052 and What it Means to Be Undetectable. 2016;
http://www.aidsvancouver.org/hiv_in_the_news
. Accessed July 31, 2016.
Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;365(6):493-505.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention Benefits of HIV Treatment. 2015;
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/research/biomedicalresearch/tap/index.html
Avert. Treatment as Prevention (TasP). 2016;
http://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-programming/prevention/treatment-as-prevention#footnote31_k7sbn1z
O'Connor J, Smith C, Lampe F, Johnson M, Sabin C, Phillips A. Rate of viral load failure over time in people on ART in the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (CHIC) study. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2014;17(4).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4224895/pdf/JIAS-17-19527.pdf
NAM. Factors affecting stable blood plasma undetectable viral loads. HIV Transmission and Testing Guide ND;
http://www.aidsmap.com/Factors-affecting-stable-blood-plasma-undetectable-viral-loads/page/2802817/
. Accessed June 30, 2016.
Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents -Virological Failure. 2014;
https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/1/adult-and-adolescent-arv-guidelines/458/plasma-hiv-1-rna--viral-load--and-cd4-count-monitoring
NAM. Viral Blips. Treatment Directory ND;
http://www.aidsmap.com/Viral-blips/page/1729801
.Accessed June 30, 2016.
Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents- Limitations to Treatment Safety and Efficacy Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy. 2014;
https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/1/adult-and-adolescent-arv-guidelines/30/adherence-to-art
Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents - Viral Load Testing. 2014;
Mykhalovskiy E, Betteridge G, McLay D. Scientific research on the risk of the sexual transmission of HIV infection on HIV as a chronic and manageable infection. In, HIV Non-Disclosure and the Criminal Law: Establishing Policy Options for Ontario, 2010 (cited section updated 2013). 2013;
http://www.aidslaw.ca/site/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/McLay2010_update-2013-Final.pdf
. Accessed September 4, 2016.
AIDSinfo.gov. Fact Sheet: Side Effects of HIV Medicines: HIV Medicines and Side Effects. 2016;
https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/education-materials/fact-sheets/22/63/hiv-medicines-and-side-effects
Cairns G. Viral Load and Transmission - a Factsheet for People with HIV. 2015;
http://www.aidsmap.com/Viral-load-and-transmission-a-factsheet-for-HIV-negative-people/page/2989764/
Bujan L, Pasquier C. People living with HIV and procreation: 30 years of progress from prohibition to freedom? Human Reproduction. 2016;31(5):918-925.
Cairns G. Viral Load and Transmission - a Fact Sheet for HIV-Negative People. 2015;
http://www.aidsmap.com/Viral-load-and-transmission-a-factsheet-for-people-with-HIV/page/1044617/
AIDSlaw.com. HIV Disclosure to Sexual Partners - An Overview. Resource Kit for Service Providers 2015;
http://www.aidslaw.ca/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Chapter2-ENG.pdf
Human Rights Campaign. What do I do If? 2016;
http://www.hrc.org/whatdoido
. Accessed August 1, 2016.
Collins, Simon. The evidence for U=U: why negligible risk is zero risk. Positive Person's Forum, July 1, 2017. Glasgow.
Undetectable = Untransmittable Message Guide, Accessed November 14, 2017
NIAID Fact Sheet: HIV Treatment, the Viral Reservoir, and HIV DNA. 2018; https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hiv-treatment-viral-reservoir-hiv-dna. Accessed April 26, 2018.
Rodger A et al. Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in gay couples with suppressive ART: the PARTNER2 study expanded results in gay men. 22nd International AIDS Conference, Amsterdam, abstract WEAX0104LB, 2018: http://programme.aids2018.org/Abstract/Abstract/13470 Accessed August 1, 2018
Cairns, G. Zero transmissions means zero risk - PARTNER 2 study results announced. NAM aidsmap, July 24, 2018 http://www.aidsmap.com/Zero-transmissions-mean-zero-risk-PARTNER-2-study-results-announced/page/3311249/
Bavinton B et al. (presenter Grulich A) HIV treatment prevents HIV transmission in male serodiscordant couples in Australia, Thailand and Brazil. 9th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Science, Paris, abstract no TUAC0506LB, July 2017. http://programme.ias2017.org/Abstract/Abstract/5469
Rodger, A. J., Cambiano, V., Bruun, et al. Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): Final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study. The Lancet 2019; 30418-0. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)30418-0/fulltext
#UequalsU #FactsNotFear #ScienceNotStigma
Consensus, Quotes & Sources
Banner images feature Love to Love Organization (Uganda); ACCM (Canada); and Housing Works (USA) and Red Ribbon Istanbul (Turkey) at International AIDS Society Conference 2017 (France); other images from Place Tokyo (Japan), Apoyo Positivo (Spain), and tattoo courtesy of Victor Claros (El Salvador).
bruce@preventionaccess.org
The information provided on Prevention Access Campaign is intended to support rather than replace consultation with a healthcare professional. Always consult a healthcare professional for medical advice, diagnosis, and treatment about your particular situation.
Prevention Access Campaign is fiscally sponsored by Social & Environmental Entrepreneurs, a 501 (c) 3 public charity, and formerly by Housing Works.


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Papua Special Autonomy Bill Contains 30% Education Fund and 20% Health
goodmorningpapua.com – The House of Representatives (DPR) of the Republic of Indonesia discussed the Bill on the Second Amendment to Law Number 21 of 2001 on Special Autonomy for the Province of Papua.
Deputy Chairperson of the Special Special Autonomy Committee for Papua, Yan Permenas Mandenas, explained that the results of Panja's work to the Special Committee had several changes and additions to the DIM. One of them is the Panja set a budget allocation for education at 30% and health at 20%.
The allocation of education and health funds in the Papua Special Autonomy Bill has indeed been in the highlight. Quoted from the DPR page, Member of the Special Autonomy Special Autonomy (Otsus) of the DPR RI, Guspardi Gaus, revealed that the realization of the education budget is currently less than 5%.
In his view, education is a very important factor to be the foundation in pursuing the accelerated growth of a region. Then, the previous allocation of the health budget in the Papua Special Autonomy Law was only 17%, now it has been revised to 20%.
Up to 2021, the central government has disbursed funds of Rp 138.65 trillion. According to member of Special Committee for the Otsus of Papua Trifena M Tinal, the fund has increased many times since it was first disbursed in 2002, amounting to only Rp 1.38 trillion.
Previously, in February 2020, the government recorded a total disbursement of Rp 126.99 trillion for Papua and West Papua.
Deputy Minister of Finance (Wamenkeu) Suahasil Nazara said the total autonomy fund received by Papua was Rp. 93.05 trillion and West Papua was Rp. 33.94 trillion. The total funds have been disbursed in the period 2002-2020 or 18 years ago.
"For additional infrastructure funds (DTI) if you add up the Papua Special Autonomy plus DTI funds from 2002 to 2020, the total is Rp. 93.05 trillion. Meanwhile, West Papua's Otsus started from 2009 is Rp. 33.94 trillion," said Suahasil in the meeting room of Committee I DPD RI, Jakarta, at that time.
At that time, the allocation of funds for the health sector, Papua allocated only 18.7% of special autonomy funds, or already based on the provisions in the Perdasus of 15%. Meanwhile, in West Papua, the health sector is 13.4% or already above the provisions in the Pergub, which is 10-15%.
good morning papuaMelanesiaNewsOtsus PapuaPapuaPapua newsPapua Special AutonomyPapuaIndonesia
Agenda of the Creative Women's Movement Concerned for Economic Development and Democracy in Papua
The Provincial Government of Papua Grants IDR 500 Billion of Peparnas Fund
Approaching the Nataru, Food Availability is Very Well Maintained in Papua
Arousing the Papuan Border Area Economy
Starting in August 10, 2021, Jayapura Hospital to be Able to Produce Own Oxygen
Kojabu Pipe Connected, Clean Water Distribution in Jayapura More Abundant

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Oh No, It's Arno Schmidt
By JeffApril 30, 2017
Did you know that Germany had its own James Joyce? He was a lunatic of a writer who <royally> manipulated punctuation and lived in a wor[l]d of punnified prolexecution. In honor of all things confusing, welcome to the works of Arno Schmidt. It's hard to tell where to start with this guy, but give Nobodaddy's Children a shot…
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Remembering Martha Lavey, Former Steppenwolf Artistic Director
By SarahApril 27, 2017
Martha Lavey, the artistic director of Steppenwolf Theatre Company from 1995 to 2015, and a member of the theater's acting ensemble since 1993, died Tuesday. Lavey left her mark on Chicago's theater community and on Chicago Public Library. A champion not only of Steppenwolf, but of theaters across the city, she spoke about the importance of the…
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Día Every Day: Help Kids Learn About Other Cultures
By Jason DriverApril 26, 2017
El día de los niños/El día de los libros = Children's Day/Book Day, or Dìa for short, is a national movement to celebrate children and childhood! How do you Dìa? It's simple. All you have to do is read and share books from different countries and ethnicities. Celebrating Dìa is a year-round commitment to literacy that is…
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Down These Mean Streets…African American Detectives
By bbruinsApril 25, 2017
Most mystery readers are familiar with Walter Moseley and his Easy Rawlins mysteries, set in bygone Los Angeles. However, there are other African American mysteries, set mostly in modern Los Angeles, that deserve your attention. Here are a few. IQ by Joe Ide follows a young man named Isaiah Quintabe (I.Q.) who, like Easy Rawlins, does favors for…
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#TBT: Centennial Celebration of Ella Fitzgerald
By Anne MiskewitchApril 20, 2017
Source: Courtesy the Fraser MacPherson estate c/o Guy MacPherson, Wikimedia Commons For this Throwback Thursday, we celebrate the 100th birth anniversary of one of my most favorite songstresses, Ella Fitzgerald. Born April 25, 1917, Ella was known as "The First Lady of Song" and "The Queen of Jazz." She recorded over 200 albums throughout her…
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Sandburg Award Honors Margaret Atwood, Dave Eggers
By GlorianeApril 17, 2017
Authors Margaret Atwood and Dave Eggers will receive the 2017 Carl Sandburg Literary Award from the Chicago Public Library Foundation and Chicago Public Library. Natalie Y. Moore will receive the 21st Century Award. The Carl Sandburg Literary Awards Dinner will honor the authors Wednesday, October 11 at The Forum on the campus of the University of Illinois at Chicago. Atwood…
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Delicious Documentaries: Food on Film
By JenniferApril 17, 2017
This season's One Book, One Chicago theme is "Eat, Think, Grow" and this season's book, Animal, Vegetable, Miracle, tells the story of Barbara Kingsolver and her family as they plant a garden and grow their own food for a year. If you love stories about food, you may enjoy watching these food-related documentaries. Just Eat…
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#TBT, Happy Birthday, Harold Washington!
April marks the anniversary of Mayor Harold Washington's birth. The beloved Mayor of Chicago served the city from 1983 until his death in 1987, and made his mark on Chicago in multiple ways. Take some time to celebrate Harold's birthday by reading up on his legacy, or with a visit to the Special Collections and Preservation…
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National Poetry Month for Kids
By LivApril 11, 2017
In 2017, kids across Illinois awarded The Crossover the Rebecca Caudill Award, an honor given to the most outstanding book for fourth through eighth graders by fourth through eighth graders. If you somehow missed out on reading the multiple-award-winning book by Kwame Alexander, one thing you should know is that it was written in free verse. You know what…
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5 Articles: Home Sweet Connected Home
By PatriceApril 11, 2017
What comes to mind when you hear the term "smart home technology"? Well, I asked around and here are some of the answers I received: televisions with internet capabilities automated home energy climate management systems standalone virtual assistants like Amazon Echo and Google Home refrigerators with Wi-Fi enabled touchscreen tablets for multitasking automated security surveillance…
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COLUMBUS (AP) — Gov. Mike DeWine has signed an executive order expanding Ohio's policy on workplace domestic violence to offer more protection to state employees who are victims of such violence.
DeWine's said in a release that it "makes sense" that dating violence survivors receive the same support and services as other domestic violence victims.


ICTACT – Information and Communication Technology Academy of Tamil Nadu is a society formed by a consortium of Government of India, Government of Tamil Nadu & Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).
ICTACT is a non-profit autonomous organization, registered under the Tamil Nadu Societies Registration Act, 1975, located in Chennai, which has embarked on the novel path of improving the quality of students passing out of educational institutions in Tamil Nadu, the focal point being to make them industry ready and immediately employable in the ICT industry comprising the ICT services and the ICT manufacturing sectors.
The main objective of ICTACT is to train around 5000 Higher education teachers of the Engineering, Arts and Science Colleges, ITI and Polytechnics across Tamil Nadu in three years. This program is expected to benefit over 2,50,000 students. Beyond the first three years, it is expected that ICTACT shall be self-sustainable through the income from program fees and contributions from voluntary donors, both industry and individuals.
It is also proposed that other regional headquarters and infrastructure for ICTACT shall be planned in subsequent phases. ICTACT is expected to establish itself as a Virtual University.


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Visit Chickasaw.net/COVID19 for the most current information regarding closings, cancellations and program changes.
Honor Garden
For questions about nominations, please contact:
Brielle Helm or LaDawn Webb
Department of Culture and Humanities
Franklin Keel
Year Inducted: 2017
M. Franklin Keel
M. Franklin Keel was born October 20, 1946, in Lawton, Oklahoma, to Douglas Keel, a Chickasaw career army sergeant and Christine Jefferson, who was half Choctaw and half Chickasaw. Reared in humble circumstances, Mr. Keel rose to represent Native Americans at the highest levels of government, and in the cultural and educational arenas, with integrity and distinction.
Mr. Keel graduated from Lawton High School and earned a bachelor's degree from the Oklahoma College of Liberal Arts in 1968 before serving in the U.S. Air Force. He later worked as an administrative assistant with the U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory.
In 1971, Mr. Keel became the first Native American commissioned as a Foreign Service Officer by the U.S. Diplomatic Corps. First assigned to the U.S. Embassy in Athens, Greece, he performed with distinction while representing U.S. interests overseas. Since then, he has mentored young Native Americans interested in pursuing a foreign affairs career.
Sparked by a desire to serve Native Americans, Mr. Keel graduated from Oklahoma City University Law School in 1978 and assisted Native Americans through his work with Legal Aid in Lawton. Building on his legal background and expertise in U.S. Indian policy, he was often invited to speak at universities and law schools across the country.
Mr. Keel was appointed to the Federal Senior Executive Service, the highest rank of the career U.S. Civil Service. In 37 years with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, he earned the highest ratings for superior performance in his roles promoting Native American interests on Capitol Hill as Congressional Liaison and as Director of the Office of Trust, Superintendent of the Concho Agency and Regional Director. In 1997, Mr. Keel was appointed as Director of the Eastern Region, Bureau of Indian Affairs. He received the Department of the Interior Outstanding Service Award for his leadership in directing aid to affected tribes after Hurricane Katrina. He served the 28 tribes of the largest and most diverse region until his retirement in 2014.
In representing the Chickasaw Nation throughout his career, Mr. Keel's international influence is unparalleled. He personally carried greetings from the Chickasaw Nation to foreign political leaders, including Prime Minister (now President) Erdoğan and Foreign Minister Gűl of Turkey, Deputy Minister Volgin of Russia, Lord Alderdice of England and Deputy Minister Nazimov of Azerbaijan, among others. He also acted as the sole U.S. representative at international meetings concerning indigenous peoples in Russia, Turkey, Canada and Mexico.
His legal and policy expertise grounded the decisions and actions that define his extraordinarily successful career and legacy.
© the Chickasaw Nation. All rights reserved.


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Domestic Minor Familial Sex Trafficking:
A National Study of Prevalence, Characteristics, and Challenges across the Justice Process
Familial sex trafficking, similar to intrafamilial sexual abuse (incest), is an unspoken yet distinct form of abuse against children. Unlike other crimes that occur in public places, intrafamilial abuse usually occurs in private places, and the victims may try to hide evidence of it or deny that it took place.
The data for this study was derived from a national survey and in-depth interviews of justice professionals from 24 states, representing 3,505 cases of domestic minor sex trafficking during the period of 2018-2021, of which 917 cases were confirmed familial. Prevalence from this study suggests 26 percent of cases were family-facilitated, but justice professionals believe the number to be higher due to insufficient disclosure, lack of evidence, and how cases are recorded. Reports from individual states also suggest a higher prevalence. Other studies suggest as high as 47%.
Victim Profile
This study aimed to determine the profile of children who are victims of domestic minor familial sex trafficking. Research indicates that pre-pubescent and adolescent females are the populations at greatest risk.
Jeanne Allert joins Jaco Booyens to discuss trafficking in America
What makes domestic minor familial sex trafficking (FST) distinct from incest or domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) are two factors:
1 the presence of an economic exchange, and
2 the unique relationship between the victim and the perpetrator.
Exploiter Profile
The most common perpetrator of familial trafficking in this study was—by wide margin—the child's biological mother (60.29%). All respondents reported at least one case involving the biological mother of the victim as perpetrator.
An important distinction between incestuous child abuse and FST is the presence of an economic exchange, regardless of the form of commerce.
While children may be exploited in a range of venues, there is yet no distinct pattern or characteristic for where familial trafficking takes place.
For justice to have an opportunity, there must be a breach in the law and sufficient evidence to prove the offense. That is challenging in familial cases as there are a myriad of dynamics at play.
If you have any questions regarding this study, please contact Jeanne Allert at jallert@instituteforsheltercare.org


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Home » News » 'We are seeing more men with bad, weak or abnormal sperms'
'We are seeing more men with bad, weak or abnormal sperms'
Sperm counts have dropped over the years. What is regarded as normal sperm count is going down, even the World Health Organisation, WHO is aware of this. We are seeing more men who are having bad sperms, weak sperms and abnormal sperms, and there is a real need to explore a suitable intervention to meet the growing proportion of men that need help in this direction.
Initially normal sperm count was 40 million per ml. Then it reduced to 20 million per ml, now it is 10 million per ml and still going down. Over the last 10 years, we have seen a 30 percent decline in the sperm parameters of men who presented at Nordica Fertility Clinic, Lagos. That's an average of 3.3 percent every year and it is as severe all over the world.
A man can father a child up till age of 70 and for those who are fertile they remain fertile but everybody's sperm count reduces eventually and there are other reasons especially environmental factors.
The cells of men divide more than cells of women. That is why we reproduce into older age and people are saying that may actually be where the problem is from because with the division can come mistakes and probably that is why sperm count is getting worse by the day.
But as bad as things appear, there is hope. The first step of any successful treatment is the proper diagnosis of the male infertility cause.
Although IVF is taking care of the problem of low sperm count and poor motility, Ajayi said it can only work when there are some sperm to be got from the man, but even if there is none,we can go to the testes to get it.
But there are some cases that even then you are not going to get anything, so donor sperm may have to be used. While there are efforts to develop artificial sperm in the laboratory from stem cells, it is still experimental, but there are so many technologies to manage sperm problems.
We know sperms contribute to the quality of the embryo, so if there are poor sperms, the quality of the embryo will be bad and there may be no pregnancy at all, or the pregnancy will be lost through miscarriage. The poorer the quality of the sperm, the higher the number of abnormal embryos from the IVF procedure.
Now there is technology to check the DNA of the sperm so we can check the sperms with damaged DNA. The only thing the man contributes to fertilization is his DNA and if that code is already damaged, he will not be giving anything viable."
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I went to a women's conference this weekend in Los Angeles, CA called Ascend. This year's focus: Fearless Joy.
One of the speakers, Deborah Pegues, said: "You were designed for destiny." She also shared that in reference to how God sees us, "You are perfect for My purpose." She encouraged everyone to embrace their uniqueness, not criticize themselves for flaws and imperfections. I loved one illustration she specifically had about writing. She said, "Is there anyone out there who feels destined to write a book?" Quite a few women raised their hands. She encouraged them to sit down in that chair in front of the computer and say, "Lord, I'll be your typist. What'cha got?" Deborah never intended to be a writer, but kept sensing particular messages she was supposed to put out there, and now she has a book and speaking career.
Whenever I teach writing classes I often encourage students to find that "one story only you can tell" merging your unique life experience with your storytelling desires and creativity (whether that is a non-fiction book, a fictional novel, or screenplay).
Welcome. I hope you'll grab some chocolate M&Ms (or for the health conscious, dark chocolate of a 60% or higher cacao rating) and stay awhile.
Thank you for visiting my blog. I am a screenwriter, author (non-fiction, children's books, and co-written novelizations of my film scripts), married to the love of my life after a long wait to find love, an advocate for the hearts of singles who are losing hope in their waiting, and passionate about the health of marriages.
I will use this site to sometimes blog about random insights, and post updates about book releases, films, interviews, and appearances.
I wrote the film, The Ultimate Gift, co-wrote Never the Bride: a novel & Greetings from the Flipside, co-wrote the feature films Extraordinary & Indivisible, authored Finally the Bride: Finding Hope While Waiting, Finally Fearless, Novelizations: How to Adapt Scripts Into Novels (with Rene Gutteridge), Song of Springhill, and Spirit of Springhill, in addition to some children's books and videos.


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By all appearances, resting seems unproductive. But it turns out that resting may be one of the most productive things we do in any given day.
Give It a Rest, Part 1: How to Reduce Fatigue and Raise Productivity
Manel Baucells
Jenny M. Abel
Time to Get Some Rest
Rest. It's perhaps one of the most undervalued, necessary components of human life — especially today, in our 24/7 economy. And by all appearances, resting seems unproductive. But it turns out that resting may be one of the most productive things we do in any given day.
Whether you work from home or at an office, new research by Darden Professor Manel Baucells and Lin Zhao of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing offers important insights for today's workforce, about one-third of which reports not only being overworked but chronically overworked.[i]
There's no shortage of documentation on the problem of overwork, in the United States as well as other developed countries such as Japan and Canada. There are also no shortages of linkages between overwork and both workplace and personal problems. Across nearly all professions, from health-care settings to the transportation and utility industries, fatigue has been connected to higher rates of cognitive errors and safety infractions on the job (sometimes fatal to patients or customers) as well as increased anger and relational difficulties (affecting both manager/employee and employee/employee relations). Outside of work, overworked individuals experience greater rates of depression and physical health problems, lower life quality and satisfaction, and negative impacts on their children and families.[ii]
Studies have indicated that the problem isn't so much logging too many hours at the office; it's the way we work that's exhausting us.[iii] A seminal 2004 report pointed to factors that influence a greater feeling among today's workers of being overwhelmed and fatigued, such as an uptick in multitasking and workday interruptions (causing a lack of focus) and on-the-job pressure to produce more, and more quickly. The result: People may feel unable to take the time for breaks, either vacations or workday breaks.
And that, Baucells and Zhao's research indicates, is a big mistake.
Their recent paper, "It Is Time to Get Some Rest," heeds calls for new, empirically based solutions that help businesses improve the effectiveness of their workplaces while addressing the problems caused by chronic overwork and worker fatigue.[iv]
Any Given Workday: Modeling Fatigue
In their research, Baucells and Zhao developed a model, called the fatigue disutility model, rooted in both common sense and past research evidence. The model captures three main ideas:
Fatigue increases with effort and decreases with rest.
Fatigue makes work more unpleasant.
Fatigue reduces productivity.
Their model is novel in that it focuses on the moment-by-moment effect of fatigue (depicted by a "continuous-time preference model"). In contrast, most economic models focus on the aggregated cost over long periods, such as quarters. In doing so, they ignore the daily details, which ultimately drive the actual cost. While fatigue necessarily builds up during the working hours, it's alleviated by rest — a short walk outside, the lunch break and of course a good night sleep. And it's on this day-to-day level that employers can easily implement changes to alleviate the impact of both short- and long-term fatigue.
The goal of the model was to gain insight into how workers' efforts are best distributed over a single workday. When optimizing the model, Baucells and Zhao found that the ideal profiles of effort follow one of two patterns, depending on the nature of the work.
The Analog Condition: Work Can Be Modulated
A high-low-high effort pattern, they found, is the best way to manage fatigue when the rate at which the employee works can be modulated. The idea is to begin and end the day with maximum intensity, but take it easier in the middle. For long work days, we should go marathon style: the duration of the maximum intensity will be short, and the idea is to keep a moderate steady pace during the day. If the work day is short, then it is best to prolong the maximum intensity periods at the beginning and at the end, and take it really easy in the middle.
This pattern contrasts with a vicious cycle in which some workers may find themselves. For those who start out slower (perhaps because they didn't sleep much the night before, never took a break after the last project or put in too many intense-effort hours the day before) and proceed in a low-medium-high pattern, the termination period will have to include such a high level of effort to make up for the slower start that it leaves workers too fatigued to start the next project at a high pace. So the pattern continues.
The Binary Condition: Work Is All or None
In some jobs, effort cannot be modulated. Workers operating a machine, or attending to customers at a retail store or restaurant, or performing mental tasks that require constant concentration, like grading exams, must be either working 100 percent or taking a break, but they cannot work at 25 percent. In the All or None case, Baucells and Zhao showed that the best distribution of effort is for workers to begin and end the day with On periods, but take breaks in between the day. Far from unproductive, breaks in these situations should be seen as investments in future productivity, because they actually smooth out the fatigue level and recreate the "take it easy" portion mentioned above.
Take the example of grading exams, which requires full concentration and creates fatigue. Using reasonable assumptions on fatigue and productivity, Baucells and Zhao show that working without breaks for 10 hours results in 15 exams graded. If we allow for three breaks, Baucells and Zhao find that the optimal plan is to work for two hours straight, take a 45 minute break, work for 105 minutes, take another 45 minute break, work another 105 minutes, take another 45 minute break and end the day with another two straight hours. Following this plan, the total working time drops to seven hours and 30 minutes, while the total output increases to 19 exams graded. The lesson is clear: Optimal breaks reduce work time and increase output!
For illustrations and implications for the workplace, please see the companion to this piece, "Give It a Rest, Part 2: Productivity Lessons From Olympians and Google."
Manel Baucells co-authored "It Is Time to Get Some Rest" with Lin Zhao of the Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
[i] E. Galinsky, J. T. Bond, S. S. Kim, L. Backon, E. Brownfield, & K. Sakai, "Overwork in America: When the Way We Work Becomes Too Much," Families and Work Institute, 2004. Available at http://familiesandwork.org/downloads/OverworkinAmerica.pdf
[ii] These problems have been documented many places, including the report cited above, and in M. Shields, "Long Working Hours and Health," Health Reports 11, no. 2 (autumn 1999). Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230858767_Long_Working_Hours_and_Health
[iii] Galinsky et al (2004); Shields (1999).
[iv] Ibid.
David M. LaCross Associate Professor of Business Administration
Baucells researches the incorporation of psychological realism into consumer behavior models, focusing on factors like anticipation, reference point comparison, mental accounting, psychological distance and satiation. He is an expert in consumer behavior, decision analysis and game theory.
Prior to his time at Darden, Baucells taught at IESE Business School and the University Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona, as well as served as senior economist at the Rand Corporation in California. He is co-author of the book Engineering Happiness, which applies principles of behavioral economics to happiness, and which was honored with the Decision Analysis Society Publication Award in 2014.
M.S., Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; MBA, IESE Business School; Ph.D., UCLA Anderson School of Management
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Taught degree programmes A‑Z
Global Mental Health
Global Mental Health MSc/PgDip/PgCert
This Masters degree is designed to produce graduates who can take charge of mental health service provision at a global level by helping them develop the knowledge to integrate initiatives into the wider aims of international development, and address the global inequities in the provision of mental health services. By developing the capacity to think critically about the potential risks of globalising notions of mental illness you will gain the skills to develop and implement policies aimed at reducing the burden of mental health difficulties worldwide.
Academic contact: mvls-gms@glasgow.ac.uk
Admissions enquiries: enquire online
MSc: 12 months full-time; 24 months part‑time
Why this programme
The Global Mental Health MSc can offer two student placements at the Glasgow Psychological Trauma Service. We offer an internal selection process whereby students are invited to submit a one page document detailing:
What they would hope to gain from a placement with the service
Why they are a suitable candidate for the placement
These two parts can each be scored out of 10 by members of the programme team. The top two scoring submissions are then viewed and approved by the clinician at the Glasgow Psychological Trauma Service and if deemed appropriate these two applicants are offered the placement opportunities. The placement is then subject to relevant disclosure checks.
The learning outcomes (ILOs) for the programme are based on the Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health that were identified in a 2011 issue of Nature.
The MSc Global Mental Health programme at the University of Glasgow places specific emphasis on the important role that social and cultural factors play in how mental health difficulties can be understood and treated across the globe.
Contributors to the MSc Global Mental Health teaching come from a diverse range of disciplines including: clinical psychology, social work, anthropology, sociology, law and psychiatry. Teaching also includes contribution from those with a lived experience of mental health difficulties.
The core teaching is based around lectures. There is a strong emphasis on discussion and debate with your academic staff and fellow students, focusing on relevant research literature and policy documents. The Global Mental Health MSc has expert international contributors who provide lectures, via video linking. These are part of the teaching timetable. Blended learning and peer support learning is promoted in this course.
Themes in Global Mental Heath
Research Methods (Qualitative, quantitative and heath economics) (MED5272)
Mental Health and Disability: International Law and Policy (MED 5266)
SEMESTER 3: Dissertation
Electives:
Semester 1, choose 1:
Cultural, Social and Biological determinants of Mental Health
Principles of Public Health
Introduction To Epidemiology
Introduction to Statistical Methods (online)
HTA: Policy and Principles (online)
Outcome Measurement and Valuation for Health Technology Assessment (online)
Qualitative Research Methods for Health Technology Assessment (online)
Qualitative Research Methods
Mental Health Promotion Across the Life-span
Improving Access to Mental Health Care in the Global Context (online)
Globalisation And Public Health
Statistical methods for Health Technology Assessment and Evidence Based Medicine (online)
Health Technology Assessment in a Global Context (online)
Please note: Some students may find the content of the MSc distressing. Sessions include gender based violence (domestic abuse, rape) human trafficking, torture, other infringements of human rights (chaining). If you would rather opt out of viewing this content, please let the Programme Director know.
Programme alteration or discontinuation
The University of Glasgow endeavours to run all programmes as advertised. In exceptional circumstances, however, the University may withdraw or alter a programme. For more information, please see: Student contract.
Graduates of the MSc Global Mental Health programme establish careers in:
National mental health policy and planning
Epidemiological and mental health services research
Advisory and advocacy roles in governments
Tuition fees for 2019-20
Home and EU
Full-time fee: £8450
Part-time fee: £939 per 20 credits
Full-time fee: £22500
PgDip
PgCert
Fee information is subject to change and is for guidance only
International applicants (from beyond the EU) are required to pay a deposit of £1000 when an offer is made.
Deposits terms & conditions
The University requires a deposit to be paid by International (beyond the EU) applicants in receipt of an offer to this programmes and who require a Certificate of Acceptance for Studies (CAS) from the University in order that they can apply for a student visa. This is required where the programme is competitive and the deposit is required in order to demonstrate your commitment to attend the programme should you meet all the conditions of your offer.
If you are made an offer for this programme the University will write to you and request a deposit with information on how to pay your deposit and the deadline for making the deposit payment. Please note that if you are unable to pay a deposit because you are planning to fund your studies through an official financial sponsor then you should upload a copy of your scholarship application or award letter to your application by the deadline date.
The following guidelines will apply in determining whether or not a deposit will be refunded. Where the deposit is refunded, a 10% handling fee will be deducted.
Deposits WILL be refunded to applicants under the following circumstances:
Where the University is unable to offer you a place.
Where the applicant has personal circumstances such as illness, bereavement or other family situations that has prevented them coming to the UK. Medical or other proof may be requested.
Applicant can prove that they have applied for a visa to attend the University of Glasgow, but the VISA has been refused. The applicant must have shown 'real intent' to study at the University of Glasgow but has been unable to obtain their visa.
Applicant does not meet his / her conditions of offer: this may be academic or language test requirements. Satisfactory evidence must be uploaded to the student's online application to prove that they have not met the conditions of their offer (note that applicants who do not meet the language condition of their offer must show reasonable attempt to meet this, i.e. they must provide a language test which was taken after the date that the deposit was paid).
Deposits WILL NOT be refunded to applicants under the following circumstances:
Applicant decides to go to another institution.
Applicant cannot be released from work to study at the University of Glasgow.
Applicant does not send completed documentation as requested in the condition of the offer: this may be required in order to prove that the offer has not been met for academic or language test conditions - failure to respond to requests for this information will result in no refund.
Applicant has not secured funding to attend the University of Glasgow: this may be as a result of not being successful in applications for scholarships, OR simply not having sufficient funds in bank at time of visa application. This condition will apply unless it can be proven that there are clear mitigating circumstances which have significantly changed the applicant's position since the time of application.
Applicant has decided to defer – in this situation the University will retain the deposit and credit it against the applicant's account for securing their place for the following year of entry.
Refund requests must be made within 60 days of the programme start date stated on your offer letter: requests made after this date will be subject to discretion.
Fee for re-assessment of a dissertation (PGT programme): £360
Submission of thesis after deadline lapsed: £320
Registration/exam only fee: £150
Commonwealth Shared Scholarship Scheme
Commonwealth Shared Scholarships are a joint initiative between the Commonwealth Commission (with funding from DFID) and UK Universities to support scholarships from students from developing Commonwealth countries who would not otherwise be able to study in the UK.
PG International Excellence Award
The Award is available to international students entering any of the University's Colleges and will be awarded as a tuition fee discount.
African Excellence Scholarship (UKEAS)
The University of Glasgow is offering 1 exclusive scholarship to students from either Nigeria or Ghana who have been supported in their application by our representative UKEAS. The scholarship is available to students entering any of the University's Colleges to undertake a one year Masters programme.
University of Glasgow Chancellors Award
The University of Glasgow has a total of 20 Chancellors Awards available. The Award is available to students entering any of the University's Colleges and are awarded as a tuition fee discount.
University of Glasgow African Excellence Fee Waiver
For September 2019 academic session we are offering 10 scholarship worth the full tuition fee of a one year Masters programme to to academically excellent students from Africa.
If you study here you will benefit from our extensive knowledge, state-of-the-art facilities and pioneering teaching methods. Studying at Glasgow will prepare you for a wide variety of careers that are in demand internationally and also for future research and study.
University International Leadership Scholarship
The University of Glasgow has 20 International Leadership Scholarships available to international (non-EU) students starting a postgraduate taught Masters programme in any discipline in September. The scholarship is awarded as a tuition fees discount.
African Excellence Scholarship (Uniserv)
The University of Glasgow is offering 1 exclusive scholarship to students from either Kenya, Tanzania or Uganda who have been supported in their application by our representative in these countries – Uniserv Ltd. The scholarship is available to students entering any of the University's Colleges to undertake a one year Masters programme.
Postgraduate Talent Scholarships
The University of Glasgow awards Postgraduate Talent Scholarships each academic year to support students who could face financial difficulties in taking up their place to study at the University. The value of each scholarship is £2,000 and they are for students undertaking a one or two year Taught Masters programme, in any of the University's Colleges. For two year Taught Masters programmes, the scholarship is available in year one only.
PGT Excellence Scholarship
The University of Glasgow has a total of 28 PGT Excellence Awards available to UK and EU Students. Scholarships are available to students entering any of the University's colleges and are awarded as a tuition fee discount.
Glasgow Kerala Scholarship
Following the severe floods which impacted the Indian state of Kerala, the University of Glasgow is offering 4 exclusive scholarships to students from this area and who are facing challenges in progressing onto postgraduate education. The scholarship is available to students entering any of the University's Colleges to undertake a one year Masters programme in 2019-2020.
Sir Fitzroy Maclean Postgraduate Scholarship
The University of Glasgow is pleased to award a Sir Fitzroy Maclean Postgraduate scholarship available to new students, from one of the eligible countries, for September 2019 entry.
Sir Fitzroy Maclean was a Scottish soldier, author and politician. Awarded an Honorary degree of DLitt from the University in 1969, Sir Fitzroy Maclean had a long relationship with the University before he died in 1996. This scholarship was established with respect to Sir Fitzroy's interests and passions.
The Scholarship will be awarded as a tuition fee discount and stipend.
Alumni Discount
The University offers a 10% discount on all Postgraduate Research and full Postgraduate Taught Masters programmes to its alumni. This includes University of Glasgow graduates and those who have completed a Study Abroad programme or the Erasmus Programme at the University of Glasgow. The discount applies to all full-time, part-time and online programmes.
Postgraduate Tuition Fee Loans England only (PTFL)
If you're starting a master's degree, you could get a Postgraduate Master's Loan of up to £10,609 to help with course fees and living costs. You have to repay your Postgraduate Master's Loan at the same time as any other student loans you have. You'll be charged interest from the day you get the first payment.
If you're studying by distance learning, you can also apply.
Examples of postgraduate master's qualifications include:
MSc (Master of Science)
MA (Master of Arts)
MPhil (Master of Philosophy)
MRes (Master of Research)
LLM (Master of Law)
MLitt (Master of Letters)
MFA (Master of Fine Art)
MEd (Master of Education)
If you plan to study for Master of Architecture (MArch) or an Integrated Master's qualification, you should apply for undergraduate support
Wheatley Foundation Bursary
A Wheatley Foundation bursary is a grant that customers living in our homes can apply for to support them to achieve their educational goals and help them on the career path they wish to undertake. It will also aim to offer employability support like CV support and internships where appropriate. A bursary award can support you for the costs of books, equipment, travel costs, childcare or other living costs that will help you to complete a course.
Postgraduate Student Loan (Scotland and EU)
From session 2018-2019 eligible full-time students, undertaking an eligible postgraduate course, can apply for a tuition fee loan up to a maximum of £5,500. Eligible part-time students can apply for a tuition fee loan up to a maximum of £5,500 for the course, split across each year of their course, where the course does not take any longer than twice the length of the full-time equivalent course.
From session 2018-2019, new students will be eligible to apply for support to undertake postgraduate diploma and full masters' level courses via distance learning.
Please see the Postgraduate funding guide.
For more information visit the SAAS website
Postgraduate Loans for Welsh Students
If you are a Welsh student looking to study a postgraduate programme in Glasgow then you can apply for a student loan in exactly the same way as you would for a Welsh University.
If you're starting a masters degree*, you could get a Postgraduate Masters Loan of up to £10,280 to help with course fees and living costs.
* does not apply to Erasmus Mundus programmes
For more information visit Student Finance Wales
If you're starting a doctoral degree on or after 1 August 2018, you could get a Postgraduate Doctoral Loan of up to £25,000 to help with course fees and living costs.
Humanitarian Scholarships
The University of Glasgow is offering 4 scholarships (one per college) for applicants to the University who are staying in the UK on humanitarian grounds and are facing challenges in progressing onto Higher Education. The scholarship is open to prospective undergraduate and postgraduate students of the University of Glasgow applying for entry in 2019. The scholarship meets the full cost of tuition fees for the duration of your programme as well providing an additional £4,000 per year stipend, if the eligibility criteria for university accommodation is met this will also be provided for the duration of your degree. For more information on the accommodation criteria please see the Residential Services section on the website.
We are also offering 4 scholarships to students who hold refugee status. This scholarship is awarded as a £5,000 per year stipend toward living costs per year of study.
The Clan Gregor Society Prize
The Clan Gregor Society are offering an award to new entrants to the University of Glasgow who descend from Clan Gregor. Prospective students will be asked to submit an application highlighting areas of consideration such as academic excellence and financial need. The award is open to both Undergraduate and postgraduate applicants.
The scholarships above are specific to this programme. For more funding opportunities search the scholarships database
At least a 2.1 Honours degree or equivalent in a relevant subject (psychology, medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, law, public health or public policy). A registered health-care professional qualification will also be acceptable. A background – study, work or volunteer activities – in a mental health-related field is desirable but not essential.
For applicants whose first language is not English, the University sets a minimum English Language proficiency level.
International English Language Testing System (IELTS) Academic module (not General Training)
no sub-test less than 6.0
or equivalent scores in another recognised qualification:
Common equivalent English language qualifications
All stated English tests are acceptable for admission for both home/EU and international students for this programme:
ibTOEFL: 90; no sub-test less than:
Reading: 20
Listening: 19
Speaking: 19
Writing: 23
CAE (Cambridge Certificate of Advanced English): 176 overall; no sub-test less than 169
CPE (Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English): 176 overall; no sub-test less than 169
PTE Academic (Pearson Test of English, Academic test): 60; no sub-test less than 59
Trinity College London Integrated Skills in English: ISEII at Distinction with Distinction in all sub-tests
For international students, the Home Office has confirmed that the University can choose to use these tests to make its own assessment of English language ability for visa applications to degree level programmes. The University is also able to accept an IELTS test (Academic module) from any of the 1000 IELTS test centres from around the world and we do not require a specific UKVI IELTS test for degree level programmes. We therefore still accept any of the English tests listed for admission to this programme.
The University of Glasgow accepts evidence of the required language level from the English for Academic Study Unit Pre-sessional courses. We also consider other BALEAP accredited pre-sessional courses:
School of Modern Languages and Cultures: English for Academic Study
BALEAP guide to accredited courses
What do I do if...
my language qualifications are below the requirements?
The University's English for Academic Study Unit offers a range of Pre-Sessional Courses to bring you up to entry level. The course is accredited by BALEAP, the UK professional association for academic English teaching; see Links.
my language qualifications are not listed here?
Please contact the Recruitment and International Office: pgadmissions@glasgow.ac.uk
For further information about English language requirements, please contact the Recruitment and International Office: pgadmissions@glasgow.ac.uk
We are proud of our diverse University community which attracts students and staff from over 140 different countries.
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Applied Neuropsychology [MSc(MedSci)/PgDip]
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Located minutes from cocoa beach viera east golf club is a picturesque 18 hole championship golf course featuring rolling fairways white sand bunkers and an abundance of florida wildlife. Located conveniently off of i 95 in brevard county florida viera wetlands is part of a water reclamation facility managed by the county. 315 e kennedy blvd tampa fl 33602 813 274 7073.
Viera florida map. Located west of interstate 95 on the southwest corner of wickham road and lake andrew drive viera hospital is the cornerstone of the 50 acre viera health park campus. Brevard county florida brevard county is a county located in the us. Home to a rated schools shopping recreation. The viera area is host to a variety of fun and engaging events throughout the year.
Viera fl is a top 25 master planned community offering a vibrant lifestyle variety of neighborhoods. The viera company a wholly owned subsidiary of duda manages commercial and residential development of dudas non agricultural property in florida and is the master developer of the master planned community of viera in brevard county florida. Census bureau estimates the population is 568919. State of florida along the coast of the atlantic ocean.
As of 2016 us. Below are upcoming events happening in viera. Brannon jordon lazo legislative aide district 7 information contact via email or customer service center. Rich grissom memorial viera wetlands overview.
Visitors and residents of the central brevard county area who would like to observe a wide variety of florida wildlife species in one area should jump in the car and drive out to the viera wetlands conservation area just a short hop off i 95.


Finding a convenient location for the IME.
Scheduling with a Board Certified IME credentialed physician with the appropriate sub-specialty.
Scheduling Impairment Ratings with physicians utilizing the 6th Addition AMA Guidelines.
PPI Ratings can be scheduled independently or in conjunction with the IME with separate reporting.
Arranging the appointment and sending notification of time, physician and location of appointment.
Handling problems and issues promptly and efficiently through our Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush Scheduling and Customer Service teams.
7-14 days for the first available orthopedic physician.
Date specified or specific physician at earliest available open slot in his/her practice schedule.
Will make every effort to accommodate specific request or make acceptable alternate suggestions.
A quick report will be provided within forty-eight (48) hours if requested by Client.
IME Detailed Reports available within ten (10) business days.
PPI Ratings Reports available within ten (10) business days.
MOR will send an agreement for IME pre-payment at time of scheduling and payment must be received within 14 days of appointment date.
MOR will advise IME patients to bring a photo ID.
Client will use its best efforts to provide the IME physician with the patient's medical record at least 2 weeks before the scheduled appointment date by traceable method.
Client will require IME patient to bring a photo ID.
Client will pay for services in the time-frames stipulated in this agreement.
Client will provide a professional interpreter if patient does not speak English.
A standard IME is an IME for a single body part.
The standard IME pricing includes up to 1 inch of medical records. Records over 1 inch will be subject to the additional records charges of $1,250 per inch in quarter ¼ inch increments.
A standard PPI is a PPI for a single body part.
C. Addendums after the patient is seen are billed at $1,250 per hour in 15 minute increments.
D. Record Reviews are billed at $1,250 per inch in quarter (¼) inch increments.
Prepayments must be received at least 14 days in advance of the scheduled service date.
Retail IME, Addendum, and PPI charges will be invoiced after service date.
For each additional body part for an IME Only add an additional $300.
For each additional body part for an IR Only add an additional $300.
For each additional body part for an IME + IR add an additional $600 ($300 IME + $300 IR).
Excessive record review, X-ray and DME charges incurred at time of service will be invoiced separately after service date.
Addendums will be sent to client once payment is received (for prepay IME clients).
Invoices must be paid no later than 30 days after invoice receipt.
All services rendered are expected to be paid.
Cancellation or no-show fee of 100% applies if appointment is cancelled less than 2 business days prior to scheduled time.
To schedule an IME or Workers' Compensation appointment call 708.236.2783 or email SchedulingTeam4@rushortho.com.


Now let's check out another classic effect called the "flanger". It's very close to the chorus sound, but a bit more extreme. First I'll show you how the different features on our flanger pedal work, and then I'll show you how to use it in a rock context in the next lesson.


A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.


That's the way that most people who played with or against Babe Simourian remember it – as "John's team: ' Certainly John Giglio didn't raise an objection. "Babe is one of the best athletes to come out of Watertown," he recalls, "and also one of the finest people to have lived here." It is hard to disagree with either assessment.
John was a three-sport star at Watertown High. He led the Zeno football teams to some very successful seasons in the early 1950s. His senior squad captured Watertown's first Class B state championship in 1952; for his role in that achievement, team captain John garnered All-Scholastic honors.
He was team captain and twice All-Scholastic in baseball – and even won the Fred Ostergren Award in 1953 as the outstanding high school baseball player in Eastern Massachusetts. He also played varsity hockey all three of his years at WHS (under Coach Joe Murphy), proving his ability on ice as well as turf. Not surprisingly, he was named Best Athlete" by his graduating class in 1953. And not surprisingly, he was a top student as well, a member of the National Honor Society and, not much later, of Harvard University's Class of 1957.
John also played three years of varsity baseball at Harvard, and was named team captain his senior year. He was named to the All New England team in 1955, 1956, and 1957 – and in '57 won All Eastern Intercollegiate honors as well as Harvard s Bingham Award for the year's outstanding student athlete. He was named a "first class" Student Marshal in recognition of his academic and athletic achievements. Later (in 1982) he would be inducted into the Harvard Hall of Fame.
Upon graduation, John joined the Navy, where he served with distinction as an officer until 1959. He then went to Harvard Business School. He graduated in 1961 and became President of Lily Transportation Corporation, which he had founded three years earlier. Today, Lily has seven hundred employees and thirty-four hundred vehicles from Massachusetts to South Carolina, so he must have done something right along the way.
John has remained active in the sporting world – he was named a Director of the New England Sports Museum in 1989. He has been very much a player in the business world. And he has kept his roots in the community, through his work with the First Armenian Church and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.
All in all, we have to go back to John Giglio's original assessment: A great athlete, and a great person.


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Early Church • 1 - 500 AD
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Bach still speaks to the church today.
January/February 2022Subscribe
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Robert Shaw, a perceptive sleuth of quality and one of the 20th century's finest conductors, said that J. S. Bach might be the "single greatest creative genius" in the "whole history of the Western world." Mozart said of Bach's works, "Now there is music from which a [person] can learn something." Brahms commented, "Study Bach: there you find everything."
It isn't only experts who know that Bach stands high on the list of creative geniuses. Recordings of his music abound, books about him continue to be written, there are Bach festivals in places like Pennsylvania and Oregon, and he is popular not just in Germany but in Japan as well. His music is heard more often in the concert hall than in the church, though ironically most of it consists of cantatas written for worship. In the face of this concert-hall success, why should we 21st-century Christians listen to the music of a German Baroque composer who died in 1750? And given the church's impulse toward relevance and marketing, can we use his music at all in 2007? If so, how?
Proclaiming
One of the graduates of the Master of Sacred Music degree program I direct says she is a Christian because of Bach. She is not the only person who has told me this. Bach's reputation as the "fifth evangelist" (after Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) still reverberates today.
Bach's cantatas proclaim the good news of God's mercy in Christ. They do not seek to manipulate or sell anything. They simply announce what God has done and does. By doing so, they extol God with "boundless freedom" that is paradoxically bound to form because of the Incarnation, to quote Jaroslav Pelikan. Bach's music lives out the church's presupposition that music is for the glory of God and the edification of one's neighbor. ...
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Tags: Bible LiteracyChristian HistoryHymnsMusicTheology
From Issue: Issue 95: The Gospel According to J.S. Bach, 2007
The Gospel According to J.S. Bach: Did You Know?
Calvin Stopert and Jennifer Trofton
C.S. Lewis: Did You Know?
Interesting and Unusual Facts about C. S. Lewis
Robert Trexler and Jennifer Trafton
The Apostle Paul and His Times: Christian History Timeline
Janet Meyer Everts
The Church and Pastoral Leadership
How to Disagree Nicely but Not Lose Your Convictions
Everything is not a biblical issue—but who decides?
Tim Muelhoff and Richard Langer
This article is from Issue 95 of the Christian History archive.
Subscribe to CT to continue reading this article from the archives.
Christian History:


Initial public issue of 48,12,000 equity shares of face value of (Rs) 10 each ("Equity Shares") of Kritika Wires Limited ("Company" or "Issuer") for cash at a price of (Rs) 32 per equity share (including a share premium of (Rs) 22 per equity share) ("Issue Price") aggregating to (Rs) 15.40 crores ("Issue" ) of which 2,52,000 equity shares of face value of (Rs) 10.00 each for a cash price of (Rs) 32 per equity share, aggregating to (Rs) 0.81 crores will be reserved for subscription by market maker ("Market Maker Reservation Portion"). The issue less the market maker reservation portion i.e. Issue of 45,60,000 equity shares of face value of (Rs) 10.00 each at an issue price of (Rs) 32 per equity share aggregating to (Rs) 14.59 crores (The "Net Issue"). The issue and the net issue will constitute 27.11% and 25.69%, respectively of the post issue paid up equity share capital of the company. The Face value of the equity shares is (Rs) 10 each and the issue price is 32 The Issue price is 3.2 times of the face value.


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2. Where do I park?
There is limited parking available in the marked stalls in the parking lot right next to the building. Parking is also available on the street.
3. Do I need an appointment?
Appointments are not necessary. Clients are seen on a first come, first served basis.
4. What are the hours at the Family Justice Center (FJC)?
The FJC is open Monday through Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., except for designated holidays. Walk-in hours are from 8:30 a.m. to 12 noon and 1 to 3:30 p.m.
Upcoming Holidays are:
November 12 -Veteran's Day
November 22, 23 - Thanksgiving
December 25 - Christmas
5. Where is the Family Justice Center located?
The Center is located at 718 Court E, Tacoma WA 98402. Directions can be found on the About Us page on this website.
Appointments are not necessary. Clients are seen on a first come, first served basis. First time visitors are encouraged to come in as early in the day as possible. The FJC opens at 8:30 am. Clients are seen between the hours of 8:30 am and noon, and 1:00 pm to 3:30 pm Monday through Friday. The FJC is closed on Pierce County designated holidays.


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Cornish Mining WHS
Cornish Mining attends special UNESCO "Lates" event at the Science Museum London
Delving Deeper
Areas, Places and Activities
Planning in the Site
Cornish Mining attends special UNESCO "Lates" event at the Science Museum London /
On Wednesday 27th of March the Cornwall and west Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site team attended the Science Museum 'Lates' Science and Technology event in London on 27 March, organised in partnership with UNESCO UK, as a key exhibitor.
We successfully applied to be part of the event and were lucky enough to present at this prestigious national venue for the first time. We invited partners from Cornish Lithium and Camborne School of Mines to accompany us and share their pioneering work with the thousands of people who attended.
The Science Museum collaborated with UNESCO UK for this special evening of the Museum's popular "Lates" events to showcase how their work contributes to making the world a better place for all. Three other UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Stonehenge, Maritime Greenwich and the Forth Bridge, alongside other internationally important environmental organisations like the British Antarctic Survey were among the other exhibitors. Set amongst the Science Museum's collections with interactive displays, ground-breaking technology with some of the leading experts in science and heritage; the exhibits brought the museum and the UK's science to life.
We spoke to a huge number of people about our Cornish mining heritage and its significance especially in relation to the fantastic work being undertaken by Camborne School of Mines and Cornish Lithium. The all-women team were lucky enough to speak to visitors from all walks of life with all levels of knowledge on the subject; we even had a big number of Cornish visit us at the event! A huge thank you to all the Cornish who came we are particularly grateful for your support. A particular thank you to Mark of Kernow in the City and Wreckers Wednesdays who got the word out to the Cornish in London and came down himself. Also a big thank you to Fiona from Cornwall 365 for coming to see us!
Situated in the making of the modern world gallery, the backdrop to our exhibit was the Puffing Billy; the world's oldest surviving steam locomotive built in 1813-1814 weighing in at approximately 8 tons. Although the Puffing Billy is not Cornish, with Trevithick's High Pressure Steam Engine and Boiler in sight in the adjacent Energy Hall we felt right at home!
Lucy Crane; Senior Exploration Geologist at Cornish Lithium and Hester Claridge; also an Exploration Geologist with Cornish Lithium were on hand to talk with people about what their phones are made of and where the raw materials come from, including how much of it comes from Cornwall. The ladies even had a selection from the Camborne School of Mines mineral collection with them allowing people to get hands on with the raw materials in their phones.
Cornish Lithium's display also included an audio visual presentation showing the evolution of knowledge of our geological resources, from the early historic surveys and mapping of mines in our World Heritage Site to modern day GIS mapping and 3D modelling techniques.
With the Cornish Exhibit having crowds more than 5 people deep encircling them for most of the night and even having a last minute rush as the event was closing; it was clear how many people are in awe of Cornwall's mining culture and the potential of responsible mining.
Karen Hudson-Edwards; Professor in Sustainable Mining at Camborne School of Mines, give a series of presentations throughout the evening on the theme of "Discovering the Treasures beneath our feet"- an illustrated talk exploring the mineral resources beneath Cornwall and Devon, and how the region is pioneering sustainable mining techniques to extract these essential materials for modern communications and carbon reduction technologies. The room was packed with standing room only at both talks and was given wonderful feedback by those in attendance.
This fantastic event gave us the opportunity to take those in attendance on a journey through time in the Cornish Mining World Heritage Site, finding out about the Earth treasures this amazing landscape holds, how these are essential to our everyday lives, and how we mine them today. Cornwall has always been and is now still at the forefront of mining technology and that doesn't look to be changing any time soon. We were extremely proud to be able to showcase Kernow; our beautiful home and all it has to offer through both its mining heritage and its potential to provide a renewable future.
We want to say a huge thank you to Cornish Lithium and Camborne School of Mines for their support especially to Lucy Crane, Hester Claridge and Karen Hudson-Edwards for their fantastic work. We would also like to say thank you to all who came to see us, Thank you to all involved in this wonderful event for making it such an experience.
Background on our partners
Camborne School of Mines is a world-class combined mining school and geoscience department, rich in history and culture for over 125 years. They provide academic education and professional training in geoscience and mining for their many students, as well as offering a number of unique and innovative programmes designed for individuals working within the extraction industries. Their research covers a range of geoscience subjects, and focuses on many key areas including past environmental change, volcanic hazards, deep Earth processes, intelligent mining, efficiency and safety, critical raw materials, and sustainable mining. CSM has a long history of successful partnerships with both national and international companies and projects, playing a vital role by providing innovative solutions to global energy, natural resource, and environmental issues.
Cornish Lithium
Cornish Lithium is using modern exploration techniques and digital technology to re-evaluate Cornwall's mineral potential in the light of the battery revolution. Cornwall has a world-class mineral endowment but has stood idle for decades. The battery revolution provides the impetus and opportunity to explore for raw materials that are vital to modern technologies. Cornish Lithium believes that the extraction of lithium, in combination with geothermal energy, has the potential to rejuvenate the economy of Cornwall and to provide much needed high-value employment across the county. The Company is primarily focussed on extracting lithium from known occurrences in brine and in hard-rock. Cornish Lithium is also evaluating the potential in Cornwall for other metals, particularly those that are vital to modern technologies such as electric vehicles and power storage batteries.
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Home Answers What Is Groove Music?
Groove Music was the music streaming subscription service developed by Microsoft. Groove Music has been discontinued as of December 31, 2017, but originally was offered in more than 22 countries.
With a price tag of $9.99 per month or $99.99 per year, Groove Music was available for purchase through the Windows Store and came with 50 million tracks from around the world.


People aged 1 year or over must have an International certificate of vaccination or prophylaxis if they have stayed overnight or longer in a declared yellow fever–infected country within 6 days before arriving in (or returning to) Australia.
Healthcare professionals provide this certificate at the time a person is vaccinated against yellow fever. The certificate is valid for the duration of the life of the person and begins 10 days after vaccination.
Yellow fever vaccine must be given by an approved yellow fever vaccination centre. Centres can charge a range of fees for a consultation and the yellow fever vaccine.
List of locations is available in csv format for accessibility.
To be familiar with the Australian requirements and your required action, please read the information for yellow fever vaccination centres and providers.
Centres can download, complete and submit the application for a medical practice to become an approved yellow fever vaccination centre.
For changing details of a currently approved centre, download, complete and submit the change of details for an approved yellow fever vaccination centre form.
Yellow fever vaccination is a legal requirement for people travelling through some infected areas.