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Marquette University Law School Faculty Blog
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2022 Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competitors
By: Melissa Love KoenigPosted on January 6, 2022 Categories Appellate Advocacy, Legal Practice, Legal Writing, Marquette Law School, PublicLeave a comment» on 2022 Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competitors
The Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competition is the appellate moot court competition for Marquette law students and is the capstone intramural event of the moot court program. Students are invited to participate based on their top performance in the fall Appellate Writing and Advocacy course at the Law School.
Congratulations to the following students who were selected to the 2022 Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competition:
Jake Apostolu
Tristan Bednarek
James Carpenter
Hunter Cone
Ilana Friedman
Travis Goeden
Anne Gonring
Bailey Groh Rasmussen
Alesha Guenther
Nolan Heck
Munifeh Jaber
Nicole Jennings
Samantha Jozwiak
Kyle Kasper
Matthew Kass
Abigail Kincheloe
Ruth Nord-Pekar
Robyn Shepard
Ronald Tenuta
Aimeé Treviño
Rose Vanelderen
Meghan Wallace
Austin Wesner
Jessica Zimpfer
The preliminary rounds of competition be held on March 26-27, 2022, with the winning teams progressing through the quarterfinals, then semifinals, to the final round. Stay tuned for more details.
Any questions about the competition should be directed to Lauren Brasington, Associate Justice of Intramural Competitions.
Mike Gousha to Become Law School's Senior Advisor in Law and Public Policy
By: Joseph D. KearneyPosted on August 23, 2021 August 23, 2021 Categories Lubar Center, Marquette Law SchoolLeave a comment» on Mike Gousha to Become Law School's Senior Advisor in Law and Public Policy
Fifteen years ago, at the suggestion of one of my faculty colleagues, I began a conversation with Mike Gousha, who had announced his intention to depart his daily broadcast television news duties at WTMJ, here in Milwaukee ("Channel 4," if you prefer). Mike accepted our invitation to join Marquette University Law School as distinguished fellow in law and public policy. Thus was born what we came first to denominate our public policy initiative and now (since 2017) tend to refer to as our Lubar Center for Public Policy Research and Civic Education.
My occasion for noting all this—which omits for the moment everything in between—is that Mike has decided to shift to a new role at the Law School, as of the end of this new semester. In particular, he will step back from his daily obligations here and assume a sort of emeritus status. The word is especially appropriate: Although Marquette University now uses emeritus more broadly, its origin (well, its modern usage, anyway) is in academe, and Mike's position here has been much in the nature of a faculty member. He has not taught students in law courses, but his initiative, creativity, and leadership have dramatically expanded the Law School's role in civic education, as the creation of the Lubar Center dramatically attests.
Going forward, Mike will serve the Law School as senior advisor in law and public policy. It seems worth noting that the theory underlying Mike's affiliation with the Law School will not change. In my initial correspondence with him years ago, I encouraged Mike to consider making Marquette Law School "the platform" for journalism and policy work that he might pursue. Since he joined us in January 2007, he has done this brilliantly—whether the particular form has been the "On the Issues with Mike Gousha" series; his crucial role in imagining the possibility, and persuading us as to the value, of the Marquette Law School Poll; introducing us to Alan Borsuk, senior fellow in law and public policy since 2009, and Charles Franklin, professor of law and public policy and director of the poll since 2012, among many other people; establishing the Law School as the go-to place for debates for important political office in this region; organizing conferences on K–12 education, national security, and Milwaukee's regional water initiative, among many other topics; or, most recently, fashioning with John D. Johnson, our Lubar Center Research Fellow, an important series of articles in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel as part of the Lubar Center's Milwaukee Area Project.
That list is scarcely exhaustive, but my point, as noted, rather involves Mike Gousha's work going forward. Like a faculty member assuming emeritus status, Mike is not likely to take up full-time work at the Law School and will surely partner with others than the Law School for aspects of his possible activities (e.g., work on a documentary such as this project last year with his wife, Lynn Sprangers, and others). But, as senior advisor in law and public policy, Mike will remain part of our Marquette University Law School community and engage in projects with us here as they appeal to him. Meanwhile, the work of the Lubar Center for Public Policy Research and Civic Education will continue on a daily basis. That can be the subject of separate communications or announcements as we plan and realize that future.
More immediately, please join me in extending good wishes to Mike in this next (Marquette Law School) chapter.
Recalling (and Rehearing) Howard Eisenberg
By: Joseph D. KearneyPosted on June 4, 2021 June 4, 2021 Categories Marquette Law School, Marquette Law School History3 Comments on Recalling (and Rehearing) Howard Eisenberg
Howard B. Eisenberg, dean of Marquette Law School from 1995 to 2002, died nineteen years ago today. That number may not have independent significance or resonance (unlike, say, 18, in Jewish tradition as I understand it, or 20, for a round number), but we may agree that it is now some time ago. Yet no one will doubt that Howard's spirit—indeed, legacy—lives on here at the Law School, even in Eckstein Hall, opened more than eight years after his death.
Our Office of Public Service, which we created in 2006 and now house in the Howard B. Eisenberg Suite, has been our most significant institutional effort to ensure his legacy of "doing good," as Alan Borsuk noted as recently as a week ago, in this Marquette Lawyer article. In light of this evidence surrounding us all, there seems no need to post at length on his yahrzeit. "Si monumentum requiris, circumspice," one is tempted to say (well, I am, anyway).
Yet I wanted to use this blog to mark the anniversary, pointing anyone interested to two previous posts: one by me, twelve years ago today, whose virtue is that it contains a link to the wonderful 2002 special issue of the Marquette Law Review, remembering Howard in so many different ways (and through so many different eyes); and the other a decade ago, by our longtime colleague, now-retired Professor (and Justice) Janine P. Geske, whose welcome advantage is that it enables you to hear Howard's very voice on a special topic: "What's a Nice Jewish Boy Like Me Doing in a Place Like This?"
May his memory be for a blessing.
Congratulations to the 2021 Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competition Finalists
By: Lisa A. MazziePosted on April 7, 2021 Categories Appellate Advocacy, Legal Education, Marquette Law School, Moot Court, PublicLeave a comment» on Congratulations to the 2021 Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competition Finalists
Congratulations to the winners of the 2021 Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competition, Ben Edelstein and Kyle Frank. Congratulations also go to finalists Alexander Lux and Natalie Mulvey. Frank won the Ramon A. Klitzke Prize for Best Oralist. Ashleigh Dickey and Matt Rademacher won the Franz C. Eschweiler Prize for Best Brief.
Presiding over the final round were Hon. Paul Thissen (Minnesota Supreme Court), Hon. Michael Y. Scudder (United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit), and Hon. Cynthia M. Davis (L'06) (Milwaukee County Circuit Court). This year's final round was held virtually on Zoom but livestreamed over YouTube. More than 70 people watched the final round on YouTube.
Many thanks to the law school's media and tech team for making all the tech magic happen. Thank you, too, to the law school administrators and staff who helped coordinate the event and to Dean Kearney for his support of the competition and his front-line presence as host. And special thanks to 3L Kelsey Pelegrin, who handled the details of the competition.
Students are selected to participate in the competition based on their success in the fall Appellate Writing and Advocacy class at the Law School.
Here is a link to a recording of the final round.
Jenkins Competitors Have Busy Weekend; Two Teams Advance to Finals
By: Lisa A. MazziePosted on March 28, 2021 March 30, 2021 Categories Marquette Law School, Moot Court, PublicLeave a comment» on Jenkins Competitors Have Busy Weekend; Two Teams Advance to Finals
Ben Edelstein
Kyle Frank
(Updated 3/30/21 12:25 PM to add registration link)
The last two weekends have been busy ones for the students competing in the Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competition. Each team argued four times the weekend of March 20-21 in the preliminary rounds to determine which teams would advance to the quarterfinal round.
On Saturday, March 27, the eight teams that advanced argued to see which would advance to the semifinals.
Alexander Lux
Natalie Mulvey
After some very close rounds, four teams moved on to the semifinals. Those four teams were:
Alexandra (Sasha) Chepov & Zak Wroblewski;
Ben Edelstein & Kyle Frank;
Lauren Brasington & Carsyn Bushman;
Alexander Lux & Natalie Mulvey
These four teams competed on Sunday, March 28. The two teams that emerged as finalists are:
Ben Edelstein & Kyle Frank
Congratulations to the finalists, and thank you to the many alumni and area attorneys who helped with the competition by grading briefs or judging oral arguments. Thanks, too, to the law school's tech department and to Steve Nelson who kept this weekend's virtual competition glitch-free.
The final round of the competition will be held virtually on Tuesday, April 6, at 3:30 PM, and will be lived streamed on YouTube.
The final round will be judged by The Honorable Michael Y. Scudder (U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit), The Honorable Paul Thissen (Minnesota Supreme Court), and The Honorable Cynthia M. Davis (L'06) (Milwaukee County Circuit Court).
The Jenkins Completion is named in honor of the late James G. Jenkins, the first Wisconsin judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (1893-1905) and the first dean of Marquette Law School (1908-1915).
The event is free and open to the public, but registration is required to receive the link. You can register here.
Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competitors Advance to Quarterfinals
By: Lisa A. MazziePosted on March 22, 2021 Categories Appellate Advocacy, Legal Education, Legal Profession, Marquette Law School, PublicLeave a comment» on Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competitors Advance to Quarterfinals
Congratulations to the students in the Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competition who have moved on to the quarterfinal round of the competition. The students will be competing on Saturday, March 27 to determine which teams will be advancing to the semifinal round on Sunday, March 28 at noon.
The following teams will be competing in the quarterfinals:
Zak Wroblewski & Alexandra (Sasha) Chepov
Morgan Minter & Taylor Van Zeeland
Ashleigh Dickey & Matt Rademacher
Charlie Hoffmann & Kevin Landgraf
Thomas Sucevic & Christopher Vandeventer
Lauren Brasington & Carsyn Bushman
Alex Lux & Natalie Mulvey
Congratulations to all the participants in the competition. We also very much appreciate the alumni and other attorneys who volunteer to grade briefs and serve as judges in the preliminary rounds. We appreciate their time and assistance every year.
This year, an extra special thanks to Erik Atwell and the law school tech department for their assistance with managing three simultaneous virtual courtrooms with up to 24 people at eight different times over the weekend.
The final round of the Jenkins competition will take place on Tuesday, April 6 at 3:30 PM.
We're honored to welcome the following distinguished jurists who will judge the final round:
Hon. Cynthia M. Davis (L'06), Milwaukee County Circuit Court
Hon. Michael Y. Scudder, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
Hon. Paul Thissen, Minnesota Supreme Court
The final competition will be virtually on Zoom but will be livestreamed to the public.
Honoring RBG & Women Judges With 9K
By: Lisa A. MazziePosted on March 15, 2021 March 15, 2021 Categories Judges & Judicial Process, Legal Profession, Marquette Law School, PublicLeave a comment» on Honoring RBG & Women Judges With 9K
(left to right) Annie Grove, Greta Hilgendorf, and Colleen Mandell rest after finishing 4k.
Instead of its usual spring gathering—Women Judges' Night—the Milwaukee Association for Women Lawyers (AWL) sponsored the When There Are 9K Run/Walk. Marquette Law School was one of its sponsors.
According to AWL, "The title and length of this event are a tribute to the incredible and irreplaceable Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg." Justice Ginsburg was once asked when there would be enough women on the Supreme Court of the United States. Her response: "When there are nine."
(left to right) Annalisa Pusick, Colleen Mandell, Director Erin Binns, Professor Lisa Mazzie, Dean Angela Schultz, Greta Hilgendorf, and Annie Grove prepare to run. Not pictured: Madeline Lewis and Aimee Trevino. Photo credit: Lily Binns
The virtual run/walk began officially today—March 15—on what would have been Justice Ginsburg's 88th birthday. Our challenge: to walk or run a total of 9K during this week. Some of us already met up to knock out 4K.
Pusick and Director Binns finish 4K.
Money raised by the run/walk benefits the AWL Foundation's scholarship program for female law students at Wisconsin law schools. Each year, two Marquette students receive those scholarships. Last year's recipients were 2L Liz Simonis and 3L Kelly Ryan.
Moot Court Association Names Participants in the 2021 Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competition
By: Lisa A. MazziePosted on January 4, 2021 Categories Appellate Advocacy, Legal Research, Legal Writing, Marquette Law School, Public1 Comment on Moot Court Association Names Participants in the 2021 Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competition
The Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competition is the appellate moot court competition for Marquette law students and is the capstone event of the intramural moot court program. Students are invited to participate based on their top performance in the fall Appellate Writing and Advocacy course at the Law School.
Congratulations to the participants in the 2021 Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competition:
Olanrewaju (Lanre) Abiola
Lauren Brasington
Carsyn Bushman
Zach Caley
Alexandra (Sasha) Chepov
Ashleigh Dickey
Laura Federico
Jack Flack
Charlie Hoffmann
Rebecca Klongland
Josh Kundert
Kevin Landgraf
Josh Le Noble
Alex Lux
Morgan Minter
Greg Procopio
Matt Rademacher
Thomas Sucevic
Christopher Vandeventer
Taylor Van Zeeland
Zak Wroblewski
The Jenkins preliminary rounds begin March 20, 2021, with the winning teams progressing through the quarterfinals, then semifinals, to the final round. The final round will take place the week of April 5, 2021. All rounds will take place virtually. Stay tuned for more details.
Any questions about the competition should be directed to Kelsey Pelegrin, Associate Justice of Intramural Competitions.
Marquette's presence at the Global Water Center helps Milwaukee lead in Water Innovation
By: Liz SimonisPosted on October 21, 2020 Categories Environmental Law, Marquette Law School, Public, Student Contributor, Water LawLeave a comment» on Marquette's presence at the Global Water Center helps Milwaukee lead in Water Innovation
Less than a mile away from the Law School, some of the country's most important work is taking place at the Global Water Center, led by the Water Council. Water may seem like a basic right to most Americans, but across the globe, it is often a precious commodity. This will soon become a new reality in the water rich Midwest, as the demand on area water resources leads to an increasingly critical supply. The U.S. Geological Survey reported that pumping of groundwater in the Chicago-Milwaukee area from 1864 to 1980, has lowered groundwater levels by as much as 900 feet. Below is a map that illuminates the critical depletion affecting U.S. ground water supplies.
From Groundwater Depletion in the United States (1900-2008), USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5079.
Facing the critical groundwater depletion taking place across the country over the last 100 years, Milwaukee non-profit, the Water Council, is rising to meet the challenge. The Water Council is dedicated to solving serious global water challenges by supporting innovation in freshwater technology and driving new solutions to a world that increasingly needs them. The Council has led the way through impressive collaboration—connecting 238 water technology businesses and a leadership network of 200 members from around the world. This expertise has included input from several Marquette University departments, including Marquette University Law School.
Continue reading "Marquette's presence at the Global Water Center helps Milwaukee lead in Water Innovation"
Results of the Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competition Final Round
By: Melissa Love KoenigPosted on October 15, 2020 October 15, 2020 Categories Appellate Advocacy, Legal Practice, Legal Writing, Marquette Law School, PublicLeave a comment» on Results of the Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competition Final Round
Congratulations to the winners of the 2020 Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competition, Jay McDivitt and Mathias Rekowski. Congratulations also go to finalists Michelle Knapp and Wynetta McIntosh. A video of the final round is available here.
This year, Jay McDivitt won the Jenkins Competition's Ramon A. Klitzke Prize for Best Oralist, and he and teammate Mathias Rekowski won the Franz C. Eschweiler Prize for Best Brief. Kelley Roach and Ashley Rossman were awarded second-place brief, and Xavier Jenkins and Wynetta McIntosh won third place in the briefing scores among the twelve teams in the competition. Continue reading "Results of the Jenkins Honors Moot Court Competition Final Round"
Sanity Maintenance: A Guide to Surviving October
By: Foley Van LieshoutPosted on October 7, 2020 Categories Marquette Law School, Public, Student ContributorLeave a comment» on Sanity Maintenance: A Guide to Surviving October
"There are decades where nothing happens; and there are weeks where decades happen." This Lenin quote has never felt more appropriate than in our past week of October. If you're feeling completely overwhelmed, burnt out, ready to pack your bag and get outta Dodge—you're not alone. As a 3L who frequently questions "why was I born during this time period?" I have begun compiling a list of things that make me feel better on those days that everything seems, well, just too 2020.
Look back to cura personalis. Care for the whole person. More than ever, now, we need our motto. We can cling to this truth when there's nothing else to hold onto. Take care of yourself in whatever way you can.
Go for a walk outside on campus to look at the fall leaves. Walk to the MU Starbucks if you need an easy, quick destination. I am happy to walk with anyone who would like to go. I can also provide a list of drink recommendations, as I have challenged myself to try something new every day for the past few months and a sizable amount of the new things have involved food or drink.
Continue reading "Sanity Maintenance: A Guide to Surviving October"
Students Remember Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg
By: Lisa A. MazziePosted on October 6, 2020 Categories Judges & Judicial Process, Marquette Law School, Public, Student Contributor, U.S. Supreme CourtLeave a comment» on Students Remember Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Upon the passing of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the Student Bar Association collected some statements from students in order to honor her memory.
Justice Ginsburg in 1972, when she was Professor Ginsburg, a professor at Columbia Law School. Photo credit: Librado Romero-The New York TImes.
Foley Van Lieshout, 3L
I think all women feel connected in some way to Justice Ginsburg. Reading her opinions, concurrences, and dissents, I always respected and admired her reasoning, even if I didn't agree with it. To me, Justice Ginsburg was not "Notorious RBG"; she was a giant. She had so much power. She was larger than life.
Anonymous 2L
As Professor Oldfather put it in Con Law 1L year: it's best to have a diverse set of chili recipes — not only one — all to make one great pot. RBG helped diversify the SCOTUS chili recipe in ways we never thought possible. Her contributions will be remembered forever.
Emilie Smith, 2L
RBG was an example of the woman, and lawyer, I hope to be – fierce, unwavering and determined. No matter one's political leanings, she was an impressive woman who handled every obstacle in her life with grace and perseverance. Everyone – members of the legal field as well as citizens of this country – can learn a lot from her legacy. "Fight for the things that you care about but do it in a way that will lead others to join you." – Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Zachary Lowe, 3L
Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg was an absolute trailblazer not only in her field, but in the entire history of humanity. Her continuous push for equality and equity for the underrepresented will never be forgotten or fade away in time. Her memory will always live on in the spirit of those who push for a better present and future for those who are given less opportunities. Thank you, Justice Ginsburg, for always fighting, even until your final days. "Fight for the things that you care about but do it in a way that will lead others to join you." Continue reading "Students Remember Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg"
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Texas Deputies and S.B. 8
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Welcome to Our January Guest Blogger!
Gabe Cyr on Why Steroids Have No Place in Sports
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Richard Hamilton on Right-to-Work or Right-to-Free Ride?
William Hicks on Age Discrimination in Health Care
Chris Briscoe on Putting Christ Back in Christmas
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Our little man is 16 months old and he is running and climbing and drawing and exploring and 'reading' and most of all talking like there's no tomorrow.
Jacob met a pony on Sunday and as "hoirse" (horse) was one of his first words he was pretty excited!
He has so many words and repeats everything we say. It's so much fun talking to him and knowing that he understands and he can tell me what he wants and he even says "peese" (please) when he wants something!
I was chatting to a friend the other day about all this talking and she said that now her little one is talking so much better she misses the unusual ways that he used to say certain words that only she could understand. This got me thinking and there is something really special about talking to a little person who you know so well - it's almost like a secret language that you share and I'm definitely making the most of it now I have realised it's not going to last long.
Each day there is something new and I get scared when I see all these grown up boys running around and being so independent, one day our little man is goin to be like that and I know it's going to happen really quickly. Time is so precious and I will definitely have my 'shidies' open for all his new special words.
What are your favourite 'baby words'?


When the Penguins finally decided on new general manager Jim Rutherford this summer, it did not take very long for him to make some waves. Rutherford was hired June 6, and on June 27, just three weeks later, James Neal found himself with a one-way ticket to Nashville. The return surely had to be a king's ransom, right? The Penguins found themselves with Patric Hornqvist and Nick Spaling in return, which left most casual fans asking "who?".
"It's not that Hornqvist, or even Spaling, are necessarily bad players. Hornqvist is a solid, two-way winger who is a good bet to score 20-25 goals. It's that one All-Star is always better than two good players."
On the other end of the spectrum, many fans were left scrambling to figure out who Patric Hornqvist and Nick Spaling were. Some looked up their career stats and compared how the Penguins lost out in the trade. Some looked up photos and videos of the goals and styles of plays. What they found was that Hornqvist did not have as good of a release as Neal -- hardly anyone does. He does not do anything particularly flashy. While it may not be exciting to read about or even watch, this was EXACTLY what the Penguins wanted and needed.
Hornqvist punches his time card at his "office"
Of course, Sundqvist did not make the team, but I was 50% right. On October 1, Crosby and Hornqvist played together in Detroit, and they have been practicing and playing together ever since. As Michelle Crechiolo mentioned in her article on the Penguins website Wednesday, Crosby (1st pick of the 2005 draft) and Hornqvist (230th, last of that same 2005 draft) are now linemates. As a matter of fact, Crosby is also paired up with an undrafted player in Chris Kunitz. It's not exactly who you would think of when asked who is flanking the best player in the world, but this is oftentimes what makes the best chemistry.
The result through two games shows that Mike Johnston will not be splitting this line up any time soon. Crosby (3G, 3A), Kunitz (1G, 1A), and Hornqvist (2G, 2A) have been on fire. It would seem that this line is perfect for all involved. Hornqvist has a very straight-line game, much like Kunitz, but Hornqvist's addition to the line gives Kunitz the ability to have more freedom to shoot. Hornqvist and Kunitz essentially take turns at the front of the net. This lets Kunitz shoot from the slot a bit more. It also allows Crosby to utilize his other-worldly talent to free wheel a bit more in the offensive zone, and provides a better chance for a screen.
The results through two games are extremely encouraging for the Penguins. Hornqvist has 4 points, and he leads the team in shots on goal with 13, including 9 -- wow -- against Toronto on Saturday. He has also attempted a team-leading 19 shots through two games. As seen from the video above, he has a nose for the net. His goal on Saturday was scored in the middle of a line change as he darted to the front of the net to find the loose puck. The early returns are in, and Patric Hornqvist will quickly be a household name in Pittsburgh.
He may not be flashy or have a lightning release, but I am betting most teams would tell you he is much harder to play against than James Neal. It turns out he is exactly the player we thought he was... and that is perfect for this team.


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De Nederlandse Wet Innovatie en Kwaliteit Kinderopvang, afgekort IKK, verbetert de kwaliteit en toegankelijkheid van de kinderopvang. De kwaliteitseisen zijn opgedeeld in vier thema's: de ontwikkeling van het kind staat centraal, veiligheid en gezondheid, stabiliteit en pedagogische maatwerk en kinderopvang is een vak. De wijzigingen komen voort uit het akkoord Innovatie en Kwaliteit Kinderopvang dat minister Asscher van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid, de Brancheorganisatie Kinderopvang, Sociaal Werk Nederland, BOinK, de FNV Zorg en Welzijn en het CNV Zorg en Welzijn in 2016 sloten. Op een later moment heeft ook de Branchevereniging Maatschappelijke Kinderopvang zich achter het akkoord geschaard.  De wet is aangenomen door de Tweede Kamer op 21 februari en op 30 mei 2017 door de Eerste Kamer.

 Wijzigingen kwaliteitseisen in de kinderopvang 2018: Per 1 januari 2018 zijn de volgende wijzigingen van kracht: Verantwoorde kinderopvang, mentorschap, inhoud pedagogisch beleidsplan, veiligheidsbeleid en gezondheidsbeleid, aanwezigheid volwassene met kinder-EHBO, vaste-gezichtencriterium, 3-uursregeling, inzet van vrijwilligers en inzet van beroepskrachten-in-opleiding en stagiaires.
 Wijzigingen kwaliteitseisen in de kinderopvang 2019: Per 1 januari 2019 zijn de volgende wijzigingen van kracht: Beroepskracht-kindratio en pedagogisch beleidsmedewerker
 Wijzigingen kwaliteitseisen in de kinderopvang 2025: Per 1 januari 2025 zijn de volgende wijzigingen van kracht: Minimum taalniveau en scholing voor werken met baby's
 Toekomstige wijzigingen kwaliteitseisen in de kinderopvang: De volgende wijziging is nog niet van kracht en de datum van inwerking is nog niet bekend: Verruiming kwalificerende diploma's voor de bso.

Belasting in Nederland
kinderopvang
kinderopvang
kinderopvang
Kinderopvang

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


CUAUV will be hosting an Open Pool Test on Sunday, February 21 from 5:30-7:30pm at Teagle Pool. The team will be showcasing its vehicle Nova, which placed 1st in at the international AUVSI competition. Tasks on display include shooting torpedoes. Light refreshments will be provided.


Some personal reflections on sustainable urban design in Wellington, New Zealand.
31 August 2005: Added review of the Ebor St Townhouses to UrbanEye.
23 August 2005: Updated my review of the Prudential extension.
8 July 2005: Started the WellUrban blog.
3 October 2004:Re-organised and extended the Inspirations section.
14 July 2004: Added review of the Wellington Brewing Company to UrbanEye.
13 July 2004: Added review of the proposed Waitangi Park to UrbanEye.
1 June 2004: Re-organised the Gallery section and added an "Urbane Jungle" gallery.
9 May 2004: Added review of the Inner City "Bypass" to UrbanEye.
Site maintained by Tom Beard.


UK GEAR's female product range now available at USA Pro's newly opened flagship London store.
On Sept 7th, USA PRO unveiled its new international flagship store in Broadwick Street, just off of London's famous Carnaby Street. In addition to the full range of USA PRO's own clothing collections, the store also stocks the full range of UK Gear women's performance footwear.
British sportswear firm UK Gear was created in 1993 as a designer and supplier of sports gear and quickly developed a reputation for producing high performance competitive gear for some of the world's top athletes and sports teams. Its performance training shoes, launched in 2002, are developed in association with the British Army's Physical Training Corps and were the first commercial products to ever earn the right to display the Army's famous crossed sword emblem.


text:
Benji Brown Dishes to JET
Najja Parker
Unlike many rising comedians, Benji Brown was not booed off the stage during his debut performance. It wasn't because he spent months working tirelessly on his jokes and animation in the mirror. Instead, he owed his success to one of his favorite comedians.
"This is a big no-no, but my first time on stage, I just recited Eddie Murphy's Raw," he admits. "Eddie's jokes were tried and proven already!"
Brown thinks the audience recognized those famous punchlines, but they apparently didn't mind. The crowd was impressed by his confidence and obvious memorization skills. After all, he had only received word that he'd be a part of the roster hours before showtime.
"A friend of mine gave me a business card of an agent, who told me to call him if I thought I was funny. After five or six months, I finally picked up the phone and said, 'hey, I just wanted to let you know I'm funny. Ok, bye,'" he remembers. "But the agent told me he was picking me up that night, so he could put me on stage at the local comedy."
Brown was nervous, but he didn't show it. He put those feelings to the side. Good thing he did, because when he wrapped his set, folks were cheering.
"The people enjoyed it," he says. "The agent thought I had potential, but he was like 'hey, you can't do that!'"
He may not have written his own skits for his first gig, but the Miami-native sure got the hang of it quickly.
Does the name Kiki ring a bell?
Oh yes! The loud-mouth, slick talking chick, whose makeup tutorials on YouTube have garnered more than five million views, has been bringing the funny for nearly two decades.
Kiki's rise to stardom, however, wasn't purposeful. Brown, who developed the voice before the name, was only documenting his surroundings.
"I think there are so many struggles that the Black woman has had to overcome throughout history, whether it's raising children on their own, dealing with no-good men or having friends that are disloyal," he explains. "You can touch on any of those topics, and you're going to find a multitude of women who relate to it."
The Comic View vet thinks everyone knows a "Kiki." Plus, he believes people find humor in their pain. That's why the character is such a hit.
"I don't even have a name. I'm not called "Benji." Everywhere I go people call me "Kiki," and I answer," he laughs. "That realization of her being that endeared has motivated me."
Brown's talents extend far beyond standup though. He's appeared on MTV's Nick Cannon presents Wild n' Out and TV One's The Rickey Smiley Show.
He has his eyes set on even more television and film projects too. And hotshots, like Lee Daniels, have their eyes set on him.
"There have been some projects presented, and I'm hoping that they will manifest and become a reality," he reveals. "[Daniels and I] have been able to try to put our heads together to come up with a show based around Kiki."
daniels isn't the only heavy hitter the star has worked alongside. He previously joined forces with Chris Rock, Steve Harvey, Cedric the Entertainer and Monique.
And Brown doesn't plan on stopping there. He's looking ahead at the road in front of him, while acknowledging the successes of his past.
"It's been sweet. It's been a good ride," he says. "I'm excited, and I want to build upon it."
Clearly, he has come a long way from quoting Murphy's best wisecracks. He's got his own now.
Just listen to a few below as he tries to help Kiki wiggle her way through a variety of scenarios.
Your best friend is sneaking around with your boyfriend…
After five years of employment, you're fired from your job…
Someone owes you money…
A customer claims the Waffle House yellow eyeshadow from your makeup line gave her a rash…
For more of Benji Brown's antics, follow him on Twitter @benjibrown1.
TagsBenji BrownBETChris RockcomedyComic ViewjokesKikiLee DanielsMoniquerickey smileyslideshowSteve HarveyThe Rickey Smiley Show
Love Couple: JeVonna & Anthony Ephraim
WATCH: Robin Thicke's 'Back Together'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Mission Statement SpaceChain is creating a solutions-oriented platform to tackle our greatest challenges. With increasingly complex and difficult global challenges, we need to harness distributed intelligence to find comprehensive solutions. SpaceChain creates an open-source problem solving model that optimizes collective intelligence. SpaceChain will establish enabling conditions that incentivize the community of users, contributors and developers to strengthen the ecosystem. SpaceChain will advance progress in these 3 areas: 1.Utilize space to better serve business and consumer needs, 2.Enhance access to space industry and technologies, 3.Accelerate the process of discovering and using space. The SpaceChain team is led by Zuo Zheng as CEO and by former Bitcoin core developer and blockchain pioneer Jeff Garzik as CTO.
Page 2 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 ABSTRACT SpaceChain aims to pioneer solutions for humanity to thrive in the coming space age. Combining blockchain technology with current astronautical resources and capabilities, SpaceChain will inspire more people to join the space community and advance the propers of space technologies together� SpaceChain positions itself as a private space agency with an open network driven by collaboration and transparency, using blockchain based technologies. Activating the principles of decentralization and international collaboration in an already vibrant global community, SpaceChain will leverage the dynamics of tokens and private funding to accelerate space development. SpaceChain was founded in March 2017 and has completed the development of SpaceChain Operating System (SpaceChain OS). SpaceChain OS has been successfully adapted to the Sparc V8 satellite operating system and achieved stable operations at the system level. The SpaceChain OS integrates Qtum blockchain technology and has established a platform for the development of space based applications. SpaceChain will be releasing fully functional satellites using the SpaceChain OS blockchain nodes in 2018. By harnessing the power of tokens, private funding and leadership, SpaceChain provides on an open source platform to accelerate outer space development and settlement. We will choose and execute missions that fit this blockchain-based philosophy.
Page 3 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 Part 1 Introduction The Value of Blockchain & Space Technology 1.1 The Trend of of Internet Technology Innovation: Blockchain The blockchain is a computer programming breakthrough Blockchain has received its share of news that solved the Byzantine Generals problem. Also known coverage in recent years and has captured as the Byzantine fault tolerance and an "error avalanche," the interest of technologists and economists this concept was a generalized "unsolvable" proof that led since 2008. It solved the "avalanche of to roadblocks in software development. We have always errors" that the open Internet presented needed a third party that demanded a payment to perform where otherwise unrelated parties interact transactions or submit information to ensure that the over an untrusted network. For the first time, transactions were accurate and create a reliable history. information like digital signatures, digital Blockchain enables trusted exchange without middleman. contracts, digital keys to physical locks, digital It creates a secure and resilient shared history which is ownership of physical assets like real estate accessible anywhere in the world. The first real-world and digital money could take place in a matter application of blockchain is Bitcoin. Beyond cryptocurrency, of minutes between untrusted parties with no blockchain allows us to program transactions and signals need for a middle institution brokering history that allow for a decentralized, self-governing network with or ensuring honesty� And once the transaction no middleman and executable contracts between machines is complete, it is final. Blockchains represent called 'smart contracts�' the Internet-wide distributed ledger (or shared history) and server for both information and New technology can emerge in a manner that seems out- commerce that cannot be rolled back (also of-the-blue even though it is the culmination of decades known as immutable). Blockchain is the first of intense research and development by near-anonymous true community powered super computer. collaborators. Societies that encounter this technology when Now, blockchain can power smart contracts it is finally ready for users divide into two camps - idealists taking complex legal, commercial, and cultural citing it as proof of a revolution or establishmentarians who interactions programmed with no third party heap scorn on and attribute harm to the technology. A small intervention to execute between machines like subset of society trained in technology develops, discusses, computers, sensors, or systems like grids. and explores its capabilities. At this point, commercial interests that look for new ways to do business usually intervene and mainstream products are built on the findings. Profound changes then occur in commerce and culture� This evolutionary arc has characterised technologies from the printing press in 1440, personal computing in 1975, the Internet in 1993 and most recently, blockchain in 2008.
Page 5 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 Current space projects are dominated by governments, so they are hindered by external factors and become inefficient. Research and innovation are under-resourced. Purely commercialized space projects like SpaceX deserve more attention and are indeed seeing high valuations from very modest upfront investments. At the dawn of Internet age, startups benefited greatly from the traditional venture capital model. Typically, a business is owned by key members of the company and the shareholders keep working in the company and make contributions. Innovation and creativity of entrepreneurs in technology were able to thrive and succeed with the support of venture capital. However, for companies that require longer time and larger initial outlays for research and development (R&D) such as space exploration, VC model is not necessary the best option. Many technologies based on the VC model would be announced as unworkable when they need more time and capital investment to succeed and reach markets to thrive. For example, traditional satellite research and development cycles may drag across many decades. Once the funding for research is ready, it takes months to complete research and development before teams can apply for additional funding for next stages to get technologies to market. We have seen projects spend 5 years stuck in this cycle only to have their satellite prototype unable to launch. Tokenized fund raising provides flexibility and progressive ways to support such projects. With sufficient funding, the project can recruit the best talent, enhance internal efficiency and focus more on the long-term R&D. This is very important within space technology, where setbacks are to be expected and part of the cost of development. Hence, traditional VCs may not be willing to take the risk and leave this space to us to achieve somEthereum protocoling great under a crypto-economic model. Long-term feasibility and timeframes can be reached with smart contracts to lock and hold token sale funds with a clear roadmap and timeline for deliverables. SpaceChain is a private space agency that will partner other organizations where crowdsourced funding can be employed on collaborative projects and smart contracts employed to lock in funds till certain software markers are met to unlock them. SpaceChain's decentralized application platform built on satellite technology will begin the opening of this industry and community. SpaceChain will promote SpaceChain OS to traditional space industry satellites, such as communication and navigation, among others. Also, SpaceChain will promote SpaceChain verification system to better aggregate and utilize current space resources in an open source, audited, and secure system. SpaceChain OS can be developed and used by different satellites and different organizations wherever they are located in the world.
Page 6 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 1.4 Introducing SpaceChain SpaceChain aims to establish a network infrastructure that is very much like the public telecommunication infrastructure we share globally. This network infrastructure will not involve any military or government bodies, and is only for use by the general public and by private individuals and organizations. People can access, build, and interact like they do on the Internet. SpaceChain's first application is like a mobile app development platform. With blockchain software, we provide an application sandbox or app firewall so that independent apps may be uploaded to the satellite similar to apps on a mobile application layer. Until now, inter-satellite links (satellite to satellite communications) present a fundamental hurdle to a decentralized mesh network.In order to have this resilient mesh network, you first need satellite-to-satellite communication that is blockchain based. However, there are still security issues related to commercial satellites such as data integrity and safety of the satellite. SpaceChain invented SpaceChain OS which is a sandboxed blockchain technology that is built upon StylixOS and Qtum. This system will ensure the safety of data running on the satellite as the programs are operated at the immutable and completely public blockchain layer. The aim of SpaceChain OS is to enhance hardware capability while maintaining security. SpaceChain OS can adapt to global hardware systems and cater to varying satellite technologies. In order to ensure the safety features and functions of SpaceChain OS, the foundation will carefully evaluate each generation of SpaceChain OS through in-orbit testing, and it will provide the community with reliable open-source code and results. For more detailed SpaceChain OS information, please refer to "SpaceChain OS Whitepaper". Internally, SpaceChain will tokenize and equalize technology and resources. This will optimize use of available technology and resources, and provide the space industry with an efficient and reliable consensus on value and collaboration to begin. SpaceChain was funded in March 2017 and has already provided solutions in the space frontier. SpaceChain OS development with infrastructure design and operating system started in November 2017. SpaceChain OS has been successfully adapted to Sparc V8 satellite operating system, and has achieved stable operation at the smallest system level. The migration from Qtum blockchain technology has achieved basic sandbox function, and the EVM Virtual Machine is on track to being developed in 2018.
Page 7 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 Part 2 path Realizing the Value of Blockchain Tech 2.1 General Overview of the Structure of SpaceChain 2.1.1 Upcoming Milestones: • 2018 March: complete all software development • 2018 April: complete operating system migration from the Zynq hardware system • 2018 September – October: complete running space verification of Zynq hardware • 2018 December: complete the R&D of first generation space chip based on RISC-V command • 2019 March: complete R&D of second generation hardware system and SpaceChain OS • 2019 May: complete in-orbit testing of second generation SpaceChain OS • Dates TBD: R&D of future generations of hardware system 2.1.2 Future Plans SpaceChain OS smart satellite system implementation and design of SpaceChain satellite hardware standards: • 2017 December: completed the design of first generation satellite platform based on CubeSat. • 2018 May: complete load design. • 2018 September: complete the production of satellites. • 2018 October and November: launch satellites. • 2018 November and December: complete testing of the satellite's basic functions. • 2018 December: conduct software security test. • 2019: launch 100kg second generation satellite equipped with latest OS, and complete function testing; publish smart satellite hardware standards with partners. • 2020: launch one more second generation satellite, and achieve in-orbit upgrading of software without changing satellite platform; use better-performing hardware to design and build third generation satellite. • 2021 – 2022: launch 4 third generation satellites, and form a space network with previous satellites to support application development. • Further: move forward with the hardware and software upgrades while conducting in-orbit testing. SpaceChain's goal is to integrate blockchain nodes on satellites to add a new dimension to the core framework of distributed ledgers. SpaceChain's node satellites will bring blockchain to space and make use of existing space technology to build a worldwide distributed application layer. We are pioneering a new layer of infrastructure for the Internet of blockchains by taking advantage of space resources. SpaceChain's platform features data collection, computing, applications, and storage. SpaceChain uses satellites as its operational nodes for realizing direct on-satellite data processing and secure in-space data storage through cryptographic technologies such as quantum communications. People everywhere will have access to this layer of infrastructure, just as they do the Internet wherever they travel with their various devices.
Page 8 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 SpaceChain will bring satellite technology beyond a repeater model (RM).Our partner will provide better language than traditional RM. RM essentially describes how most current satellites function. They usually take a signal from the ground and then simply broadcast live satellite tv or provide GPS or one other function at a time. RM allows very little actual data processing to take place on the satellite. SpaceChain's system will change this model to a model that is multi-tenant with flexible software capabilities. Most satellites are single owner and thus single operator and single tenant. With SpaceChain, for the first time combining existing space technology and blockchain, we are able to create multi-tenant as a new user model and a new economic model for satellites. Additionally, SpaceChain has created a system to drive down the cost of space applications to allow teams and investors to do more development with their money. SpaceChain will combine and contract the cheapest rocket launches globally with multiple payoffs per rocket. As more cheap spacecraft reach orbit, we are able to have many redundant nodes in the network launched globally. Thus, our network also self-heals. We can see a mesh network in space of many satellites where loss and replacement will enable the network to be low cost and resilient in a "many plus cheap" model. These rockets will take off from many different sites and be ensured secure by open source, auditable practices that the larger respected technology and space communities can see and support� SpaceChain will employ this mEthereum protocolod to projects we undertake in space, including asteroids or planetary bodies exploration where we can send out many remote drones powered by apps run on satellites around celestial bodies in our planetary system. Hardware design also involves internal redundancies especially as spacecraft using our 'smart' satellites will have redundancy of computing.
Page 11 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 In the future, blockchain payload will be rapidly upgraded to meet the future demand of blockchain applications. However, the existing processors have different problems that will slow the update rate down. For example, • x86 is complex and not open source, the internal structure of the processor is not clear, there may be a back door,unable to be safely controlled; • ARM has expensive intellectual property costs that will reduce user number; • SPARC is product of commercial companies; whole technical system has long-term sustained support risk; • MIPS and Power belongs to commercial companies which are focused on making profits, and their business model may not promote democratisation of technology. It is easy to have conflicts of interest with upstream and downstream companies; it may lack good industrial chain ecological support. To satisfy the update rate of blockchain payload, we need an open source processor project. In 2010, David Patterson, a distinguished professor at UC Berkeley, launched the RISC-V processor open source project, which has great properties like: • Free authorization, no patent barriers exist Block Diagram • Permanent non-profit foundation to dooperation management • Complete alliance of upstream and downstream industry • Two international workshop meetings each year At present, there are 50 core member companies, 270 companies and 29 universities participating in the RISC-V open source project. In the future, SpaceChain will develop a blockchain payload processor under the open source RISC-V ISA (Instruction-Set Architecture). The blockchain payload will be updated in performanceand reliability. Functional description The OBC is based on a Zynq-7000 All Programmable SoC (AP SoC) devices integrate the software programmability of an ARM-based processor with the hardware Microcontroller programmability of an FPGA, enabling key analytics and hardware acceleration while integrating CPU, DSP and mixed signal functionality on a single device. OS The OBC has a default SpaceChain OS installed. OBC has an I2C bus supporting bidirectional data transfer between masters and slaves, multi- master bus, arbitration between simultaneously transmitting masters I2C Interface without corruption of serial data on the bus. Serial clock synchronization allows devices with different bit rates to communicate via one serial bus and is used as a handshake mechanism to suspend and resume serial transfer� One of the main interfaces of the OBC to communicate with other subsystem hardware is a Controller Area Network (CAN) bus interface. It is a serial CAN Interface communications protocol that supports distributed real- time control with a high level of security.
Page 12 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 2.2.1 Intelligent Satellites SpaceChain will build several LEO satellites to establish the early satellite network and a basic satellite application platform. The satellite's basic characteristics are shown below: Characteristics Parameters Weight 10~100kg Power ≤200W Life time 5 years in orbit Payload ≥20kg,≤100W Orbit Height 500~2000km Satellites will have two parts: platform and the payloads. The platform is responsible for supporting the payload in space and the payload works to realize all the defined functions. Satellite Platform Constitutes Functions Main structure & mechanism Mechanic support for all the equipment; Processing attitude/orbit/thermal control program to maintain the attitude/ Integrated management unit orbit state of satellite to ensure it point to appointed place and the temperature of all the equipment in a limit section; Collect key data to support attitude/orbit/thermal control program;Provide Sensors necessary data to payload; Actuators Execute the order from attitude/orbit/thermal control program Solar panel & battery system Provide electricity power to all the equipment and payload; Send monitoring data and remote sensing data to ground station; TT&C system Receive and execute the order from ground station.
Page 13 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 Payloads Payload Constitutes Functions Provide enough calculate ability to High performance chip(PSOC) support OS and apps Blockchain Data storage/software code storage/ Memories payload Blockchain account book storage Provide an OS to support all the Open source operation system applications and smart contracts Satellite-user terminal Bi-direction communication with user communication payload & antenna terminal Communication Inter-satellite communication Real-time communication payload payload & antenna Satellite-ground station Data transmission to ground station, communication payload & antenna OS update/applications update Structure & Mechanism The basic purpose of structure & mechanism design is to contain all the equipment, to guarantee the satellite's function and to satisfy the install demands of equipment� This provides a safe inner environment during launch by rocket. All of these purposes must be satisfied in limit space and limit weight. The structure shows below. Integrated Management Unit (IMU) The integrated management unit is the core of the satellite control components, responsible for coordination and control of all equipment to realize TT&C function, attitude/orbit control, auxiliary management of payload, and information management. Its main functions include: A) TT&C: it receives the data directly from TT&C transponder and executive orders, sends telemetry data directly to the transponder to send down to ground station; B) Attitude/orbit control: collect data of all attitude sensors, and perform attitude/orbit control program, control attitude/orbit actuator; C) Auxiliary management of payload: receiving data and order from ground station to control Blockchain payload; Control the communication payloads; D) Information management: collect and process the whole satellite's data, including attitude/orbit information, location information, parameter and state of each part, and send it to TT&C transponder.
Page 14 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 The main parts of IMU and their functions show below: Name Functions Attitude/orbit control calculation, data management, provide analog AD/DA interface, the state acquisition interface and the command output interface, temperature OBC acquisition, analog quantity acquisition, instruction driver output; Provide power control output interface and implement active temperature control of thermal control unit; Command and Realize TT&C communication, data interaction with OBC, direct instruction, and telemetry processing decryption function of upstream and downstream band; module Secondary electric Receive premier power supply and generate the secondary power required by the DC/ power supply system DC module; Data storage & Provide the data input and output interface of sensors and actuators; Data storage and interface board playback, software and operating system recovery.
Page 15 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 All the IMU software is modularized and developed based on SpaceChain OS. SpaceChain OS will strengthen the operating system of the satellite platform. The main structure and their functions are: Name Functions Module is responsible for: • management of application software according to the different stages of system functions and working mode, the software of the ground reconstruction instruction (by injection) for scheduling management, to Housekeeping module complete sat-ellite task for different stages • Parameter setting and mode conversion • Payload control according to ground instructions� Fault detection and Monitoring of other software, and when the task software is ab-normal, it can be processing module detected and handled� Receiving the orbital data, selecting the orbital data source, pro-cessing and extrapolating the orbital data to the Attitude/orbit control software. Orbital data sources: GPS track data and ground injection track data. Module is responsible for: 4.-GPS data analysis Orbital processing module 5.-Orbital mode selection 6.-GPS mode processing 7�-Injection mode processing 8.-Fault mode processing is completed The Attitude/orbit control module is used to ensure the attitude orientation and orbit position to meet the mission requirements. Module is responsible for: 9.-Determine the working mode 10�-Analysis and pretreatment of sensor measurement in-formation 11.-According to the work mode of attitude control, choose the proper Attitude/orbit control module attitude/orbit control algorithm 12�-Call the correct control algorithm to generate control instructions and output 13.-Adjust the attitude/orbit according to the ground rail control plan 14.-Realize basic system fault handling Telemetry module's task is to collect, framing, storage, sending real-time satellite sensing information frame and delayed remote sensing information frame, and to manage TT&C transporter ac-cording to the measurement and control ephemeris and work mode of information and to send telemetry data in TT&C module the meas-urement and control segment� Tele control module is responsible for the receiving, resolving and processing of the upward data (including the indirect remote control command and injection data).
Page 18 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 User terminals • Interface between the SpaceChain system and the end user • Execute user's command/receive data which user demand • Processing normal/Blockchain applications and also smart contract • User could be human/animal/vehicle/machine/plant etc., basically everything who need and who want this network Cloud service • Mass data processing • Decentralized cooperative work Core network • Link all the ground stations • Link the SpaceChain network to other network (caber \ cellular network etc.) Ground Station The ground station is responsible for feeder link between satellite, user terminal management, channel management and operation control; as well as the operation management of maintenance system. The ground station includes the TT&C system and operation control system. 1) Operation control system The operation control system includes: data acquisition gateway station, data acquisition center, user terminal management and user service system. The system is responsible for the preparation of satellite mission plan, completing the dispatching management of the user terminal which is responsible for monitoring the satellite. This system is also responsible for receiving, processing and distributing the user terminal data. 2) TT&C system The TT&C system combines VHF/UHF frequency measurement and GPS/BD - 2 auxiliary togEthereum protocoler, isolating up/down link by TDD, using rod form as TT&C antenna, realizing auxiliary orbit measurement by GPS/BD antenna and receiver. 3) User terminals The User terminal is the interface between the SpaceChain system and the end user. It can execute user's commands and receive data which users demand and process applications and smart contract. The User can be human, animal, vehicle, machine, plant etc.
Page 19 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 Cloud Service & Core Network Main Parts Responsibilities Description -Data processing Using Blockchain technology to realize a decentralized Cloud service -Data base cloud service -Link of ground stations Make the SpaceChain system a whole network and to be Core network -Link SpaceChain system to the an interface be-tween other network system, like cellule other communication system network/cable network etc. 2.2.3 Qtum & StylixOx: SpaceChain OS Our introduction of SpaceChain OS powered smart satellite system SpaceChain will provide funding and will lower application costs. Upon the success of in-orbit testing, support for startups in the space industry in SpaceChain Foundation will launch several customized LEO terms of technology, resource, and human satellites with their partners that are equipped with communication, capital. At the same time, these startups camera, sensor, gesture and orbit control functions. Please will use SpaceChain's verification system refer to "SpaceChain Satellite Whitepaper" for more details. By so they can quickly commercialize and launching these low-orbit satellites, a simple network is formed to produce products and services thatsociety provide developers the platform needed to start creating software. needs globally. Establishing standards for smart satellite hardware and achieving standardized production of satellite parts will make greatly reduce The most effective solution to alleviate the cost of producing a satellite and spur organic growth of the the expense problem will be to encourage industry. This will ensure an economically viable ecosystem. cooperation between companies while also significantly increase the usage rate per To simplify the development process, there will be a development satellite. In the same way the mobile phone SDK for SpaceChain OS. It provides a modular development industry was revolutionized when Apple environment that is similar to Java Script. By being fully open- introduced the iPhone with its exceptionally sourced, more people will join the community and create a vibrant usable iOS, SpaceChain introduces a development community. universal space iOS for space software There will be tutorials for software development, and space development. The space industry needs a hardware developer board for people to try out developing stable and versatile operating system, and application for satellites� SpaceChain OS is the solution. Developers can create applications using the environment provided by SpaceChain OS. SpaceChain OS greatly lowers the difficulty of developing space applications while putting the resources like infrastructure to best use. Additionally, SpaceChain OS deployed sandbox technology ensures an interference-free environment for the applications.
Page 20 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 Partnerships with well-known universities through lab establishment, research, open courses, technical forums and other educational resources. SpaceChain Foundation will provide free resources for universities to take part in this exciting journey by providing free developer boards, hosting hackathons, and community development on SpaceChain OS globally. SpaceChain Foundation wishes to establish an eco-system where every contributor is fairly rewarded. Through such an economic model, more resources will be attracted into the space industry and more people will join the grand adventure of space exploration. SylixOS is an open source RTOS (Real-Time Operating System) project. SylixOS has been applied widely in various fields such as defense and security, aeronautics and astronautics, high speed railway system, smart grid, industrial automation, and motion control etc. In the SpaceChain project, SylixOS is used in the satellite platform to manage hardware resources and in the Blockchain payload to provide standard API interface and various system features for applications.
Page 21 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 Part 3 Tokenomics and Blockchain Structure of SpaceChain 3.1 SpaceChain Bottom Layer: Qtum The SpaceChain OS framework is divided into a Blockchain application layer that includes these layers: • Mainly Qtum provides the basic service API for smart contract and block chain application; • Qtum also offers a sandbox to guarantee the safety of applications processing; • Compatible for Ethereum protocol (ETH) ereum EVM to process Qtum smart contract; • Open for any public blockchain and their smart contract application; SpaceChain requires a blockchain technology with low power consumption, high stability, and strong expansibility. Qtum uses a PoS (proof-of-stake) consensus mechanism whereas most other blockchain technologies widely use PoW (proof- of-work) such as the Bitcoin blockchain and Ethereum protocol. PoW has high requirements for energy and hardware resources to work well so it is not suitable for satellite systems. Qtum has fully absorbed the accumulation of both the Bitcoin blockchain and the Ethereum protocol. Thus, Qtum technology has advantages in areas from code stability to third party support. In addition, Qtum uses UTXO technology to increase the network expansibility so that it can support a simple payment protocol SPV and the Lightning Network, and fully support the EVM smart contracts as well. So Qtum meets all the demands need to fully run blockchain technology on satellites. SpaceChain chose Quantum Chain Technology (Qtum) from the beginning after doing a complete technical assessment of both hardware and software necessary for space technology development. In addition to the above reasons, Qtum has many unique innovations. Qtum is the first smart contract platform based on UTXO and MPoS. It has pioneered the integration of the advantages of both BTC and ETH ecosystem. It has proposed and implemented the following core technology innovation: • Qtum uses efficient and secure MPoS consensus. As compared to Proof-of- Work(PoW) that is widely adopted by other blockchain technologies, MPoS consumes less energy and has no requirements of high-end hardwares. MPoS allows any coin holder to be able to mine the coin without wasting much electricity by staking them in the wallet. More importantly, MPoS can provide a more secure consensus and subsequently raising the cost of cyber attacking, by adjusting the height of block rewards and the allocation of transaction fees.
Page 22 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 • Qtum combines the strengths of both Bitcoin and Ethereum, making it more stable in terms of code structure. In addition, its adaptability towards third-party applications gives it extra edge over other blockchain technologies. • Qtum extends the UTXO technology of Bitcoin, and enhances the scalability of its network. It supports technologies such as Simple Payment Verification (SPV) and Lightning Network, as well as smart contracts that utilizes EVM virtual machines. Qtum designed and implemented Account Abstract Layer (AAL) technology, realizes conversion of UTXO model and EVM smart contract account model. Then developers can use EVM to develop smart contract without paying too much attention to the details of conversion of UTXO model. • Qtum invented Decentralized Governance Protocol (DGP). Through the smart contract embedded in the genesis block, DGP is able to govern the blockchain network and achieve autonomous distributed processing. This allows for faster updating of the network. The current changeable parameters that Qtum supports include: Block size,Gas limite,Gas dispatch and lowest Gas price. • Qtum is currently researching on high-performance virtual machine of new infrastructure. The innovative X86 virtual machine will tackle some problems existing in Ethereum EVM, for example, the lack of support for standard libraries and floating points, byte code of excessive size etc. Also, it will focus on building an efficient smart contract system built upon the UTXO model. Qtum is an open source project, see https://Qtum .org for more information� Qtum SpaceChain System library layer includes: • Open source software library support, including basic library libboost, libdb, libsnappy, libcyrpto+, etc. • Library provides services to the blockchain application layer through standard interfaces such as Posix and BSD sockets; • System library software is all open source project. • Operating system layer includes: • Standard interface support such as POSIX/BSD Socket/IO • SylixOS kernel • Hardware driver.
Page 23 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 3.2 SpaceChain Application Layer: Possibilities of Distributed Application (Dapp) The SpaceChain application layer presents many blockchain use cases. For example, a cloud computing app use case is backup nodes for data recovery for the most important encrypted data� The encryption and cryptography is performed on the satellite itself� In this case, the satellite is a first class actor where the satellite decrypts data payload. This makes the data extremely secure� In a "trusted execution environment," we provide software code and data that we digitally sign here on earth and upload to the satellite. The satellite checks digital signatures before adding anything in the application sandbox before executing the program. This system provides authentication and blockchain capability. For developers and businesses this allows a "fail-fast" make-a-change-and-try-again approach or rapid iteration in contrast to the old world approach of launching a satellite per app. We are part of the NewSpace trend of commercialization of space. In the old world model there were only large governments deploying big satellites in space and big rockets costing billions of dollars to build, government-led and government-funded, with very little opportunity for private space companies to form to offer these services at a competitive cost. In the new model, led in part by China, we have a new space race where commercial companies from China, US, Russia, EU are competing to commercialize low earth orbit and driving the development of space technology. This is creating new markets and brings new funding into the space industry, creating possibilities for new economic models instead of one dominated by few owners and few operators. Decentralization keeps power distributed and access open for everyone. 3.3 How the SpaceChain Token Works on SpaceChain OS In the SpaceChain economic model, the token will connect to our SpaceChain OS and allow developers to upload apps onto the SpaceChain network and thus store data and execute programs on SpaceChain satellites. SpaceChain tokens must be bought in order to execute these SpaceChain apps much like a ticket to use a SpaceChain app for a duration of time or store one megabyte on a satellite. We are essentially building a market for space applications where a token will be a way for apps to be priced. For example, if one app is more popular than another then there will be more demand for that specific space application and thus more tokens used� This new economic model is what led us to evolve a space app model within a broad vision of developing an inner space application and communication network first. In the private space agency model where we wire the solar system for networking, after many years and many networks, we will see satellite constellations around the moon, as well as remote data centers around planets and other celestial bodies. These constellations will communicate with each other and form a backup. This will enable human and robotic settlement of space in the long-term� This mission to wire the solar system for networking will help realise a model called the Pony Network in Space. The Pony Network is an economic model in space for payloads and propellant technology systems whereby people and cargo travel to the moon and mars quickly and cheaply by taking a point-to-point transit approach over shorter distances. For example, a satellite being launched to the moon will not travel on a single a rocket going all the way to the moon, instead it will be launched to low earth orbit and transfer to another vehicle, using software on satellites along its path rather than having every single application running on its system. The entire network will be powered by and built on this token economic model.
Page 25 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 Data and research show that the effective way On the basis of the collaboration mechanism, if the journey of to reduce the cost of satellite applications is mankind to explore space is to be sustained and the cognitive to increase the number of applications of a boundary of mankind to expand continuously, we must stimulate the satellite. Just as a mobile phone has changed power of a free society. This requires a more open and cooperative from a smartphone like Nokia to a smart commercial space socio-economic and technological development phone today, the shift is based on a strong model. Most current space projects cover both the government and and stable operating system. the commercial sectors. The funds and policies of the government- led space project will be guaranteed, but at the same time they will • SpaceChain OS is the operating system be constrained by the government budget and government efficiency that can solve this problem. Developers and may be hijacked by powerful interest groups. can develop satellite applications based on the software development In contrast, purely commercial space projects focus on economics, environment provided by SpaceChain but regrettably, it is very difficult for space projects to make profits in OS and upload the program code to the space using conventional models. Therefore, the issue of broad-based satellite via terrestrial data transfer participation in the construction of space projects needs to be solved. stations in a manner that is extremely simple and extremely efficient to develop. The mission of the SpaceChain is to solve the above problems, establish a socio-economic model and explore a strong collaborative • SpaceChain OS can therefore and win-win model in the aerospace field that can support a global greatly reduce the cost of space collaborative and sustainable commercial space program. applications. Reducing access barriers in the aerospace field and upgrading the The new commercial space model is already being realized average airspace technology are the by billionaires who invested in mega-rocket and orbit giant most important ways to solve the constellations to colonise space and its potential� The SpaceChain problem of imited space personnel. Foundation hopes to use the community incentive model to establish the ecological chain, production chain and distribution chain of • SpaceChain OS reduces the barriers aerospace wealth, so that every participant and contributor will get a to use and simplifies the use of space. fair return and attract more resources to participate in the aerospace� At the same time, the Foundation We aim to partner with organizations pursuing this same approach. of Space-Chain Trust will popularize We will build, participate in the exploration of human space, and the foundation of aerospace extend human cognitive boundaries indefinitely. technology in higher education and increase the potential talent pool pursuing a space exploration career� In contrast, purely commercial space projects The new commercial space model is already being realized focus on economics, but regrettably, it is very by billionaires who invested in mega-rocket and orbit giant difficult for space projects to make profits in constellations to colonise space and its potential� The SpaceChain space using conventional models. Therefore, Foundation hopes to use the community incentive model to the issue of broad-based participation in the establish the ecological chain, production chain and distribution construction of space projects needs to be solved. chain of aerospace wealth, so that every participant and contributor will get a fair return and attract more resources to participate in the The mission of the SpaceChain is to solve the aerospace. We aim to partner with organizations pursuing this same above problems, establish a socio-economic approach. We will build, participate in the exploration of human model and explore a strong collaborative space, and extend human cognitive boundaries indefinitely. and win-win model in the aerospace field that can support a global collaborative and sustainable commercial space program.
Page 27 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 Summary In short, SpaceChain aims to accomplish the following three goals: 1.break down barriers to cooperation and integrate the existing space resources so that space can better serve the earth and serve humankind, 2.lower the industry access threshold and costs, vigorously develop education and involve more people in space exploration, 3.establish a socio-economic model to support a sustainable commercial space decentralized, distributed program that will continuously grow knowledge and expand the cognitive boundaries of humanity. The SpaceChain Foundation hopes to take on the responsibility of pushing the boundaries of space and exploring the cosmos in which we live. SpaceChain hopes to attract more talent and resources, pool the power of all mankind, and join togEthereum protocoler in advancing space technology. We believe that the wisdom of bringing togEthereum protocoler a large number of talented people in a clear direction can lead to a unity of purpose in space exploration and the ultimate goal of a thriving human civilization.
Page 28 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 Partners and Advisors Partners Qtum Qtum Foundation is China's largest blockchain open source platform. Qtum enables the creation of decentralized applications, executable on mobile devices and compatible with major existing blockchain ecosystems. Qtum combines a modified Bitcoin Core Infrastructure with an inter compatible version of the Ethereum protocolereum Virtual Machine, and the reliability of Bitcoin's unfailing blockchain with the possibilities provided by smart contracts. Beijing ACOINFO The developer of SylixOS, they will co-develop SpaceChain OS based on SylixOS. Nanoracks A leading product and service provider for the commercial utilization of space. NanoRacks hosts a CubeSat Deployer and equipment for experiments on the International Space Station (ISS). They will join the efforts of exploring the application of SpaceChain OS on commercial international space station� Kubos A leading software developer from the USA,they will support SpaceChain OS on system optimization and Application development. BeijingXihua They will be SpaceChain's partner on the reusable launch system, which will allow space Technology exploration and commercial space utilization to be more cost efficient. Runzhe Capital A leading commercial space industry investor in China. They will support SpaceChain to incubate more of China's leading startups in space industry Ruidong Capital A leading Space industry investor in China. They will support SpaceChain to grow its eco- system and space explorer community� Ruidong Capital Ink is a blockchain based ledger where artists and content creators can register works and generate businesses, a trustworthy exchange where the arts can be incubated and thrive, and an ecosystem empowering anyone who creates original content. Ink provides a decentralized solution and the combined power of Consortium Blockchain, Public Blockchain and Cross- chain Interoperability for the global creative industry. Ink allows creative workers to access better ownership protection, content distribution and digitization of their creative assets. Arch Mission The Arch Mission exists to help humanity fulfill its purpose in the universe by preserving and transmitting our most important knowledge to the stars, via specialized archive devices called "Archs" that are designed to spread and persist across vast distances of space and time.
Page 29 SpaceChain White Paper V 1.0 Team Core Team Co-Founder & CEO Co-founder and CEO of SpaceChain. He is an early adopter in Bitcoin and Blockchain, with a strong belief that the combination of space and blockchain technology will broaden the frontier of future economy and make seamless global collaboration possible. M.A. Columbia University. Alumni of Draper University. Zheng Zuo Co-Founder & CTO Key Bitcoin Core Developer who worked directly under Satoshi Nakamoto for 2 years. His work can be found in every bitcoin and miner. He is a Key Linux Kernel Engineer,on the Linux Foundation Board of Directors, and worked directly under Linus Torvalds for over 15 years. His code can be found in every Android phone, and every data center. He is also the Leader of the Ethereum protocolernet networking subsystem, and Co-Founder&CEO of Bloq. Jeff Garzik Advisor Co-founder of DFJ venture capital, and renowned VC capitalist from Silicon Valley. He invested in numerous popular companies including SpaceX, Tesla, Theranos, Thumbtack. Prior to these, he also invested in Baidu, Hotmail, and Skype. He founded Draper Univer-sity in Silicon Valley to cultivate entrepreneurship talents. Tim Draper Core Space Advisor CEO of NanoRacks, from 2009, Manber has steered the growth of the first company to own and market its own hardware and services on board the International Space Station. Manber has been involved in several key breakthrough commercial space projects, principally those around the commercialization of space assets as well as the integration of the Russian space industry into major space programs, including the International Space Station. Manber was with the Russian space corporation, RSC Energia, during their privatization period of the 1990s. Jeffrey Jeffrey Manber Manber is regarded as one of the pioneering commercial space entrepreneurs. Core Strategy Advisor Co-founder and chairman of Bloq, Mr. Roszak is also the founding partner of Tally Capital, a private investment firm focused on blockchain-enabled technology with a portfolio of over 20 investments. Mr. Roszak is a blockchain investor, entrepreneur and advocate. Mr. Roszak is a sought after thought leader on blockchain technology, and has testified before US Congress and spoken at The Brookings Institution. Mr. Roszak has been featured on CNBC and quoted in The Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg, CoinDesk and Bitcoin Magazine. In addition, Mr. Roszak has presented at Matthew Roszak FinTech conferences worldwide, including Money20/20, CES and American Banker.