Barbara Pozzo is Professor of Comparative Law at the Faculty of Law of the University of Insubria in Como (Italy) since 2001, where she teaches Comparative Legal Systems, Comparative Law and Language and Legal Translation.
She is the Coordinator of two initiatives: "Law and Cinema" and "Law and Literature" as methodologies to approach comparative law for students of other faculties (in particular: for the students of "Cultural and Linguistic Mediation").
She is the Director of the Summer School Program in Comparative Environmental Law, in association with UC Davis Law School, and approved by the American Bar Association.
Since 2002 Professor Pozzo is the Director of the Ph. D. Program in Comparative Law at the University of Milan, where she has also served as the Director of the Master Program in Environmental Law (since 2001 and until 2010).
She has received her J.D. from the University of Milan and her Ph.D. degree in Comparative Law from the University of Florence. During her Ph.D. Program she has worked at the Max Planck Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht in Hamburg, where she has translated the "Einführung in die Rechtsvergleichung auf dem Gebiete des Privatrechts" by K. Zweigert and H. Kötz, into Italian, working together with Prof. Kötz on the new version of the work, which was rendered necessary after the reunification of Germany in 1989.
Professor Pozzo has been visiting professor at the University of Hamburg, Montpellier, Louisiana State University, Fordham University, University of California at Davis, McGeorge School of Law at Pacific University, William S. Boyd School of Law at Nevada University.
During her professional life she has been invited speaker at various international conferences: Fordham University (NY), William S. Boyd School of Law at University of Nevada (Las Vegas), Pontificia Universidad do Rio do Sul (Porto Alegre - Brasil), Aix-en-Provence and Paris (France), Universität Salzburg (Austria), St. John's College – Oxford and Trinity College – Cambridge (Great Britain), Universidade da Coruña (Spain), Aarhus University (Denmark), Umeå University (Sweden), Leuphana University Lüneburg (Germany), University of Malta (Malta), University of Amsterdam (The Netherlands), University of Rijeka (Croatia).
She has collaborated with various EU Institutions, such as Directorate General on Translation and Directorate General - Clima (Unit Adaptation) of the EU Commission, as well as with the EU Parliament .
Barbara Pozzo is the Editor of two Series: Le Lingue del Diritto (The Languages of the Law) and Diritto ed Economia dell'Ambiente (Law and Economics of the Environment), both published by Giuffrè- Milan.
Coordinator Ph.D. Program in Comparative Law, University of Milan.
Since 2011 Member of "Forum of Legal Experts on Adaptation to Climate Changes", organized by LERU (League of European Research Universities), based in Malta, sustained by the European Commission – DG Clima, Unit Adaptation.
Since 2001 (to 2010) coordinator and professor "Master in Environmental Law" organized by the Università degli Studi of Milan and credited at the Lawyers' Professional Board of Milan .
Since 2001 Coordinator at the Fondazione Lombardia per l'Ambiente, a Foundation created by the Regione Lombardia in 1986 following the transaction with Givaudan-Hoffman-la Roche for the environmental disaster occurred at Seveso in1976, for which she edits the Series: "Diritto ed Economia dell'Ambiente", Giuffrè, Milan.
Since 2000 Member of the Scientific Committee and of the Managing Board of the Rivista Giuridica dell'Ambiente.
2004 Visiting Professor, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge ("Introduction to Comparative Environmental Law"), January-February 2004.
1999 Visiting professor Law School (Boalt Hall) Berkeley - California, on invitation by Professors M.A. Eisenberg and J. Gordley.
1998 Professeur invité at the Faculté de Droit of Montpellier (France), where she taught courses in French about trends and developments of European Environmental Law, with particular regard to private law profiles (contract, civil liability, property), to D.E.A. students (Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondis).
2013 (4 October): Speaker, Les conventions environnementales en Italie en générale, en particulier dans les cas des sites pollués, Le contrat et l'environnement – regards comparatistes (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales et Communautaires – Faculté de Droit et Sciences Politiques, Aix en Provence).
2009 (26-27 March) : Key-Speaker, NATO Conference, « Control and Risk prevention of dangerous materials and crisis management » (Sofia – Bulgary).
2007 (7 October): Key-Speaker Master in Environment and Energy Law (MEEL), Syddanks University, Århus, Danimarca.
2005 Speaker at the Convenio sobre la Responsabilidad Civil, Università de La Coruña – Galicia (Spain).
Since 1999: Speaker at the Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura at the upgrade training program for Judges on Environmental matters.
1999: Lecture "Private Law and the Protection of the Environment", at the Law Faculty of Athens, on invitation by Prof. Ioannis Karakostas.
Since 1998 to 2007: Coordinator of the Group "Property and the Environment" within the frame work of the European Research Project "The Common Core of European Private Law", Università degli Studi di Trento, under the direction of Ugo Mattei and Mauro Bussani.
1998 Droits sur les eaux en common law et en civil law, at the International Conference « Droits de Propriété et les Eaux », organized by the Centre d'Analyse Economique of Aix-en-Provence (France).
1996 Protection de l'environnement et propriété privé - La situation italienne dans une perspective comparative, at the International Conference Droits de Propriété et Environnement organized by the Centre d'Analyse Economique of Aix-en-Provence (France).
2013, Le leve normative alla green economy, Giuffrè, Milano.
2012, Energy policies in Italy: a first inquiry, in Climate law in EU member states: towards national legislation for climate protection, Ed : Marjan Peeters (Prof. dr.), Metro Institut, The Netherlands.
2012, Liability for Environmental Harm: The Uncertain Path of Legal Transplants and Legal Translation between China and Europe, in Environemntal Law in Action – EU and China Perspectives, ed. By Marina Timoteo, Bononia University Press, Bologna, 2012, pp. 299-315.
2011, Climate Change and Italian Law, in Finnish Review of Environmental Law, 3/2011, pp. 84-106.
2011 (together with Lebing Wang) Liability for Environmental Pollution within the Framework of the New Chinese Tort Law, in European Review of Private Law, pp. 87-99.
2010, A Legal Framework on Dangerous Substances: An International, European and National perspective, in Dangerous Materials: Control, Risk Prevention and Crisis Management, From New Global Threats to New Global Responses: A Picture of Transition, Series: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, Brugnoli, Alberto (Ed.), Springer Verlag, pp.11-41.
2010, Tutela Ambientale e Modelli giuridici. Il caso cinese, in Rivista Giuridica dell'Ambiente, pp. 877-890.
2009, The Implementation of the Seveso Directives in an Enlarged Europe, A Look into the Past and a Challenge for the Future, Kluwer Law International.
2009, Nuove tecniche di governo del diritto: incentive, premi e sanzioni. Il territorio della responsabilità civile in campo ambientale, Atti del XIX Colloquio biennale dell'Associazione italiana di diritto comparato, Ferrara, 2009, Milano, Giuffrè.
2008, Il Codice delle energie rinnovabili, a cura di Alessandro Bianco e Barbara Pozzo, Milano, Ed. Ambiente.
2008, Il caso Erika ed il risarcimento del danno ecologico nell'ordinamento francese, nota a Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris, 16 gennaio 2008, in Rivista Giuridica dell'Ambiente, p. 887.
2008, La responsabilità per danno ambientale, in Codice dell'ambiente, edited by Nespor e De Cesaris, Giuffrè, Milano.
2008, Seveso trent'anni dopo, Percorsi giurisprudenziali, sociologici e di ricerca, edited by Barbara Pozzo, Milano, Giuffrè.
2007, Property and Environment, Old and New remedies to protect natural resources in the European Context, Kluwer Law International, Bern, Athens, Bruxelles, Durham, 2007.
2006, Seveso trent'anni dopo: la gestione del rischio industriale, edited by Achille Cutrera, Giuseppe Pastorelli, Barbara Pozzo.
2005, La responsabilità ambientale, La nuova direttiva sulla responsabilità ambientale in materia di prevenzione e riparazione del danno ambientale, Milano, Giuffrè.
2003, La nuova direttiva sullo scambio di quote di emissione – La prima attuazione europea dei meccanismi previsti dal Protocollo di Kyoto, edited by Barbara Pozzo, Milano, Giuffrè.
2003, La responsabilità civile per danno ambientale, in Codice dell'ambiente, edited by Nespor e De Cesaris, Giuffrè, Milano, p. 265.
2002, L'art. 37 della Carta di Nizza e la tutela dell'ambiente come diritto fondamentale, in: I diritti fondamentali in Europa, Atti del XV Colloquio biennale dell'Associazione italiana di diritto comparato, Messina-Taormina, 31 maggio-2 luglio 2001, Milano, Giuffrè.
2002, La nuova responsabilità civile per danno all'ambiente, Le problematiche italiane alla luce del Libro Bianco dell'Unione Europea, edited by Barbara Pozzo, Giuffrè, 2002.
2002, Strumenti privatistici a tutela dell'ambiente, in Digesto, Discipline Privatistiche -Aggiornamento, Torino, UTET.
2002 Responsabilità civile per danni all'ambiente, in Digesto, Discipline Privatistiche -Aggiornamento, Torino, UTET.
2001, Towards Civil Liability for Environmental Damage in Europe: the "White Paper" of the Commission of the European Communities, in The Global Jurist, vol. 1, Issue 2, article 2.
2000, Liability Insurance and Environmental Risk, in Revue Hellénique de Droit International, publiée par l'Institut Hellénique de Droit International et Etranger, Atene, vol. 1, p. 75.
2000, L'eau et les droits de propriété en droit civil et en Common Law, in Droits de propriété, économie et environnement - Les ressources en eau, Paris, 2000, 83.
2000, Verso una responsabilità civile per danni all'ambiente in Europa: il nuovo Libro Bianco della Commissione delle Comunità Europee, in Rivista Giuridica dell'Ambiente, p. 623.
2000, Una nuova ipotesi di danno ambientale nell'art. 58, in La nuova disciplina sulle acque (D.Lgs. 11 maggio 1999, n. 152 e successive modifiche), in Quaderno monografico della Rivista Giuridica dell'ambiente, n. 6/2000, p. 979.
1999, Ambiente e diritto privato, in Ambiente e Diritto, a cura di Stefano Grassi, Marcello Cecchetti, Alessandro Andronio, Firenze, p. 447.
1999, Challenges to the tort system in the environmental field: the European perspective, in Towards a New Euroepan Jus Commune - Essays on European, Italian and Israeli Law, in occasion of 50 years of the E.U. and the State of Israel, edited by A. Gambaro - A.M. Rabello, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, p. 299.
1998, Il Danno ambientale (book), Milano, Giuffrè.
1998, La retroattività della responsabilità civile per danno ambientale: alla ricerca delle ragioni di un «obiter» della Cassazione, in Foro italiano, 1998, I, c. 1143.
1997, Protection de l'environnement et propriété privée - La situation italienne dans une perspective de droit comparé, in: Droits de Propriété et environnement, Paris, 117.
1997, La responsabilità delle imprese in campo ambientale, Milano, IPA.
1997, Danno Ambientale, Sintesi di informazione in Rivista di diritto civile, n.6, II, 775.
1997, Modelli proprietari e tutela dell'ambiente, in Rivista critica del diritto privato, Anno XV - 1, p. 133.
1997, The liability problem in modern environmental statutes, in European Review for Private Law, vol.4, p. 111.
1996, Una regola europea per i danni all'ambiente in Danno e responsabilità, n. 3, p. 296.
1994, Per una riforma della responsabilità civile per danno all'ambiente, edited by Pietro Trimarchi, Milano, Giuffrè.
1994, La responsabilità per danni all'ambiente in Germania e i connessi problemi di assicurabilità del rischio ambientale: il progetto per una nuova polizza r.c., in Diritto ed Economia dell'Assicurazione, p. 3.
1994, La Responsabilità civile per danni all'ambiente nella recente legislazione italiana: alcune note di comparazione giuridica ed analisi economica, (with A. Gambaro), in Consumatore, Ambiente, Concorrenza - Analisi Economica del Diritto, Milano, p. 47.
1990, La determinazione del Quantum del danno ambientale nell'esperienza giuridica degli Stati Uniti, in Quadrimestre, nr. 2, p. 324.
2013 (19 – 20 April) Comparative Law and the New Frontiers of Legal Translation at the Conference: "Language Issues in EU Law in the Light of Croatian Accession", Opatija University (Croatia).
2012 (30 November – 1 December) The Myth of Equivalence in Legal Translation at the Conference Pragmatic Issues in Legal Translation: From the Different Language Versions of the DCFR to the CESL Proposal, Torino University.
2011 (June 2011) La Traduttologia giuridica ieri, oggi e domani, at Convegno SIRD (Società per la Ricerca Comparatistica), Milano University.
2010 (17-18 June) Standardizing a common legal terminology for Europe: is English suitable for that task? At the Conference The language of law – Pulling together different strands and disciplines (Santa Maria Capua Vetere- Seconda Università di Napoli).
2010 (7 June) Teaching Law through the looking Glass of Literature, at Stresa Lectures of Comparative Law (Stresa).
2009 (30 November): La traduzione del Draft Common Frame of Reference e le problematiche terminologiche at VIII Giornata REI (Rete di eccellenza dell'Italiano istituzionale). Roma, Commissione europea – Rappresentanza in Italia Spazio Europa - Sala delle Conferenze.
2007 (25, 26, 27 April) : Lost and Found in Translation at the Conference Les frontières avancées du savoir du juriste: L'anthropologie juridique et la traductologie juridique, Torino- Accademia delle Scienze.
2006 (10-11 March): Multilingualism, Legal Terminology and Harmonization of European Private Law at the Conference "La traduzione del diritto comunitario ed europeo: riflessioni metodologiche", Trento University.
2006 (5 July) Legal Translation and European Legal Terminologies at the Colloquium of Accademia della Crusca, Florence, entitled: "L'Italiano giuridico in prospettiva europea".
2006 Seminars for jurist-linguists at the European Commission, Directorate-General for Translation in Brussels and Luxembourg, financed by the European Commission.
2006 Seminar for the translators of the Swiss Federal Chancery in Bellinzona, invited by the Director of the Division for Translation, Prof. Jean-Luc Egger.
2005 (15-16 April): Multilingualism and Translation in Europe at Le politiche linguistiche delle Istituzioni comunitarie dopo l'allargamento. Redazione, traduzione e interpretazione degli atti giuridici comunitari e il loro impatto sull'armonizzazione del diritto europeo, Como.
2005 (October) The civil code as the vocabulary of the legal language, Lecture at St. John's College of the University of Oxford.
2014 Lingua e Diritto: Oltre l'Europa (Ed. of), Giuffrè, Milano.
2012, Multilingualism and the Harmonization of European Private Law: Problems and Perspectives, Editor of Special Issue of European Review of Private Law, Issue 5&6, pp. 1185–1198.
2012 Comparative Law and Language, in Cambridge Companion of Comparative Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
2012, La traduttologia giuridica ieri, oggi e domani, in Le nuove frontiere della comparazione. Atti del Convegno nazionale della Sird (Milano, 5-7 maggio 2011).
2012, L'Italiano giuridico che cambia (Ed. of), Accademia della Crusca, Firenze.
2011, Lost and Found in Translation, in Les frontières avancées du savoir du juriste: L'anthropologie juridique et la traductologie juridique, Bruxelles, Bruylant.
2011, La traduzione dall'inglese come lingua giuridica nel contesto del multilinguismo europeo: problemi e prospettive, Diritto pubblico comparato ed europeo, pp. 651-660.
2010, Teaching Law Through the Looking Glass of Literature (Ed. of), Bern, Staempfli.
2009, Mullticulturalisms, Different Views and Perspectives on Multiculturalism in a Global World, Bern, Staempfli.
2008, A Suitable Boy: The Abolition of Feudalism in India, in 42 Erasmus Law Review, , Volume 1, Issue 3, pp. 42-58.
2008, L'interpretazione della Corte del Lussemburgo del testo multilingue: una rassegna giurisprudenziale, in Europa e Linguaggi giuridici, Milano, pp. 383- 431.
2007, (with V. Jacometti) : L'Avant-projet Catala dans la perspective de la recodification du droit des obligations italien, in European Review of Private Law, 6/2007, pp. 821-834.
2007, Multilingualism as a value in the European Union, in The Multilanguage Complexity of European Law, Methodologies in Comparison, edited by G.Ajani, G.Peruginelli, G.Sartor, D. Tiscornia, European Press Academic Publishing, Firenze, 2007.
2007, Multilingualism and the Harmonisation of Private Law, (edited by B.Pozzo and Valentina Jacometti) Kluwer Law International.
2007, L'armonizzazione della disciplina dei contratti e il multilinguismo europeo, in La Traduzione del diritto comunitario ed europeo: riflessioni metodologiche (Ioriatti Ed.), Trento.
2006, Multilinguismo, terminologie giuridiche e problemi di armonizzazione del diritto privato europeo, in Le politiche linguistiche delle Istituzioni comunitarie dopo l'allargamento, Redazione, traduzione e interpretazione degli atti giuridici comunitari e il loro impatto sull'armonizzazione del diritto europeo, a cura di Valentina Jacometti e Barbara Pozzo, Milano, 2006, pp. 3-26.
2003, Harmonisation of European contract law and the need of creating a common terminology, in European review of private law, p. 754 .
2011 (18, 19 February) Masculinity Italian Style, at Multidimensional Masculinities and Law: A Colloquium.
2013, "Masculinity Italian Style," Nevada Law Journal: Vol. 13: Iss. 2, Article 15.
1991, Alcune novità in tema di cognome della famiglia nel diritto tedesco (nota a Bundesverfassungsgericht, 5 marzo 191), in Quadrimestre, n. 3, p. 895-900.
2003, L' acquisto di azioni proprie. La storia di un problema in un'analisi di diritto comparato (book), Milan, Giuffrè.
- Since 2011 Member of "Forum of Legal Experts on Adaptation to Climate Changes", organized by LERU(League of European Research Universities), based in Malta, sustained by the European Commission – DG Clima, Unit Adaptation.
- Since 2008 collaborates with the Study Centre Assonime (Association among Corporations limited by shares) in the field of law research on environmental matters.
- Since 2008 coordinator and professor in the Environmental matters specialization training organized by the Università degli Studi of Milan and credited at the Lawyers' Professional Board of Milan .
- Since 2001 she is Coordinator of Law Researches at the Fondazione Lombardia per l'Ambiente (with Offices in Largo 10 luglio 1976 n.1 – 20822 Seveso (MB)), a Foundation created by the Regione Lombardia in 1986 following the transaction with Givaudan-Hoffman-la Roche for the environmental disaster occurred at Seveso in1976, for which she edits the publication of the Series: "Diritto ed Economia dell'Ambiente", Giuffrè, Milan.
- From 2001 to 2008: Professor in the Master program on Environmental Law, at the Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan.
- Since 2000 she is Member of the Scientific Committee and of the Managing Board of the Rivista Giuridica dell'Ambiente.
2012 (22-23 November): Speaker at the Experts Meeting "European Renewable Energy Regions from a Legal Perspective", organized by Leuphana Universty (Lüneburg, Germany), with a report on Civil Acceptance of Regional Renewable Energy Projects. Italy.
2012 (30 August): Key-Speaker at the UC Davis School of Law, with a paper entitled Adaptation to Climate Change: the EU strategy.
2012 (29 August): Key-Speaker at the McGeorge School of Law, Pacific University, with a paper entitled Adaptation to Climate Change.
2012 (21 August): Key-Speaker at the UNLV (University of Nevada, Las Vegas) with a paper entitled Environmental Toxic Torts in Europe.
2012 (18-22 June): Speaker at the "Summer School in Environmental Law", organized by the Russian Law Academy of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation (Saint Petersburg).
2012 (5 April): Speaker at the DG Climate about Adaptation to Climate Change.
2012 (29 March): Speaker at the GSE National Conference on Incentivi alle rinnovabili in chiave comparatistica.
2011 (18-19 November): Speaker at the Conference Climate Change in a EU-China Perspective: The Legal Framework for a Sustainable Global Market, organized by the University of Bologna with a paper entitled Liability for Environmental Harm: The Uncertain Path of Legal Transplants and Legal Translation Between Europe and China.
2011 (17 May): Speaker at the Conference organized by the Chamber of Commerce of Milan with a paper entitled La responsabilità estesa del produttore.
2011 (5 April): Speaker at the Conference organized by the Chamber of Commerce of Milan with a paper entitled Green economy e leve normative: uno sguardo aldilà dell'Europa.
2011 (15 March): Speaker at the Conference organized by the Chamber of Commerce of Milan with a paper entitled VIA e VAS: "La regolamentazione italiana e le applicazioni normative".
2011 (8 February): Speaker at the Conference organized by the Chamber of Commerce of Milan with a paper entitled La responsabilità civile e penale delle imprese in campo ambientale alla luce delle novità comunitarie.
2011 (25 january): Speaker at the Conference organized by the Chamber of Commerce of Milan with a paper entitled La direttiva ETS (Emission Trading System) dopo la Conferenza di Cancun.
2010 (July 25 to August 1, 2010): Italian Reporter – Panel: Climate Change Law.
2009 (26-27 March): Key-Speaker, NATO Conference, « Control and Risk prevention of dangerous materials and crisis management » (Sofia – Bulgary).
1999 "Private Law and the Protection of the Environment", at the Law Faculty of Athens, on invitation by Prof. Ioannis Karakostas.
1998 Rapporteur italien at the International Conference Droits de Propriété et les eaux, organizzed by the Centre d'Analyse Economique of Aix-en-Provence (France), with a paper entitled "Droits sur les eaux en common law et en civil law".
2005 Organizes the International Conference "The language policies of EU Institutions after the Enlargement – Drafting, Translation and Interpretation of EU legal Acts and their impact on the harmonisation of European Law". The Proceedings will be published by Kluwer Law international ("Multilingualism and the Harmonisation of European Law", edited by Valentina Jacomentti and Barbara Pozzo, 2007), and by Giuffrè (Milan, Italy) (Le politiche linguistiche delle Istituzioni comunitarie dopo l'allargamento, 2006).
Since 2006 responsible for the courses "Multilingualism and Multiculturalism", and "Comparative Legal Linguistics" at the University of Insubria.
2010: Fordham University – Presentation of the Volume : Muliticulturalisms – Different Views and Perspectives on Multiculturalism in a View – Staempfli Verlag Bern 2007.
2010: Organizes the Conference "L'Italiano giuridico che cambia" (On the changes and the development of Legal Italian) at the Accademia della Crusca (Firenze), the Italian National Academy of Italian Language, the leading institution in the field of research on the Italian language.
2012 (25 October) : Multilinguismo e criteri di interpretazione della Corte di Giustizia, Conference at the Swiss Federal Chancellery.
2012 (30 August): Key-Speaker at the UC Davis School of Law, with a paper entitled Multilingualism in Europe and the problem of English as a Lingua Franca.
2012 (27 August): Key-Speaker at the McGeorge School of Law, Pacific University, Conference about Language and intercultural legal competence.
2012 (23 August): Key-Speaker at the UNLV (University of Nevada, Las Vegas) with a paper entitled European Multilingualism and the problem of English as a lingua franca.
2012 (July): The Role of English in the EU Multilingualism's Context, at The Ethical Challenge of Multidisciplinarity: Reconciling 'The Three Narratives'— Art, Science, and Philosophy, Cyprus.
2012 (May) : The problems connected with English as the new legal lingua franca in the Context of EU Multilingualism at the Seminar Law, Discourse and Communicative Strategies, Facoltà di Scienze politiche dell'Università degli Studi di Palermo.
2012 (February) : Comparative Law and Language, Fordham Law School, New York.
2011: La Traduttologia giuridica ieri, oggi e domani, at Convegno SIRD (Società per la Ricerca Comparatistica) – Milano.
2009: VIII Giornata REI (Rete di eccellenza dell'Italiano istituzionale). Roma, Commissione europea – Rappresentanza in Italia Spazio Europa - Sala delle Conferenze. Speaker (Title of the Paper: La traduzione del Draft Common Frame of Reference e le problematiche terminologiche).
2006 presents a paper on Multilingualism, Legal Terminology and Harmonization of European Private Law at the Conference held at the University of Trento "La traduzione del diritto comunitario ed europeo: riflessioni metodologiche", 10-11 March 2006.
2006 Lecture on the theme of Legal Translation and European Legal Terminologies at the Colloquium of Accademia della Crusca, Florence, entitled: "L'Italiano giuridico in prospettiva europea" (July 5, 2006).
2005: Le politiche linguistiche delle Istituzioni comunitarie dopo l'allargamento. Redazione, traduzione e interpretazione degli atti giuridici comunitari e il loro impatto sull'armonizzazione del diritto europeo, Como 15-16 Aprile 2005. Organiser of the Conference and Speaker (Title of the paper: Multilingualism and Translation in Europe.
2005 Lecturer at the St. John's College of the University of Oxford on Contract terminology (October 2005).
2005 (starting from) Participates at the Rete di Eccellenza dell'Italiano Istituzionale (REI) (Network of Excellence for Institutional Italian) established by initiative of the Directorate-General for Translation - Italian Section, under the egid of the Accademia della Crusca and the Ministry of Interiors.
2012 (19-20 October): Les principes directeurs en droit comparé, at the journées franco-italiennes organized by the Association H. Capitant in Bologna about the matter Les Principes Directeurs du droit des contrats.
2012 (30 August): Speaker to the Conference organized by the McGeorge School of Law, Pacific University, with a paper entitled New frontiers of comparative law: the appraisal of the comparative legal taxonomy.
2012 (4 May): Lesson in the Ph.D Law Program of the University of Milan entitled Legal Families.
2012 (3 April): Speaker to the Conference organized by the University of Bologna, with a paper entitled Il significato della sistematica attuale per il diritto pubblico comparato.
20 April 2012: Speaker to the Conference organized by the Fordham University, Fashion Law Institute of New York, The body of women in Italian Fashion advertisement.
Barbara Pozzo has carried out several studies for law firms on environmental matters with particular regard to clean-up obligations and environmental warranties in sale-purchase agreements both of stocks and plants.
As requested by the Pool R.C. Inquinamento (Civil Liability Pollution Insurance Pool) she has presented a study on expected changes in Italian environmental law as a consequence of the adoption of the Environmental Liability Directive and also with regard to problems of risk insurability.
For the Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) she has carried out an important research on recent trends in international environmental law.
She collaborates with Federchimica and COREPLA (Consortium for the recycling of plastic materials) at the drafting of study notes on relevant environmental matters.
Liability for Environmental Harm: The Uncertain Path of Legal Transplants and Legal Translation between China and Europe. In: M. Timoteo. Environmental Law in Action. EU and China Perspectives. p. 299-313.
2008, La responsabilità per danno ambientale, in Codice dell'ambiente, a cura di Nespor e De Cesaris, Giuffrè, Milano.
2008, Seveso trent'anni dopo, Percorsi giurisprudenziali, sociologici e di ricerca, a cura di Barbara Pozzo, Milano, Giuffrè.
2006, Seveso trent'anni dopo: la gestione del rischio industriale, a cura di Achille Cutrera, Giuseppe Pastorelli, Barbara Pozzo.
2003, La responsabilità civile per danno ambientale, in Codice dell'ambiente, a cura di Nespor e De Cesaris, Giuffrè, Milano, p. 265.
2002, "L'art. 37 della Carta di Nizza e la tutela dell'ambiente come diritto fondamentale", in: I diritti fondamentali in Europa, Atti del XV Colloquio biennale dell'Associazione italiana di diritto comparato, Messina-Taormina, 31 maggio-2 luglio 2001, Milano, Giuffrè.
2002, La nuova responsabilità civile per danno all'ambiente, Le problematiche italiane alla luce del Libro Bianco dell'Unione Europea, a cura di Barbara Pozzo, Giuffrè, 2002.
2002, "Strumenti privatistici a tutela dell'ambiente", in Digesto, Discipline Privatistiche -Aggiornamento, Torino, UTET.
2002"Responsabilità civile per danni all'ambiente", in Digesto, Discipline Privatistiche -Aggiornamento, Torino, UTET.
2000, Liability Insurance and Environmental Risk, in Revue Hellénique de Droit International, publiée par l'Institut Hellénique de Droit International et Etranger, Atene, vol.1, p.75.
2000, "Verso una responsabilità civile per danni all'ambiente in Europa: il nuovo Libro Bianco della Commissione delle Comunità Europee", in Rivista Giuridica dell'Ambiente, p. 623.
2000, "Una nuova ipotesi di danno ambientale nell'art. 58", in La nuova disciplina sulle acque (D.Lgs. 11 maggio 1999, n. 152 e successive modifiche), Quaderno monografico della Rivista Giuridica dell'ambiente, n. 6/2000, p. 979.
1999, "Ambiente e diritto privato", in Ambiente e Diritto, a cura di Stefano Grassi, Marcello Cecchetti, Alessandro Andronio, Firenze, p. 447.
1998, "Il Danno ambientale" (monografia), Milano, Giuffrè.
1998, "La retroattività della responsabilità civile per danno ambientale: alla ricerca delle ragioni di un «obiter» della Cassazione", in Foro italiano, 1998, I, c. 1143.
1997, "La responsabilità delle imprese in campo ambientale", Milano, IPA.
1997, "Danno Ambientale", Sintesi di informazione in Rivista di diritto civile, n.6, II, 775.
1997, "Modelli proprietari e tutela dell'ambiente", in Rivista critica del diritto privato, Anno XV - 1, p. 133.
1996, "Una regola europea per i danni all'ambiente" in Danno e responsabilità, n. 3, p. 296.
1994, "Per una riforma della responsabilità civile per danno all'ambiente" (a cura di Pietro Trimarchi) – Milano, Giuffrè.
1994, "La responsabilità per danni all'ambiente in Germania e i connessi problemi di assicurabilità del rischio ambientale: il progetto per una nuova polizza r.c.", in Diritto ed Economia dell'Assicurazione, p. 3.
1994, "La Responsabilità civile per danni all'ambiente nella recente legislazione italiana: alcune note di comparazione giuridica ed analisi economica", (con A. GAMBARO), in Consumatore, Ambiente, Concorrenza - Analisi Economica del Diritto, Milano, p. 47.
1990, "La determinazione del Quantum del danno ambientale nell'esperienza giuridica degli Stati Uniti", in Quadrimestre, nr. 2, p. 324.
2012 Comparative Law and Language, in M. Bussani, U. Mattei. Cambridge Companion to Comparative Law. p. 86-111, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
2012, La traduttologia giuridica ieri, oggi e domani, in Le nuove frontiere della comparazione. In Luisa Antoniolli, Gian Antonio Benacchio, Roberto Toniatti. LE NUOVE FRONTIERE DELLA COMPARAZIONE, Atti del I Convegno Nazionale della SIRD Milano, 5-6-7 maggio 2011 . p. 53-84.
2012 L'Italiano giuridico che cambia (Ed. of), Accademia della Crusca, Firenze.
2011, Multilinguismo europeo e problemi di traduzione giuridica, in DPCE.
2010, Teaching Law Through the Looking Glass of Literature, Bern, Staempfli, 2010.
2008, A Suitable Boy: The Abolition of Feudalism in India, in 42 Erasmus Law Review, 2008, Volume 1, Issue 3, pp.42-58.
2008, L'interpretazione della Corte del Lussemburgo del testo multilingue: una rassegna giurisprudenziale, in Europa e Linguaggi giuridici, a cura di Barbara Pozzo e Marina Timoteo, Milano, pp. 383- 431.
2007, Together with V. Jacometti : L'Avant-projet Catala dans la perspective de la recodification du droit des obligations italien, in European Review of Private Law, 6/2007, pp. 821-834.
2007, Multilingualism as a value in the European Union, in The Multilanguage Complexity of European Law, Methodologies in Comparison, a cura di G.Ajani, G.Peruginelli, G.Sartor, D. Tiscornia, European Press Academic Publishing, Firenze, 2007.
2007, Multilingualism and the Harmonisation of Private Law, (a cura di B.Pozzo e Valentina jacometti) Kluwer Law International.
2006, Multilinguismo, terminologie giuridiche e problemi di armonizzazione del diritto privato europeo, in Le politiche lingusitiche dell Istituzioni comunutarie dopo l'allargamento, Redazione, traduzione e interpretazione degli atti giuridici comunitari e il loro impatto sull'armonizzazione del diritto europeo, a cura di Valentina Jacometti e Barbara Pozzo, Milano, 2006, pp. 3-26.


The State Club is a first-class dining facility with outstanding fare and reasonable rates. The impeccable service is friendly and prompt and the culinary staff has created a variety of menu options which complement any occasion.
Each month, a variety of member events take place in the main dining room. The State Club strives to create an array of events that will appeal to many different interests.
View this month's calendar of events.
The State Club Restaurant is open to the public for lunch Monday – Friday, and is open to State Club members only for dinner and special club and holiday events.


Posted 2009-10-26 ; filed under Communities, Informal Learning, SocialLearning.
We released our first white paper, on Social Learning, at the Collaborative Enterprise last week.
For me, the essence of social learning is that as our work becomes more complex, we need faster feedback loops to stay on top of it. Courses, with their long development cycle, are inadequate to meet the learning and performance needs of those dealing with complexity. The course is an artifact of a time when information was scarce and connections were few. Social learning can give us more and better feedback if we engage our networks in order to develop emergent work practices. This requires not only a re-thinking of training but also our organizational structures.
Frédéric Cavazza: Social Learning may be defined as follows: "Practices and tools to take advantage of collaborative knowledge sharing and growth".
Julien Pouget: Social learning can be considered a way of learning that is based on collaborative practices and internet technologies associated with them (wikis, bookmarking, blogs, etc.). Constantly evolving with technology, this way of learning is naturally "nimble". It enables both individuals and organizations to learn more efficiently in quickly changing contexts.
George Siemens: There is a growing demand for the ability to connect to others. It is with each other that we can make sense, and this is social. Organizations, in order to function, need to encourage social exchanges and social learning due to faster rates of business and technological changes. Social experience is adaptive by nature and a social learning mindset enables better feedback on environmental changes back to the organization.
Bertrand Duperrin: Since much knowledge work focuses on narrow and contextualized issues, the only way to get the appropriate answer is through an unmediated and contextualized from the source. Peer to peer learning is efficient because it comes when needed, and only then, and because it involves someone who has already found a solution and used it.
Clark Quinn: When you learn with others, you co-create your understanding, and this has implications for formal and informal learning, as well as organizational and societal effectiveness. The effect of the internet, the flattened world, is that we can learn socially in new ways with new people, creating new understandings, new "inspirations?.
Cédric Deniaud: Knowing how to collaborate, share one's knowledge and promote it, are part of the true skills that are required today.
Charles Jennings: We are living in a world where access trumps knowledge every time. Those who know how to search, find and make the connections will succeed. Those who rely on static knowledge and skills alone will fail.
Florence Meichel: To be efficient, learning processes must integrate two complementary dimensions. We learn by doing and talking to others and at the same time, we learn how to learn. From these two approaches, we have double-loop learning processes, (individual and collective), which enable organizations to develop permanent and relevant adaptive skills.
Anthony Poncier: All this informal knowledge can be capitalized for and by the community of learners and enriched by all who participate. Indeed, each person generally organizes his or her own learning. We must give the means and the desire to share or "socialize" this personal work, to all learners (that is the role of the trainer).
Jay Cross: People have always learned to do their jobs socially. Workers talk with one another, mimic the behavior of successful performers, ask questions, converse, gossip, and collaborate. The fact that it's fun encourages us to continue with the practice.
Christophe Deschamps: Less formalistic than knowledge bases, these tools [blogs, wikis, company social networks] which convey conversation within organizations enable us to understand formal knowledge and also the informal context that drives them, and give them all their meaning.
Lilian Mahoukou: The word "social" means more people-generated content, less control and less hierarchy; which is fundamentally different from current training modalities.
It's a huge challenge for trainers who need to first understand the stakes and start listening to the conversations around social learning.
I'm not a musician but I've heard of the term grace notes. Social learning reminds me of this. It's the soft stuff, you don't hear, but it is there and without it, there will be no music. Thanks for putting this together Harold.


More Things ... - He's just this guy, you know.
Short Shameful Confession time : I've barely been using Linux at home for the last six months. Most of the time, I'm on Windows XP.
The main problem is that I've never managed to get any video driver other than the standard vesa one to work on my laptop. I've run through every FAQ and Howto I can find, using packages, Envy, manual install, lots of different versions of the nvidia drivers - but in all cases, I can get the driver installed, and when X comes up, the display is "all messed up" - i.e. part of the screen overlapping the rest, lines across the screen, flickering, etc. Not usable in any way.
Seems to be something incompatible with my particular combination of hardware (and being a laptop, I don't really get to start swapping things around to fix it).
That wasn't so much of a problem before, because I could still use the vesa driver and get a decent resolution display, as the cost of no 3D acceleration. But then I wanted to hook up an external monitor, and guess what else the default driver doesn't support ?
Sadly, It Just Works in Windows. I set the external monitor as the primary display, and everything I've tried so far displays correctly on it.
There's something beautiful about the shamefaced confession of a Linux user using Windows. I think it's a victory for common sense.


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Technical University, Lucknow. We are developing an end-to- end mentorship and incubation model for potential start-ups. Our motive is to build avenues of partnership and integration with other organizations and agencies in each of these aspects. K-CIIS also presents a platform and a unique opportunity for startups to not only fuel their entrepreneurial journeys with funding, but also build a community of potential investors, customers, business partners and fellow entrepreneurs around them. This will provide Uttar Pradesh a boost for nurturing the startup culture and also mentor budding young entrepreneurs from across the nation.
My sincere thanks to all the Faculty members, mentors and everyone in AKTU family for their support and altruism. They have played a very crucial role shaping my Idea & proved me right.


text:
Home Tags Europe data centers
Tag: Europe data centers
Top 10 data center markets in the world
Northern Virginia is the largest data center market in the world, according to Cushman & Wakefield's 2022 Global Data Center Market Comparison report. The...
Vantage announces new data center developments in Europe
Vantage Data Centers said Tuesday that it has broken ground on second campuses in both Frankfurt and Berlin. In the most sought-after data center...
Keppel DC REIT buys data centre in the Netherlands for €37.2m
Singapore-listed Keppel DC REIT has bought a 100% interest in a freehold property with two data centre buildings in De Hurk, the largest business park...
Iron Mountain to acquire data center in Frankfurt for €76m
Iron Mountain Inc. has agreed to acquire a data center in Frankfurt from Calcium DC Pte. Ltd. for EUR 76 million. The data center is...
Ascendas Reit to acquire data centre portfolio in Europe
Singapore-listed industrial real estate investment trust Ascendas Real Estate Investment Trust (Ascendas Reit) is acquiring a portfolio of data centres located across Europe from...
KKR commits $1bn to form data center platform in Europe
Global investment firm KKR and Franek Sodzawiczny, a data center entrepreneur and executive, announced Global Technical Realty (GTR), a build-to-suit and roll-up acquisition data center...
Capital inflow to global data center market exceeds $100bn, says C&W
More than $100 billion has flowed into the data center ecosystem in the past decade with pension funds, private equity firms, infrastructure funds, sovereign...
Google to invest €3 billion in European data centers
Google plans to invest an additional 3 billion euros in data centers across Europe over the next two years. According to the announcement by...
GIC and Equinix form US$1bn JV to invest in Europe data...
GIC, Singapore-based sovereign wealth fund, with US$100 billion in assets under management, and Equinix, the global interconnection and data center company, have agreed to...
Amazon-leased property in Peterborough sells for £120m
BMO REP buys Lidl store in Chichester, logistics asset in Birmingham

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Can't remove file from git commit How do I discard all git commits that haven't been pushed and then force git to not commit anything in the data/ directory?
I'm trying to force overwrite all changes to a project stored on github from my c9.io project.  I accidentally git added some mongodb data files.  I tried to add the data/ directory to .gitignore. I pulled from github to get the updated .gitignore, however when I try and git push, these stubborn files in data/ are still staged for commit.  I also tried git reset, git rebase, git clean and this where I changed dmpfile.sql to pi/data/node-login.1.
Please help I've been at this for hours and I'm really frustrated
Counting objects: 15, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (13/13), done.
Writing objects: 100% (13/13), 150.22 KiB | 92 KiB/s, done.
Total 13 (delta 6), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: warning: File pi/data/local.0 is 64.00 MB; this is larger than GitHub's recommended maximum file size of 50 MB
remote: warning: File pi/data/node-login.0 is 64.00 MB; this is larger than GitHub's recommended maximum file size of 50 MB
remote: error: GH001: Large files detected.
remote: error: Trace: e6ade98208c08b634ed28aefea36dfbb
remote: error: See http://git.io/iEPt8g for more information.
remote: error: File pi/data/node-login.1 is 128.00 MB; this exceeds GitHub's file size limit of 100 MB
To git@github.com:bobbyg603/goddard.git
 ! [remote rejected] master -> master (pre-receive hook declined)
error: failed to push some refs to 'git@github.com:bobbyg603/goddard.git'

.gitignore:
lib-cov
*.seed
*.log
*.csv
*.dat
*.out
*.pid
*.gz

data/

pids
logs
results

npm-debug.log
node_modules

.project
.settings

Thanks,
Bobby

A: git filter-branch -f --index-filter "git rm -rf --cached --ignore-unmatch FOLDERNAME" -- --all

replace FOLDERNAME with the file or folder you wish to remove from the given git repository.

A: git filter-branch --tree-filter 'rm -rf path/whaever' HEAD

This is a little bit simpler and it is a way to just remove and rewrite it from the history. That's the result
Rewrite 5ac3045254d33fc5bb2b9fb05dccbdbb986b1885 (61/62) (24 seconds passed, remaining 0 predicted)
Ref 'refs/heads/features_X' was rewritten

Now, I can push

A: This worked for me:
git rm --cached name_of_a_giant_file
git rm --cached name_of_another_giant_file
git commit --amend -CHEAD
git push

Source: Github Help: Working with large files

A: I've used BFG Repo Cleanner simple and fast, works like a charm

A: Thanks to Chris I was able to fix this by running the following:

git filter-branch -f --index-filter 'git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch  pi/data/node-login.0'
git filter-branch -f --index-filter 'git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch  pi/data/node-login.1'
git filter-branch -f --index-filter 'git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch  pi/data/local.0'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


BMS offers a variety of after-school clubs, extra help sessions, and enrichment opportunities. Clubs are open to all grades unless otherwise noted. Please check the Forms and Documents section for descriptions and meeting dates.


text:
Gistaín is een gemeente in de Spaanse provincie Huesca in de regio Aragón met een oppervlakte van 76 km². In 2004 telde Gistaín 161 inwoners.

Demografische ontwikkeling

Bron: INE, 1857-2011: volkstellingen
Opm.: In 1930 werd de gemeente Serveto aangehecht; tussen 1973 en 1987 behoorde Gistaín tot de gemeente Plan

Gemeente in Huesca

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Detroit Avoids Fiscal Collapse With Landmark Pension Overhaul
Grace Wyler
Aug. 4, 2011, 6:36 AM
Miss Lauralee via Flikr
Detroit's police officers have agreed to major pension changes that will save the beleaguered city millions of dollars and could signal a national turning point in public pension reform.
The agreement, approved earlier this week, reduces the rate at which current workers accrue their pension benefits, eliminates cost-of-living increases, and establishes a 401(k)-style defined-contribution plan for new police department hire, according to Crain's Detroit.
The changes could save Detroit up to $100 million over the next five years, city officials told the Wall Street Journal.
With twice as many retirees as active workers, Detroit spent 25% of its $1.2 billion general fund on pension contributions this year. Pension and healthcare costs have risen 40% over the past four years, despite a 10% reduction in the city's workforce,
The union's overwhelming approval of the pension overhaul is a tacit recognition of Detroit's dire fiscal straits— less than 1% of members voted against the agreement, according to the union's website. It is the first time in 30 years the city and the police union have successfully negotiated a contract.
Until now, state and local pension reforms have focused on cuts for future workers, leaving current employee benefits largely untouched. Detroit's landmark decision to scale back current worker pensions could pave the way for other strapped cities and states to start immediately reducing their pension contributions.
"This is a historic agreement," Detroit Mayor Dave Bing said in a statement. "It shows that we are executing our plan to return the city to fiscal stability by reducing pension costs and doing so through hard work and tough negotiations."
Now check out 14 cities that are being eaten alive by employee costs >
More: Governance Detroit Pension Crisis Pensions
State And Muni
City Budgets


text:
Title: Mato Grosso
Subject: Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão, Central-West Region, Brazil, List of airports in Brazil, 2015 Copa do Brasil Second Round, List of planned cities
Collection: Mato Grosso, States of Brazil
State of Mato Grosso
Location of State of Mato Grosso in Brazil
Silval da Cunha Barbosa (PMDB)
3.6/km2 (9.2/sq mi)
• Year
R$ 35,284,000,000 (15th)
• Per capita
R$ 12,350 (8th)
0.725 – high (11th)
BRT-1 (UTC-4)
BRST-1 (UTC-3)
78000-000 to 78890-000
BR-MT
Mato Grosso (Portuguese pronunciation: – lit. "Thick Bushes") is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest by area, located in the western part of the country.[2]
Neighboring states are (from west clockwise) Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Tocantins, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul. It also borders Bolivia to the southwest. A state with a flat landscape, alternating great chapadas and plain areas, Mato Grosso presents three different ecosystems: Cerrado, Pantanal and the Amazon Rainforest. The vegetation of the open pasture covers 40% of the state, and the Chapada dos Guimarães National Park, with its caves, grottos, tracks and waterfalls, is one of its great tourist attractions. In the north is the Amazonian forest, with a biodiversity covering half of the state. The Xingu National Park and the Araguaia River are in Mato Grosso. Further south, the Pantanal, the world's largest wetland, is the habitat for almost a thousand species of animals, with many aquatic birds.
Economy 4
Carnival 7.1
Tourism and recreation 8
Alta Floresta 8.1
Chapada dos Guimarães 8.2
North Pantanal 8.3
International Airport 9.1
Highways 9.2
Flag 11
Véu de Noiva waterfall in Chapada dos Guimarães.
Located in the Mato Grosso is the Chapada dos Guimarães, a unique and beautiful environment made from sandstone mountains and their subsequent erosion. The terrain of the Mato Grosso is varied and includes cliffs, canyons, and beautiful waterfalls.
The biologically rich Pantanal, one of the world's largest wetland/prairie ecosystems, is also located within this state. Much environmental degradation has occurred to the Pantanal within the past few decades, and it shows no sign of stopping anytime soon. The Pantanal can be compared to the Everglades in Florida, as both share much in common, habitat wise, although the Pantanal is of much larger scale.
Guaporé River in Mato Grosso
Skyline in Cuiabá
In 1977, the state was split into two halves, with Mato Grosso do Sul becoming a new state. The Bororo Indians live in the Mato Grosso area. As late as 1880, soldiers patrolled lands on the outskirts of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso's capital and largest city, to protect settlers from Bororo raids.
By the end of the 19th century, although severely reduced by disease and by warfare with explorers, slave traders, prospectors, settlers, and other indigenous groups, as many as five to ten thousand Bororo continued to occupy central and eastern Mato Grosso, as well as western Goiás.[3] The southwestern part of it was ceded to Bolivia in exchange for Acre, according to Treaty of Petrópolis in 1903.
The historic remoteness of this area led it to be the subject of exploration, most notably by Captain Percy Fawcett, in the quest for lost cities. It was also the rumored location of access to the interior of the earth in various Hollow Earth theories.
Rondonópolis at night
Mato Grosso had a high rate of population growth in the 20th century. Despite this, the state as a whole has one of the lowest population densities of any Brazilian state. According to the IBGE of 2008, 3,010,000 people resided in the state. The population density was 3.2 inh./km².
Urbanization: 76.6% (2006); Population growth: 2.4% (1991–2000); Houses: 836,000 (2006).[4]
Ethnically, the state includes a relatively high proportion of caboclos (persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry), as do other areas of the interior. The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 1,532,000 Brown (Mixed) people (50.92%), 1,179,000 White people (39.16%), 239,000 Black people (7.93%), 41,000 Amerindian people (1.37%), 14,000 Asian people (0.45%).[5]
Agriculture is the largest component of GDP at 40.8%, followed by the service sector at 40.2%. The industrial sector represents 19% of GDP (2004). Mato Grosso exports: soybeans 83%, wood 5.6%, meats 4.8%, and cotton 3.3% (2002).
The state's share of the Brazilian economy is 1.7% (2005).
Vehicles: 745,810 (March/2007); Mobile phones: 323,000 (April/2007); Telephones: 527,000 (April/2007); Cities: 141 (2007).[6]
Federal University of Mato Grosso in Cuiabá
Portuguese is the official national language, as well as the primary language taught in schools. However, English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.
There are more than 58 universities in state of Mato Grosso.[7]
Cuiabá is home to the following universities:
Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT);
State University of Mato Grosso (Unemat);
Universidade de Cuiabá (Unic)
The local culture is very rich, due to the influences of and encounters with various cultures, such as Native Americans, the original settlers, the Africans enslaved originally by the Portuguese, and Europeans, beginning with the Portuguese settlers and other European immigrants who arrived later. Two long periods of isolation also contributed to its differentiation, which has been somewhat diluted by recent immigration. Cuiabá has an interesting cuisine influenced by natives, with their typical dances, craftwork, and music.
Dance and music were traditionally connected to the worship of Catholic saints and their festivals, Saint Benedict (the city's patron), being one of the favorite.
Theatre of Federal University of Mato Grosso
The four-day period before Lent leading up to Ash Wednesday, known as Carnival is well celebrated. As with every state in Brazil, Mato Grosso celebrates this holiday in a typical fashion - including parades, music, and dance - with wide participation.
Fishing in the Teles Pires, São Benedito and Azul rivers is productive practically all year long.
Bird watching: with the more than 570 species of catalogued birds and new species being discovered every year, the region of Alta Floresta, Cristalino and Azul River Basin receives constant visits from famous ornithologists and bird watchers.
The largest sandstone cavern in Brazil, Aroe Jari, extends nearly 1550 meters and several prehistoric inscriptions can be found inside.
North Pantanal
The Pantanal's backbone is the Paraguay River, which cuts through the region from north to south. The Miranda, Aquidauna, Taquari and Cuiaba rivers flow into the Paraguay River. From October to April, the high waters reveal outsized lakes, bays, river branches and outlets.
The Transpantaneira Highway connects the town of Pocone to Jofre Port, along the Cuiabá River bank. It is a dirt road with 126 wooden bridges, and extends for 149 km. On the way, it is possible to observe wild animals, especially alligators, capybaras and birds, among other wild animals.
SESC's Private Natural Heritage Reserve (RPPN) increases by one-third the total area of this preserved ecosystem in the State of Mato Grosso.
Over 160 different species of birds have been observed in the Pantanal, and still many species in the area have not yet been identified.
Paraguay River in Mato Grosso
Salgadeira Waterfall
Andorinha Waterfall
Pantanal in Mato Grosso
Cuiabá River
Marechal Rondon International Airport in Várzea Grande
BR-163-364-070 in Mato Grosso.
The runway at Marechal Rondon International Airport was opened to traffic in 1956. In February 1975, Infraero took over the airport's administration and began various upgrades to meet the needs of the airport complex.
As of 1996, Marechal Rondon International Airport, located 10 km (6.21 mi) from the city center, started receiving international flights. Currently, it serves more than half a million passengers a year.
BR-070;
MT-100;
MT-358.
Cuiabá is one of 12 cities chosen to host games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which took place in Brazil.
Flag of Mato Grosso
The flag has similar colors to the flag of Brazil, with blue symbolizing the sky, green the vegetation, and white standing for peace. The star is yellow to symbolize the gold, which attracted the first settlers. The flag was adopted by Decree No. 2 of January 31, 1890, just few days after the adoption of the national flag. The Mato Grosso state flag was abolished by Law No. 1.046 of October 8, 1929, but reinstated by article 140 of the Constitution of the State of Mato Grosso on July 11, 1947.
^ Note: also once spelled "Matto Grosso". The town of Matto Grosso was formerly called Villa Bella." Source: Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, vol.2, by Lieut. USN. Lardner Gibbon 1853; chapter 11. p. 275)
^ Myths of pacification: Brazilian frontier settlement and the subjugation of the Bororo Indians.
^ Source: PNAD.
^ Source: IBGE.
^ Universidades no Mato Grosso
Pantanal jaguar
(Portuguese) Official Website
Portuguese Colony (1500–1815)
United Kingdom (1815–1822)
Empire (1822–1889)
Old Republic (1889–1930)
Vargas Era (1930–1946)
Second Republic (1946–1964)
Military rule (1964–1985)
New Republic (post 1985)
Extreme points
Real (currency)
States by HDI
Regions and states of Brazil
Center-West
Rocas Atoll
Saint Peter and Saint Paul
Trindade and Martim Vaz
Articles to be expanded from June 2014
Articles needing translation from foreign-language WorldHeritages
States of Brazil
Brazil, Mato Grosso, Music, States of Brazil, Dance
Belém, States of Brazil, Brazil, Amazon River, Indigenous peoples in Brazil
Goiás, Pará, Amapá, Brazil, Roraima
Argentina, Mexico, India, Venezuela, Russia
Goiânia, Anápolis, States of Brazil, Brazil, Minas Gerais
Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão
Pará, Mato Grosso, Maranhão, São Paulo (state), Paraná (state)
Central-West Region, Brazil
Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasília, Brazil
List of airports in Brazil
Pará, Infraero, São Paulo (state), Paraná (state), Amazonas (Brazilian state)
2015 Copa do Brasil Second Round
São Paulo (state), Pará, Santa Catarina (state), Paraná (state), Goiás
List of planned cities
Ontario, Sugar Land, Texas, Mato Grosso, South Australia, Victoria (Australia)


text:
Hospitals 40% busier than first peak – PM
Ella Pickover, PA Health Correspondent
Hospitals are under more pressure from Covid-19 than they have ever been, the Prime Minister warned as he ordered a new national lockdown across England.
Boris Johnson said that hospitals are 40% busier than the first peak of the virus in April 2020.
In his address to the nation, the Prime Minister said that almost 27,000 people are being treated for Covid-19 in hospitals across the nation – a significant rise on the peak of almost 19,000 patients in April last year.
"Our hospitals are under more pressure from Covid than at any time since the start of the pandemic," Mr Johnson said.
"In England alone the number of Covid patients has increased by nearly a third in the last week to almost 27,000.
"That number is 40% higher than the first peak in April."
Stay at home. Protect the NHS. Save lives. pic.twitter.com/vUl2fY5sot
— Department of Health and Social Care (@DHSCgovuk) January 4, 2021
He said that across the UK a record number of people tested positive for coronavirus on December 29 – around 80,000 people.
Mr Johnson said that over the last week the number of deaths was up 20% over the last week and "will sadly rise further".
It comes after the UK's chief medical officers raised the Covid-19 alert level to five – its highest – meaning "transmission is high or rising exponentially" and "there is a material risk of healthcare services being overwhelmed".
The alert level has not been at level five before.
UPDATE: The UK COVID-19 Alert Level will move from Level 4 to Level 5.
This means the number of cases is rising and there is a risk of healthcare services being overwhelmed.
See joint statement from the four UK Chief Medical Officers ⬇
It indicates a risk of healthcare services being overwhelmed within 21 days without urgent action – it does not mean the NHS will be overwhelmed in three weeks, but there is a risk of that happening if no action was taken.
Data provided by Number 10 show that there are currently 26,626 Covid patients in hospital in England – a rise of 30% compared to the same day one week before – so a 30% increase in a single week.
The peak of admissions in the first wave of Coronavirus was 18,974 on April 12, 2020.
Across the UK there were 80,664 positive tests in a single day on December 29. And further 65,571 on December 30.
And the latest case rate in England was 518 per 100,000 – three times the level at the start of December when it was 151.3 per 100,000.
It comes after hospital leaders warned that a "critical point" has been reached in the coronavirus crisis.
NHS Providers chief executive Chris Hopson said: "It's clear we have reached a critical point where immediate and decisive action is now needed to stem the rapidly rising rate of infections, hospital admissions and deaths."
He added: "Hospitals are filling up with Covid patients at a deeply alarming rate.
"Today's figures show that, in the 10 days since Xmas, we've seen nearly 9,000 more Covid patients in hospital beds.
"That's equivalent to 18 hospitals full of new Covid patients in just 10 days."
1/3 Today's data on NHS hospital beds occupied by confirmed COVID-19 patients continues to be really worrying and shows how difficult this is now becoming for NHS. Two things to note. 1. Very large increases overnight for London, SE and E (+8%, +6% and 5% in just ONE day) pic.twitter.com/FtnBB476S2
— Chris Hopson (@ChrisCEOHopson) January 3, 2021
He said the new virus variant had "changed the rules of the game".
In London, hospital admissions stood at 6,733, up 36% in a week, while in eastern England the number was 3,623, up 44%.
Figures for the other regions are: south-east England 4,730 (a week-on-week rise of 33%); Midlands 4,499 (28%), north-east England/Yorkshire 2,828 (16%);north-west England 2,812 (20%); and south-west England 1,401 (27%).


16 APRIL 2019 (SOURCE: REUTERS) – A community of Syrians who converted to Christianity from Islam is growing in Kobani, a town besieged by Islamic State for months, and where the tide turned against the militants four years ago.
Many in the mostly Kurdish areas of northern Syria, whose urban centers are often secular, say agnosticism has strengthened and in the case of Kobani, Christianity. Christianity is one of the region's minority faiths that was persecuted by Islamic State.
Firas works for a Christian aid group at a nearby camp for displaced people that helped set up the church. He said around 20 families, or around 80 to 100 people, in Kobani now worship there. They have not changed their names.
"We meet on Tuesdays and hold a service on Fridays. It is open to anyone who wants to join," he said. The church's current pastor, Zani Bakr, 34, arrived last year from Afrin, a town in northern Syria. He converted in 2007.


text:
Guildford Crematorium - Roofing Refurbishment Programme
Durations & Values:
2005 Edition Revision 2 2009
Phase 1 – (March – April 2012) £64,420
Phase 2 – (March – May 2013) £124,580`
Phase 3 – (September – November 2013) £74,360
Location: Guildford, Surrey
Form of Contract: JCT Minor Works Building Contract
The Guildford Crematorium building is located in a rural setting of 26 acres of which 11 acres have been set aside for use as a Garden of Remembrance, where memorial trees, roses and shrubs have been planted in memory of those departed. The building itself was completed in 1966 and comprises a covered way leading to the entrance hall, office, waiting room and chapel capable of accommodating 200 people which incorporates a fully screened catafalque at the point of committal together with front and rear annexes. When the building was originally constructed all of the low level roofs to covered ways, entrance, office and annexes together with the high level roofs to the chapel, were covered in traditional pre-patinated copper sheeting. Breyer Group was recently appointed to replace all roof coverings to lower and upper roofs on a phased basis with a single ply membrane.
Roof Scope – The works comprised of the replacement of the existing shallow pitch copper roof finish with a single ply standing seam roofing system to all lower and upper roofs over three separate phases of work, due to the presence of adult Pipestrelle bat roosts in the existing roof space. Each phase of works is programmed to take place outside periods of bat activity:
Phase 1 – Works to the Cloisters, Remembrance and Flower Rooms (March – April 2012)
Phase 2 – Works to the Chapel and rear annex (March – May 2013)
Phase 3 – Works to the Front entrance (September – November 2013)
Phase 1 works were completed over the course of a 6 week period during March and April 2012 based on weekend working only (Saturday and Sunday 7.30 am – 6.00 pm) to allow cremations on weekdays.
Roof Finish
Replacement roof coverings involved the supply and installation of a SIG Design Technology Rhepanol fk Single Ply system comprising Rhepanol fk bonded waterproof membrane, fully bonded to the deck. The new single ply roofing membrane was coated on completion of the works with a copper patina (green) finish to create a Copper roof effect to match in with the existing roof coverings.
Maintaining weather tightness during the permitted sporadic periods of working provided a significant challenge to our installation teams in delivering a quality product on Phase 1 works. A temporary seal was applied at the end of each working Saturday, to protect the building overnight, and was further applied following clearance of site on a Sunday evening, to protect the building during its use between Monday and Friday.
Time – A further challenge to completion of Phase 1 was the requirement for all works to be carried out under the supervision of the Bat Conservation Trust due to the presence of adult Pipestrelle bat roosts in the existing roof space. We complied with the requirements of a Bat Method Statement produced by a Senior Ecologist and works were programmed to avoid the summer bat
activity period. A Licensed Bat Surveyor was present on site at all times and works were progressed under his supervision and in accordance with regular audits and inspections.
Key Outputs
The Phase 1 works were completed through working on Saturdays and Sundays only between the hours of 7.30am and 6.00pm during March and April 2012. Works finished on a Sunday evening, allowing time for cleaning and clearance of the work area. This guaranteed that our weekend working made no visual impact on the services that were conducted during the week and ensured that the bereaved and visitors were unaware of our presence on site over the weekend period.
All roofing works were carried out in line with the manufacturer's installation guidance in order for a 20 year SIG Design & Technology insurance backed guarantee to be provided upon completion of the works.
Specification – The original roof specification requirement was for a like for like replacement of the roof with a metal standing seam system. However, budget constraints dictated that all of the Crematorium roofs could not be completed if this specification was enforced. Through our established relationship with SIG Roofing Supplies we were able to specify an alternative single ply solution with an applied finish which would replicate the original standing seam roof but would also enable all of the roof areas to be replaced within the Client's budget.
Methodology – The approach and methodology that we adopted for this project was necessarily innovative in order to incorporate the requirements of a fully active Crematorium during weekdays and bat roosts in the existing roof areas that were to remain undisturbed. Working hours and working practices were fully overhauled and adapted to suit the weekend working requirements of the Crematorium together with the prescriptive bat mitigation requirements of the Re- roofing Method Statement in respect of Bat Species produced independently for Guilford Borough Council by a Senior Consultant Ecologist.


text:
HomeWorld NewsEnam Ali Cause Of Death, How Did Founder Of The British Curry...
Enam Ali Cause Of Death, How Did Founder Of The British Curry Award Enam Ali Die Explained!
Enam Ali Cause Of Death, How Did Founder Of The British Curry Award Enam Ali Die Explained! Enam Ali, one of the most prominent businessmen, died. Enam Ali was a well-known businessman in Britain. Enam Ali made a significant contribution to the creation of the Curry Awards. Enam Ali, a Bangladeshi businessman who set up his company in Britain, was the most well-known. Enam Ali was born on the first of December 1960. He died on the 17th of July 2022, after which he lost his ability to breathe. Enam Ali is the founder of British Curry Awards, Spice Business Magazine, and Ion TV.
Enam Ali Cause Of Death
Enam Ali spent his childhood growing up in Sylhet District, which was once part of East Pakistan. Enam Ali was admitted to the United Kingdom in 1974 as a manager and hostess. Enam Ali had originally planned to go to the United Kingdom to study law. However, his plans were changed once he arrived there. Enam Ali began working part-time for the Taj Mahal restaurant chain later.
Enam Ali, who was hit with a poisonous sword on his head and received a wallop by Abd al-Rahman, died Sunday, July 17. Enam Ali survived for nearly two days, even though he was struck by a poisonous blade. However, Enam Ali died from the poison that had spread throughout his body and was too strong to bear.
All Enam Ali's admirers have paid tribute to their deceased businessman since the announcement of Enam Ali's sudden death was posted on social media. Enam Ali's admirers have all questioned the sudden death of the businessman and paid tribute to Enam. The businessman's family and friends have not paid their respects.
Dr. AK Abdul Momen, the Foreign Minister, took to social media to say that Enam Ali was the one who brought the British curry industry to its heights. He also said that he had helped people from Bangladesh. He was very well-known in Britain as a prominent figure for the Bangladeshi community. Enam Ali was a major contributor to the curry industry, giving it a new look. Dr. AK Abdul Momen prayed for Enam Ali's soul and shared his sorrow with the family and friends.
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text:
Education support staff in Good Spirit School Division ratify new agreement with wage increases
CUPE 4784, representing 270 education support staff in Good Spirit School Division, voted to ratify a new three-year contract on Wednesday evening.
The agreement includes:
a signing bonus of a maximum of $360 dollars ($30/month) for members who have worked 75 per cent of the available hours for 2017/2018 (this works out to 1.15 per cent of payroll);
a 1.5 per cent wage increase for 2018/2019; and
a 1.75 per cent increase for 2019/2020.
The Union also achieved parity with the GSTA (Good Spirit Teachers Association) LINC agreement for extracurricular and noon hour supervision.
Bargaining began in November 2017 under the provincial government's attempted minus 3.5 per cent public sector wage mandate.
"This round of bargaining was more difficult because of the government's attempted wage mandate," says local president Karla Sastaunik. "School divisions across Saskatchewan have been put in a tough spot because of the lack of increased provincial education funding despite increased enrollment. Nonetheless, we were able to negotiate a reasonable agreement that includes wage increases for our members. We're pleased with that."
Good Spirit School Division also ratified the agreement this week.
Legislation ruled a violation of workers' right to collective bargaining: CUPE Nova Scotia applauds court ruling in Manitoba
Our Best Line of Defence: Taking on privatization at the bargaining table booklet


Moving from Seattle in 2008, the Oklahoma City Thunder have come out with passion and an exciting brand of basketball since rebranding. The team has won their division several times since the move, and made the NBA Finals in 2012 as well as one of the more consistent playoff teams in the NBA. With some of the best players in a generation suiting up for OKC, it's no wonder why the team has had so much success.
Some of those players who have helped the Thunder perform so well since becoming the Thunder in 2008 are Kevin Durant, Russell Westbrook, and James Harden. Durant and Westbrook were drafted by Seattle when they came into the league and made the move to OKC, where they developed into superstars, while Harden was drafted by the Thunder after the move.
Durant's time in Oklahoma City saw him as the focal point of the team's offensive identity, thanks to his seven-foot frame and his ability to score from anywhere on the floor. Westbrook, meanwhile, was the team's fearless floor general, and has averaged a triple-double in multiple seasons with the Thunder. Both players have won Most Valuable Player awards while with the Thunder. Harden did not win an MVP award with the Thunder, but given all of the accolades he's won outside of OKC, he will be remembered as one of the best sixth men ever for his time with the team.
Oklahoma City's best rivalry would have to be with the Golden State Warriors. The Warriors and Thunder had some incredible battles in the playoffs, with the Warriors comeback from 3-1 down in the Western Conference Finals prompting Durant to join the Warriors the next season.
For Oklahoma City, nearly their entire history as the Oklahoma City Thunder has been successful. The team has been a mainstay in the postseason and the Westbrook, Harden, and Durant era was one of the most entertaining in recent basketball history given how well all three played despite being so young at the time.
SeatGeek is hands down the easiest way to find and buy Oklahoma City Thunder tickets all season long.
Explore the above list of Thunder] games to find the perfect game and date. When you've decided on the event, the green button on the right side of the screen will take you to a display of all available tickets for that game.
When do Thunder playoff tickets go on sale?
Should the Thunder make the playoffs, tickets will likely go on sale in April. If you'd like alerts on Thunder playoff tickets, sign up for a SeatGeek account.
NBA season runs from the month of October through April for the regular season, with the NBA Playoffs starting in April and running into June. Specific games and dates will be revealed when the NBA schedule is announced every August, as the Thunder look to win another Pacific Division title.
How much do Thunder tickets cost?
Thanks to the attraction of seeing some of the brightest stars in the game, and the fact that the team has been so consistently good, the Thunder are a hot ticket in Oklahoma City. The average resale price for a ticket in OKC is $107.
When do the Thunder play the Warriors?
The Thunder and Warriors have regularly played in primetime slots and in nationally televised games due to the buzz around each team every year. Exact dates can be seen above on the page, or on our Warriors vs. Thunder tickets page.
The Oklahoma City Thunder have a number of exciting matchups this season, see below for their top rivalries.


text:
describe('Testsuite for viewport.js', function() {

    var ViewportClient = Viewport({
        document: {
            documentElement: {
                clientHeight: 886,
                clientWidth: 1700
            }
        },
        //devicePixelRatio: 1
    });

    it('Expect .window() to return the correct value', function() {
        expect(ViewportClient.window('height')).toBe(886);
        expect(ViewportClient.window('width')).toBe(1700);
        expect(ViewportClient.window('pixelRatio')).toBe(1);
        expect(ViewportClient.window('orientation')).toBe('landscape');
    });

    it('Expect .window() to return the correct value, when orientation should be portrait and .devicePixelRatio is provided', function() {
        var ViewportClient = Viewport({
            document: {
                documentElement: {
                    clientHeight: 1700,
                    clientWidth: 886
                }
            },
            devicePixelRatio: 2
        });

        expect(ViewportClient.window('pixelRatio')).toBe(2);
        expect(ViewportClient.window('orientation')).toBe('portrait');
    });

    var setAObj = {
        height: {
            max: 900,
            min: 400
        },
        width: {
            max: 1920,
            min: 1024
        },
        pixelRatio: 1
    };
    it('Expect .register() to add a property to .aliases with the object values', function() {
        ViewportClient.register('setA', setAObj);
        expect(ViewportClient.aliases.setA).toBe(setAObj);
    });

    it('Expect .parse() to return the object passed to it', function() {
        expect(ViewportClient.parse('setA')).toBe(setAObj);
        expect(ViewportClient.parse(setAObj)).toBe(setAObj);
    });

    it('Expect .matches() when given a condition to return the correct value', function() {
        expect(ViewportClient.matches(setAObj)).toBeTruthy();
        var setBObj = setAObj;
        setBObj.width.max = 1600;
        expect(ViewportClient.matches(setBObj)).toBeFalsy();
    });

    it ('Expect .caller() to call the given callback when given a passing condition', function() {
        var value;
        ViewportClient.matches(setAObj, function() {
            value = 1;
        });
        expect(value).toBe(1);
    });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Lottery system shouldn't used for immigration
Erica Endemann
Immigration minister Ahmed Hussen relaunched the lottery program this year. Photo: CC, CabuuwaaqWanaag.
Immigration policy should be based on merit, not luck
Many Canadians believe the principle of first come, first served is fair. However, in December 2016, the federal government announced it was introducing a lottery system as part of their immigration policy. New Canadians wishing to sponsor their parents or grandparents to reunite their families would be selected by lottery. However, a lottery system process is too random and unfair to be the method by which we decide who can become Canadian citizens.
When the new system took effect in January 2017 it sparked outrage from existing applicants, and petitions were launched against the program. Despite this backlash, the government reopened applications the lottery system earlier this month for 2018. It's easy and justifiable to identify with anger over this, as a system that used to take hard work is now closer to luck of the draw.
The Liberals were elected in 2015 on a platform that included increasing immigration, family reunification, and reducing application backlogs. They promised to make the process more transparent, more accessible and more fair, but a lottery system certainly isn't any of this.
By contrast, the previous Conservative government discouraged family-reunification. In 2011, the Harper government froze reunification applications to handle the high levels of applications already in the system. They introduced the "super visa," allowing applicants to apply to live with their families for up to two years, and after that return for several six month entries for the remaining time. Meanwhile in Canada, their families were responsible for health care and other expenses.
Under the Liberal's lottery system, the number of applications to sponsor parents and grandparents doubled to 10,000. The new policy also continued to offer the super-visa option. That meant that 20,000 parents and grandparents entered Canada in 2016 and 2017. The old paper system was replaced with an online system in an effort to halve the waiting time to one year.
It's hard to criticize these improvements. The Liberals voiced a message of acceptance to the world and this policy is consistent with that message. Yet, the pain of separation has not been relieved with this new policy. Applicants, privileged or not, face the reality that they still have only a 10 per cent chance every year of being considered. They could spend years hoping and never be considered.
Just as a reunification policy shouldn't favour the wealthiest, it shouldn't create a system of further uncertainty where applications hang in limbo. Surely, we can do better. This isn't Lotto 649, these are people's lives.
2022-23: Hailey Otten 2021-22: Aisling Murphy
Erica Endemannimmigrationliberalslottery systemopinions
Lovebots and the ethics of technology
Sam Hamza
Another school shooting
Immigrants get the job done
Justin Patrick, Miguel Marchildon, Nadia Drissi El-Bouzaidi, Graham Robertson, & Jaclyn McRae-Sadik


The role of the most significant battlefields and sieges in the story of the fight for Magna Carta are highlighted by The Battlefields Trust and The Magna Carta 800th Anniversary Commemoration Committee with support from the Heritage Lottery Fund.
The Magna Carta 800th project will raise awareness of the battlefields and sieges associated with Magna Carta and the attendant Barons' Wars. It provides interpretation and educational resources to tell this story, including the development of a battlefields trail integrated with the nationwide Magna Carta Trail.
On this page, we will upload brief summaries of these battles, courtesy of The Battlefields Trust, one a day, throughout September & October 2014.
Look for #MagnaCartaBattles to keep informed about the developments of this exciting project across the country.
1214: The Battle of Bouvines.
The Battle of Bouvines, near Lille, took place on 27 July. King Philip II defeated the Holy Roman Emperor, Otto IV, conquering Flanders and the Angevin territories in France, and recovering lands once ruled by King John. No English forces were involved. John was Otto's uncle, and the decisive defeat led to the English Barons gaining the confidence to confront the king and make him grant the Great Charter.
For an article from the BBC about Bouvines, titled 'the most important battle you've probably never heard of', click here.
1215: The Siege of Northampton Castle.
Northampton marked the beginning of the Barons' Wars, but the rebels failed to capture the castle. It was the first of three sieges. King John was fond of the castle, and visited it over 30 times, but later gave it up along with three others in granting Magna Carta. In 1164, it was the site of the trial of Thomas à Becket. Early Parliaments were held there until 1331. Little now remains because of urban redevelopment, but the Friends of Northampton Castle have produced a film about the site and campaign for its protection.
Norham Castle was a mighty English stronghold on a rocky outcrop on the south bank of the River Tweed. Now a ruin, it was built by Bishop Flambard of Durham in 1121, and being just half the river's width away from the English and Scottish border, earned it the title of 'the most dangerous place in England'. King John strengthened the castle from 1208 to 1212, and this helped it withstand a 40-day siege by Alexander II of Scotland, who had invaded northern England in support of the rebels in 1215.
In 1215, Rochester Castle was garrisoned by rebel barons, and endured an epic siege by King John. Having undermined the outer wall, John used the fat of 40 pigs to fire a mine under the keep, bringing its southern corner crashing down. The defenders held on, until they were eventually starved out after resisting for two months. The soldiers were put to the sword. The high elegant towers of Rochester Castle stand as a testimony to its history of destruction and rebuild. The picture is the keep of Rochester, one of the most impressive in England.
The dissent of the Barons now takes centre stage in what is now Exeter, far to the South-West of Rochester. Rougemont Castle is also known as Exeter Castle, and is a Norman structure, with some Roman origins. It was a Crown stronghold, but rebel barons captured it for a time. Much of the castle has now been restored for modern use.
Tonbridge Castle was enlarged before 1100, with a squat tower. In 1215 Richard FitzGilbert's grandson, Richard de Clare, attended the sealing of Magna Carta. King John then attacked and seized the castle, but it was returned two years later. A larger stone castle was rebuilt, including the massive gatehouse which still survives.
In the relentless drive northwards by King John, many fortified sites were attacked. Ely castle was said to be 'a strong fort of lime and stone', within the precincts of Ely, but 'that fort being often destroyed' was rebuilt. The castle was said to have been finally taken and destroyed by Falk de Breauté, in 1216.
Odiham had been a royal residence in the 12th century, but the present castle, built by King John from 1207 onwards, was built on a site to the North-West of the town. It was built for the King to enjoy hunting in Odiham's Royal Deer Park. John visited on 4th June and then again on 9th June, meeting the Bishop of Winchester and proceeding to Windsor and Runnymede the following day. Following the sealing of Magna Carta King John stopped the night of 26th June at Odiham on his way to Winchester. Odiham Castle put up stout resistance to a French siege the following year, which inflicted so much damage as to need rebuilding, with the octagonal keep. These efforts supported the defence of Windsor Castle and help to ensure the French siege was repulsed there as well.
After granting Magna Carta at Runnymede, the king retired to Windsor from the capital, which was soon afterwards occupied by the barons. Hostilities, however, soon broke out again; the barons abjured their allegiance and sought help from France. The invasion of England by Louis of France, which began in May 1216, was followed by the siege of Windsor Castle. The castle was held for the king by Fawkes de Breauté, one of John's unsavoury advisors, who had filled the castle with foreign mercenaries. The siege lasted from June to September, when it was raised, and on the death of the king in October it was still in the hands of his adherents.
In the northern reaches, King John arrived in 1216 to storm the fortified town of Berwick. On the river Tweed, it stood close to the borders of England and Scotland. The castle was founded in the 12th century by the Scottish King David I. Berwick is now a ruined castle in Northumberland owned by English Heritage.
The 1216 siege of Barnard Castle in Durham was successfully resisted for King John by Hugh de Baliol against invading Scots. Leading rebel and Magna Carta surety Eustace de Vesci was shot dead by a crossbowman during the siege. The influence of the family enabled John Baliol, with the help of Edward I, to be crowned King of Scotland.
In December 1216, Berkhamsted Castle was besieged by Prince Louis of France. It is likely that the constable at the castle was aware of the approach of a hostile force of French mercenaries. He will have hastily arranged for plentiful food supplies to be brought in: bread, cheese, eggs and meat. Hopefully, he would have sent women and children out of harm's way, if only to preserve the food and drink supplies for fighting men. Wells in the bailey and on the motte provided plentiful water and they would have hunkered down, ready for the attack.
After twenty days of siege, the garrison within surrendered. Next year, the year following the death of King John, the castle was reclaimed by Royalists.
Another epic and desperate siege of the castle by Prince Louis of France, and said to be the most momentous in all English history. The French king supported the unruly barons by sending his son and large forces. All aspects of siege warfare were employed and ultimately failed. Siege engines, mining and even bribery did not succeed, though the French did capture the barbican and undermined the gatehouse. The defenders rebuilt barricades and beat back the French. One of the largest castles in England, it is still in good order under the custodianship of English Heritage.
King John called upon the naval resources of the Cinque Ports (Hastings, Rye, Hythe, Romney and Sandwich) which provided 50 ships, and had another 50 built. (In 1213, Philip II had gathered a fleet to invade England with papal blessing against the excommunicated John. The allies surprised the French fleet at anchor, capturing 300 vessels, and burning 100 more!) The royalist naval victory of 1217 meant that the war was finally over. A month later, the Treaty of Lambeth ensured that Prince Louis and his men left England, never to return.
Lincoln town was pro-rebel, but the castle held by Lady Nichola de la Haye was a pro-John castellaine. In May 1217, French forces besieging the castle were routed by a relieving force under William Marshal (Earl of Pembroke). The town was thoroughly sacked and its goods carried off by the victors earning the nickname 'Lincoln Fair'.
Henry III besieged the Bedford Castle in 1224 after a falling out with Falkes de Breauté. It involved an army of 2,700 soldiers. The siege of the mighty castle lasted from 20 June until 15 August and was one of the longest sieges of the century, rivalled only by those of Dover (July 1216 – May 1217) and Kenilworth (May to December 1266). It began with a move led by Hubert de Burgh to bring back under royal control all royal castles entrusted to the adherents of King John. It was the last outburst of violence which had begun at the end of King John's reign but the firm action taken by the sixteen year old Henry III to capture the castle ensured that with the exception of the revolt of Richard Marshal in 1233, England was not riven by civil war for another forty years. It was another milestone in the flowering of a growing sense of Englishness.
The first Battle of Northampton was fought between Lord Edward (the future King Edward I) and Simon de Montfort's supporters. De Montfort's supporters were besieged in Northampton Castle which fell on 6 April 1264. Some students who had run away from Cambridge had established the beginnings of a university at Northampton in 1261. The students supported De Montfort, but Edward won. Northampton, having openly supported de Montfort in the conflict, was punished. King Henry III disbanded the nascent university, on the basis that it might usurp Oxford and Cambridge.
During the Second Barons' War (1264–1267), Rochester Castle was besieged for the third time in its history. Roger de Leybourne, the royal constable, held Rochester in support of Henry III. Rebel armies led by Simon de Montfort and Gilbert de Clare entered the city and set about trying to capture the castle. Although unsuccessful the attack drew the royalist forces south where they were defeated at Lewes.
The Battle of Lewes was the first of two main battles of the Second Barons' War, which took place on 14 May 1264. It marked the high point of the career of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, and made him 'uncrowned King of England'. Henry III left the safety of Lewes Castle to engage the Barons in battle and was only initially successful. His son Prince Edward led a successful cavalry charge and scattered the London foot militia; but his knights proved impossible to rally to return to the fray. This allowed the Montfortians to overwhelm the rest of the royalist army and capture the king.
Faced with a threat from abroad led by Henry III's queen, Simon de Montfort declared that an army be drawn from every town, city and village to be assembled as a muster on Barham Down, near Canterbury 'against the foreigners'. This large force was not to be tested in action as contrary winds kept the invasion force at bay.
Pevensey Castle was of key strategic importance and a formidable fortress on the south coast of England. Simon de Montfort scored his notable victory at the Battle of Lewes, after which the defeated royalist army fled to Pevensey. They were pursued by de Montfort's forces, but the garrison refused an invitation to surrender and had to endure a year of being besieged. The garrison was still able to raid the surrounding countryside undetected. They secured supplies of food despite the ditches that had been dug by de Montfort's men, also obtaining food and weapons by sea in December 1264. The siege proved costly and ineffective, and was eventually lifted in July 1265.
The Battle of Evesham in August 1265 was the second of two main battles of the Second Barons' War. It was victory of Prince Edward, who led an 8,000 strong army of Henry III against 6,000 men of de Montfort, and the beginning of the end of the rebellion. It was a massacre as de Montfort's army was trapped in a bend of the river and the earl was killed along with many of his supporters.
Although Simon de Montfort died at Evesham, his ideals of reform did not. Those remaining loyal to de Montfort entered and occupied Kenilworth Castle. King John had lavished money on Kenilworth, turning it into one of his largest castles. John ceded the castle to the barons as part of the guarantee of the Magna Carta, before it reverted to royal control in the reign of his son, Henry III. The rebels had fled Evesham fearing for their lives. So began one of the longest sieges in English history. Between May and December 1266 the full might of the Crown was turned on the insurgents. The position of the reformers was hopeless and they capitulated. The Dictum de Kenilworth, a legal pronouncement intended to restore royal authority, allowed for rehabilitation, and some rebels reclaimed their lands for a fine.
On 15th May 1266, a royal army, led by Henry of Almain, nephew of Henry III, defeated some of the remaining rebels who had been allied to Simon de Montfort. This was the Battle of Chesterfield. The fierce battle was one of the final conflicts of the 2nd Barons' War and led to the capture of Rebert de Ferrers, Earl of Derby. Chronicles mention the use of covered wagons by the attackers and the fact that the Earl was suffering from gout at the time. Another reference is that during the fighting, the Men of Brampton retreated to that part of the churchyard wall which it was their duty to maintain in normal times, and they refused to give way. A battle was waged through the streets of the town of Chesterfield, largely after dark, lit only by burning buildings.
Evesham was a decisive victory for the royal forces and Ely with its fortifications was also captured by Prince Edward. It had become a refuge for the resistance, though it crumbled as many nobles, including Earl Gilbert of Gloucester were re-admitted to royal favour. His siege tactics demonstrated his superiority over the renegades, and he benevolently offered them the peace terms of the Dictum de Kenilworth. Their inevitable acceptance of this settlement in July 1267 finally brought peace, two years after Evesham.