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Lockdown schooling: research from across the world shows reasons to be hopeful
Despite the major challenges lockdown-induced remote learning has presented, teachers, pupils and parents alike have reaped certain benefits. Can school learn from these changes?
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For some children, learning online, at their own pace, has been beneficial. Hananeko_Studio | Shutterstock
When COVID shuttered schools across the world in 2020, the way teachers delivered their lessons and students did their classwork changed over night. As one Boston-based secondary school student wrote in a recent case study, "bedrooms turned into school classrooms, living rooms turned into science laboratories and backyards turned into workout gyms."
Two years on, this shift to remote and, subsequently, hybrid learning has presented many challenges. It has caused stress and confusion for teaching staff and pupils alike. But it has brought surprising benefits too.
A recent report drawing together the results of 81 studies of secondary schools from 38 countries has highlighted how complementary these digital learning methods can be to traditional methods of schooling. Pupils have found working at their own pace, and without the social pressures of the classroom, beneficial. Even as we face the prospect of continued disruption in 2022, these are reasons to be hopeful.
Lockdown has shown how complementary digital learning can be to in-person schooling. Gorodenkoff | Shutterstock
During the pandemic, many schools had to make greater use of learning management systems and apps, in order to improve communication between school and home. It might seem obvious, but having to work remotely has encouraged teachers and students to revisit and enhance their digital skills. This has stimulated innovation and creative thinking, and prompted students to develop skills in using multiple digital tools and resources effectively for learning, such as those reported in a US study.
Many students have showed an increased ability to study and to problem-solve independently. Teachers in Hong Kong reported that students had developed problem-solving methods that their teachers hadn't taught them.
Of the 2,824 secondary school pupils who responded to a survey in Slovakia, meanwhile, most said they'd found learning at their own pace to be invaluable. Having the ability to re-watch instructional videos helped them gain deeper understanding of their subjects and maintain a connection to their teachers.
In England, Sweden and the US, several students who, pre-pandemic, were reluctant to take part in lessons or go to class at all, reported becoming more involved and engaged with their schoolwork during lockdown, because they felt less social pressure. Instrumental music students in Australia also showed improvement in their social skills, including communication, negotiation and active listening.
Students in Austria, the US and Portugal also benefited from interacting with their peers - remote learning gave them new methods of collaboration, including developing interactive ePortfolios, using discussion boards to share ideas and conduct school work with peers, as well as collaborating on authentic tasks such as co-creating digital posters and videos, and distributing them via social media. One US study reported that using the chat function in Google Meet during live lessons, combined with editing work and writing comments in Google Docs, was particularly helpful for students to collaborate and stay in touch with their peers.
The sudden shift to digital learning saw students coming up with creative solutions to problems. PK Studio | Shutterstock
Communication and assessment
For some countries, shifting to online assessment, when they had formerly adopted a heavily standardised test-based culture, was quite difficult, as this now demanded alternative assessment methods that could also secure trustworthy results. While some countries forbade assessment during lockdown, our review uncovered the opposite too: no fewer than 21 online assessment strategies were identified. Thus, having to rely heavily on technology during lockdown did open new and creative modes of assessment design and delivery.
The two most common strategies used were formative assessment and online quizzes – identified in 16% of the studies we looked at. While formative assessment has previously been found to boost student learning, the two strategies were employed for different reasons.
Formative assessment, often conducted in real time, was supported by video-conferencing tools. It enabled teachers to see and hear their students, which supported the assessment of literature talk and language assessment, including role plays, online debates and drama performances. Teachers also reported that this real-time interaction supported a sense of social presence, which is important for student wellbeing.
Online quizzes, meanwhile, allowed students to check their understanding at their own pace, which helped, as reported in an Indonesian study of Year 10 students, to stave off bordeom. Being auto-corrected, quizzes also helped to decrease teachers' work load. Lastly, this kind of digital assessment was also easily shared between teachers, which supported equality and re-usability.
Some parents reported enhanced digital skills as a result of the pandemic. But the main takeaway has been parents' increased impetus to engage more in their children's learning.
Many parents became more involved in their children's learning. Monkey Business Images | Shutterstock
Research in Nigeria found that giving parents greater access to what their children were learning helped to improve the students' commitment to learning online. In Vietnam, having parents on board in this way was found to make the whole process more effective.
Being able to access meetings with teachers virtually has also reduced social barriers for some families. A survey conducted by ParentPing in December 2020, found that both parents and teachers wanted to keep parent evenings virtual, or at least be given the option to do so.
School, more broadly, can and should become more flexible. Ensuring that it does will encourage inclusion and accessibility. It will support lifelong learning.
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Click here to read the previous zinc outlook. After an uncertain 2020, zinc rose steadily in 2021, hitting a 14 year high in the second half of the year.The power crisis and increasing demand for the base metal as strict COVID-19-related lockdown restrict
Priscila Barrera
Click here to read the previous zinc outlook.
After an uncertain 2020, zinc rose steadily in 2021, hitting a 14 year high in the second half of the year.
The power crisis and increasing demand for the base metal as strict COVID-19-related lockdown restrictions were lifted supported prices for zinc during the 12 month period.
As the new year begins, the Investing News Network (INN) caught up with analysts to find out what's ahead for zinc supply, demand and prices. Read on to learn what they had to say.
Zinc outlook 2022: 2021 in review
Zinc prices kicked off 2021 above the US$2,800 per tonne mark after rallying for most of the second half of 2020. A recovery in the steel sector helped the base metal throughout the first half of 2021 as COVID-19 lockdown measures eased, supporting demand for zinc.
Commenting on the main trends seen in the market in 2021, Helen O'Cleary of CRU Group told INN zinc's demand recovery was stronger than expected in the US and Europe, but lagged in Asia excluding China.
In October, zinc prices hit their highest level in 14 years, hovering around the US$3,800 mark on the back of the power crisis and costs associated with carbon emissions.
"Zinc's price outperformed expectations in 2021 on the back of strong demand and smelter disruption, particularly in Q4, when European smelters started to cut back due to record high energy prices," O'Cleary said.
One of the world's top zinc smelters, Nyrstar (EBR:NYR), said back in October that it was planning to cut production at its European smelter operations. Mining giant Glencore (LSE:GLEN,OTC Pink:GLCNF) also said it was adjusting production to reduce exposure to peak power pricing periods during the day.
Speaking with INN, Carlos Sanchez of CPM Group said zinc has been in recovery since prices bottomed out in 2020, helped in part by vaccination efforts globally and also by supply disruptions around the world.
"The most recent issue is the concern about high energy input costs into smelters in Europe — that's been pushing prices higher recently," he said. Even though prices could not sustain that level until the end of the year, zinc remained above US$3,500 on the last trading day of 2021.
Zinc outlook 2022: Supply and demand
As mentioned, demand for base metals took an upward turn in 2021 as the world economy recovered on the back of stimulus plans and as vaccination rollouts took place in many parts of the world.
Looking at what's ahead for zinc demand in 2022, CRU is expecting Chinese demand growth to slow to 1.1 percent year-on-year as the effects of stimulus wane.
"In the world ex-China we expect demand to grow by 2.4 percent, with the ongoing auto sector recovery partially offsetting the construction sector slowdown in Europe and the US," O'Cleary said.
CPM is also expecting zinc demand to remain healthy in 2022, both inside and outside of China, including demand from developing countries. "One thing that remains uncertain is what will happen with COVID," Sanchez said.
Moving onto the supply side of the picture, the analyst expects that if everything remains status quo, disruptions are unlikely to happen.
"There are going to be some blips here and there, but there have been some labor issues in Peru; yes, there's been some energy problems in Europe and China, but that's a fact in zinc output and in demand to an extent," Sanchez said. "But really the catalyst that we don't know, and how it can affect prices, is how COVID will impact industries."
For her part, O'Cleary is expecting most disruptions to happen in the first quarter, with CRU currently having a disruption allowance of 55,000 tonnes for that period.
"But this may well tip over into Q2," she said. CRU is expecting mine supply to grow by 5.1 percent year-on-year in 2022, and for the concentrates market to register a 190,000 tonne surplus.
Meanwhile, smelter output is forecast to grow by less than 1 percent year-on-year in 2022, according to the firm, which is currently forecasting a small refined zinc deficit in 2022.
"Should smelter disruption exceed our 55,000 tonne allowance the deficit could grow," O'Cleary said. "But high prices and a tight Chinese market could lead to further releases of refined zinc from the State Reserve Bureau stockpile, which could push the market towards balance or even a small surplus."
Similarly, CPM is expecting the market to shift into a deficit in 2022. "That's due to the strong demand, recovering economies of COVID and its financial economic effects," Sanchez said.
Zinc outlook 2022: What's ahead
Commenting on how zinc might perform next year, O'Cleary said prices are likely to remain high in Q1 due to the threat of further energy-related cutbacks in Europe during the winter heating season.
O'Cleary suggested investors keep an eye on high prices and inflation, as they could hamper zinc demand growth.
Similarly, CPM expects prices to stay above current levels and to average around US$3,400 for the year. "I wouldn't be surprised to see zinc top US$4,000," Sanchez said. "But at the same time, I don't think it holds above there; you'd have to have really strong fundamentals for that to happen, stronger than what's happening now."
The CPM director suggested zinc investors should keep an eye on COVID-19 developments and be quick movers, taking a position whether it's short or long.
Looking ahead, FocusEconomics analysts see prices for zinc cooling markedly next year before falling further in 2023, as output gradually improves and new mines come online.
"Moreover, fading logistical disruptions and easing energy prices will exert additional downward pressure, although solid demand for steel will continue to support prices," they said in their December report, adding that pandemic-related uncertainty is clouding the zinc outlook.
Panelists recently polled by the firm see prices averaging US$2,827 in Q4 2022, and US$2,651 in Q4 2023.
Don't forget to follow us @INN_Resource for real-time news updates.
Securities Disclosure: I, Priscila Barrera, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
Editorial Disclosure: The Investing News Network does not guarantee the accuracy or thoroughness of the information reported in the interviews it conducts. The opinions expressed in these interviews do not reflect the opinions of the Investing News Network and do not constitute investment advice. All readers are encouraged to perform their own due diligence.
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Authored by Art Moore via WND.com,
Dr. Peter McCullough – a renowned cardiologist and highly published medical scientist whose confrontation of the government's COVID-19 policies.
Dr. Peter McCullough – a renowned cardiologist and highly published medical scientist whose confrontation of the government's COVID-19 policies has drawn more than 40 million views on Joe Rogan's podcast – told WND in a video interview Thursday night the official pandemic narrative that has been fiercely guarded by establishment media and social-media censors is "completely crumbling."
That narrative, he said, included "false statements regarding asymptomatic spread, reliance on lockdown and masks – which obviously didn't work – the suppression of early treatment, the mass promotion of vaccines that failed."
"And now here we are, almost in complete free fall," McCullough said, referring to the record number of COVID-19 cases as officials acknowledge the vaccines don't prevent infection or transmission.
McCullough noted that in California, with the more contagious but much milder omicron variant now dominant, health care workers who tested positive for COVID-19 and had symptoms were told to go back to work.
"With that, I think that's it. I think that's the end. The narrative has crumbled. People don't want these vaccines," McCullough said.
"The vaccines should be pulled off the market. They clearly are not solving the problem."
The focus, he said, should be on "treating high-risk patients who develop symptoms" with some of the early treatments that he and other physicians around the world have found to be effective, including ivermectin and a new drug granted emergency use authorization by the FDA, Paxlovid.
McCullough cited a study from Denmark and data from the U.K.'s health agency showing that the vaccines have zero effectiveness against omicron.
Completing this poll entitles you to WND news updates free of charge. You may opt out at anytime. You also agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use.
"That's not misinformation," he said. "I'm just quoting the data. All of this can be looked up. Fact-checkers can look at it. I know I'll never have any problems with allegations of misinformation, because I just quote the data."
President Biden clearly had McCullough in mind when on Thursday he urged social media companies and media outlets to "please deal with the misinformation and disinformation that's on your shows. It has to stop."
McCullough pointed out his work has been relied upon by courts across the nation, including the U.S. Supreme Court, and he has testified to the U.S. Senate and will be back there later this month.
"I think America knows who is giving them the straight story."
In the half-hour video interview with WND (embedded below), McCullough also discussed:
The punishment of physicians who counter the official COVID narrative and use clinically indicated, FDA-approved drugs off-label such as ivermectin to treat COVID-19 patients, including a colleague in Maine whose was ordered to undergo a psychological examination after her license was suspended;
His participation in a rally in Washington, D.C., on Jan. 23 protesting vaccine mandates;
The Supreme Court's rulings Thursday on vaccine mandates;
The possibility that omicron could spell the end of the pandemic, serving as a "universal booster";
Data showing that vaccination has backfired, making the pandemic worse in nations with high vaccine intake;
The lethality of the mRNA vaccines;
His view on Biden's mass testing program;
His take on new FDA-approved treatments and his simple, inexpensive, over-the-counter protocol for treating omicron;
The unwillingness of so many doctors to "come off the sidelines" and treat patients for COVID-19;
The "crisis of competence" among top government health officials;
Where to find resources and support for physicians and patients, and for employees confronting mandates.
"I think Americans are going to understand that their individual choice is really what's going to matter in the end," he McCullough told WND in conclusion. "If Americans decide that they're not going to take any boosters or any more vaccines, it doesn't matter how many mandates or how many court decisions that happen. The vaccine program is going to crumble. I think it's just a matter of saying no."
He emphasized that the vaccines are still "research."
"No one can be forced into it," he said of vaccination. "And they're not turning out to be safe or effective. So, if everybody just stands firm and declines the vaccines, I think that will be the quickest way for us to get out of this."
See the WND interview with Dr. Peter McCullough:
McCullough, in a video interview with WND in December, called for a "pivot" from the current policies to early treatment and "compassionate care" for those who have COVID or have suffered vaccine injuries, which have included myocarditis, neurological issues and blood clotting.
"Now is the time for doctors to step up. Now is not a time for rhetoric or harsh statements regarding scientific discourse," he said.
Many of McCullough's 600 peer-reviewed publications have appeared in top-tier journals such as the New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet. He testified to the U.S. Senate in November 2020 against what he described as the federal government's politicization of health care during the pandemic, curbing or blocking the availability of cheap, effective treatments. In a speech in September, he told of having been stripped of the editorship of a Swiss-based journal after having lost his position with a major health system, "with no explanation and no due process." Baylor University Medical Center fired him in February. And Texas A&M College of Medicine, Texas Christian University and University of North Texas Health Science Center School of Medicine have cut ties with McCullough, accusing him of spreading misinformation.
"I've been stripped of every title that I've ever had in that institution. I've received a threat letter from the American College of Physicians, [and] a threat letter from the American Board," he said in September.
All because of his "lawful" participation "in a topic of public importance."
He said there are "powerful forces at work, far more powerful than we can possibly think of, that are influencing anybody who is in a position of authority."
McCullough is the chief medical adviser for the Truth for Health Foundation, a physician-founded charity that says it is "dedicated to following the Oath of Hippocrates to serve individual patients to the best of our ability and judgement and to uphold the highest standards of medical ethics."
Last year, America's doctors, nurses and paramedics were celebrated as frontline heroes battling a fearsome new pandemic. Today, under Joe Biden, tens of thousands of these same heroes are denounced as rebels, conspiracy theorists, extremists and potential terrorists. Along with massive numbers of police, firemen, Border Patrol agents, Navy SEALs, pilots, air-traffic controllers, and countless other truly essential Americans, they're all considered so dangerous as to merit termination, their professional and personal lives turned upside down due to their decision not to be injected with the experimental COVID vaccines. Biden's tyrannical mandate threatens to cripple American society – from law enforcement to airlines to commercial supply chains to hospitals. It's already happening. But the good news is that huge numbers of "yesterday's heroes" are now fighting back – bravely and boldly. The whole epic showdown is laid out as never before in the sensational October issue of WND's monthly Whistleblower magazine, titled "THE GREAT AMERICAN REBELLION: 'We will not comply!' COVID-19 power grab ignites bold new era of national defiance."
Tyler Durden Mon, 01/17/2022 - 23:50 emergency use authorization senate pandemic covid-19 vaccine treatment testing fda spread lockdown transmission suppression
Click here to read the previous zinc outlook. Following an uncertain 2020, zinc prices steadily rose throughout 2021 to hit a 14 year high in the second half of the year.The power crisis and an increasing demand for the base metal as the strict lockdown..
Following an uncertain 2020, zinc prices steadily rose throughout 2021 to hit a 14 year high in the second half of the year.
The power crisis and an increasing demand for the base metal as the strict lockdown restrictions were lifted supported prices during the 12 month period.
As the new year begins, the Investing News Network (INN) caught up with analysts to find out what's ahead for zinc supply, demand and prices.
Prices kicked off the year above the US$2,800 per tonne mark after rallying for most of the second half of 2020. The recovery in the steel sector helped the base metal throughout the first half of 2021 as COVID-19 lockdown measures eased, supporting demand for zinc.
Commenting on the main trends seen in the market in 2021, Helen O'Cleary of CRU Group told INN zinc's demand recovery was stronger than expected in the US and Europe but lagged in Asia excluding China.
In October, zinc prices hit their highest level in 14 years, hovering around the US$3,800 mark on the back of the power crisis and cost associated with carbon emissions.
"Zinc's price outperformed expectations in 2021 on the back of strong demand and smelter disruption, particularly in Q4 when European smelters started to cut back due to record high energy prices," O'Cleary said.
One of the world's top zinc smelters, Nyrstar (EBR:NYR), said in October it was planning to cut production at its European smelter operations. Mining giant Glencore (LSE:GLEN) also said it was adjusting production to reduce exposure to peak power pricing periods during the day.
Speaking with INN about zinc's performance, Carlos Sanchez of CPM Group said zinc has been in recovery since prices bottomed out in 2020, helped in part by vaccination globally and also by supply disruptions around the world.
"The most recent issue is the concern about high energy input costs into smelters in Europe — that's been pushing prices higher recently," he said.
Even though prices could not sustain that level until the end of the year, prices remained above US$3,500 on the last trading day of 2021.
As mentioned, demand for base metals saw an upward turn in 2021 as the world economy recovered on the back of stimulus plans and as vaccination rollouts took place in many parts of the world.
Looking at what's ahead for demand in 2022, CRU is expecting Chinese demand growth to slow to 1.1 percent year-on-year as the effects of stimulus wane.
"In the world ex. China we expect demand to grow by 2.4 percent, with the ongoing auto sector recovery partially offsetting the construction sector slowdown in Europe and the US," O'Cleary said.
CPM is also expecting demand to remain healthy in 2022, both in China and outside of China, including demand from developing countries.
"One thing that remains uncertain is what will happen with COVID," Sanchez said.
"There are going to be some blips here and there, but there have been some labor issues in Peru, yes, there's been some energy problems in Europe and China, but that's a fact in zinc output and in demand to an extent," Sanchez said. "But really the catalysts that we don't know, and how it can affect prices is how COVID will impact industries."
For her part, O'Cleary is expecting most disruptions in Q1, with CRU currently having a disruption allowance of 55,000 tonnes for that period.
"But this may well tip over into Q2," she said. CRU is expecting mine supply to grow by 5.10 percent year-on-year in 2022 and for the concentrates market to register a 190,000 tonnes surplus.
"Should smelter disruption exceed our 55,000 t allowance the deficit could grow," O'Cleary said. "But high prices and a tight Chinese market could lead to further releases of refined zinc from the State Reserves Bureau stockpile, which could push the market towards balance or even a small surplus."
Similarly, CPM Group is also expecting the market to shift into a deficit in 2022.
"That's due to the strong demand, recovering economies of COVID and its financial economic effects," Sanchez said.
Commenting on how prices might perform next year, O'Cleary said prices are likely to remain high in Q1 due to the threat of further energy-related cutbacks in Europe during the winter heating season.
O'Cleary suggested investors to keep an eye on high prices and inflation, as these factors could hamper zinc demand growth.
Similarly, CPM Group is expecting prices to remain above current levels and to average around US$3,400 for the year.
"I wouldn't be surprised to see zinc top US$4,000," Sanchez said. "But at the same time, I don't think it holds above there; you'd have to have really strong fundamentals for that to happen, stronger than what's happening now."
The CPM director suggested zinc investors should keep an eye on COVID developments and be quick movers, taking a position whether it's short or long.
Looking ahead, for FocusEconomics analysts, prices for zinc are seen cooling markedly next year before falling further in 2023, as output gradually improves and new mines come online.
"Moreover, fading logistical disruptions and easing energy prices will exert additional downward pressure, although solid demand for steel will continue to support prices," they said in their December report, adding that pandemic-related uncertainty clouds the outlook.
Panelists recently polled by the firm see prices averaging US$2,827 per metric tonne in Q4 2022 and US$2,651 per metric tonne in Q4 2023.
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The New Jersey Transit Corporation is a public transportation system which provides bus, light rail, and commuter rail services to the state of New Jersey, as well as Orange and Rockland counties in New York. Founded in 1979, it is one of the biggest public transit systems in the United States.
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text:
Cortez graduate brings home bacon
By Kimberly Benedict Cortez Journal
Tuesday, Aug. 3, 2010 5:01 PM
Updated: Wednesday, Aug. 4, 2010 3:17 AM
Rachelle Moore holds one of her feeder pigs in this undated photo. Moore's FFA project was selected to compete at the National FFA Convention this fall.
Courtesy of Rachelle Moore
At 18 years old, Rachelle Moore is a businesswoman.
In fact, Moore is so good at what she does that she has been recognized for her entrepreneurial skills, taking first place in the agri-entrepreneurship swine production category at the Colorado State FFA Convention, held July 8-10, in Craig, and earning the right to compete at the National FFA Convention on Oct. 20-23 in Indianapolis.
A 2010 graduate of Montezuma-Cortez High School, Moore's chosen area of expertise is feeder pigs, which weigh 60 to 80 pounds and are 6 to 8 weeks old.
For the last four years, the 4-H and FFA member has purchased an increasing number of the animals. Moore has fed her pigs, raised them, showed many of them at the Montezuma County Fair and sold them. The teen has earned herself a nice nest egg in the process.
Moore's interest in swine began years ago in an effort to follow the steps of her older siblings.
"I've been raising pigs since I was 8," she said. "This is my 10th year having pigs and 10th year showing at the Montezuma County Fair. My family had been doing it ever since I was little, and I wanted to be just like my brothers and sisters. I wanted to show pigs just like they did."
Once she entered high school, Moore decided she wanted to do more than simply raise show pigs.
"Through FFA we have a Supervised Agricultural Experience project, and I knew I wanted to do pigs," she said. "I also knew I wanted to do more than just two because I couldn't compete at the state level with just two."
Moore's ultimate ambition was to place in the Gold category at the state convention, the highest awards category at the competition. She knew that in order to reach that goal, she needed to create an ambitious project.
"I really wanted to get into that Gold category," Moore said. "I kept on striving toward that goal, and I knew I needed a really strong project and a really strong business to do that, so every year I bought more pigs than I did the year before."
Beginning her operation four years ago with five feeder pigs, Moore slowly built her business, purchasing 12 in 2008, 18 in 2009 and 25 this spring. The pigs typically weigh close to 40 pounds when Moore purchases them. They are sold at 280 pounds.
To keep her operation within the project parameters, Moore has kept detailed records of each step along the way in raising her pigs.
She also has mastered the fine art of mixing her own rations for her animals in an effort to give them the specific nutrition necessary to facilitate ideal growth.
"I feed show feed for my show pigs, and I always feed a mixed feed from a local feed store, but I also mix my own ration and feed that to the feeder pigs," Moore said. "There are different varieties because each pig needs a different diet. It is a challenge to come up with your own ration."
In addition to raising the feeder pigs, Moore selects a few pigs each year as show pigs, which adds an extra level of responsibility.
The pigs are selected based on gait and build. Moore constantly works with her show pigs to ensure they are ready for the fair.
"I walk my show pigs twice a day so they are ready," she said. "They also have to have enough muscle, and I have to adjust their feed and groom them if a show is coming up."
Moore, who spends the majority of her days with the pigs, plans to show three pigs at the local fair this year. She also hopes to show two at the state fair.
To maintain her project requires plenty of work, and Moore has benefited from the effort.
"Last year at fair I made $1,090," she said. "That is what really helps my project, showing and selling at fair. I have earned a little over $7,000 overall and put it in an account toward college. This project will help me a lot with my expenses at college."
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text:
Q: How to group columns and sum them, in a large CSV? I have a large CSV (hundreds of millions of rows) and I need to sum the Value column based on the grouping of the ID, Location, and Date columns.
My CSV is similar to:
    ID Location        Date  Value
 1   1     Loc1  2022-01-27      5
 2   1     Loc1  2022-01-27      4
 3   1     Loc1  2022-01-28      7
 4   1     Loc2  2022-01-29      8
 5   2     Loc1  2022-01-27     11
 6   2     Loc2  2022-01-28      4
 7   2     Loc2  2022-01-29      6
 8   3     Loc1  2022-01-28      9
 9   3     Loc1  2022-01-28      9
10   3     Loc2  2022-01-29      1

*

*{ID: 1, Location: Loc1, Date: 2022-01-27} is one such group, and its sub values 5 and 4 should be summed to 9

*{ID: 3, Location: Loc1, Date: 2022-01-28} is another group and its sum should be 18
Here's what that sample input should look like, processed/summed, and written to a new CSV:
ID Location        Date  Value
1     Loc1  2022-01-27      9
1     Loc1  2022-01-28      7
1     Loc2  2022-01-29      8
2     Loc1  2022-01-27     11
2     Loc2  2022-01-28      4
2     Loc2  2022-01-29      6
3     Loc1  2022-01-28     18
3     Loc2  2022-01-29      1

I know using df.groupby([columns]).sum() would give the desired result, but the CSV is so big I keep getting memory errors. I've tried looking at other ways to read/manipulate CSV data but have still not been successful, so if anyone knows a way I can do this in python without maxing out my memory that would be great!
NB: I know there is a unnamed first column in my initial csv, this is irrelevant and doesn't need to be in the outputted, but doesn't matter if it is :)

A: The appropriate answer is probably to use Dask but you can do with Pandas and chunk. The last_row variable is the last row of the previous chunk is case of the first row of the current chunk have the same ID, Location and Date.
chunksize = 4  # Number of rows
last_row = pd.DataFrame()  # Last row of the previous chunk

with open('data.csv') as reader, open('output.csv', 'w') as writer:

    # Write headers
    writer.write(reader.readline())
    reader.seek(0)

    for chunk in pd.read_csv(reader, chunksize=chunksize):
        df = pd.concat([last_row, chunk])
        df = df.groupby(['ID', 'Location', 'Date'], as_index=False)['Value'].sum()
        df, last_row = df.iloc[:-1], df.iloc[-1:]
        df.to_csv(writer, header=False, index=False)

    # Don't forget the last row!
    last_row.to_csv(writer, header=False, index=False)

Content of output.csv:
ID,Location,Date,Value
1,Loc1,2022-01-27,9
1,Loc1,2022-01-28,7
1,Loc2,2022-01-29,8
2,Loc1,2022-01-27,11
2,Loc2,2022-01-28,4
2,Loc2,2022-01-29,6
3,Loc1,2022-01-28,18
3,Loc2,2022-01-29,1

A: If the lines to be concatenated are consecutive, the good old csv module allows to process huge files one line at a time, hence with a minimal memory footprint.
Here you could use:
with open('input.csv') as fd, open('output.csv', 'w', newline='') as fdout:
    rd, wr = csv.reader(fd), csv.writer(fdout)
    _ = wr.writerow(next(rd))      # header line
    old = [None]*4
    for row in rd:
        row[3] = int(row[3])       # convert value field to integer
        if row[:3] == old[:3]:
            old[3] += row[3]       # concatenate values of similar rows
        else:
            if old[0]:             # and write the concatenated row
                _ = wr.writerow(old)
            old = row
    if old[0]:                     # do not forget the last row...
        _ = wr.writerow(old)

With the shown input data, it gives as expected:
ID,Location,Date,Value
1,Loc1,2022-01-27,9
1,Loc1,2022-01-28,7
1,Loc2,2022-01-29,8
2,Loc1,2022-01-27,11
2,Loc2,2022-01-28,4
2,Loc2,2022-01-29,6
3,Loc1,2022-01-28,18
3,Loc2,2022-01-29,1

Not as clean and neat than Pandas code but it should process files greater than the available memory without any problem.

A: You could use the built in csv library and build up the output line by line. A Counter can be used to combine and count rows with the same entries:
from collections import Counter
import csv

data = Counter()

with open('input.csv') as f_input:
    csv_input = csv.reader(f_input)
    header = next(csv_input)

    for row in csv_input:
        data[tuple(row[:3])] += int(row[3])

with open('output.csv', 'w', newline='') as f_output:
    csv_output = csv.writer(f_output)
    csv_output.writerow(header)

    for key, value in data.items():
        csv_output.writerow([*key, value])

Giving the output:
ID,Location,Date,Value
1,Loc1,2022-01-27,9
1,Loc1,2022-01-28,7
1,Loc2,2022-01-29,8
2,Loc1,2022-01-27,11
2,Loc2,2022-01-28,4
2,Loc2,2022-01-29,6
3,Loc1,2022-01-28,18
3,Loc2,2022-01-29,1

This avoids storing the input CSV in memory, only the output CSV data.

If this is also too large, a slight variation would be to output data whenever the ID column changes. This would though assume the input is in ID order:
from collections import Counter
import csv

def write_id(csv_output, data):
    for key, value in data.items():
        csv_output.writerow([*key, value])
    data.clear()

data = Counter()
current_id = None

with open('input.csv') as f_input, open('output.csv', 'w', newline='') as f_output:
    csv_input = csv.reader(f_input)
    csv_output = csv.writer(f_output)

    header = next(csv_input)
    csv_output.writerow(header)

    for row in csv_input:
        if current_id and row[0] != current_id:
            write_id(csv_output, data)

        data[tuple(row[:3])] += int(row[3])
        current_id = row[0]

    write_id(csv_output, data)

For the given example, this would give the same output.

A: Have you tried:
output = []
for key, group in df.groupby([columns]):
    output.append((key, group['a'].sum()))

pd.DataFrame(output).to_csv("....csv")

source:
https://stackoverflow.com/a/54244289/7132906

A: There are a number of answers already that may suffice: @MartinEvans and @Corralien both recommend breaking-up/chunking the input-output.
I'm especially curious if @MartinEvans's answer works within your memory constraints: it's the simplest and still-correct solution so far (as I see it).
If either of those don't work, I think you'll be faced with the question:

What makes a chunk with all the ID/Loc/Date groups I need to count contained in that chunk, so no group crosses over a chunk and gets counted multiple times (end up with smaller sub sums, instead of a single and true sum)?

In a comment on the OP you said the input was sorted by "week number".  I think this is the single deciding factor for when you have all the counts you'll get for a group of ID/Loc/Date.  As the readers crosses week-group boundaries, it'll know it's "safe" to stop counting any of the groups encountered so far, and flush those counts to disk (to avoid holding on to too many counts in memory).
This solution relies on the pre-sorted-ness of your input CSV.  Though, if your input was a bit out of sorts: you could run this, test for duplicate groups, re-sort, and re-run this (I see this problem as making a big, memory-constrained reducer):
import csv
from collections import Counter
from datetime import datetime

# Get the data out...
out_csv = open('output.csv', 'w', newline='')
writer = csv.writer(out_csv)

def write_row(row):
    global writer
    writer.writerow(row)

# Don't let counter get too big (for memory)
def flush_counter(counter):
    for key, sum_ in counter.items():
        id_, loc, date = key
        write_row([id_, loc, date, sum_])

# You said "already grouped by week-number", so:
# -   read and sum your input CSV in chunks of "week (number) groups"
# -   once the reader reads past a week-group, it concludes week-group is finished
#     and flushes the counts for that week-group

last_wk_group = None
counter = Counter()

# Open input
with open('input.csv', newline='') as f:
    reader = csv.reader(f)

    # Copy header
    header = next(reader)
    write_row(header)

    for row in reader:
        # Get "base" values
        id_, loc, date = row[0:3]
        value = int(row[3])

        # 2022-01-27  ->  2022-04
        wk_group = datetime.strptime(date, r'%Y-%m-%d').strftime(r'%Y-%U')

        # Decide if last week-group has passed
        if wk_group != last_wk_group:
            flush_counter(counter)
            counter = Counter()
            last_wk_group = wk_group

        # Count/sum this week-groups
        key = tuple([id_, loc, date_])
        counter[key] += value

# Flush remaining week-group counts
flush_counter(counter)

As a basic test, I moved the first row of your sample input to the last row, like @Corralien was asking:
ID,Location,Date,Value
1,Loc1,2022-01-27,5
1,Loc1,2022-01-28,7
1,Loc2,2022-01-29,8
2,Loc1,2022-01-27,11
2,Loc2,2022-01-28,4
2,Loc2,2022-01-29,6
3,Loc1,2022-01-28,9
3,Loc1,2022-01-28,9
3,Loc2,2022-01-29,1
1,Loc1,2022-01-27,4

and I still get the correct output (even in the correct order, because 1,Loc1,2022-01-27 appeared first in the input):
ID,Location,Date,Value
1,Loc1,2022-01-27,9
1,Loc1,2022-01-28,7
1,Loc2,2022-01-29,8
2,Loc1,2022-01-27,11
2,Loc2,2022-01-28,4
2,Loc2,2022-01-29,6
3,Loc1,2022-01-28,18
3,Loc2,2022-01-29,1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Ancient sources for the attack of second and third century Graeco-Roman intellectuals on Christianity are, in the main, only extant through the works of Christian writers. Analysing the grounds for their polemics and the Christian response must be seen in light of this fact. Second century intellectual Celsus' work, True Doctrine, as seen through Christian apologist Origen's Contra Celsus stands out, as it contains the most cogent and systematic case against the Christians. Celsus' familiarity with the Christian scriptures and their origin allows him to target a variety of salient arguments, both theologically and historically, in his critical assessment of Christianity. Celsus retains a strong political awareness of the dangers of this new religion to the Empire, which is not traditionally aligned with any race or territory. Celsus discredits Christianity's claim to Jewish roots.
Examination of the language and concepts employed by both Graeco-Roman pagan intellectuals and the Christian apologists sees a shared provenance in the ideas of Plato. This makes sense when consideration of the fact, that many of the Christian writers were educated in the Graeco-Roman schools of philosophy before converting to Christianity, is taken into account. Neo-Platonism is developing at this time through the ideas of intellectuals like Plotinus and Porphyry. The zeitgeist of the age is turning away from the old pagan stories of the Gods and Christianity is presenting fresh new conceptions. Syncretism is occurring between the metaphysical ideas of Neo-Platonism and nascent Christianity; Christianity subsumes these concepts through the writings of Athenagoras, Origen and others of a similar ilk.
Christian apologists ridiculed belief in the Greek Gods and condemned the barbarity of animal sacrifice. They question the pax deorum foundations upon which they are being persecuted by the Roman state. Martyrdom becomes an unquenchable fire, inspiring the populace and leading to conversions by Graeco-Roman intellectuals who admire the passion of their convictions. Christianity develops an intellectually recognisable philosophy in these centuries through their literary debates with the pagan intellectuals of the time. The Christians prevail through the ultimate conversions of Constantine and Theodosius; and ban and burn pagan books. Great thinkers were present on both sides of the religious divide but only Christianity had the momentum of a new age.
An important consideration, when examining the grounds for the anti-Christian polemic unleashed by second and third century Graeco-Roman intellectuals, is that much of the surviving literature is only extant through ancient Christian sources; history is, indeed, written by the victors.[1] The surviving work of the second century intellectual Celsus is framed by the response of the third century Christian writer Origen; which means that we only have Origen's interpretation of Celsus's original work, True Doctrine, within his own treatise, Contra Celsus. Timothy Barnes mentions that Carl Andresen showed in 1955, that Origen omitted sections of Celsus' work.[2] Similarly, the anti-Christian writing's of third century Graeco-Roman intellectual, Porphyry, survives in fragments included in refutations by Christian apologists such as Eusebius, Methodius, Apollinaris and Jerome.[3] Porphyry's Against Christianity survives, in some form, in fifty three fragments preserved, or rewritten, by fourth century writer Macarius Magnes.[4] Clarity on this issue of possibly contaminated source material allows this analysis to proceed with due caution.
Chronologically, Celsus was the "first pagan intellectual to set out to write a whole treatise against Christianity", according to Michael Frede.[5] True Doctrine was written around AD 170 during the reign of Marcus Aurelius.[6] The fact that Origen in AD 248, some seventy years later, chose to address his apologia directly to Celsus by titling his work, Contra Celsus, is testament to the status of True Doctrine within the intellectual circles of the Empire. Celsus attacked Christianity on a number of fronts, on theological grounds, and also on its historically unverifiable nature.[7] Theologically he challenged the Christian claims that God transformed himself into a human being, Jesus, and lived life as a man. For Celsus God was a pure, non immanent entity in the Platonic tradition and was above the day to day concerns of humanity.[8] He questioned further, why it was only at this point in time that God chose to manifest in human form and posited, did not God care about all the preceding generations of humanity?[9] A second theological criticism provided by Celsus concerned the idea of Jesus' resurrection from the dead, as he found this a shameful conception against the very nature of existence.[10]
Celsus, at this time, was one of the first Graeco-Roman intellectuals to study the Christian scriptures, he was familiar with the gospels and used this familiarity to attack Christian thought.[11] Celsus would identify sayings of Jesus, which were in his view, borrowed from Platonic doctrine.[12] Previous to his treatise Graeco-Roman commentators had mainly criticised the behaviour of Christians. Lucian of Samosata (AD 125-180), a satirical writer, made sport of Christians in his work, The Death of Peregrine, presenting them as "credulous simpletons".[13] Jesus was nothing more than a clever magician, manipulating his followers, according to Celsus, from his reading of the accounts of Jesus' life in the gospels. It was those miraculous stories about Jesus, which were capturing the popular attention of the vulgar masses. Celsus recognised this and portrayed Jesus as a manipulator of demons who had learnt these tricks in Egypt.[14] Christians were gullible and incredulous; the gospels stressed belief over reason.[15] This then led him to question the divine status accorded to Jesus by Christians and to take a monotheistic position on the one true God. Celsus criticised Christians for placing Jesus on par with God and worshipping multiple deities – Origen would answer this by stating that Jesus was subordinate to God.[16]
This issue, of a shared conception of a divine monotheism between (Neo) Platonists and Christians, emerges in an examination of the arguments between their leading intellectuals; and I consider it an example of the zeitgeist of the times.[17] David Rokeah sees a "philosophical syncretism" involving Platonic principles between pagan and Christian intellectuals in the third century.[18] Plato, the father of Greek philosophy, clearly had a belief in a divinity and theology was a developing part of his philosophy.[19] Plotinus and Porphyry, third century Graeco-Roman philosophers, continued this religious rationalism in their explanations of the metaphysical universe. Celsus saw Zeus, or Jupiter, as the king of the Gods and the lesser deities as daemons, he argued, that the Christian position on not worshipping false idols was ridiculous; and should be seen as irrelevant to a belief in a supreme God.[20] The position of Celsus, and those Neo-Platonic intellectuals who came after him, was founded on the concept of the logos – an understanding of the divine order of knowledge. God the father was the source of this divine knowledge, and the Neo-Platonists plotted a mystical return to the father through a process of enlightenment to divine status.[21]
Similarities exist in the language and concepts employed by both the pagan polemicists and Christian apologists, and that is in large part because Christian writers like Origen were educated by Graeco-Roman philosophers; by Ammonius Saccas in Origen's case; who later taught Plotinus. E.R. Dodds makes the point that the Christian apologists were "writing to the world of educated pagans" and that, "both Christian and pagan philosophy were in a continuous process of change and development throughout the period".[22] It is important to remember that philosophers were, in general, "a minority of educated upper class elites", and although influential with some Emperors, like Gallienus, not with the masses.[23] Educated Christians sought intellectual credibility for their religious beliefs through literary debate with the Graeco-Roman intellectuals, and were, in effect, inventing their philosophy at this point in history; the content of the Christian gospels were in flux and there was no fixed religious canon at this time.[24]
Celsus was motivated to write his True Doctrine in support of the political "institutions of the Graeco –Roman world" and charged the Christians with sedition.[25] Celsus accuses the Christian scriptures of saying that, "it is impossible to serve many masters", and therefore undermining the Empire.[26] This was a popular accusation to level against the Christians by both the state authorities and the intellectuals during the second and third centuries. Christians were not enlisting in the Roman army in the second century, and according to Warren Hovland, "there are no graves of Christian soldiers that can be dated before AD 180".[27] Celsus urged Christians to enlist in the army and contribute to civil service within the Empire.[28] Second century Christian writer Felix Minucius echoes the common pagan misapprehension that Christians have, "no capacity for understanding civil matters".[29] Celsus, it has been opined, recognised Christianity as a counter culture movement and a danger to the establishment status quo.[30] The pagan intellectuals were conservatively aligned with the established order of the Empire.
Celsus sought to discredit the Christian religion by thoroughly examining its roots in Judaism and its failure to honour the traditions of Jewish law. Celsus, in the style of the Platonic dialogues, has a fictional Jewish character conversing with Jesus and challenging him on the veracity of his background and his miraculous acts.[31] Celsus devotes several books to the Jewish antecedents of Christianity portraying them as a barbarous people with a vulgar religion.[32] Despite this, he understands the importance of an ancient tradition to the credibility of this new offshoot Christianity; and charges Christianity as an apostasy from Judaism.
Plotinus (AD 204-270) wrote the Enneads, which was compiled by his student Porphyry in the third century; who would also publish his own work, Against the Christians in AD 270.[33] Plotinus would become the most influential Neo-Platonic philosopher of his time, influencing the Emperor Gallienus. These minds carved out new conceptions of the metaphysical cosmos and their ideas lived on through the Christian writers who subsumed their work. Porphyry was concerned with the salvation of the soul – a return to God the father – concepts now essential to the Christian logos.[34] Christianity would prevail over paganism in this agon but it would also steal, without acknowledgement, the heart out of Neo-Platonism. The Emperor Theodosius who ruled from AD 379 to 395, outlawed paganism in 391, and this led to the destruction of pagan books throughout the Empire; the Library of Alexandria may have been destroyed as a result of this edict. Thus the only remaining evidence of anti-Christian polemics would exist within the Christian apologetics themselves.
How then did the Christians respond to the attacks upon their scriptures, religion and behaviour? Justin Martyr's writings (AD 150-160) preceded Celsus' True Doctrine by some two decades and he is considered one of the first Christian apologists. Justin was also a Platonist, before being inspired by the Christian martyrs and converting to Christianity.[35] His First Apology, dedicated to Emperor Antoninius, covers persecutions against Christians and a thorough description of their beliefs and practices.[36] Tertullian (AD 160-220), Bishop of Carthage, charged, when dispelling false rumours about barbarous Christian practices, that "children were openly sacrificed in Africa to Saturn as lately as the proconsulship of Tiberius"[37] In answer to the Christian failure to sacrifice to the Roman Gods Tertullian denies their divinity and claims that they were only men, unlike the one true God of the Christians.[38] Tertullian exhibits his excellent Graeco-Roman education in his writing by referencing the greats of their cultures, like Demosthenes, Cato and Scipio, turning them to his rhetorical advantage.[39] Eric Osborne states that, "Christian philosophy begins here in the second century", through the arguments of these Christian apologists.[40]
Irenaeus of Lyons, writing around AD 175 to 185, produced the Against Heresies books, which are an example of the syncretism occurring during the second and third centuries. Irenaeus is exposing the metaphysical ideas of Valentinus (AD 100-160), who is classified as a Gnostic. Karen King tells us in, What is Gnosticism, that "Gnosticism has been constructed largely as the heretical other in relation to diverse and fluctuating understandings of orthodox Christianity"[41] The blending of Pythagorean and NeoPlatonic concepts, under a Christian frame, are in evidence here; and confer the eruption of ideas occurring at this time.[42] Works such as this illustrate the fact that there was no one Christian theology pitted against the polemics of the conservatively aligned Graeco-Roman writers; that would come later.
Tatian (AD 120-180) was an Assyrian Christian theologian, who in his, Address to the Greeks, challenged the intellectual status of Greek philosophers like Diogenes, Plato and Aristotle; accusing them of a range of personal failings.[43] Tatian portrays the Greek Gods as demons and their rites as impious falsehoods.[44] Tatian's ridiculing of Greek culture and knowledge is a direct attack, or counter attack, upon those, like Celsus, who have 'thrown the first stone'. Aristides of Athens was a second century philosopher who converted to Christianity and is the author of the Apology of Aristides. Writing at the time of Emperor Hadrian (AD 117-138), Aristides also declares the Gods of the Greeks to be fictions.[45] There is a theme among these Christian writers, which sets out to deconstruct Greek theology and degrade the practice of sacrifice. Athenagoras of Athens' writings (AD 175-180) refute the allegations that Christians were atheists, levelled at them by Celsus and others.[46] Athenagoras, having been a philosopher before his conversion to Christianity, does not ridicule the greats of Greek philosophy; rather, he invokes Plato and Aristotle to confirm the true monotheistic state of the universe.[47] You can see the minds of these intellectuals at work in their writing, recreating the metaphysical reality in accord with their own knowledge and inspired by this new religious movement – Christianity. It was a break with the myths of the pagan past and an opportunity to refashion the conceptual reality of the universe.
Clement of Alexandria (AD 150-215) in his, Exhortation to the Heathen, is definitely working with the power of stories, reframing archetypal myths, both Greek and barbarian, to get his readers to see them as childish and incredulous. He portrays the Christian stories as, conversely, sophisticated and "the gates of the Word being intellectual".[48] The call to have faith, to believe, is echoed throughout Clement's writing. Clement calls Christianity the "New Song" and this clearly sets it against Celsus' belief in the righteousness of tradition. Christians were criticised for not being culturally, from somewhere or of a particular race of people, they were a non-parochial creed; and this was a new religious phenomenon. Tertullian would proudly write, "Christians are made not born", in his Apologeticum.[49] Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, wrote his Ad Demetrian prior to AD 250, and answered the criticisms of Demetrian, who blamed all the Empire's calamities on the Christians, explaining that it is rather the natural cycle of life for things to rise and fall; meaning, presumably, the Roman Empire.[50]
In AD 258 Cyprian was martyred and the impact of these public figures dying for their passionate belief in Christianity cannot be overestimated, as they were instrumental in many conversions.[51] Montanus a late second century Christian prophet in Phrygia, and influential figure in Tertullian's life, was alleged to have said, "Desire not to die in bed, in miscarriages, or soft fevers but in martyrdom, to glorify Him who suffered for you".[52] Martyrdom became a de facto policy of non-cooperation by Christians in the face of persecution by the state. Clement, Cyprian and Origen did attempt to discourage martyrdom, which was not as a direct result of persecution by the Roman authorities.[53] Origen Adamantius (AD 182 – 254) was perhaps the most brilliant scholar from among the Christian apologists and one of the most prolific; with Epiphanius attributing six thousand works to him. Origen was often the source for Eusebius in his Ecumenical Histories, and their knowledge was influential in the identification of the texts which were accepted into the New Testament.
In summing up this examination, upon the grounds of attack by Graeco-Roman intellectuals on Christianity and the response of the Christians to them, the ancient sources are decidedly Christian in origin and question marks remain over issues like selectivity. Celsus, through Origen, stands out as the most cogent, and politically aligned with the establishment, of the pagan intellectuals. Theologically and historically he raises numerous valid points about the credibility of Christianity and its messiah; ultimately to no avail. Plotinus and Porphyry were developing the metaphysical concepts inherent in Neo-Platonic philosophy, and through the literary debates with the Christian apologists would syncretically contribute to the development of a new Christian philosophy. Christian writers and Church leaders would challenge the beliefs and customs of the traditional Graeco-Roman religion in their protests over persecution, and in the presentation of their beliefs and practices. There were great thinkers on both sides of the religious divide but only Christianity had the momentum of the zeitgeist of the times. Intellectually Christianity swallowed the Platonic precepts it desired, rebadged them, and banished the pagan carcass to oblivion.
For More Essays on Ancient History
Armstrong, Arthur Hilary, The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval History, London, Cambridge University press, 19790.
Bowersock, Glen Warren, Martyrdom and Rome, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Cyprian, The Letters of St Cyprian of Carthage Vol 1, (trans GW Clarke), New York, Newman Press, 1984.
De Blois, Lukas, The Policy of the Emperor Gallienus, Leiden Brill, 1976.
Dodds, E.R, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1965.
Earlychristianwritings.com/text/celsus.html
Edwards, Mark, (Ed), Apologetics in the Roman Empire: Pagans, Jews and Christians, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1999.
gnosis.org/naghamm/tripart.htm. Gnostic Society Library, Nag Hammadi Library, Tripartite Tractate.
Hazlett Ian, (ed), Early Christianity: Origins and Evolutions to AD 600, Nashville, Abingdon Press, 1991.
Hoffman, Joseph R, (ed), Porphyry's Against the Christians, Amherst, Prometheus Books, 1994.
King, Karen L, What is Gnosticism, Cambridge, Belknap Press, 2003.
Osborne, Eric, The Beginning of Christian Philosophy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Rokeah, David, Jews, Pagans and Christians in Conflict, Jerusalem, Magness Press, 1982.
Shiel, James, Greek Thought and the Rise of Christianity, Harlow, Longmans, 1968.
Smith, Andrew, Porphyry's Place in the Neo-Platonic Tradition, The Hague, M. Nijhoff, 1974.
Smith, Robert C, (ed), Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety: A Response to E R Dodds, Lanham, University Press of America, 1984.
Stanton, Graham N, Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Stevenson J, (ed), A New Eusebius: Documents illustrating the History of the Church to AD 337, London, SPCK, 1987.
Tertullian.org/fathers/Jerome_daniel_02_text.htm.
Wilken, Robert Louis, Christians As The Romans Saw Them, New haven, Yale university Press, 1984.
[1] "Possession of Porphyry's Against Christianity was a capital crime under Constantine" -Barnes Timothy, "Pagan Perceptions of Christianity", p.238, in Hazlett Ian, (ed), Early Christianity: Origins and Evolutions to AD 600, Nashville, Abingdon Press, 1991.
[2] Barnes Timothy, "Pagan Perceptions of Christianity", p.238, in Hazlett Ian, (ed), Early Christianity: Origins and Evolutions to AD 600, Nashville, Abingdon Press, 1991.
[3] St Jerome, Commentary on Daniel, .491: 617-618.
[4] Hoffman, Joseph R, (ed), Porphyry's Against the Christians, Amherst, Prometheus Books, 1994. p.17.
[5] Frede, Michael, "Origen's Treatise Against Celsus", in Edwards, Mark, (Ed), Apologetics in the Roman Empire: Pagans, Jews and Christians, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1999. p.133.
[6] Wilken, Robert Louis, Christians As The Romans Saw Them, New haven, Yale university Press, 1984. p.96.
[7] Origen, Contra Celsus, 1: 28, 41, 2; 15..
[8] Origen, Contra Celsus, 6: 45.
[9] Origen, Contra Celsus, 4: 2-6.
Wilken, Robert Louis, Christians As The Romans Saw Them, New haven, Yale university Press, 1984. p.106.
[10] Origen, Contra Celsus, 6: 36,42.
[11] Wilken, Robert Louis, Christians As The Romans Saw Them, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1984. p.108.
[12] Origen, Contra Celsus, 6: 16, 58.
[13] Lucian, On the Death of Peregrinus, 11-16.
Barnes Timothy, "Pagan Perceptions of Christianity", p.234-235, in Hazlett Ian, (ed), Early Christianity: Origins and Evolutions to AD 600, Nashville, Abingdon Press, 1991.
[14] Origen, Contra Celsus, 1: 6, 6: 39-40.
[15] Wilken, Robert Louis, Christians As The Romans Saw Them, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1984. p.98.
[17] Dodds, E.R, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1965. p.118.
[18] Rokeah, David, Jews, Pagans and Christians in Conflict, Jerusalem, Magness Press, 1982. p.12.
[19] Shiel, James, Greek Thought and the Rise of Christianity, Harlow, Longmans, 1968. p.20.
[20] Origen, Contra Celsus, 7: 62.
[21] Armstrong, Arthur Hilary, The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval History, London, Cambridge University press, 19790. p.277.
De Blois, Lukas, The Policy of the Emperor Gallienus, Leiden Brill, 1976. p.182.
[26] Origen, Contra Celsus, 8: 2,11,15.
[27] Hovland, Warren, "The Dialogue Between Origen and Celsus", p.196, in Smith, Robert C, (ed), Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety: A Response to E R Dodds, Lanham, University Press of America, 1984.
[29] Minucius, Ocatavius, 12.
[31] Origen, Contra Celsus, 1; 28, 41, 68.
[32] Origen, Contra Celsus, 1: 2. 4: 23.
[34] Smith, Andrew, Porphyry's Place in the Neo-Platonic Tradition, The Hague, M. Nijhoff, 1974. p.145.
[36] Justin Martyr, The First Apology, 1-68.
[37] Tertullian, Apology, 9: 1.
[38] Tertullian, Apology,10: 3, 11: 1-2.
[39] Tertullian, Apology, 11: 10.
[40] Osborne, Eric, The Beginning of Christian Philosophy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981. p.1
Rokeah, David, Jews, Pagans and Christians in Conflict, Jerusalem, Magness Press, 1982. p.24.
[41] King, Karen L, What is Gnosticism, Cambridge, Belknap Press, 2003. p.2.
[42] Irenaeus, Against Heresy, 1: Preface: 2, 1:1.
[43] Tatian, Address to the Greeks, 1,2. 3.
[44] Tatian, Address to the Greeks, 22.
[45] Aristides, Apology, 9, 10.
[46] Athenagoras, A Plea for the Christians, 4.
[48] Clement, Exhortation to the Heathen, 1, 2.
[49] Tertullian, Apologeticum, 18: 4.
[50] Hoffman, Joseph R, (ed), Porphyry's Against the Christians, Amherst, Prometheus Books, 1994. p.11.
Cyprian, The Letters of St Cyprian of Carthage Vol 1, New York, Newman Press, 1984. p.18.
[52] Bowersock, Glen Warren, Martyrdom and Rome, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995. p.2.
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Q: "Interlocking constraints" in Golwala's Classical Mechanics lecture notes In order to obtain d'Alembert's principle, one must exclude situations in which constraint forces do virtual work. Actually, not individual constraint forces, but (according to the notes mentioned in the title) it is sufficient for the total sum of virtual work done by constraint forces to be $0$. The professor mentions 3 cases, from the least to the most general. The least general being the case of a single constraint force acting on a single particle doing no virtual work (aka normal force), then the case of a single constraint force acting on several particles (for example the tension of a string acting on two particles) and finally the most general case of several constraint forces acting on several particles.
There is no example given of this final case and the author explicitly states that he "admittedly cannot think of an example". I admittedly cannot either right now, and I need to continue with the course, but I am curious enough to ask.
To be as clear as I can: I'm asking for a case of a set of constraints, which even though the forces of a single one of those constraints does net virtual work on the system of particles as a whole, that work gets cancelled out by the work done by some other forces corresponding to some other of the constraints.
I guess the system should be a mechanical one in principle, but other sorts of systems are welcome as well.


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Roger Tessier est un compositeur français né à Nantes le . Il est membre fondateur de l'ensemble Itinéraire.

Le principal musicologue qui a travaillé sur ce compositeur est Marc Kowalczyk :
- Livre "Roger Tessier, compositeur" éditions Hécate

Liens externes

Compositeur français de musique classique de la période contemporaine
Naissance à Nantes
Roger Tessier
Naissance dans la Loire-Inférieure

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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PREVIEW IPL GRAND FINALE: RISING PUNE SUPERGIANT VS MUMBAI INDIANS
May 21, 2017 kridangan
Indian Sport News, IPL, IPL 2017, Mumbai Indians, Rising Pune Supergiants, T20
Rising Pune Supergiant & Mumbai Indians will meet 4th time in this season of IPL 2017 to contest the Grand finale. This two neighbor city teams will play the final in Hyderabad Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium. Rising Pune Supergiant have beaten Mumbai Indians in all previous 3 contents of this season of IPL. Whereas […]
Highlights of IPL 2017 opening ceremony
April 5, 2017 kridangan
Indian Sport News, IPL, IPL 2017
IPL has completed 10 years, In previous editions, the opening ceremony was a separate affair which happened a day before the first match. But this time, there has been a change from the norm. The highlight of the opening ceremony was the felicitation of four Indian cricket legends – Sachin Tendulkar, Sourav Ganguly, Virender Sehwag and […]
Rashid Khan Arman becomes first Afghan player to make IPL debut
Afghanistan Cricket, Indian Sport News, IPL, IPL 2017, Sunrisers Hyderabad, T20
Afghanistan googly master Rashid Khan Arman on Wednesday created history by becoming the first player from the Afghanistan to play an Indian Premier League match. The 18-year-old was named in the playing XI of the defending champions Sunrisers Hyderabad who took on Royal Challengers Bangalore in the opening game of the season 10. Rashid Khan Arman who In his last six T20Is has taken […]
VIVOIPL 2017 Trophy Tour Captivates Fans in The city of Nawabs- Lucknow
March 24, 2017 kridangan
Cricket, indian cricket, Indian Sport News, IPL, IPL 2017, T20
Lucknow, 24th March, 2017: Following a successful run in 9 cities across India, the VIVOIPL trophy received a remarkable response in Lucknow at the Sahara Ganj Mall on 23rd March, 2017. The fans were excited to see the trophy their team will be competing for during the tournament. The cricket crazy fans in Lucknow got […]
VIVOIPL 2017 Trophy Tour raises the cricket fever in Ranchi
Ranchi, 22nd March, 2017: Following a successful run in 8 cities across India, the VIVOIPL trophy gripped the people of Ranchi in excitement when it reached its ninth destination, Nucleus mall on 21st March, 2017. The fans were excited to see the trophy their team will be competing for during the tournament. The devotees of […]
VIVOIPL 2017 Trophy Tour elates cricket fans in Kolkata
Indian Sport News, IPL, IPL 2017, T20
Kolkata, 18thMarch, 2017:Following a successful run in 6 cities across India, the VIVOIPL trophy gripped the people of Kolkatain excitement when it reached its seventh destination, South City mall on 18th March, 2017. The fans were excited to see the trophy their team will be competing for during the tournament. The devotees of the sport […]
VIVOIPL 2017 Trophy Tourmesmerizes the city of Bhubaneswar
IPL, IPL 2017, T20
Bhubaneswar, 17thMarch, 2017:Following a successful run in 5 cities across India, the VIVOIPL trophy gripped the people of Bhubaneswar in excitement when it reached its sixth destination, Pall Heights mall on 17th March, 2017. The fans were excited to see the trophy their team will be competing for during the tournament. The devotees of the […]
VIVOIPL 2017 Trophy Tour raises cricket fever in Hyderabad
Cricket, Indian Sport News, IPL, IPL 2017, T20
Following a successful run in 4 cities across India, the VIVOIPL trophy gripped the people of Hyderabad in excitement when it reached its fifth destination, Forum mall on 15th March, 2017. The fans were excited to see the trophy their team will be competing for during the tournament. The devotees of the sport in Hyderabad […]
VIVOIPL 2017 Kick starts the Trophy Tour in 16 cities
With less than a month to go for the Indian Premier League (IPL), country's biggest sporting spectacle, VIVOIPL 2017 is all setto embark on an exciting 16 cities trophy tour with the first leg of the tour starting from Chandigarh today dated March 10th 2017. The coveted VIVOIPL 2017 trophy will travel across the nation […]
Delhi revels in the VIVOIPL 2017 trophy with Surveen Chawla
New Delhi, 11th March, 2017: Following the successful onset of the tour from Chandigarh, the VIVOIPL trophy received a remarkable response in the national capital New Delhi. Showcased at Select City Walk, Saket on 11th March,2017 fans got a firsthand opportunity to witness the trophy. Bollywood actress Surveen Chawla added excitement amongst the crowd when […]


How much is this house really worth?
The land it's on. For example, if you own a large plot of land in Locust Grove, which is experiencing a large business boom, it may be worth more than you think to commercial buyers.
The neighborhood. If you bought a house in a bad neighborhood that has since been gentrified, its value may be much greater now.
Recent renovations. While you may think your historic home in Decatur is worth a lot, you may not be able to find a buyer if you haven't made any upgrades to the house, from modern appliances to renovating the structure itself.
The economy. If you have time to sell the house, waiting until it's a seller's market (greater demand) is your best option.
The best way to determine the value of your house is to get it appraised. Some real estate agents can appraise your home, but you can also hire a professional appraiser to do the job as well.
What is the difference between a lease property and a deeded property?
On Jackson lake, you have three different kinds of properties: Strickland Leases, Georgia Power Leases, and Deeded Lots. The leases are exactly what they sound like. You can lease the home and create a landlord/tenant relationship with the property owner. This is a good option for those who may not have the initial capital to buy a lake property outright. However, part of the lease money is set aside to give you the option to buy the home later on.
A deeded property is sort of a mix between that and buying the home with a mortgage. The buyer makes payments to the homeowner, and once those installments meet the full amount agreed upon at the beginning of the arrangement, the title is handed over to the buyer. Deeded properties generally require a larger down payment, but forego the landlord/tenant relationship.
I have never bought a home; how to I get started?
First of all, congratulations on being ready to buy your new home! The first step is to figure out what you can realistically afford. The worst thing to do is buy a home way out of your price range, thinking you can afford it later on. If your mortgage is more than 30 percent of your monthly income, you run the risk of being "house poor," meaning you can't afford other living expenses.
Once you find a home in your price range, check your credit score. You'll need good credit or better to get a favorable mortgage. Then, decide what kind of mortgage is best for your situation; a lender or real estate agent can explain the different options. Save up for the down payment, and make sure you have enough to cover any repairs to the home you may be responsible for.
The best way to find a favorable mortgage rate is to shop around. There are plenty of online services that will provide you with the best options available to you, and they make it easy to get pre-approved. We also have many lenders we work closely with to get the best financing for you. Once you've secured funding and know approximately what kind of home you're looking for, call Dottie & Kate to get started finding your first home!
What exactly are in closing costs?
This question has about as many answers as there are homes on the market. Some sellers may want to sell their home as-is, fully furnished. Others may leave nothing but the walls, and still others may leave the basic appliances. However, there may be problems left behind, too. For example, your new home may be sold as-is, which includes a gorgeous Victorian sofa — and a termite infestation.
Any appliances, furniture, etc. being left by the seller should be included in your contract, and will likely increase the cost of the house. In addition, one of the most important things you can have done before finalizing the purchase is a home inspection. This inspection will let you know if there is anything wrong with the structure of the home, and from there you and the seller can negotiate who is paying for what repairs. Often, repair costs are knocked off the purchase price of the home.
Should I sell my house, before buying the new house I want?
Trying to buy a home while you still technically own your current one can be a tricky thing. Most of the time, you should at least have your current home listed before you start seriously looking for a new one. The best thing that could happen is you find a buyer quickly and get the house sold before you move into the new one. You could list your home as contingent on you finding a new home, but that may deter some buyers.
If it comes down to it, you can list your home, then clear out all your non-essential and non-staging possessions in storage while waiting for a buyer. Then, find a cheap, short-term rental while you are waiting for the sale and looking for a new home. Buying while selling is often a tricky situation, no matter how you look at it. But, an experienced real estate agent can help find the best solution for you.
While these are some of the most common questions regarding home buying and selling, it certainly does not cover every aspect. If you have more questions, don't hesitate to contact the Dottie & Kate Real Estate Team. We look forward to hearing from you soon to answer your questions and help you find your dream home!


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UCC grant recipient: Moving from tiny house to big advocacy
by Jody Usher | published on Sep 21, 2022
In 2016, a grant of $10,000 — made possible by the United Church of Christ Neighbors in Need Special Mission Offering — went to support a special "tiny house" at Peace Congregational Church, UCC, in Clemson, S.C. The project, meant to shelter LGBTQ+ people in need, hit twists and turns on its journey. In June 2022, it finally arrived, literally and figuratively, at its destination — with a wider-than-expected impact. Jody Usher, moderator of Peace Church in 2016 and a shepherd of the project since, tells the story.
We gave away the tiny house this year!
The tiny house trailer makes a stop in Clemson, S.C., on its way to its final destination on June 26, 2022.
Peace Church originally imagined it as a mobile shelter for LGBTQ+ folks who needed short-term safe housing. As moderator, I served on the grant writing team and helped recruit young participants via PRISM, our church's Clemson University student ministry. Tyler Rodgers, then a senior architectural student, dreamed and drew up the tiny house. With the South Carolina Botanical Garden, we found space to build it and use power. Our early estimate was to build in less than a year.
Then came delays and changes. Students graduated. Our pastor moved on. An interested builder stepped forward, whose partner offered to move the tiny house to his property some 20 miles away. Then, more delays. Because of changes in the families and partnerships of those involved, the tiny house needed a new construction site. The COVID-19 pandemic arrived. How could it already be the summer of 2021?
Through connections at a local food co-op, another landowner learned of our need and offered a site. We drew up an agreement that proposed completion by December 2021.
Transgender Awareness Alliance co-founders Tamara Joseph and M. Greg Green receive the tiny house's ownership documents from Peace Church's Russ Stanton at a June 26 worship service.
Now: who would oversee the use of our LBGTQ+ tiny house? COVID shifts and leadership changes ruled out several groups that had once expressed interest. Then we heard from a longtime contact, Ivy Hill, founder of the nonprofit Gender Benders and now leader of SC United for Justice & Equality. Ivy connected us with the Transgender Awareness Alliance in Columbia, S.C. – which itself had a dream of creating a tiny-house village there for transgender individuals.
In early 2022, a Zoom call between Peace Church leaders and TAA founders M. Greg Green and Tamara Joseph generated ideas. Plans were made for final detail work on the structure and for safe land with the necessary utilities. The latter eventually came from the Columbia Housing Authority, alongside other affordable housing for transgender people. On June 5, the congregation voted to donate the tiny house, plus $2,000 in startup funds, to TAA.
Green and Joseph towed the tiny house trailer away from its construction site on June 26. On their way to Columbia, they stopped in Clemson for a special Peace Church worship service. Leaders and supporters of the project over the years joined online. Those in person blessed the building by blowing bubbles on it.
Peace Church members blow soap bubbles to celebrate the transfer of the tiny house and bless it on its way on June 26, 2022.
That sounds like the end of the story, but it was more of an open gate than a closed door. Giving away the tiny house led to more than any of us could have predicted.
Just before the tiny house send-off, several of us from Peace Church attended the Southeast Conference Annual Meeting. Its theme was "Reflecting on Our Past, Focusing on Our Future." The Rev. Traci Blackmon, one of our national UCC officers, preached on Nehemiah 6:9: "All of them were trying to make us afraid by saying, 'Their hands will become tired from laboring, so the work won't be completed.' Therefore, Lord, strengthen my hands."
She challenged groups within the Conference to work together toward a goal we would set for ourselves, state by state.
Four people huddled for South Carolina and chose advocacy for transgender folks as our focus. Peace Church now saw through a wider lens. We knew that God needs us to speak up and be more widely visible for the trans community that is under attack in South Carolina. What that will look like continues to evolve. The Revs. Kim Wood and Heather Fosburgh of the Southeast Conference have prompted follow-up conversations. With the $5,000 funding packets offered by Associate General Minister Blackmon to any collaborative project, we expect to combat transgender oppression across our state.
Reflecting on our past and focusing on our future, we will succeed — not because we are strong, but because of our persistence.
Oct. 2 is the suggested Sunday for local churches to receive the 2022 Neighbors in Need offering. Promotional materials and more information can be found here. Details on applying for Justice and Local Church Ministries grants are here.
Oct. 2 is the suggested date to receive the 2022 Neighbors in Need offering.
Jody Usher is a past moderator of Peace UCC, Clemson, S.C.