text:
BD+ es un sistema anti copia desarrollado para su uso dentro del sistema de Gestión de derechos digitales de Blu-ray. Fue desarrollado por Cryptography Research Inc. y está basado en el concepto Self-Protecting Digital Content (SPDC) desarrollado por la misma empresa. Su objetivo es evitar copias no autorizadas de Blu-ray así como la reproducción de estos en dispositivos no autorizados.
El sistema BD+ tuvo un papel determinante en la guerra digital entre Blu-ray y HD DVD ya que este sistema de seguridad propició el apoyo de varios estudios de cine al Blu-ray. Este hecho decantó la "Guerra de los Formatos" que terminó con el abandono de los HD DVD por parte de Toshiba.

Funcionalidades

BD+ es un intérprete basado en el uso de una máquina virtual diseñado especialmente para la seguridad de los discos Blue Ray. Este intérprete se encarga de ejecutar código almacenado en el disco con objeto de proteger el contenido del disco y realiza diversas funciones listadas a continuación:

 Examinar el entorno de ejecución, para ver si el reproductor ha sido manipulado. Cada fabricante del dispositivo que disponga de licencia deberá facilitarla a la autoridad de la BD + para poder identificar sus dispositivos.
 Verificar que las claves del reproductor no han cambiado. Si el hardware ha sido modificado se puede evitar la reproducción sin necesidad de revocar las claves usadas en el lector.
 Ejecutar código nativo, posiblemente para reparar sistema inseguros.
 Transformar la salida de audio y vídeo. Partes del contenido no se podrán ver sin una reparación realizada por el BD+. De esta forma no se permite la reproducción del contenido si no dispone de licencia.
 Limitar la reproducción de un disco Blu-Ray solamente en el primer dispositivo en el que se reproduzca el disco.

Si un fabricante de dispositivos de reproducción considera que los dispositivos han sido atacados, puede liberar código que detecta y evita la vulnerabilidad. Estos programas pueden ser incluidos en todas las versiones del disco nuevo.

Las especificaciones de la BD + de máquina virtual solo están disponibles oficialmente a los fabricantes de dispositivos con licencia. Una lista de los adoptantes la licencia está disponible en el sitio web de BD +. Pese a los mecanismos de seguridad implementados en BD+ SlySoft y miembros del Foro Doom9 han realizado ingeniería inversa de la especificación de la máquina virtual con la consecuente vulnerabilidad del sistema.

Máquina Virtual
Los ataques a la seguridad del sistema han permitido descubrir detalles de la implementación de la máquina virtual. El código se ejecuta en un procesador big endian virtual con 4 MB de memoria. Este procesador soporta 59 instrucciones diferentes y de 32 registros de propósito general y tres registros de propósito específico para el filtro de la instrucción, el contador de ciclos de reloj y el contador de programa. La Máquina Virtual BD+ aplica la protección de memoria mediante el enmascaramiento del acceso a memoria para evitar que puedan acceder fuera de las áreas de memoria designada. La ejecución de código contenido comienza en la dirección 0x1000 en relación con el principio de la carga útil del primer bloque del archivo 00001.svm (ubicado dentro del directorio BDSVM).

Llamadas al sistema
Si bien la máquina virtual BD + es extremadamente simple, la interfaz entre la máquina virtual y el reproductor es algo más complicado. BD + proporciona el código contenido con 25 llamadas al sistema o "trampas". Hasta el momento se han analizado el grupo de identificadores siguiente: 00 (el manejo de eventos), 01 (operaciones de criptografía), 02 (operaciones aritméticas), 03 (operaciones de memoria), 04 (acceso a la memoria de la ranura), 05 (acceso a los dispositivos) y 80 (depuración).

Cada una de las llamadas al sistema puede ser invocado por la instrucción TRAP. Por defecto el registro 29 se usa como puntero a la pila de forma que apunta a la zona de memoria con los parámetros. Después de cualquier llamada al sistema el código de retorno se escribe en el registro 1. Durante la ejecución del contenido el código realiza diversas pruebas para verificar que está siendo ejecutado en un dispositivo de confianza. Estos test incluyen la petición del certificado y la verificación de la signatura usando la clave pública del dispositivo.

Referencias

Blu-ray

Gestión digital de derechos


While most of us spend January dragging our heels beneath a metaphorical (and often literal) grey cloud of gloom, in Lerwick, the capital of Shetland, in Scotland, the locals set fire to things instead. Up Helly Aa, which takes place at the start of each year, is Europe's biggest fire festival. The event is a visual feast that makes Guy Fawkes Night seem tame by comparison.
The festival emerged out of raucous end-of-year revelry that used to occur in Lerwick over Christmas. Reports from 1824 describe "shouting, bawling, fiddling, fifeing, drinking, fighting." In other words, all the necessary trappings of a 19th-century shindig. The Viking theme itself, however, was not a part of the celebrations until towards the end of the 19th century when there was a revival of Nordic traditions led by a group of intellectuals who arrived at the Up Helly Aa name and shunted the event into January. Since then it has only been cancelled three times; for the death of Queen Victoria and during the first and second world wars.
The procession starts with a signal rocket that is launched over Lerwick town hall. Then torches are lit and a band begins to play. Those who take part in the procession are named "Guizers", which refers to the disguises the men wear. Unfortunately, despite other Up Helly Aa festivals, such as the one in Northmavine, welcoming women as guizers, in Lerwick it is still only the men who are allowed to take part.
The mascot of the event is the Guizer Jarl, who leads the guizers through the streets with an axe and raven-winged helmet. Becoming a Jarl is a rare privilege; they are chosen from a committee on which you need to be a member of for 15 years.
Once the procession reaches the galley ship, the guizers form a fiery circle around it, singing the traditional song "The Norseman's Home" before tossing their torches on board, setting the ship ablaze. At this point your thoughts should probably be with the shipbuilders – who take four months to construct the vessel – but that's when the real party begins. The guizers visit a dozen halls around the town in which they perform special "acts" that usually take the form of comedy sketches mocking local events or celebrities. The subsequent all-nighter is such a head banger that the following day is a public holiday, giving the islanders a chance to recover. Of course, being in the sub-Arctic means it can be incredibly cold during the festival. But, in true Viking style: "There will be no postponement for weather."
If Cousin Itt from the Addams Family (he's the one completely covered in long blond hair) had a distant cousin, then it would probably be the Straw Bear. On the second weekend of January a man is dressed entirely in straw before dancing through the streets of Whittlesea in Cambridgeshire to traditional music. Festivities for the folk farming festival go on for the whole weekend, with ceilidhs and barn dances in the evening. And in keeping with folk tradition, on Sunday the bear costume is ceremonially burned.
As pub crawls go, the Haxey Hood is probably one of the rowdier ones. Each year the parish in north Lincolnshire takes part in a 14th-century tradition that involves chasing a leather tube until it ends up at one of four local pubs, where it remains until the following year. Although it is a bit of a scrum, the game is supervised by "boggins", who endeavour to keep everyone safe. It's basically like rugby meets quidditch, and for once, nothing gets set on fire at the end of the day.
Wassailing is an old English tradition of blessing apple trees in the hope of getting a good harvest. It's fun: everyone takes it in turns to drink from a bowl of cider, before holding the bowl up and shouting "Wassail". Events are held around the country, but in Chepstow it's a larger event combined with the Welsh Mari Lywd traditions. There are strange costumes, an abundance of morris dancing and a meeting of the English and Welsh in the middle of the Old Iron Bridge over the river Wye. Come for the cider, stay for the capers.


text:
Q: How to conver single Char to Long in C? I want to convert the single char to long, this is the code:
scanf("%s",&a);
length = strlen(a);

for(j = 0; j < length; j++){
    if(isdigit(a[j])){
        int temp = a[j];
        val = (long)temp;

        printf("number: %ld\n",temp);
        Push(&S, val);
    }
}

but it's not working as i need, help me guys.

A: Your computer is most likely using the ASCII alphabet, which means that the character '1' (for example) is encoded as the number 49.
Fortunately it's easy to convert a character into its corresponding digit, by just subtracting the character '0', like in
val = a[j] - '0';

This works because the value for the character '0' equals 48, and when you do '1' - '0' it's the same as doing 49 - 48 which of course equals 1.

Even if your system isn't using the ASCII alphabet (highly unlikely) the C specification says that digits have to be encoded in a consecutive manner, so this "trick" will work no matter the actual encoding used on your system.
This "trick" is also often used to get a letter ordinal, since in ASCII the letters A to Z and a to z follows the same pattern (as you can see from the linked table). However, this is not guaranteed by the C specification, and there are character encoding schemes that are still in use that doesn't follow that (for example EBCDIC)). These encodings are not common, but might still be found on some systems.

A: To convert an ASCII character to an integer, you need to do val = a[j] - '0'.
The temp variable is superfluous.

A: As wrote in all other answers you must use a[j] - 0x30 or a[j]-'0' or a[j]-48 to have the int value of an ASCII digit.
BTW your code has another little thing to correct: %ld is not the format for int. If you compile your code with -Wall you'll get:

warning: format '%ld' expects argument of type 'long int', but argument 2 has type 'int' [-Wformat=]

Use %d instead.

A: Try using int temp = a[j] - '0'; instead of int temp = a[j];
This should work because the character code for numbers (digits) are continuous.
N1256 5.2.1 Character sets

In both the source and execution basic character sets, the
  value of each character after 0 in the above list of decimal digits shall be one greater than
  the value of the previous.

A: You can try this....
scanf("%s",&a);
length = strlen(a);

for(j = 0; j < length; j++){
    if(isdigit(a[j])){
        int temp = a[j] - 48;
        val = (long)temp;

        printf("number: %ld\n",temp);
        Push(&S, val);
    }
}

To convert into digit you have to subtract 48 from that character, which is ACII value of '0'. When you are printing only a[j] as an integer, it is printing it's ACII value, which can be from 48 to 57 for '0' to '9' respectively. So you have to subtract it to get the actual integer.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We understand that doing a video interview for the first time can be a nerve wracking experience, especially when you don't know what to expect. So we've put together a comprehensive list of best practices when answering questions, tips on what you should wear to your interview and what you can expect from your interviewer and film crew.
Unless it's a necessity and specific to your project, we would always recommend interviewing subjects individually. When subjects are interviewed together there is always a risk of them interjecting and cutting over each other whilst talking. Although this may feel natural in conversation it can be confusing for the viewers when points aren't completely finished and can cause problems in the edit. There is also a tendency for the interviewee who isn't speaking to fidget and look around the room whilst the other person is talking which can be perceived as disengaged. There are occasions where it may be essential to interview people in pairs e.g. parents talking about their children, or a parent sitting with their child during an interview, but this would usually be discussed with you in advance.
Where possible it's always preferable to have the interviewee sat down. Although there are situations where this may not be possible or suitable (such as run and gun vox pops), when conducting lengthy interviews it is better to have the interviewee sat down. Not only does this prevent the interviewee from fidgeting or moving around but it also makes them more comfortable and relaxed.
When setting up for an interview we would ask for 1 hour to get our lights and cameras set up. We may need to do lighting tests and test shots before we begin the shoot to make sure that we and you are happy with how the interview looks. During this time the interviewee does not need to be present so to use up as little of their time as possible.
Once we have mic'ed up the interviewee, we will ask to do a quick sound check. This is to double check the levels that the interviewee is talking at and will be different for every interviewee. Generally we will do this by asking them to introduce themselves or to tell us something about themselves.
Where possible we would ask you to allow 30-45 minutes per interviewee. This doesn't mean that the subject will be talking for the full 30-45 minutes, however it allows us time to ease them into the interview, allows for any mistakes and multiple takes for each question and gives us time to take water breaks if the interviewee requires one. This also takes some pressure off the interviewee so they do not feel rushed or as if they are overrunning a time limit.
As the interviewer is off camera, the questions asked will be cut out during the edit. This means we do not have the context of the questions during the video. Because of this we would ask the interviewee to answer in full sentences and include the question in the answer. An example of this would be if the interviewee asked; "Why do you enjoy working at this company?" The subject would say; "I enjoy working at this company because..." Not just "Because…".
When conducting an interview we will very rarely ask the interviewee to talk straight into the lens, unless they are presenting or introducing a video. This can be quite intense for the viewer, but also daunting for the interviewee. We will have an interviewer sat just off from the lens to maintain a consistent eye line and provide someone for the interviewee to talk to. This makes the interview feel more like a conversation than an interview and gives much more natural answers.
During the course of the interview the film crew will be checking cameras, audio levels and framing and may move around when doing so. Although it may feel natural to include them in the conversation and look at them when answer, try your best to ignore them. They wont be offended!
When answering questions, we would ask that the interviewee uses the name of the company or service they're talking about instead of "You/They". For example instead of saying: "You/they were really helpful during the creative process…" this should be: "[Company Name] were really helpful during the creative process".
If the interviewee makes a mistake or gets stuck whilst answering a question, we would ask that they just take a pause and then continue when they're ready. Video companies no longer film on tape so there isn't any time pressure for you to come up with your answer and we don't mind you taking moment to think about the answer.
If the interviewee is unsure of a question or feels they are unable to answer a question, then it's absolutely fine to skip the question and continue on with the next question. It may be the case if the interviewee feels they would be able to answer the question later, that we will re-visit this question at the end of the interview. Alternatively if you'd like to chat through your answer with us and have us help you structure your answer, we're more than happy to do this.
Although some jewellery may only slightly jangle it's worth noting that our microphones are extremely sensitive and can pick up on every little noise. What may seem inaudible to the human ear can be massively enhanced by our microphones and can be distracting for the viewer. Where possible we would ask that you avoid any big pieces of jewellery or remove them before the interview starts.
Where possible avoid wearing glasses. We understand that sometimes this may not be possible, however if the interviewee has the option to not wear glasses or has the option to wear contacts this is a huge help. Where glasses are very reflective a reflection of our lights (or even other people in the room!) can sometimes be seen in their glasses.
When the interviewee is mic'ed up, if they aren't wearing a jacket, we will clip the mic pack onto their trousers, skirt or tights and ask them to bring the wire up and clip it onto their collar so that the wire is hidden. Any see-through panels may show the wire through it.
Avoid wearing colours that are the same colour as the wall behind. This can cause the interviewee to blend in with the background, when we want them to stand out. A rule of thumb is to avoid wearing white, cream or light grey as these are particularly common for most office spaces, brand centres and meeting rooms, opt for bright or dark colours instead.
STILL UNSURE ABOUT YOUR VIDEO INTERVIEW?
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Victory Motorcycles is a popular US based motorbike manufacturer known for their classic design and added comforts. Check out the section to learn about the price, features and specifications of BMW Motorrad two wheelers in India.
Victory Motorcycles was started by Polaris Industries, a Minnesota company which was into the manufacture of several other products such as ATVs, personal watercraft and snowmobiles. In the late 90's when the firm was planning to change its line of production a new idea of motorcycle was established. The so born Victory Motorcycles in 1998 planned to design heavier and attractive bikes like Harley Davidson which has reached the peak of its popularity. The first bike V92C which began its selling from 1998 received huge appreciation from crowd. Various categories under which motorbikes are released are cruisers, baggers and touring. Each of the bikes under different sections is extremely stylish and impressive in its own terms. From the year 2010 Polaris involved in the expansion of its business thereby increasing its production and extending its marketing to many other countries. In India, the company vehicles became active from the year 2011.
Victory Cross Roads is an all rounder cruiser with advanced technology, stunning looks and added comforts. Read the review to explore the features, technical specifications & price.
Victory Hammer 8-Ball serves as a street commander because of its eye catching body works and quality features. Read the review to explore the features, technical specifications & price.
Victory Kingpin 8-Ball is an attractive cruiser built to fulfill the needs of riders who wish to drive in style. Read the review to explore the features, technical specifications & price.
Victory Vegas 8- Ball is an attractive cruiser with stylish built, advanced technology, quality materials and high performance. Read the review to explore the features, technical specifications & price.
Victory Vision is extremely impressive with its futuristic styling, unique characteristics, quality riding and better performance. Read the review to explore the features, technical specifications & price.


text:
Q: Inheritance mapping in ember-data I could imagine it's a bit too early for that, but what's the plan for supporting inheritance in ember-data?
My current use-case is to configure authentication keys for different apps, like user key for Dropbox, user key for Twilio, user key for AppX. I would like to store collection of 'Keys' which are in particular could be a DropboxKey, TwilioKey or AppXKey.
I would see following DS.Model classes:
var Account = DS.Model.extend({ name: DS.attr('string') });
var DropboxAccount = Account.extend({ key: DS.attr('string'), secret: DS.attr('string')});
var FastbillAccount = Account.extend({ email: DS.attr('string'), key: DS.attr('string')});

Now I would like to do
Account.find()


text:
Leadership Staff
Learn about Player Pathway
Women's Premier League
ECNL National U11-U19
Pre ECNL U11-U12
ECNL U13-U19
ECNL Regional U11-U19
ECRL Is it for you?
Pre ECNL RL U11-U14
ECRL U15-U19
Competitive U11-U19
Pre ECNL Academy U10-U12
Development Academy U8-U10
Future Stars U5-U7
Select U12-U14
Whole Player
2022/2023 Info
Open Registrations
Instructions/Help
Scholarships / Financial Aid
Becas / Ayuda Financiera
Inclement Weather Training
Scholarships / Financial Assistance
Fundraising Guidelines
Supporter Scarves
BNI (Business Network Information)
Grievance Process
- Register
Payment (TGS) login
The Northwest Elite Competitive and Select Programs still have a few spots available on a few teams. If you would like to be considered for a NWEFC Competitive or U12-U14 Select team, please email: kibwe.cuffie@nwelitefc.org
WELCOME TO Northwest Elite!
Northwest Elite FC offers comprehensive soccer
programs for boys and girls and draws talented players from across the Portland metro area.
Northwest Elite FC joins the Cascadia Women's Premier League
for the upcoming 2023 summer soccer season.
DEVELOPMENT ACADEMY
U8-U10 (birth year 2015, 2014, 2013)
2x week training sessions begin the week of January 23rd!
Register before Jan 20th
to guarantee a spot on a team!
8 weekly ECNL style training sessions
for U10, U11 & U12 (current season) female athletes starting February 10.
Register by February 1 to guarantee your spot.
SAVE-THE-DATE!
ECNL/ECRL INFO Meeting
Watch recorded meeting here!
review presentation slide deck
OUR MISSION IS...
To elevate the game of soccer through development of the whole player.
On behalf of the Board of Directors and Staff of Northwest Elite Futbol Club (NW ELITE FC), we welcome you to a new experience in youth soccer that will raise the bar for our sport in the state of Oregon and the Pacific Northwest.
As we develop and implement innovative club strategies, programs, hiring practices, and internal operations, we will do so with the development of the "whole player" in mind. This requires an unrelenting focus on diversity, equity, and inclusion through which we will create environments that are welcoming, that promote mental and physical safety for ALL current and future NW ELITE FC players to enjoy the beautiful game.
LEADERSHIP & COACHING STAFF
LINUS RHODE
USSF NATIONAL "A" LICENSE AND USSF NATIONAL YOUTH LICENSE
Linus (Rhode) has been a full-time professional coach for over 23 years and has spent most of his life in the state of Oregon. He possesses a deep understanding of the Northwest region as well as a large network that has been built since 1992. Early in his career, Linus was the Director of Coaching for Oregon United Soccer Academy. Where he merged clubs from the Willamette Valley, Bend, and Southern Oregon to form a club that was extremely successful in Oregon, Region IV and Nationally from 2000-2005. He also served five years as an Oregon Olympic Development Team Head Coach, in addition to being a Region IV staff coach for both the boys' and girls' ODP programs. During this period, Linus ran the Youth and "C" level coaching education courses in Oregon, under the direction of Jimmy Conway.
[...Learn More]
JILL ARZIE
REGISTRAR AND OPERATIONS COORDINATOR
Jill Arzie is our Club Registrar and Operations Coordinator. Jill played competitive soccer with Tualatin Hills United Soccer Club from 1987-1992 and was on the first THUSC team to become State Cup Champions (1989 - THUSC U14 "Class Act" - coached by Noeleen Conway). Jill was recruited to play soccer at George Fox University during her college years.
KIBWE CUFFIE
DIRECTOR OF COACHING
SHALAIA WALTERS
KEVIN LOUDD
As a parent and a business professional, Kevin has experienced the ins and outs of youth sports and the youth sports ecosystem. With those life and professional experiences, Kevin joined the NW ELITE FC board to make a difference and create an experience our children will enjoy and develop as soccer players and as people.
Kevin has raised four lovely young women, and has experienced the youth sports culture in all its glory personally via his kids and his own experiences as a youth. He understands the value of "clubs" and the impact they have on youth. Kevin is excited that he can give something back to NW ELITE FC in the sincere hope that the experience produced from playing soccer will forever be a positive one for every individual who participates in the process. Player, Parent, and Family alike.
KATHRYN LOESCHER
Simply put, soccer is a gift. Whether aware of it or not, in daily life players utilize something they learn from the game every day. The realizable potential for players to grow through the game is what sparked Kathryn's passion to give back to the game through club committees, fundraising work, support of High School soccer in the school systems, and ultimately Board leadership over ten years ago. Stepping officially into the role of President of our club in August 2020, after serving as Interim President for one year, Kathryn helped the Board set the club on a course for change, that would ultimately result in the creation and launch of Northwest Elite FC in the fall of 2021.
EVAN DENHART
Having a daughter involved in club sports, including soccer, at a young age, and giving back to help improve the experience of club sports is very important to Evan. Looking to improve both the family and player experience on the journey of a young athletes can be key in developing well rounded young adults. In working with like-minded individuals on the Board at NW Elite to do just that is rewarding, challenging and fun.
Evan's career has been built on providing excellent customer service, strong relationships and transparency with his colleagues and clients. If you've ever met Evan, you know that he is a people-person. Evan is also motivated by giving back and doing what is right for the community. Having worked at industry leaders such as Intel and Hanna Andersson and run a men's health non-profit for 7 years, the desire to give to back is strong.
ERIC MESSENGER
DOUG ANGELL
ALEC INGRAHAM
ACADEMY DIRECTOR
Alec Ingraham is the Director of NW ELITE FC's Development Academy and Future Stars programs. He also is the head coach of several Northwest Elite FC Competitive teams.
Alec grew up playing competitive soccer for LOSC/Crossfire. At Lakeridge High School, he was a 4-year varsity player. He was recruited to play for San Diego State University, but, unfortunately, injuries prohibited him from doing so. However, that is what led Alec to becoming a soccer coach – something that he enjoys even more than playing! He finds great joy in coaching and working with young kids and developing soccer players. Alec began coaching as a Junior in high school, where he helped coach and direct a program for children with Down Syndrome called "Challengers." After high school, in 2012/2013, he began coaching for Southside Soccer Club – now Albion Portland. He was the Girls Competitive Coordinator and their Player Development Program Director before becoming a part of the coaching staff at THUSC, now NW ELITE FC in 2019.
JANA DROTZMANN
Jana has been volunteering with THUSC for over seven years and most recently has served as Registrar for the club's ECNL program for three years. Jana has been a long-time team manager, supporting both the 2005 ECNL team manager and her son's 2002 competitive team – THUSC Titanium. Jana has supported the organization's apparel distribution and numerous fundraisers. Jana will support NW ELITE FC as Assistant Registrar, with primary focus on the ECNL and ECNL Regional League programs.
ANDREW FRAZIER
As the NW ELITE FC part-time Director of Operations, Andrew (Andy) will work to "elevate the game" of club operations by optimizing financial management and strategy and refining internal processes through identification and implementation of innovative operational solutions.
Andy Frazier is the owner of Frazier Wealth Management, a financial planning and investment management firm, serving a diverse list of clientele. He holds the Behavioral Financial Advisor designation™. Andy has been in the financial planning and investment management business since 2002. Before building a successful financial planning and investment management business Andy worked for the Portland Trail Blazers as the Director of Retail and Merchandise Marketing. A department that oversaw all retail sales and staffing for online sales, brick and mortar locations, as well as all professional sports, concerts, and events held at two arena's (one of the only places in the world with two full arena's on the same property). Andy graduated from Willamette University, where he earned his MBA.
TIFFENY MILBRETT
ECNL DIRECTOR OF COACHING
NW ELITE FC is extremely excited to welcome Tiffeny Milbrett to our leadership team as the ECNL Director of Coaching. Tiffeny brings extraordinary accolades on the national and global pitch and a strong history of coaching and leading in the Elite Clubs National League (ECNL). She has an insatiable love of and continuous motivation to learn from the beautiful game and a desire to help young players elevate their game to reach their potential.
SPONSERS & PARTNERS
NWE Business
IN THE NEWSRESOURCESDOWNLOADS
Northwest Elite FC
2850 SW Cedar Hills Blvd #1 Beaverton, OR 97005
Email: info@nwelitefc.org

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Varga Ádám (1989) birkózó
 Varga Ádám (1989) színész, drámainstruktor
 Varga Ádám (1999) labdarúgókapus, a Ferencvárosi TC kapusa
 Varga Ádám (1999) labdarúgókapus, a Puskás Akadémia kapusa
 Varga Ádám (?) kajakozó

Hasonló
 D. Varga Ádám (1996) színész

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The envelope method is working for me. However, next payday I may adapt by dividing my budgeted amount in 4 (possibly using four separate envelopes then, keeping the other three at home) Grocery money is dwindling down fast, think I may have lost track somewhere or I need to increase my budget.
I realise that I haven't snowflaked towards CC1 for a while. I need to get back into the habit.
I planned all of our meals for this week, but didn't have time to update. Now I'm going to start thinking about next week's meals.
Hubby has done a bit of overtime. We're hoping to have some extra money for when we're both off next month.


My First New York Comic Con Panel.
I had an amazing time last weekend at New York Comic Con.
I have attended before as a fan, but never as part of the programming. I still got to be a fan, of course, exploring the floor and fighting my way through beautiful crowds and seeing some amazing cosplay, and running into awesome friends, and meeting heroes like Bob Camp, co-creator of Ren & Stimpy, who my husband and I got to thank personally for all the joy and trauma he brought into our lives.
But I was there to work. And they didn't ease me into it, for my first panel – I was honored and terrified to be part of a panel with brilliant writers Marlon James, Julie Kagawa, Tochi Onyebuchi, Maura Milan, and moderator Ali T. Kokmen, discussing #OwnVoices: How Writers Build Authenticity Into Diverse Worlds. We were in a very big room, that was very very crowded.
Luckily, my terror was unnecessary. I had a great time, and it was an incredibly stimulating conversation. With a lot of laughter, and a lot of wisdom.
Asked what it was like to see their book covers come to life, the authors absolutely lit up. Maura, having already spoken about her desire to see herself on the cover of a book, talked about how excited her publisher was to work with her, and how they cast Maura's friend Jessica in the role of the character. Seeing her friend at the photo shoot, dressed in the armor Maura described was an incredible experience. Tochi and Marlon both mentioned that there are standard fonts and images that are usually used for "African books" and how pleased they were that their publishers didn't try to take that tack with them, but instead listened to the authors' vision and brought that to life. Julie agreed, talking of how pleased she was with the silver fox mask and the authentic Japanese architecture on her book. And Sam? Well, Sam's book cover glows in the dark. He also gave out temporary tattoos his publicist had made that matched the tattoo Sam himself got in honor of the book coming out.
Publisher's Weekly included this awesome photo of us, in their round-up of #NYCC2018 highlights.
Posted on: October 9, 2018, by : Sam J. M.


SAN FERNANDO CITY, Philippines - The U.S. and Philippines navies kicked off Maritime Training Activity (MTA) Sama Sama at Naval Station Ernesto Ogbinar in San Fernando City, Philippines, July 9.
"The name of this Maritime Training Activity, Sama Sama, - meaning 'together, jointly' - perfectly captures the spirit and energy of this tremendous event. The U.S. and Philippine alliance has always been a special relationship based on mutual trust and respect and strengthened by enduring maritime engagements," said Rear Adm. Joey Tynch, Commander, Task Force 73. "Built on 70 years of strong friendship and deep historical ties, our shared interest in maritime security is what Maritime Training Activity Sama Sama is all about - our shared belief that regional challenges increasingly require cooperative solutions by capable naval forces."
MTA Sama Sama builds upon other engagements with the Philippines including Pacific Partnership, the largest annual multilateral humanitarian assistance and disaster relief preparedness mission, Southeast Asia Cooperation and Training (SEACAT), which involves more than a dozen partner nations, and Balikatan-34. These engagements serve to enhance information sharing and coordination and support long-term regional cooperation.
In July 2017, the U.S. and Philippine navies conducted a coordinated patrol in the Sulu Sea demonstrating a mutual commitment to responding to piracy and illegal transnational activity. Sailors from both navies exchanged best practices in visit, board, search and seizure (VBSS) techniques, as well as information sharing.
"It is incredible to see all that will be accomplished during this exercise, as Sailors and Marines from the U.S. and Philippines work side-by-side across multiple domains to safely execute and engage on and under the sea, in the air, on land and in the local communities," said Capt. Lex Walker, commodore of Destroyer Squadron 7. "As the MTA continues to evolve in scope and scale, the U.S. and Philippine navies will continue sailing together towards the common goals of increased maritime security and stability."


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Sarah Brightman: In Concert fue la primera gira de conciertos solisticos de la soprano británica Sarah Brightman. El concierto fue grabado en  el Royal Albert Hall de Londres en septiembre de 1997 y fue más tarde lanzado en formato VHS; actualmente está también disponible en DVD.

Entre los invitados especiales que interpretaron con Sarah, destacan Andrew Lloyd Webber y Andrea Bocelli. El director del concierto fue Paul Bateman, quien dirige la Orquesta Sinfónica de Londres.

Fechas de los conciertos

Reino Unido

 5 Sept. - Edinburgh Playhouse Theatre

 8 Sept. - Nottingham Royal Concert Hall

 11 Sept. - Birmingham Symphony Hall

 13 Sept. - Cardiff Arena

 16 Sept. - Brighton Centre

 19 Sept. - Bournemouth International Centre

 24 Sept. - London Royal Albert Hall

 27 Sept. - Manchester Apollo Theatre

 30 Sept. - Glasgow Royal Concert Hall

 5 Oct. - Southampton Mayflower Theatre

Alemania

 12 Oct. - Colonia

 16 Oct. - Fráncfort

 22 Oct. - Múnich

 27 Oct. - Berlín

 29 Oct. - Hamburgo

Lista de canciones

1.- Overture

2.- Bailero

3.- Les Filles de Cádiz

4.- O Mio Babbino Caro

5.- Solveig's song

6.- Summertime

7.- Pie Jesu

8.- Somewhere

9.- I Feel Pretty

10.- Tonight

11.- Tu Quieres Volver

12.- Who Wants To Live Forever

13.- Whistle Down The Wind

14.- Overture from the Phantom of the Opera

15.- Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again

16.- The Music Of The Night

17.- Time To Say Goodbye

18.- Don't Cry For Me Argentina

19.- Credits

Giras musicales de Sarah Brightman
Álbumes grabados en el Royal Albert Hall


Electricity is a major operating expense for many businesses, and it's on the rise. With the cost of electricity so high and the cost of commercial solar power so low, solar is an obvious choice for many commercial operations. In addition to this, the generous financial incentives still available make commercial solar power a smart way to reduce your business costs.
Most businesses operate while the sun is shining. This means commercial solar system owners are able to use the majority of their solar power generated during the day, which can significantly reduce the amount of power they buy from the grid.
Do you want to know if solar power is a worthwhile investment for your business?
Commercial solar installations offer an exceptional return on investment. Commercial customers often choose to finance their solar system, which in some cases can deliver a cash flow positive result, with savings from the solar system exceeding repayments.
Under the Federal Government's renewable energy policy, commercial installations up to 100kW are eligible for Small-scale Technology Certificates (STCs). This generous financial incentive reduces the cost of your system by 30% or more.
Good commercial solar system design requires a thorough analysis of your power usage, your site, and an understanding of your daily operations and future plans.
Our team starts by looking at your power bills and analysing your electricity consumption patterns. We'll then arrange a site visit to determine your suitability for a solar system, as well as to discuss your objectives and any future plans. In situations where your electricity meter allows for the collection of interval data (which is common on many commercial sites), we'll get your authorisation and gather data from your energy retailer, or network provider.
With this information we can determine the optimal sized solar power system for you and accurately calculate your return on investment.
All of this information, along with our expert recommendations on the right system design and quality components, is presented to you in an easy to understand way for your careful consideration.
Solarbank are experts in designing and installing high quality commercial solar power systems and we take pride in sharing a few of our solar power success stories.
Following an analysis of Showerama's power consumption, we installed a 50kW tilt frame solar system at the St Mary's location. Using electricity meter interval data from their retail supplier meant our team got a detailed understanding of their overall power consumption, including the exact times when they used the most power. Graphing the interval data gave us, and Showerama, useful insights.
The daily load profile follows a very consistent pattern throughout the year, with the example weekday shown (for Wednesday 30th March) being fairly typical.
Overnight and weekend loads at the site are relatively low and consistent at around 2kW.
The graph showed a high level of usage early in the day, with little seasonal fluctuation. Solarbank designed a system to preference power generation earlier in the day, with all 200 panels facing North East at a tilt of 30 degrees. Our design maximises their self-consumption of power generated and offers the highest performance balance between winter and summer periods.
"Andrew and his team did a 1st class job installing the 200 panels on the roof of our factory. The parts and workmanship are of exceptional quality and the 10 year warranty is very reassuring. The electrical installation is very neat and not invasive in any way.
After carefully examining elume Candle's power consumption, usage patterns and tariff structures, Solarbank installed a 12kW solar power system at their Riverwood factory.
elume Candles operates in the Ausgrid network area, which uses a time-of-use tariff structure with peak charges applying every weekday between 2:00pm to 8:00pm. With this in mind, and with an analysis of consumption patterns, we designed the 12kW (48 panel) system to be spit over two orientations, 30 to the north and 18 to the west – intelligently generating a significant output during the period when electricity was costing the business the most.
elume's yearly power bill, prior to installation of the solar power system was around $9,000. Since our solar system installation this has been reduced by more than 50%. elume has achieved an excellent return on their investment and we have another very satisfied customer.
With SMA's Webconnect monitoring included in the installation, both elume and Solarbank have full visibility of the energy generation from their system.
3. Burranner Family Practice 7.8kW system, Burranner Bay.
Solarbank installed a 7.8kW solar power system for the Burranner Family Medical Practice after a thorough analysis of the power consumption and discussion with the Practice owners. The Practice had an annual power bill of approximately $7,000 and was on a time-of-use tariff structure, with weekday peak rates being applied between 2:00pm and 8:00pm.
Our design made best use of the roof space and offered them the highest return on their investment. Due to the peak power prices applying in the afternoon, and with consideration of the Practice's opening hours and usage patterns, Solarbank designed the 30 panel system to consist of two arrays, 20 panels facing to the north, and 10 facing to the west. Tilt frames were used to pitch the panels at 30 degrees, the optimal pitch for Sydney's latitude.
SMA Webconnect monitoring was included, which gives the Practice and Solarbank, full visibility of their system's performance. The image from the SMA monitoring application shows the effectiveness of the design in maximising overall power generation and boosting the afternoon period when electricity is most expensive. The production bell curve is stretched into the afternoon as a result of the western facing panel array.


PLEASE PLAY THIS SCENARIO ON FAST. ALL THE TRIGGERS HAVE BEEN CALIBRATED FOR THAT SPEED.
ALSO, DO NOT USE AOK:TC TO PLAY THIS RPG BECAUSE IT SCREWS UP THE HEROES AND SOME OF THE TRIGGERS.
Your name is Charles Martel. You and a group of soldiers were sent from England to the Arabian coast on a secret mission. However, but a few miles away from your destination your ship is attacked by a horde of Saracen renegades who feared another crusade. Fortunately your small ship somehow outruns the Saracen war machines, but your vessel is dreadfully damaged and about to sink. The place you were originally going to land therefore, is no longer an option.
You are forced to land about a mile away from your original destination. As the ship hits land, it collapses in to the Arabian waters, taking with it all your soldiers. As you crawl ashore you try to get your bearings, so you can somehow find Richard the Lionhearted, who is going to give you your secret mission directives.
All you have is a sword, and some food and gold you had with you. The land around you is a friendly place. However, with only a little gold and food, and the possibility that Richard will ask you to battle, means that you must find ways to make money to buy troops.
Classic RPG scenario where you go around searching for things, talking with people and killing bad people. If you are a fan of RPG games you must download it.
It´s his first RPG scenario and he did a good job.I spend a good time playing it.
There are a couple of original things that i never saw before. My rewiew is 4/5.
James! Good job! My computer is fixed and now that I have played `it, it totally rules! Next time let me know!
A fun and well-layed out RPG! The desert background was very well mapped, and there were times I did not know where I was going, which I guess is what being in the desert is really like. I loved the upping of armour/attack in some of the larger battles, and the looting body for gold thing. In terms of balance, I would like to have known of the unique scenario attributes, such as the armour/attack bonus and the gold for killing, at the start of the game. Also, as the gameplay is quite long, I might suggest being able to talk to people more than once in the scenario. That way, you won't forget anything before you get shut out of the city ;). All in all, great work, and keep making RPGs!
Armour upgrades in battles? Looting body for gold? No looping text dialogue?!? You commenting on the right Campaign?
Just finished playing and thought I would comment. Very interesting campaign and alot of fun!
I cant wait for a sequel.
If anyone knows of any other campaigns or scenarios by this guy, could you please email me? thanks.
I thoroughly enjoyed this scenario, especially the Map design, the creativity that James shows us and the Story/Instructions were very good.
My overall score on this is a 4.6, because as I go into more detail you will understand what marked this scenario down. I think that RPG's are delightful and very fun for the ones of us who enjoy them. Not everyone is into a RPG, but I happen to love them. Now for my review on this particular scenario. I must say Very well done James.
Playability, the playability at the first is one of the thing's that marked this scenario down. I do not mind a FF but I don't like to have to keep getting healed by someone else's monk. I found this a bit tedious, as I have to keep the main person alive and to do so you kill off some, then run back to a monk and get healed, other than that this I found it very enjoyable to play and to do the tasks put in front of me.
The Balance is a bit off as I have said by the first part, after that it seems to flow very smoothly. I just wish it was as smooth from beginning to end. I liked how once you do what you are suppose to it goes very well from one part to the next. On the whole though, it flows very well with just the beginning being a wee bit off, other than that this is worth the d/l.
Creativity, well here the author shows a very well thought out idea from beginning to end. James really put his all into the creative side and it shows, as you will see once you download this campaign. I would not have given this a 5 if it didn't warrant it, but everyone will like it just like it is. I like being able to go from a FF to a huge force to be reckoned with, and that is what you will get in this campaign.
The Map Design is just terrific.I happen to love maps that are well spread out and not all clustered together and James did this quite well. I have several favorites on this map, but I do not want to give away the awesome design without people downloading this cpn first. I will tell you that you will not be disappointed in it in any way, shape or form. Every town is well thought out and placed, so that this map is all covered not just parts of it. I also loved the fact that cheater's will not like this map at all. The author made great use of eye candy and the cities are laid out quite nicely. I gave this a 5 in Map design because it just lovely to look at and to go from city to city.
Story/Instuctions, well James delivered all you need to know in this area. It is one where as you go along you will see just what you need to know, not more nor less. I thought that he was very wise the way he tells you when you need it, not before time. All the instructions and hints are very clear and precise, no cluttering the issues. The story is just great and you know exactly what you need to know every step of the way and at the end it all makes sense. I can't say just how enjoyable the story was, as well as the very well laid out Instructions.
James thanks for a very nice piece of work, that everyone should enjoy, one way or another. I think that overall James delivered a very nice, detailed piece of work that deserves to be in The Best of AOK. Thanks for a welcome change of the plain hero and making him something worth playing.
It is a good scenario but you have to spend some considerable time in the creation of new units that goes from one town to another in order to upgrade them, etc.
The thing that I liked at most was the horse race. Man! That thing really rocks!
Another important aspect of the game (this is for the author feedback) is that you need to place one unit on each town in order to produce more units quickly. If you don't have any unit on the town in order to produce an infantry unit (for example) it is impossible to just select the barracks and have it ready because of the fog. You can go to the market and change food for gold and viceversa but you can not produce units without having one of your units near the building. You know what I mean?
Well, the scnerario is OK and don't try to cheat with "Marco Polo".


Marion Local's Sam Huelsman pressures Seneca East quarterback Chase Foos during Friday night's Division VI state semifinal at Spartan Stadium.
Marion Local's Darrin Hays fights for yardage against Seneca East's Blaine Swartzmiller during Friday night's Division VI state semifinal at Spartan Stadium.
LIMA — Seneca East ran into a heavy dose of 10-time state champion Marion Local.
And it didn't turn out well for the Tigers.
Marion Local dominated Seneca East with a 34-6 steamrolling to win the Division VI football state semifinals Friday at Spartan Stadium.
Marion Local (13-1) will meet the Kirtland, a 35-18 winner against Beverly Fort Frye, next weekend for the state championship at Canton's Hall of Fame Stadium.
The day and time next week have not been announced.
Seneca East, which won its only three football playoff games this year, ends its season 12-2.
Marion Local did a little of everything and its first-team defense was too much for the Tigers.
On the ground, Marion Local was led by Nolan Habodasz, who had 14 carries for 110 yards. He had a 54-yard TD run.
In the air, Marion Local quarterback Nate Bruns completed 10 of 16 passes for 157 yards with two TDs.
Nick Tangeman had two catches for 77 yards, with a 65-yard TD down the sideline.
In the opening half, the Flyers ran nearly at will and formed a stone wall to stop Seneca East 2,300-yard rusher Blake Swartzmiller.
The 6-foot-3, 235-pound Swartzmiller finished with 15 carries for 72 yards, but the bulk of those came on his team's final drive against the Marion Local backup defenders.
"We saw a couple of pretty good backs (in the Midwest Athletic Conference)," Marion Local coach Tim Goodwin said. "He (Swartzmiller) was pretty comparable to St. Henry's running back (Zach Niekamp). They are about the same stature, but he was the player of the year in our league, too. That's a credit to this kid, too.
Marion Local romped down the field and scored the first three times it touched the ball.
The Flyers led 14-0 after the first quarter and 27-0 at the half.
The first time the Flyers got the ball they went 75 plays over seven plays for the score.
Habodasz took a pitchout around the left side and breezed to a 54-yard TD.
That gave the Flyers a 7-0 lead with 6:49 left in the opening quarter.
The second time Marion Local got the ball they rumbled 68 yards in nine plays for the TD.
Fullback Brandon Fleck plowed over left tackle for a 2-yard TD.
That gave Marion Local a 14-0 lead with 2:36 left in the first quarter.
The Flyers pushed their lead to 21-0 after the third time they had the ball.
"We played pretty well," Goodwin said.
Marion Local went 45 yards in nine plays for its third score.
Fleck again bulled over from the 1-yard line and it was 21-0 with 8:42 left before halftime.
Next it was time for the Flyers' defense to set up the offense with an interception by Grant Meier at the Tigers' 33.
Marion Local needed only two plays to cover the 33 yards for its four score.
Bruns hit Habodasz on a screen pass down the left sideline for a 33-yard TD.
"After that first drive, the line was giving me some holes and I liked it," Habodasz said.
That gave the Flyers a 27-0 lead with 29 seconds left before half.
Marion Local led 34-0 before Seneca East scored on the final play of the game.
Tigers quarterback Chase Foos completed 12 of 30 for 86 yards and had one interception.
The Marion Local line swarmed Swartzmiller and held him to six yards on six carries at the half.
Meanwhile Habodasz had 87 yards rushing and 35 receiving at the break.
Marion Local will aim for its 11th state title, including winning the championship in 2016 and 2017.


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New pizzeria in old Wimpy could be open this Friday
High Street's Wimpy to be new pizzeria
By Matthew Critchell
Going - Wimpy restaurant
A WIMPY is being converted into a new pizzeria.
The classic venue in High Street, Wickford, is set to reopen as a Tony's Authentic Pizza and Street Food outlet, hopefully this week.
Works are underway inside the restaurant ahead of the planned grand reopening.
New restaurateur Antonio Pulli, 37, said he's looking forward to opening his first outlet.
He said: "We will be offering pizza and street food, such as oven baked and deep fried food.
"There will also be seating for 42 people in the restaurant.
"We are hoping to open on Friday, but are not too sure yet about an exact date.
"This is my first restaurant but my dad ran a few previously so I have some idea.
"I am very excited to get it open to the public but also to be opening my first restaurant.
"I have been working as a chef for a long time now too.
"I think the people of this town will be happy about it, there's been a lot of interest from people.
"The residents want to know when it's opening and what we will have to offer."
But the new restaurant boss is keeping tight-lipped about the cost of the refurbishment project.
Meanwhile, residents said they were very happy to see more investment in the town centre.
Barbara Debhurd, 55, said: "I am so pleased to see this is opening soon in the high street.
"It's always good to have new businesses opening and more interest in our town centre.
"And it is always good to have more competition for business and this will help that.
"I can see this being a big hit in the town and with Wetherspoons coming now too it's going to be all change.
"I wish this owner and restaurant all the best for the future."
Train services up and running after passengers left behind at station


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Earth's magnetic fields could track ocean heat, NASA study proposes
As Earth warms, much of the extra heat is stored in the planet's ocean - but monitoring the magnitude of that heat content is a difficult task.
A surprising feature of the tides could help, however. Scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, are developing a new way to use satellite observations of magnetic fields to measure heat stored in the ocean.
"If you're concerned about understanding global warming, or Earth's energy balance, a big unknown is what's going into the ocean," said Robert Tyler, a research scientist at Goddard. "We know the surfaces of the oceans are heating up, but we don't have a good handle on how much heat is being stored deep in the ocean."
Despite the significance of ocean heat to Earth's climate, it remains a variable that has substantial uncertainty when scientists measure it globally. Current measurements are made mainly by Argo floats, but these do not provide complete coverage in time or space. If it is successful, this new method could be the first to provide global ocean heat measurements, integrated over all depths, using satellite observations.
Tyler's method depends on several geophysical features of the ocean. Seawater is a good electrical conductor, so as saltwater sloshes around the ocean basins it causes slight fluctuations in Earth's magnetic field lines. The ocean flow attempts to drag the field lines around, Tyler said. The resulting magnetic fluctuations are relatively small, but have been detected from an increasing number of events including swell, eddies, tsunamis and tides.
"The recent launch of the European Space Agency's Swarm satellites, and their magnetic survey, is providing unprecedented observational data of the magnetic fluctuations," Tyler said. "With this comes new opportunities."
Researchers know where and when the tides are moving ocean water, and with the high-resolution data from the Swarm satellites, they can pick out the magnetic fluctuations due to these regular ocean movements.
That's where another geophysical feature comes in. The magnetic fluctuations of the tides depend on the electrical conductivity of the water - and the electrical conductivity of the water depends on its temperature.
For Tyler, the question then is: "By monitoring these magnetic fluctuations can we monitor the ocean temperature?"
At the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco this week, Tyler and collaborator Terence Sabaka, also at Goddard, presented the first results. They provide a key proof-in-concept of the method by demonstrating that global ocean heat content can be recovered from "noise-free" ocean tidal magnetic signals generated by a computer model. When they try to do this with the "noisy" observed signals, it doesn't yet provide the accuracy needed to monitor changes in the heat content.
But, Tyler said, there is much room for improvement in how the data are processed and modeled, and the Swarm satellites continue to collect magnetic data. This is a first attempt at using magnetic satellite data to monitor ocean heat at all depths, he said, and there is still much more to be done before the technique could successfully resolve this key variable. For example, by identifying fluctuations caused by other ocean movements, like eddies or other tidal components, scientists can extract even more information and get more refined measurements of ocean heat content and how it's changing.
More than 90 percent of the excess heat in the Earth system goes into the ocean, said Tim Boyer, a scientist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Centers for Environmental Information. Scientists currently monitor ocean heat with shipboard measurements and Argo floats. While these measurements and others have seen a steady increase in heat since 1955, researchers still need more complete information, he said.
"Even with the massive effort with the Argo floats, we still don't have as much coverage of the ocean as we would really like in order to lower the uncertainties," Boyer said. "If you're able to measure global ocean heat content directly and completely from satellites, that would be fantastic."
Changing ocean temperatures have impacts that stretch across the globe. In Antarctica, floating sections of the ice sheet are retreating in ways that can't be explained only by changes in atmospheric temperatures, said Catherine Walker, an ice scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.
She and her colleagues studied glaciers in Antarctica that lose an average of 2 to 4 meters (6.5 to 13 feet) of elevation per year. They looked at different options to explain the variability in melting - surrounding sea ice, winds, salinity, air temperatures - and what correlated most was influxes of warmer ocean water.
"These big influxes of warm water come onto the continental shelf in some years and affect the rate at which ice melts," Walker said. She and her colleagues are presenting the research at the AGU meeting.
Walker's team has identified an area on the Antarctic Peninsula where warmer waters may have infiltrated inland, under the ice shelf- which could have impacts on sea level rise.
Float and ship measurements around Antarctica are scarce, but deep water temperature measurements can be achieved using tagged seals. That has its drawbacks, however: "It's random, and we can't control where they go," Walker said. Satellite measurements of ocean heat content and temperatures would be very useful for the Southern Ocean, she added.
Ocean temperatures also impact life in the ocean - from the microscopic phytoplankton on up. Different phytoplankton thrive at different temperatures and need different nutrients.
"Increased stratification in the ocean due to increased heating is going to lead to winners and losers within the phytoplankton communities," said Stephanie Schollaert Uz, a scientist at Goddard.
In research presented this week at AGU, she took a look 50 years back. Using temperature, sea level and other physical properties of the ocean, she generated a history of phytoplankton extent in the tropical Pacific Ocean, between 1958 and 2008. Looking over those five decades, she found that phytoplankton extent varied between years and decades. Most notably, during El Niño years, water currents and temperatures prevented phytoplankton communities from reaching as far west in the Pacific as they typically do.
Digging further into the data, she found that where the El Niño was centered has an impact on phytoplankton. When the warmer waters of El Niño are centered over the Eastern Pacific, it suppresses nutrients across the basin, and therefore depresses phytoplankton growth more so than a central Pacific El Niño.
"For the first time, we have a basin-wide view of the impact on biology of interannual and decadal forcing by many El Niño events over 50 years," Uz said.
As ocean temperatures impact processes across the Earth system, from climate to biodiversity, Tyler will continue to improve this novel magnetic remote sensing technique, to improve our future understanding of the planet.
Related Phytoplankton Articles:
The foundation of aquatic life can rapidly adapt to global warming, new research suggests
Important microscopic creatures which produce half of the oxygen in the atmosphere can rapidly adapt to global warming, new research suggests.
NASA taking stock of phytoplankton populations in the Pacific
Among the most pressing questions scientists are investigating is how much of that carbon is being stored in the ocean over the long term.
From tiny phytoplankton to massive tuna
Phytoplankton are the foundation of ocean life, providing the energy that supports nearly all marine species.
Newly discovered phytoplankton groups appear to favor warmer oceans
An international research team has discovered two phytoplankton groups -- unlike any known species -- in climate-sensitive areas around the world.
Space-based lidar shines new light on plankton
A space-based sensor that can 'see' through fog, clouds and darkness has given scientists their first continuous look at the boom-bust cycles that drive polar plankton communities.
East Asian dust deposition impacts on marine biological productivity
Scientists find significant correlations between East Asian dust events and chlorophyll a concentration not only in the open ocean of North Pacific Ocean, but also in the Chinese marginal seas.
New 13-year study tracks effects of changing ocean temperature on phytoplankton
A new multiyear study has shown for the first time how changes in ocean temperature affect a key species of phytoplankton.
Temperature, not predatory pressures, drives plankton abundance
Plankton blooms in spring are largely driven by temperature-induced increases in cell division, a new study reveals.
The oceans are full of barriers for small organisms
Subtle and short-lived differences in ocean salinity or temperature function as physical barriers for phytoplankton, and result in a patchy distribution of the oceans' most important food resource.
Ocean warming and acidification impact on calcareous phytoplankton
Researchers from the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, the University of Cambridge and the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom warn of the negative impacts of rapid ocean warming and ocean acidification on coccolithophores, and consequently in the regulatory processes of atmospheric and ocean concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2).
More Phytoplankton News and Phytoplankton Current Events
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New work from Hannah Kidd
Art on Sunday! New work going LIVE tonight: a fabulous sculpture from Hannah Kidd – widely recognised as being one of the country's foremost young sculptors.
Hannah Kidd
The appeal of her sculpture is in the first instance, their familiarity. Kidd takes inspiration from everyday New Zealand life, working dogs, hanging out the washing, life at the beach etc. She crafts her work in her Methven studio welding corrugated iron and steel. Her ability to get to the essence of the subject is unique. Kidd's intelligence and humour are very obviously part of her creative process.
Kidd graduated from Otago Polytechnic School of Art in 2001. She has quickly risen to critical acclaim with her unique and distinctive work exhibited both in New Zealand and internationally. She has also won awards in both Australia and New Zealand including the Montalto Sculpture Award, Australia and the Sculpture on the Peninsula Award, New Zealand. She is widely recognised as being one of the country's foremost young sculptors.


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Gov & Politics
CBO: The student loan cancellation plan of Biden will cost $400B
By Kimberly Lee / October 17, 2022 October 17, 2022 / Finance / 4 minutes of reading
According to the Congressional Budget Office, President Joe Biden's plan to cancel student debt will cost the federal government approximately $400 billion over the next thirty years.
These figures were made public Monday by Republican lawmakers, who opposed Biden's plan largely because of its high costs. They quickly cited the estimates as proof that the plan would "bury" taxpayers, and pass the costs along to large numbers of Americans who never attended college.
The Biden administration had previously estimated that the plan would cost $24 billion per year over the next 10 Years — approximately $240 billion for the decade. Other estimates, however, put the total cost at $500 million or more over the ten years.
The White House pointed out Monday that CBO's first-year cost estimate — $21 Billion — was lower than the administration's initial estimate of $24 Billion.
Officials considered both the immediate costs of cancellation and the long-term effects, such as lower monthly payments that would have been higher without the cancellation.
According to the office, Biden's latest extension for a student loan suspension will add $20 billion. Since the outbreak, federal student loans' monthly payments have been frozen. Biden called for the last extension in August and continued the pause until the end of the calendar year.
Biden has downplayed the cost of the cancellation plan and said it would be offset with other measures to reduce federal deficits, such as his landmark Inflation Reduction Act. The White House supported the plan Monday by claiming that it would provide relief for struggling borrowers and allow them to start businesses, purchase homes, or simply pay their bills.
Abdullah Hasan, a White House spokesperson, stated that "it's a stark contrast with the Trump tax bill which ballooned deficit by nearly $2 trillion" and provided the vast majority benefits to big corporations as well as the wealthiest people.
In the coming weeks, the administration will release detailed cost estimates.
Senator Elizabeth Warren, D.Mass., and Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.), who were both in favor of debt cancellation, stated that they disagree with some assumptions behind the CBO estimates. The senators issued a joint statement stating that the estimates showed that millions of Americans in the middle class have more breathing space because of Biden's plan.
Republicans did not see it that way.
"Rather than working with Congress in lowering college costs, President Biden has chosen to bury American citizens under our unsustainable debt," stated Rep. Virginia Foxx (the top Republican on the House education committee).
Biden's plan will cancel $10,000 of federal student loans for borrowers whose income is less than $125,000 per annum or households earning less than $250,000. An additional $10,000 would be available to those who were eligible for federal Pell Grants to pay college tuition.
The application for the benefit will be received by October 1. The fate of this plan will depend on its ability to withstand the legal challenges that conservatives promise to bring.
According to the Congressional Budget Office, 95% of federal student loan holders meet the income threshold for $10,000 relief. A Pell Grant was awarded to approximately 65% of those who received federal student loans. They are eligible for a $20,000 cancellation.
Biden's actions made it clear that the office's estimates were "highly uncertain". Many borrowers would have had their debt canceled anyway if they were offered payment plans promising to cancel any remaining debt within 10 or 20 years.
These estimates are based on everything we know about Biden's plans now. However, some details remain to be worked out. According to the office, it could revise its estimates as more details are discovered.
Not surprisingly, the $400 billion figure does not include a loan payment plan that Biden proposed to assist lower-income borrowers in the future. This plan would be identical to current plans, which limit monthly bills based upon a borrower's income but with more generous terms.
It would reduce borrowers' monthly payments to 5% of discretionary income (down from 10% now) and would forgive any balance after 10 years, instead of 20 now.
Kimberly Lee
Kimberly Lee is a writer for the Free Press Georgia news site. She writes about arts, automotive, travel, and fashion. Kimberly also has a passion for writing about new technology, like drones and robots. Kimberly's hobbies include traveling to new countries and trying out new restaurants, but she also enjoys spending time with her family—especially her niece!
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A secure process for member databases. We protect member databases through secure encryption, firewalls, hard passcode policies, active monitoring processes and limited access by credentialed experts. These steps defend sensitive information from loss, intrusion or hackers and breaches of confidentiality. Our protection policies document every phase of database transfers.
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Election security is equally as important in the more traditional voting channels like paper ballots. Policies and procedures that we recommend and provide include: check-ins, daily counts (or delivered counts) and locked vaults for storing documents.
It is crucial that the entire flow of data is tested and proven to be accurate. Any election partner should be able to demonstrate their accuracy rates before, during and after counting is complete. We employ staff solely dedicated to measuring and improving the accuracy of our voting processes.
Comprehensive election security is necessary to provide you with an election process that can hold up under the closest scrutiny. With SBS overseeing both physical and digital elements of your election, you can be confident you are providing your members a safe and secure voting process. For more information on the benefits of third-party security and SBS election services, feel free to contact us.


text:
Terry Crews Is Not Going Down Without A Fight
Ryan Melgar for BuzzFeed News
"People don't understand that Hollywood is a very violent place," Terry Crews told BuzzFeed News. "The best way to put it is that it's like a plantation. … They cut your head off so that the next person doesn't speak."
By Alanna Bennett
Alanna Bennett BuzzFeed News Reporter
Posted on March 15, 2018, at 11:24 a.m. ET
Terry Crews says he didn't plan for it to happen like this. Five days after the New York Times published a bombshell report on allegations of sexual harassment and assault against Harvey Weinstein, and five days before the #MeToo movement found new energy, Crews took a moment between shooting scenes at work to send a series of tweets detailing his own experience allegedly being groped by a powerful Hollywood agent.
20thCentFox / Everett Collection
Terry Crews and Andy Samberg in Brooklyn Nine-Nine.
"I was on the set [of Brooklyn Nine-Nine], shaking," Crews told BuzzFeed News of the moment he decided to go public with his experience. "I didn't call my publicist, I didn't call my friends, I didn't call my manager, I didn't call my wife. I just started tweeting." In those first tweets, Crews recalled being groped at an industry party in 2016. He'd later name the man who allegedly did it as Adam Venit, an agent at William Morris Endeavor Entertainment (WME), and Crews is currently suing both Venit and the company. Venit represents some of the most famous actors in Hollywood, including Sylvester Stallone, Adam Sandler, and more. Crews said the incident itself took place at Sandler's house. Venit has since apologized, and while the LAPD has declined to pursue a criminal case, Crews isn't done speaking out. After all, why stop now?
Zinc Ink
Crews has had a feud with toxic masculinity — the idea that men are taught to adhere to specific, damaging gender roles — for years. He launched his battle via his 2014 book, Manhood: How to Be a Better Man — or Just Live With One. It was then that Crews declared himself a feminist on Larry King Now. It was also the era in which he began speaking publicly about his porn addiction, his stint in rehab to treat it, and his changing relationship to the ideals of "manliness."
Four years after the release of his book, Crews is still making headlines about his relationship to toxic masculinity. Nowadays, though, the tenor of the narrative is different. In one of his initial tweets about his assault, Crews wrote about the fear that drives so many victims stay silent, especially in Hollywood. "Who is going 2 believe you? (few) What r the repercussions? (many) Do u want 2 work again? (Yes) R you prepared 2 be ostracized? (No)."
The decision to come forward about his experience came as a relief, according to Crews. But it also came at a cost. "Once I hit send, I literally felt this weight come off me," he said. "I went back to work, and I turned my phone off. And when I came back to my phone, the world had changed."
Six months later, Crews is still grappling with what those changes — from an ongoing legal battle to the perception of his peers — will mean for his life going forward.
Columbia Tristar / Everett Collection
Terry Crews in Battle Dome Season 1, 1999–2001.
Crews is no stranger to calling out institutions he views as harmful. He spent seven years in the NFL, which, as he told Arsenio Hall in 2013, carries with it a "culture of intimidation, humiliation, and violence." He later echoed that on Hot 97 in 2017, also while talking about the NFL. "It's an abusive relationship, you know why? Because they know you're going to get hurt. It's built in," he said. He also knows what it's like to lose access to those powerful behemoths. When Crews left the NFL in 1997, he had only six months worth of savings to his name. He assumed he'd get the Hollywood work he wanted right away because of the platform the NFL gave him. Instead, he took a job sweeping floors to make ends meet until he got a part on Battle Dome in 1999.
Now, Crews has been enmeshed in Hollywood for nearly 20 years. It's a relationship that's currently in a state of flux, precisely because he has refused to stay silent. According to Crews, the way people in the industry interact with him has shifted palpably since the day he went public with his accusation against Venit. "I walk in the room, and the room is split right down the middle," he said. "It just divides right there. It's kind of like lightning." On one figurative side are the people who root for Crews and his place in the #MeToo movement, people who applaud him as a silence breaker. On the other are the people who would really like Crews to shut up.
Joey Foley / WireImage
Hilarie Burton attends the 101st Indianapolis 500, 2017.
Shutting up has historically been the only option for actors who believe they've been wronged but want to continue to work in Hollywood. Most of their stories are likely still unspoken, though in 2017 that started to change one story at a time. In November, Hilarie Burton accused One Tree Hill creator Mark Schwahn of harassing and assaulting her. Burton left the series after her contract ran out in season six, and refused to be considered for starring roles in other shows for years after. "The fear of being forced into another one of these situations was crippling," she told Variety. She also noted that she didn't tell anyone at Warner Bros. Television, the studio that produced One Tree Hill, about the misconduct. "I didn't want Warner Bros. to view me as a problem, because they had been so supportive," she said. "I wanted to work at Warner Bros. again. I'm working at Warner Bros. now." In Hollywood, the fear of being labeled "difficult" or a "problem" is palpable, ongoing, and one of the most effective means of keeping people quiet. This has proven especially true for women and people of color, who've faced systemic obstacles to both entering and staying in Hollywood.
Crews notes that there are plenty of people who've been keeping their distance from him ever since he first spoke about his assault. "It's because if you've got any kind of sympathy for these toxic dudes then you don't even want to be around me," Crews speculates. "Because I will put you on blast."
And he has done just that. When Russell Simmons allegedly emailed Crews telling him he should "give [Venit] a pass," Crews called that behavior out on Twitter. He did the same when Avi Lerner, a producer for the Expendables movies, allegedly called Crews' management and said he could avoid any "problems" with the sequel if he dropped his lawsuit against Venit. And he's constantly speaking out about WME, especially since Venit returned to work there with a demotion after being suspended for a month. (Simmons and Lerner did not respond to requests for comment.)
Charley Gallay / Getty Images
Adam Venit
A few weeks after revealing Venit's identity on Good Morning America, Crews filed a sexual assault and battery lawsuit against both Venit and WME. In court papers submitted to the Los Angeles Superior Court and obtained by the Hollywood Reporter, representatives for WME present the agency's side of the story. They say that though Venit called to apologize to Crews after the incident, Crews did not inform senior management of the allegations until he tweeted about it in October. They also point to the fact that Crews stayed with the agency until November 2017, which Crews has attributed to his initial desire to "let it go" and move on — a desire that changed after the Weinstein accusations went public. As Crews told BuzzFeed News, it was seeing the negative public treatment of the women who'd accused Weinstein that prompted him to speak about his own assault. For him, it was an act of solidarity that spiraled into something more.
In a particularly fascinating excerpt of the court papers, representatives for WME also accuse Crews of trying to "equate himself with the women and men who have been forced, sometimes repeatedly and over an extended period, to submit to sex or endure sexual harassment to keep their jobs or advance their careers, while the perpetrators and others who knew about it looked the other way." It's a statement that implies that Crews' experience doesn't fall into the exact right rubric of misconduct to count. It's also antithetical to the spirit of the #MeToo movement. The movement has never been about everyone having shared the exact same scenarios of assault or harassment. Instead, it's been about highlighting just how common, deeply ingrained, and hard to shake these types of mistreatment are. And isn't that just what Crews was doing when he sent those tweets on Oct. 10?
"People don't understand that Hollywood is a very violent place. The best way to put it is that it's like a plantation."
Crews dropped WME as his agency after coming forward with the allegation. But as part of the standard agency contract, Crews is still required to pay WME a portion of his profits from any project he made while signed with them. "What business [is this] that you can do something like that to another human being, and I still have to pay you?" he said. "Everybody feels like that's OK. But this is not right. There are no checks and balances. There is no one to watch you. And given what he did to me, imagine some young girl, and an agent rapes them, and they're on a show or whatever, and they still got to pay this guy."
Crews suggests that a morality clause written into contracts could help avoid that kind of situation. "If you cross this line, why are you still getting money? Why are you still working?"
This is not Crews' first rodeo when it comes to pushback for speaking his mind. The actor said the publishers of his 2014 book Manhood — Zinc Ink, an imprint of Random House — "poo-pooed" his desire to write about toxic masculinity back when he was writing. "[They were] kind of like, Ugh, really? You really wanna do this?" he said. "I think they were expecting some kind of guys' guy book, and I think they were a little disappointed." According to Crews, he had a two-book deal that never turned into a second book. A spokesperson for Zinc Ink sent BuzzFeed News the following statement in response: "We were committed to working with Terry to deliver a book that shared his unvarnished story which defines how he views manhood while providing the reader an emotional and inspiring glimpse into the true heart of one of today's biggest stars. We are extremely proud of Manhood, Terry, and all that he has done to spark a new and meaningful conversation that challenges the traditional notion of what it means to be a man."
Regardless of the book's editing process, Crews committed to his vision of it and used the book tour as a platform to speak about feminism and masculinity. He's determined to educate the world, even if his own employers aren't willing to listen. His is in a position familiar to many feminists who'd railed against harmful systems for years before the allegations against Weinstein activated a sort of reckoning. Asked if his perspective has changed since he wrote his book, Crews said, "It wasn't that it changed. It was more that I was validated."
On top of his lawsuit against WME and Venit, Crews also filed a report with the Los Angeles Police, which opened an investigation into the incident. In February, the LA district attorney's office declined to file charges because of lack of evidence that Venit made contact with Crews' skin during the alleged groping, which would have classified the crime as a felony. The case was then passed on to the LA city attorney's office, which handles misdemeanors. In March, the city attorney's office declined the case because the statute of limitations of one year had passed. All the while, Crews says he's had to keep paying the agency he blames for not holding his alleged assailant accountable.
Karen Ballard / Lions Gate / Courtesy Everett Collection
Terry Crews and Sylvester Stallone in The Expendables, 2010.
He's also still waiting on some phone calls: Crews said he hasn't heard anything from Lerner or the rest of the Expendables team since he called out the producer on Twitter.
"No words from anybody. Nothing," Crews said. "Believe me, nobody saw that coming. Nobody thought that I was gonna put that out there." For him, it all plays into a bigger picture of what's broken in Hollywood. "People don't understand that Hollywood is a very violent place," he continued. "The best way to put it is that it's like a plantation. You use extreme violence. You see a lot of people who never work again. For even speaking up the whole thing is that they cut your head off so that the next person doesn't speak."
"If this is the end of my career, just end it now."
But Crews isn't backing down, even if the repercussions start piling up. "What I've been doing is just exposing. If this is the end of my career, just end it now," he said. "Cause I'm gonna keep living, I'm gonna keep doing my thing. But if I don't do another Expendables, then let's not do another one. I'm OK with that."
The expectation that his outspokenness might endanger his career is not unfounded. It's a narrative that's all over Hollywood, from Mo'Nique, to Brendan Fraser, to Megan Fox — who have all been pushed to the margins after various events changed their relationships to Hollywood's power structure.
After the story of the Weinstein allegations broke, the Times published the stories of six women who'd felt intimidated or silenced by their workplaces both in and out of Hollywood. One woman — who goes only by the initials A.A. — said she sued for harassment by a director and was made to sign a gag order in order to settle the case. Another, whose name is withheld, said she worked as a crew member in the industry and was fired and blacklisted after reporting misconduct at the hands of her supervisor. "When I complained to human resources, they put me 'on trial,' making it sound like I had fabricated the incidents to retaliate for me being fired," she said.
It's too early to tell if Crews will lose out on any jobs, Expendables or otherwise. And though some may appear to be avoiding him, not everyone in Hollywood is ghosting Crews — or rooting for him to stop talking. Imani Hakim, who worked with him for four years on Everybody Hates Chris, told BuzzFeed News that her support is unwavering. She said that she thanked Crews the last time she saw him, at the NAACP Image Awards. "It just requires a lot of bravery for him to be speaking up about something like that, especially being a man and a man of color," she said. "And I know the possibilities of backlash he's probably receiving, and the potential threats coming from higher powers. I've definitely been following along."
"I feel like my whole career was basically for this moment."
Crews is thoroughly unsurprised by the pushback he's witnessed and experienced by certain people in the industry. "I understand masculinity. My years in the NFL, years out here, all this stuff, years in the hood, you get it," he said. "And you know how wrong it is. I can't be silent. I feel like my whole career was basically for this moment."
Recently, news broke that Crews will have to undergo a mental health examination as part of his lawsuit against Venit. Sources close to the situation confirm this, while also noting that this is normal procedure in cases where the plaintiff is alleging emotional distress as part of the damages. News of the examination, though, prompted director Paul Feig to tweet his support of Crews, writing that "this is a disgraceful way of treating any victim of assault or abuse." Crews retweeted the message with the prayer hands emoji.
"Let me tell you, if you have a good mindset and you're on the right side, there's nothing to fear," Crews told BuzzFeed News. "But right now, if you're trying to get over and control people and use people, and be sneaky and dirty, your days are limited."
Frank Masi / Lions Gate / Courtesy Everett Collection
Terry Crews in The Expendables 2, 2012.
Regardless of what anyone throws his way, Crews seems determined to keep the conversation going. Whether that will prove damaging to his career is yet to be seen, though people on and off the record told BuzzFeed News they would still work with Crews or urge their clients to work with him. And besides, for Crews that doesn't seem to be the point — he's willing to make the sacrifice, even though he knows he shouldn't have to. And though some in Hollywood may treat his conviction with disdain, it's also one of many driving forces that transformed last October's Weinstein story from a moment into an ongoing movement.
"They don't want to see me comment, but I'm not going anywhere," Crews said of his relationship to Hollywood these past few months. "They lead this thing through shame. [They] shame you so you feel like you gotta hide in the house. …[But] once you get rid of shame, you get to step off the slave plantation. And I get to be free. This is a good thing." ●
Mar. 15, 2018, at 17:12 PM
WME submitted papers to the Los Angeles Superior Court. A previous version of this article misidentified the court.
Alanna Bennett is an entertainment reporter for BuzzFeed News and is based in New York.
Contact Alanna Bennett at alanna.bennett@buzzfeed.com.


text:
Lubomír Lízal (* 3. června 1969 Praha) je český ekonom, v letech 2011 až 2017 člen bankovní rady České národní banky.

Život
Vystudoval obor systémové programování na Fakultě elektrotechnické Českého vysokého učení technického v Praze. V roce 1998 získal doktorát v oboru ekonomie na CERGE UK a v roce 2006 se habilitoval ve stejném oboru na Univerzitě Karlově v Praze (získal tak titul doc.).

Od roku 1993 působí jako odborný pracovník v Národohospodářském ústavu Akademie věd České republiky a od roku 1998 jako odborný asistent v ekonomickém institutu CERGE UK. V roce 2002 byl zástupcem ředitele pro vědu a v letech 2003 až 2008 zastával pozici ředitele Národohospodářského ústavu AV ČR a CERGE UK.

Během svého studia a vědecké praxe absolvoval několik vzdělávacích zahraničních pobytů, např. na Tinbergen Institute v Amsterdamu (1992), na University of Pittsburgh (1994 až 1995) či na University of Michigan (1996 až 1997 a 2000 až 2001). Specializuje se na transformaci ekonomiky, ekonometrii, struktury trhu, správu a řízení podniků a vztah ekonomie a životního prostředí.

V letech 1994 až 2000 byl externím konzultantem Světové banky.

Je členem vědecké rady Národohospodářské fakulty VŠE v Praze a Fakulty elektrotechnické ČVUT v Praze, zasedá i v České statistické radě Českého statistického úřadu. Od srpna 2010 do února 2011 byl členem Národní ekonomické rady vlády. Od listopadu 2010 do února 2011 působil také v dozorčí radě energetické společnosti ČEZ.

V roce 2006 se stal členem odborného pracovního týmu pro přípravu ekologické daňové reformy. Podílel se i na přípravě Národního alokačního plánu pro Ministerstvo životního prostředí ČR na roky 2008 až 2012.

Na začátku února 2011 jej prezident Václav Klaus jmenoval s účinností od 13. února 2011 členem bankovní rady České národní banky. Funkci zastával do února 2017. Od května 2018 do ledna 2022 působil v orgánech banky Expobank CZ ovládané podnikatelem Igorem Vladimirovičem Kimem.

Reference

Čeští ekonomové
Členové bankovní rady České národní banky
Absolventi ČVUT
Absolventi Univerzity Karlovy
Narození v roce 1969
Žijící lidé
Muži
Narození 3. června
Narození v Praze


The DC-4 is a four-engined propeller-driven airliner developed by the United States company Douglas Aircraft Company. It served during the Second World War in a military role, and after the war for civilian airlines.
The designation DC-4 was used by Douglas Aircraft Company when developing the DC-4E as a large, four-engined type to complement its very successful DC-3, already in widespread operation. The DC-4 was intended to fulfill United Airlines' requirement for a long-range passenger airliner. The DC-4E (E for experimental) emerged as a 52-passenger airliner with a fuselage of unusually wide cross-section for its day with two decks and a triple fin tail unit, similar to that later used by Lockheed on its Constellation. The triple fin and double deck were abandoned on subsequent models, and the more common single fin was utilised.
The DC-4E first flew on June 7, 1938, piloted by Benny Howard and was used by United Air Lines for test flights. The type proved to be ahead of its time: It was complicated to maintain and uneconomical to operate. The sponsoring airlines, Eastern and United, decided to ask instead for a smaller and simpler derivative but before the definitive DC-4 could enter service the outbreak of the Second World War meant production was channeled to the United States Army Air Forces and the type was given the military designation C-54 Skymaster. Additional versions used by the US Navy were designated R5D. The first aircraft, a C-54, flew from Clover Field in Santa Monica, California on February 14, 1942.
Very few DC-4s remain in service today. The last three passenger-carrying DC-4s believed to be running worldwide all operate out of historic Rand Airport in Germiston, near Johannesburg in South Africa. Two fly old South African Airways (SAA) colors, they are ZS-AUB "Outeniqua" and ZS-BMH "Lebombo" and are owned by the South African Airways Museum Society  and operated by Skyclass Aviation  who specialise in Classic Airliner charters to exotic destinations in Africa. The other Skymaster is ZS-AUA "Tafelberg" which is also operated by Skyclass Aviation but is leased from the Dutch Dakota Association.
The DC-4 had a notable innovation in that its nosewheel landing gear allowed it to incorporate a fuselage of constant cross-section for most of its length. This lent itself to easy stretching into the later DC-6 and DC-7. A total of 1,163 C-54/R5Ds were built for the United States military services between 1942 and January 1946.
Douglas continued to develop the type during the war in preparation for a return to airline services when peace returned. However, the type's sales prospects were hit by the offloading of 500 wartime C-54s and R5Ds onto the civil market. DC-4s were a favorite of "startup" airlines (AKA non-scheduled or supplemental carriers) such as Great Lakes Airlines, North American Airlines, Universal Airlines, Transocean Airlines, etc. In the 1950s, Transocean Airlines (Oakland, California) was the largest operator of the DC-4.
Douglas produced just 79 new-build DC-4s before production ceased on August 9, 1947. Pressurization was available as an option, but all civilian DC-4s (and C-54s) were built unpressurized.
The DC-4/C-54 proved a popular and reliable type and several remain in service today, particularly in the USA, where it proved popular as a charter/freight plane. An example is Brooks Fuel of Fairbanks, Alaska, with several DC-4/C-54s still operational in 2007 on cargo/tanker flights to remote airstrips. The DC-4 is still in operation in the Canadian North with Buffalo Airways.
DC-4-1009 Postwar passenger model. This civil model could carry up to 86 passengers.
DC4M North Star - 71 DC-4s were built by Canadair under the designations North Star, DC-4M, C-4, and C-5. With the exception of the single C-5, these were all powered by Rolls-Royce Merlin engines and 51 of them were pressurized. The Royal Canadian Air Force, Trans-Canada Air Lines, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and BOAC operated these aircraft, the latter under the type name "Argonaut".
Aviation Traders Carvair - Starting in 1959, 21 DC-4s and C-54s found new life as ATL-98 Carvairs. The Carvair was designed to carry 22 passengers and 5 automobiles. This was accomplished by extending the fuselage, moving the cockpit above the fuselage, adding a side-opening nose, and enlarging the vertical stabilizer to offset the larger forward fuselage. These planes served as flying ferries well into the seventies, and two are still airworthy as of March 2008 - one each in Texas and South Africa.[verification needed].