text:
Q: How to add bookmark into dictionary style PDF as output of Tex code I would like to add bookmark into a dictionary style PDF, which is an output of LaTex document. I loaded the package hyperref with the optional argument bookmarks=true. But I still did not get the bookmark in the PDF output. The dictionary-style Tex code can be looked up in following:
\documentclass[twoside,10pt,twocolumn]{book}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\usepackage{adforn}
\usepackage[top=2.0cm, bottom=3.5cm, left=2cm, right=2cm]{geometry}%
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage[french, english]{babel}%
\usepackage[utf8x,utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{color}
\definecolor{marron}{RGB}{60,30,10}
\definecolor{darkblue}{RGB}{0,0,80}
\definecolor{lightblue}{RGB}{80,80,80}
\definecolor{darkgreen}{RGB}{0,80,0}
\definecolor{darkgray}{RGB}{0,80,0}
\definecolor{darkred}{RGB}{80,0,0}
\definecolor{shadecolor}{rgb}{0.97,0.97,0.97}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{hanging}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%
\usepackage{fourier-orns}
\newcommand{\ornpar}{\noindent \textcolor{darkgray}{ \raisebox{-1.9pt}       [10pt][10pt]{\leafright} \hrulefill \raisebox{-1.9pt}[10pt][10pt] {\leafright \decofourleft \decothreeleft  \aldineright \decotwo                    \floweroneleft \decoone}}}%

\newcommand{\ornimpar}{\textcolor{darkgray}{\raisebox{-1.9pt}[10pt][10pt]{\decoone \floweroneright \decotwo \aldineleft \decothreeright  \decofourright \leafleft} \hrulefill \raisebox{-1.9pt}[10pt][10pt]{\leafleft}}}%
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%
\newcommand\entry[4][]{\hangpara{2em}{1}  {\fontfamily{phv}\selectfont{\textbf{{#2}}}}\ #4\
#3 \ifx\relax #1 \relax \markboth{#2}{#2}\else\markboth{#1}{#1}\fi
\vspace*{5pt}\par} \nopagebreak[4]%
\newcommand*{\dictchar}[1]{\centerline{\LARGE\textbf{#1}}\vspace*{10pt}\par}%
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%
% use fancyhdr or whatever you want to add
% the boxes to the header to make them appear
% on every page

% new counter to hold the current number of the
% letter to determine the vertical position
\newcounter{letternum}
% newcounter for the sum of all letters to get
% the right height of a box
\newcounter{lettersum}
\setcounter{lettersum}{26}
% some margin settings
\newlength{\thumbtopmargin}
\setlength{\thumbtopmargin}{2.06cm}%1cm
\newlength{\thumbbottommargin}
\setlength{\thumbbottommargin}{3cm}
% calculate the box height by dividing the page height
\newlength{\thumbheight}
\pgfmathsetlength{\thumbheight}{%
(\paperheight-\thumbtopmargin-\thumbbottommargin)%
/%
\value{lettersum}
}
% box width
\newlength{\thumbwidth}
\setlength{\thumbwidth}{1.5cm}
% style the boxes
\tikzset{
thumb/.style={
fill=black!50!red,
text=white,
minimum height=\thumbheight,
text width=\thumbwidth,
outer sep=0pt,
font=\sffamily\bfseries,
}
}
\newcommand{\oddthumb}[1]{%
% see pgfmanual.pdf for more information about this part
\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay]
    \node [thumb,text centered,anchor=north east,] at ($%
        (current page.north east)-%
        (0,\thumbtopmargin+\value{letternum}*\thumbheight)%
    $) {#1};
\end{tikzpicture}
}
\newcommand{\eventhumb}[1]{%
% see pgfmanual.pdf for more information about this part
\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay]
    \node [thumb,text centered,anchor=north west,] at ($%
        (current page.north west)-%
        (0,\thumbtopmargin+\value{letternum}*\thumbheight)%
    $) {#1};
\end{tikzpicture}
}

% create a new command to set a new lettergroup
\newcommand{\lettergroup}[1]{%

\fancypagestyle{chapterstart}{%
\fancyhf{}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\chead{\oddthumb{#1}}% chapters start only on odd pages
\cfoot{\thepage}
}

%\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
%\fancyhead{}

\fancyhead[LO]{ \raisebox{1em}{ \fontfamily{phv}     \selectfont{\textbf{\rightmark}} } \oddthumb{#1}}%
\fancyhead[RE]{ \raisebox{1em}{ \fontfamily{phv}   \selectfont{\textbf{\leftmark}} } \eventhumb{#1}}

\fancyhead[LE]{{\fontfamily{phv}\selectfont{\textbf{\raisebox{1em}{\rightmark}}}}}

\fancyhead[CO,CE]{\color{darkgray} \raisebox{-2.1pt}[10pt][10pt]  {\leafright} \hrulefill \raisebox{-2.1pt}[10pt][10pt]{~~~\decofourleft \decotwo \decofourright~~~} \hrulefill \raisebox{-2.1pt}[10pt][10pt]{  \leafleft}}

\fancyhead[RO]{{\fontfamily{phv}\selectfont{\textbf{\raisebox{1em}{\leftmark}}}}}

 % step the counter of the letters
 \stepcounter{letternum}
 }
 %---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%
\fancypagestyle{basicstyle}{%
\fancyhf{}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.4pt}
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\textbf{\chaptitle}}
\fancyhead[LO,RE]{\textbf{\thepage}}
\fancyfoot[LE,RO]{\thepage}}

\fancypagestyle{dictstyle}{%
\fancyhf{}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyhead{}

\fancyfoot[LO]{
\ornimpar \\ \hfill \textcolor{darkgray}{\large \leafNE ~~~   \raisebox{-0.35em}{\textsf{\textbf{\thepage}}} }  }

\fancyfoot[RE]{\ornpar   \\ \textcolor{darkgray}{\large  \raisebox{-0.35em}{\textsf{\textbf{\thepage}}} ~~~ \reflectbox{\leafNE}}  \hfill  }
}

\setlength{\columnsep}{20pt}
\setlength{\columnseprule}{0pt}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%

\usepackage[bookmarks=true]{hyperref}

%\pagestyle{basicstyle}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%

\begin{document}
%\maketitle
\begin{titlepage}
\centering\Huge   \adforn{26}\adforn{21}\quad\adforn{11}\quad\adforn{49}\adforn{54}

\vspace*{2em}\centering\bf
\texttt{My Dictionary}\par

\vspace{2em}
{\hfill\centering \large{The Author}\hfill}
\end{titlepage}

\newpage

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%

\pagestyle{dictstyle}%dictstyle
\lettergroup{A}
\dictchar{A}
% \hyperlink{A}{\dictchar{A}}
\entry[headwords]{headwords}{translations}{\textsf{/yinfu/}}
\entry[headwords2]{headwords2}{translations2}{/yinfu/}
\entry[philosophy]{philosophy} {Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,  consectetuer
adipiscing elit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, \emph{plac- erat ac}}  {/yinfu/}
\entry[Math]{Math}{Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet}{/yinfu/}
\entry[Physics]{Physics}{\lipsum[1-2]}{/yinfu/}
\entry[Nature]{Nature}{\lipsum}{/yinfu/}
\clearpage

\lettergroup{B}
\dictchar{B}
\entry[headwords]{headwords}{translations}{/yinfu/}
\entry[headwords2]{headwords2}{translations2}{/yinfu/}
\clearpage

\lettergroup{C}
\dictchar{C}
\entry[headwords]{headwords}{translations}{/yinfu/}
\entry[headwords2]{headwords2}{translations2}{/yinfu/}
\clearpage
\end{document}

Thanks for your suggestions in advance.

A: I solve the question by myself, and display the adjusted code in following. It may be helpful to some beginner (at least like me). When I posted my question previously I did not know how to set up the link anchor partly. I solved this problem by using the commands \label{name} inside the letter group and \pdfbookmark[section]{A or B ...}{name} before the letter group. However, I do not know whether this method is standard or we have other better solutions. The MWE:
\documentclass[twoside,10pt,twocolumn]{book}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\usepackage{adforn}
\usepackage[top=2.0cm, bottom=3.5cm, left=2cm, right=2cm]{geometry}%
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage[french, english]{babel}%
\usepackage[utf8x,utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{color}
\definecolor{marron}{RGB}{60,30,10}
\definecolor{darkblue}{RGB}{0,0,80}
\definecolor{lightblue}{RGB}{80,80,80}
\definecolor{darkgreen}{RGB}{0,80,0}
\definecolor{darkgray}{RGB}{0,80,0}
\definecolor{darkred}{RGB}{80,0,0}
\definecolor{shadecolor}{rgb}{0.97,0.97,0.97}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{hanging}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%
\usepackage{fourier-orns}
\newcommand{\ornpar}{\noindent \textcolor{darkgray}{ \raisebox{-1.9pt}       [10pt][10pt]{\leafright} \hrulefill \raisebox{-1.9pt}[10pt][10pt] {\leafright \decofourleft \decothreeleft  \aldineright \decotwo                    \floweroneleft \decoone}}}%

\newcommand{\ornimpar}{\textcolor{darkgray}{\raisebox{-1.9pt}[10pt][10pt]{\decoone \floweroneright \decotwo \aldineleft \decothreeright  \decofourright \leafleft} \hrulefill \raisebox{-1.9pt}[10pt][10pt]{\leafleft}}}%
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%
\newcommand\entry[4][]{\hangpara{2em}{1}  {\fontfamily{phv}\selectfont{\textbf{{#2}}}}\ #4\
#3 \ifx\relax #1 \relax \markboth{#2}{#2}\else\markboth{#1}{#1}\fi
\vspace*{5pt}\par} \nopagebreak[4]%
\newcommand*{\dictchar}[1]{\centerline{\LARGE\textbf{#1}}\vspace*{10pt}\par}%
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%
% use fancyhdr or whatever you want to add
% the boxes to the header to make them appear
% on every page

% new counter to hold the current number of the
% letter to determine the vertical position
\newcounter{letternum}
% newcounter for the sum of all letters to get
% the right height of a box
\newcounter{lettersum}
\setcounter{lettersum}{26}
% some margin settings
\newlength{\thumbtopmargin}
\setlength{\thumbtopmargin}{2.06cm}%1cm
\newlength{\thumbbottommargin}
\setlength{\thumbbottommargin}{3cm}
% calculate the box height by dividing the page height
\newlength{\thumbheight}
\pgfmathsetlength{\thumbheight}{%
(\paperheight-\thumbtopmargin-\thumbbottommargin)%
/%
\value{lettersum}
}
% box width
\newlength{\thumbwidth}
\setlength{\thumbwidth}{1.5cm}
% style the boxes
\tikzset{
thumb/.style={
fill=black!50!red,
text=white,
minimum height=\thumbheight,
text width=\thumbwidth,
outer sep=0pt,
font=\sffamily\bfseries,
}
}
\newcommand{\oddthumb}[1]{%
% see pgfmanual.pdf for more information about this part
\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay]
    \node [thumb,text centered,anchor=north east,] at ($%
        (current page.north east)-%
        (0,\thumbtopmargin+\value{letternum}*\thumbheight)%
    $) {#1};
\end{tikzpicture}
}
\newcommand{\eventhumb}[1]{%
% see pgfmanual.pdf for more information about this part
\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture, overlay]
    \node [thumb,text centered,anchor=north west,] at ($%
        (current page.north west)-%
        (0,\thumbtopmargin+\value{letternum}*\thumbheight)%
    $) {#1};
\end{tikzpicture}
}

% create a new command to set a new lettergroup
\newcommand{\lettergroup}[1]{%

\fancypagestyle{chapterstart}{%
\fancyhf{}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\chead{\oddthumb{#1}}% chapters start only on odd pages
\cfoot{\thepage}
}

%\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
%\fancyhead{}

\fancyhead[LO]{ \raisebox{1em}{ \fontfamily{phv}     \selectfont{\textbf{\rightmark}} } \oddthumb{#1}}%
\fancyhead[RE]{ \raisebox{1em}{ \fontfamily{phv}   \selectfont{\textbf{\leftmark}} } \eventhumb{#1}}

\fancyhead[LE]{{\fontfamily{phv}\selectfont{\textbf{\raisebox{1em}{\rightmark}}}}}

\fancyhead[CO,CE]{\color{darkgray} \raisebox{-2.1pt}[10pt][10pt]  {\leafright} \hrulefill \raisebox{-2.1pt}[10pt][10pt]{~~~\decofourleft \decotwo \decofourright~~~} \hrulefill \raisebox{-2.1pt}[10pt][10pt]{  \leafleft}}

\fancyhead[RO]{{\fontfamily{phv}\selectfont{\textbf{\raisebox{1em}{\leftmark}}}}}

 % step the counter of the letters
 \stepcounter{letternum}
 }
 %---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%
\fancypagestyle{basicstyle}{%
\fancyhf{}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.4pt}
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\textbf{\chaptitle}}
\fancyhead[LO,RE]{\textbf{\thepage}}
\fancyfoot[LE,RO]{\thepage}}

\fancypagestyle{dictstyle}{%
\fancyhf{}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyhead{}

\fancyfoot[LO]{
\ornimpar \\ \hfill \textcolor{darkgray}{\large \leafNE ~~~   \raisebox{-0.35em}{\textsf{\textbf{\thepage}}} }  }

\fancyfoot[RE]{\ornpar   \\ \textcolor{darkgray}{\large  \raisebox{-0.35em}{\textsf{\textbf{\thepage}}} ~~~ \reflectbox{\leafNE}}  \hfill  }
}

\setlength{\columnsep}{20pt}
\setlength{\columnseprule}{0pt}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%

\usepackage[bookmarks=true]{hyperref}

\usepackage{bookmark}

%\pagestyle{basicstyle}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%

\begin{document}
%\maketitle
\begin{titlepage}
\centering\Huge   \adforn{26}\adforn{21}\quad\adforn{11}\quad\adforn{49}\adforn{54}

\vspace*{2em}\centering\bf
\texttt{My Dictionary}\par

\vspace{2em}
{\hfill\centering \large{The Author}\hfill}
\end{titlepage}

\newpage

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%

\pdfbookmark[section]{A}{sec1}
\pagestyle{dictstyle}%dictstyle
\lettergroup{A}
\dictchar{A}
\label{sec1}
% \hyperlink{A}{\dictchar{A}}
\entry[headwords]{headwords}{translations}{\textsf{/yinfu/}}
\entry[headwords2]{headwords2}{translations2}{/yinfu/}
\entry[philosophy]{philosophy} {Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,  consectetuer
adipiscing elit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, \emph{plac- erat ac}}  {/yinfu/}
\entry[Math]{Math}{Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet}{/yinfu/}
\entry[Physics]{Physics}{\lipsum[1-2]}{/yinfu/}
\entry[Nature]{Nature}{\lipsum}{/yinfu/}
\clearpage

\pdfbookmark[section]{B}{sec2}
\lettergroup{B}
\dictchar{B}
\label{sec2}
\entry[headwords]{headwords}{translations}{/yinfu/}
\entry[headwords2]{headwords2}{translations2}{/yinfu/}
\clearpage

\pdfbookmark[section]{C}{sec3}
\lettergroup{C}
\dictchar{C}
\label{sec3}
\entry[headwords]{headwords}{translations}{/yinfu/}
\entry[headwords2]{headwords2}{translations2}{/yinfu/}
\clearpage
\end{document}

The output of the Tex code above is as follows:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Texas Self-portrait is a life-size photo series investigating the relationship between the artist and her new environment, Texas. Yoon Cho has moved many times in her life and it has deeply affected her interest in examining the relationship between herself and her surroundings. The photographs are taken in front of Texas native plants, her house, beach, etc. Each photograph is combined with graphics of the artist's electrocardiogram, x-ray of ovaries, thumbprint, compass as a guiding light, labyrinth and new suburban neighborhood development map in suburbia.


text:
Cerebral malaria risk is gene-linked
Europeans are three times more likely to develop cerebral malaria than Africans. The difference appears to be caused by a gene which has mutated in Africans but not in Europeans.
Keywords: Diseases, DNA, Evolution, Genetics, Health
By: Charlotte Price Persson
Most malaria-related deaths occur in children under five years. The disease often begins with influenza-like symptoms and can result in coma and blood loss. (Photo: Colourbox)
Tests performed on blood samples from 1,200 malaria-infected Ghanaian children and healthy Europeans (in this case Danes) have revealed what researchers have long suspected – that genetic factors play a role in whether or not an individual contracts cerebral malaria.
In the majority of the Ghanaian blood samples, the gene RNASE3 was inactive, but in the European blood samples the gene was active.
These results, obtained by Michael Theisen at the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen, were compared with published data from non-African populations such as China, Japan, Sweden and the US, and from African populations including Nigeria, Sudan and Uganda.
Mutation gives protection
All these data evidenced the same characteristic: the RNASE3 gene in non-Africans was active, while in Africans the gene was inactive due to mutation.
The significance of this finding lies in the fact that the active gene produces a protein which, although it is part of an immune response mechanism, has the opposite effect in the case of cerebral malaria and actually raises the risk of contracting the disease.
Malaria is a disease with influenza-like symptoms caused by a blood-borne parasite. Symptoms include fever, malaise and other complications which in the worst case can be fatal.
Malaria is one of the main causes of illness and death worldwide. According to WHO there were 216 million new cases in 2010, with 655,000 deaths worldwide (mainly children under five years), although the numbers have fallen significantly since 2000.
Malaria is widespread in tropical and subtropical latitudes, especially in Africa.
"This has led us to the hypothesis that the mutation has been preserved in Africans because it better equips them to withstand this deadly disease," says Theisen.
Shift towards gene research
Every year, malaria claims the lives of up to a million people, the majority of victims being children under five in Africa. Huge resources are being used to conduct research into the disease in the hope that improved treatments can be developed.
Theisen has himself been working for nearly ten years with researchers from the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research in Ghana to characterise the antibodies which give immunity against malaria.
Recently however, there has been a shift in the research focus towards studying genes. As part of this work, Theisen's laboratory received blood samples from two groups of hospitalised children in Ghana suffering from malaria. One group had cerebral malaria, while the other had 'ordinary' malaria.
Evolution plays a role
Comparison of the RNASE3 gene from the two groups showed that, just as in Europeans, the children with cerebral malaria had the active form of the gene three times more frequently than the children with ordinary malaria. By extrapolation, this can be interpreted to mean that Europeans and other non-African population groups with the active RNASE3 gene have three times the risk of developing cerebral malaria.
Transmission of malaria begins when a mosquito takes a blood meal from a malaria-infected human.
The malaria parasite develops in the gut of the mosquito and migrates to the salivary glands, where it is then ready to infect another human host.
"If the hypothesis holds, it should be the case that few Africans have the active form of the gene," says Theisen. "It is pure evolution. Children with cerebral malaria die. Those with the mutated gene survive and pass on the gene to their offspring."
A piece of the puzzle
The results will now be verified in mice infected with cerebral malaria. If there really is a connection between the active RNASE3 gene and cerebral malaria, there could be an opportunity to develop a new malaria treatment.
But Theisen cautions that there may be other factors besides the RNASE3 gene that have significance for contracting cerebral malaria.
"It would be naive to think that our findings are the sole explanation of why some are better at fighting off cerebral malaria than others. But the results take us closer to one of the pieces in the puzzle," he says.
Nigel Mander
Malaria vaccine offers hope for women in Africa Early pre-programming of genes How we can cure deadly diseases Feed your genes Protein that controls DNA packing identified
Polymorphisms in the RNASE3 Gene Are Associated with Susceptibility to Cerebral Malaria in Ghanaian Children (PloS ONE)
Michael Theisen's profile (in Danish)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tõnu Kaljuste (born August 28, 1953) is an Estonian conductor.

Born in Tallinn, Kaljuste is the son of Heino Kaljuste (1925–1989), an Estonian choral conductor, and Lia Kaljuste, a radio journalist. Tõnu sang in his father's choirs as a child, and graduated from the Tallinn Music High School (Tallinna Muusikakeskkool) in 1971. He completed a graduate degree at the Tallinn Conservatory in 1976, studying with Jüri Variste and Roman Matsov, and continued as a postgraduate at the Leningrad Conservatory until 1978.

Kaljuste took his father's role as leader of the Ellerhein Chamber choir in 1974, an ensemble that performed choral works ranging from Renaissance music to contemporary avant-garde music. He was professor of choral conducting at the Tallinn Conservatory from 1978 to 1980, and won the Best Conductor prize at the 1980 Béla Bartók International Choral Competition. With financial support from the Estonian government, Kaljuste turned the Ellerhein Chamber Choir into a full-time ensemble, and renamed it the Estonian Philharmonic Chamber Choir in 1981. Kaljuste also conducted with the Estonian National Opera between 1978 and 1995.

In October 1980, Kaljuste was a signatory of the Letter of 40 Intellectuals, a public letter in which forty prominent Estonian intellectuals defended the Estonian language and protested the Russification policies of the Kremlin in Estonia.  The signatories also expressed their unease against Republic-level government in harshly dealing with youth protests in Tallinn that were sparked a week earlier due to the banning of a public performance of the punk rock band Propeller.

After Estonia won independence in 1991, many of the barriers to international performing and recording were lifted, and Kaljuste became well known for his recordings on ECM Records of the works of Estonian composers such as Veljo Tormis, Erkki-Sven Tüür, Heino Eller, and Arvo Pärt. In 1993, he formed the Tallinn Chamber Orchestra; he was also principal conductor of the Swedish Radio Choir between 1994 and 2000, as well as of the Netherlands Chamber Choir (1998–2000).

Aside from Estonian composers, Kaljuste has also recorded works of Beethoven, Penderecki, Alfred Schnittke, Rachmaninov, Mozart, Sergei Taneyev, Vivaldi, and others.

In 2014, Kaljuste was listed by the Estonian World as the second most outstanding Estonian in that year, right behind Arvo Pärt. Tõnu Kaljuste has won a Grammy Award in the Best Choral Performance category for his work on composer Arvo Pärt's album "Adam's Lament" at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in Los Angeles.
On 10 May, 2019 Tõnu Kaljuste was presented with the International Classical Music Award (ICMA) in the category of Contemporary Music at a gala event in Lucerne, Switzerland. Kaljuste received the award for his recording of Arvo Pärt's four symphonies with the NFM Wrocław Philharmonic Orchestra (ECM).

Discography

Arvo Pärt: The Symphonies (ECM, 2018)
Heino Eller: Neenia (ECM, 2001)
Alfred Schnittke: Psalms of Repentance (ECM, 1999)
Ignis (ECM, 1998) (With Paul Giger)
Arvo Pärt: Kanon Pokajanen (ECM, 1998)
Arvo Pärt: Litany (ECM, 1996)
Arvo Pärt: Te Deum (ECM, 1993)
Veljo Tormis: Forgotten Peoples (ECM, 1992)

References

External links
Official website
ECM Records Artist Page

Musicians from Tallinn
Estonian conductors (music)
Estonian choral conductors
1953 births
Living people
ECM Records artists
EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists
Recipients of the Order of the National Coat of Arms, 2nd Class
Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre alumni
Tallinn Music High School alumni
Academic staff of the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre
Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni
21st-century conductors (music)
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 4th Class

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Are you washing your hands wrong?
By Amy Kraft
April 12, 2016 / 11:48 AM / CBS News
For years there have been two leading authorities on hand washing: the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). WHO promotes a six-step technique and CDC touts a three-step approach.
So which is better?
To find out, researchers watched 42 doctors and 78 nurses wash their hands after delivering patient care. Half of the group followed the WHO's method and the other half the CDC's. All participants used an alcohol-based hand rub. Then they were tested to see whose hands were cleaner.
And the winner: The WHO's six-step method for scrubbing every exposed surface of the hands hands was better at reducing bacteria. The study reports that the technique reduced median bacterial count from 3.28 CFU/mL (colony-forming units per milliliter) to 2.58 CFU/mL compared to the three-step method, which only reduced median bacterial count from 3.08 to 2.88 CFU/mL.
The researchers note that the six-step method requires 25 percent more time to complete (42.50 seconds compared to 35 seconds). That may be part of the reason why people are less likely to stick with it.
"One of the interesting incidental findings was that compliance with the six-step technique was lacking," Jacqui Reilly, PhD, lead author of the study and professor of infection prevention and control at Glasgow Caledonian University in Scotland, said in a press release. "Only 65 percent of providers completed the entire hand hygiene process despite participants having instructions on the technique in front of them and having their technique observed. This warrants further investigation for this particular technique and how compliance rates can be improved."
The research is published in Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, the journal of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America.
"Hand hygiene is regarded as the most important intervention to reduce healthcare-associated infections, but there is limited evidence on which technique is most effective," Reilly said in a press release. "This study provides a foundation for effective best practices to implement on the frontlines of healthcare."
The problem is a big one: The CDC has estimated that one in 25 hospital patients in the United States catches an infection while hospitalized, highlight the need for continued efforts to improve infection control.
Below is a step-by-step guide for the WHO's hand-washing method.
First published on April 12, 2016 / 11:48 AM
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It's Day 3 of 12 Days of Giveaways and it's presented to you by Trendy Pet! We've featured this company before on the blog and we're happy to have them back. Trendy Pet makes stylish feeders for both cats and dogs as well as health and wellness items and accessories. Trendy Pet sent us one of their 4-inch elevated feeders for the cats to try.
Why Choose An Elevated Feeder?
I've been guilty of feeding my cats on the floor. What do I mean by that? I just put their food dish down directly onto the floor. But is using a raised or elevated feeder with your cat better? Yes! Raising their food dish or using an elevated feeder allows for better posture while eating and can also aid digestion.
When a cat's dish is on the floor, the cat must crouch down, which can crunch the cat's stomach in. But if they're in a sitting position, their stomach isn't pressed in and the cat is in a more relaxed position while eating.
A sitting position also promotes better digestion for the cat. Gravity can work its magic and help the food stay down. Have you ever seen your cat scarf down their food, only to have it reappear right away? The sitting position may help reduce this.
Older cats may also benefit from an elevated feeder. Their joints can be stiffer and crouching down to eat may be uncomfortable for them.
Disclaimer: I am not a veterinarian, nor do I have any medical background. If your cat has trouble eating or keeping food down, you should check with your veterinarian.
Trendy Pet provided us with their 4-inch, 2-bowl elevated feeder to try out. Now, I'll be honest. Getting my cats to eat is pretty easy, no matter what the dish or if it's elevated. Which means that getting them to eat from the elevated feeder was as easy as putting food in the bowl. But just knowing that they're more comfortable while eating from an elevated feeder makes me feel better and want to do what's best for them.
Mama: What do you think, Woodrow?
Woodrow: I can't hear you over my chomping.
Woodrow: Sorry, what'd ya say, Mama?
Mama: Do you like the elevated feeder?
Woodrow: Is my bowl empty?
Olive: Move along, Woodrow. Let me check this out.
Olive: Mama, there's something wrong here.
Olive: This bowl is empty! Can I get some service around here? No tip for you!
The elevated feeder comes in black or white and is available for order at trendypet.com for $60.00. But right now, Trendy Pet is having a storewide sale with everything 25% off until the New Year! Trendy Pet also sells on Amazon.
Trendy Pet is owned by a mother and daughter team – Maureen and Devin – who started the company because they wanted elevated feeders for their dogs. But their dogs were different sizes, so they went to work on creating a solution. And Trendy Pet was born! While they don't have any cats at home, they do know the importance of elevated feeders for cats as well. And they even make a Whisker Stress Free Cat Feeder that we reviewed earlier, which is quite stylish and also elevated.
Keep up-to-date with the latest from Trendy Pet on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter!
Trendy Pet is allowing us to give away one 4-Inch Elevated Feeder to one lucky winner! The winner can choose either white or black. Simply enter a blog comment below and then enter the giveaway through Rafflecopter. The giveaway is open to U.S. residents (details below).
The giveaway is open to residents who reside in the United States, 18+ years of age, except where prohibited by law. One winner will be selected randomly by Rafflecopter and contacted via email. The winner will have 48 hours to claim their prize. Failure to do so will result in forfeiture of the prize, and a new winner will be randomly selected by Rafflecopter. The giveaway closes on Saturday, December 8, 2018 at 5:00pm Pacific.
Do you currently use an elevated feeder or raise your cat's bowl off the ground?
that looks super stylish… and according to a wise man the eyes eat with us… and they will love this feeders!
I've always loved these elevated feeders….they look great and I once tried to imagine having to bend down to eat all my food and didn't like the idea – so why should cats and dogs have to do that??? They don't! Anyway, we'd love to win one – either color – sure makes all kinds of sense to use an elevated food station.
We really need to set up a second feeding station and this would make a purrfect start!
I like the idea of elevated water dishes but I use flat containers for food (whisker thing).
We don't have an elevated feeder yet.
When I saw the first pics, I thought about whisker fatigue but then I see the one below with the elongated dish and YES!! Love this idea!
Thanks for the great review! I have never used an elevated feeder before, but it sounds like a great idea!
I have an older cat and I think this would make eating easier for her. It is also great looking!
I used to raise my cats bowl by putting a book under it. This elevated feeder would be a lot better!
Ooo I love the way these look!
I don't currently use an elevated bowl for my kitties, but I like the sleek look of this one. It will be easy to keep clean, and I think my older kitty would love it!
Nice, do they have inserts to slow down eating? I find that is another part of why my cats will regurgitate what they eat.
Like the idea that the top is solid and water resistant.
Thanks for the share. We really love the way it looks and helps a kitties when they are eating. Woodrow was chomping down like there was no tomorrow. Great photos of you beautiful ones. Your going to need a bell so they can ring for service. Have a wonderful day.
Those are some snazzy feeders – we like!
That is some classy feeder, we like!
I just raise my cat's bowl off the ground. I do not have the elevated feeder as of yet.
That is a lovely and stylish looking feeder.
All of us have raised bowls. It makes eating much easier. That feeder is very nice.
I use a flat cardboard scratching post to elevate one of my cat's food bowls. The other food bowl sits on the floor. I want a black elevated feeder.
I put my pet bowl on a step so it is elevated for him. This would be an improvement.
Those look great. We don't have any raised feeders.
This is a great idea. I elevate my cat's bowls, because it allows him to stretch his neck when he's eating or drinking, which makes it easier for the food or water to go down. I'd love this.
yes, i do, my vet even recommended doing it. i have been using one for many years.
I do not elevate my cat's bowls.
No I don't currently use an elevated feeder. This would be very ideal for my cat, Daisy Mae. If and when I win(thinking positive), I would choose the black. Maybe my cat would eat more if it were from an elevated feeder. Oh I hope I win.
I've never tried a raised feeder for my cats. I think they would like it.
The doggie that came before the Basset Hound used an elevated feeder. It kept the bowls contained, too, so they wouldn't get tipped over when he scarfed down his kibble. Mom set my food bow up on a cake stand a few times to elevate it, but hasn't since. Winks.
Yes they use a raised feeder but could use a sturdier one. I like the white one.
Our mom has been wanting to try Trendy Pet products since forever!! Our paws are crossed that we win. P.s. You guys are doing a great job with your 12 days of Christmas!
I don't use an elevated system, but would like to start.
I just use a regular bowl and placemat.
My mature cats would love one of these! We have one elevated bowl, which my eldest beauty uses. This would be perfect for us. Thank you for the opPURR-TUNA-ty to win!
We don't have an elevated feeder but my cats would surely like one.
I don't have any elevated feeding stations, but sounds like I should!
I don't currently use an elevated feeder. My cats would love one!
I do not raise their bowls off the ground.
I do nto currently use an elevated feeder but I've heard it is better for cats and dogs.


The Herend Guild is no longer active, however Nielsens Gifts still has several of the fabulous special figurines the Herend Guild produced over the years.
The Herend Guild's Panda, the annual figurine of 2002.
The Herend Guild's Raccoon, the annual figurine of 2004.
The Herend Guild's Clown Fish, the annual figurine of 2010.


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Top 10 crystalline PV module manufacturer ranking
With production and capacity figures provided by industry analyst IHS Markit, pv magazine provides a rundown of the top 10 crystalline silicon module manufacturers based on 2017 production data, followed by a look at the market forces and technology trends that have shaped the supply landscape.
July 20, 2018 Mark Hutchins
Image: Trina Solar
Record-breaking years seem to have become business as usual in the PV industry, and 2017 was no exception with global installations for the year brushing the 100 GW mark. Demand for new installations surpassed the expectations of most analysts, meaning supply conditions were tight across the supply chain, with prices even rising at some points during the year.
These conditions played into the hands of the biggest silicon module manufacturers, who after being rocked by oversupply conditions in 2016, were able to take advantage of stable prices and strong demand to improve their position, and plan major capacity expansions.
"The module market in 2017 worked to suppliers' advantage," comments Jade Jones, Senior Analyst, Solar Markets at GTM Research. "Strong demand in the China region, as well as Southeast Asian supply tightness due to the Section 201 threat [from the U.S.], allowed suppliers to capture healthy margins."
JinkoSolar maintained its place as the largest module manufacturer in 2017, producing just over 6.5 GW, an increase of more than 1 GW on the previous year. In spite of this increase, the company's gross profit fell 22.7%, from CNY 3.87 billion ($583 million) to CNY 2.99 billion ($451 million). JinkoSolar cited lower module prices and higher material costs as the main reasons for this. "Our gross margin was 11.3% for the year, compared to 18.1% in 2016, partially as a result of increased collaboration with OEM partners to meet surging market demand, especially in the first half of 2017, and higher raw material costs," states JinkoSolar CEO, Kangping Chen, commenting on the company's 2017 financial results.
For the most part, 2017 was a stable year for the largest five manufacturers. While Jinko and other top-tier manufacturers were able to absorb these lower margins without too much trouble, there were casualties at the other end of the table. Yingli Green Energy hung on in ninth place, managing to ship more than 3 GW in full year 2017. In spite of this, the company posted a net loss of $510 million, and total liabilities of $3.2 billion. While it has persuaded many of these creditors to wait for the time being, Yingli's 2017 financial reporting came with a notice stating, "Given the Company's financial position, substantial doubt exists as to the Company's ability to continue as a going concern."
Having entered the ranking in ninth place last year, Longi Solar was able to climb all the way to fifth. As the company only produces mono c-Si products, this could be seen as a sign of market preference for the technology, which has quickly gained market share in recent years. Mono c-Si is strongly preferred in China's Top Runner Program, and economies of scale achieved through this have allowed mono manufacturers to close the price gap.
"Mono's market share will approach 50% this year," says Corrine Lin. "But since the price gap between multi and mono is still too large, some non-Chinese demand has returned to mono c-Si modules recently."
Also on the technology front in 2017, manufacturers focused on reducing cell-to-module losses. This meant that half-cut cell technology achieved a particularly fast ramp-up. And other module level innovations are still waiting in the wings, such as bifacial; five, six, or multi-busbar modules; as well as shingled modules.
"Although most of these technologies have been known for years, it has not been until recently that they have started to become mainstream and evolve into mass production," says Karl Melkonyan. "In the next three years, both bifacial and half-cell modules have a chance to gain a significant share of the total module market, combined with new cell technologies, like passivated emitter rear contact (PERC) or n-type technologies including heterojunction (HJT) and interdigitated back contact (IBC).
And there is no sign of PV manufacturers' push for higher efficiency solar modules ending any time soon. "Demand for higher efficiency products keeps increasing year-over-year despite the relatively higher manufacturing costs and prices of high efficiency modules," continues Melkonyan. "In addition to policy drivers, such as the Chinese Top Runner Program, high efficiency products are also required for most of the residential and small commercial segments in premium markets such as Japan, the United States, as well as many European countries."
The driving force
China, of course, is the leading player here both in terms of supply and demand. "In 2017 China reached its peak in global market share accounting for around 53%," explains Karl Melkonyan, Senior Analyst, Solar Demand at IHS Markit. "Module manufacturers continued expansions in the country, bringing online nearly 10 GW of additional capacity during 2017."
The 2017 installation boom in China led to supply shortages further up the supply chain, which in turn kept prices stable and capacities expanding. "In 2017, demand in China was much higher than module manufacturers anticipated, so there were a lot of capacity additions announced across the entire supply chain," explains independent analyst Corrine Lin. "Chinese manufacturers were not ready for this boom. In Q2 and Q3 there were shortages further up the supply chain in polysilicon, wafer, and other module materials."
Chinese installations were led by a rush to meet the June 30 cut-off date to receive the 2017 FIT rates. Unlike the previous year, when the same cut-off date caused a drop off in demand, and a major oversupply situation, 2017 installations continued into the second half of the year. China's distributed generation segment also received a major kick-start in 2017, growing 255% over the previous year to install around 15 GW in the first three quarters alone, according to figures from Asia Europe Clean Energy Associates (AECEA).
Despite the tight supply conditions, China's manufacturers were able to keep pace with this increase in demand, "During Q1 to Q3 2017, China achieved exceptionally high growth rates in terms of production output along its upstream supply chain. "According to the China PV Industry Association, module output increased 43%," states AECEA's September 2017 briefing paper. "[This suggests] that approximately 80% of domestic module output stays within China."
Though demand from China is the biggest factor in global module supply-demand stability, major events in other markets still played a significant role. The threat of tariffs served to shape demand in the U.S. over the year.
Since January 2018, a 30% tariff has been placed on crystalline silicon PV imports to the U.S., with a 2.5 GW exemption for cell imports. Anticipating this announcement, project developers began hoarding modules in the second half of 2017, further compounding the already tight supply conditions.
This exemption for cell imports has already spurred the announcement of several new module facilities in the U.S., and still leaves room for more. "The current 2.5 GW quota in place is enough for the current domestic suppliers without internal cell capacity," explains Jade Jones. "It also leaves room for U.S. producers to expand module capacity or for foreign firms to build small module fabs in the next four years, with imported cells typically around 500 MW per year."
Hanwha Q Cells recently announced plans for a 1.6 GW module facility in Georgia, to open in 2019 – which would be the largest such facility in the U.S. Earlier in the year, JinkoSolar announced that it would be opening a new 400 MW factory in Jacksonville, Florida; LG Electronics has plans for a 500 MW high efficiency line in Alabama; and several expansions have been announced by domestic U.S. producers including Mission Solar and SolarTech Universal. pv magazine estimates that around 4 GW of new module capacity has been announced for the U.S. since January.
"The 201 tariffs have had a couple of main effects: There has been more investment in U.S. manufacturing, mostly by foreign companies. Most of this investment wouldn't have been possible without the threat or the imposition of tariffs," says Jones.
Jones also points out that the recent acquisition of SolarWorld USA by SunPower likely would not have happened without the tariff announcement, and that, although module prices in 2018 are tumbling in the wake of China's May 31 announcement, trade tariffs will prevent the U.S. seeing such low prices. "The Section 201 tariffs have given a lifeline to SolarWorld USA, one of the Section 201 petitioners. The company was acquired by SunPower, conveniently after SolarWorld backed SunPower's IBC product exemption from 201 tariffs. They also place a fundamental floor on how low module prices can fall in the U.S. Module prices will fall in response to industry oversupply, but prices in the U.S. will continue to be the highest in the world."
Though now firmly established as a solar world leader, and set to overtake the U.S. to become the world's second-largest market in the near future – IHS Markit forecasts India to be responsible for 11% of solar demand by 2021, from its current level of 8% – India has remained well behind the East Asia region in terms of manufacturing.
"There was some capacity growth in India, from small additions (e.g. BHEL's 200 MW cell and module ramp) to larger gigawatt expansions like that of Adani," continues Jade Jones. "While many major Chinese suppliers have previously expressed interest in expanding manufacturing in the region, most held off in 2017."
Given its huge appetite for solar, and the recent trade issues that have slowed its growth somewhat, most analysts expect Indian module manufacturing to ramp up over the coming years. This will most likely be led by the established Chinese manufacturers spreading their activities further afield.
"India's domestic production capacity is not enough, and the market has had problems with trade war," says Corrine Lin. "I think building a module manufacturing group is important. Chinese manufacturers will want to open factories, or start further cooperation with local producers."
Indian manufacturer Adani announced plans to increase its capacity from 1.2 to
2 GW earlier this year, and leading mono c-Si producer Longi announced plans in early 2018 for 2 GW of new manufacturing capacity in India.
"Longi is making modest capacity investments in select markets to hedge against the risks of trade protectionism, while remaining focused on the Chinese domestic market," stated Wenxue Li, President of Longi Solar, announcing the plan for production in India. "According to preliminary estimates, the new expansion will support $380 million in annual sales and roughly $19 million in net profit every year."
Though they still have some advantages in terms of their reputation for quality, Taiwan's cell and module makers have struggled to keep up with the price reductions achieved over in mainland China.
Previously a major exporter of high efficiency cells, Taiwanese companies have had to change strategy in order to survive. This change is evidenced in the upcoming merger between three of Taiwan's largest PV manufacturers, Neo Solar Power, Gintech, and Solartech, to form a new company under the name United Renewable Energy Company (UREC).
This new company, along with other Taiwanese manufacturers, is expected to focus on its own domestic market, where significant solar ambitions combined with a lack of suitable land for project development likely mean high efficiency modules can be sold at higher prices. "The establishment of UREC will allow Taiwan's solar cell industry to get rid of its role as foundries and further urge the green energy industry to root and grow strongly in Taiwan," reads an October press release announcing the planned merger.
(The chart with this article was updated on 23.07.18 to correct an error on Risen's estimated 2018 capacity)
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Davi Negri says:
Thanks for the article. I was looking for this information. thank you very much. Always a good content.
Brazil is becoming a good country to invest in solar energy. I'm getting excited. thanks for the article
Pingback: The List of Tier 1 PV Manufacturers explanation and beyond | Solarity
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Tony Yu says:
Would like to inquery about the brand " PV Foundery" which is from Singapore.
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Sikawala Hamwela says:
Very interesting article, any latest information on the subject.


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Watch three new videos about Cyberpunk 2077!
August 10, 2020 Mark Smith	Leave a comment
CD PROJEKT RED has unveiled three featurettes centered around the upcoming Cyberpunk 2077. The videos focus on the life paths, weaponry, and music of the game, and were all featured on the second episode of Night City Wire
The Lifepaths featurette takes an in-depth look at the different backstories players will be able to choose for V — the main character of Cyberpunk 2077. Each path provides a distinct introduction to Night City and influences V's experiences throughout the game.
Tools of Destruction focuses on the varied arsenal in Cyberpunk 2077. Guns, melee, and cyberware weaponry are all demonstrated, highlighting numerous ways players can engage in direct combat during their adventure through the most dangerous city of the dark future.
Finally, Becoming SAMURAI goes behind the scenes to show how Swedish hardcore punk band Refused musically brings the in-game chrome rock legends SAMURAI to life, and features interviews with band members and insight into the creative process behind the portrayal.
Players who wish to dive deeper into the lore of Cyberpunk 2077 can now pick up 'The World Of Cyberpunk 2077', a brand new book created in collaboration with Dark Horse Books. More details can be found here. CD PROJEKT RED Gear's first Cyberpunk 2077-themed figure, Trauma Team Elite Response Unit, has also been presented and is now available for pre-order.
Cyberpunk 2077 will release November 19th, 2020, for PC, Xbox One and PlayStation 4, with the version for Google Stadia set to launch the same year. The game will also be playable on Xbox Series X and PlayStation 5 consoles when available. At a later date, a free upgrade to Cyberpunk 2077, taking full advantage of next-gen hardware, will become available for owners of the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 versions respectively.
For more information regarding the game, follow Facebook, Twitter, and visit cyberpunk.net
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I'M SURE ALL of you have experienced it: A boomer cuckservative lavishing praise on Western Civilization . . . only to to justify some policy (such as Third World immigration) that is actually harmful to the people who built Western Civilization.
Case in point: A truly embarrassing American Conservative article by Bradley J. Birzer, "Bring on the Conservative Debate for Immigration," wherein Brad basically argues that the entire telos of Western Civilization is toward open borders. Seriously. I'm not making this up.
I had never heard of Brad Birzer before reading this article, but apparently he teaches at Hillsdale College. I asked some academic friends about him and the two responses were: "major cuckservative" and "not very bright." Both are probably true. Nonetheless, I'll use his article to illustrate the cuckservative mindset and what's wrong with it.
In the gloriously pagan Odyssey, Odysseus survives, again and again, because the highest commandment of Zeus is to welcome the stranger and protect him with all that one has. To this day, one finds remnants of this tradition throughout the Mediterranean as the stranger is greeted with olive oil, bread, and, depending on the predominant religion of the region, wine. As staple crops of the ancient world, these signified not just acceptance but actual joy at the arrival of the stranger. The god of the hearth stood as patron of the sojourner.
The Athenians, during the tumultuous fifth century before Christ, prided themselves on allowing not just the stranger into their communities, but also their very enemies in. After all, what did the Athenians have to hide? Why not expose the ignorant to truth? Let the oppressed see how a free people live.
During the vast, long expanse of the Middle Ages, the Germanic peoples not only thought of themselves as residents of their own little piece of Middle-earth (Midgard), but they also thought of themselves as citizens of what King Alfred the Great labeled Christendom, the Christiana res publica, as well as believing themselves sojourners en route to the City of God. What Christian could allow — in good conscience — the accidents of birth such as gender or skin tone in this Veil [sic] of Tears to trump the possibilities of eternal salvation in the next? Neither Greek nor Jew, neither male nor female. . . .
This puerile diatribe is just flat-out wrong on so many counts.
First, the language he uses, such as "welcoming the stranger" and "sojourner," is right out of cuckstianity. Brad, I'm told, is a big "Cathocuck" and virtue signals non-stop like an SJW. The fact that he uses these phrases shows he's more interested in current liberation theology than in traditional Western thought.
In short, the Odyssey is not a screed arguing for unmitigated hospitality or open borders. Only an extreme ideologue would read it this way, which makes me wonder whether Brad read the poem at all; if he did, he seems to have failed to understand it.
Even the Romans did not grant mass citizenship to foreigners until the Edict of Caracalla in 212 AD. By that time, Rome was already in decline and this edict hastened that decline, as later is demonstrated when Rome's foreign, mercenary armies begin to loot the empire from within. The British historian Peter Heather argues that mass immigration was what finally brought down the Roman Empire.
Things get worse when Brad moves to the Magna Carta.
Nothing in Christendom better represented the ideals of the free movement of peoples than did the Great Charter of 1215, forced upon King John at Runnymede. Though points 1 and 63 of the Magna Carta demanded freedom of the Church from political interference, points 41 and 42 reveal how fundamental the movement of peoples is to the sanctity of the common law.
It shall be lawful in future for anyone (excepting always those imprisoned or outlawed in accordance with the law of the kingdom, and natives of any country at war with us, and merchants, who shall be treated as if above provided) to leave our kingdom and to return, safe and secure by land and water, except for a short period in time of war, on grounds of public policy — reserving always the allegiance due to us.
If we accept the Magna Carta as one of the most important documents in the history of western civilization, we Americans cannot afford to ignore it, its intent, or its specifics. Common law demanded that a people — and the person — move freely, border or not. Even in time of war, the enemy must be treated with dignity.
Obviously, points 41 and 42 are referencing travelers and merchants selling goods — not immigrating seeking to become new subjects. Indeed, it's ahistorical (not to mention childish) to conflate, on the one hand, subjects and citizens and travelers with immigrants. Moreover, the notion that the Magna Carta is a template for multi-racial inclusiveness and open borders is truly bizarre, when just 75 years later King Edward I issued the Edict of Expulsion (1290), deporting all the Jews from England.
Brad's invoking of U.S. history amounts to cherry picking at best.
When it comes to the specifically American tradition of immigration and the free movements of peoples, the issue becomes more complicated.
Imagine for a moment that the great waves of immigration never came to America. In the colonial period, among those who freely chose to cross the Atlantic, you would have to dismiss the Anglicans to Virginia, the Puritans to New England, the Quakers to Pennsylvania, and the Scotch-Irish. Of the unfree peoples, you would have to take out all of those of African origin. In the 1840s, remove the Germans, the Scandinavians, and the Irish. In the 1880s through the 1910s, remove all Greeks, Poles, Jews, Italians. . . .
Yes, the native American Indian population would be justly celebrating, but, overall, and, from any relatively objective view, there would be no America.
Between 1801 and 1924 — with the critical exception of the Chinese and the Japanese — no peoples were barred from entry into the United States. Congress forbade further Chinese immigration in 1882, and a gentleman's agreement ended Japanese immigration in 1905. Otherwise, until 1921 and 1924, any person of any continent, of any religion, of either gender, of any skin color, or any other accident of birth could enter the United States and take up residency the very day of arrival. Only those with known criminal records or those suffering from tuberculosis were turned away.
As Christians around the world celebrated the arrival of the Three Kings — the Magi of the Orient — on Epiphany, the president of the United States called for $33 billion to shore up America's borders with $18 billion for the wall.
Perhaps, President Trump simply chose his timing poorly, but it would be impossible for the Christian to miss the irony.
Brad keeps referring to "skin color" or "skin tone" as if race is only about skin color, when in reality race is 100,000 years of evolution and encompasses many behavioral traits. Brad really needs to read up on human biodiversity, about which I suspect he's completely ignorant.
In conclusion, Brad has no idea what he's talking about. Either he's a fool or liar, or both.
Mind you, most of my criticisms here are merely academic and show how ridiculous Brad's historical claims are. Even if the West were truly open-borders in the past, it would not justify open borders now, as the scale of immigration now is so much greater than in the past and most of the immigration now is from the Third World. As a recent study in the UK showed, "More people came to the UK in 2013 than from 1066 to 1960." The "movement of peoples" is unprecedented.
As an aside, Brad has written a book on Russell Kirk, whom many credit as being the grandfather of American conservatism. Interestingly, Kirk defended racial segregation in the South, apartheid in South Africa, and at the end of his life became an immigration restrictionist. Kirk also quipped that Jewish neoconservatives "mistook Tel Aviv for the capital of the United States." Brad, of course, hates all of this, and wishes to cuck-wash conservatism, which is funny considering that conservatism has already run its failed course and is a dying ideology.


text:
Q: In Tableview, I want to know how to i set multiline UILabel in cell last position In UITableView, I want to know how to i set multilineUILabel (Needs to update dynamically.) in cell last position, I want to calculate for UILabel count and set multiline in tableview

A: @Ashu you can set tableView cell height dynamically for that particular cell.
override func viewDidLoad() {
        self.tableView.estimatedRowHeight = 41.0
        self.tableView.rowHeight = UITableViewAutomaticDimension
}

func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, heightForRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> CGFloat {
    if indexPath.row == 0 {
        return 100
    } else {
        return UITableViewAutomaticDimension
    }
}

Something like code mentioned above.


A discussion in March on 'Defending the NHS ' on the libertarian internet discussion forum libcom.org posed some very important issues about how workers in the NHS can defend themselves, and how we as a class can struggle against hospital closures and cuts in services. All agreed that the NHS is an expression of state capitalism, no one held that it is a wonderful reform and the envy of the world as we used to hear in the 1970s and 1980s. This is a forum where we find people questioning what capitalism has to offer us, and of course, 40 years of cuts and shake-ups have inevitably removed a lot of illusions.
But we need healthcare, we need it even if we cannot afford to pay for a hip replacement, a stay on coronary care, or even a prescription charge. However bad it is, however long the wait for an appointment or treatment, however that treatment is restricted by lack of resources or NICE guidelines, the fact that we can get to see a doctor without paying upfront is valued and relied on by workers in Britain as an essential part of the social wage. This is particularly so when we contrast it with the situation in the USA described by contibutor Booeyschewy where something like 50% of workers have no health insurance, essentially no access to healthcare.
Does fighting for access to health services, or even for the pay and conditions of workers in the NHS, involve defending the NHS against privatisation? Several arguments were raised in favour of supporting the NHS in order to defend our social wage: that private healthcare is not inclusive; that privatisation and the internal market are the means by which the government is attacking our health service provision; and that we defend our wages even though we want to see the end of capitalism and wage labour.
For Joseph K "… 'market provision does not mean bad care' for those who can pay, whereas in principle and with waiting lists, the NHS treats the poorest workers too" and for Magnifico "the question is whether or not it represents an increase in the social wage in comparison to the free market healthcare system we are moving towards". We all know that there are many countries in the world, including the USA, where healthcare is only for those who can pay, but various examples were given of private or partly private systems which are equally inclusive, such as those in France and Germany. In fact when the Labour government was trumpeting its commitment to the NHS, it was promising to raise spending to match the levels in those two countries. As Ernie (for the ICC) pointed out "the discussion has already shown that the NHS has not marked a real improvement in workers' health beyond the state's provision of the most basic care … This provision is determined not by some ideological concern for the health of the working class as expressed through the NHS, but by the ability of the state to pay. This is the nub of the question and it is the same everywhere no matter what form healthcare takes. Throughout Western Europe healthcare is being cut back for the working class and it has been doing so for several decades" and went on to show that health services in Europe have made no difference to health inequalities. An ICC sympathiser, Demogorgon, pointed out that the NHS has always been partly private since GPs, the great gatekeepers of the service, were always private businesses. We could add that this does not stop that part of the NHS being completely integrated into state capitalism: GPs are financed and essentially set up in business with a franchise from the state.
So, when we all agree on the need for workers in the NHS to defend their pay and conditions, and the need to defend ourselves against cuts in services, is the question of defending the NHS just like the question of defending wages? For example "defensive struggles over healthcare in the UK, take the de facto form of 'defending the NHS' - even if we should reject that as a slogan for the raft of reasons discussed?" As Joseph K puts it "I mean we may be in fact defending workers' conditions and our social wage, but while our struggle remains defensive, surely this is inseparable from the form in which it is administered, as the attacks are in the form of privatisation/marketisation? I mean, here by 'de facto form' I'm talking of practice, whereas you're talking of an 'ideological prison' - so is what is at stake our propaganda as much as our praxis? I mean, leftists may support healthcare workers striking from a 'defend the NHS' viewpoint - we'd do so from a class viewpoint, stressing that the NHS per se is not what's important". Joseph K is quite right to emphasise that we need to support a struggle on a working class basis even if it is imprisoned behind the unions or workers find themselves marching behind bourgeois slogans. If we believe that the unions or leftists are leading a struggle into a dead end, to defeat, it is our responsibility to say so. The question raised here is what is the role of the 'defend the NHS' slogan in a struggle? If we take the analogy of a struggle for wages, that struggle does not depend on supporting the notion of 'a fair day's pay for a fair day's work' – which we know is impossible. If we take Demogorgon's analogy of a company takeover, how may times have we seen workers asked to put their trust in this or that takeover bid, to accept substantial redundancies and other attacks so that the company can continue? Isn't this always done with the illusion in defending the local or national economy? This has been the case with the various incarnations of British Leyland in the Midlands, and is the case for workers at Airbus today. We would argue that the slogan 'defend the NHS' has an equally negative effect on workers struggling to defend themselves when it comes to the NHS, as Ernie shows: "… to drown struggles in struggles to defend the NHS or to support health workers i.e., to keep a struggle separated from wider struggles. These are real dangers and make the waging of effective struggles difficult for health workers. A very informative example of this was the wildcat health workers' strike in February 1988. This struggle was potentially a very explosive struggle and one which drew on the lessons of the miners' strike. It began when the government started to test out the waters about cutting unsocial hours payments. Workers at one of the main Leeds hospitals heard about this and walked out on unofficial strike. This struggle spread to other hospitals and areas like wildfire. We heard of nurses going to car plants and pits to call out workers. The unions were left speechless for a while (the true nature of the struggle was hidden in the media). Finally the union got a hold of the situation and called a demonstration in London and called on workers to return to work, the government also dropped the idea of cutting unsocial hours like a hot potato… However, the movement had passed its peak by the time of the demonstration and the union had put a stop to the efforts to call out other workers.


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text:
namespace f = ::arangodb::fuerte;

extern std::string myEndpoint;

// setupEndpointFromEnv configures the given connection builder
// with endpoint settings specified in the environment.
inline void setupEndpointFromEnv(f::ConnectionBuilder& cbuilder) {
  char const* tmp = getenv("TEST_ENDPOINT");
  std::string str;
  if (!tmp) { // No settings in environment, set a default
    str = myEndpoint;
  } else {
    str.assign(tmp);
  }
//  std::cout << "Test running against endpoint '" << str << "'" << std::endl;
  cbuilder.endpoint(str);
}

// setupAuthenticationFromEnv configures the given connection builder
// with authentication settings specified in the environment.
extern std::string myAuthentication;

inline void setupAuthenticationFromEnv(f::ConnectionBuilder& cbuilder) {
  char const* tmp = getenv("TEST_AUTHENTICATION");
  std::string auth;
  if (!tmp) {
    // No authentication settings in environment, set a default
    auth = myAuthentication;
  } else {
    auth.assign(tmp);
  }

  std::vector<std::string> parts;
  boost::split(parts, auth, boost::is_any_of(":"));
  if (parts[0] == "basic") {
		if (parts.size() != 3) {
      throw std::invalid_argument("Expected username & password for basic authentication");
		}
    cbuilder.authenticationType(f::AuthenticationType::Basic);
    cbuilder.user(parts[1]);
    cbuilder.password(parts[2]);
  } else if (parts[0] == "jwt") {
		if (parts.size() != 3) {
			throw std::invalid_argument("Expected username & password for jwt authentication");
		}
    cbuilder.authenticationType(f::AuthenticationType::Jwt);
    cbuilder.user(parts[1]);
    cbuilder.password(parts[2]);
  } else {
    throw std::invalid_argument("Unknown authentication: " + parts[0]);
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Library of Congress > Blogs > Folklife Today > Happy Holidays: AFC's 2022 Video Mummers' Play
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Happy Holidays: AFC's 2022 Video Mummers' Play
December 22, 2022 by Stephen Winick
The American Folklife Center Mummers perform their annual holiday play in the Great Hall, December 13, 2022. Photo by Shawn Miller/Library of Congress.
Happy Holidays from the American Folklife Center! In this blog post, you can enjoy our 2022 holiday mummers' play. As you may know, every year, in the week of the Library's holiday party, staff members of the American Folklife Center put our research and performance skills into play, bringing collections to life in a dramatic performance that tours the halls of the Library of Congress. Dressed in costumes that range from striking to silly, we sing, act, rhyme, and dance for other Library staff members and for members of the public. Our performances are based on the ancient tradition of mumming, which has come down to our archive in the form of play scripts, songs, photos, and other items collected in the early twentieth century. For a more thorough introduction to this tradition, please visit our introductory post on mumming, as well as previous plays, which you can find at this link.
This year's play was called The Flute of Ice: A Mumming From the Vault. For a general note about the inspiration of the play, see note 1 below.
Watch the play in the player below, follow along in the script and see still photos from the performance and dress rehearsal beneath that. Finally, there are extensive explanatory notes at the end! Enjoy, and Happy Holidays once more–the video player is immediately below!
The Flute of Ice: A Mumming From the Vault
Rehearsal for the American Folklife Center mummers play "The Flute of Ice." Justina Moloney as Cool St. George. December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
Performed by the AFC Mummers
Written by Stephen Winick, with help from the AFC Mummers
Father Christmas: Stephen Winick
Linear Feet, North Pole Librarian: Valda Morris
Chaos: George Thuronyi
Fire Dragon: Masked Staffmember
Cold Front: Jennifer Cutting
Cool St. George: Justina Moloney
Doctor Joculus: Thea Austen
North Star: Eboni Scurlock
Featured musicians:
Jennifer Cutting, button accordion
John Fenn, guitar
Nancy Groce, whistle
[Enter Singing "Here We Come a Wassailing"]
Here we come a-wassailing [2]
Among the leaves so green;
Here we come a-wand'ring
So fair to be seen.
Love and joy come to you,
And to you your wassail too;
And God bless you and send you a Happy New Year
And God send you a Happy New Year.
We are not daily beggars
That beg from door to door;
But we are merry mummers,
Whom you have seen before.
Rehearsal for the American Folklife Center mummers play "The Flute of Ice." Stephen Winick as Father Christmas. December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
FATHER CHRISTMAS:
Room, ROOM! Gentles all, pray give us room to rhyme [3]
We've come to show activity
This merry Christmas time
Activity of youth, activity of age
Such activity has never been before upon a stage
In comes I, old Father Christmas
And be I welcome or welcome not,
I hope old Father Christmas will never be forgot
My beard is long, my back is bent
My knees are weak, my strength is spent
Two thousand, two and twenty is a very great age for me
And if I'd been doing outreach all these years, what a destination the North Pole would be!
And speaking of outreach, well, that reminds me [4]
Of a story from the archives at the North Pole Library… [5]
It was back in 1816, the year without a summer [6]
And so, in many countries, well, the news could not be glummer
People were cold and hungry, and there was not much we could do
But up at the North Pole we had enough to see us through
The North Pole Library re-org effort was continuing apace,
The Visiting Elf Master Plan, or VEMP was put in place [7]
I was standing in the Gallery, to admire the polar sights
We'd just upgraded our windows again, to let in the Northern Lights [8]
[Messenger on a hobby-horse delivers a package]
When in burst a messenger, with a package and a letter…
A present for Father Christmas, I thought—What could be better?
It was from President Madison—we'd already had the pleasure [9]
Of helping him with conservation of America's National Treasure!
I assumed that he was writing just to see how that was going
But it turned out a strong and tuneful wind would soon be blowing….
The American Folklife Center Mummers perform their annual holiday play in the Great Hall, December 13, 2022. John Fenn as messenger musician and Stephen Winick as Father Christmas. Photo by Shawn Miller/Library of Congress.
[Reads from Madison's Letter]
My Dear Father Christmas, he writes, I can't believe it's been a year!
Now I have a thorny problem and I thought I'd bend your ear.
There's a certain French flute maker, and he's quite a fan of mine!
And he keeps on sending me flutes, which Dolly thinks quite fine
But this year, it's been so cold, I guess he thought it would be nice
To make a really rare one—so he made one out of ice! [10]
I could keep it until spring, but after that it's sure to melt
And Dolly didn't want to break his heart, and so we felt
That maybe the North Pole…if you don't mind that I say it
Is a place where it can be preserved, and also folks can play it
So wrote the President, but such things are not my beat
Luckily the North Pole has a great Librarian: Linear Feet! [11]
Great Hall performance of the American Folklife Center mummers play "The Flute of Ice." Valda Morris as Linear Feet, North Pole Librarian. December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
LINEAR FEET:
In comes I, Linear Feet
The best Librarian you'll ever meet
I'm the North Pole's foremost Library elf
And I know what goes on every shelf
Books, manuscripts and Sound Recordings too
Nobody likes them better than you [points to someone in audience]
Prints and Photographs, movies and maps
Websites, memes, ebooks and apps!
But do we have any place for musical instruments?
Of course we do! We have a beautiful Pavilion
With all our violins inside—and some are worth a million
And then to make sure we have the best security around
We built a special vault to keep our nice flutes safe and sound! [12]
Come with me….
But before I could follow Linear Feet to our new cold storage system
A familiar visitor arrived, and we can't say that we missed him!
CHAOS:
Remember me? I'm Chaos! You've met with me before [13]
I like to cause confusion and disturbances galore
Last year I sent a vicious hacker to invade your precious Zoom
But in person I just let my "suspicious package" clear the room! [14]
Where have you been since we last met?
Rehearsal for the American Folklife Center mummers play "The Flute of Ice." George Thuronyi as Chaos. December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
I went to the East Indies and caused a great eruption [15]
Which led to this little ice age—how is that for some disruption?
I heard about Madison's ice flute, and you know, I kind of felt
That's the sort of thing that Chaos likes to find, and likes to melt!
So I came back to the North Pole in my supersonic wagon
Just to introduce you people to my fire-breathing dragon! [16]
DRAGON:
Stand on Head! Stand on Feet!
With my breath, I make Heat!
I am the fire dragon, look at my claws!
I am the fire dragon, look at my jaws!
Look these wings and these horns that I've got…
And I'm sure you'll agree…I'm pretty hot!
You can't come in here, Dragon, heat is bad for our collection
So we have supernatural security installed for its protection
We have an Ice Fairy who is constantly on call
Because this is the North Pole Library, after all!
COLD FRONT:
In comes I, Cold Front, I'm a fairy made of ice [17]
And I'm afraid some people think that Cold Fronts aren't very nice!
I freeze their assets, stuff their nose
Chill their fingers and nip their toes!
But in spite of every accusation
Cold's great for one thing: preservation
So come good people, have no fears,
I'll preserve that flute for years and years!
Rehearsal for the American Folklife Center mummers play "The Flute of Ice." Masked Staffmember as Fire Dragon. December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
You frozen cupcake, you can't take me
I'm the meanest dragon you'll ever see
For a fiery dragon, you're not too bright
I'm not the one you have to fight
I have my son with me today!
Step in, cool St. George, and clear the way!
COOL ST. GEORGE:
In comes I, Cool St. George, from preservation city
I know all the best practices to keep collections pretty
Passive cold storage systems I practically invented
With my sweet collections care, great disasters I've prevented.
I created sealed containers for humidity and so on
So mostly, temperature control is the first thing that I go on
And what this means is, if books and maps and even flutes are getting toasted
I've got to slay the Dragon before this Library is roasted!
Come on, St. George, don't talk so hot
For you don't know who you have got
I'm not just any thug or vandal,
I can melt that flute like a used-up candle!
You say you're a knight, you're not even a squire
No match for a dragon with a head made of Fire!
Pull out your purse and pay, sir!
Pull out your sword and slay, sir! [19]
[They fight, and St. George is killed]
Rehearsal for the American Folklife Center mummers play "The Flute of Ice." Jennifer Cutting as Cold Front. December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
St. George, St. George, my only son!
You'll all be sorry when I am done!
The biggest snowball that ever was hurled
Is about to freeze the entire world!
Don't despair, Cold Front, and don't take fright
Perhaps he still can be set right
Here at the North Pole we have an excellent health care plan
America ought to have one, you know…anybody can
Observe: I only have to call, and a doctor will arrive
And with any luck at all, bring this dead saint back alive
And since they have yet to invent the telegraph wire
I'll call with this 1816 amplifier.
[Raises megaphone]
Is there a doctor to be found,
To cure his deep and deadly…wound? [20]
Wound!
DOCTOR:
Here I am, bold Doctor Joculus [21]
I've been watching you through my magic oculus! [22]
How came you to be a doctor?
By my travels.
Where have you traveled?
Thea Austen as Doctor Joculus at a rehearsal for the American Folklife Center mummers play "The Flute of Ice." December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
The North Pole, the South Pole, the East Pole AND the West
I've been to the worst pole and I've been to the best
Memory, Knowledge, and Imagination…well that's just who I am
So I've been to every Library from Timbuktu to Amsterdam
From the famed Nairobi office to the distant NavSea Sea,
Everybody knows the great doctor: Me [23]
Hmmm, what can you cure?
I can cure Reader's elbow, Bookbinder's nose
Cataloger's armpit and docent's toes
Catalog timeouts, Search Engine Freezes
Continuing Resolution Wheezes
And all other Librarious diseases [24]
Yes, yes, but you can't cure a man who's been DEAD for five minutes!
I can cure him if he's been dead for a whole strategic planning cycle!
Will you join me on my rounds?
[Father C. and Doctor J. walk around the body]
The American Folklife Center Mummers perform their annual holiday play in the Great Hall, December 13, 2022. Stephen Winick as Father Christmas, Theadocia Austen as Doctor Joculus, Justina Moloney as St. George. Photo by Shawn Miller/Library of Congress.
So what can you do for him?
Well, I'm user centered, data driven, and digitally enabled
That means I check his pulse with my fingers and make sure his chart is labeled [25]
Enriching his experience is my strategic plan
Which means I better bring him back to life as best I can
I have these smelling salts, they are called Old Elon's Musk [26]
It can cause a Twitter User to grow a Mastodon-like tusk
But for ordinary injuries, it takes away your pain
And it's the best of old folk remedies for them as has been slain
[Doctor waves it under his nose; Nothing Happens]
Quack-quack-quack-quack [27]
It's been a few years! Let me just read the directions!
I think you forgot the magic incantation
Of course! I think I'm going to need some help with this!
[Elicits help from audience]
Engage! Inform! Inspire! [28]
[St. George Gasps, opens eyes.]
[Accordion sound and Applause as St. George rises up.]
Look, I'm Live! At the Library! [29]
The American Folklife Center Mummers perform their annual holiday play in the Great Hall, December 13, 2022.. Photo by Shawn Miller/Library of Congress.
Now that's a fine thing, I say to you
My dragon managed to run him through
She killed him dead, and what do they do?
Resurrect him, to annoy us anew!
Valda Morris as Linear Feet, North Pole Librarian at a rehearsal for the American Folklife Center mummers play "The Flute of Ice." In the background is Eboni Scurlock as North Star. December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
Well now that I'm up and off the floor,
Come on Dragon, I'll fight you some more
Hmm, they're much as they were at the start of the play
So nothing has happened this long winter's day.
If we don't think of something astute,
The whole Library's in danger, including the flute!
I have an idea, a person to call,
Her music will soothe them, one and all!
If you don't believe in what I say,
Step in "North Star" and clear the way!
[Music flourish as "North Star" enters]
NORTH STAR:
In comes I, North Star, my friends all call me Bobbi [30]
Flute Playing is my job, and kicking butt's my hobby!
[North Star mimes playing the flute. Nancy provides some whistle notes. We'll see if this works in rehearsal.]
I play the flute like rolling thunder
I play the flute with Steve Wonder!
I'll play this Ice Flute, baby please
You know the juice is worth the squeeze
So I've got a plan that I think is exciting,
Let's get them dancing to keep from fighting
Muddy boots and dirty faces
Dancers all now take your places!
[The band plays "Lilliburlero." Dancers dance two figures, while the rest clap along, then applaud to prompt audience]
Rehearsal for the American Folklife Center 2022 mummers play "The Flute of Ice." Eboni Scurlock as North Star. December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
With North Star rocking her flute and song
The Dragon and Chaos couldn't stay for long
North Star's Playing set us at ease [31]
And the ice flute went to our deep-freeze
So we hope you all have been impressed
And think our mumming is the best
We won't delay, lest tedium befall.
And Happy Holidays to all!
"Gloucestershire Wassail."
(Cast invites audience to sing along)
(Chorus): Wassail, wassail all over the town
Our toast it is white and our ale it is brown
Our bowl it is made of the white maple tree
With the wassailing bowl, we'll drink to thee
And here's to the bullock and to his right eye
Pray God send our master a good Christmas pie
A good Christmas pie that may we all see
So here is to the milk cow and to her broad horn
May God send our master a good crop of corn
A good crop of corn that we may all see
And here's to the calf and to her left ear
Pray God send our master a happy New Year
A happy New Year as e'er he did see
Then here's to the maid in the lily white smock
Who tripped to the door and slipped back the lock
Who tripped to the door and pulled back the pin
For to let all us jolly wassailers in. [32]
(Double Chorus)
Jennifer Cutting as Cold Front, John Fenn as Cowboy Guitarist and Pony Express Rider, Justina Moloney as Cool St. George, and Nancy Groce as Flute Player at a rehearsal for the American Folklife Center mummers play "The Flute of Ice." December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
The American Folklife Center Mummers perform their annual holiday play in the Great Hall, December 13, 2022. Stephen Winick as Father Christmas is holding up the Flute of Ice. Photo by Shawn Miller/Library of Congress.
[1] Our play was inspired by the visit paid to us earlier this year by Lizzo, the pop star and flute player. Lizzo stopped by the Library of Congress to play the crystal flute in our collections (which once belonged to President Madison), as well as a plexiglass flute. Since President Madison has been a character in our plays before, we thought of a situation involving a flute that might bring him to the North Pole again, while evoking the joy of Lizzo's visit. The idea for The Flute of Ice was born!
Eboni Scurlock as North Star at a rehearsal for the American Folklife Center mummers play "The Flute of Ice." In the background is George Thuronyi as Chaos. December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
[2] "Here we Come a-Wassailing" is a traditional Christmas song found in many sources. James Madison Carpenter has two versions in his collection at AFC, one from Mrs. J. T. Kendall in Grinton, Yorkshire, and one credited to "Christmas Carols, Marks and Spencer Ltd., Penny Bazarr [sic.]" Alan Lomax also collected a beautiful version from Jean Ritchie of Viper, Kentucky, which is in our collections and quite close to our mummers' version. You can find that version at this link. Wassailing is a tradition of going door to door, wishing neighbors good health, and being rewarded with spiced drinks known as wassail, or with other treats, or with pennies. Reflecting this, the lyrics often refer to the singers being "neighbors' children," which we have changed to "merry mummers."
[3] Father Christmas is a traditional character from English folk plays. I have written two blog posts about the early roots, development, and significance of this character. You can read the first one here, and the second one here.
[4] The opening speech by Father Christmas always begins with traditional lines from mummers' plays, but soon transitions to an introduction to the current play's plot.
[5] Father Christmas did not traditionally live at the North Pole, but by the time of the mummers' plays in our collections, that idea was in general circulation in British popular culture–though not mentioned in mummers' plays themselves. J. R. R. Tolkien's Father Christmas, for example, lived there in the early 1930s when he began writing letters to his children. I wrote more about that in the blog post at this link.
[6] The year 1816 is known as the Year Without a Summer because of severe climate abnormalities that caused average global temperatures to decrease by about a half a degree Celsius or one degree Fahrenheit. Summer temperatures in Europe were the coldest on record between the years of 1766 and 2000. This resulted in major food shortages across the Northern Hemisphere. I chose this year for the play not because of the climate, but because we have established in previous plays that Madison and Father Christmas first met in 1814, and that in 1815 Madison attended the North Pole Library's Christmas Board of Trustees meeting via zoom. Thus, 1816 was the only remaining year in which he already knew Father Christmas and was also still President in December. Since the original plot called for Madison to arrive in person, the only way not to contradict an earlier play was to make the year 1816–which then suggested using the climate as a plot device.
Thea Austen as Doctor Joculus and Stephen Winick as Father Christmas at a rehearsal for the American Folklife Center mummers play "The Flute of Ice." December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
[7] The North Pole Library is perpetually undergoing reorganization, which is realistic for a large organization. VEMP is a humorous reference to the Library of Congress Visitor Experience Master Plan.
[8] Many staff members at the Library of Congress experienced a Windows Upgrade in the past year.
[9] James Madison, of course, is not a traditional character in mummers' plays. But he is an important person in the history of the Library of Congress. The original script called for Madison to be a character in the play, but when our actor became ill I re-wrote it so we received the flute by messenger with a letter from Madison instead.
The American Folklife Center Mummers perform their annual holiday play in the Great Hall, December 13, 2022. George Thuronyi as Chaos introduces the Dragon! Photo by Shawn Miller/Library of Congress.
[10] The story of a flute maker sending Madison unsolicited flutes as fan mail, and the flute made of ice, are references to a real Library of Congress collection item: a crystal flute made by Claude Laurent for President James Madison in 1813 and sent to Madison probably in that year. By 1815, Laurent had yet to receive any kind of acknowledgement for the flute, and sent a letter asking if Madison had received it, and whether he liked it! The flute is part of the Dayton C. Miller Collection in the Library's Music Division, and the letter is in the James Madison Papers in the Manuscript Division. Read more about them in this blog post!
[11] The name "Linear Feet" is one of our library jokes; it's a measure of how much shelf space an item or collection uses. Mummers' play characters sometimes have names consisting of an adjective and a body part–traditional characters include "Big Head" and "Clever Legs." We thought "Linear Feet" made a good character name for a Library mummers' play.
[12] These lines contain references to real Library of Congress facilities: the Whittall Pavilion, where some of our rarest instruments are on display, and the flute vault, where rare flutes are kept safe.
Eboni Scurlock as North Star and Valda Morris as Linear Feet, North Pole Librarian, at a rehearsal for the American Folklife Center mummers play "The Flute of Ice." December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
[13] Chaos is not a traditional mummers' play character, but in many ways is the ultimate adversary for librarians!
[14] "Suspicious Package Alerts" occur frequently in the Capitol Complex when packages of unknown origin are seen and reported to police. In 2019, one of the mummers suggested a scene in which a suspicious package alert occurs and police break up the play. Instead, I wrote this joke playing on the slang double meaning of "package." It was the first line specifically written for that play, so we needed someone who would both say this line and cause damage to library collections…which led to the very general idea of "Chaos."
[15] Evidence suggests that the climate anomaly of 1816 was predominantly a volcanic winter event caused by the massive eruption of Mount Tambora in April 1815 in Indonesia, which was then called the Dutch East Indies. This eruption was the largest in at least 1,300 years, and was perhaps exacerbated by the 1814 eruption of Mayon in the Philippines. We've made the eruption one of Chaos's many dirty deeds, so he was responsible for the wintry conditions of that year!
Masked Staffmember as Fire Dragon at a rehearsal for the American Folklife Center mummers play "The Flute of Ice," December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
[16] The Dragon is a traditional mummers' play character, but had become somewhat rare in the oral tradition by the time folklorists began collecting plays. Folklorist Roger D. Abrahams (one of my dissertation advisors) did collect a dragon play on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts, and another on its neighboring island of Nevis, back in the 1960s. Since Valda Morris is originally from Nevis, we decided to ask her to play the role of the dragon back in 2010. But she is also so good as Linear Feet that this year we decided to have a different actor play the dragon!
Jennifer Cutting as Cold Front at a rehearsal for the American Folklife Center mummers play "The Flute of Ice," December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
[17] Cold Front is not a traditional mummers' play character, but is named along the lines of "Big Head" and "Clever Legs." It is essentially the same role as "Polar Vortex" from our 2014 play, but since that idea was not much in the news this year, we changed the name.
[18] St. George is a traditional mummers' play character. Our tradition is usually to have an actor new to mumming play the heroic St. George role. St. George also often represents a Library principle in our plays–this year's draws on our previous character of "preservation St. George."
[19] This rhyme of "pull out your purse and pay/pull out your sword and play" is an old traditional mummers' play line. Since it's a dragon, I thought "slay" was also appropriate.
[20] This mispronunciation of "wound" is a traditional mummers' play joke, and we have made it a perennial part of our play.
[21] The Doctor is a traditional mummers' play character. In fact, some scholars argue that the presence of a quack doctor defines a particular genre of death-and-resurrection folk play—the genre to which ours evidently belongs. We invented the name "Doctor Joculus," however, for reasons of rhyme!
[22] An oculus was part of the proposed redesign to the Jefferson Building—we just love the word!
[23] Some of the places Dr. Joculus has traveled are references to Library facilities: the Library maintains an office in Nairobi, Kenya, and NAVCC (pronounced Navsee Sea) is the National AudioVisual Conservation Center, also known as "The Packard Campus," in Culpeper, Virginia. "Memory, Knowledge, and Imagination" were the principles on which Thomas Jefferson organized his library, which is the historical kernel of the Library of Congress's collections. They are now keywords in the Library's Strategic Plan.
Backstage at rehearsal for the American Folklife Center mummers play "The Flute of Ice." Nancy Groce as Flute Player. December 13, 2022. Photo by Carl Fleischhauer.
[24] The Doctor in mummers' plays tends to mention a series of nonsensical diseases. We adapt this list each year. (Sorry, catalogers!) In some plays, the Doctor has a highfalutin way of speaking, and claims to cure "all other vandorious diseases." We liked the idea of "librarious diseases," which is equally nonsensical but more library-related.
[25] User centered, data driven, and digitally enabled are components of the Library's strategic plan.
[26] The Doctor's cure is also often nonsensical. We thought "Old Elon's Musk" captured the cultural moment!
[27] The Doctor's cure not working, and the other character quacking in derision, is traditional component of mummers' plays.
[28] Engage, Inform, and Inspire are keywords in the Library of Congress mission statement included in the Strategic Plan.
[29] Live! At the Library is the Library's new Thursday night series of public events.
[30] North Star is not a traditional mummers' play character. Although her presence in the play was inspired by Lizzo, she is actually based on Bobbi Humphrey, a flute player, singer, and business person best known for playing on Stevie Wonder's classic Songs in the Key of Life. The play has several clues to her identity!
[31] "Please Set Me at Ease" is a Bobbi Humphrey song.
[32] "The Gloucestershire Wassail" is a song sung by rural farmworkers in Gloucestershire, England, while visiting and toasting the inhabitants of nearby farms and houses. The words to the song were first published in 1813, so it is contemporary with our play. One hundred and twenty years later, James Madison Carpenter photographed Gloucestershire wassailers and recorded their song. His recordings, photos of the wassailers, and manuscripts of the song, are preserved in the AFC archive and now online at this link from the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library in England. The version we sing is derived from various published versions, but such names as "Whitefoot" and "Old Broad," which were names for farm animals, have been replaced with more generic descriptors such as "the milk cow" and "the ox," which makes the song more comprehensible to non-farming folk.
The American Folklife Center Mummers perform the final dance in their annual holiday play in the Great Hall, December 13, 2022. Photo by Shawn Miller/Library of Congress.
Posted in: christmas, Holidays, Mumming
Em Craig
Just wonderful! What a treat!
Joe Offer
Thank you very much for posting this video. It was a perfect thing to watch on Christmas Eve.
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