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Neutrality As a Mediation Ethic: An Analysis
October 24, 2019 Vikram Kumar 0
This article was authored by Nipuna Varman from NALSAR, Hyderabad.
The following essay shall analyse the Commercial Courts (Pre-institution Mediation and Settlement) Rules, 2018 focusing on the provision or the lack thereof of neutrality as a mediation ethic in India. The importance of mediation ethics needs to be realised and rules should be implemented keeping in mind the interests of the disputants and the ultimate aim of mediation as a dispute resolution, i.e., speedy trial and satisfaction of the stakeholders. The essay shall elucidate on the theory behind neutrality as a mediation ethic and will suggest measures to ensure a more efficient process of mediation that is not only effective but also ethical.
Mediation is a form of alternative dispute resolution where an agreement is made by the parties involved as per their convenience and wishes. In a mediation the disputing parties appoint one or more mediator(s) to function as the bridge between the parties and to assist in reaching an effective resolution. The mediator ensures that the needs and requirements of the parties are considered and an agreement that satisfies all the parties is made. To facilitate such an agreement the mediator has to follow certain guidelines which are known as mediation ethics.
Mediation ethics serve the purpose of regulating the acts of a mediator. A mediator is a human being and is bound to commit errors that may affect the interests of the parties. One of the standard rules of mediation is that it is an interest-based dispute resolution and not rights-based and this is the reason why mediation is vouched to be more effective and efficient than the traditional litigation system. It allows the disputants to dictate the terms of settlement and ensures a quicker resolution. Therefore, the actions of a mediator have to be regulated to ensure that the interests of the parties are met.
The Government of India promulgated an Ordinance amending the Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Act, 2015 ('Act') and under Section 12A of the Act mandatory pre-institution mediation has been introduced.[1] In reference to this the Commercial Courts (Pre-institution Mediation and Settlement) Rules, 2018 ('Rules') was introduced on 3rd July 2018. These Rules under Section 12 provide for certain ethics to be followed by the mediator, these ethics include confidentiality, fairness, complete disclosure, clarity, etc.[2] However, the Rules do not explicitly mention the neutrality, impartiality, or independence of the mediator. The aim of this paper is to identify the reason behind such exclusion and provide a solution to the dilemma of neutrality of a mediator.
This paper shall address the aforementioned issue in a three-pronged manner. Firstly, it shall focus on the theoretical underpinnings of neutrality, i.e., the perception of neutrality as impartiality and neutrality as equidistance. This part shall deconstruct neutrality and shall aim to determine the reason behind the lack of explicit mention of neutrality in the Rules. Secondly, it shall compare the Rules to other mediation guidelines such as, Mediation Rules 2017 by the Indian Institute of Arbitration and Mediation, (Draft) Alternative Dispute Resolution and Mediation Rules, 2003, the Companies (Mediation and Conciliation) Rules, 2016, and Draft General Scheme of Mediation Bill 2012 and shall attempt to compare the stance on neutrality taken by these documents. Thirdly, the paper shall attempt to offer solutions to tackle issues of neutrality as a part of mediation ethics and shall, through these suggestions, attempt to maintain the interest-based approach of mediation.
In the following section the nature of neutrality and the possible reason behind the exclusion of the word (in the Rules) will be explained in a step-by-step manner. Deconstructing the concept of neutrality shall help provide a solution to engage with the problems involving neutrality of mediators.
The Conundrum of Neutrality
In a survey conducted by Sara Cobb and Janet Rifkin where interviews with fifteen mediators in six community mediation programs were conducted the mediators were asked about the challenges they face with respect to neutrality.[3] It was observed that the consensus regarding neutrality has been that it is interdependent on three terms – justice, power, and ideology.[4] The mediators stated that many a times the need to be fair and just is the guide to their neutrality, they ensure that the interests and opinions of all the parties are heard, and in situations where there is a power imbalance amongst the parties the mediator has to use their neutrality to equalize the power. Further, in some situations the mediators face challenges because of their own preconceived notions and beliefs and in such situation neutrality as an ethic becomes important.[5]
In the aforementioned survey the researchers identified neutrality in two forms – neutrality as impartiality and neutrality as equidistance.[6] Neutrality as impartiality refers to a discourse which is devoid of all ideological processes, this is referred to by Habermas as the ideal speech situation.[7] According to Moore impartiality reflects in a mediation when the final outcome is not influenced by the opinions and beliefs of the mediator.[8] However, often one party overpowers the other and the mediator is required to balance the power dynamic between the parties. This is neutrality as equidistance, the mediator is supposed to use their judgment to ensure that all the interests of a party are represented. The contradiction that arises here is that while neutrality as impartiality requires the mediators' judgment to be free of bias, neutrality as equidistance requires the mediators to balance the power between the parties based on their judgment and understanding. However, this shouldn't be looked at as two mutually exclusive concepts but the mediator is supposed to establish a balance between these two practices.
Further, the aspect of justice that the mediators refer to is only procedural in nature. The mediators cannot control or dictate the terms of the settlement made between parties and therefore substantive justice is not ensured. Critical legal scholars and feminists have argued that simple procedural justice does not solve the problem of oppression and that it neutralises the conflict which could lead to social change.[9]
The aim of elucidating on the theoretical underpinnings of neutrality is to highlight that mediation is a political process where the narrative of one party often dominates the other. The contradiction to mediation ethics arises because the mediators often do not attend to narrative process adequately, in the aforementioned research it was observed that in twenty four out of thirty mediation sessions the initial narrative sets the tone for the entire session and settlement emerge out of such narrative.[10] This implies that one side gets marginalised over the narrative of the other side.[11] It has been observed that discourse is not engaged with and through the vocabulary used by the mediators the dominant story manifests itself in the settlement agreement. Therefore, neutrality, as has been understood in the common parlance becomes a conundrum in actual mediation session where one side dominates the other. The solution of this problem requires the mediators to use language in a manner which does not delegitimize the narrator. This, however, only solves the issue of not looking at mediation as a discourse to ensure neutrality but another issue that arises is that often the mediators face confusion with regards to what would constitute a violation of neutrality. Neutrality as impartiality and neutrality as equidistance are not only paradoxical to the above discussion but also do not provide an effective measure of the neutrality required in a mediation session.
Many a times mediators face situations where it becomes difficult to determine whether an action is a breach of neutrality or as something that does not concern the situation at hand. For example, in a situation where the attorney of one of the parties involved in the dispute went to college with the mediator, the responsibility of disclosing this information is on the mediator. However, the mediator had not been in touch with the attorney for a few years and this made it difficult to assess the importance of the aforementioned information. The mediator has to decide whether it is unethical to not disclose the existing relationship.[12] As has been discussed earlier despite the consensus on neutrality as an important mediation ethic there is no guideline for mediators to asses a situation. Various methods have standards are used by mediators worldwide for assessment purposes. Some examples of the same are, Mentor Approach according to this method one puts an admired personality in their own place and ask what their course of action would be in such a scenario,[13] Gut Test, this test relies solely on the intuitive abilities of the mediator.[14] Further, the Newspaper Test requires the mediator to imagine their actions to be on the front page of the newspaper this makes the mediator to take into account not just the personal ethics but also the perception of them by others.[15] These rules still do not provide for a robust system of assessing a situation as these rules are extremely subjective and do not hold much ground. The Rules lack the aforementioned system much like most of the other mediation regulations. Therefore, to further provide a solution for this issue one would be required to conduct a comparative analysis of the Rules to other mediation regulations functioning in India and this shall be elucidated upon in the next section of this paper.
To understand the shortcomings in the aforementioned Rules one needs to compare it to other mediation rules that have been followed in India. This paper shall be comparing the Rules to – the (Draft) Alternative Dispute Resolution and Mediation Rules, 2003, the Companies (Mediation and Conciliation) Rules, 2016, Draft General Scheme of Mediation Bill 2012, and the IIAM Mediation Rules 2017.
The draft rules of 2003[16] and 2012[17] along with the rules of 2016[18] require the mediator to be an impartial party to the mediation session. It requires the mediators to disclose any conflict of interest that they might have before taking up a case, further, if at any point the parties believe that the mediator is not neutral and impartial then objections can be made. Impartiality, neutrality, independence, confidentiality, etc. have been made the core values that a mediator should adhere to. The Pre-Institution Mediation and Settlement Rules makes no mention of neutrality, impartiality, or independence. It does, however, state that the mediator has to disclose any financial interest they might have in the subject-matter of the dispute.[19] Lack of neutrality in a mediation goes to the core values of the mediation ethics and affects the self-determinative nature of the mediation. This is because when the mediator is biased and has a conflict of interest then they have the power to influence the session and alter the terms of the agreement reached. The possible reason behind this exclusion will be discussed subsequently but it has to be noted that the Rules not only exclude the aforementioned words but also does not provide for an adequate system of recourse in case the mediator does not adhere to the ethics laid down. The lack of a general mechanism for pre-institution mediation has been cited as a grievance by the petitioner while challenging the constitutional validity of section 12A of the Act.[20]
Indian Institute of Arbitration & Mediation within in its 2017 rules not only uses the terms impartiality, independence, and neutrality but also does not use them as synonymous terms. This acknowledgment of each of these terms being distinct, to some extent, addresses the paradox of neutrality as mentioned in the previous section. This is done by ensuring that neutrality, impartiality, and independence are distinct ethics that are to be balanced by the mediator during the session. Further, these rules provide for a two-step redressal system for the parties aggrieved by the breach of mediation ethics.[21] It formulates a two-step process which involves the discussion step where the mediator can be made aware of the grievance of the party within a month of such breach and a discussion shall follow.[22] The next step in case the discussion fails is called the Professional Conduct Assessment Process where the IIAM shall appoint an assessor to address the complaint and reach a resolution.[23]
It becomes important to set up a robust system, as has been mentioned above, to ensure that the ethics of mediation are given its due importance and the parties who decide to use mediation for dispute resolution are provided with effective solutions to their dispute. The point where the Rules falter is where it does not acknowledge and address the depth and importance of mediation ethics especially neutrality. As has been mentioned in the previous section despite the universal consensus on importance of neutrality it has been observed that mediators often allow one narrative to dominate over the other. Therefore, emphasising on the importance of neutrality, independence, and independence is not sufficient. The rule-makers, instead, need to provide clear instructions for the mediators to assess a situation at hand and a system for redressal, when a breach occurs, has to be set up. The Rules fail to achieve both these goals, the rules are loosely constructed and the parties are not provided with any recourse in case there is a breach by the mediators.
However, one needs to look at alternatives that can be adopted to solve the aforementioned issues. It becomes important to seek alternatives as the current system not only confuses the mediator but also leaves the recipients of mediation services without any recourse. One of the methods in which the issue can be addressed is by adopting a system similar to the IIAM rules, i.e., the clarity in terms of neutrality, independence, and impartiality being important ethics to be followed by the mediator and the two-step redressal system to preserve the interests of the disputing parties. Further, in the next section the paper shall discuss various measures that can be adopted to maintain neutrality in a mediation session.
To understand how to deal with various situations in international arbitration where conflict of interest may arise the arbitrators are a provided with a tool known as the IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration.[24] This provides a list of basic instructions to be followed by arbitrators in a situation of conflict of interest. Further, this document also provides for specific instances that may arise during an arbitration session. This list is colour coded in a manner which makes it clear and easy to understand. Conflicts of grave nature are listed in Red, under this the arbitrator has to immediately resign as they become incompetent to arbitrate on the matter. Under Orange, the parties are to be notified of the possible conflict but if the parties express their willingness to allow the arbitrator to continue their duty then they are free to do so.[25] Finally, under Green, the parties do not need to be notified as the gravity of the conflict is negligible.[26] However, in case there are other aggravating factors the disclosure to the parties may become important.[27]
This framework is user-friendly and provides the arbitrators and the disputing parties a clear picture of the transparency requirements. The biggest challenge that neutrality as a mediation ethic faces is the lack of a framework to guide the stakeholders through the process. It is conceded that it is not feasible to list out every possible situation and provide guidelines regarding the same, but a list of instances that commonly occurs during a mediation session can be determined. Therefore, in the example of the attorney of the disputing party being known to the mediator, the mediator would not have been subject to confusion regarding the disclosure of the said fact had there been similar guidelines for mediation in place.
Further, the Rules need to not only explicitly mention neutrality but also distinguish between neutrality, independence, and impartiality. As has been elaborated previously various mediation regulations have mentioned impartiality and the IIMA rules have mentioned the three terms separately. This becomes important because using the terms as synonyms leads to confusion, impartiality is the mediator's lack of preference, i.e., not being involved in the outcome of the process and independence is the lack of objective links to the parties, the mediator cannot influence the parties involved in the process.[28] Therefore, there cannot be a partial neutral but there can be dependent neutral.[29]
To ensure that the mediation sessions are neutral and that all parties get to put forth their needs and requirements the mediators should ensure that one narrative does not dominate the other, there should be a proper framework in place that guides the mediators through tricky situations, and that neutrality as a mediation ethic is emphasised more and is elucidated upon by lawmakers. The Rules currently in place are inadequate and could lead to dissatisfaction amongst the parties involved.
Mediation has been looked at as an alternative to traditional dispute resolution mechanisms. It ensures that the parties involved can reach a settlement on their own terms and their needs are, to an extent possible, realised. It is an efficient method of resolving disputes as it is less time consuming and creates an environment which is conducive to peaceful settlement. The amendment to the Act, mandated pre-institution mediation for the aforementioned reasons. Currently the Courts are facing a backlog like never before and in such a situation mandating mediation to disputes which are not urgent in nature and are less grave can provide speedy justice to the disputants and respite to the judiciary.
For this to succeed the regulations, formulated to ensure a settlement procedure which resolves the dispute, need to be robust and effective. The current set of Rules only provide a very general outline to how one should go about mediation. Neutrality is one of the most important aspect of mediation if the mediator cannot be neutral then the session fails to achieve the object of efficient dispute resolution. Moreover, neutrality is often not understood and the universal consensus of neutrality being synonymous to impartiality and independence turns the process into something that can be altered by discourse. In turn the dominant narrative controls the terms of the agreement reached by the parties and this goes to the root of the importance of mediation and invalidates it. Neutrality as impartiality and neutrality as equidistance are not mutually exclusive terms, they are distinct ethics to be followed by the mediator in order to provide for the needs of all the parties to a dispute. This understanding of neutrality seems to be lacking in the Rules. Further, there is no redressal system that has been provided to the disputants and the disputants will be left without any recourse in a situation where in the mediator breached their duties and jeopardized the disputant's terms in the settlement agreement.
Therefore, to tackle these issues the Indian mediation laws need to provide for a set of guidelines similar to the IBA guidelines. The concept of mediation ethics itself needs to be strengthened to better understand the requirements of a successful mediation session which can allow the parties reach a settlement on their own terms, and the aforementioned Rules need to be looked into to make it more extensive and user-friendly. Neutrality is an important value without which one party will always remain dissatisfied and this will be counterproductive to the idea of Alternative Dispute Resolution. A mediator should not be conflicted or partial and if such is the case then the disputants should be free to remove the mediator or the mediator themselves should resign. Therefore, a mediator must be above suspicion.[30]
Commercial Courts Act, Gazette of India, §12A, 2018. ↑
Commercial Courts (Pre-institution Mediation and Settlement) Rules, Gazette of India, §12, 2018. ↑
Sara Cobb and Janet Rifkin, Practice and Paradox: Deconstructing Neutrality in Mediation, Law & Social Inquiry, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Winter, 1991), pp. 35-62. ↑
Id. ↑
Jurgen Habermas, Communication and the Evolution of Society (Boston: Beacon Press, 1979). ↑
Christopher Moore, The Mediation Process (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1986). ↑
Supra. At 3. ↑
Martin Svatoš, Ethics in Mediation: Caesar's Wife must be above Suspicion, Kluwer Mediation Blog (28th December, 2018 4:03 PM), http://mediationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2018/09/20/ethics-mediation-caesars-wife-must-suspicion/. ↑
Martin Svatoš, Ethics in Mediation II: Of the Poor Man and the Lizard, Kluwer Mediation Blog (28th December, 2018 4:03 PM), http://mediationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2018/11/20/ethics-in-mediation-ii-of-the-poor-man-and-the-lizard/. ↑
(Draft) Alternative Dispute Resolution and Mediation Rules, Rule 7, 8, 27(6), 2003. ↑
Draft General Scheme of Mediation Bill, Head 7(2), 2012. ↑
Companies (Mediation and Conciliation) Rules, §9 §10 §28(f), 2016. ↑
Avaneesh Satyang and Sohini Mandal, India: Mandatory Pre-Institution Mediation: Commercial Courts, Mondaq (28th December, 2018 4:03 PM), http://www.mondaq.com/india/x/727214/Arbitration+Dispute+Resolution/Mandatory+PreInstitution+Mediation+Commercial+Courts. ↑
Indian Institute of Mediation and Arbitration Rules, Part III, 2017. ↑
Supra. At 13. ↑
Tags: ADR law law/legal legal Mediation Social
Categories: Alternative Dispute Resolution Law/Legal Legal Mediation
Author: Vikram Kumar
Commercial Mediation in India: Current Scenario and Future Prospects
Backdrop Of Commercial Mediation: Is India Really Ready For The Mandatory Pre-Institution Mediation In Commercial Matters?
Commercial Mediation in India
Mediation in Criminal Disputes in India: Enhancing the Justice System Through Restorative Principles
Mediation as an Alternative to Criminal Prosecution: An Exploration of its Usage and Barriers to Effective Resolution of Conflict


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text:
Otacilia fansipan est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Phrurolithidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de la province de Lào Cai au Viêt Nam.

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, le Fansipan.

Publication originale
 Jäger & Dimitrov, 2019 : Otacilia fansipan spec. nov., the second congener recorded from Vietnam (Arachnida: Araneae: Phrurolithidae). Zootaxa, , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Phrurolithidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique du Viêt Nam

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In a surprising event, the NRA actually lost a major legal argument in a federal court, and America's 'oldest civil rights organization' predictably responded by calling the decision by the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals (U.S. v. Robinson) "the most anti-gun ruling from any court of the modern era." Which only goes to show how rarely the NRA loses a big one in court. But forgetting for a moment the NRA's attempt to engage in a bit of Trump-like hyperbole about this new threat to all law-abiding gun owners, the decision does put something of a crimp in gun-nut nation's plan to realize their most cherished ambition, namely, the extension of unquestioned concealed-carry to all 50 states.
The NRA has been pushing the idea of letting everyone wander around the entire country with a gun in their pockets ever since then-Senator Larry Craig took some time away from his public toilet stall and sponsored a national, reciprocal concealed-carry law back in the Clinton years. Since then, gun-nut nation has built up a small but solid phalanx of academics and commercial hucksters who will tell you that walking around with a gun in your pocket is a good thing.
Here's how it works today and here's how gun-nut nation wants it to work. Licensing for gun ownership is and has always been a state-by-state affair. Ditto carrying a gun. Some states make it easier, some make it a little more difficult, but the bottom line is that a gun license isn't like a driver's license because no matter where you drive, basically the rules of the road are the same. In the case of guns, however, the rules covering concealed-carry (CCW) are different in every state. Which means that if you want to cross a state line with a concealed weapon, you have to make sure that you are meeting the different CCW laws for each state through which you travel, which means you might as well leave the gun home.
Every time a new Congress gets to work, one of the Congressional toadies for gun-nut nation introduces a bill to establish national CCW, and every time such a bill is introduced it gets ignored. But this time may be different because now we have a champion of CCW in the White House and he owes the NRA big-time. So gun-nut nation thought that maybe this time their ship was finally coming home.
The case began when a resident of West Virginia was frisked and an illegal gun was discovered on his person after the cops got a tip that the individual in question (Robinson) was armed. In this instance the cops were operating under long-established rules which allow for a limited search if the officers believe that the suspect might be 'armed and dangerous' even if an arrest has not yet occurred. Robinson challenged the search, claiming that West Virginia law allowed him to carry a gun. Possessing a gun may have made him 'armed,' but it didn't necessarily make him 'dangerous.' A local judge agreed, but the 4th Circuit tossed Robinson's argument out.
What the 4th Circuit basically said was that it was reasonable for the cops to assume that someone walking around with a gun, even someone walking around with a legal gun on his person should not only be considered armed, but might be dangerous as well. And he would be dangerous, as far as the cops would be concerned, simply because he was carrying a gun.
Do you realize what this argument does to gun-nut nation's most cherished dream? It stands that dream on its head. Because what the NRA and all their sycophantic CCW-advocates have been saying is that walking around with a gun makes everyone safe and constitutes no threat or danger to law-abiding citizens at all. But the 4th Circuit came down on the side of cops who need to be protected against 'unnecessary risk.' And believe it or not, walking around with a gun increases risk.


The whole camping experience isn't exactly cheap, especially if you're starting from scratch with gear and supplies. Check out these eight camping hacks that'll save you money on your next big trip.
No tent? No problem. If you're a first-time camper or if you just prefer to pack light, forget the tent and sleep under the stars in a hammock. Sure, you'll need to pick a destination and time of year where this is possible, but warm climates and the spring and summer seasons are the perfect time to hang up a hammock and enjoy the open air. Don't forget the bug repellent.
Speaking of bug repellent, frugal campers don't have to buy expensive chemical-ridden repellents to keep the bugs at bay. Chances are you already have everything you need at home; natural ingredients like essential oils, witch hazel and water can be used to make a homemade repellent.
Camp pillows are expensive. Some styles are lightweight and compact, however, if you're not going on an extensive backpacking trip and you're just car camping at a campground, bring your pillow from home.
You don't have to buy specialty dehydrated camping food. Everything you need is already in your kitchen cabinets. And if it's not, you can pick it up from your grocery store for much less. Just-add-water boxed foods are like stuffing or even Ramen noodles are great for camping and unlike special dehydrated camping meals that cost as much as $10, you can pick up many of these items for $1 or less.
It's not always easy giving up the luxuries of home for a long weekend. Instead, bring them with you on your trip. If you and your fellow campers want to enjoy some music, don't buy a portable speaker, use one from home. If you've got a Type 3 soundbar at home, bring along one of the speakers. But be mindful of your neighbors, don't play your music too loud and turn it off after quiet hours if you're in a campground.
If you're an avid backpacker, you've likely gone through a pair or more of hiking boots. Rips, tears and wear is bound to happen, but the outdoor experts from Appalachian Trail say by watching your step for roots and sharp rocks along the trail, hikers can cut down on the wear and tear of their boots. Watching your step will also decrease foot pain at the end of the day.
A compact water filtration system can help cut your water weight (as long as you KNOW there are frequent water supply stations along your hike!) and ensure that the drinking water is safe. You'll also reduce your carbon footprint by using a filter and a reusable water bottle, instead of wasteful plastic water bottles.
Camping gear doesn't come cheap. If your sleeping bag is snagged or your down-jacket has a tear, don't trash it, patch it! Adding a patch kit to your emergency kit is a must. You can pick up patches, even patches designed for fixing holes in mosquito nets, at most fabric or sporting goods stores.


Home Culture Did Yarn Bombing Just Go To The Next Level?
Did Yarn Bombing Just Go To The Next Level?
Philebrity posted about this yarn bombing at 2nd street and Fairmount avenue the other day, but they did have a photo of what was actually in the tree to look up at. And when I walked by this Sunday(?) I couldn't help but take these photos to show you.
Yarn bombing has caught on fire in Philadelphia… I wonder where it'll go next?!


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Shakespeare-palooza!
Posted on July 19, 2016 by Jim Nicar
A century ago, the University went all out to celebrate William Shakespeare.
Above: UT students portray characters from The Winters Tale for a campus-wide Shakespeare pageant.
Forsooth! This year marks the 400th anniversary of the death of William Shakespeare. For the occasion, the University's Harry Ransom Center presented a special exhibit of its extensive Shakespeare collection, including three copies of the 1623 First Folio (left), considered by many to be the most important collection of English literature ever published.
On the anniversary date – Saturday, April 23rd – the UT campus was relatively quiet. There were no ceremonies to honor William Shakespeare. No speeches, parades, songs, dances, revels, or plays performed to remember the Bard from Stratford. That might sound a little over the top, but a century ago, the entire University community turned the 300th anniversary, the Shakespeare Tercentenary, into a five day Shakespeare-palooza.
Mention Shakespeare and the University of Texas in the same sentence and the conversation inevitably turns to the Shakespeare at Winedale program. Begun in 1970 as a summer class by English professor James Ayers on the premise that the best way to explore Shakespeare's plays is to perform them, the program has grown into a year-round effort that reaches students from elementary school through college. Most performances still take place in a now iconic nineteenth-century barn at the Winedale Historical Complex east of Austin, in the tiny town of Round Top. Though it's an unlikely setting, both students and audiences alike swelter through the Texas summer heat to immerse themselves in Shakespeare's works.
The Bard, though, has long been a welcome figure on the Forty Acres. Leslie Waggener (photo at left), one of the University's original eight professors and a longtime Chair of the Faculty, inspired students in his English classes to organize a Shakespearean Club in 1885, during UT's third academic year. When time allowed, he often presented lectures about Shakespeare to appreciative audiences across the state. "People who went to the opera house last night were entertained far beyond their most sanguine hopes," gushed the Fort Worth Gazette about a talk Waggener delivered in 1887. Internationally known Shakespeare scholar Mark Liddell taught at UT in the late 1890s and mesmerized students with his occasional in-class performances. Liddell published an essay titled "Botching Shakespeare" in the October, 1898 Atlantic Monthly that's still referenced in the current debate over whether to translate Shakespeare's plays into modern English. In 1905, the Ashbel Literary Society, a ladies-only student organization, surprised everyone with a performance of A Mid-Summer Night's Dream that featured an all-female cast, a reversal from Shakespeare's time when women were prevented from appearing on stage and all of the roles were played by men. The show was such a hit, the Ashbel staged As You Like It the following year. In 1909, the Curtain Club was founded as the University's first formal dramatic association. It was named for the Curtain Theater, one of several commercial stages – along with the Globe – that were operating in London during Shakespeare's career.
Today, "Shakespeare" adorns the University's Main Building. Constructed in the 1930s to serve as the central library, the names of fourteen literary giants – Aristotle, Homer, Cervantes, Moliere, and Mark Twain, among them – were symbolically engraved in limestone along the east and west walls. Shakespeare was placed in the northeast corner. And, just in case more UT-Shakespeare connections were needed, Paul Cret, the architect of the Main Building and Tower, was also the designer of the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C. Cret was finishing his plans for the Shakespeare Library just as the University hired him to be its consulting architect.
Above and left: Two buildings which share the same architect. In 1928, oil magnate Henry Folger hired Paul Cret, then head of the architecture school at the University of Pennsylvania, to design a library and theater in Washington, D.C. to make Folger's extensive collection of rare Shakespeareana available to the public. Two years later, as Cret was finishing the project and construction was about to begin, the University of Texas appointed him as its consulting architect. Cret completed his campus master plan for UT – which included the Main Building and Tower – in 1933, the same year the Folger Shakespeare Library opened. Click on an image for a larger view.
In 1914, at its annual conference in Chicago, the Drama League of America discussed the upcoming 300th anniversary of Shakespeare's death in 1916 and voted to bring about "a great national Shakespeare Tercentenary Celebration." The group didn't have the resources to coordinate a single, coast-to-coast effort. Instead, it encouraged local events organized by communities, schools, and colleges. It held press conferences, contacted civic organizations, and published pamphlets filled with ideas for parades, day-long Shakespeare festivals, music and steps to old English dances, and ideas for easily-made Elizabethan costumes (image at right).
The Drama League's efforts were incredibly successful. Despite the anxiety of an economic recession and a heated debate over whether the United Sates should enter the war in Europe, much of 1916 was given over to a national veneration of Shakespeare. The New York Times sponsored a weekly supplement devoted to the Bard, the city of Saint Louis boasted five performances of As You Like It with a cast of 1,000 persons, the University of Iowa organized a well-attended outdoor festival (photo at left). Commemorative parks were dedicated, schoolchildren learned Morris dances, and Shakespeare parties were a national fad.
Most organizers took their cues from the Drama League and sponsored one or two of the published suggestions: a parade and performance of a play, for example, or an academic lecture as part of a library exhibit. But Shakespeare was especially welcome in Austin. The University of Texas did them all, and more.
Above: The University campus in 1916. "Old Main" in the center has been replaced by the current Main Building and Tower.
For UT, Shakespeare fever arrived in 1915 at a spring meeting of the faculty, when English professor Reginald Griffith proposed a campus-wide celebration. A PhD graduate of the University of Chicago, Griffith came to Austin in 1902 for what would be a fifty-year career. Passionate about rich libraries and rare books, he initiated with UT president Robert Vinson – and enabled by a generous $225,000 gift from George Littlefield – the 1917 purchase of the John Wrenn Library in Chicago, the first step in creating a world class literary research center at the University. Just before his retirement, Griffith spearheaded the effort to found the University of Texas Press in 1950.
The faculty approved the idea unanimously. An organizing committee of five, with Griffith as chair, was appointed, including Latin professor Ed Fay, history professor Eugene Barker, Aute Richards from zoology, and faculty secretary (and noted cowboy song collector) John Lomax. By mid-July, the initial plans were announced in the Austin Daily Statesman, but were decidedly tame and traditional. There would be an exhibit in the University Library, distinguished scholars would be invited for guest lectures, and a professional troupe would be hired to present several Shakespeare plays "for the delight and instruction of the students and faculty."
Griffith, though, wasn't satisfied. Just as the future Shakespeare at Winedale program was built upon the tenet of understanding Shakespeare through performance, Griffith sought to involve as much of the University community as possible, and not as mere spectators. He prodded the committee for more ideas and sought advice from friends and colleagues. By the end of the 1915 fall term, plans for a far more ambitious Shakespeare Tercentenary had emerged.
For several years, Eunice Aden, as Director of Physical Training for Women (photo at right), had organized an annual spring exhibition of games, exercises, and dances by hundreds of participating co-eds. Held at the University's athletic field (old Clark Field, about where the O'Donnell Building and the Gates-Dell Computer Science complex are today), it was meant, in part, to promote the still not-completely-accepted idea of women in sports. Griffith approached Aden about substituting a nighttime Shakespeare commemoration for her usual program, making it instead an evening of old English folk dances, along with an original artistic tribute to the Bard. Aden, who as a UT student had starred as Orlando in the 1906 Ashbel Society production of As You Like It, readily agreed. A dozen sections of the men's gym classes were recruited to be partners with the girls.
A performance of sixteenth century English dances, though, needed a proper setting. Phi Alpha Tau, a professional fraternity whose membership then drew from the campus literary, debate, and dramatic clubs, volunteered to design and build a replica of an English village that would stretch across the far side of the football field as a backdrop. The idea quickly expanded into a full Bartholomew Fair, what amounted to the first Renaissance Fair in Texas. Spectators would watch the dance performance seated in the stands, and then be invited on to the field to join in the fair afterward.
Above: Clark Field, looking toward the covered west stands. A Bartholomew Fair was constructed along the east half of the field.
As Clark Field wasn't lighted, physics professor LeRoy Brown offered to supervise a group of science and engineering students that would install spotlights as temporary illumination, along with special lighting effects for the fair. Music professor Frank Reed took on the responsibility for the live music needs for the evening, found the scores to English folk dances and other appropriate tunes, and recruited the University band and singing groups.
Thus far, more than a thousand of the University's 2,600 enrolled students were involved. What about the rest? Inspiration came from the home front, as Griffith's wife, Alice, had been researching previous Shakespeare celebrations, particularly the first Shakespeare Jubilee that took place in Stratford in 1769. Among the many scheduled events was a pageant, a parade of costumed characters from Shakespeare's plays. Though rainy weather had cancelled the 1769 pageant, it was included in future Shakespeare celebrations and had long been popular. Why not stage a pageant on the campus?
Before long, a pageant committee had organized, chaired by home economics professor Mary Gearing and composed of faculty, wives of professors, and friends of the University. The committee created a dozen parade units, depicting either scenes from plays or snapshots of Shakespeare's life, and assigned each to an academic department or student organization. To visually distinguish each group, the committee went so far as to select "color schemes" for the costumes.
With the inclusion of a procession, plans for the University's Shakespeare Tercentenary were at last complete. A five-day celebration, from April 22 – 26, would include a library exhibit, lectures by visiting academics, performances of Shakespeare plays by a professional troupe from New York City, an Elizabethan Revel with folk dances, a Bartholomew Fair, and, to start off the festivities, a great Shakespeare Pageant. For UT, it was the most ambitious project yet attempted.
Funding all of this, of course, quickly became an issue. The University could afford to bring visiting scholars and hire a professional troupe, but had limited resources to provide the lumber, nails, and paint for the Bartholomew Fair, or the materials and labor needed to create thousands of Elizabethan costumes. Concessions were to be sold at the pageant and the fair, and a planned twenty-five cent admission to Clark Field would all help cover the costs, but the money was needed beforehand. To the rescue again came Dr. Griffith, who fronted the needed funds, a sizeable risk for an associate professor earning a $2,200 salary. So that Griffith could concentrate on the tercentenary program, UT athletic director Theo Bellmont (image, above right) volunteered for business manager duties.
Above: The University of Texas Library, currently the Architecture and Planning Library in Battle Hall, site of the 1916 Shakespeare exhibit.
By February 1916, much of the campus community was actively preparing for the tercentenary. Massive rehearsals for folk dances took place in the women's gym, then housed in a temporary wooden structure about where the Texas Union stands today. University Librarian John Goodwin assembled an exhibit in a room on the first floor of the library (Battle Hall), with books, maps, photographs, and other materials about Shakespeare and Elizabethan England.
The exhibit, though, quickly became a critical resource, heavily consulted by the members and friends of Phi Alpha Tau as they designed and built their English hamlet for the Bartholomew Fair. Home economics students, under the advice of Professor Mary Gearing, used the exhibit to study Elizabethan textiles and fashion, and sketched dozens of historically accurate costumes that were posted on bulletin boards all over campus.
Left: Throughout the spring, notices about meetings and rehearsals for the Shakespeare Tercentenary regularly appeared in The Daily Texan student newspaper.
The costumes were, by far, the most time consuming. Thousands were needed. Materials for hats and suits were purchased at wholesale prices. Along with student volunteers, every tailor and dressmaker in Austin was employed. Even the sinks in the chemistry lab building were commandeered to dye endless pairs of stockings just the right shade.
In the meantime, the University advertised the upcoming celebration in newspapers throughout the state. Many of the hotels in Austin were filled.
Above: Pat Holmes (in the wheelbarrow) stars as Falstaff as fellow social science students recreate a scene from The Merry Wives of Windsor in the Shakespeare pageant.
At precisely 6 p.m. on Saturday, April 22nd, a trumpet fanfare, played in front of the Victorian-Gothic old Main Building, heralded the start of the Shakespeare Pageant. The mile-long parade route started on the east side and moved counter-clockwise along the walkway that enclosed the square, forty acre campus. Twelve flags were spaced evenly on the course to mark the stops where the pageant groups would perform.
According to the Austin American, "The last rays of a brilliant sunset, reluctant to retire beyond vision of such a resplendent scene, shed multi-colored rays over the rollicking actors in the pageant. On every hand minstrels darted, jesters chided and bantered, and apple-sellers and sandwich peddlers adjured the crowd to purchase their wares. Twelve groups of players composed the main body of the pageant, portraying some dramatic moment of one of Shakespeare's plays. Minstrels preceded each group, joyously rendering ballads and accompanying themselves with mandolins and guitars."
Above: With Grace Denny as Rosalind (far left), natural sciences students portray As You Like It. All are holding young corn stalks, meant to depict the trees in the forest of Arden.
The Department of Social Sciences took on The Merry Wives of Windsor, decked out in "biscuit colored outfits in red trim," while natural science students chose As You Like It in costumes of "forest green and brown." Appropriately, the law department reenacted the trial scene from The Merchant of Venice. Ancient languages claimed Julius Caesar. Modern languages went with Taming of the Shrew, education students opted for King Richard III, home economics selected The Winter's Tale, and the engineers boldly chose Hamlet. The remaining groups depicted scenes from Shakespeare's life. At the end of the procession was the Bard himself, played by Dr. Tyler Mather, chair of the physics department.
Above: Good casting? Dr. Tyler Mather (right), chair of the physics department, played Shakespeare in the tercentenary pageant.
An estimated 10,000 spectators gathered to see the parade, more than half of them sporting their own, homemade Elizabethan costumes. They stayed well after sunset and watched the parade by the light of electric lamps only recently installed along the walk.
The pageant concluded, the crowd hurried to fill the west stands of Clark Field for the 8 p.m. Elizabethan Revel. Under the gaze of special lighting and accompanied by the twenty-piece University band, hundreds of UT students performed a series of English folk dances: Morris dances, the Sailor's Hornpipe, and others. Next, the all-girl advanced modern dance class presented an interpretive, original piece which depicted an aging Shakespeare, retired from the stage, returning his literary gifts to each of the Nine Muses. "The various young ladies and their attendants captivated the audience by the gracefulness and beauty with which they danced their respective parts," reported the Cactus yearbook.
After the dance program, the audience was invited on to the field for the Bartholomew Fair. The Boar's Head "Tavern" served shepherd's pie and family-friendly libations. Puppet shows, mock sword fights, wrestling matches, and fortune telling provided entertainment, and fairgoers could try their own hand at archery, lawn bowling, and folk dancing. The Austin Daily Statesman called it a "gorgeous jollification," and the party continued well into the night.
Sunday, April 23rd, was the anniversary date of Shakespeare's passing, but also turned out to be Easter Sunday. The University, along with most of Austin, was closed for the day. No matter. Caught up in the spirit of the weekend, most of the city's clergy found a way to weave Shakespeare into their Easter sermons.
The tercentenary continued through the following Wednesday, as UT president William Battle suspended classes each day at noon so as many students as possible could attend lectures by visiting scholars in the Old Main auditorium. Addresses were delivered by John Manly of the University of Chicago, Barrett Wendell of Harvard, and former UT law professor and regent Robert Batts. In the evenings, the Cliff Deveraux troupe from New York performed Shakespeare plays outdoors in the southeastern corner of the campus, the audience sitting on the hillside where the Graduate School of Business building now stands. Wednesday afternoon, the campus was given over to the children of the Baker, Winn, and Wooldridge elementary schools who held their own Shakespeare pageant and a Maypole dance.
One last fling was held Thursday evening. An all-University dance in the women's gym provided an excuse to don those Elizabethan costumes a final time. Class attendance Friday morning was reportedly a bit sparse.
"Never before has a single activity been more enthusiastically participated in by a larger number of our student body than the Shakespeare Tercentenary," reported The Daily Texan student newspaper. "Its influence educationally was great. The institution was imbued with a new sense of the artistic and cultural. It has done a lasting good." Professor Griffith, who was fully reimbursed from the earnings of the Bartholomew Fair, was praised from all corners of the campus. "He shouldered the whole responsibility, financial and otherwise," lauded the Texan. "Such loyal public service cannot be commended too highly."
1 thought on "Shakespeare-palooza!"
Lockhart, Lisa A on July 20, 2016 at 9:31 am said:
Dear Jim,
If possible, you have outdone yourself. What a fantastic article on The Bard's Birthday!!

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Home » News » Central America: US Boosts Anti-Corruption Task Force Without Central American Support » News
Central America: US Boosts Anti-Corruption Task Force Without Central American Support
news source: Digital Process and Proceso.hn .
This article also appears at https://today.in-24.com/News/412787.html .
Tegucigalpa - The United States seeks to push the announced Anti-Corruption Task Force in Central America, on its side, without Central American support as proposed at the beginning of the administration, indicates Eric Olson, director of Policies and Strategic Initiatives of the Seattle International Foundation, quoted by El Guatemala newspaper.
It was in March of this year when Washington envoys announced the creation of a regional anti-corruption task force to strengthen prosperity, institutionality and dignity in Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala, assured the Special Assistant to the President and main director of the Council. National Security Officer for the Western Hemisphere, Juan González and the special envoy for the Northern Triangle, Ricardo Zúñiga in conversation with journalists from the region from Mexico City.
The announced regional body seeks to fill the space of the International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG) and the Mission of Support Against Corruption in Honduras (MACCIH) and to support El Salvador in its fight against impunity.
The initiative then was not framed within a closed term, but rather it seeks to strengthen the conditions of justice and the fight against corruption and impunity in the region, so that one day it will not be needed, they stated.
Both officials spoke of working in the region with actors from civil society, private companies and key representatives, to combat corruption as a central part of what Washington wants to do to move towards a Central America that protects human dignity in each country.
But after the actions that have devastated the institutionality in El Salvador, where the attorney general and senior magistrates were deposed outside the law in an initiative promoted by the Executive and endorsed by the Legislative Power, and what happened in Guatemala, where the prosecutor General Consuelo Porras, beheaded the prosecutor against corruption, the vision has been modified.
In this sense, El Periódico indicates verbatim: "The route taken by the US Government is to activate the Anti-Corruption Task Force. Only, without the collaboration of Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador, as was the original idea announced by Vice President Kamala Harris during her visit to the country on June 6. According to Olson, approximately six weeks ago the integration of the technical teams that will be in charge of investigating corrupt Central Americans began ".
"According to the SIF strategist, these investigators are not only from the Department of Justice, as is usual, but this time they are involved prosecutors and officials from the Department of the Treasury and the FBI. Eric Olson adds that, due to the lack of trust in the MP, the investigations carried out by the Americans will only be limited to assembling cases against politicians, officials and members of organized crime who have collaborated or committed crimes in the United States ".
"The most appropriate thing would be for the Public Ministries and local courts (of Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador) to support and organize investigations to combat corruption, but if they are not in a position to guarantee the rule of law and are being politically manipulated, It is obvious that we have to look for other ways, "adds Olson about the decision that the US government has taken to start the Anti-Corruption Task Force without the support of the Central American countries."
The journalistic work also quotes the Guatemalan ambassador in Washington, DC, Alfonso Quiñónez and indicates that he is aware of this situation.
Elsewhere they state: "The Guatemalan ambassador in Washington, DC assures that the United States is making progress in the integration of an Anti-Corruption Task Force. One of the components agreed upon in this initiative has been used by the Giammattei government to negotiate for a new dialogue with the MP. But the State Department does not change its opinion regarding Consuelo Porras ". (P.S)
US Boosts Anti-Corruption Task Force Without Central America, Quotes El Periódico
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Scottish Government seeks measures to limit EU sandeel fishing in UK waters
by editor | Jun 14, 2021 | Featured News, Latest News, Scottish Fishing Industry
Rural Secretary Mairi Gougeon has promised to investigate ways to stop sandeel fishing by Danish and Swedish in Scottish waters
Scottish Rural Secretary Mairi Gougeon has promised to investigate ways to stop "industrial" sandeel fishing by Danish and Swedish fishing vessels in Scottish waters.
In 2020, Danish boats alone landed over 171,000 tonnes of sandeel in national ports with Norway, Sweden and other countries contributing a further 67,000 tonnes, leaving a total of 238,000 tonnes of sandeel either being mulched for fish farm feed or being burned in industrial burners for generating electricity.
Sandeel fishing by Scottish boats was prohibited after huge environmental concerns that the plundering of the little fish was causing the decline in other fish stocks, marine life and birdlife that depended on them.
Unfortunately, the rules banning the fishery was not extended to their European neighbours such as Denmark and the Sweden during the UK's membership of the EU, and post-Brexit, due to the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, these neighbouring coastal states remain actively fishing sandeel in Scottish waters; Area 4a and 4b of the North Sea.
Last week, Willie Rennie, MSP for the Liberal Democrats asked the new Fisheries Secretary if the Scottish Government what action it will be taking regarding reports that Danish and Swedish boats were intensively fishing for sandeels off the Firth of Forth.
In her reply, the Secretary said, "The terms of the trade and co-operation agreement that was established between the United Kingdom and the European Union in December 2020 entitle those vessels to fish their quota in UK waters. Through the bilateral agreement for 2021, which was finalised last week, a total allowable catch level has been set for sand eel, giving EU quota to fish against.
"However, given the importance of sand eels to the wider ecosystem and the subsequent benefit in aiding the long-term sustainability and resilience of the North Sea, it remains an overarching and long-held Scottish Government position not to support fishing for sand eel or other industrial species in our waters. I have therefore instructed my officials to consider what management measures can be put in place to manage activity in the most sustainable way possible."
Mr Rennie replied, "That is very good news. The kittiwake population has been cut in half in the past 50 years, partly as a result of industrial sand eel fishing. In the past month, more than 20 Swedish and Danish boats spent days off the Fife coast hoovering up tonnes of sand eels for pig meal. Local fishermen and RSPB Scotland are very concerned about the impact on seabirds. A previous Government took action at Wee Bankie, and we need action now. I want the minister to think of the puffins and to set out the urgent action that will be taken on sand eels."
The Secretary noted the importance of the fish stock to to other marine wildlife saying, "Absolutely. I appreciate the concerns that Willie Rennie has raised, and I completely understand the one regarding sand eels. The issue is the wider ecosystem and the impact that such fishing has on species whose numbers are depleting. That is why I have committed to looking at the issue as a matter of urgency, to see what measures we can put in place."
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The first was to solve for the moment of inertia of an object, for which one has to take an integral over the volume- or to do it discretely, cut up the object into small chunks and sum up their masses multiplied by their distance to the center of the frame of reference. The problem is that for 3d applications most often we start with a model that contains only an objects surface, and no information is given on what's underneath. A 3d format that stores the mass density of structures that are under the skin would simplify the problem of getting the moment of inertia, but to start off with it's easier to make a few assumptions and not worry about finding or engineering such a format and the tools to build with it.
The other is to automatically create an internal structure for an object which attaches to the provided surface mesh. This structure is composed of points known to be inside the object which are attached in some manner (springs for instance) to neighboring points- all the points have a mass which summed up is the total mass of the object. Uniform spacing of the points is sometimes desirable.
What I've done is implemented a general method for determining the interior points of an object when supplied the triangles that make up the skin, and afterwards I can assume uniform density and use that volume for other tasks.
Given that a bounding volume has been found, the idea is to break the volume up into equally spaced points, and then test each point to see if it is inside or outside of the object: if it is inside put it into a vector. The vector is the volume of the object, and is only as accurate as the testing points are close together.
(It'll help with optimization later on to have all the test lines axis aligned) All three test lines intersect the object somewhere (and in even numbers of times as well, or else the bounding volume is screwed up or we've let an edge/point intersection pass through). Also note the orientation of the thinner normal lines. The rightmost point has two points of intersection, but both are above the test point, so it is discounted. The left point has two intersection, one below and one above. To make absolutely sure the test point is inside take the dot product of the intersected surface's normal and a line that originates at the test point and passes through the same intersection point- that is, both normals have to be facing away from the test point.
The middle test point suggest a few more tests to be done: the intersection points have to be sorted to yield the closest above and the closest below, so in this case both of the normals are facing towards the point and it is outside the object.
With all the test point processed, plot the contents of the interior vector as well as the regular object, and have controls that can turn the drawing of either on or off. Probably a few points are going to sit on the outside of the object, but if they're reasonably close to the surface no big deal. It's obvious that it's working when the points provide a decent silhouette of the surface object.
The first iteration of the program I got working takes an extremely long amount of time for objects with a few hundred triangles. Extremely convoluted non-convex objects slow this down even more. Most triangles can be discarded for a test point if the corners don't span the test point (axis alignment is key here). It's important to have a simple test object initially, and of course get the thing working before attempting much optimization.
Here's a convoluted model I made in Wings with dense testing points. There are some interesting rendering possbilities here, attached a tiny billboard to each point for instance, or just gaze at the moire patterns the points alone make.
The skin above and the volume points (voxels I guess if I made them space filling) below. The gun barrels are hollow and are almost excluded by the volume testing for their thinness. Those lines are just visual artifacts, not internal structures.
That's the GLGooey OpenGL gui running the listboxes and checkboxes.
It's even cooler to watch it rotate around in real time...so here's a sample windows executable volumeInterior.zip.
The test point algorithm for the cylindrical case is pretty easy. For each concentric layer (each of which is the step size further out from the last), we want a number of testpoints with equal spacing- and spacing approximately equal to the step size.
The algorithm here is a bit more involved, but follow from the cylindrical case.
Now theta also defines the radius at the layer in question, so take the equation for the radius, stepSize divides out, round down the result (casting into int does this in C and C++, though I'm not sure if that is defined behavior or implementation specific).
It's easier to deal with the spacing in radians (rather than actual resulting spacing), so 2*pi divided by previous rounded value is what we seek.
Using the same rule of thumb as for cylindrical give use the theta step size. Theta is the angle from the north polar axis, and phi is the angle from where the x-axis should be. I adopted this convention from an electromagnetics text, any other should work as well if it stays consistent.
Sample Windows and Linux (RH 8.0 libs) executables with test .obj files. OpenGL and SDL libraries required. Please contact me with any difficulties getting these to work.
A CS grad student's rigid body tutorial, with some psuedo code and content similar to this page.


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Omar Fonstad el Ghaouti (born 15 February 1990) is a Norwegian futsal player and football striker who plays for Hønefoss.

Hailing from Stovner in Oslo, he is of Norwegian and Moroccan descent. After playing for Stabæk U20 he played for four clubs in and around Oslo before making his way to Malta in 2012. A journeyman footballer, he also won 17 caps for the Norwegian national futsal team in 2014 and 2015.

References

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Oslo
Norwegian people of Moroccan descent
Norwegian footballers
Lørenskog IF players
Sliema Wanderers F.C. players
Żejtun Corinthians F.C. players
Ullensaker/Kisa IL players
Moss FK players
IF Fram Larvik players
Bryne FK players
Arendal Fotball players
Alta IF players
Hønefoss BK players
Norwegian Second Division players
Association football forwards
Norwegian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Malta
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Malta
Norwegian men's futsal players


Favorite Toy: Anything soft I can curl up on is my favorite, especially freshly folded laundry!
I brought lots of love to a lady at the hospital one morning when she was feeling really anxious. Both of her parents were having heart surgery at the same time and she really missed her dogs. I was so glad to be there to comfort her that day!
I was adopted by my pet parent mom when I was 1.5 years old and my pet parent dad officially joined the family March 2018! I'm a big cuddle bug and love spending all day on the couch napping. Even though I'm a really laid back guy, I still work hard - I've been on over 60 visits and have even participated in a published research study on the benefits of pet therapy for children!


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Posted on October 12, 2015 by Wilmington News Journal
Dalton's poise rubs off as Bengals beat Seahawks 27-24 in OT
Local Sports 3
Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Andy Dalton, right, celebrates after scoring a touchdown in the second half of an NFL football game against the Seattle Seahawks, Sunday, Oct. 11, 2015, in Cincinnati. The Bengals won 27-24. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Cincinnati Bengals defensive end Carlos Dunlap (96) reacts after sacking Seattle Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson (not shown) in the second half of an NFL football game, Sunday, Oct. 11, 2015, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Andy Dalton, center right, hugs offensive coordinator Hue Jackson after an NFL football game against the Seattle Seahawks, Sunday, Oct. 11, 2015, in Cincinnati. The Bengals won 27-24. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
CINCINNATI (AP) — Andy Dalton has never been so confident. It shows when it matters most.
Dalton led the unbeaten Bengals to one of the greatest comebacks in their history on Sunday, overcoming a 17-point deficit in the fourth quarter for a 27-24 victory against the Seattle Seahawks in overtime.
The fifth-year quarterback is growing up a little more each week, and it shows in his demeanor. He's never felt this good.
"Absolutely," said Dalton, who leads the NFL in fourth-quarter passer rating. "Every year that you play and every game that you play, and when you win like this it adds to your confidence. I feel really good about this team and where we are."
The Bengals (5-0) are off to their best start since 1988, the last time they went to the Super Bowl.
Trailing 24-7 as the fourth quarter began, Dalton threw for one touchdown, ran for another and led Cincinnati on a 69-yard drive with no timeouts to set up Mike Nugent's tying 31-yard field goal on the final play of regulation.
Nugent's 42-yarder with 3:36 left in overtime hit the left upright and went through, completing a comeback that matched the second-biggest in team history.
"Being able to overcome what we did against that kind of talent is a heck of a message," left tackle Andrew Whitworth said.
The Seahawks (2-3) matched the biggest collapse in their history, the third time they've blown a 17-point lead in the fourth quarter. The NFL's second-ranked defense couldn't stop Dalton, who went 13 of 15 for 135 yards in the fourth quarter and overtime.
Seattle has reached back-to-back Super Bowls by finishing teams off. Now, they're on the other end of it.
"That's why I'm baffled a little bit," coach Pete Carroll said. "What's startling is that it's not happening. We've had to be terrific in this mode for years to be able to do what we've done."
Five things to take away from Paul Brown Stadium:
OH THAT COMEBACK … AND COLLAPSE: It was the second time Cincinnati overcame a 17-point deficit in the fourth quarter and won, according to STATS. The Bengals also did it at Baltimore in 2004. Cincinnati overcame an 18-point deficit to beat Arizona 24-21 in the 1997 season. … The Seahawks also blew 17-point leads in 2003 against Baltimore and 2004 against St. Louis, losing in overtime as well.
DALTON SHINES AGAIN: The AFC's top-ranked passer finished 30 of 44 for 331 yards with two touchdowns, one interception — only his second of the season — and four sacks. His overall passer rating is 115.6. He was nearly flawless when he had to be.
"Andy's had that poise," coach Marvin Lewis said. "The other guys have raised their level around him. So when things don't quite go their way, they are mentally tough enough (to) let Andy do his thing."
BEST BENGALS STARTS: The Bengals are one win shy of matching the best start in club history. They went 6-0 in 1975 and 1988. Cincinnati plays at Buffalo next week, then has its bye.
SEATTLE RUNS IT: Running back Marshawn Lynch missed his second straight game with a hamstring injury. Undrafted rookie Thomas Rawls took over and ran for a career-high 169 yards, including a 69-yard TD in the third quarter that helped the Seahawks build the big lead.
"Rawls was lights-out today," quarterback Russell Wilson said. "It's not a surprise. He's a physical guy."
NOW WHAT?: The Seahawks were in position to get their second win in six days, coming off a 13-10 Monday night victory over Detroit. Now they're 2-3 and still trying to fix an offense that gives up a lot of sacks — Wilson was dropped four more times — and has been erratic. One consolation: They opened last season 3-3 and went to the Super Bowl, where they lost to New England.
"We're not dead and gone," Carroll said. "We don't feel like that at all."
AP NFL website: www.pro32.ap.org and AP NFL Twitter feed: www.twitter.com/AP_NFL
http://aimmedianetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2015/10/web1_106381821-5c450f3517a44ab9b51008a8d0489f26.jpgCincinnati Bengals quarterback Andy Dalton, right, celebrates after scoring a touchdown in the second half of an NFL football game against the Seattle Seahawks, Sunday, Oct. 11, 2015, in Cincinnati. The Bengals won 27-24. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
http://aimmedianetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2015/10/web1_106381821-14eb0a0182774f6a892eb30ea1719a98.jpgCincinnati Bengals defensive end Carlos Dunlap (96) reacts after sacking Seattle Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson (not shown) in the second half of an NFL football game, Sunday, Oct. 11, 2015, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
http://aimmedianetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2015/10/web1_106381821-748516c812ab45e79751a709d6d9f9d7.jpgCincinnati Bengals quarterback Andy Dalton, center right, hugs offensive coordinator Hue Jackson after an NFL football game against the Seattle Seahawks, Sunday, Oct. 11, 2015, in Cincinnati. The Bengals won 27-24. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Hi! A visitor to our site felt the following article might be of interest to you: Dalton's poise rubs off as Bengals beat Seahawks 27-24 in OT. Here is a link to that story: http://www.wnewsj.com/sports/local-sports-3/5568/daltons-poise-rubs-off-as-bengals-beat-seahawks-27-24-in-ot


KALAMAZOO, MI -- Two Sundays ago, anyone wandering through downtown Kalamazoo might have wondered if someone had pulled a prank in Bronson Park.
On that Sunday, there was clothing strewn across the park, hanging from trees and draped over statues.
But it was no prank. It was the work of a group of students from First Presbyterian Church of Richland, who had decided they had enough of talking about what Jesus would do.
They wanted to do what Jesus would do.
The students conducted a clothing drive at church and that Sunday they distributed the items in the park, with tags that said, "I am not lost! If you are stuck out in the cold, please take this to keep warm! Your friends at First Presbyterian Church of Richland."
The Rev. Mark Jennings, pastor at First Presbyterian, said the idea was inspired by the high school Sunday school class.
"The high school Sunday school class this year talked with their teacher about the fact that they've learned lessons all these years from the Bible about what Jesus said and did," Jennings said. "They were wanted to put some of that in action this year."
Sunday school teacher Meredith Alspach said there are two high schools in the class, Jacqueline Brignall and Alanna Wyckoff and they involved middle school students in the project as well.
The students saw this project in another city and loved the idea, Alspach said. They loved the idea of doing something for the community, she said.
"High school kids don't want to go to church. They're bored," she said. "Over the holidays I was thinking about what would a more effective way to teach them. I thought enough already. How are they going to put these church lessons into action when they walk away from us?"
The students made an appeal to the congregation and received more than 100 hats, scarves, coats, mittens and packages of socks.
They brought the items to Bronson Park where they draped the items over tree branches, along benches and on the statues of children.
Addressing the needs of the homeless will remain the group's focus throughout the school year. In addition to the clothing drive, the students are helping with the church's food pantry and launching special drives to ensure children who come to the pantry get to choose treats -- just like any other kid on a shopping trip.
Alspach said the students have really embraced a unique mission statement for the church year.
"They really want to show the community that it doesn't matter who you are or where you're from or what you have or don't have," she said. "God loves us all the most."


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Home » Ex-Husky Polk goes undrafted, lands with Eagles
Ex-Husky Polk goes undrafted, lands with Eagles
By SPNW Staff April 28, 2012 Updated: October 4, 2012 22 Comments4 Mins Read
Running back Chris Polk went undrafted apparently because teams believed he had a chronic shoulder condition. / Drew Sellers, Sportspress Northwest
The biggest local surprise of the NFL draft turned out to be Washington running back Chris Polk.
It was assumed if Polk became a surprise during the league's selection extravaganza, it would be because he went sooner than the expected third- or fourth-round range.
Instead, Polk's name never was called. Several reports say he signed a free agent deal with the Philadelphia Eagles following the draft's disappointment.
Saturday morning started with hints that a physical problem for Polk had scared teams off of Washington's second all-time leading rusher. Rumors of Polk's injury swirled on Twitter. NFL Network analyst Mike Mayock said Polk has a degenerative shoulder problem. Another alleged a hip issue.
"I will just have to go out there and show them I have a lot of great football left in me," Polk told Rob Rang of NFLDraftScout.com after agreeing to a deal with the Eagles. "I know teams are concerned about my shoulder, but I also heard somebody say something about a degenerative hip and there is just no truth to that. I had labrum surgery on the shoulder a year ago and it didn't slow me down last season."
Polk had surgery twice on his left shoulder. He dislocated it in 2008 during the second game of the season against BYU. That surgery ended his freshman season.
He also suffered a torn labrum in 2009, which led to another off-season surgery that caused him to miss 2010 spring practice. In addition, he had arthroscopic knee surgery prior to last season, his most successful, but did not miss any games.
"Some of the reports that have come out are news to me," Washington head coach Steve Sarkisian said after Washington's spring game Saturday. "I've never heard that stuff."
Polk, 5 foot 11 and 222 pounds, left Washington following his redshirt junior season. The Redlands, Calif., native finished second in career rushing yards at Washington. His 4,049 yards trails only Napoleon Kaufman's 4,401 yards.
He earned many of those yards after the initial hit. After coming out of high school with a label of being soft, Polk left college recognized as a driving, hard-nosed runner.
Polk's 1,488 rushing yards in 2011 were the second-most in Washington history. His 293 carries rank second and his 12 rushing TDs were tied for seventh. Polk's 16 total touchdowns last season are tied for fifth most in UW single-season history.
He was able to expand his game in 2011, too. Polk made 31 catches for 332 yards and four touchdowns, including a 70-yard touchdown versus Cal.
There were questions about his speed and durability prior to the draft. Running backs who seek contact often have short careers in the NFL, let alone ones who use Polk's relentless style.
"Well, he's got to go prove it," Sarkisian said prior to the draft. "The NFL, these guys, they are the experts, right? They do this for a reason, they study every film, they look at every play. And that's the perception they have, and if that's a guy's perception of Chris, it is what it is. And until you go out and prove to change that perception, that's who you are.
"For Chris it's ultimately when training camp rolls around, he's got to go prove what he wants to prove about himself."
The NFLDraftScout.com report said when Polk began hearing that teams were concerned about his shoulder, he had it checked by well-known orthopedic surgeon James Andrews. According to team sources, Andrews wrote a letter stating that Polk had some scarring from the surgery, but there was nothing that should prevent him from playing football. However, some team medical staffs labeled the shoulder problem as either "chronic" or "degenerative."
Andrews disagreed, telling one source close to Polk, "if I thought Chris had a problem that needed fixing, I would have operated, but there was not a problem."
"Of course I would have preferred to be drafted and drafted high," Polk said. "But the main thing now is that I am with a great offensive team and I will get my opportunity to show what I can do in the NFL."
Howell Thomas on April 28, 2012 9:27 pm
Good Luck Chris, prove them wrong!
Artthiel on April 28, 2012 9:57 pm
Amazing a player could run as hard and well as Polk and be discovered to be too unhealthy to play in the NFL.
Radams5150 on April 28, 2012 10:57 pm
literally blown away this guy wasn't drafted. even in this now pass happy league the guy is a great reciever out of the backfield and a great blocker when he needs to be. he's an easy 2nd round pick on talent and determination alone. great for the eagles and bad that the hawks couldn't see this value!!!
Apparently NFL docs saw enough damage to say it's not worth a draft choice, especially after the hard miles he put in at UW.
Radams5150 on April 28, 2012 9:57 pm
Artthiel on April 29, 2012 12:22 pm
jafabian on April 29, 2012 1:14 am
You'd think someone would draft him, give him a contract laden with various health incentive clauses and stash on on some PUP list if necessary. The trend in the NFL with RB's is playing the RB by committee approach. Polk could still fill that kind of role easily.
When it comes to draft choices, teams are often more risk-averse than with vets.
jafabian on April 29, 2012 12:14 am
RadioGuy on April 29, 2012 7:41 am
I'm a lifelong Cougars fan, but I wish Chris Polk well and hope he proves he can play (and play well) in the NFL.
Noble of you, Radio. Glad to know some Cougs fans see beyond the colors.
Thanks, Art. I grew up near Seattle when guys like Sonny Sixkiller, Jim Krieg, Bo Cornell and Ernie Janet (who was on my P-I route when he was with the Bears) were playing for them, so I liked them early on…except for one week a year. Mom did a great job of indoctrination.
Huskiesrock06 on April 29, 2012 2:05 pm
I hope Polk continues to shine like he did at UW. I just wish Seattle would have taken Polk at the very least as a FA pickup
Funny how NFL teams will take proven drug users, felons ect. but they wont take a player who might have a problem with his shoulders. I didnt hear teams saying oh Andrew Luck has a knee problem yet he was taken #1


text:
Antler Hunting
Thread starter Elkhunter
Elkhunter
Photographs by Lucas J. Gilman
Horse trailers, trucks and cars line the Elk Refuge road in the moments before 8 a.m.
It's all about antlers
Dozens of eager treasure hunters line up a day in advance to claim what elk leave behind.
By Allison Arthur
Passengers in the line of trucks on the National Elk Refuge waited anxiously for the go-ahead early Thursday. Some of the 175 parties had been braving the cold and living out of their trucks anticipating this moment for days.
Men in camouflage and cowboy garb passed the time preparing for the hunt and trying to stay warm on the brisk spring morning. The scene was reminiscent of eager skiers overflowing the maze awaiting the opening of the ski resort on a huge powder day.
The jewel in quest: elk antlers.
May 1 is a monumental day for elk antler hunters. At 8 a.m. sharp, the Bridger-Teton National Forest officially opens winter range that's been closed to protect wildlife. At that time, those seeking access to Forest Service land up Flat Creek, Curtis Canyon and the the Gros Ventre range are free to cross the National Elk Refuge and roam the forest in search of treasured shed elk antlers.
Boone Smith and his party of four had a plan of attack: "We are going to run like hell," he said.
The group from Preston, Idaho, traveled to Jackson specifically for the annual event. They arrived to get in line on Tuesday night but were turned away and asked to come back the next morning as Elk Refuge officials discourage people from lining up more than 24 hours in advance.
Although Smith and his party were on foot, as opposed the preferred method of many, horseback, they were not discouraged. They landed the coveted first spot in line and garnered some valuable information from their temporary neighbor, Kyle Rooke.
"Being on foot is tougher," said Rooke, who has participated in the annual antler hunt every year since he was a child.
Rooke always comes to Jackson with his horses from his home in Idaho to get in line early. This year he ended up fifth.
Elk antlers, which are often turned into furniture and artistic artifacts, are coveted and valuable items that are sold around the world and often hard to come by. Smith, though, explained that the draw to him is much less about the money than the ritual and experience of the hunt.
"It is almost not even worth taking off work to do it anymore," he said of the money.
The free-market value of the antlers can be close to $10 per pound on a good year, but the price has dropped to around $8 or less in the last year he said.
Forty-five cars back was the first set of Teton County plates. Filled with Eric Rahilly, Ryan Lakovitch, Jerod Jardine and John Toolson, the truck and trailer were packed with gear and horses. The crew, which had been in line since 2 p.m. the day before, was ready to go and warming up for the hunt with cans of Budweiser instead of cups of coffee.
"It's just something to do in the springtime," said Rahilly. "We're not here for the money. We just do it to have fun."
Smith and Rahilly both cited the rowdy scene and the crowd as the most fun part of the hunt. Rahilly was amused by a wild bucking bronc one of his friends was preparing to ride.
"It's like being at the rodeo," said Smith of the cowboy scene.
Elk Refuge officials said crowd maintenance is important to keep the event a peaceful one.
"We have to keep the drunks from killing each other," joked Steve Cruse, a law enforcement officer for National Elk Refuge. Every now and then, through the course of the night, someone got kicked out of line by law enforcement officials.
This year, due to an early spring and a mild winter, the chance of finding a lot of antlers increased, Cruse said. The elk migrated off the refuge and onto the Forest Service land earlier than usual, making the chance of the antlers shedding in the forest a greater possibility. The better odds drew a record number of hunters and vehicles reported Forest Service officials.
"More and more people are catching onto this," said Jim Griffin, information officer for the Elk Refuge.
Griffin said that 10 years ago there were usually only about 50 parties who lined up for the hunt. Now the crowd rushes up the mountains as soon as the gate is open and hits the hills on foot, horseback four-wheelers and even on bikes.
Not 10 minutes after the gate was open, the hunters were dispersed and practically disappeared from sight. The only evidence was an occasional squeal of excitement that could be heard when someone found an antler.
Just hours after the hunt began, most of the obvious finds were claimed. Other groups of hunters lead their pack horses on longer quests, high up the hills and the search lasted until nightfall.
Kinda like when the gun went off for the great land rush...
2fastnaz
The Shores of Tonto Creek
But it would be fun, wouldn't it?
I don't know. I guess it would be kinda fun, but I go antler hunting to just get out. This group makes it sound a whole lot like work. What a circus.
It is one of the biggest events around here.
I think ELKCHSR's descriptions hit the nail on the head.
News&Guide photo / Lucas J Gilman
An antler hunter and his horse gets the jump on more than 200 competitors Thursday as the end of winter closures allowed access to forest lands via the National Elk Refuge.
BuzzH
Nothing more pleasing than getting away from it all with a couple hundred drunk idiots acting like over-grown kids on an easter egg hunt.
I've witnessed a similar mess in MT with antlers...once was more than enough to see such childish actions...all over an antler or two.
To each their own, but you couldnt get me near a mess like that ever again.
Ditto to that Buzz. What a joke. A bow, arrow, and rubber blunt might be the best treatment for that guy on the horse above.
Hmmmm.....must have missed the part about them being drunk idiots.
LOL on the arrows Greeny
I was wondering why he was all decked out in camo. Did he think he was going to have to sneak up on the antlers?
Elkhunter from the above article:"The crew, which had been in line since 2 p.m. the day before, was ready to go and warming up for the hunt with cans of Budweiser instead of cups of coffee."
Greenhorn, that would be cool to see, a camo-clad horse idiot taking a blunt...only thing better would be seeing a camo clad ATVer taking multiple blunt hits.
[ 05-08-2003 08:25: Message edited by: BuzzH ]
Skeeter
Since I work at the Elk Refuge I have a problem with this mahem. What people don't talk about is the people that go into winter range weeks early and stash horns and then rush in to get there stashes when the winter range opens. Do these people care about the surrounding wildlife? Hell no! All they care about is $$$$. People even have the balls to sneek in early on opening day. They will keep on doing it because the judge lets them off. I know that at least a couple of people got off last year. We will have to see what happens this year, my bet is the people that got busted this year will get a hand slap at the most. You see people go in at 8 am on May 1st and come out a couple of hours later with half a pick-up load of horns. It even takes us longer to pick that many horns on the feed grounds of the refuge. I won't even get into the issue of people poaching the refuge. I'm not saying everyone breaks the rules, but you would be surprised at how many people have no respect for wildlife and there winter range.
RockyDog
Hamilton MT
Skeeter, Is the famous Shane Wassem still patrolling the range? I read an article about him versus the antler hunters in the wall street journal.
1_pointer
Blunt hits? Did I miss a party?
You must have been to drunk to remember pointer.
That's why the guy on the horse is running. He was being shot at with blunt arrows.
JoseCuervo
South of the Border
1-Pointer,
That is funnier than hell.... And I am a bit worried that I was the only one who caught it.....
Gunner- That byline at the bottom of your posts is starting to makes sense!
RockyDog, Yes Wassem is still patrolling the range. I'm not sure if he was around for the opener though.
ATVers taking multiple blunt hits? Sounds fun, maybe I should become an ATVer.
I dont know about multiple though, I would only take one if I had to drive my ATV back to camp.
Blunt hits
oh my you guys are funny
One of the horseman did get hit with a blunt arrow. Some guy dumped his horse with antlers strapped to it's back. Needless to say the horse wasn't feeling to well afterwards.
I feel bad for the horse, but that does sound friggin funny.
Been awhile since I've posted. My rosie Hunt
SPOTTED OWL
Martin Heilman
Stolen Opportunities....a very sad elk tale. We must do better!
No antlers - but freezer full...
beartoothhiker
rjthehunter
Back country revolver BULL
HandgunHunter
220yotekiller
Struck by lightning
stoep
Latest: 375H&H


Description 10am to 7pm Mon to Fri. 10am to 5pm Sat. Low cost clothing. Social Services: 9-12pm 1-3pm M-F.
Description Shelter residents have access to a free clothing room during their stay.
Description The Rock provides day shelter services for homeless individuals and families open 8:00 am to 4:00 pm Tuesday-Friday showers (9-11am) laundry phones clothing (9-11am) haircuts legal assistance by volunteer attorneys (Wednesdays 1:00 pm) food boxes (Tues-Fri at 2pm) and limited financial assistance.
Description Free Complimentary haircuts: Tu/W/Th 9:05am and Tu/Th/F 1:05pm. See website to left for more details.
Description Call for clothing room hours at the day shelter.
Description 12:30 pm to 1:45pm Sun only. Meals and clothing on South side of church.
Description "Pastor Chuy. Provides hot meals bus passes blankets and clothing at Coronado Park ""Train Park"" 7am-11am Saturdays; 11-2pm Sundays. Address to right is for Coronado aka ""Train"" Park."
Description City of Albuquerque's Alamosa Center staff provides emergency food clothing utility assistance rental assistance and community meeting rooms and seasonal services and activities to residents of the Central Southeast Heights and Downtown areas of the city. Food Pantry Hours: Monday Wednesday & Friday: 10 a.m. - Noon; Tuesday & Thursday: 1 p.m. - 3 p.m. Assistance with utility bills does not exceed $200 and assistance with rent does not exceed $300.
Description City of Albuquerque's East Central Center staff provides emergency food clothing utility assistance rental assistance and community meeting rooms and seasonal services and activities to residents of the Central Southeast Heights and Downtown areas of the city. Food Pantry Hours: Monday Wednesday & Friday: 10 a.m. - Noon; Tuesday & Thursday: 1 p.m. - 3 p.m. Assistance with utility bills does not exceed $200 and assistance with rent does not exceed $300.
Description Mon Wed Fri 9AM-11:30AM and 1PM-3:30PM. Bring Picture ID or SS Cards for each family member; birth certificates or proof of custody for children; proof of household income.


text:
New York City student is showing signs of coronavirus and is quarantined at home after his lawyer father tested positive for the disease
The state's second case of coronavirus has been confirmed in a man who lives in Westchester County
The man, 50, worked in Midtown Manhattan as a lawyer but has not recently traveled to coronavirus hot spots
He has been hospitalized since being diagnosed, and suffers from an underlying respiratory illness
The man's son is an undergrad student at the Yeshiva University in the city and is also showing symptoms
Four schools have been closed as a result of Tuesday's case, two in the Bronx and two in Westchester
The man's second son is a student at SAR Academy High School, an orthodox Jewish in the Bronx, but he is not showing symptoms
By FRANCES MULRANEY
DAILYMAIL.COM
A New York City student whose father tested positive for the coronavirus, becoming the state's second confirmed case, is showing symptoms of the disease as the whole family is placed into quarantine.
New York Governor Andrew Cuomo confirmed a 50-year-old lawyer who works in Manhattan and lives upstate had tested positive Tuesday, a day after a 39-year-old woman who had traveled to Iran was confirmed to be the first case.
The man is said to have an underlying respiratory condition, and is in a serious condition. When he was first diagnosed, he was was initially taken to New York-Presbyterian Lawrence Hospital in Bronxville before being transferred to a hospital in Manhattan.
Authorities began an intense search on Tuesday to find anybody who the man and his family may have been in contact with as concerns grow for the doctors and nurses who treated him before he was identified with the illness.
His son, a student at Yeshiva University on 185th St, is also displaying symptoms of the virus and has been placed into isolation in the family's Westchester home alongside the man's wife and their other son. They are all being tested.
A second student at the university has placed themselves into self-isolation as a precaution because of their contact with the patient's law firm, which is believed to be located near Grand Central.
The man is reportedly a regular worshiper at Young Israel synagogue in New Rochelle which has since been ordered to halt all services immediately by Westchester County Health Commissioner Dr. Sherlita Amler.
It is thought he attended services there on February 22 and a funeral and bat mitzvah the the temple on February 23.
The man's travel does not include trips to China, and he has not visited any other areas with links to the outbreak, however he has recently traveled to Miami. There are two confirmed cases in the state of Florida, but none in Miami.
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