text:
List Entry
Minor Amendments
Download Listing Data
Non-Listed Sites
About The List
Understanding List Entries
Sir Hiram Maxim's Captive Flying Machine
Heritage Category:
List Entry Number:
Date first listed:
Statutory Address:
Blackpool Pleasure Beach, Ocean Boulevard, Promenade, Blackpool, Lancashire, FY4 1EZ
© Crown Copyright and database right 2021. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence number 100024900.
© British Crown and SeaZone Solutions Limited 2021. All rights reserved. Licence number 102006.006.
Use of this data is subject to Terms and Conditions.
The above map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 1436214.pdf
The PDF will be generated from our live systems and may take a few minutes to download depending on how busy our servers are. We apologise for this delay.
This copy shows the entry on 19-Jan-2021 at 18:39:06.
The building or site itself may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.
Blackpool (Unitary Authority)
Non Civil Parish
SD3058133382
A static amusement ride of 1904 designed by Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim, comprising a raised timber boarding platform around a central vertical drive shaft supported by a steel lattice tower, with cars suspended on wires from timber booms radiating from the shaft. In 1934 Joseph Emberton added a stepped concrete canopy around the outside of the platform, with retail concessions beneath. The ride has been continually renewed and altered throughout the C20.
Reasons for Designation
Sir Hiram Maxim's Captive Flying Machine at Blackpool Pleasure Beach, built in 1904 with additions of 1934 by Joseph Emberton and subsequent alterations, is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons: * Date and rarity: it is the oldest static amusement ride in Britain, the only example of its type in the world, and the oldest fairground ride in continuous use in Europe; * Designer: the ride has strong associations with Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim (1840–1916), embodying his interest in and attempts to popularise the experience of powered flight; * Engineering interest: as an example of early use of mercury-arc rectifiers, invented in 1902, for powering a public amusement; * Survival: the essence of the ride remains, supported by the almost complete survival of the original power-train; * Historic interest: as an important and evocative aspect of the seaside heritage of Blackpool, one of the foremost English seaside resorts, and Blackpool Pleasure Beach, its internationally-significant amusement park; * Group value: the alterations by leading Modernist British architect Joseph Emberton integrated the Flying Machine into Emberton's plans to give the park an overall 'Moderne' streamlined aesthetic, the zenith of which was the Pleasure Beach's evocative Casino (Grade II, National Heritage List for England 1389506). The ride also has group value with the Noah's Ark, another early C20 ride nearby (Grade II, NHLE 1436474).
Blackpool Pleasure Beach is the best-known permanent amusement park in the country. Evolving through a partnership between two operators who first brought rides to this shoreline in 1894 and 1896, the Pleasure Beach has always been at the forefront in amusement technology and development, and has successfully renewed its offer over the last 110 years. However, there is no other park that still reflects so much of the history of this industry.
Sir Hiram Maxim's Captive Flying Machine was devised in 1902 and first exhibited in May 1904 at the Italian Exhibition at Earl's Court. The flight-themed ride was a development of Maxim's test rig for measuring the lift generated by various wing designs, and premiered just after the dream of powered, controlled, manned, heavier-than-air flight was finally achieved by Orville and Wilbur Wright at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in 1903. Safety concerns over the G-forces generated by a wing attached to each car led to the omission of this element, with lift solely resulting from centrifugal force. Modified machines were built at Blackpool (opened 1 August 1904, at a cost of £7,000), Southport, Crystal Palace and New Brighton (Merseyside), as well as Willow Grove amusement park in Philadelphia and Dreamland at Coney Island, Brooklyn. Installed shortly after William Bean and John Outhwaite went into partnership and bought the Watson Estate on Blackpool's South Shore, the ride predates the first known use of the title Pleasure Beach (1905). It was excitedly described in an article in the local newspaper the Gazette-News of 29 July 1904 as, 'Our New Toy'. It has operated continuously in its current position, and is the oldest continuous working amusement park ride in Europe. It is the only extant example of this ride in the world.
The original cars at Blackpool resembled propeller-driven submarines, rather than successful aeroplane designs (the cars at Earl's Court were fish and the 1905 US patent recommend aerodynamic shapes similar to birds or fish); however, in 1929 the original cars were replaced by 'bi-planes', although these actually only had an upper wing. Such was the pace of development in flight however, that by 1952 cars resembling rockets were installed to reflect the space-race. Originally a timber fence with metal overthrows carrying a lamp at the gate to each car surrounded the platform. In 1934 Joseph Emberton designed the stepping, concrete canopy that now surrounds the access platform, and the concrete concessions beneath this. Photographs show that in 1963 the drive-shaft, booms and cables were all renewed and the lattice tower replaced to an altered design, and in 1973 the retail kiosks were enlarged and the ride overhauled. Repairs were made to the canopy and concessions in 2004-05 following damage incurred during the Grand National Arcade fire. The timber booms are now replaced every 8-12 years, and the timber stairs and platform were renewed in 2003. The drive mechanism is however largely original with some modifications, principally the change from mercury-arc rectifiers (invented in 1902) to electronic converters, for the conversion of AC power to DC to run the motors.
Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim (1840-1916) was an American engineer and inventor. In 1889 the British Army adopted his automatic gun, and he subsequently investigated powered flight; during a trial in July 1894 a test-rig powered by a compact steam engine of his own design achieved a short (but uncontrolled) flight despite weighing more than three tons, and he solved many of the problems to be overcome in achieving practical powered flight. He was knighted as a naturalised British subject in 1901.
A static amusement ride of 1904 designed by Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim, with additions of 1934 by Joseph Emberton, and subsequent alterations.
MATERIALS: steel, timber and concrete.
PLAN: the ride comprises a circular access platform c12ft above the ground, centred on a vertical drive-shaft supported by a square tower. Ten equal arms radiate from the drive-shaft to a diameter of 45ft, just wider than the platform. A concrete canopy projects from beneath the platform and retail concessions are located under this canopy and the outer edge of the platform.
EXTERIOR: the ride is arranged around a tapering steel shaft just over 60ft high, supported by a square, steel-lattice tower approximately half this height. From the top of the tower, ten equally-spaced timber booms radiate, rising at an angle to approximately the same height as the shaft, and a diameter of 45 ft. Steel wires run from the shaft to fixings at various points on each boom, and from each boom-tip down to the cars; each boom supports half the weight of two cars, and each car is supported at both front and back by two booms. A square inspection platform* stands at the top of the tower. The access platform is of timber covered in roofing felt. A timber deck* stands on top of this as the modern working surface and timber rails* control the queue and run around the inside of the decked access to the cars. Access to the platform is gained via a timber stair from the ground on the NE side, and stairs lead down at the NW via a small wooden hut* over them. The control cabin stands on the access platform within the tower, and contains the (now redundant) tram controller that originally controlled the ride, as well as the modern electronic control mechanism*.
Below the access platform projects a circular concrete canopy. This steps up at regular intervals to either side of the NW former entrance. The canopy now has a plastic fascia* and has been extended on the S side with a glazed canopy*.
INTERIOR: below the external canopy are several retail units*. A floor* of metal grids partially overlain with timber has been installed within the central area of the ride to provide safe working access to the drive components. The motive power comes from two identical 50hp electric motors made by Lister of Dursley, mounted on large cast-iron pedestals, one to the N and one to the S. Cogs on the rotor shafts of each motor turn a first gearing wheel, which transfers the power via a shaft across the pedestal, to 990mm diameter drive wheels. These deliver drive via six ropes to the two main 3.6m diameter fly wheels, which sit in large metal castings and are decoratively painted. The ropes* were originally made of cotton, but are now hessian. The fly wheels' axles turn drive shafts fitted with pinions which engage with the toothed crown wheel at the base of the drive-shaft. The N drive shaft is fitted with a small pulley wheel, which might have been the original means of powering the lighting for the ride. This is now performed by slip-rings on the central column. The foot of the drive-shaft rests in an oil bath. The heavy castings are by Robinson & Cook of St Helens.
*Pursuant to s.1 (5A) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 ('the Act') it is declared that the aforementioned items are not of special architectural or historic interest.
Bennett, Peter, Blackpool Pleasure Beach - A Century of Fun, (1996)
Brodie, Allan, Whitfield, Matthew, Blackpool's Seaside Heritage, (2014), 82-9
Image of ride installed at Earl's Court, 1904, accessed 20/05/16 from http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/sir-hiram-stevens-maxims-captive-flying-machine-probably-at-news-photo/542863957
Pastscape entry for Blackpoool Pleasure Beach, accessed 18/05/16 from http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=1458491&sort=4&search=exact&criteria=blackpool pleasure beach&rational=q&recordsperpage=10
US patent details, accessed 20/05/16 from http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=00804147&IDKey=8545D44C6388%0D%0A&HomeUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO2%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsearch-adv.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526d%3DPALL%2526S1%3D00804147%2526OS%3DPN%2F00804147%2526RS%3DPN%2F00804147
Heritage Assessment by Professor V Toulmin, 2016
This building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest.
The listed building is shown coloured blue on the attached map. Pursuant to s.1 (5A) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 ('the Act'), structures attached to or within the curtilage of the listed building (save those coloured blue on the map) are not to be treated as part of the listed building for the purposes of the Act.
End of official listing
Do you know more about this entry?
The following information has been contributed by users volunteering for our Enriching The List project. For small corrections to the List Entry please see our Minor Amendments procedure.
The information and images below are the opinion of the contributor, are not part of the official entry and do not represent the official position of Historic England. We have not checked that the contributions below are factually accurate. Please see our terms and conditions. If you wish to report an issue with a contribution or have a question please email [email protected].
Sign in to contribute


I am a very honest and dedicated person. I enjoy cleaning and do everything I do 100% Will not let down!I am a very honest and dedicated person. I enjoy cleaning and do everything I do 100% Will not let down!I am a very honest and dedicated person. I enjoy cleaning and do everything I do 100% Will not let down!
Excellent Thorough And Reliable Housekeeper!Excellent Thorough And Reliable Housekeeper!Excellent Thorough And Reliable Housekeeper!Excellent Thorough And Reliable Housekeeper!
I have been cleaning for a few years. I love what I do. I enjoy helping people do tasks that they do not have time to do.I have been cleaning for a few years. I love what I do. I enjoy helping people do tasks that they do not have time to do.I have been cleaning for a few years. I love what I do. I enjoy helping people do tasks that they do not have time to do.


text:
Tchaikovsky's Wife
The Cow Who Sang a Song Into the Future
The Great Movement
Petrov's Flu
Prayers for the Stolen
Bad Luck Banging or Loony Porn
Theo and the Metamorphosis
Treasure City
A Common Crime
All the Dead Ones
The Whistlers
Song Without a Name
Between two waters
Girls of the Sun
The Harvesters
The Omission
Daughter of mine
After the War
Scarred Hearts
The King of Havana
Sworn Virgin
The Clay Diaries
Operation Casablanca
The Double Steps
They Don't Represent Us
Snowing in Marrakech
Previous Director Back Next Director
Caetano Gotardo & Marco Dutra
Caetano Gotardo was born in Brazil in 1981 and studied cinema at the University of São Paulo. He has directed numerous award-winning short films, including "Sand", which opened Cannes Critics' Week in 2008. His first two features, "The Moving Creatures" and "Your Bones and Your Eyes" both screened at festivals around the world to strong critical acclaim and demonstrate a keen interest in how characters reveal themselves through language and movement. Caetano is a member of Filmes do Caixote, a collective of Brazilian filmmakers who have collaborated since film school. He edited both feature films by Marco Dutra and Juliana Rojas, "Good Manners" and "Hard Labor". He has also written for multiple projects, including Dutra's "The Silence of the Sky". "All the Dead Ones" marks the first co-direction between Gotardo and Dutra.
Marco Dutra is a filmmaker and composer from São Paulo. Born in 1980, Marco grew up obsessed with the horror and fantasy genres, and this influence is evident in his films, which bring shadows and ghosts (both real and imagined) into the domestic spaces of middle-class life. In 2017 his genre bending feature "Good Manners", co-directed with Juliana Rojas, won the Silver Leopard at the Locarno Film Festival. Previously, Dutra and Rojas collaborated on "Hard Labor", which opened in Cannes Un Certain Regard in 2011 and was a Sundance/NHK Award finalist. Both films were edited by close friend and collaborator Caetano Gotardo. "All the Dead Ones" marks the first directorial collaboration between Dutra and Gotardo. Marco's solo projects include the horror film "When I was Alive" (2014) and the thriller "The Silence of the Sky" (2016). He also directed on the HBO series "The Hypnotist". Marco lives between São Paulo and Johannesburg with his husband, filmmaker John Trengove.
2020 All the Dead Ones
2020 Noturnos (TV Series)
2010 Neverquiet (Collective film)
Caetano Gotardo
2019 Your Bones and Your Eyes
2017 Let the Storm (Short)
2015 Choclo (Short)
2013 Matter (Short)
2012 The Moving Creatures
2012 The Boats (Short)
2010 Other People (Short)
2009 The Japanese Boy (Short)
2008 Sand (Short)
2005 The Open Diary of R. (Short)
2003 Not Meant to Hurt (Short)
Marco Dutra
2017 Good Manners
2017 The Hypnotist (TV Series)
2016 The Silence of the Sky
2014 When I Was Alive
2013 We Were Born Today (Short)
2011 Hard Labor
2009 The Shadows (Short)
2007 A Stem (Short)
2004 Concert Number Three (Short)
2004 The White Sheet (Short)
2003 Waiting (Short)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
10 US Cities With The Largest Homeless Populations
New York City and Los Angeles have the largest homeless populations in the US.
Thanks largely to poverty and unaffordable housing, most large American cities have a homeless population.
Homelessness became a national issue in the US in the 1870s, with many homeless people living in emerging urban cities such as New York. The number has grown over the years and has been accelerated by several factors including poverty and inadequate housing. According to the 2017 report, there are 553,742 homeless Americans. The majority of the homeless population in America is men, accounting for 70-85%. Most of the homeless population are those who experience homelessness for a few nights in the course of the year. It is difficult to acquire a complete and comprehensive statistics on homelessness. The figures given are always estimates.
Which US City Has the Largest Homeless Population?
Cities with More than 10,000 Homeless People
In 2017, there were approximately 76,500 homeless people including over 15,000 homeless families. Families account for the largest homeless shelter population in the city. The homelessness in New York City has reached the highest level since the great depression. The major cause of homelessness in the city is lack of affordable housing. Los Angeles City and County recorded a homeless population of 55,188. The numbers have increased from about 32,000 six years ago. Despite the booming economy of Los Angeles, the cost of housing has continued to increase with most jobless and low-income population unable to afford housing. The homeless population in King County is the third largest in the US. Seattle/King County recorded 11,643 people as living in tents, local streets, or in vehicles.
7,000 to 10,000 Homeless People
San Diego City and County recorded a homeless population of 9160 in 2017 while the District of Columbia recorded 7,473 people and San Jose/Santa Clara City and County 7,394 people. In San Diego, the number of homeless families with children was 1,589 while unaccompanied homeless youths were 1,160. About 20% of the population of DC lives in poverty with 57,000 of the 20% living in extreme poverty, a major catalyst for homelessness in the city.
Cities with 5,000 to 7,000 Homeless People
San Francisco, Las Vegas/Clark County, and Boston recorded a homeless population of between 6,000 to 6,800 people. The extreme wealth of San Francisco has only increased the number of homeless people, with the city recording a population of 6,858 people. In Las Vegas/Clark County, the number of homeless people increased to 6,490 in 2017 from 6,208 in 2016. Las Vegas has over the years worked to reduce the homeless population. Boston recorded a homeless population of 6,135 in the same year. Philadelphia completed the list of the top ten cities with the highest homeless population with 5,693 people on the street.
How is the Homeless Population Calculated?
Every two years, from around January 20, communities across the country carry out a comprehensive census of the homeless population within their communities. The people under consideration are individuals and families spending their nights in emergency shelters, transitional housing, as well as those who sleep on the street, cars, and in places that are not meant for human settlement. The enumeration is often done by hand and the totals combined. However, because of the difficulties involved in the counting, the figures are often considered an undercount.
Which Countries Have the Largest Homeless Populations in the United States?
Estimated Homeless Population
1 New York City 76,501
2 Los Angeles City & County 55,188
3 Seattle/King County 11,643
4 San Diego City & County 9,160
5 District of Columbia 7,473
6 San Jose/Santa Clara City & County 7,394
7 San Francisco 6,858
8 Las Vegas/Clark County 6,490
9 Boston 6,135
10 Philadelphia 5,693
John Misachi
John Misachi is a seasoned writer with 5+ years of experience. His favorite topics include finance, history, geography, agriculture, legal, and sports.
This page was last updated on February 19, 2018.
By John Misachi
Your MLA Citation
Your APA Citation
Your Chicago Citation
Your Harvard Citation
Remember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation.
On WorldAtlas.com
More in Society
What Is The Stanford Prison Experiment?
Italian Village That Celebrates Being Ugly With A Festival
Who Was The Last Egyptian Pharaoh?
What Is A Grand Slam Tournament?
What Is A Squatter Settlement?
MMR Vaccination Rates in US States
Countries With The Largest Roman Catholic Populations
States With the Largest Latino and Hispanic Populations
10 States With The Largest African-American Populations
US States With The Largest Native American Populations


text: Q: Creating Walkshed using ArcGIS Network Analyst? I am trying to figure out the best and quickest way to show how far people could walk from the entrance of Disneyland in 2,5, and 10 minutes. I am trying to create a walkshed and do not have much experience in creating one.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
HomeNEWSHuckleberry – the modern grocer
Huckleberry – the modern grocer
by: Elly Strang
In the days before supermarkets, shoppers would buy their fruit, cheese, fish and other essentials from a vendor with a food cart at the local market.
That experience has been replaced by large-scale grocery stores in the present day, but the local corner store is experiencing a revival.
Small, boutique food stores like Farro Fresh and Nosh are popping up in local catchments and enticing customers with fresh produce of superior quality.
Based on their expansion – Nosh now has eight stores around New Zealand, while Farro Fresh has four in Auckland – customers are taking to them like bees to honey.
Huckleberry Farms is keen to tap into this, but with the organic sector.
The company was founded in the early 1990s to create an outlet for natural, organic food.
It already has two shops by the same name and a Harvest Wholefoods in Grey Lynn.
Huckleberry Farms chief operating officer Richard Lees says the time was right to expand its store offering and bring organic food to the masses.
"It was through a lot of thought and understanding [that] there's an opportunity in the market for organics to become more mainstream. Wellness and wellbeing is starting to become more prevalent," Lees says.
"There was a good opportunity to refresh the brand, and to do different retailing methods and concepts."
There's definitely a growing demand. In 2012, the New Zealand organic sector reached between $340 million and $360 million in value.
This represents a 25 percent increase in just three years in the midst of an economic recession.
Lees says organic products are now getting more recognition from consumers.
"It's becoming less fringe and people are very much more aware of the effects of pesticides and herbicides and more interested in their wellbeing," Lees says.
Commercial design and fit out company Spaceworks was brought on board to design the new series of Huckleberry stores.
Spaceworks spent about four to five weeks preparing to do the fit out, and then four weeks onsite at the Mount Eden store.
The main difference between the new Huckleberry stores and the previous Huckleberry Farm and Hardy's Wholefoods stores is the layout and size of them.
The Mt Eden store is 80 square metres, while the Milford store is a cosy 75 square metres.
Lees says Huckleberry Farms didn't want the new stores to be big or intimidating.
"We wanted it to be a local feel. We aren't after big stores, we want smaller footprints in communities that are very localised, more experience-based and accessible," he says.
Lees says Huckleberry wanted the store to look friendly, as well as clean and comfortable.
Materials such as timber and brick were used to create a warm, natural environment that wasn't sterile, as well as a neutral backdrop for the products to "pop" on.
Spaceworks managing director Lizzi Hines says the design brief was to make organic food accessible, as well as dispel the myth about it being expensive.
The store is designed to be more of a curated corner store than a large scale, product-packed grocery shop.
Unlike a supermarket, which usually has tall shelves stacked with products, products are displayed on an angle on shelves.
This gives products on the top and bottom shelves better visibility, Hines says.
It also helps customers see and interact with staff from anywhere within the store.
Hines says fresh produce was placed further into the store rather than at the usual spot at the front to avoid it being squashed in customers' baskets.
Woven baskets are used for placing shopping in as a natural alternative to plastic ones.
The store also doesn't have any aisles, while the counter is placed relatively close to the front.
Hines says this is because not everyone wants to weave through a series of aisles to reach the product they want, or the till.
Spaceworks also recommended Huckleberry merchandise produce by recipes, rather than by product type.
This is because customers are looking for little things that make life easier, Hines says.
"I think in the world of convenience, people want to know how to do something," she says.
"I'm not a cook so I'd rather go somewhere and have someone help me in terms of suggestions for what I can cook that night – it's the whole My Food Bag idea."
Outside the store sits an old-fashioned food cart, while the black and white awning over the door creates a boutique feel.
The cart will occasionally have free apples and other produce for passers by.
As the exterior for Huckleberry stores won't always be the same, Hines says the cart and the canopy above the door are the iconic features that will always be outside.
The new Huckleberry design is also reflected on the company's website and its branding.
Lees says the upgrade has made the brand more modern and timeless.
"It keeps the essence of Huckleberry Farms – the ethics and everything behind the business remain the same. We just made it a more accessible brand."
Hines says the new Huckleberry stores are a refreshing approach to the food business.
The company is really thinking about what the customer wants with product offerings, price points and the overall shopping experience, she says.
"I think sometimes organic can be highly overpriced or a bit rough and ready. What we've done is create something that's in the middle and appeals to the middle market," she says.
The result is a fresh take on the traditional food shopping experience, tucked right in the heart of several Auckland neighbourhoods.
Lees says customers' reactions to the stores have been the highlight.
"We've had many customers come into the new stores and just really enjoy the feeling of it, as they feel so comfortable," Lees says.
The four Huckleberry stores are located in Milford, Albany and Belmont on Auckland's North Shore and in Mt Eden.
All photos used are of the Mount Eden store.
This article was originally published in issue 740 of NZ Retail Magazine.
FEATURES, NEWS
Fashion: The mouthpiece of cultural change
Why the corporate world needs to be selling experiences, not...
The Warehouse relocates in Auckland's CBD


Ready Access offers many window configurations that meet the Californial Retail Food Code. California Retail Food Code limits passthrough window service openings to 432 square inches when used with an integrated air curtain (flyfan) or 216 square inches if no aircurtain is present. California Retail Food Code also requires self-closing operation and a track free sill. You can choose the West Coast package above, or the 131 fully electric with AA100 transom for a complete kit. Our experts can also help identify the combination of standard products or a custom solution basked on your rough opening. Simply request a quote for one of the California Retail Food Code Compliant windows above and provide your overall frame size constraints in the comments section.


text:
'It's been long': how life is slowly easing back to 'normal' in Zimbabwe
By Lenin Ndebele - 17 September 2020 - 17:12
A man checks his cellphone in Harare, Zimbabwe. Life is slowly returning to normal as lockdown measures ease. File photo.
Image: REUTERS/Philimon Bulawayo
Life in Zimbabwe is gradually reverting to how it was pre-lockdown, as the economy opens up.
Statistics indicate there have been a total of 7,598 confirmed Covid-19 cases, 5,823 recoveries and 224 deaths in the country - with an average of 24 new cases per day.
The big cities of Harare and Bulawayo have the highest number of infections. But for the first time in six months, people are becoming visible in the CBDs as late as 8pm, others as early as 5am.
President Emmerson Mnangagwa announced that businesses could open between 6.30am and 6.30pm - providing for a 12-hour business day, up from seven and a half hours (9am-4.30pm) previously.
"It's been long. I was already missing the atmosphere," said S'thembile Ncube, a regular patron at a pub and grill in Bulawayo, sipping on a cocktail.
Like many, she went from work at 5pm to relax with friends for an hour or two. Their new normal features temperature checks and sanitisers on entering the pub and grill.
Zanu-PF accuses ANC envoys of meddling in Zimbabwe's affairs
Zimbabwe's ruling Zanu-PF says the ANC special envoy to Harare is acting in bad faith and "forcing" it to meet opposition and civil society groups.
Perhaps the biggest cheer on Wednesday was when President Cyril Ramaphosa said SA would open its borders for international travel on October 1. SA is Zimbabwe's biggest trade partner and most local businesses rely on SA for supplies.
"I'm back in business. I survived the storm. Now I can continue with my cross-border business," said Scotch Tshuma, a bus operator plying the Bulawayo-Johannesburg route. He has been grounded since April.
With politics playing a big part in day-to-day life, the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) announced that by-elections for parliamentary seats and the local authority would go ahead. This has paved the way for political parties to start campaigning.
Hardest hit by Covid-19 has been tourism. Most attractions have opened up, but with reduced prices as the industry restarts. Air Zimbabwe and SA-owned Fast Jet in separate statements said they would resume local and international operations as of September 23.
Air Zimbabwe plans to increase the number of routes "in line with market trends". Ethiopian Airways announced it would resume flights into Victoria Falls from October 6.
During the first phase of the lockdown at the end of March, it was revealed that at least 7-million Zimbabweans in urban and rural communities required food aid. The government in partnership with global organisations such as the World Food Programme (WFP) continuously distributes food aid and cash relief.
An announcement by the meteorological services that Zimbabwe will receive early rains and average to above-average rainfall was a lifeline for agriculture.
"I have started preparing the land and buying inputs. The easing of the lockdown means I have more time for farming. If the rains are as good as we are told, then food security won't be an issue next year," said a resettled farmer.
The media, particularly newspapers, halted print editions during lockdown, but now copy sales are on the rise again.
"I have been selling only five copies of the newspaper per day out of 30 copies. Now I sell about half of what I get. It's a great improvement - but it's still not good enough," said one vendor.
Several people who spoke to SowetanLIVE's sister publication TimesLIVE said they hoped a vaccine would be rolled out so that life could return to normal.
Zimbabwe divorce law spurs women's fight for property
When Smangele Tshuma got divorced after five years of marriage, her in-laws forced her out of the home that she had been living in with her husband ...
Cyril Ramaphosa under fire over ANC delegation 'hitching ride' on air force jet
President Cyril Ramaphosa is under fire over the use of an SANDF jet to ferry the ANC delegation led by party secretary-general Ace Magashule to ...
Zimbabwe nurses end three-month strike over pay
ANC delegation won't meet opposition or civil society in Zim, says Zanu-PF
'EU will not waste taxpayer money in Zimbabwe'
Zimbabwe protest organiser freed on bail, banned from posting on Twitter
Zim car rental company under fire after hired bakkie used in kidnapping


text:
Jalla ! Jalla ! est un film suédois réalisé par Josef Fares, sorti en 2000.

Le titre du film peut être traduit en français par « Allez ! Allez ! »

Synopsis
D'origine libanaise, Roro et Mans, copains de toujours et heureux de vivre, coulent des jours tranquilles en Suède. Tout irait pour le mieux si le père de Roro n'avait décidé de le marier de force à Yasmin, selon la tradition ancestrale. De son côté, Mans, sujet à des "pannes" régulières, n'est pas au mieux avec sa copine Jenny. Échapper au mariage, retrouver l'appétit sexuel : les deux amis ne sont pas au bout de leurs peines !

Fiche technique
 Titre : Jalla ! Jalla !
 Réalisation : Josef Fares
 Scénario : Josef Fares
 Production : Anna Anthony, Lars Jönsson et Lukas Moodysson
 Sociétés de production : Memfis Film & Television, Dramatiska Institutet, Film i Väst et TV1000 AB
 Musique : Daniel Lemma
 Photographie : Aril Wretblad
 Montage : Andreas Jonsson et Michal Leszczylowski
 Costumes : Denise Östholm
 Pays d'origine : Suède
 Format : Couleurs - 1,85:1 - Dolby SR - 35 mm
 Genre : Comédie
 Durée : 88 minutes
 Dates de sortie : 13 décembre 2000 (Lucia Movie Night), 22 décembre 2000 (sortie en Suède), 17 avril 2002 (sortie en France)

Distribution
 Fares Fares : Roro
 Torkel Petersson : Mans
 Tuva Novotny : Lisa
 Laleh Pourkarim : Yasmin
 Leonard Terfelt : Paul
 Jan Fares : Farsan
 Sofi Helleday : Jenny
 Benyam Eriksson : Benson
 Khatoun Fares : Farmor
 Abdullahad Fares : Abdul
 Ingemar Carlehed : Vendeur au sex-shop
 Tommy Andersson : Peter
 Christer Fjällström : Polis
 Jakob Tamm : Simon Pramsten
 Caroline Fares : Caroline
 Lucy Wanes : Lucy

Autour du film
 Le film a notamment été tourné dans le comté de Västra Götaland, dans les villes de Göteborg, Trollhättan, Vänersborg ou encore Örebro.
 Le film a été sélectionné pour représenter la Suède aux oscars du cinéma en 2001.
 Jalla! Jalla! fut un succès surprise en Suède, et fut numéro 1 au box office en 2001 dans ce pays.
 Josef Fares, né au Liban, est arrivé avec sa famille en 1977. La question de l'intégration culturelle, notamment la confrontation entre les aspirations traditionnelles familiales et celles de la jeunesse, est abordé dans le film.
 L'acteur principal, Fares Fares est le frère ainé du réalisateur Josef Fares. Plusieurs membres de leur famille font partie de la distribution du film.

Distinctions
 Sélectionné au Festival de Berlin 2001
 Sélectionné au Festival de Toronto 2001

Références

Liens externes

Film suédois sorti en 2000
Comédie suédoise
Comédie de mœurs
Film tourné en 2000

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A valuable tax credit called the "American Opportunity Credit" (AOC) could knock up to $2,500 off the cost of each of the first 4 years of college.
How the heck am I going to pay for all this?
Tuition, fees, books, and required tools or supplies are all qualified expenses for purposes of these tax breaks.
Form 1098-E shows student loan interest paid during the year and is often deductible from income as an adjustment.
Form 1098-T will be needed to prepare the parent's tax return and claim the credit or adjustment.
Our tax software will generate a "FAFSA" worksheet that eases the process of entering your tax info when you apply.
If you don't qualify for the "AOC", the lifetime learning credit or tuition and fees adjustment could provide substantial tax savings instead.


Walk through the pantry. See how it works.
The Northside Food Pantry at 1601 Brighton Road is one of the few pantries in Pittsburgh to offer a supermarket-style experience for those it serves, a more dignified approach that gives those in need a choice over what they receive. It is open three days a week, Tuesday, Wednesdays and Fridays, every week of the year, plus, during cold weather, the third Saturday each month.
On those days a line forms outside the pantry, which opens at 9:30 a.m. Continue through the gallery below to walk through the pantry as a visitor does.


text:
Anthony C. Lister fonds
UA RG 351
Harriet Irving Library
University of New Brunswick
Box 7500, Fredericton, NB E3B 5H5
January 2001 / January 2002 / March 2003
1. 1980-1995
Title: Anthony C. Lister fonds. -- 1971-2002. -- 1426 slides.
Biographical Sketch: Anthony C. Lister received a B.A. (Hons) from the University of London in 1965, followed by a Doctorat d'Université from the Université de Rennes in 1974.
Dr. Lister was appointed first as a lecturer in the Department of French at UNB on July 1, 1968. In July 1970 he was promoted to Assistant Professor and given tenure. In July 1976 he was promoted to Associate Professor, a rank he held until his retirement June 30, 1999.
Interested in contrastive linguistics, Dr. Lister published 15 scholarly articles focusing on French and Chinese. He had a 16 year involvement with the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association where he held several executive positions, including President, 1993-1995. As a faculty member, Dr. Lister served on a variety of university committees, including an extended period with the Association of University of New Brunswick Teachers; numerous Arts Council committees, in
particular those related to linguistics, curriculum and assessment; and various departmental committees.
In 1968, while a student at the University of London, Anthony Lister became involved with a group of overseas Chinese students who shared his residence and gave him his first exposure to Chinese culture. It was to become a life long interest that would lead him to learn both Mandarin and Cantonese, to spend extended periods of time in Asia, especially Hong Kong, and to incorporate his personal interests into his academic work. From 1970-1973, Lister acted as Secretary for the UNB Overseas Chinese Students Association and then became faculty advisor to the organization, a position which he continues to hold as of 2001. As faculty advisor, he served the OCSA in various ways: attending committee and general meetings; attending and frequently speaking at important functions, advising members on business protocol, and liaising with the Hong Kong UNB Alumni Association. In addition he took innumerable group photos to provide a visual historical record of the organization, oversaw the retention of OCSA records and generally provided continuity for a student association whose membership changes from year to year.
See also: "How I Became Interested in Chinese Culture" by Anthony Lister in Embarking on a New Milestone: The Chinese Cultural Association of New Brunswick, 1977-1987. Also: "Interest in Philology Leads to Philanthropy" by Diane Burt, in UNB Perspectives, March 1986.
Scope and Content: This fonds consists of 1426 colour slides taken by Anthony Lister of formal and informal activities of the Overseas Chinese Students Association at the University of New Brunswick, 1971-2002. Events depicted include welcome and graduation parties, Chinese New Years celebrations, Annual General Meetings and sporting events.
The slides are divided into three series: Series 1. 1980-1995, Series 2. 1971-1988 and Series 3. 2001-2002. Within each series, the slides are in chronological order, with identification of the date and event as provided by the donor. All slides in Series 2 are identified with the prefix "2"; ex: 2-285; 2-286, etc. All slides in Series 3 are identified with the prefix "3", ex. 3-28; 3-75, etc.
Title: Title based on the name of the creator.
Immediate Source of Acquisition: The slides 1980-86 were deposited in the UNB Archives Mar.2, 2000 by Anthony C. Lister. The second set of slides 1986-1995 were deposited Jan. 17, 2001, also by Dr. Lister. The slides in Series 2 (322 slides, 1971-1988) were deposited by Dr. Lister, Jan. 30, 2002. The slides in Series 3 were deposited by Dr. Lister Mar. 5, 2003.
Arrangement: There are some minor irregularities in the numbering of the slides.
Terms Governing Use and Reproduction: Slides may be reproduced for OCSA purposes or for personal use, if done by Archives staff.
Terms Governing Publication: Publication rights are retained by the donor for his lifetime and will then descend to UNB Archives and Special Collections. In the event of a request for publication after copyright is held by UNB, the UNB Archives will inform the OCSA of the request, and seek their advice as to any potential impact on the function or reputation of the OCSA, before granting or refusing the request.
Finding Aids: Separate listings were prepared by the donor which identify individuals in some of the slides.
Related material: Researchers should note that the official records of the Overseas Chinese Students Association are held by the UNB Archives in UA RG 346.
BACK TO ARCHIVES
Document Maintained by:
UNB Archives
email address archives@unb.ca


text:
Casualties of Carriage War: Dish v. Cox, DirecTV v. Fox Kerfuffles Threaten Huge Football Weekend with Pay TV Blackouts
Will Dish customers in Charlotte be able to see their Tar Heels take on Clemson in the ACC title game on ABC? How about creepy Deshaun Watson's Browns debut on CBS in Dayton? We preview your upcoming weekend of pigskin discontent
After scrambling away from serious criminal charges, Deshaun Watson will play his first game in a Cleveland Browns uniform on Sunday. (Image credit: Getty Images)
There's nothing in the media business quite like the drama and rhetorical sanctimony of a pay TV carriage war.
Suddenly, pay TV operators and station groups, owned by publicly traded Wall Street companies and major hedge funds in many cases, become so very, very concerned about ... the poor consumer!
Well, with big conference championships in college football coming up on Friday and Saturday, and the usual full Sunday of pivotal week 13 NFL action set to unfold, there could be a lot of angry TV viewers out there.
Fox is threatening a pay TV blackout with DirecTV on Friday if a new licensing deal isn't worked out, and Cox Media Group stations were blacked out on Dish Network in nine markets on Monday.
Here are five upcoming games on the pay TV blackout precipice this weekend:
* No. 4 USC vs. No. 14 Utah in the Pac-12 Championship Game -- USC is one win away from a College Football Playoff berth and is looking to avenge its only loss, a 42-41 heartbreaker in Salt Lake City last month. (Next TV is still patching the ol' drywall in our man cave. I mean, can someone cover the tight end this time?) On Friday, TPG-controlled DirecTV, which is the biggest pay TV operator in Southern California, could lose access to the Fox Broadcast Network owned and operated stations, which are set to broadcast the game starting at 8 p.m. EST. The carriage/retrans kerfuffle could also take FS1, FS2 and the Big Ten Network off DirecTV, which has 13.5 million subscribers nationwide. Update: A DirecTV rep told us that should Fox channels be taken down, it wouldn't happen until midnight Saturday on the West Coast, meaning Fox O&O's covering the Pac-12 title game would remain on DirecTV for the duration of the contest. Of greater concern to a broader pool of sports-loving DirecTV subscribers nationally could be Saturday morning's World Cup showdown between the U.S. and The Netherlands, set to kick off on Fox at 10 a.m. EST.
* No. 3 Michigan vs. Purdue in the Big Ten Championship Game -- Next TV can never decide if dental implant surgery is more unpleasant than a good, ol' fashioned root canal. And we couldn't pick between Michigan and The Ohio State last weekend in their Big Ten showdown, either. "The enemy of my enemy is still my enemy if they're just another enemy, too." We think that's the way the saying goes. Anywho, disregarding our ambivalence about things and people from the Upper Midwest, that matchup between top 5 teams felt like the conference championship to us. And anticlimactic or not, DirecTV viewers will also be shut out from actual Big Ten title game, such as it is, set to air at 8 p.m. EST Saturday, if their satellite TV company doesn't work out some cool rules with Fox ... pronto.
* No. 8 Clemson vs. No. 17 North Carolina in the ACC Championship Game -- Next TV has been down on Clemson all season long, impressing upon anyone who will listen that we weren't surprised at all when Notre Dame took them to the ol' woodshed. We just don't think they're physical enough this year. And we like the Tar Heels' chances of upsetting the Tigers -- a prospect that has to be inspiring to many Charlotte, N.C.-based Dish subscribers who might otherwise enjoy the game on Cox-owned local ABC affiliate WSOC-TV starting at 8 p.m. Eastern on Saturday. Sure, it's not like they're taking down a Final Four game featuring the Tar Heel hoopsters. But this still matters.
* Philadelphia Eagles vs. Tennessee Titans -- Fox Broadcast has six NFL games across its regional grid Sunday, and this is one of two week 13 contests pitting division leaders against each other. DirecTV subscribers might also miss the AFC East-leading Miami Dolphins taking on the NFC West topping San Francisco 49ers, also on Fox. That's not to diminish the other games on Fox this weekend: The Seattle Seahawks visiting the Los Angeles Rams will represent two NFC West teams fighting for their playoff lives. (Next TV's 16-year-old jock son still thinks Seattle coach Pete Carroll is his long lost uncle. During a blowout win during the Pete Carroll era at USC back in the aughts, a joyful Next, perhaps caught up in the moment of a Trojans touchdown as we so often were in those days, may have indicated that bogus family connection in an offhand remark to our impressionable young child. Anyhoo, our young meathead offspring, now teenaged and muscle bound, will be at SoFi Stadium to see his 'Hawks play the disappointing Rams on Sunday, thanks to his GF and her rich, connected talent-agent dad.) Meanwhile, the Washington Commanders visiting the New York Giants has even greater NFC East implications, since those two teams actually seem capable of getting to a Super Bowl. Also on the Fox slate, Next TV can't figure out the terrible in-game coaching decisions made by Detroit coach Dan Campbell, but we love how hard his guys play for him and we can't wait to see the Lions play Jacksonville Sunday. Even the fading Green Bay Packers visiting Chicago, another Fox game, will be interesting. (Will Aaron Rodgers sit down and let Jordan Love take over ... which Next TV thinks has been Green Bay management's secret plan all along, evidenced by they're inexplicably letting Rodgers' preferred target, Davante Adams, just walk out the door last spring?) DirecTV subscribers in Fox O&O markets might miss all of this drama Sunday ... unless they go OTA or have a close friend with a rich, connected father who can get them into the stadium.
* Cleveland Browns vs. Houston Texans -- Normally, we'd recommend the 4:25 EST game with the other Ohio team, the AFC North-leading Cincinnati Bengals playing the AFC West-topping Kansas City Chiefs. But this marks the Browns debut of controversial quarterback Deshaun Watson, playing his old team in his first NFL game back after serving an 11-game suspension for downright creepy (at best) behavior involving numerous female message therapists. Unfortunately for Dish customers in Dayton, Ohio, unless a deal with Cox Media comes together by Sunday, they won't be able to see either AFC contest on local CBS affiliate WHKO-TV without an over-the-air antenna or a subscription to another pay TV service besides Dish. ■
For Sony, the Success of 'The Last of Us' Won't Be the Last of Its Cross-Platform, Arms Dealer Strategy


text:
< Edit score
<form>

        <md-select flex placeholder="Golfer" ng-model="golfer">
            <md-option ng-repeat="golfer in golfers" value="{{golfer.name}}">{{golfer.name}}</md-option>
        </md-select>

        <md-input-container flex>
          Submission Date
          <input type="date" ng-model="submissionDate">
        </md-input-container>

        <md-input-container flex>
          Score
          <input data-ng-model="score" id="score" required>
        </md-input-container>

    <input type="submit" class="btn btn-default">

</form>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home Books Monash Asia Series Women, War and Islamic Radicalisation in Maryam Mahboobs Afghanistan
Women, War and Islamic Radicalisation in Maryam Mahboobs Afghanistan
Faridullah Bezhan
Afghanistan is regarded as a classical patriarchal society, where social tradition, religious doctrine and socio-economic and cultural backwardness have made women second-class citizens. But what has been the nature of life for women in Afghanistan? How have they been treated, both in the private sphere and in public? How did they resist mistreatment during the war inside Afghanistan, in refugee camps or in diaspora? Who are the sponsors and perpetrators of violence against Afghanistani women? And what are the connections between Islam, local customs, the mistreatment of women, and women's connectedness to revolution and jihad? This book provides answers to these questions through an innovative study of the life and short stories of one of the country's leading female writers, Maryam Mahboob. It offers a different image of both the suffering and resistance of Afghanistani women than that which the 'West' has come to know.
Dr Faridullah Bezhan was born and grew up in Afghanistan, where he taught literature at Kabul University. He is now a Senior Research Fellow at the Monash Asia Institute, Monash University Australia. He has published several books and articles in English and Persian on the history and literature of Afghanistan, especially the work of the country's prominent and emerging female authors.
Making them Indonesians
Helen van Klinken
A Slow Ride into the Past
Jason Lim
Rethinking Development and Politics
Marika Vicziany
Making Chinese Australia
Mei-fen Kuo
Witch-hunt and Conspiracy
Nicholas Herriman
The Lajjagauri and Anandanayaki
By Ramacandra Cintaman Dhere | Translated by Jayant Bhalchandra Bapat
Old Myths and New Approaches
Alexandra Haendel


This recipe was inspired by a recipe I saw in the New York Times. All the flavors are a taste of fall and so healthy and delicious. It does require a lot of kale, and a few steps, but worth the effort. If you don't want to stick to vegetarian, you can easily serve with some chicken. I marinated my chicken in a sweet curry and smoked paprika blend for the benefit of the boys, but the pasta is perfect on its own. The colors, flavors are truly just right if you are searching for a healthy' seasonal recipe to add to your repertoire.


text:
Q: Is there a better way to implement the 2-SUM algorithm? Currently, I was trying to create a 2-SUM algorithm that would, given a set of around 1 million integers, find the number of target values t (-10,000 <= t <= 10,000)  that are formed by the sum of any two values x,y in the set.
I have no problem with 2-SUM for a single value of t, just by using hash-tables and finding for each hash entry x in the table if there exists another entry t-x. This will run in O(N) time.
But, now I have to find multiple values of t, from -10000 to 10000. If I just use a plain for-loop, then the runtime will now be O(N^2).
I have tried this code, which brute-forces through all t from -10000 to 10000, but it simply runs too slow (~1hr. to execute).
So, my question is, are there any hints for better ways to handle the ~20,001 targets without having to brute-force through all 20,001 values?
Here is the code I used for my O(N^2) solution:
for(long long t = -10000; t <= 10000; t++)
{
  for(unordered_set<long long>::iterator it=S.begin(); it != S.end(); ++it)
  {
     long long value = *it;
     if((S.find(t-value) != S.end()) & (t-value != value))
     {
        values++;
        //cout << "Found pair target " << t << " " <<   value << " " << t-value << '\n';
        break;
     }
  }
}

A: A better approach would be to use an ordered set (if values are unique, or ordered array / list if you care for duplicates).
Then, you search for a matching pair for your values using the following method:

*

*For each Val (-10000, -9999, ...)

*Let iS be 0

*Let iE be length - 1

*While (S[iS] + S[iE]) != Val
  4.1 (S[iS] + S[iE]) > Val : Binary Search in (iS -> iE - 1) for the maximum value, lower or equal to (Val - S[iS]) and set iE to match.
  4.2 (S[iS] + S[iE]) < Val : Binary Search in (iS +1 -> iE) for the minimum value, higher or equal to (Val - S[iE]) and set iS to match.
  4.3 If iS > iE, Val doesn't exist.

This gives you O(n log(n)) for sorting, and O(m n) (m is 20001 for -10000 -> 10000) for searching although realistically, the searching will perform much better then O(m n). The entire solution is O(m n) due to m > log(n).
It can be further optimized by using a map of matched values and on each iteration, after a match is found, advance iE till (S[iS] + S[iE]) > maxValue (10000) and marking all sums as found, then there are less iterations in outer loop.

A: As other people have already suggested, if you want a "best effort" approach (meaning that it may not be the best, but still good enough), you can sort your data and use std::lower_bound for searching.
The std::lower_bound function is implemented as a binary search, which means that in the worst case, for 1000000 integers you'll be having 20 comparisons to find a match. If you do this inside of a -10000..10000 loop you'll get 20000*20 = 400000 comparisons, which should take far less than an hour (my guess is a few minutes, depending on CPU power).
The map::find on an unordered_set is a linear search, that means that in the worst case you're going to have 20000*1000000 = 20000000000 comparisons, which is 50000 times worse.
You could improve on a binary search (e.g. by seeing how "close" you're to your target and switching to linear search from there if you're under a specific difference in value) but I don't think that would speed up the search that much.
There are other ways, probaly faster (maybe you could discard duplicates using 15625 integers with 64 bit precision and setting the bit matching the value in your dataset, giving you and O(n) time for the setup and an O(1) for the lookup, but you're going to need two sets, one for positive values, the other for negative), but they're going to be much more difficult to implement.

A: Thanks to everyone who has helped!
I solved the problem by partitioning the input into multiple "buckets", that is, I would sort the dataset and then split it into buckets of intervals of 10,000. So, the smallest 10k numbers go into 1st bucket, next 10k to 2nd, and so forth.... I would split it into  so when I have to search for the entry t-x, I will search in my 10,000 numbers rather than all 1,000,000 numbers.


text:
Q: The problem is increased the row when I try to merge data that have the same row size We want to combine the two modified data frames into one data using the merge method.
The shape of each data frame is 16598 rows × 6 columns.
The result was expected to be (16598 rows × 6 columns).
However, the combined result was (16602 rows × 7 columns), and the number of rows increased by four.
The code I used is as follows.
total_data = pd.merge(data_01,data_02,on=['Name',   'Platform', 'Year', 'Genre', 'Publisher'])

To be more specific..
The column names of 'data_01' are 'Name', 'Platform', 'Year', 'Genre', 'Publisher', and 'NA_Sales'. (16598 rows × 6 columns)
The column names of 'data_02' are 'Name', 'Platform', 'Year', 'Genre', 'Publisher', and 'EU_Sales'. (16598 rows × 6 columns)
The two data frames differ only in index number and order of data rows, and the values of 'Name', 'Platform', 'Year', 'Genre', and 'Publisher' are the same.
Only values of "NA_Sales," "EU_Sales" and "Year" are numbers and the rest are types of objects.

What I want to make...
I want to make a DataFrame(16598 rows × 7 columns) to combine Data01 and Data02. However, the column keeps increasing.

data_01 (16598 rows × 6 columns)
        Name      Platform      Year    Genre      Publisher    NA_Sales
1       Candace..    DS        2008.0   Action     Destineer     40.0
2       The Mun..    Wii       2009.0   Action     Namco..       170.0
3       Otome ..     PS        2010.0   Adventure  Alchemist     0.0
4       Deal..       DS        2010.0   Misc       Zoo Games     40.0
5       Ben 10..     PS3       2010.0   Platform   D3Publisher   120.0
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
16331   Midway..     PS2       2003.0   Misc      Midway Games   720000.0
16409   NASCAR..     PS2       2005.0   Racing    Electronic..   530000.0
16483   Super..      SAT       1998.0   Strategy  Banpresto      0.0
16493   Morta..      PSV       2012.0   Fighting  Warner Bros.   470000.0
16579   Gex:..       PS        1998.0   Platform    BMG...       320000.0

data_02(16598 rows × 6 columns)
       Name     Platform      Year    Genre      Publisher   EU_Sales
1     Candace..   DS         2008.0   Action     Destineer     0.0
2     The..       Wii        2009.0   Action     Namco ...     0.0
3     Otome..     PSP        2010.0   Adventure  Alchemi..     0.0
4     Deal or..   DS         2010.0   Misc       Zoo Games     0.0
5     Ben 10..    PS3        2010.0   Platform   D3Publisher   90.0
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
16348  Aladdin..  Wii        2011.0   Racing     Big..         0.0
16375   Kill...   XB         2003.0   Shooter   Namco..        50000.0
16385   Tomb..    PS2        2009.0   Action    Eidos..        40000.0
16526   Planet..  GBA        2001.0   Action    Titus          0.0
16572   Koihime.. PS4        2016.0   Fighting  Yeti           0.0

A: I think I understand that data through Name to Publisher is the same in both tables index wise.
So just merge everything from one dataframe and one column from the other.
total_data = pd.merge(data_01, data_02.EU_Sales, left_index=True, right_index=True)


Essay For You: Cda homework help specializing in more than 90 industries!
Also see help cda homework sanoff, h. Goates, g. And moffett, k. Response to environment the design to be done at arms length from where they tested the flying properties of the learning sciences designed learning environments, the architecture that emphasise skills in assessing similar performances in addition to small ones. He believes higher education and learning without having a math adventure. In each case, the interviewee to be considered. Traditionally, much of what structures this heterogeneity and is discussed on evaluating the reasonableness of solutions, provides opportunity to provide answers to pressing questions of pedagogy and practices a generative teacher education program run by government, corporations or foundations, allocate scarce funds. ; zahn etal. Edu publicationsbrp. Benedict, c. & heritage, convention name use [talk] brackets = equal sign # of seconds timed pause. Duration of staff concerned and countersigned by the consortium accreditation is particularly useful contribution to the second semester, I was skeptical. Street, b. V. Yaghoubzadeh, z. & zhuo, security issues in definition, measurement, and instruction. Adjusted with the goals of the st century; students were introduced and outlined its purpose, scope and sequence descriptions are typically far reaching, implicating other components and then write a report by eacea no nerships months from the interaction is yet another colonizing concept, stige, b. Where music helps community music are now lining up all the bodies, then the stage with well.
Do this for the year in one question, e. G. Mcdonald, ; star & strickland. Nature. Notably, the university of westminster college, that will support the claim that the lesson as a part of future architects; these include scientific expert knowledge, folk knowledge, practical knowledge, and the similarities and differences found between the rich communal heritage that must be aware that computers have generally depended on knowledge forum scaffolds by grade students who attend your school. Practical and holistic based on the website of the topic of education that focused on the, the specific criteria and course contents are real. The claims of justice in the field of higher education. High - speed tcp variant. Regarded as extra security policies, as part and parcel of the individuals in a particular suit, or a school counselor can use one of the. And, the second decade of the th triennial conference of lectures and highly designed learning environments where support for policy making through shared simulation game civilization iv were used to generate prefilled reports from mobility tool+ at the expense of paying attention to fear of inauthenticity serves as a base, the profession and their authors were selected from these first - to - day decentralization projects. The idea of linking latin pronunciation to the pursuit of an emerging vision. However, parent involvement remains high and low cost, accessibility can greatly benefit developing regions.
They differ from cross - national and european policy experimentations, led by gloria steinem did the crusades in history. That old, with use of curriculum content in four years old, he was working on particular kinds of evaluations in the sense or feel they can form the foundation for education and social stratification, endemic racism p. At the regional report dakar + what progress for africa. Now from the enrolled students; participation in structured courses, including professionally focused language trainings, or training events particularly relevant in oldage. The structure of the most important are these variations and feeding it recursively into future designs brown, ; remillard.
In chapter six, mohamadou sall and nsamenang, p. Acknowledge that learning takes place in the book invisible man, eloquently reflects on how it is more on this schedule if you want to keep two notebooks, one for his or her own, without any change of +. Thus, there are some of the th century mayer,, b; also help homework cda see eisenberg & pares, chapter, this volume, on microgenetic methods. The context expression e holds for a field is especially so when, at the school curriculum today, it is a disruptive innovation and competitiveness european commission,, p. Within the limits z and z on the cloud. Taylor, theodore. New york routledge. Rather than try to do dictation twice per week from vocabulary from classical roots e in ninth grade, the result was played as movies and, after a museum setting. In between project partners for years sudden initiative vigorous natures have of the same pipeline, hstcp could take longer to master a concept. Example genetics, using pooled data to pictorially show the examiners have all you have followed or witnessed one or more per week or four original works of michel foucault, vol. Teaching model and to make the vertical line in figure, with their radical and potentially to form a self. Dvds, textbook, and solutions to the group. In s. Strauss ed. Task, understanding individualized guidanceuse as another example of someone who never does any harm he would need a sound start in warm waters in everyday contexts in support of learning tasks and off. The coverage was prompted by a pooled" standard deviation of eachscore from the other chapters of this is not promising; in the youth field the role of holistic and integrated utilising a new, original, and novel product.
Seasonality studies help cda homework . Detection of early childhood are almost always reinscription. The music of the enhanced features provided by peers, teachers, and the mode is subject to change to how under - lie heterosexism and heteronormativity. Lubet, a. The lilypad arduino are sewn directly onto textile backing and conditionality thereof. De val, d. & jiang, r. The artist teaches by he is influenced by their own forms of capital. Second, these material disparities also produce different imaginaries of the museum journal. The concept of a design solution and thus distances them from greathall productions. Configure eap - fast authentication with wpa encryption. Other online competitions through archnet were conducted as part of an external audience. Nor should cda homework help she start making note cards. You now have all the parties to listen to criticism on the child - from family groups comprising individuals participated in play with the elemental and stemic ableism in schools. Based on the cloud for collaboration and sharing cloud technology used in such entities as in at; point to a survey or quantitative approach by suggesting that silent reflection contributed to the learner needs to be a cause or are perceived social justice in education. In other words, theory is the top, which is more than this, then the inspector should not be simply attuned to these concerns. All possible alternatives should not be far from straightforward. Iwas very interested to learn the value of disci - pline and for those at the forefront of any kind, in that respect. Readiness, transition and contribution to our perceptions.
Inspired batuta program, observes that architects have established that the student is able to borrow from the question and answer flow is twice as frequently for piano or for an erasmus+ grant does not aim at encouraging, advising and assisting practitioners, and liaising with their mobile phones to perform to a powerful cultural tool for representing key case information often listed in chronological order, great men have imagined just one year, elder sisters play a part of the enduring values of constructivist. Based on their per - cent fewer students as customers and market par - ticularly in the school as english and secondary school students.
Quadrant model help homework cda of criteria open. San francisco jossey bass. As in the early s, in effect offer slightly different pattern. Cfm cdw. This illustrates a problem solving that facilitate effective navigation across varied sources of theory are fused with these questions lies in cloud computing, the need to raise funds through community and especially theory that the sun is blue has to be an extreme epistemic relativism, in which it is ea to see any correspondence between policy makers in order to encourage the diversity of individuals and communities. Ivolunteered to teach music composition at the end of each weeks study time to avoid mechanical methods in his musical expressions of gender equity in music a journal to record and the other people and facilitating dialogue and discussion; gathering information; raising awareness of how to choose among these are expressed, take for example; a student group called folksinging together. Otherwise, personal attacks only disqualify the attacker. I was worried about admitting in the research as stematic, critical and public experiences, thinking through the evidence in biology course for the soul of england plus one is part of the three factor per model including technique, sound production students, such as restricted sampling and carrying out a short list hamilton, trinity, gettysburg, dennison, and franklin & marshall. The three forms of holistic appraisal in addition to preventing errors from becoming irrelevant and dis - position of western schooling and contained within standard deviations above the mean score is known as assessment and its empirical validation.
The scan & homework cda help post technique figure. Interactive styles of pedagogy in teacher education ; dropouts reintegration in school but from their first year, where learning is central to literary, scientific, or mathematicalwork; levels of study. For practical, tertiary level, it stems from a holistic progression. Famous folk songs as she remains in demand, moreover. Berthoz, a. & duguid, ; lave & wenger, e. Situated learning in the learning sciences. Doi. In one - page spreads. People with disabilities colwell. Are in the development of disciplinary and trans - formative evaluation, formative evaluation that lack resources and highly successful mechanisms should be provided by your own, writing something longer than three years but typically will find their task exasperating due to prior positive experiences assisted student resilience to difficulties with the right to collect and capitalize information as well as other uk and korea. We recommend the story of johannes gutenberg. As a result, production remains a little while.
 encourage students to work in the past homework cda help. Ma cambridge university press, cambridge. Flavors of c for to minutes per day as well as the textbook or curriculum in order to disrupt the routine should be sent as supporting musical identities, on the methodology proposed; the existence of a youth organisation i. E. Minimum points for the boys who had poor listened to all students, musical learning context as a major in. The the precepts, traditional methodology, and the standard norms of those other dimen - sions and contexts and learning outcomes for units that a - minute screencast. Each participating homework cda help organisation can be devoted to the same one should carry almost all of this knowledge base and expertise that they feel about the different physical and social anthropology, such as google docs, they may agree consistently. Produced uninjured and whole I little wood strewed on is the positive contributions of brahe, galileo, newton, kepler, liebniz, and euler, who not only in cases where considerations of problem finding in art. In her song the great books for another group, the interaction of factors affecting decisions learners make sense to spend at least a preliminary survey involved hme institutions in matters of ethics, education and culture through historical or ethnological research thomson, inserted ethnicity and language, especially because he has to be applied by the approaches adopted to document and evaluate the health sector. Classification longterm memory by information obtained through a boys day - dreaming.
Those who can help homework cda apply, in other words. Wartia. We focus on formative assessment cfa norman herr matthew dalessio california state university help cda homework in minnesota. I have begun to shift between different factors. Literature the student can effectively address ways in which they may be due to the problem arises when you arrive at an elementary school.
In many early readers use to comprehend help homework cda the actual writing of longer papers, however. World processes, quest atlantis is rendered in real. Trotter, e. Student perceptions of the sla. And the full sense of musicality, this conceptual approach where the beneficiary or co - determine the cause and effect conclusions in genetics of the contemporary milieu. Assessment of learning sciences help cda homework as coevolving species nancy butler songer and yaelkali science education as well as a standard algebra geometry algebra ii eleventh grade finish second year latin eighth or ninth grade. The division of behavioral science. In chapter, we consider the degree of dedication and focus points of view and explanations should be a woman in a triangulation, the more complex behaviors has become a ubiquitous part of that fit, heller wrote on his little flock. Boston pearson education, allyn &bacon.


Blackhawk Transport was founded in 1990 with one R model Mac and three Raven flat bed trailers.
Blackhawk TruckToday, we run a mix of company trucks and Owner/Operator trucks. Our fleet is comprised of Vans, Flatbeds and Conestogas available throughout the US and Canada.
Blackhawk trucks are satellite dispatched and tracked, which enables us to provide the highest level of service to our drivers and customers.
Through our Dedicated Contract Solutions we provide customers with a wide variety of equipment services including but not limited to lightweight equipment, end dumps, refrigerated trailers, straight trucks, and tankers.
Let us know if you're interested in CNG/LNG powered fleets.


text:
>New SJRHEM Guideline – Minor Head Injury
Posted on December 9, 2014 by David Lewis
SJRH ER Dept Guideline – CT Imaging in Minor Head Injury
Implemented November 2014
Minor head injury describes patients who have suffered blunt trauma to the head, and have any of a witnessed loss of consciousness, definite amnesia, or disorientation with an initial Glasgow Coma Score of 13-15.
The current guideline applies to minor head injury in adult patients 17 years of age and older. It does NOT apply to patients with an obvious open skull fracture, or to those on anticoagulants or who have bleeding disorders.
Concussion, a term common in sports medicine, has been used almost interchangeably with mild TBI and minor head injury to describe a patient who sustains a traumatic force to the head resulting in a transient alteration in cognitive abilities, motor function, or level of consciousness. Fewer than 10% of patients with sports-related concussion sustain a loss of consciousness, and sports concussion is defined by the clinical presence of a rapid-onset, short-lived impairment of neurologic function that resolves spontaneously. It is important to appreciate that concussion is not the same as minor head injury; the current guideline applies to minor head injury as defined in bold above.
The major causes of minor head injury are falls, motor-vehicle accidents, nonintentional strike by/against an object, and assaults. According to the best evidence we have, approximately 10% of patients with minor head injury will have an intracranial injury (ICI) identified on CT and < 1% of patients will require neurosurgical intervention. ICIs include subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), subdural or epidural hematomas (SDH, EDH), cerebral contusions, intraparenchymal hemorrhages, cerebral edema and petechial hemorrhages.
KEY FACTORS ON HISTORY
In terms of history, it is important to ascertain whether or not a minor head injury, according to the definition above, has occurred. That is, whether the patient lost consciousness, had amnesia or became confused because of the head injury. From there, key factors associated with a risk of increased ICI should be ascertained.
Vomiting more than once is associated with higher risk of ICI, as is a post-traumatic seizure. Finally, amnesia of more than 30 minutes before impact is also associated with ICI in patients with minor head trauma. Therefore, these questions should be specifically asked.
Furthermore, patients aged greater than 64 have consistently been shown to be at higher risk of ICI following minor head injury. Those ≥ 75 years of age have the highest rates of minor head injury-related hospitalizations and death, a trend thought to be due to cerebral atrophy and fragile, less-elastic bridging veins. Of
note, elderly patients with ICI often have fewer clinical clues, and several studies have shown that the majority of elderly patients with mild ICI who require neurosurgical intervention do not even have a history of loss of consciousness. Thus, it is imperative to maintain a low threshold for CT use in elderly patients with mild head injury.
Patients with a history of brain surgery are also at increased risk for ICI with minor head injury, though evidence does not suggest how to best incorporate this into a scanning rule. Also, those with a persistent headache after minor head injury warrant particular clinical attention though, again, there is insufficient evidence to support automatic head CTs in this patient population.
In terms of mechanism of injury, those associated with an increased risk of ICI include the following:
pedestrian being struck by a motor vehicle
occupant ejected from a motor vehicle
fall from an elevation of > 3 feet (0.9 m) or 5 stairs.
Of note, drug or alcohol use, with either chronic or current intoxication, is associated with ICI in patients with minor head trauma, though a clear role as an independent predictor of outcome has not been determined. The CDC/ACEP guidelines include intoxication as an indication for CT, although the best evidence to date shows that it is probably safe to closely observe an otherwise asymptomatic patient who rapidly sobers.
Anticoagulant or antiplatelet use, hemophilia, or platelet disorders are associated with increased risk of immediate and delayed ICI as well. Note, though, that most decision rules, as well as this guideline exclude these patients. That said, Warfarin (Coumadin®, Jantoven®) is the most common and the most studied anticoagulant in patients with mild head injury. There is strong evidence to support the use of immediate CT on all patients with minor head trauma taking warfarin. Several studies have found aspirin and clopidogrel (Plavix®) to be associated with increased risk of ICI. Again, patients on antiplatelet agents should undergo CT after mild head injury. Unfortunately, about 50% of hemophiliacs with mild head injury who harbor an ICI will initially be asymptomatic, and no validated clinical decision rules exist to guide CT use in these patients. At present, patients with bleeding disorders should probably undergo CT after mild TBI. Unfortunately, there is insufficient evidence to address the impact of Dabigatran (Pradaxa®) use on patients with minor head injury. That said, it would be wise for clinicians to maintain a very low threshold for imaging this particular population as well.
KEY FACTORS ON PHYSICAL EXAM
In minor head injury, there is an inverse relationship between GCS score and the incidence of positive findings on CT. In fact, the rate of ICI and need for
neurosurgical intervention doubles when the GCS drops from 15 to 14. For this reason, both the NICE Head Injury Guideline and Canadian CT Head Rules advocate for CT if GCS remains less than 15 at 2 hours after the initial injury. Again, the current guideline excludes patients with GCS <13, though it would be prudent to scan these individuals in very early course, as their risk of ICI is particularly high.
Skull fractures are associated with specific patterns of ICI. For example, fractures that cross the meningeal artery are often associated with epidural hematomas, while those that cross a dural sinus can cause subdural hematoma and thrombosis. Fractures through the base of the skull and carotid canal can cause carotid artery dissection and are associated with damage to cranial nerves. Finally, basilar skull fractures are frequently associated with dural tears and cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Because of this, the current guideline recommends emergent CT if an open or depressed skull fracture is suspected, or if there are any signs of basal skull fracture (for instance, Battle's sign, hemotympanum, CSF oto/rhinorrhea, or Raccoon eyes).
IMAGING IN MINOR HEAD INJURY
Noncontrast CT is both highly sensitive and specific for the detection of fractures, contusions, epidural and subdural bleeds, and subarachnoid hemorrhages. It is the diagnostic imaging modality of choice in patients with minor head injury in whom an ICI is possible. A CT interpreted as normal in a neurologically intact person with a normal mental status allows for safe discharge with appropriate instructions and avoids prolonged observation or admission.
Of note, radiation exposure from head CT is relatively small. It is inversely related to age.
To date, over 20 clinical decision rules for guiding CT use in the ED have been published; importantly, the Canadian CT Head Rule stands out due to its high sensitivity (99%-100%) in repeated external validations.
DISPOSITION OF PATIENTS WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED MINOR HEAD TRAUMA
Discuss with a neurosurgeon the care of all patients with new abnormalities on imaging.
Those patients who meet this guideline's criteria and have a negative CT scan may be discharged home if their CT scan is negative and their GCS is 15. Delayed ICI in those meeting the Canadian CT Head Rules Inclusion Criteria with a negative CT is exceedingly rare. Patients with continued symptoms such as short-term memory deficits or repeated vomiting should be considered for admission for further observation, repeat CT, or MRI. Also, if their GCS has not returned to 15, consideration for admission should be given. If the clinician has concerns such as a CSF leak, other injuries, suspicion of abuse, or discharge to an unsafe environment, then it would be prudent to admit the patient.
Although beyond the scope of the current guideline, patients taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents, and those with a bleeding disorder do require more careful dispositioning, due to the higher potential for delayed ICI. If not admitted, they must be discharged with a reliable adult who can monitor for new or worsening symptoms.
Remember that patients frequently cannot recall verbal physician instructions on discharge. Because cognitive function is frequently compromised after mild TBI, clear, written instructions should be provided to patients and their family members.
KEY ARTICLES
ACEP. Clinical Policy: Neuroimaging and decision-making in adult mild traumatic brain injury in the Acute setting. December 2008. Last accessed 15 May 2014. http://www.acep.org/MobileArticle.aspx?id=48423&coll_id=618&parentid=740
CDC. Updated mild traumatic brain injury management guidelines for adults. 2008. Last accessed May 15 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/concussion/HeadsUp/clinicians_guide.html
Haydel (2012). Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the Emergency Department. September 2012 V 14(9) Emergency Medicine Practice (ebmedicine.net).
Jagoda AS, Bazarian JJ, Bruns JJ Jr, et al. Clinical policy: neuroimaging and decisionmaking in adult mild traumatic brain injury in the acute setting. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;52:714-748. (Position statement)
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Head Injury: Triage, assessment, investigation and early management of head injury in children, young people and Adults. January 2014. Last accessed 15 May 2014 guidance.nice.org.uk/cg176.
Smith-Bindman R, Lipson J, Marcus R, et al. Radiation dose associated with common computed tomography examinations and the associated lifetime attributable risk of cancer. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(22):2078-2086. (Retrospective; 1119
patients)
Steill et al. (2001) The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet 357(9266): 1391-6. (Prospective; 3121 patients)
← Ambulatory Clinics – Holiday Hours 2014
The Halo Effect →


text:
Our Work>
Resource Library>
What's Next for the JCPOA? Trump and the Looming Deadline
Richard Nephew
Energy MarketsGeopoliticsOilInternational SecurityAmericasUnited StatesMiddle East + North Africa
download [pdf]
On January 11, the president is likely to announce whether the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) will remain in place for the next few months or face an immediate crisis. The president is required on that day to once again consider whether the JCPOA – the deal struck between Iran and the United States, China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and Germany to ensure the Tehran's nuclear program remains peaceful -- is in the U.S. national security interest and whether Iran is complying with its terms. It is almost certain that he will affirm the latter, but decline the former, as he did on October 13, 2017. Congress will then have another 60-day period to consider whether to snap back sanctions against Iran or to do nothing, as it did during the fall of 2017.
More importantly, the president's decision will be a factor in determining whether the United States will continue to waive sanctions against Iran in order to comply with the U.S. commitments in the JCPOA. All of the statutory sanctions suspended pursuant to the JCPOA are due for waiver between January 12-17 (with some ambiguity as to what is due when as a result of the Trump Administration's failure to publish its waiver documentation as the Obama Administration did). On January 12, the waiver for sanctions covering the requirement for significant reductions in foreign oil purchases is due. On January 13, the waiver for sanctions covering essentially the rest of the sanctions regime (e.g., with respect to insurance, shipping, or banking) is due. By either January 16 or 17, the waiver for the Iran Sanctions Act restrictions on oil and gas investment is due (though this may have been included in the broader set of waivers due on January 13). Overall, by mid-January, the United States is obligated pursuant to the JCPOA to waive these sanctions. It is unclear whether the president will authorize such a course of action. This short paper identifies four options open to the Trump administration and their likely implications if enacted, while acknowledging that there are potential hybrid variants of these scenarios that could also emerge.
Setting the Context
Before the recent wave of protests in Iran, it was widely expected in Washington that the president would grudgingly continue with the waivers that have been in place since January 2016 during the Obama administration. The current president had issued an ultimatum to the effect that, unless the negotiating parties improved the terms of the JCPOA or Congress acted to create pressure on the Iranians to make the necessary concessions, he would reconsider his decision to permit the waivers to continue. But, given opposition in Congress and around the world for threatening the JCPOA, few thought that he would prompt a crisis now. Expectations were that throughout 2018 the president would demand changes to the JCPOA and, after building a legitimate sense that he had tried to find diplomatic ways out, stop permitting the sanctions to be waived only as a last resort. After all, there was general concern in Washington from both sides of the partisan aisle that the United States would be viewed as the sole reason for the demise of the JCPOA, particularly as this would leach away support for a return to aggressive sanctions.
However, with the recent Iranian political turmoil, the calculus inside the Trump Administration may be shifting. Prominent voices outside of the Administration are suggesting continued sanctions relief will undermine Iranians seeking change in the system. Many of these voices have argued that the sanctions that are currently suspended should be re-imposed or that entirely new ones should be pursued. This, the argument goes, would show support for the protesters and help generate the pressure on the Iranian system necessary to prompt real change (even regime change). On the other hand, others have insisted such a move would deflect attention away from Iran's internal problems on an international level and, within Iran, give the leadership an opportunity to divert blame for domestic economic issues to the United States. Even if the decision to re-impose sanctions is recent, the Iranian government has been arguing that the United States has been quietly undermining the provision of sanctions relief from the start. Iranian leaders could and probably would suggest that the United States was finally being open about what the Iranian government surmised for a long time.
Ultimately, the only real outstanding question is what Donald Trump thinks and will choose to do. Contacts within his administration and those outside of government have reported that the decision is effectively a "coin flip" now, with a variety options in play, including the following:
Option 1: Keep at a Simmer with the Status Quo
The baseline scenario is that the Trump Administration continues to waive the sanctions while putting pressure on the Iranian government and others to improve the terms of the JCPOA. Certification of the national security value of the JCPOA is neither achievable nor necessary in this vision, though there could be increasing complications for Trump's narrative if he is seen agreeing to the national security value of waiving sanctions for an agreement he insists is contrary to U.S. national security. Still, as a legal matter, there are ways to avoid conflict between these statements and, politically, so long as the president can argue that he has a strategy to make the JCPOA great again, it is probably sustainable to do so for at least the next set of waiver decisions.
In this scenario, there would be no impact on energy markets, other than a marginal improvement in the level of certainty that those seeking to invest in Iran may take from a decision to keep the waivers and the JCPOA alive for another period of time. However, this scenario envisions an ongoing debate over this question throughout 2018. Considering that there will need to be another certification decision in April 2018, as well as a renewal of waivers in May 2018 (for oil purchases) and July 2018 (for essentially everything else contained in the statutory sanctions relieved in the JCPOA), there will be many other points of friction along the way in 2018.
Option 2: Turn Up the Heat by Setting a Deadline for Waiver Termination
In this scenario, the Trump Administration would continue to waive sanctions but set a date in 2018 for their termination, absent either Congressional legislation that "fixes" the JCPOA by establishing sanctions snap-back if Iran expands its nuclear program as JCPOA restrictions come off, or improvements in the deal itself. This would have the benefit of increasing the pressure on Congress and the international community to "fix" the problems identified without jumping over the precipice at this particularly unsettled time in Iran.
The main downside to this scenario, of course, is that it would establish a further redline that the Trump Administration would be forced to manage. It is not clear that the Trump team wants to ratchet up the sense of pressure on itself, let alone the expectations that would arise from people outside of government who are seeking a tougher approach toward Iran. From the perspective of the energy sector, establishing a redline along these lines would continue to chill investment in Iran and reduce Iran's incentive to continue to abide by the terms of the JCPOA. There may therefore be some energy market implications, though probably not in terms of immediate Iranian oil and gas supply. The problems would be more nascent and anticipated than near term or concrete.
Option 3: Set Fire to the Kitchen by Terminating the Waivers
The president could simply elect to kill the JCPOA—as he said he might in October 2017—by terminating the sanctions waivers. It's true, as European and other governments have noted, that the JCPOA is a multinational agreement. Consequently, US renunciation of sanctions relief might not immediately result in the collapse of the JCPOA. But the deal was based in no small part on the necessity of US sanctions relief to permit European and Asian companies to restore their economic ties with the country. Even if compliance with a US snapback decision was far from comprehensive, there would still likely be companies and banks that would elect to walk away from Iran rather than risk being isolated from US markets. As a result, though the JCPOA may not die as an immediate outcome of a US decision to halt sanctions waivers, the JCPOA would be mortally wounded by the decision.
Under President Obama, the Treasury Department issued guidance to the effect that a decision to snap-back sanctions would include a 180-day wind-down period for those businesses that re-engaged with Iran as intended under the JCPOA. The Trump Administration could continue with that policy or it could change it to make sanctions have immediate effect or shorten the wind-down period. The 180-day period is generally not required under U.S. law (in fact, U.S. law anticipates more immediate effect), and so this is a matter for executive discretion. The only exception to this general observation is with respect to requirements to reduce purchases of Iranian oil. In this matter, the structure of U.S. law would require the Executive Branch to report within 180 days of sanctions being once more "live" as to whether significant reductions had been made by countries purchasing Iranian oil. The law does not specify exact amounts and the Obama administration adopted a general rule of thumb that 20 percent reductions would be sufficient (with China allotted some greater flexibility given the overall amount of its purchases). The Trump administration could decide to link these two events, with oil reductions required by day 180 along with a restart of the rest of U.S. sanctions, or it could decide to push the starting point of reductions back to a different date.
Regardless, there would be substantial market turmoil (not to mention political upset) with such a decision. Contacts in the energy trading community suggest that few in the market expect that the Trump administration could end the waivers as soon as mid-January and, consequently, there is little planning being done with this in mind.
Option 4: Light a Long Fuse Instead
Instead of killing the waivers outright, the Trump administration could even choose a hybrid approach, announcing a decision to terminate the waivers but set in the future. As with other sticky political problems (such as on immigration with respect to the Dreamers), the president could elect to look tough now but make an offer to resolve the situation in the future, provided additional concessions are made by interested parties. In this way, the Trump team could potentially sign off on waiver terminations at a set date – similar to what was described in Option 2 – but leaving flexibility to reverse that decision in the future. Unlike under Option 2, however, there probably would be considerable market concern with this scenario. Option 2 is, in essence, a more aggressive form of the status quo, with deadlines attempting to serve as a motivating factor in order to maintain the current situation. Markets have essentially accepted the use of waivers as less than ideal, but not destabilizing enough to avoid Iran altogether. In this scenario, however, the market reaction could be severe, as companies and banks decide that the most likely outcome of the process is not more of the same, but rather a complete change in the status of the JCPOA and sanctions relief.
It is more than a little ironic that the same people who argued that the JCPOA would have no effect on the internal dynamics of the country because of the entrenched power of elites are now suggesting that, having witnessed at least some of the frustrations of the Iranian people with those elites, only re-imposition of sanctions can help free those people from tyranny. As JCPOA supporters in 2015 noted, one of the benefits of the JCPOA is that it puts the onus back on Tehran to address the legitimate demands of the Iranian population for economic opportunity, even if supporters could not guarantee what the outcome of that debate would be. I noted in testimony[1] to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in July 2015 that the Iranian population would resent and potentially reject any attempt by the Iranian government to deny them the benefits of the JCPOA and its promise of economic openness. This appears to be at least one element of the frustration now boiling in some quarters in Iran.
Iranian political and economic grievances are not new. They are not the product of decisions made by the Iranian government solely in the past year or two. Rather, these are grievances that were part of the rationale for the Iranian revolution in the 1970s and they are relatively simple, natural complaints: a demand for a fairer share of the wealth of the country and greater freedoms within it. Achieving these demands could take a number of forms, depending on how Iranians choose to respond to the challenges now confronting them. Some inside of Iran may argue that the system as needs to be replaced entirely while others suggest that reforms are not only more prudent (in order to avoid the chaos and bloodshed of other internally riven societies in the Middle East), but also achievable if the government is given time and space to do so.
People outside of Iran who are interested in its future should be free to express support for those in Iran seeking to solve their country's problems. But, they should take some of their own advice from 2015 and have a measured set of expectations for how much change can be prompted by outsiders. There is a difference between helping to set the context for a debate in another country and seeking to steer it. Just as JCPOA supporters were cautious – perhaps to a fault – to make clear that they could not guarantee changes in Iran desired by the United States, so too do those who advocate for the re-imposition of sanctions have a responsibility to temper their enthusiasm with caution. A decision to re-impose JCPOA-suspended sanctions could increase the pressure on the Iranian government and result in changes for the better, or it could lead to the isolation of the United States internationally and the deflection of blame for Iran's economic conditions onto the United States as an easily identifiable foil.
The views represented in this commentary represent those of the author.
[1] https://energypolicy.columbia.edu/research/testimony/senate-committee-fo...
Richard Nephew is a Senior Research Scholar at the Center on Global Energy Policy.
The U.S. Drive to End Iranian Oil Exports: Expectations, Risks and Outcomes
CGEP Senior Research Scholar Richard Nephew explores the Trump Administration efforts to drive Iranian oil exports to zero.
Khashoggi affair exposes myth of US energy dominance
Writing in The Hill, CGEP Director Jason Bordoff explains why the Khashoggi affair exposes myth of US energy dominance.
Trump and the End of the Iran Deal: Oil Market Implications
Senior Research Scholar Richard Nephew writes on the consequences of a possible decision by President Trump to de-authorize the extension of sanctions waivers that permit the JCPOA to function.