This site began life in 2009 as a spinoff from PogoWasRight.org after the number of breaches in 2008 made me realize I needed a separate site just for breaches.
If you want to sponsor the site, email me at breaches[at]databreaches.net, and I'll consider your offer. I know a lot of security firms love my site and check it every day, so consider throwing some money at it to help me keep it going or to offset the costs of running it.
Somewhat surprisingly, this site has no commercial sponsorship. That said, the author has consulting contracts with a few clients who are in fields related to topics covered on this site such as health insurance, EHR software development, and infosecurity. Those clients understand that their consulting contract with the author does not entitle them to any special treatment or consideration on this site.
I'm not a security professional. I'm a licensed health care professional who is passionate about protecting privacy. I hope that exposing the scope and seriousness of breaches – large and small – will help inform policymaking and decisions about allocating resources to data security.
This site is a combination of news aggregation, investigative reporting, and commentary. You may disagree with my reporting or be offended by my opinions. If you think I've erred in my reporting, email and let me know what you think I got wrong. If you don't like my commentary on a situation or on your handling of an incident, you're free to send a statement for me to consider posting.
If you want to send me legal threats about my reporting or comments, knock yourself out, but don't be surprised to see me report on your threat, any confidentiality sig blocks you may attach notwithstanding. I have been threatened with lawsuits many times, and to be blunt: there is NOTHING you can threaten me with that will scare me even 1/10th as much as the day both my kids got their driver's licenses within 15 minutes of each other.
To contact me about this blog, email breaches[at]databreaches.net. If you wish to use end-to-end encryption for email, use my breaches[at]protonmail.ch address.
This page last updated Nov. 28, 2018.


Meta tag analyzer is kind of tool that analyzes your websites Meta tags. Even though the usage of Meta tag is still questionable, analyzing a competitor's description and keyword Meta value is a very good way to get ideas for effective copy and key terms for the website. meta tags doesn't affect the view of your web page however it helps in indicating the search engines, the title of your web page as well as text of your web page that is shown when listed on search engines.
One best way to attract traffic to your website or blog is search engines and hence SEO is very important. The user can optimize their blog by various methods the most important is the kind of Meta tag that you use particularly the keywords, title, robots and the description. Meta tag analyzer is a tool that SEO experts utilize to get proper insight and benefit over the competitors. If you want to get more traffic to your blog or website and increase your SEO score then Nice SEO Tool is the best that will serve your purpose.
How does Meta tag analyzer work?
After using the Meta tag generator there comes Meta tag analyzer. Now you will ask how to check my SEO? The answer is you need a free Meta tag analyzer that helps you in understanding how search engines read the information of your webpage. Niceseotools offers a lot of free SEO tools and it also includes Meta tag analyzer. By using our Meta tag analyzer you will get answers to all your questions in a simple way. You only have to copy paste the URL page which you wish to check in the text box and then go for show Meta data. And there you go in just a few seconds you get the results including title, keywords, and page descriptions.
Meta title: Firstly Meta tag will analyze Meta title. It displays the count of your title giving you the amount of characters and even checks the SEO revealing how relevant the page content is. Many search engines have limitations on the number of characters in the title which you have to agree with.
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The tool offered by www.niceseotools is very efficient and effective. It tells you about everything that you should be aware of so that you can generate the best Meta tags. Our website offers free Meta tag analyzer and is completely hassle free. Our Meta tag analyzer is simple, reliable and quick and completely hassle free. You don't have to sign up or register so use the tool wherever and whenever you wish.
Copyright © 2016 Niceseotools.com , All rights reserved.


Camp Susan Curtis is the only summer camp in Maine dedicated to the state's disadvantaged children. The camp's influence on the lives of its attendees has been incredibly positive, helping break the cycle of poverty for many. One annual fundraising event makes the camp possible. Creating excitement for this event, and for the programs that it pays for, is essential to the continued success of this innovative camp.
Invitations and posters for the Susan L. Curtis Foundation Celebration Dinner & Dance had to accomplish a lot in a small amount of space. They had to invite people to purchase tickets, hint at the importance of the event for thousands of Maine's disadvantaged children, and convey a sense of fun – both for the dinner and the camp. Judging from the event's record attendance the campaign was a success on all counts.


Adult patients on prolonged acute mechanical ventilation (PAMV) comprise 1/3 of all adult MV patients, consume 2/3 of hospital resources allocated to MV population, and are nearly twice as likely to require a discharge to a skilled nursing facility (SNF). Their numbers are projected to double by year 2020. To aid in planning for this growth, we projected their annualized days and costs of hospital use and SNF discharges in year 2020 in the US.
We constructed a model estimating the relevant components of hospital utilization. We computed the total days and costs for each component; we also applied the risk for SNF discharge to the total 2020 PAMV population. The underlying assumption was that process of care does not change over the time horizon. We performed Monte Carlo simulations to establish 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the point estimates.
Given 2020 projected PAMV volume of 605,898 cases, they will require 3.6 (95% CI 2.7–4.8) million MV, 5.5 (95% CI 4.3–7.0) million ICU and 10.3 (95% CI 8.1–13.0) million hospital days, representing an absolute increase of 2.1 million MV, 3.2 million ICU and 6.5 million hospital days over year 2000, at a total inflation-adjusted cost of over $64 billion. Expected discharges to SNF are 218,123 (95% CI 177,268–266,739), compared to 90,928 in 2000.
Our model suggest that the projected growth in the US in PAMV population by 2020 will result in annualized increases of more than 2, 3, and 6 million MV, ICU and hospital days, respectively, over year 2000. Such growth requires careful planning efforts and attention to efficiency of healthcare delivery.
Healthcare institutions today are frequently faced with stretching limited resources. In the US, factors contributing to this are significant and worsening personnel shortages [1–10], reductions in reimbursement , and in numbers of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) beds  in the face of growing demand for healthcare [13–15]. After a decade of declines in hospital admissions, since the mid-1990s there has been an annualized 1.5% growth in hospital volume . Similarly, total inpatient days have stabilized over the last 10 years at about 197 million . These events have occurred against the backdrop of hospital and bed closures, resulting in a drop in hospital beds between 1995 and 2005 from 3.3 to 2.7 per 1,000 population . Currently, nearly half of Emergency Departments (EDs) are reporting operating at or over capacity, and one-third report some time on diversion, the most frequent reason being the lack of staffed critical care beds . This is not surprising, since the number of ICU beds has remained essentially unchanged between 1991 and 2004 .
We recently described a novel sub-population of patients on mechanical ventilation (MV), those requiring prolonged acute mechanical ventilation (PAMV, defined as MV for ≥ 96 hours), who, though comprising 1/3 of all patients on MV, utilize 2/3 of the associated hospital resources. . Numbering about 300,000 cases in 2003, and accounting for nearly 7 million hospital days and $16 billion in hospital costs annually , the PAMV volume is projected to more than double by year 2020 . This growth, on the par with that among patients with sepsis and severe sepsis [21–23], is far greater than previously predicted and well outpaces the increase seen in hospital discharges overall [3, 4, 16]. In the absence of information projecting healthcare utilization for such resource-intensive groups of patients, the limited hospital resources cannot be expected to keep pace.
In the current study, we have quantified the expected US-specific hospital bed resources and associated costs of providing care to the adult PAMV patients in year 2020. Specifically, we have calculated bed day numbers and costs within the relevant care strata, including MV, ICU, and hospital days that these patients may occupy. Additionally, since PAMV patients are roughly 50% more likely to be discharged to a skilled nursing facility (SNF) than those requiring shorter term MV , we have projected the numbers that will likely require such subacute care following their acute hospitalization.
No human subjects were enrolled in the study, and, thus, the study was exempt from regulations guiding protection of human subjects. We developed a model utilizing publicly available inputs, and tested the robustness of the outcome estimates in multivariate analyses. All calculations were performed in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) and Crystal Ball® software (Decisioneering, Inc., Denver, CO).
We utilized the projected number of adult PAMV cases in year 2020  to allocate total bed days and costs in the following annualized categories: MV days, non-MV ICU days, total ICU days, non-ICU hospital days and total hospital days. Additionally, based on previously reported data , we projected the anticipated annualized volume of discharges to a SNF under an assumption that hospital care delivery remains constant through year 2020.
Model input parameters and their sources are depicted in Table 1.
PAMV is prolonged acute mechanical ventilation. LOS is length of stay. MV is mechanical ventilation. ICU is intensive care unit. CI is confidence interval. N/A is not applicable.
*Calculated as a weighted average cost based on reference 31 and utilized extreme values for the sensitivity range inflated to year 2008 $US.
†Based on reference 12, calculated as the average of the values computed by each reported method to arrive at the point estimates for the model, and varied the inputs across the corresponding ranges; inflated to year 2008 $US.
The source for this was a recent study based on the numbers from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) [24, 25] focusing on adult discharges with the ICD-9-CM procedure code 96.72 (MV for 96 hours or longer) . This study calculated both age-adjusted and condition-specific changes in PAMV incidence and, projecting them out to year 2020, reported that the number of PAMV discharges from the US hospitals can be expected to rise from 252,577 in 2000 to 605,898 (95% confidence interval [CI] 456,695 to 779,806) in 2020 .
1). We chose to focus on a population of patients who require the longest time of MV during their acute ICU stay, the groups with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) . The main rationale for this is that their median time on MV is consistently estimated at > 96 hours [26, 29]. Adding validity to this approach are the similarities in both the median age and hospital mortality among PAMV patients (35%) and those reported for the ARDS population [19, 29, 30]. Finally, ARDS was a frequently coded coexistent condition in the PAMV cohort with the prevalence of 15% , though misclassification was possible, given the administrative nature of the data set.
2). Having made this choice, we developed estimates of MV and ICU duration for this group based on a recent robust and generalizable cohort study. The study by Rubenfeld was a large prospective cohort study conducted in King County, Washington, where 1,113 patients with acute lung injury (ALI) and ARDS were enrolled . In this study, the median MV time was 5.3 days (IQR 25–75 2.1–10.8) and median ICU LOS 7.8 days (IQR 25–75 3.7–14.3). From these durations of individual components of hospital stay we were able to derive the following parameter estimates: a). Duration of MV (5.3 days as reported by Rubenfeld ), or 37.9% of the overall hospital LOS; b). ICU LOS (7.8 days as reported by Rubenfeld ); c). Duration of ICU without MV (total ICU LOS – MV duration), or 17.9% of the overall hospital LOS; and d). Non-ICU hospital LOS (median hospital LOS for the PAMV cohort  – ICU LOS reported by Rubenfeld ), or 44.3% of the overall hospital LOS.
3). In the final step, based on our previous report quantifying the median hospital LOS in the PAMV population to be 17 days , we computed the number of days spent in each stratum of care by applying the proportions of time spent in each of the strata by the ALI patients as reported in the Rubenfeld study . Each of the durations was rounded to the nearest integer.
For the cost of MV we utilized the study by Dasta and colleagues, which quantified average daily costs for a patient on MV through day 14 of MV. In this study using data from 2002 the investigators demonstrated that day 1 of MV is substantially more costly than all subsequent days. To arrive at the point estimate of a daily cost for MV we calculated a weighted average cost for a general ICU patient (found under the rubric of "Total, $" in Table 4 ) in the Dasta paper ($3,948) and utilized extreme values ($3,431 to $7,728) around that for the sensitivity range, all inflated to 2008 $US as described below .
For both the non-MV ICU day and non-ICU hospital day costs we went to a recent report from Halpern and colleagues, who, based on two distinct sources, calculated a plausible range of these costs in year 2000 . We averaged each range to arrive at the point estimates for the model ($1,696 for non-MV ICU day and $689 for non-ICU hospital day) and varied the inputs across the corresponding ranges ($718 to $2,674 for non-MV ICU day and $487 to $891 for non-ICU hospital day) .
Because variable costs are more likely than the fixed to be impacted by population growth, and because variable costs represent only 14% of total hospital costs , we performed a sensitivity analysis to arrive at the potential growth in this cost component specifically. Since it remains unclear how much the projected PAMV growth will impact the need to expand hospital plants, equipment and personnel, this analysis represents the absolute minimum of the incremental hospital expenditure that may be expected in conjunction with this growth.
All costs were inflated to year 2008 $US using the hospital and related services component of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) . To inflation-adjust our 2020 cost estimates we calculated the most recent 10-year historic average annual inflation rate within the hospital and related services component of CPI (8.5%) and applied that historic growth to our projected number. We varied this annual inflation rate between 6% and 12% in the simulations. No discounting was required since the expenditures we are quantifying are to take place in the future.
This was based on the previous finding that 36% of all PAMV patients are discharged from the hospital to a SNF . This proportion was multiplied by the projected number of PAMV cases in 2020 to arrive at the base case, and the bounds of the 95% CI of this estimate to generate the corresponding 95% CI.
Because of uncertainties surrounding some of the parameter estimates in the model, we performed Monte Carlo simulations to test the precision of our estimates. We varied our inputs across their corresponding 95% CIs to generate the 95% CIs around the outcome estimates. Each outcome estimate was tested in 10,000 trials. The probability distributions used for the input parameters were triangular for the annual PAMV volume and log-normal for the LOS estimates in each of the strata; in the case of the latter log-normal was used as the best fit for non-parametric data. For cost inputs, we utilized a log-normal distribution for the cost of MV day, since this was based on the non-parametrically distributed range, where early days are more costly that those later on in the hospitalization . The remaining cost estimates, as well as the annual inflation rate, were varied across the normally distributed ranges. Point estimates were calculated as the mean value of the 10,000 trials and the 95% CIs represent 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of the distributions.
Over 50% of the duration of hospitalization among critically ill patients with respiratory failure is spent in the ICU (Table 1). In this care stratum, the majority of the time is allocated to MV support (37.9% of the total hospitalization or 68% of the entire ICU time). In the setting of these time allocations, the year 2000 estimate for corresponding bed use is approximately 1.5 million MV days, 750,000 non-MV ICU days, and over 2 million non-ICU hospital days. Given the projected increase of the PAMV population to approximately 490,000 in year 2010 and to over 600,000 cases in year 2020 , the corresponding expected absolute increases in the care stratum-specific bed days are an additional 1.3 and 2.1 million MV days, 2.0 and 3.2 million ICU days and 3.7 and 6.0 million total hospital days in 2010 and 2020, respectively (Figure 1). Put another way, we anticipate the bed demands to increase from 1.5 to 3.6 million for MV, from 2.3 to 5.5 million for ICU, and from 4.3 to 10.3 million for annualized hospital days between the years 2000 and 2020 in the population requiring PAMV (Table 2). Additionally, discharges to SNF can be expected to rise from 91,000 in year 2000 to nearly 220,000 by year 2020 (Table 2).
Projected Annual Hospitalization Days in 10-year Increments Spent by a Patient on Prolonged Acute Mechanical Ventilation (PAMV) in Various Strata of Hospital Care. ICU is intensive care unit. MV is mechanical ventilation. Y is year.
*Costs are in billions of $US; 95% confidence intervals estimated utilizing Monte Carlo simulations.
†Annual inflation rate of 8.5% calculated by averaging the 10-year historical inflation rate in the hospital and related care component between 1998 and 2008 .
MV is mechanical ventilation. ICU is intensive care unit. SNF is skilled nursing facility.
The results of the Monte Carlo simulations are also depicted in Table 2, showing 95% confidence intervals around the point estimates for each stratum of care. Thus, the total volume of ICU days can be expected to range from 4.2 to 7.0 million days in year 2020, and the total hospital days between 8.1 and 13.0 million.
In terms of costs, PAMV population can be expected to consume a total of $42.7 (95% CI $30.2 to $64.9) billion, $10.6 (95% CI $7.3 to $16.2) billion, and $11.5 (95% CI $8.0 to $17.3) billion in MV, non-MV ICU and non-ICU hospital costs, respectively (Table 2). In other words, the total projected costs of ICU care are $53.2 (95% CI $39.0 to $78.7) billion and the total costs of hospital care for the PAMV population are $64.7 (95% CI $48.6 to $93.7) billion in year 2020. In a sensitivity analysis quantifying variable costs only, the hospital costs consumed by PAMV were $6.0 (95% CI $4.2 to $9.1), $1.5 (95% CI $1.0 to $2.3), and $1.6 (95% CI $1.1 to $2.4) billion in MV, non-MV ICU and non-ICU hospital costs, respectively, yielding the total annual hospital bill of $9.1 (95% CI $6.8 to $13.1) billion.
Importantly, an analysis of factors contributing to the uncertainty in the model estimates quantifying bed occupancy revealed that the imprecision of the projected number of PAMV cases in year 2020 was responsible for nearly all of the uncertainty, while the estimates of the LOS did not make a significant contribution in the model quantifying bed usage (Figure 2). In the model quantifying costs, on the other hand, while the imprecision of the projected number of PAMV cases in year 2020 was responsible for the majority of the outcome estimate uncertainty, other factors also contributed substantial proportions of the imprecision (Figure 3).
Tornado diagram. The solid vertical line represents the point estimate for the projected annualized hospital days occupied by PAMV patients in year 2020. The horizontal bars represent the range of this difference when the corresponding single input is varied across its designated range with all other input parameters held constant. PAMV is prolonged acute mechanical ventilation. MV is mechanical ventilation. ICU is intensive care unit.
Tornado diagram. The solid vertical line represents the point estimate for the projected annualized hospital costs for PAMV patients in year 2020. The horizontal bars represent the range of this difference when the corresponding single input is varied across its designated range with all other input parameters held constant. PAMV is prolonged acute mechanical ventilation. MV is mechanical ventilation. ICU is intensive care unit.
We have shown that, based on previous projections for their growth over time in the US, the PAMV population can be expected to more than double their acute hospital bed use in each of the care strata, as well as the use of SNF as a discharge destination, resulting in 3.6 million MV, 5.5 million ICU and 10.3 million total hospital days in year 2020. While in the most modest growth scenario, this change will be just under 2-fold, under the scenario of greatest anticipated growth, the 2020 numbers may be as high as 4.8 million, 7.0 million, and 13.0 million bed days for MV, ICU and hospital, respectively. Similarly, the corresponding inflation-adjusted costs can be expected to be over $42, $53, and $64 billion for MV, ICU and total hospital costs, respectively. Additionally, we project that, in the absence of changes in care flow of the PAMV patients, the volume of SNF discharges in this population can be expected to be between roughly 177,000 and 267,000.
The landscape of hospital-based care in the US has undergone profound changes over the last 25 years. Following a period of exuberant growth peaking in the 1970s at ~7,200 hospitals , the subsequent decades have seen a steep reduction in inpatient utilization, and a decrease in the number of hospitals to just under 5,500 . This decline has continued in the face of attempts to rein in unprecedented healthcare expenditures, where hospital care accounts for ~1/3 of the spending . Indeed, in 2005 there were just over 800,000 beds in community hospitals across the US, or 2.71 beds per 1,000 population, the lowest it has been in over two decades . This decrease is paradoxic, given that in-patient admissions have been steadily on the rise since the mid-1990s, and the average hospital LOS has not decreased appreciably since year 2000 [16, 25]. In contrast, the number of ICU beds has increased by 26.2% from 69,300 to 87,400 between 1985 and 2000 , an approximate annual rate of growth of 1.7%. If constant through year 2020, this will result in a cumulative growth of 34% from the 2000 bed number. It is unlikely that this modest rise in the number of beds will be able to accommodate a nearly 140% growth in bed demand by the PAMV population, since already today among the hospitals reporting ED diversion, the number one reason for this is the lack of staffed ICU beds . Commensurate with this growth in bed utilization, as well as in view of expected inflation rates, the annual spending on hospital care alone in this population may be expected to rise from $16 billion in 2003 to over $64 billion by 2020.
How can we address this projected rise in demand in ICU and hospital services attributed to the growth in PAMV population? In addition to making appropriate allocation, construction and staffing decisions, we need to focus on optimizing the efficiency of care delivered to this and other growing populations [35, 36]. Starting upstream, perhaps one lesson is to increase our attention to prevention of complications that render one susceptible to a prolonged critical illness. Our model suggests that this would be most impactful, given that it is the number of PAMV patients, and not the utilization at the individual level, that is the strongest driver of the cumulative bed occupancy. Short of this, and once critical illness has occurred, adoption of such practices as lung-protective ventilation , ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention , sterile technique for central catheter insertion , and limiting exposure to such potentially complicating agents as allogeneic blood components [40–43] needs to be locally optimized. Alternatively, in appropriate cases, a stronger emphasis may be placed on end-of-life discussions, resulting in elimination of care deemed unnecessary. Regionalization of care is worth considering. However, while data suggest improved volume-outcomes relationship in hospital survival for patients on MV, no such link has been established for utilization outcomes . Finally, since a substantial body of information provides evidence that early tracheostomy may increase patient comfort, has limited potential for harm and is at the same time associated with a reduced time on MV and in the ICU , it may be a viable strategy in at-risk patients. However, should an early tracheostomy become the standard of care, there will almost certainly be an increased need in SNF facilities. In general, in view of major improvements in outcomes among very low birth weight infants, and the attendant increase in hospital resource utilization, some lessons in how to manage PAMV population growth may be derived from the experiences of neonatal ICUs across the US .
Our study has multiple limitations. Although the procedure code 96.72 has been used previously to identify the PAMV population [19, 20], neither its validity nor accuracy has been formally evaluated. The numbers we cite are based on model simulations, and as such are sensitive to the accuracy of input parameters. To incorporate the uncertainty of input values into our estimates, we performed Monte Carlo simulations and sensitivity analyses, providing 95% confidence bounds for all of the estimates. The estimates for the LOS in every stratum of hospital care are derived from a single study of patients with acute lung injury, and thus may not be generalizable to all PAMV patients. However, given the fact that 15% of all PAMV patients have a diagnosis code for ARDS, that hospital mortality in PAMV patients is similar to that seen in ARDS, and that the hospital LOS associated with PAMV has been found to be similar to that seen in ARDS [19, 29], our estimates are likely to be in the right range. Additionally, because the studies from which these critical inputs were derived reported the LOS components as median rather than mean values, our estimates likely underestimate the true LOS. Another factor that adds to the internal validity of this assumption is that when the hospital costs reported for PAMV population in 2003  are aggregated and inflated to 2020 $US to reflect the projected population, the total hospital costs ($68.1 billion) are quite similar to those seen in the model ($64.7 billion). Additionally, we have found that the bed utilization model is most sensitive to the accuracy of the predicted PAMV numbers, and not to the LOS inputs. A limitation of using total hospital costs is worth discussing as well. Since it has been shown that only a small fraction of the total hospital costs is due to the variable component of costs , our numbers likely overestimate the actual incremental increases in expenditures necessary to care for the growing PAMV population in the future. However, even if a conservative estimate of 14% of the total costs is used , the total annualized hospital costs associated with the care of the PAMV population will approximate $10 billion in variable hospital costs by 2020. This is a three-fold growth compared to the 2003 estimate for the indirect hospital costs for the care of this population . Because one of the outcomes examined was the volume of SNF discharges, the vague nature of the SNF definition has to be brought up. Since the NIS does not explicitly provide the definition, we assumed that, in accordance with Medicare, a SNF is "a nursing facility with the staff and equipment to give skilled nursing care and/or skilled rehabilitation services and other related health services", and SNF care is defined as "a level of care that requires the daily involvement of skilled nursing or rehabilitation staff and that, as a practical matter, can't be provided on an outpatient basis" . Thus, it is likely that our SNF designation includes long-term acute care facilities, though we cannot definitively state so. Finally, one of the major underlying assumptions of the study is that the patterns of care will remain the same. This assumption is not unreasonable, given that translating evidence into practice can take decades . Thus, monitoring the volume of PAMV patients longitudinally and measures to improve efficiency in their care delivery will assure the accuracy of predictions in the future.
At the same time, our study has a number of strengths. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study to project hospital utilization and costs by a large and growing resource-intensive population. Furthermore, we have divided this utilization estimate into the various strata of hospital care relevant to making decisions with regard to budgeting, construction, equipment and hospital personnel allocations. For example, given that the number of MV days may double if no measures, such as early tracheostomy or regionalization of care, prove effective at reducing this duration, a hospital may need to include such capital investments as the purchase of additional ventilators in its planning efforts.
In summary, we have demonstrated that hospital bed utilization between years 2000 and 2020 will go from 1.5 to 3.6 million for MV, from 2.3 to 5.5 million ICU, and from 4.3 to 10.3 million annualized hospital days for the population requiring PAMV, and the expected annual hospital costs may be over $64 billion. Our projections put into perspective the fact that efficiency improvements can no longer be viewed as an option, but are a clinical and policy imperative.
Aside from the authors no person participated in the conception, design, interpretation or drafting of this study.
MDZ has no conflict of interest to declare. AFS has no conflict of interest to declare. No funding was received by the authors in conjunction with this work.
MDZ conceived and designed the study, carried out the analyses and interpretation of the results, and participated in drafting of the manuscript. AFS participated in the study design, interpretation of the results and the drafting of the manuscript. Both authors have given final approval of the manuscript.


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The dramatic works of William Shakspeare, with notes original and selected ... - Page 221
King Henry VI, part 1. King Henry VI, part 2
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The Plays of William Shakespeare: Accurately Printed from the Text ..., Volume 6
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The Plays of William Shakespeare, Volume 5
...their lord. ' Dick. The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers. Cade. Nay, that 1 mean to do. Is not this a lamentable thing, that of the skin of...wax; for I did but seal once to a thing, and I was never mine own man since. How now? who's there? Enter some, bringing in the Clerk of Chatham. Smith....
...their lord. ' Dick. The first thing we do, let's kill all the ' lawyers. Cade. Nay, that I mean to do. Is not this a lamentable thing, that of the skin of...wax, for I did but seal once to a thing, and I was never mine own man since. How now ? who's there ? Enter some, bringing in the Clerk of Chatham, Smith....
The Plays of William Shakespeare : Accurately Printed from the ..., Volume 6
...their lord. ' Dick. The first thing we do, let's kill all the * lawyers. Cade. Nay, that I mean to do. Is not this a lamentable thing, that of the skin of...wax, for I did but seal once to a thing, and I was never mine own man since. How now? who's there? Enter some, bringing in the Clerk of Chatham. Smith....
The Plays of William Shakespeare: With Notes of Various Commentators, Issue 8
...their lord. ' Dick. The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers. Cade. Nay, that I mean to do. Is not this a lamentable thing, that of the skin of...wax ; for I did but seal once to a thing, and I was never mine own man since. How now ? who's there ? Enter some, bringing in the Cleric of Chatham. Smith....
The Plays of William Shakespeare: With the Corrections and ..., Volume 10
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The Plays of Shakspeare: Printed from the Text of Samuel Johnson ..., Volume 3
...their lord. Dick. The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers. Cade. Nay, that I mean to do. Is not this a lamentable thing, that of the skin of...being scribbled o'er, should undo a man? Some say, the beestings: but I say, 'tis the bee's wax ; for I did but seal once to a thing, and I was never mine...
The Dramatic Works of William Shakespeare: With Explanatory Notes ..., Volume 2
William Shakespeare, Samuel Ayscough - 1807
...15 amentable thing, that of the skin of an innocent amb should be made parchment ? that parchiient, being scribbled o'er, should undo a man ? Some say,...the bee's wax ; for I did but seal once to a thing, aud 1 was JO never my own man since. How now? who'* here ? Eider some, bringing in the Cltrk qf Chathavi....
The Dramatic Works of William Shakspeare, with Explanatory Notes ..., Volume 2
...that of the skin of an innocent amb should be made parchment ? that parchnent, being scribbled o er, .J. and 20 never my own man since. How now ? who's there ? Enter some, bringing in the Clerk of Chatham. Smith....

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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SNOW DAY EDITION -- OBAMA ON MANDELA: 'He tells us what is possible not just in the pages of history books, but in our own lives as well' -- 'SKIPPY' PODESTA RETURNS -- BUDGET DEAL CLOSE
By MIKE ALLEN
PRESIDENT OBAMA, at the Nelson Mandela memorial service, First National Bank Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa: "Mandela taught us the power of action, but he also taught us the power of ideas; the importance of reason and arguments; the need to study not only those who you agree with, but also those who you don't agree with. He understood that ideas cannot be contained by prison walls, or extinguished by a sniper's bullet. … And he learned the language and the customs of his oppressor so that one day he might better convey to them how their own freedom depend upon his. (Applause.) Mandela demonstrated that action and ideas are not enough. No matter how right, they must be chiseled into law and institutions. He was practical, testing his beliefs against the hard surface of circumstance and history. ...
"He changed laws, but he also changed hearts. … Madiba's passing is rightly a time of mourning, and a time to celebrate a heroic life. But I believe it should also prompt in each of us a time for self-reflection. With honesty, regardless of our station or our circumstance, we must ask: How well have I applied his lessons in my own life? It's a question I ask myself, as a man and as a President. We know that, like South Africa, the United States had to overcome centuries of racial subjugation. … Michelle and I are beneficiaries of that struggle. (Applause.) But in America, and in South Africa, and in countries all around the globe, we cannot allow our progress to cloud the fact that our work is not yet done. … South Africa shows we can change, that we can choose a world defined not by our differences, but by our common hopes."
BREAKING – "Obama shakes hands with Cuba's Castro at Mandela memorial," by AFP's Stephen Collinson in Soweto: "President Obama shook hands with Raul Castro, leader of long-time Cold War foe Cuba … Obama offered the handshake before taking the stage to give his speech at the ceremony, in a new sign of his willingness to reach out to US enemies."
LIVING HISTORY – "World leaders, South Africans say rainy, raucous farewell to Mandela," by Reuters' Stella Mapenzauswa and David Dolan in Johannesburg: "Tens of thousands of singing and dancing mourners braved hours of torrential rain at Johannesburg's Soccer City as 90-odd world dignitaries filed into the stadium. The crowd emitted a huge roar as Obama took his seat, in marked contrast to the boos that greeted South African President Jacob Zuma, a scandal-plagued leader whose weaknesses have been cast into sharp relief by Mandela's death. Zimbabwean leader Robert Mugabe also received wide applause."
COVERING THE COVERAGE --"Brian Williams is only network anchor in S. Africa," by AP Television Writer David Bauder: "ABC and CBS [kept] top anchors Diane Sawyer and Scott Pelley in New York … The moves show how economics and a dwindling interest in international news are changing the biggest broadcast networks, where a decade ago there would have been little question that their most prominent faces would be on [the scene] … 'We agreed here that this is a moment in history and he needed and wanted to be there,' said Patrick Burkey, executive producer of Williams' 'Nightly News.' 'We spent a whole lot more time figuring out how to do it than whether or not we should.' … Williams … interviewed Mandela shortly after he was released from … prison …
"The only other time Williams has anchored from overseas in 2012 and 2013 was surrounding the London Summer Olympics … Both Pelley and Sawyer reported from Rome this year on the selection of a new pope. Pelley also anchored a night from London last year … [W]hen Tom Brokaw, Peter Jennings and Dan Rather were the top anchors, if word got out that one of them was traveling to a big story, the other two usually headed to the airport. Earlier in her tenure, Sawyer traveled to Haiti for an earthquake there and to Japan in the wake of a tsunami, [TV-news consultant Andrew] Tyndall noted, and the amount of travel for domestic stories hasn't changed much. But none of the top anchors went to the Philippines this year following one of the world's most powerful typhoons. …
"Mark Phillips, Allen Pizzey and Debora Patta, who have all covered Mandela from the days of apartheid, are at memorial services for CBS. … Terry Moran, Byron Pitts and Alex Marquardt [were in] South Africa for ABC. … For CNN, anchors Christiane Amanpour, Anderson Cooper and Chris Cuomo are all in South Africa." http://goo.gl/rpUD6V
YOU'RE INVITED! PLAYBOOK BREAKFAST TOMORROW at 8 a.m. at the Mayflower Hotel, near Connecticut and L: We'll talk with Commerce Secretary Penny Prtizker – one of the administration's most prominent officials from business -- about everything from how businesses and government can make better use of data, to what a lifelong businessperson found when she came to D.C. -- plus tips for a triathlon. Please RSVP here. http://bit.ly/1bL2QRs
WEST WING REMODELING – N.Y. Times A20, "Ex-Clinton Aide Expected to Join Obama," by Jackie Calmes: "Obama … is bringing into his White House circle the longtime Democratic strategist John D. Podesta, a former chief of staff for President Bill Clinton. Mr. Podesta, who has agreed to serve as counselor for a year, led Mr. Obama's presidential transition in 2008 and has been an outside adviser since then. He also has occasionally criticized the administration, if gently, from his perch as the founder and former president of the Center for American Progress, a center-left public policy research group that has provided personnel and policy ideas to the administration. … This week he brought back his former chief congressional lobbyist, Phil Schiliro, who had moved to New Mexico, to help on the health care issues. …
"Podesta's recruitment, by … Denis McDonough, … comes as Mr. Obama faces a number of departures … in the coming months. Among those exiting is his longtime confidant and troubleshooter Pete Rouse, who has been with Mr. Obama since the future president was elected a senator in 2004. … Podesta will help Mr. McDonough on matters related to the health care law, administration organization and executive actions, … and will focus in particular on climate change issues, a personal priority of Mr. Podesta's. … Podesta [will] not be replacing Mr. Rouse, who is said to have a unique relationship with the president after their years together in the Senate, two presidential campaigns and the White House." http://goo.gl/m20R26
ENGAGED, in the Capitol Rotunda yesterday afternoon: Senate Foreign Relations Chair Robert Menendez (D-N.J.), to Alicia Mucci, of the Garden State. The joyous couple spread the news at the White House's congressional holiday ball, then went out to dinner with friends.
WELCOME TO THE WORLD: Steve Castor, general counsel for the House Oversight Committee, and his wife, Jen, are first-time parents to Chase Joseph Castor, born 6:39 a.m. Saturday at G.W. Hospital, weighing 6 lbs. 2 oz. (bonnet tip: Frederick Hill)
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TEXAS TRIBUTE -- "George H.W. Bush receives LBJ Foundation award," by Giselle Greenwood, Houston Business Journal managing editor: "Former President George H.W. Bush was the recipient of the LBJ Liberty and Justice for All Award, given by the LBJ Foundation. The award was given to the former president in recognition of his leadership in public service and commitment to civil rights … The ceremony was held Dec. 3 at Bush's Houston office. This is only the second time this award has been given. The first recipient was Georgia Congressman and civil rights leader John Lewis … in 2010.
"'Presentation of this award to President Bush recognizes his demonstrated qualities of civility and bipartisanship in public service,' said Larry Temple, chairman of the LBJ Foundation. Since leaving office in 1993, Bush has helped raise millions of dollars for charity, including M.D. Anderson Hospital, and worked to help raise funds to aid in disaster relief efforts in America and abroad. … The LBJ Foundation is a nonprofit organization that supports the LBJ Presidential Library and the LBJ School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin." http://goo.gl/nJh2Sr
CLICK DU JOUR – TEXAS MONTHLY interview with SEN. JOHN CORNYN – "Stuck in the Middle: Harry Reid to the left of him. The tea party to the right. Senator John Cornyn oe challenges of running a 'big tent' GOP in a time of fierce partisanship," by Brian D. Sweany … CORNYN, on how the tea party has affected the Republican Party: "I don't know how we got off on this track where some people are welcome in our party and some people are not. Hence my reference to Ronald Reagan's line, 'What do you call someone who agrees with you eight times out of ten? An ally, not a twenty-percent traitor.' Well, we're at a point where you can agree with someone 98 percent of the time, but they think of you as a 2-percent traitor, which is just an impossible standard."
--On Ted Cruz and the government shutdown: "It's a difference of opinion within the family about the tactics of achieving a goal, not the goal itself. … I thought the effort to defund Obamacare was not achievable, and I think the facts bear that out. I've made mistakes in how I've approached certain things, and I've learned from every one of them. That's part of being a rational human being." http://goo.gl/dCtn3g
--2014 WATCH – "Tea party firebrand Steve Stockman to challenge Texas Sen. John Cornyn," by Dallas Morning News' Todd J. Gillman in D.C.: "Sen. John Cornyn drew a surprise challenge Monday from U.S. Rep. Steve Stockman, a tea party-style congressman with a penchant for political theater. The two-term senator was poised to escape any serious challenge until Stockman sprung his last-minute move, giving up his safe Houston-area seat to take aim at Republicans' deputy leader in the U.S. Senate. …
"Voters turned Stockman out of office after one term in 1994; he drew widespread ridicule by claiming that the Branch Davidian siege near Waco was a pretext for widespread gun confiscation. After a comeback last year, he brought rocker Ted Nugent to the State of the Union address, to dramatize his views on gun rights. And he's called for Barack Obama's impeachment. Cornyn [has] been ranked as the second-most conservative senator." http://goo.gl/JUflfP
THE DEALMAKERS – "Why the timing is right for a budget deal," by Jake Sherman and John Bresnahan: "John Boehner and Barack Obama failed. Harry Reid, Boehner and Mitch McConnell didn't fare much better. Eric Cantor and Joe Biden barely got started. But with the year winding to a close, Sen. Patty Murray (D-Wash.) and Rep. Paul Ryan (R-Wis.) are nearing a modest, yet important, budget deal that senior aides say could be rolled out as soon as Tuesday and voted on later this week. After years of fits and starts, talks marred by leaking and negotiations that sowed distrust, the staunchly conservative Ryan and loyally liberal Murray have taken advantage of a political climate that's unusually fertile for a deal. …
"Boehner and congressional Republicans, bruised from the October shutdown, are desperate to avoid another all-out budget battle — especially during an election year. Democrats want the government to have more flexibility to spend its money. The framework under discussion checks boxes … There are also the practical considerations that have kept the talks going. If key players can't wrap up the deal, the threat of another government shutdown looms large — the government runs out of funding again on Jan. 15. Congressional Republicans privately admit that passing a yearlong government funding bill — known as a continuing resolution — would be next to impossible, so they have every incentive to reach a deal now. " http://goo.gl/jA9yLt
--BITE DU JOUR – On "Morning Joe," NYT's Tom Friedman had a wry dig for the small deal: "I drove into a blizzard to be able to talk about this."
MEDIAWATCH – BINGE CLICKING: The N.Y. Times made a fascinating decision by putting all five chapters of "Invisible Child" online simultaneously, before four of them had run in the paper. The 29,000-word series -- in its focus, writing and photos -- is quite simply amazing. Christine Kay, deputy investigations editor, who oversaw the project, told us through a Times spokeswoman: "We decided to put the entire project on the web at once because of the narrative nature of the stories. The five parts function more like chapters than traditional, self-contained articles. We wanted to give readers the opportunity to experience it that way and to be able to read it at whatever pace that suited them." Chapter 2 is on A1 today, "A Future Resting on a Fragile Foundation." http://goo.gl/Icdi1j
--A THOUGHT-PROVOKING PARAGRAPH in Chapter 1: "On the subway, Dasani can blend in with children who are better off. It is an ironic fact of being poor in a rich city that the donated garments Dasani and her siblings wear lend them the veneer of affluence, at least from a distance. Used purple Uggs and Patagonia fleeces cover thinning socks and fraying jeans. A Phil & Teds rain cover, fished from a garbage bin, protects Baby Lele's rickety stroller." http://goo.gl/dHGZNa
SPORTS BLINK – "Heisman: Winston, Manziel, Lynch among 6 finalists," by AP College Football Writer Ralph D. Russo: "Jameis Winston will have plenty of company at the Heisman Trophy ceremony - though he's not expected to have much competition. The Florida State quarterback was among a record-tying six Heisman finalists revealed Monday, along with Northern Illinois' Jordan Lynch, Texas A&M's Johnny Manziel, Alabama's AJ McCarron, Auburn's Tre Mason and Boston College's Andre Williams. Six finalists invited to New York for the presentation are the most since 1994. The winner will be announced Saturday night."
BIRTHDAYS: Kieran Mahoney, CEO of Mercury (hat tip: Jon Haber) ... Fox News' Mike Emanuel ... Megan Whittemore, press secretary for Majority Leader Cantor, honored by PR News today as one of the 2013 People To Watch in P.R. … Mike Shields, RNC chief of staff, spending the day addressing the RNC field staff, who have flown in from around the country (hat tip: Sean Spicer) … Greg Rothman, Santorum senior best friend (h/t Ginger Gibson and others!) … Kip Wainscott of Perkins Coie, who celebrated with friends and Christmas ale at Black Jack, is 31 (h/ts Jen Nedeau, Amy Dudley) … Rhoda Fidler, a 92-year-old Playbook devotee in NYC who, at 86, ran for Democratic Party office for the first time , and won -- and was reelected. Loyal daily campaign volunteer for Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012; former aide to Reps. Ogden "Brown" Reid (R- N.Y.), Richard Ottinger (D-N.Y.) and Nita Lowey (D-N.Y.); and Westchester staff to Gov. Mario Cuomo. She has three current volunteer jobs, and is busy every day trying to make life better for others. …
… Hope Hodge Seck of the Marine Corps Times is 26 ... Doug Rosenthal, proud Syracuse University alumnus, and communications director for N.Y. Assemblyman Tom Abinanti, is 24 (h/t Zoe Guzman-Rivera) … Matt Gagnon, RGA digital director, is 33 (h/t Burson Taylor Snyder) ... CNN's Kristin Wilson Keppler ... John Boozman (hat tips: Patrick Gavin) … former Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich is 57 … former Agriculture Secretary Clayton Yeutter is 83 … Bobby Flay is 49 (h/ts AP)
BIRTHDAY TOMORROW: John Feehery is 5-0 … Ashley Spillane, executive director of Democratic GAIN, and former E.D. of the Atlas Project), will be in Bali when she turns 3-0.… THURSDAY: Jesse Ferguson … FRIDAY: Mo Elleithee
** A message from Chevron: The energy industry supports 9.8 million American jobs. And every job created by the energy industry creates nearly three more indirect and induced jobs across the economy. This year alone, Chevron is investing $8.9 billion in U.S. energy projects. See what else Chevron is doing to move our economy forward http://bit.ly/1jvEjS5 **
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S03:E05 - Project Predacon (2013) · 21 min. TV-Y. The Decepticons launch a new scheme to clone an army of beasts. Season 3. S03:E01 - Darkmount, Nevada.
Project Blue Book is regarded as the third UFO investigation project by the USAF. The first was Project Sign, which began in 1947, then Grudge, which ran from 1949 to 1951, and the final project, Blue Book, ran from 1951 to 1969. The files surrounding the investigation of the sightings are all included in the Project Blue Book files. What are some good streaming sites like Project Free TV Jan 25, 2008 TV.com - Free Full Episodes, Clips, Show Info and TV TV.com is your reference guide to episodes, photos, videos, cast and crew information, reviews and more. TV.com - Free Full Episodes, Clips, Show Info and TV Listings Guide Search PROJECT CAMELOT PORTAL | Getting the truth out Project Camelot does not necessarily agree with or endorse all of the views represented by those we interview or have on our radio shows, internet TV shows or other broadcasts and productions. What Camelot is about is the investigation into the mysteries that surround us. We are all, in a sense, investigators of our world.
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Le Parti de la nation occitane (PNO) () est un parti politique, créé en 1959 à Nice, qui milite en faveur de l'indépendance de l'Occitanie.

Historique

Fondation
En 1959, il est fondé sous le nom de Parti nationaliste occitan () par François Fontan, auteur entre autres d'Ethnisme ou de La Clef.

Parmi ses partisans, le plus connu d'entre eux est l'artiste Ben Vautier qui a consacré un site internet à l'Ethnisme.

En 1979, à la mort de François Fontan, Jaume (Jacques) Ressaire devient président du PNO. Jaume Ressaire, démissionnaire en 2009 pour raisons de santé, a été président honoraire jusqu'à sa mort en . Philippe Bonnet a remplacé Jaume Ressaire mais a démissionné en 2011. Un système de coprésidence a alors été mis en place. Les trois coprésidents actuels sont Pierre Barral, Gèli Grande et Jean-Pierre Hilaire qui est également rédacteur en chef de sa revue Lo Lugarn/Lou Lugar.

Expansion du mouvement
Le PNO possédait une section dans les vallées occitanes du Piémont, le Mouvement autonomiste occitan ( - MAO). François Fontan s'y est exilé en 1963 en raison de ses prises de position durant la guerre d'Algérie où il a publiquement soutenu le FLN et la répression policière française qui s'est ensuivie.

La candidature de Guy Héraud à l'élection présidentielle de 1974 est un moment important dans la vie du parti. L'occitan avignonnais Guy Héraud, ami de François Fontan et co-théoricien de l'ethnisme, obtient les signatures pour se présenter au premier tour. Si sa candidature ne recueille qu'un faible écho, il est le seul candidat à avoir officiellement défendu la reconnaissance de plusieurs identités nationales en France. À la suite de cet échec, le PNO sort affaibli.

Le mouvement linguistique et culturel que fonde François Fontan à Frassino en val Varacho (valle Varaita) parvient à insuffler un peu d'identité occitane. C'est chose faite en 1978 quand la liste pour l'autonomie occitane dont il a été l'initiateur remporte les élections municipales à Fraisse. Aujourd'hui, l'occitan des vallées occitanes du Piémont est officiellement reconnu par l'article 6 de la constitution italienne, par l'adoption en 1999 de la loi italienne  sur les normes en matière de tutelle des minorités linguistiques et par la présence symbolique du chant dont certains voudraient faire l'hymne des Pays d'Oc, le Se canta, lors de la cérémonie d'ouverture des Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2006 à Turin.

Allié avec d'autres formations occitanistes et catalanistes, le Parti de la nation occitane a participé aux élections régionales en Languedoc-Roussillon en 2004 (liste Christian Lacour) et obtenu 1,27 % des voix. Le Parti n'a pas eu de candidat en 2010.

Il a présenté un candidat aux élections cantonales de 2011 dans le canton de Prayssas (Lot-et-Garonne).

Le Parti de la nation occitane a participé au mouvement  pour les élections municipales de  et a obtenu un élu d'opposition à Lucéram, dans les Alpes-Maritimes, et un élu de la majorité à Marignac, dans la Haute-Garonne.

Il a présenté des candidats aux élections départementales de 2015 dans 6 cantons du Gers sur 17, dans le cadre de l'alliance Libres et Indépendants pour le Gers.

Il présente une liste d'ouverture appelée « Occitanie, pour une Europe des peuples » aux élections européennes du , ainsi que des candidats sous les couleurs de la liste « Le Bien Commun » du député écologiste Christophe Cavard aux élections régionales du 5 décembre 2015.

La stratégie actuelle du parti est de se présenter systématiquement aux élections partout où il le peut. Lors des élections législatives de  et celles de , le PNO a présenté une candidature dans la  de la Haute-Garonne.

Idéologie
La devise inscrite sur le logo du PNO est « Pour une Occitanie fédérale et démocratique ».
Ce parti regroupe depuis le départ des indépendantistes occitans. Le PNO est un parti modéré, démocratique et antifasciste. Il se détache des principaux autres mouvements politiques occitans qui soutiennent plus ou moins ouvertement le Parti socialiste, les Verts voire l'extrême gauche française. Il est le seul à se référer à la dimension socio-affective de la lutte de libération nationale et à s'appuyer sur les travaux de Wilhelm Reich.

Le PNO effectue deux réunions par an appelées Comités nationaux et organise régulièrement des conférences téléphoniques thématiques. Il se réunit dans chaque grande ville occitane, à Marseille, Nice, Montpellier, Toulouse, Agen, Bordeaux, à proximité de Vielha en Val d'Aran ou à Bagnols-sur-Cèze où se trouve le siège fédéral du parti et une bibliothèque, le Centre François-Fontan. Il est très actif, ses positions sur l'Europe ou le monde sont visibles à travers des communiqués de presse. Le Parti de la nation occitane édite la revue trimestrielle Lo Lugarn / Lou Lugar. Son influence est loin d'être négligeable au sein du mouvement occitaniste -dont beaucoup ne lui ménagent pas leurs critiques. Néanmoins les partis et mouvements occitans, souvent marqués à gauche, se définissent souvent par opposition au Parti de la Nation Occitane qu'ils diabolisent parfois en le présentant comme un parti fasciste d'extrême droite, ce qui ne correspond pas à la doctrine progressiste professée.

La principale théorie défendue est l'ethnisme. Selon cette vision ethnique toutes les nations du monde sont constituées sur des bases linguistiques. C'est la langue qui détermine l'existence et les limites de la nation. Cette théorie se trouve dans sa forme originelle concentrée dans les écrits de François Fontan comme le plus connu Ethnisme. Pour un nationalisme humaniste en 1961 ou La Clef en 1998. Elle s'est modernisée à travers les écrits de la revue de Lo Lugarn / Lou Lugar. À noter que l'ouvrage de François Fontan paru en 1961 Ethnisme, vers un nationalisme humaniste a été traduit en italien et en anglais et vient d'être traduit et publié en occitan par les éditions des Régionalismes.

Le PNO a un temps milité en faveur d'une orthographe occitane unifiée indépendante des deux grandes normes occitanes. Actuellement, il publie dans sa revue des textes en français et en occitan dans les deux graphies, classique et mistralienne. Le parti reste attaché à l'idée d'une langue de communication nationale fondée sur les différents dialectes occitans et non pas une langue unique imposée sur le territoire occitan.

Objectif politique : l'indépendance de l'Occitanie
Son objectif primordial est la réalisation de l'indépendance politique, économique et culturelle de l'Occitanie, dans ses limites ethniques (fondées sur l'usage de l'occitan) de Bayonne à Menton, de Chiomonte, Chaumont (en langue d'Oc du Piémont) à Libourne et de Montluçon et Romans à Vielha et Leucate.

Le PNO se déclare favorable à une organisation fédérale des Pays d'Oc en République fédérale et démocratique occitane qui permette aux collectivités régionales de s'exprimer dans un cadre légal. À l'extérieur, il demande que la nation occitane soit membre à part entière de la fédération européenne en construction.

Le PNO est un des trois partis occitans qui soutient le Gouvernement Provisoire Occitan. Cristòu Daurore a été élu avec son soutien. Ce gouvernement est un collectif qui a pour but de faire prendre conscience de la situation difficile des Occitans. Il a récemment interpellé les élus niçois lors des célébrations de l'anniversaire du plébiscite en faveur de la France, en leur rappelant que ce plébiscite avait été truqué et en demandant symboliquement l'indépendance de Nice. Il est présent tous les ans à l'Estivada de Rodez où il tient un stand de sa revue Lo Lugarn Il a participé à toutes les manifestations pour la langue occitane, dont celle du  à Montpellier. Par ailleurs, il intervient régulièrement sur les marchés fermiers occitans où il distribue des tracts bilingues. Il s'exprime aussi dans les médias occitanophones qui lui donnent la parole comme La Setmana, jornalet, le magazine occitan de FR3 et Radio Pais pour n'en citer que quelques-uns. Le Parti de la nation occitane est actuellement en train de réviser son programme dit de Sète qui datait de 2009.

Élections législatives de 2022 en France
Contrairement à 2007 et 2017, officiellement le PNO ne présente pas cette fois-ci de candidat aux élections législatives de 2022 en France. En revanche, il apporte son soutien aux candidats régionalistes de la Fédération des Pays Unis (FPU), en particulier pour l'Occitanie à ceux du mouvement Bastir Occitanie. Il soutient également trois candidatures du mouvement "Résistons !" de Jean Lassalle, deux d'entre elles étant clairement apparentées PNO.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Régionalisme (politique)
 Guy Héraud
 François Fontan
 Ethnisme

Liens externes

  Ethnisme le site

Occitanie
Parti politique nationaliste en Europe
Parti politique indépendantiste
Parti politique occitan
Parti politique fondé en 1959
Nationalisme occitan
Parti politique de la Cinquième République (France)
Mouvement politique occitan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home » Latest Articles » Shorter Workweeks Come to Four-ground
Shorter Workweeks Come to Four-ground
The pandemic has taught employers that nothing is impossible. When the seemingly impossible happened and workers were sent home to ride out the storm of Covid-19, productivity was not lost, and in many cases grew more prolific. And likewise, employees learned that the "traditional" daily grind of a five-day workweek is not imperative, and that fewer days of work can often lead to a more positive work/life balance. Countries around the globe have long been toggling the pendulum of work hours per week, hoping to find the magic fulcrum where both job satisfaction and productivity lie. Although Belgium is the latest country to mandate a four-day workweek, there are several countries around the globe that are already succeeding in this endeavor.
History of the Workweek
As for the United States, if you ever wondered about the proliferation of the forty-hour, five-day workweek, and why we have that model to start with, you have Henry Ford to thank. Coming out of the Industrial Revolution, workers were working 12–14-hour days and often 6-7 days a week. But in 1926, Ford embraced the five-day, 40-hour workweek. This gave employees more of a balance and created the coveted weekend. Congress took it a step further in 1938 by passing the Fair Labor Standards Act, limiting the workweek to 44 hours. And two years later, the work week became the standard 40-hour week.
Interestingly, according to the Fast Company, English economist John Maynard Keynes predicted in 1929 that technology would bring the workweek down to just 15 hours within 100 years. Although his idea did not come to fruition, the pandemic has re-opened the conversation about how much work is necessary per week, and where exactly the balance should lie between personal time and professional time.
Belgium's Business Bio
Belgium has recently been on a trajectory to improve their citizen's lives and has taken a long hard look at the typical work week in order to do so. They had previously announced that all federal civil servants would not have to answer work calls or emails outside of working hours. This was a great step so that workers could have some separation between work and home life. "Around 65,000 government workers earned "the right to disconnect," in hopes of leading a better work-life balance."
Belgian Prime Minister Alexander de Croo took the reforms one step further recently, announcing the reform package for his country. He said, "We have experienced two difficult years. With this agreement, we set a beacon for an economy that is more innovative, sustainable and digital. The aim is to be able to make people and businesses stronger."
In Belgium, employees who wish to will ask to have a six-month trial of the four-day workweek. Belgian labor minister Pierre-Yves Dermagne said that the impetus to ask for the reduction in days rests solely on the worker. "This has to be done at the request of the employee, with the employer giving solid reasons for any refusal."
In opposition to some other countries that have instituted a four-day workweek, Belgian employees are still expected to work their full week but can elongate the other four days in order to compensate. The magic number for workers is 38 hours.
Positives of Four Day Weeks
For most employees, a four-day workweek is about work life balance. With an extra day for every weekend, employees will have time to get typical weekend chores done, while still having time to relax and enjoy their families and friends. Cut out the stress of another day dressing up, commuting, and getting lunch on the go, and the week is already easier.
Another unexpected perk is that with the Great Resignation causing companies to lose workers, companies can also use their four-day workweeks to lure quality workers. "It absolutely put a rocket underneath the business," says Josh Foreman, CEO and founder of Indebted, whose company moved to a four-day 32-hour workweek. "In the first 45 days since announcing [the four-day work week], we had more applicants than the preceding four-and-a-half months. Our talent engines up about 283% since we rolled it out." In addition to being able to attract new employees, the current employees have reported lower levels of burnout and increased happiness.
Countries Exploring the Trend
The four-day workweek is certainly appealing, and many countries have already explored the phenomenon. Most situations have met with success.
Between 2015 and 2019, Iceland tested a 35 to 36 hour workweek, without cutting people's pay, The Association for Sustainability and Democracy analyzed the results. "Based upon the stellar results, Icelandic trade unions negotiated for a reduction in working hours. The study also led to a significant change in Iceland, nearly 90% of the working population now have reduced hours or other accommodations. Worker stress and burnout lessened. There was an improvement in work-life balance."
In the extremely-workaholic nation of Japan, it seems incongruous that this country would be touting a four-day work week. After all, they are so accustomed to people working themselves to death that they even have a word for it: "karōshi. "But Microsoft Japan piloted a shorter workweek program called "Work-Life Choice Challenge 2019 Summer." All 2,300 employees had the opportunity to create a flexible work schedule, and management wanted to know if productivity and morale would increase. "The results of the experiment were extremely positive, indicating that workers were both happier and 40% more productive."
Some companies are reluctant to move to a four-day week because of the risk of lost wages. But because of a campaign promise from the Scottish National Party, Scotland has instituted a trial run. Although workers will have a 20% reduction in work, their pay will not suffer, as the Scottish National Party will split the difference. Spain is also running a similar program to Scotland, a trial four-day workweek. The Spanish government agreed to a 32-hour workweek over three years without hurting the workers' bottom line: compensation. As with Scotland, the government assumes some of the monetary risk.
The United Arab Emirates has created an interesting program, beginning in 2022 as the first nation in the world to adopt a four-and-a-half-day workweek. Working from 7:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. on Monday through Thursday, workers will be able to leave at noon on Friday.
Is the United States next? Democratic Congressman Mark Takano from California introduced legislation that would reduce the standard workweek from 40 hours to 32 hours. Takano has touted the benefits of a shorter work week for both employees and employers. Takano said, "Pilot programs run by governments and businesses across the globe have shown promising results, as productivity climbed and workers reported better work-life balance, less need to take sick days, heightened morale and lower childcare expenses because they had more time with their family and children."
Perhaps we are seeing the beginning of the end of working on Fridays. Let's hope that the United States moves in this direction!


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Q: USB receptables for power delivery? I'm not totally sure this is the right place to ask, but does anyone know of any USB C receptacles for low voltage and current power delivery? I can't find a good option with a good schematic.

A: Your question is a bit vague, but let me try to disentangle it a bit.
If you are consuming power, the nomenclature for that in USB-C is called an "Upstream Facing Port" (UFP).  Doing that only requires two resistors on the CC lines and you can consume up to 900mA at 5V.  If you put something like the TUSB320 series from TI (other manufacturers have similar chips), they will negotiate on the CC lines and you can pull up to 5V at up to 3A.
Unfortunately, it sounds like you are supplying power and that's a lot more complicated.  The nomenclature for that in USB-C is called a "Downstream Facing Port" (DFP).  Your solution has to do things like monitor for shorts, disconnects, renegotiation, etc. so you would need to have a significantly more complicated solution that is capable of monitoring and disconnecting power under failure conditions.  A lot of USB-C cables have active circuitry, so don't think that you can just jam power through them and ignore the CC negotiation--it might work, but it also won't work a lot of the time, too.
As for specifications, I don't think I've ever seen a USB-C receptacle that wasn't rated to full USB-C PD (Power Delivery) specifications (20V at 5A aka 100W).  However, they should almost certainly all be capable of 5V at 3A.
Good luck.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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