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Video 911 calls are coming soon to Volusia County.
Thu, Apr 28, 2022 at 8:35AM
The Volusia County Sheriff's Office announced Wednesday, April 27, that it is preparing to deploy new technology, making 911 video calls possible for the first time in Volusia County.
The Sheriff's Office will utilize Carbyne, an Emergency Communications platform, allowing dispatchers to share a caller's video with responding units in real-time with up-to-date information before arriving on the scene and providing improved caller location data. The Carbyne system is not yet live, but a soft launch on a limited number of calls, is expected in Volusia County around May 16.
"Every 911 call comes with unknowns, and so much is riding on that initial information gathered over the phone," said Sheriff Mike Chitwood while announcing the new program. "If we can get a video call up, that gives us a chance to send better info and even a live view to our first responders in those crucial moments before they get to the scene."
Video calls are limited to calls that meet specific criteria and are not meant for every call to 911.
Implementing the new video call function will not provide the Sheriff's Office access to the contents or settings of a person's phone before, during, or after the call is placed. Carbyne's goal is to open up a line of communication similar to Skype or FaceTime, except the dispatcher is not visible to the caller. Video calls will be recorded and retained by Florida law, for use as evidence in court, and may be subject to public records disclosure with redactions, just like a traditional 911 call.
According to a release, telecommunicators at the Volusia Sheriff's Office Communications Center have been training on the new platform for weeks in preparation for the launch. To participate in a video call, a caller must first give consent to the dispatcher, who will then send a link to the caller's cell phone via text message, activating the video call once accessed.
Callers must be careful not to place themselves or others in danger when reporting information, just like with a normal 911 call. The Volusia Sheriff's Office also offers Text to 911 services, which launched in 2018, for those who cannot make a phone call or who cannot safely speak on the phone.
Several other jurisdictions already use the Carbyne system, like Fayette County, Georgia, which began implementing Carbyne in 2018 and going live in 2020. The Largo Police Department became the first agency in Florida to adopt the platform in 2019, while the Miami-Dade Police Department launched a year-long pilot program with Carbyne in June 2021.
Daytona Beach Police Department is seeking help from the public in locating the suspect of a shooting on North Caroline Street in Daytona Beach.
The Volusia County Sheriff?s Office Communications Center gains a new mental health crisis counselor to work with dispatchers.
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Who Wrote Holden Caulfield? (77)
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Wild One (5)
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Working Class Hero (1)
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Wow! That's Loud (4)
X-Kid (30)
You Can't Fool Me (2)
You Really Got Me (2)
You Really Got Me / Ain't Talkin' 'bout Love / Eye of the Tiger / Iron Man (1)
You Really Got Me / Eruption / Ain't Talkin' 'bout Love / Unchained (1)
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Hitchin' a Ride by Green Day
Total Plays 804 times by 25 Artists
From the release nimrod. (Album)
First Played in Concert July 19, 1997 by Green Day at The Viper Room, West Hollywood, CA, USA
Most Recently Played March 7, 2020 by Be Yourself at The Gutter, Brooklyn, NY, USA
Report a problem: Wrong album assigned
Detailed Statistics by Artist
Hitchin' a Ride stats Green Day 9sundays The Desperate Mind Green Haze Heroes and Cons Green Date Los Tres Acordes Bobby Mahoney Molloko Lifeless Ordinary Papercrouch Be Yourself Birdmilk Green Days The Picture Run Don't Walk Billie Joe Armstrong Bird Brain Mafia Bomb the Music Industry! The Coverups Jamie Lenman Napoleon Nipple Eat Anna Sarchasm The Rangers
1 Green Day 710
2 9sundays 15
3 The Desperate Mind 13
4 Green Haze 12
5 Heroes and Cons 11
6 Green Date 8
7 Los Tres Acordes 4
8 Bobby Mahoney 3
Molloko 3
Lifeless Ordinary 3
Papercrouch 3
12 Be Yourself 2
Birdmilk 2
Green Days 2
The Picture 2
Run Don't Walk 2
17 Billie Joe Armstrong 1
Bird Brain Mafia 1
Bomb the Music Industry! 1
The Coverups 1
Jamie Lenman 1
Nipple Eat Anna 1
Sarchasm 1
The Rangers 1

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17) The Islamic State of . . . . Saudi Arabia!
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The apartment is located at Lancun Rd, 3 min to walk to the metro line 4 and 6. It belongs to private owner, has a vintage shanghai interior design style. It has one bedroom, one dinning room, one kitchen and a bathroom. Area is green, quiet and beautiful.
I'm interested in the property located in Pudong District for 5800 RMB. Please contact me. Thank you.


This unique Catalan Mas sits in a dominating position on a hillside, overlooking valleys and mountains, protected to the North by scenic vineyards and pine woods. The property is located in the greater Collioure area, Languedoc Roussillon, Occitanie, South of France. It is so fantastic to have such a view and at the same time being able within 10 minutes to dip a toe into the Mediterranean Sea. Every room offers a splendid panoramic view, and the winter garden especially has a setting out of a picture book; in the front the flowery garden with an infinity pool, and across a valley towards the mountains are hundreds of well tended vineyards set on terraces bordered by stone walls. With the change of the seasons and the weather, the scenery is different every day; nature lovers will just admire the show!
The house has been entirely restored with high quality materials and the owners have kept the authenticity of the Mas – re-pointed exposed stone walls, beautiful hand made terra cotta floor tiles throughout, reclaimed roof tiles, ceilings in pine wood etc. As nothing is square in this house, everything is tailor made – new double glazed windows, doors, kitchen worktop, and by the way the roof is insulated with hemp. Every room offers amazing views.
Fantastic situation, totally private with incredible views all around and only 10 minutes from the sea!
The stone Mas offers 125m2 of living space over 2 floors.
The property is nestled in the surrounding vineyards and comes with a plot of 1900m2. The garden is terraced around the house, swimming pool and chalet; there is a sloping part that has been left natural. The garden is very nicely landscaped with charming stone staircases, typical Mediterranean trees, bushes and flowers all year round. Special attention was paid to create a low maintenance garden.
This property is fantastically maintained and is completely turn-key. There is absolutely no work to be foreseen. Wooden double glazed windows, wood burner and electric convectors in the bedrooms, security glass for the conservatory, hand made terra cotta floor tiles throughout.
A very special property, you can't stop admiring this extraordinary view and quietness, just a short drive from the touristic coast !


text:
Q: Java search 2D string array I am trying to implement sequential search on a 2D array in java.
I currently have two classes. In the first class, the user enters the data values into the array and inputs the term that he wishes to search (in the array/data values he just entered).
This search is handled by a method (second class) which conducts sequential search and then passes the results back to the first class.
I have tried using this following code, but the sequential search is not working...
File #1 (input file):
static public void s_2d_string () {
            int counter,x;
            counter = 2;

            String[][] sortValues = new String[counter+1][2];

            for (x=0;x<counter;x++) {
                    System.out.print("Enter book name: ");
                sortValues[x][0] = readLine();
                    System.out.print("Enter book author: ");
                sortValues[x][1] = readLine();

            }
            System.out.print("Which column would you like to sort by? 1 or 2? ");
            String sortBystring = readline();
            int sortBy;
            sortBy = Integer.parseint(sortBystring);
            sortBy = sortBy-1;

            System.out.print("Enter search term: ");
            String searchterm = readLine();

            sortValues = s.sort(sortValues,counter, sortBy, searchterm);

            int flagcounter_int = Integer.parseInt(sortValues[0][0]);

            System.out.println(flagcounter_int + " results found.");

            for (x=0;x<flagcounter_int;x++) {
                    System.out.println(sortValues[x+1][0] + ", " + sortValues[x+1][1]);
            }
    }

File #2:
static public String[][] sort (String data[][], int totalNo, int sortBy, String searchterm)  {
        boolean found = false;
        int flagcounter = 0;
            if (sortBy == 0) {
                    for (int x=0; x<totalNo;x++) {
                            if (searchterm.equals(data[x][0])) {
                                    found = true;
                                    flagcounter = flagcounter+1;
                                    data[flagcounter] = data[x];
                            }
                    }
            }
            if (sortBy == 1) {
                    for (int x=0; x<data.length;x++) {
                            if (searchterm.compareTo(data[x][1]) == 0) {
                                    found = true;
                                    flagcounter = flagcounter+1;
                                    data[flagcounter] = data[x];
                            }
                    }
            }
            String flagcounter_string = Integer.toString(flagcounter);
            data[0][0] = flagcounter_string;
                    return data;
                    }

The specific problem is that if I try to search for term "k" in column "n" and the term "k" appears in the first row (regardless of which column), the search function will list number of rows in the array results found and list as the results: number of rows, k (repeating for how many rows are in the array). This problem does not occur if "k" does not appear in the first row (the search function works perfectly).
How to fix this?

A: You have a bug: In the sort method, the first for loop (when sortBy == 0) terminates when x<totalNo, but it should be x<data.length (like your second loop).
As a general comment, your code is terrible, whether it works or not. I recommend:

*

*using Collections instead of arrays wherever possible

*rather than having two loops, have one loop and simply use sortBy as the index instead of hard-coding the column index as 0 or 1

*use .equals() instead of .compareTo() == 0

*use a class to return sort result, rather than cramming data into an array

A: Not sure where the bug is, you should provide all the code.
But possible causes are
1) You use both for(int x=0; x<totalNo;x++) and for(int x=0; x<data.length;x++) , I would stick to the 2nd way only, then you dont even need the totalNo argument
2) For string comparison you use both searchterm.equals(data[x][0]) and searchterm.compareTo(data[x][1]) == 0 , I would stick to the first way
3) Dont call a search routine 'sort', one would expect a routine called sort to, well, sort..
4) Consider using if (searchterm.equals(data[x][sortBy ])) { because then you dont need to distinguish between the two types of search.
T.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The process and product temperature is a very important physical indicator within almost every industrial manufacturing process. This applies for the solar industry, too. Infrared cameras of Optris used for industrial services are achieving higher importance within the solar industry due to new developments within the area of infrared sensing technology as well as reductions in price.
Especially within the solar industry the production and monitoring of solar modules relies on numerous thermal processes. The compact and fast optris PI160 infrared camera of Optris is therefore often used for visualizing and monitoring the process.
Temperature allocation of wafers for the production of solar modules is captured during string brazing. This assures a reliable and efficient assembling process. Temperature measurement takes place on the silicium surface which is connected to the braze point. That's how the quality of the homogeneity of the brazing is measured.
Challenges during the monitoring of the brazing processes are: the adequate local resolution and the temporally resolution as the heating of the braze points can take place in less than a second. With a resolution of 160x120 pixels as well as a frame rate of 120 Hz for the whole picture the optris PI infrared camera has developed into a suitable device.
Both illustrations above show examples of an inductive braze process within the solar cell production. First, the solar cell is entering the braze area. Above the cell are two metal bands which are marked by the white arrow in the left illustration and which are going to be brazed with the cell. Afterwards the induction heating elements lower to the wire and press the wire onto the solar cell. Through creating an induction area the wire heats up and connects with the solar cells metal contacts. As shown bin the right illustration the heat energy process within the solar cell is seen quite clearly. At this stage it is important not to exceed a certain temperature in the silicium as the possibility of the wafer to splinter due to inner frictions remains very high.
A further area of application for the optris PI160 thermal imager is the thermal monitoring of laminating processes after the single wafer has been brazed to a string. A process conduct based on thermal monitoring can provide consistent temperature allocations across the panel area during the heating and cooling down phase. Thereby the laminating process will be less stressful for the solar cells and the laminating film – the rate of defective goods can clearly be decreased.
Contact free measuring infrared thermography is an essential instrument for the function control of solar cells. One possibility of the function control is the periodical modulated exposition of the solar cells with simultaneous observation with an infrared camera – the Illuminated Lock-In Thermography. The separation of charge generated through the exposure of light into the solar cell leads to leakage at defective parts. Those results in locally bordered heating of the cell can be detected with the optris PI160 thermal imager as a hot spot. The set up of the process is schematically shown in the following illustration.
Another inspection method is the Dark Lock-In Thermography. The solar cell will be connected with the power supply unit and will than react with heat emission. The thermographical camera can support the localization of areas with low product quality by measuring the surface temperature.
Modern thermal imagers are highlighted through an extremely compact construction form and a high image frame rate of 120 Hz. Therefore an easy integration of the established auditing method into the ongoing processes with concurrent testing times is feasible.


In the green – close to Brussels.
We offer all-inclusive B2B packages for your corporate events (seminars, meetings, workshops, kick-off meetings, brainstorming days, board meetings or team building activities).
The Green Cottage is a nice place to stay during your time in Brussel.
This B&B is the perfect spot for a romantic getaway, a family weekend or a business stay.
The house can accommodate 4 to 30 people.
The Green Cottage offers 8 wonderful junior suites, including two rooms with disabled access and facilities.
Our guesthouse is located close to Brussels–Zaventem Airport, within walking distance from Mollem station (10 min.) and just a couple of miles away from Brussels and its major tourist attractions.
"Yesterday & today, Tridis training with 40 customers, with lunch. A great experience and everybody happy. Thanks Eddy for organizing this day.."


Pluto Demoted Day has always been observed annually on August 24.
When is Pluto Demoted Day?
Wondering where we find all of these Days, or if they're even real? or if you have any information about Pluto Demoted Day, or maybe you want to create your own! If we've missed something useful, or if you still have questions, please don't hesitate to contact us.


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text:
Free essay samplesExamples"The Black Parade takes the streets witha ROAR!" MCR album review
"The Black Parade takes the streets witha ROAR!" MCR album review
The Black Parade made the crowd ROAR!
Get a verified expert to help you with "The Black Parade takes the streets witha ROAR!" MCR album review
My Chemical Romance Album Review
"The Black Parade takes the streets witha ROAR!" MCR album review Essay Example
By Reed Martizna
The Black Parade takes the streets of Rock as being lead by My Chemical Romance, the true kings of Punk Rock. "The Black Parade" is truly an album to remember. To hearing the roar of the crowd to the House of Wolves, this album is one to rock out to. Lead singer, Gerald Way and his fellow band members made this album due to their recovery to drugs and alcohol.
They first started out out as a screamo rock band, then they were not making enough money to go on because of their several arrests from driving to sadly Gerald stripping in concert as he was drunk. Overall, The band went downhill from stardom. A year after rehab, they went started back up on a new album, The Black Parade.
The My Chemical Romance album has everything a rocker would love. Awesome singing, Hardcore guitar solos, and the beat of heart on the drums. The only poor thing about this album is that there is not enough songs. Only Thirteen songs plus a bonus track that is not the good as the other songs. But, One song can't ruin a whole album. The main songs that you will get stuck in your head is "Dead!", "Welcome to the Black Parade", "Disenchanted", and "Teenagers". Those songs have great lyrics, wonderful beat, and awesome singing that you will be humming to for days. All the rest of the songs are okay songs but not ones to sing or even hum about. On this album, there is thirteen songs plus a bonus track "Blood" which the first minute and a half is nothing but an instrumental. So practically, A waste of a track on a great CD. But, One hidden track isn't going to ruin a great rockin' out album.
Star Review:
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text:
A normal day at Route 76; Photo by Chris Kessler
Restaurant Review: Route 76 is a Diner the Fonz Could Call Home
Ann Christenson January 14, 2018
Dining Reviews 1
There's a whole lotta shakin' goin' on at Route 76 diner, inspired by the breezy, hopeful 1950s.
The Jabari Parker-approved turkey burger; photo by Chris Kessler
My definition of a diner is equal parts roguish Mickey Rourke lounging and smoking in a booth in 1950s Baltimore in the 1982 movie Diner and Richie Cunningham in his letterman jacket eating a burger and fries on a Naugahyde seat at Arnold's drive-in in "Happy Days." As in the Rourke film, the Arnold's diner and its habituées epitomized a post-WWII era of economic growth and pursuit of the American dream. It captured that feeling in a ketchup squeeze bottle.
Milwaukeean Omar Hamdan is much younger than the baby boomer generation but something draws him to that time period, its pop culture, food, cars and generally hopeful outlook on life. With his background in commercial lending, Hamdan understood what it takes to be a successful restaurateur. He also was active in community outreach organizations, so starting a business that allowed him to give socio-economically disadvantaged people a lift was also key. Once he found the Greenfield space, rundown but full of promise, he knew it was the perfect frame for Route 76, serving the first Bliss Burgers and RT76 hot dogs in November. He also made the local news for launching a free Thanksgiving meal initiative at the diner for homeless and at-risk vets that he hopes to build into future established events.
Hamdan's altruism and the diner's nostalgic/infectiously positive environment are a tight fit. He scoured eBay to find decorative memorabilia. The one-room joint was outfitted with a digitally operated jukebox and curved lunch counter with chrome swivel stools.
Hamdan says he put equally rigorous effort into perfecting the menu, which continues to grow. Breaded deep-fried cheese curds ($8) are a tongue-singeing, addictively greasy cold-weather warmup, which needs to be followed by an all-beef hot dog or burger. The plump dog ($6), topped with mustard and relish, releases a delectable snap.
Route 76's smooth chocolate milkshake; Photo by Chris Kessler
My heat-appreciating mouth yields readily to the Hot Rod burger's ($11) crispy mix of Cajun candied bacon and cheddar jalapeno poppers, plus creamy chipotle mayo and melted pepper jack cheese. The definitely not plain-Jane creation arrives in a basket with crisp, brightly seasoned crinkle-cut fries. The thin patty looks like your basic fast-food burger, but it's juicy and decently charred. The assertive toppings are deliciously sweet and salty, not hot. The Jabari Parker-approved turkey burger ($11) starts with a toasted bun, which just enhances the pre-formed patty covered in cheddar, chipotle mayo, crunchy shredded lettuce and tomato. Healthyish? Maybe. The diner prepares this burger to the Bucks star's exacting specifications. Wash it down with a milk shake ($5) made with Madison-based Schoep's ice cream. The thick vanilla creation is creamysmooth – hard not to finish in, er, two shakes.
RELATED Restaurant Review: Fauntleroy Carves a Niche for Itself
Shortly before this issue met the printer, Hamdan added breakfast, including biscuits and gravy and corned beef hash, with plans to extend the savory mid- to later-day selections with chili, a Reuben sandwich, BLT and "Wimpy" burger, named for the "Popeye" cartoon character for whom a good life was measured in the number of hamburger patties. Hamdan wants patrons to look around the diner and smile, leaving their cares at the door. It's easy to do. Hamdan's vision is a time-traveling escape (old "The Andy Griffith Show" episodes shown on TV!) for feel-good, not necessarily-good-for-you food. ◆
7510 W. Layton Ave., 414-249-5150.
Hours: Daily 9 a.m.-9 p.m.
Prices: $5-$11.
Service: Working on bugs like timing.
Reservations: Not needed.
'Dichotomy of the Diner' appears in the January 2018 issue of Milwaukee Magazine.
Find it on newsstands beginning January 1, or buy a copy at milwaukeemag.com/shop.
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Braces are an orthodontic treatment option that can help you achieve a smile that is straighter and healthier! One of the most common orthodontic treatments, braces work to improve your smile by gradually, gently aligning your teeth. Braces are made up of metal brackets and wires. The brackets are attached to the front of your teeth and are connected to each other through the use of a metal wire. As we adjust the wire, the braces guide your teeth to their ideal positions in your smile. At Smile Concepts Dental, we also offer ceramic braces that are the same color as your teeth for a more discreet orthodontic option.
Our skilled dentists will help you reach all of your goals for your smile through personalized, high-quality care. To learn more about braces, Invisalign®, and our orthodontic treatment options, please contact our office today.


text:
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Best interviews
Much more than Santa
Brasileiras pelo mundo
BPM Kids
Liv Kristine - Leaves Eyes, Theatre of Tragedy
Maila-Kaarina Rantanen
With her former band, THEATRE OF TRAGEDY, Liv created a new style, a new concept in heavy metal that used to be called 'Beauty and the Beast', mixing her sweet voice with a man´s guttural and aggressive singing. What makes her so different? She was the first lead singer and not a background one. Until the band´s debut in 1994, there is no record of female leading singers on this specific style of doom metal.
Maila: You showed up to the world singing in the band Theatre of Tragedy in 1994, and created a new style that in those years was called "the Beauty and the Beast". It was a mix of heavy metal, death metal and classical elements with a lot of atmosphere and has influenced many other bands. Besides this you were the first woman to do leading vocals and not only a background in this kind of band. What has inspired you to create this style?
Liv: I actually grew up with Black Sabbath, Deep Purple and Iron Maiden, and later I discovered Paradise Lost, Anathema, Cathedral and Type O Negative, so I've kind of always been into metal. On the other hand, I learned to love Edvard Grieg, Bach, Tchaikovsky and Mozart from a very young age. I mainly formed Theatre of Tragedy with my ex-boyfriend back in 1994 to be able to combine classical music and metal. We were pretty amazed by the songs that came out ourselves, and suddenly European labels and fans opened up their eyes. I believe we were probably the first ones to do this kind of musical constellation, especially the beauty and the beast image and the set-up of contrasting elements in metal. Some years ago I had a nice chat with Tuomas from Nightwish. He told me that Theatre of Tragedy was his inspiration for founding Nightwish - and that really touched my heart!
Maila: When did you realize that even though you´ve got a very sweet voice you could be a metal singer?
Liv: Well, I sang along Black Sabbath when I was a little girl, and I spent hours in front of the mirror with my hairbrush practicing while the other kids were playing at the playground. I was pretty sure at the age of seven that I would some day be singing in a metal band on big stages. That was the wish of my heart, and my wish was obviously heard!
Maila: What has attracted you to music?
Liv: Singing and composing is something I've done since I was five or six years old. I learned to sing before I talked properly. I am sure I got attracted to music inside my mother´s belly, because babies are able to hear inside their mother's womb. My son, Leon, was born only 3 hours after I had finished my vocal recordings for "Lovelorn", the Leaves' Eyes debut. Believe me, he knew these songs by heart even before he was born. This music has a very calming, dream-like and positive effect on him.
Maila: Unfortunately we cannot see a large number of women really working as musicians in the rock scene. What do you think about it? Did you suffer or still suffering prejudice?
Liv: Lita Ford and Joan Jet were probably the first women in metal who stood up against all those predicting, conservative complaints. They certainly opened up for us who came a few years later. However, after the release of the first Theatre of Tragedy album, some journalists were upset about my strong presence in the band's music ("Liv kristine should better do backing vocals"). Anyway, the fans voted for the band to be the "band of the year" in a number of magazines, and that really made me happy. Rock attitude in music should be non-sexual! Today, I am very lucky; the men I am surrounded by (e.g. musicians, jounalists, fans, crew) are wonderful guys. In one hand I am the "boss", we even compete each other doing push-ups on the tour bus or I beat them in running or swimming. On the other hand, at home in the studio I love to bake and cook for the guys, and I'm always there if someone needs to talk. They are like my family (they use to say "thanks, mum").
Maila: If you could make a short brief talking about you career along these years, what would you say to us?
Liv: I would say that I've worked extremely hard, however, I've been very lucky. I've got a fantastic support from my fans and friends from the very first moment I entered a stage in public. This is the essential power that has kept me going on and loving music when times were extremely tough. One label even tried to make me stop singing and went to court to crush my personality and singing voice. After this, I've really learned to see how cruel the music business is. It's all about money. Some people obviously saw me as a nice and friendly, naive, young Norwegian blond with a huge dollar sign on my forehead. Nowadays I sing, write lyrics and compose only what comes from the heart, for my fans, friends, and for myself. Entering the charts is an enormous bonus, however first of all I need to be in
balance with myself and feel good with what I'm doing.
Maila: Tell us some of the best and memorable moments of your career, some of your big hits!
Liv: The release of the first Theatre of Tragedy album, secondly, years later the recordings during my pregnancy and the release of "Lovelorn" (the Leaves' Eyes debut). Being nominated for the American Grammy with Cradle of Filth's duet "Nymphetamine" was one of the highlights, too.
Maila: What´s the daily routine of Liv Kristine the mother, the wife, the rockstar?
Liv: Well, my day starts with a cup of tea, then I go for a run through the forest and pick up some fresh bread at the bakery shop on my way back. Then I wake up Alexander and Leon and we'll have breakfast together. I'll be busy in the studio until I pick up my son from school. Then I cook dinner for everybody and we spend the rest of the day together playing, visiting friends, going for a swim or playing drums. Yes, the laundry and cleaning the house and the studio is part of my daily dues, of course. There is little time for shopping, actually. I sometimes do that on tour if I need to get away from tour life.
Maila: What advices would you give to those who intend to follow the same path you did?
Liv: Listen to your own heart and wishes! Listen to what you inner voice is telling you about whom to trust and whom to better keep a distance towards. But you should open up for advices, and consider them, if they come from honest and friendly people.
Maila: Which bands or solo artists do you admire most? (not necessary to be rock)
Liv: Ozzy, Madonna, Liza Gerrard, Enya, Dio, Devon Graves (Dead Soul Tribe) and Tarja.
Maila: I don´t know if you´ve got a play list but could you tell us your moment top 5?
Liv: Soundtrack to Madagascar 1 and 2, soundtrack to "Chocolat", the latest albums of Midnattsol and Lamb of God.
Maila: Leaves Eyes is on studio now recording a new album. When will it be released? What can you tell us about it?
Liv: This album "Njord" (producer: my husband Alexander Krull) has a power to it that even is more intense than any previous production I've been part of. Technically, we constantly have new ideas and aims. We have our own studio and therefore we have the opportunity to specialize in technical tasks concerning album and DVD productions. "Njord" has even a more bombastic but delicate sound that "Vinland Saga", because techniques allows it. We recorded the classical parts in Minsk (Lingua Mortis, supervised by Victor Smolkski), we had a complete local choir (Al Dente) singing the choir parts, a special artist playing solos on special instruments like the uillean pipe and the whistle. The lyrics are written in eh...8 languages (English, middle-high German, old-English, Gaelic, Norwegian, Icelandic, French and one "self-made" fictional language). I even sat down to study a bit of French to be able to write one French lyric. Yes, "Njord" was an even more complicated recording process than the album before, but that is part of our work as artists and composers - always getting better!
Concerning the concept, I've used two main sources for my lyrics; northern mythology and the Viking's history. The lyrics mainly deal with characters from northern mythology (e.g. Njord, Fröya'sTheme, Nine Wave Maidens, Ragnarok,), or with places and historical happenings (e.g. Scarborough Fair, The Battle of Maldon, Emerald Island, Irish Rain, Les Champs de Lavande). This is why I found it necessary to deal with all these different languages. "Vinland Saga" is based on Leif Ericsson's discovery of America, even the EP, Legend Land, which followed soon thereafter. "Njord" has a much broader concept.
Maila: Summer is coming in Europe and the concerts season too! Will you go on a tour?
Liv: We'll have to consider if we tour Europe or America first. Anyway, a tour will come up in autumn, spring this year. Now I have already started the recordings of my solo album, which I want to finish first.
Maila: Please, leave a message to your fans!
Liv: Thank you ever so much for being with me through all these years!
Leaves Eyes
Theatre of Tragedy
female metal singers
metal queens
metal muses


Space to BE: Discovering a Life of Peace in 5 Steps is a coaching session in a book! I pull back the curtain on the process that has allowed me to INTENTIONALLY live a life of daily peace. Picture yourself sitting across from me as I share how I made the decision to experience a better life by doing the inner and outer work to create a life I desired.
And it's possible for you too! Journey with me and create and maintain the life of peace that is yours by Divine right!


text:
Q: Java SE injecting services from another maven module I have problem with dependency injection from another .jar module. When I try to inject services from that project, I get error

WELD-001408: Unsatisfied dependencies for type MyService with qualifiers @Default
    at injection point [BackedAnnotatedField] @Inject private smilecounter.app.windows.MainWindow.service
    at smilecounter.app.windows.MainWindow.service(MainWindow.java:0)

I have class:
@Singleton
public class MainWindow extends JFrame{
   @Inject private MyService service;
   ...
}

that is injecting MyService defined like this:
@ApplicationScoped
@Singleton
public class MyService{...}

In my desktop application module (Java SE) I've added to pom:
 <!-- CDI -->
 <dependency>
     <groupId>org.jboss.weld.se</groupId>
     <artifactId>weld-se</artifactId>
     <version>${cdi.version}</version>
 </dependency>

while in my services module, I've added:
    <!-- CDI -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.jboss.weld.se</groupId>
        <artifactId>weld-se</artifactId>
        <version>${cdi.version}</version>
    </dependency>
    <!-- JAX-RS -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>javax.ws.rs</groupId>
        <artifactId>javax.ws.rs-api</artifactId>
        <version>${jaxrs.version}</version>
    </dependency>
    <!-- RESTEASY -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>javax</groupId>
        <artifactId>javaee-api</artifactId>
        <version>${javaee.api.version}</version>
        <scope>provided</scope>
    </dependency>

since those services are using also RESTeasy services.
Is there any way to inject those services in my desktop module without creating proxies that are setting manually dependencies?

EDIT
As requested in comment section, I'm posting my dependency from desktop to core-services:
    <dependency>
        <groupId>myApp</groupId>
        <artifactId>myApp.services</artifactId>
        <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </dependency>


We thought it would be nice to have a OOTY Forum (link: http://ootylovers.ning.com/ )for those who are willing to settle down in Ooty, or for anyone who likes to know more about Ooty. Its Free and Anyone with similar interest can join the Forum, Introduce and Invite friends, Family and Residents of Ooty to Join and Share Valuable Information given by the People who are living and planning to live in Ooty.
Instead of getting information from a Realtor, It will be much valuable if the information are provided by other people like you and me. The Goal of this Ooty Lovers Forum is to Share Information, Help each other by providing Resources, Share Information, Discuss the Cool things you did in Ooty. Have a Video about Ooty, Post it. Had to say, How to make Ooty Better? Share your thoughts. Soon there will be hundreds of members within this Online Community to make Ooty and The Nilgiris Better.
Anyone . YOU. By Participating you are contributing to this Community your Valuable information. Just anything can be shared that will help and give value to other members and visitors.
Ask Questions, See Ooty from an Insider prespective. Find out what makes Ooty one of the Best Place to Live from People who are living here in Ooty. Or Share your Experience when you Visited Ooty. Planning to Visit Ooty or Settle down in Ooty? Ask People where you can find a good Place to Eat, Find Restaurants Rated and reivewed by Others who have been there. Things to do and Where to find some of the Rarest Places to Visit .


13 ways to get some money when you urgently need it!
Bonjour lecteurs! Holidays are on and can be quickly pricey! Of course, you can win a free suitcase on our blog or even have a free fabulous handbag too. But sometimes, you need money and now! So we asked people how they manage it and here are 13 ways to get some money when you urgently need it! Hopefully, there will be something for everyone, whatever your situation is!
Using a website that offers quick loans might like Cash Lady be une idée too.
Or you can still ask your parents to lend you some money. And if you manage it well, you could even have a good rate!
So what do you think of our 13 ways to get some money when you urgently need it! Do you have any other fab tips that we could use over the Summer holidays? If so, let us know in the comments section. If not, just enter our last giveaways here for a chance to win some cute prizes!
Some fab tips here – there are so many options now for turning around some money quickly the internet has been a gamechanger on that front!
I always use a cash back website when making online purchases, but I do not let it persuade me to buy something I may not need. So I choose what I need, then check if I can get a discount or money back.
Some great tips here! We are always clearing out our house of bits and bobs that we don't need anymore. Our last big clear out paid for a large chunk of our Norther Europe road trip!
I love the tips here. I need to use cash back websites some more.


All your travel details in one, beautiful place.
HELE is an elegant travel diary that's easy to share with friends and family.
Dates, flights, hotels, all organized.
All the details from your entire trip in a single web page for you to reference before you take off.
Share your upcoming plans with anyone simply by sending them a link to your trip page.
Update your trip page with sites you visited and diary entries while you travel to create a digital scrapbook.
Icons by Juan Pablo Bravo from the Noun Project. Photo by Death to Stock Photo.


text:
PL Preview: Chelsea v. Crystal Palace
By Kyle BonnNov 8, 2019, 11:48 AM EST
Crystal Palace has won 2 of 17 PL fixtures at Chelsea
Chelsea has not won 6 straight PL matches since 2017
Palace has 8 PL away wins in 2019, third most in the league
A suddenly dilapidated midfield threatens to halt Frank Lampard's good form as Chelsea hosts Crystal Palace on Saturday at Stamford Bridge, with kickoff set for 7:30 a.m. ET live on NBCSN or live online at NBCSports.com.
WATCH LIVE, ONLINE HERE
Chelsea's midfield is banged up, with anchor Jorginho suspended for yellow card accumulation while N'Golo Kante has yet to return from a nagging ankle problem and Mason Mount's status is questionable after hobbling off in pain against Ajax midweek. Kante was an unused substitute against Ajax and could be in contention to start in place of Jorginho, but it has been a month since his last appearance and the French international has made just three league starts all year. In addition, Ross Barkley was confirmed to miss the match as the midfield continues to lose bodies.
Still, that seems the only thing in the way of the Blues at the moment, with the club riding high after its wild Champions League comeback midweek that saw them erase a 4-1 second-half deficit and very nearly find the winning stroke. With five straight wins in Premier League play on top of that, this Chelsea team is firing on all cylinders. They have scored 13 goals in those five league victories, and have scored 19 goals in eight matches across all competitions since the start of October.
Meanwhile, Crystal Palace has struggled through a brutal October schedule and hopes the turn to November will lift its fortunes. The Eagles have failed to win over its last three league games, with losses to Manchester City and Leicester City plus a draw with Arsenal. Now Palace draws Chelsea on the road before a home date with Liverpool rounds out an absolutely ruthless five-game stretch.
Still, Roy Hodgson has maintained a top ten standing despite the rut, with the club currently sitting ninth on 15 points, two ahead of Manchester United in 10th. The boss will take charge of his 300th Premier League game at Stamford Bridge, becoming the 15th person and sixth Englishman to reach that milestone.
Injuries/suspensions:
Chelsea: OUT – Jorginho (suspended), Antonio Rudiger (hip), Ross Barkley (knock), Ruben Loftus-Cheek (Achilles). QUESTIONABLE – Mason Mount (ankle), N'Golo Kante (ankle).
Crystal Palace: QUESTIONABLE – Andros Townsend (muscle), Gary Cahill (head), Cheikhou Kouyate (head), James McArthur (back).
Projected Lineups
Chelsea: Kepa; Emerson, Tomori, Zouma, Azpilicueta; Kante, Kovacic, Hudson-Odoi, Pulisic, Willian; Abraham.
Crystal Palace: Guaita; van Aanholt, Cahill, Tomkins, Ward; Milivojevic, Kouyate, McCarthy; Zaha, Ayew, Schlupp.
Chelsea manager Lampard on Ajax draw: "There weren't too many negatives. Some were freakish and some were on us, goals we don't like to concede. To come back and to draw the game, we should take the positives. The fans were great. It starts with us."
Palace boss Hodgson on Lampard: "Frank Lampard has done a very good job, there is no question about that. The club have (also) done a good job in encouraging the manager and his staff to blood some of the players that had previously been out on loan. Everyone at the club deserves a pat on the back for that."
Chelsea is in good form, but injuries have them a bit out of sorts, and the defensive performance against Ajax was a complete disaster. It's been that way all season long in Premier League play, with just two clean sheets on the top flight season. Eventually, this will come back to haunt them, and with Mason Mount potentially out, those issues could combine to spell defeat. Meanwhile, Crystal Palace has shown well against good Premier League sides the last few weeks, and they are nearing a big result. The Eagles will bag an upset at Stamford Bridge with an impressive 2-1 win that gets Crystal Palace the signature win it has searched for over this brutal stretch of games, while leaving Frank Lampard with some defensive adjustments to make over the international break.
Follow @the_bonnfire


The most horrible noise was coming from my girlfriend's clothes dryer and she asked me if I'd take a look at it for her. I had recently replaced the heating elements so I was familiar with gaining access to the dryer's innards. Prior to that repair I had no idea how the dryer came apart. There was a lot of trial and error, removing screws and panels that weren't necessary. I'm sure there are many other DIY repair people out there like me that could use this video as a guide so this week's hack is a how-to on dryer repair. This one is a GE but I'm thinking they all come apart in a similar fashion.
Once the front cover is removed you have access to replacing the motor, drive belt, belt tensioner, heating elements, felt seals, drum bushings and give the inside a good cleaning of excess lint.
Follow along now as we discover just what the hell is making all that noise in Lisa's dryer!


A good way of keeping your brand on show in your client's purse or wallet, ensuring appointments are kept or reminding them of their free coffee upon next visit!
Our packs of appointment cards and loyalty cards are business card size and printed on 300gsm uncoated card, to ensure they are easy to write on or be stamped, printed in full colour on both sides. We can print from supplied print-ready artwork or design your artwork and print for you.
Need a way to tick off the boxes? We can also supply you with a bespoke stamp or stickers.
Get in touch through our contact form below for your quote.


text:
Jewish school caught encouraging mass withdrawal of pupils from RSE so school can foster 'good religious girls'
Update, 3 December: Today, the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme ran a story on parents in Jewish schools being pressurised to take children out of sex education lessons. The story referred to emails encouraging parental withdrawal from the headteacher of Lubavitch school which Humanists UK first raised the alarm about in July. The programme also found that Yesodey Hatorah school (also mentioned in our original article) had been similarly pressing parents to withdraw their children from LGBT inclusive lessons in RSE. This was evidenced in a recording by a concerned parent in which a staff member says, 'We need parents to formally say, 'I do not want you to teach my child about single-gender relationships or sex education within the school'…' Although the parent was then asked if this was something she wanted, she told the BBC that she 'was too scared' not to write a letter saying she wanted to withdraw her child.
Humanists UK has expressed alarm about a state-funded Charedi Jewish school which is encouraging mass withdrawal of pupils from relationships and sex education (RSE) so it does not have to teach the subject when it becomes statutory in September 2020.
The Head Teacher of Lubavitch Senior Girls School in Stamford Hill, London, sent parents a withdrawal form in an email outlining 'the problem' of statutory RSE – which the school does not currently teach – explicitly requesting them to exercise their right to withdraw to 'prevent [RSE] being taught'.
The email states that the school hopes to help its pupils to 'grow up as true Bnos Yisroel' ('daughters of Israel' or 'good religious girls'). It includes a copy of the school's RSE policy, which the Head Teacher claims has been created by community leaders who are 'experts in the Government regulations'. The email also states, 'The problem is the Government is making this subject mandatory in September 2020. However, parents have the right to opt out… This subject is not currently taught in school. Please exercise your right to prevent [RSE] being taught by responding to this email and saying that you do not want your daughters to receive lessons in RSE.'
According to the new Department for Education guidance, when a parent requests to withdraw their child from compulsory RSE, 'good practice is likely to include discussing with parents the benefits of receiving this important education and any detrimental effects that withdrawal might have on the child.'
In 2014 Yesodey Hatorah, another Charedi girls' school located in Hackney, told Humanists UK that it did not teach sex education 'because in practice all parents will exercise their statutory right to withdraw their children from sex education', despite the unlawfulness of this position in a state-maintained school. But Lubavitch is the first school to be seen actively encouraging parents to withdraw with respect to the new, beefed up, compulsory curriculum subject.
The move to encourage mass parental withdrawal of pupils from RSE follows recent news that independent Charedi schools were considering a strategy of 'civil disobedience' to avoid teaching certain aspects of RSE and LGBT-inclusive lessons.
Humanists UK Education Campaigns Manager Dr Ruth Wareham said, 'It is extremely worrying that a school is encouraging parents to withdraw their children from these vital lessons so they can completely avoid the duty to provide objective, factually accurate RSE to all pupils. We warned the Government that schools would try to use this loophole to remove RSE from the curriculum and, unless the Department for Education takes urgent action to prevent schools from placing undue influence on parents to say they do not want this education for their children, we worry that many other schools may take the same approach as Lubavitch.
Commenting specifically on the right to withdraw, Dr Wareham went on: 'The law on withdrawal denies those pupils who are least likely to encounter RSE anywhere else access to facts which are vital if they are to grow up happy, healthy, and safe. However, while it is bad enough when parents aren't prepared to give their children access to knowledge about healthy sexual relationships, it is altogether worse when schools conspire to keep their pupils ignorant.'
To read the message in full, visit https://humanism.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Lubavitch-RSE-Withdrawal-Email-1.jpg and https://humanism.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Lubavitch-RSE-Withdrawal-Email-2.jpg
To see the withdrawal form and the school's accompanying RSE policy, visit https://humanism.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Lubavitch-School-Policy-on-Relationships-and-Sex-Education.pdf
To read our recent news item on the steps Charedi schools are considering to avoid teaching LGBT inclusive RSE visit https://humanism.org.uk/2019/06/13/charedi-jewish-schools-advised-to-consider-civil-disobedience-to-avoid-teaching-lgbt-inclusive-lessons/
For more information on our work on relationships and sex education, visit https://humanism.org.uk/campaigns/schools-and-education/school-curriculum/pshe-and-sex-and-relationships-education
You are here: News > Jewish school caught encouraging mass withdrawal of pupils from RSE so school can foster 'good religious girls'


text:
\section{Introduction}
Sound event detection (SED) \cite{virtanen2018computational} is the task of detecting the label, onset, and offset of sound events in audio streams. The overlapping nature of different sounds interfered with noise makes it difficult for accurate detection of sound events. Broadly speaking, the term \textit{sound event} refers to a specific sound produced by a distinct physical sound source, such as `a car passing by', `a bird singing', `a gunshot' or `the melody of rain'. Different sound events have different duration and that can be dynamic too. For example, the event `rain' can be considered as a continuous event at the same time `a gunshot' is an instantaneous event. Typically, a soundscape contains multiple sound events that can occur simultaneously as in a real scenario or at separate time instants which are respectively termed as polyphonic sounds and monophonic sounds.
In recent years, SED has been utilized in many applications including audio surveillance \cite{foggia2015reliable}, health care monitoring \cite{goetze2012acoustic}, urban sound analytics \cite{salamon2015feature}, bio-acoustics \cite{stowell2015acoustic, morfi2018deep} and smart home devices \cite{krstulovic2018audio}.

\subsection{Related Work}
\label{ssec:subhead}

Most recent advances in polyphonic SED are largely attributed to the use of Machine Learning and Deep Neural Networks \cite{kong2018audio,komatsu2016acoustic,zhang2012semi,benetos2017polyphonic,jansen2018unsupervised,kumar2017audio}. In particular, the use of Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks (CRNNs) has significantly improved SED performance in the past few years \cite{cakir2017convolutional, xu2018large,ccakir2018end, adavanne2017sound}. However, there are three main disadvantages with current CRNN-based polyphonic SED approaches. 1) Most CRNN-based polyphonic SED systems use a frame-wise cost function for training; as a result these systems often show relatively high segment-wise accuracy but low event-wise accuracy. For example, in the DCASE 2016 task on event detection in real life audio \cite{dcase2016}, the F1 score is around 30\% at segment level (frame length of 1 second), but only around 5\% at event level (tolerance of 200 ms for onset and 200 ms or half length for offset).
2) These methods require pre-segmented training data. For RNNs to make a prediction at every frame, it is necessary to provide the exact start and end times of the sound events in the training data, making data annotation an extremely time-consuming process. 3) CRNN-based SED requires post-processing methods to transform the output into event sequences. Within these limitations of CRNN based polyphonic SED, in this work we attempt to enhance CRNN based polyphonic SED performance using auxiliary learning without any additional input data representation using a joint model approach.

\subsection{Contributions of this work}
\label{ssec:subhead}

To the best of our knowledge this is the first attempt to treat the polyphonic SED task in a joint model framework with sound activity detection (SAD) as an auxiliary task. We define SAD as the task of detecting the presence or absence of any sound events, analogous to voice activity detection in speech processing. Our experimental results show that re-weighting the predictions of the SED model with the SAD model predictions, lessen False Positive (FP) errors in both segments and events, and False Negative (FN) errors in events which in turn improve polyphonic sound event detection performance at both the segment and the event levels. Implicitly, the joint model helps in better temporal localization of sound events. To claim the effectiveness of the proposed auxiliary task on polyphonic SED, irrespective of the benefits of multi-task learning, we also verify the proposed approach by training the SED and SAD models separately and re-weight the predictions. The results are compared with our baseline SED model, aggregation of separately trained SED and SAD models, and with the joint model.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 covers the proposed joint model with details on model architecture, feature extraction, training, and experiments. Section 3 presents the dataset and evaluation metrics used in this work. In Section 4 the results, and discussions over the results are reported. Section 5 provides conclusions and future directions related to this work.

\section{PROPOSED METHOD}
\label{sec:format}

The majority of frame-wise prediction models proposed for polyphonic SED attempt to predict the class labels of sound events present in each frame of an audio sample. We assume that, to some extent, the majority of environmental sounds are either harmonic or percussive in nature. With this assumption, we propose that it is much easier to predict the presence or absence of any events in an audio frame, irrespective of categorization of events. In this work, we take advantage of the frame-wise training approach to propose a joint model for polyphonic SED using multi-task learning. The first task is polyphonic SED that predicts the class labels of sound events present in each frame of input audio. We call this task as `SED model', which is a frame based multi-label event classifier. The second task is an auxiliary model which is a binary classifier that predicts whether an event activity is present or not in each frame of the audio. We call this task as `SAD model'. From a signal processing perspective, we formulate the effects of dynamic polyphony levels in the sound events similar to the masking effects in speech. Consequently, low energy events are masked by high energy events at each frame. This results in many FN errors in event predictions which degrade the performance of SED. However SAD predictions are not affected by masking effects between co-occurring sound events. Furthermore, SAD can exploit polyphony to ensure the presence of an event even if one event is masked by another event with similar or different acoustic properties. The proposed joint approach takes advantage of the auxiliary branch to re-weight the prediction of sound events at each frame which helps to mitigate the FN errors in SED. A block diagram of the proposed joint model is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:1}.

\begin{figure}[ht]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.6]{sed_sad_bk.pdf}
  \caption{Block diagram of the proposed joint model for polyphonic SED ($T$ is the number of frames in the input data representation and $C$ is the total number of sound event classes in the dataset).}
  \label{fig:1}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Model configuration}
\label{ssec:subhead}

We use a state-of-the-art CRNN model architecture presented in \cite{cakir2017convolutional} to build our SED and SAD models, with some modifications. Our focus is to prove the effectiveness of the proposed joint model framework in enhancing polyphonic sound event detection. With this aim, we lessen the complexity of the CRNN architecture from the baseline architecture \cite{cakir2017convolutional}. Both the SED model and the SAD model have three blocks of convolutional layers, followed by a single Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) layer. The SED model has a single dense layer after the GRU layer whereas the SAD model has two dense layers, which is the only difference between the two model architectures. The temporal dimension of the input data representation is unaltered in both the models. The detailed network architecture is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:2}. The output of the SED model is a posteriogram matrix with dimensions $T\times C$, where $T$ is the number of frames in the input data representation and $C$ is the total number of sound event classes in the dataset. The output representation of the SAD model is a posteriogram vector with dimension $T$. The output of the joint model is the posteriogram matrix with dimensions $T\times C$, re-weighted on the SED output using the $T$ dimensional vector of the SAD model for each event class. This re-weighted posteriogram matrix is converted into a binary matrix using a threshold value prior to evaluation.

\begin{figure}[h!]
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{sed_sad_arch.pdf}}
  \caption{The proposed joint model architecture along with the individual SED and SAD model architectures.}
  \label{fig:2}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Feature Extraction}
\label{ssec:subhead}

We use librosa \cite{mcfee2015librosa} to compute mel-scaled spectrograms from the input raw audio, which is the input data representation to all our models. Short-term Fourier transform (STFT) is employed to obtain the spectrogram from the input audio recordings with a hop length of $882$, an FFT window of $2048$, and a sample rate of 44.1kHz. This process converts a ten second (duration of recordings in the URBAN-SED \cite{salamon2017scaper} dataset) audio recording into a $1024 \times 500$ dimensional spectrogram representation. Each frame of this spectrogram is converted into a 40-dimensional vector of log filter bank energies using a Mel filterbank. We apply min-max normalization on the mel band energies. Hence, each 10-second audio recording is represented by a $40 \times 500$ dimensional Mel-spectrogram.

\subsection{Training}
\label{ssec:subhead}

We train both the SED model and the SAD model in a supervised manner. The dimension of the labels for the SED model is $T \times C$, and for the SAD model, it is $T$. The total loss of the joint model is the weighted sum of two cross-entropy losses; one from the SED model and one from the SAD model:
\begin{equation}
  \label{eqn:loss_equation}
    L_{joint\ model} = a\cdot L_{SED} + b\cdot L_{SAD},
\end{equation}
where, $L_{joint\ model}$ denotes the loss function of the joint model, and $L_{SED}$ and $L_{SAD}$ denote the cross entropy losses of the SED  and SAD models respectively. During training of the joint model, the individual losses are weighted differently to understand the influence of each task on the other; $a$ and $b$ denotes the respective loss weights. We also evaluate the influence of the number of shared layers on the joint model performance.

Batch normalization \cite{ioffe2015batch} is performed on the activations of every CNN layer and dropout \cite{srivastava2014dropout} with a probability of 0.30 is used for regularization. We train the network for 200 epochs using a binary cross entropy loss function for both tasks and with Adam \cite{kingma2014adam} optimizer with a learning rate of $0.001$. Early stopping is used to reduce the overfitting of the network to the training data. The proposed joint model is implemented using Keras \cite{keras} with Tensorflow \cite{abadi2016tensorflow} as backend.

\subsection{Experimental Setup}
\label{ssec:subhead}

To validate the effectiveness of the proposed joint model in improving polyphonic SED performance we conduct a total of four experiments. In all experiments, we train the neural network models with the same input data representation as described in subsection 2.2. The posteriogram outputs from the models are thresholded in order to obtain the binary event matrices prior to evaluation. We investigate the effect of different threshold values ($0.2$, $0.3$, $0.4$, $0.5$) on the performance of the standalone SED and SAD, and the joint model using the validation set. Based on the best results, we choose a threshold value of $0.2$ for the SED models in Exp. 1, 3, and 4. For the SAD model in Exp. 2 we choose $0.5$ as the threshold. The variables in capital bold letters refer to matrices and in small bold letters refer to vectors.

\textbf{Experiment 1}: We train a standalone SED model to evaluate SED performance. This is our baseline result. The model is trained with strong labels; $\textbf{GT}_{SED}$ with dimension $T$ $\times$ $C$ denotes the ground truth binary event activity matrix for each sample. Model architecture and training details are explained in subsection 2.1 and 2.3. $L_{SED}$ denotes the cross entropy loss of this model. For each sample, $\textbf{P}_{SED}$ with dimensions $T \times C$ is the posteriogram matrix output of the SED model. $\textbf{B}_{SED}$ denotes the binary equivalent of $\textbf{P}_{SED}$ after thresholding over a constant. Eventually, we use the binary event prediction matrices for evaluation.

\textbf{Experiment 2}: We train a standalone SAD model for event activity prediction as explained in subsection 2.3. The ground truth labels $\textbf{gt}_{SAD}$ used to train this model are the binary event activity vectors over the entire time span of the input data. The ground truth labels are created by truncating the strong label SED ground truths across the event classes as:
\begin{equation}
  \label{eqn:wave_equation}
    \textbf{gt}_{SAD} := \textbf{gt}_{{SED}_1}\lor
    \textbf{gt}_{{SED}_{2}}\lor \ldots \lor \textbf{gt}_{{SED}_{C}}
\end{equation}
where $\textbf{gt}_{{SED}_{C}}$ denotes the ground truth event activity vector corresponding to event $C$ of $\textbf{GT}_{SED}$. $L_{SAD}$ denotes the cross entropy loss of this model. For each sample, $\textbf{p}_{SAD}$ with dimension $T$ is the posteriogram vector output of the SAD model. $\textbf{b}_{SAD}$ denotes the binary equivalent of $\textbf{p}_{SAD}$ after thresholding over a constant. We use the binary event activity vectors for evaluation.

\textbf{Experiment 3}: To demonstrate the gain of carrying out sound activity detection on polyphonic SED performance, irrespective of the advantages of multi-task learning, we aggregate the output predictions of the standalone SED model of Exp. 1 and the SAD model of Exp. 2. The output posteriogram vectors from the SAD model are repeated to form posteriogram matrices as:
\begin{equation}
  \label{eqn:wave_equation}
    \textbf{P}_{SAD} := \text repeat \textbf{p}_{SAD}
\end{equation}
We use these posteriogram matrices to re-weight (Hadamard product) the outputs from the SED model to form the final predictions as:
\begin{equation}
  \label{eqn:wave_equation}
    \textbf{P}_{joint\_model} := \textbf{P}_{SED}\odot\textbf{P}_{SAD}
\end{equation}
The final predictions are thresholded to get event activity binary matrices to compute the evaluation metrics.

\textbf{Experiment 4}: The proposed joint model approach for polyphonic SED as explained in this section is trained in a multi-task learning setup. The total loss (eq. \ref{eqn:loss_equation}) of the model is the weighted sum of the SED model loss and the SAD model loss. Exp. 4a and 4b respectively represent the proposed joint model (with equal loss weights of $a$ = $b$ = $0.5$ and with loss weights of $a$ = $0.3$ and $b$ = $0.7$) for the SED and SAD tasks. Post-processing and evaluation is carried out as explained in Exp. 3.

\section{DATASET AND METRICS}
\label{sec:PDF_express}

We use the URBAN-SED \cite{salamon2017scaper} dataset in all experiments. URBAN-SED is a dataset of 10,000 soundscapes with sound event annotations generated using Scaper \cite{salamon2017scaper}, an open-source library for soundscape synthesis and augmentation. All recordings are of 10sec long, 16-bit mono and sampled at 44.1kHz. The annotations are strong, meaning for every sound event the annotations include the onset, offset, and label of the sound event. Every soundscape contains between 1-9 sound events from the list (air$\_$conditioner, car$\_$horn, children$\_$playing, dog$\_$bark, drilling, engine$\_$idling, gun$\_$shot, jackhammer, siren and street$\_$music) and has a background of Brownian noise.
The URBAN-SED \cite{salamon2017scaper} dataset comes with pre-sorted train, validation and test sets; we use this default data split. Among 10,000 soundscapes, 6000 samples are used for training, 2000 samples for validation and 2000 samples for testing.

In all experiments, we use the F-score and Error Rate (ER) for performance evaluation, with F-score as the primary evaluation metric. The evaluation metrics are computed in both segment-wise and event-wise manners using the sed\_eval tool \cite{mesaros2016metrics}. Segment-wise metrics compare system output and reference in short time segments. Event-wise metrics compare system output and corresponding reference event by event, with the metric showing how well the system detects event instances with the correct onset and offset.
The evaluation scores presented in this work are micro averaged values, computed by aggregating intermediate statistics over all test data; each instance has equal influence on the final metric value. The ideal value of F-score is 100 and ER is zero.
We use a segment length of one second to compute segment based metrics. The event-based metrics are calculated with respect to event instances by evaluating only onsets with a time collar of 250 ms.

\section{Evaluation}
\label{sec:copyright}

Both segment-based and event-based F-score and error rates are computed on the test set of the URBAN-SED \cite{salamon2017scaper} dataset for each of the experiments listed in Section 2. Tables \ref{table:1} and \ref{table:2} show the results of Exp. 4, which respectively summarize the influence of shared layers and loss weights on the performance of the joint model. To understand the effect of shared layers on joint model performance, the experiments are carried out with equal loss weights ($a$ = $b$ = $0.5$) as described in eq. (\ref{eqn:loss_equation}). The best scores (F-scores of $41.03\%$ (segment) and $8.76\%$ (event)) are achieved with sharing the first two convolutional layers. We use this model architecture to evaluate the influence of individual loss weights and in all further comparisons. Analysing the results of Table \ref{table:2}, the best metric scores are obtained by using the same weight of ($a$ = $b$ = $0.5$) for both the SED and the SAD losses. An interesting observation is that the event based metrics improve (from $8.76\%$ to $10.28\%$) when a slightly higher weight is given to the SAD loss which intuitively validates the influence of SAD task on efficient temporal localization of sound events.

Table \ref{table:3} summarizes the evaluation results for Experiments 1-4. Exp. 1 represents the baseline results of the standalone SED model. Exp. 2 shows the metric values of the standalone SAD model. The high scores of the SAD model (F-scores of $97.48\%$ and $43.14\%$ at segment and event levels) for event activity prediction justify the intuition of using the SAD model as an auxiliary branch to improve polyphonic SED performance. Exp. 3 represents the proposed joint model approach with separate training for the SED and SAD tasks. Analyzing the overall results, the segment based F-score increases from the baseline score of $35.48\%$ to $39.25\%$ and $41.03\%$ respectively for separate training and joint training of the proposed method. Similarly, there is improvement in event based F-score from a baseline value of $7.34\%$ to $11.13\%$ and $8.76\%$ respectively for separate training and joint training of the proposed method. With the proposed method error rates are also reduced at both segment and event levels. The event based F-score for the jointly trained model is slightly lower than the separately trained and aggregated model. However the improved F-score for segments and events for the separately trained model in Exp. 3 validates our method. With further improvements to the architecture and multi-task learning setup we believe the joint model can further improve detection performance. The results clearly indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method for improving polyphonic sound event detection performance.

\begin{table}[ht]
\caption{Results wrt number of shared layers for the joint model of Exp. 4.
\label{table:1}}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c}
\hline
& F1 (\%) &  & Error rate \\
\hline
Layers shared & Segment & Event & Segment & Event \\
\hline
 Conv 1 & 39.40 & 8 & 1.08 & 3.79 \\
 Conv 1,2 & \textbf{41.03} & \textbf{8.76} & \textbf{0.97} & \textbf{3.58} \\
 Conv 1,2,3 & 36.47 & 6.19 & 1.31 & 3.75 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table:nonlin}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[ht]
\caption{Results wrt different loss weights for the model of Exp. 4.
\label{table:2}}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c}
\hline
loss weights & F1 (\%) &  & Error rate \\
\hline
(a, b) & Segment & Event & Segment & Event \\
\hline
 (0.7, 0.3) & 36.12 & 5.62 & 1.08 & 4.41 \\
 (0.5, 0.5) & \textbf{41.03} & 8.76 & 0.97 & 3.58 \\
 (0.3, 0.7) & 34.18 & \textbf{10.28} & \textbf{0.91} & \textbf{2.36} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table:nonlin}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[ht]
\caption{Results for Experiments 1, 2, 3, and 4.
\label{table:3}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c}
\hline
& F1 (\%) &  & Error rate \\
\hline
Case & Segment & Event & Segment & Event \\
\hline
 Exp. 1 & 35.48 & 7.34 & 1.54 & 3.81 \\
 Exp. 2 & 97.48 & 43.14 & 0.05 & 0.78 \\
 Exp. 3 & 39.25 & \textbf{11.13} & 1.21 & 2.90 \\
 Exp. 4a & \textbf{41.03} & 8.76 & 0.97 & 3.58 \\
 Exp. 4b & 34.18 & 10.28 & \textbf{0.91} & \textbf{2.36} \\% [1ex] adds vertical space
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table:nonlin}
\end{table}

Table \ref{table:4} shows another interesting observation from the best joint model of Exp. 4a. $J_{SAD}$ represents the sound activity detection performance of the `SAD model' of the joint model, similarly $J_{SED}$ and $J_{SED\_SAD}$ respectively represents sound event detection performance with the `SED model' and aggregation of predictions from `SED model' and `SAD model' of the joint model. The results show that with the best combination of loss weights and number of shared layers, the `SED model' of the joint model achieves almost the same results to that of the aggregation of the SED and SAD predictions. This means that with a good joint training procedure it is possible to achieve the best performance without the aggregation of individual SED and SAD predictions at a post-processing stage.

We also verify that the proposed method can lessen FP errors in both segments and events, and FN errors in events. We compute the segment-based and event-based precision~($P$) and recall~($R$) for Experiments 1, 3, and 4a (see Table~\ref{table:5}). Based on these results we also claim that to some extent the proposed approach helps in temporal localization of sound events. At the same time, we understand that our proposed method has the following limitations: 1) The proposed method is not very successful in decreasing the gap between segment-wise and event-wise scores in polyphonic SED; 2) Our work has not addressed the explicit modeling of sound events.

\begin{table}[ht]
\caption{Results on individual branches for the model of Exp. 4a.
\label{table:4}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c}
\hline
& F1 (\%) &  & Error rate \\
\hline
Model & Segment & Event & Segment & Event \\
\hline
 $J_{SAD}$ & 98.53 & 46.23 & 0.03 & 0.72 \\
 $J_{SED}$ & 40.99 & 8.28 & 0.97 & 3.65 \\
 $J_{SED\_SAD}$ & 41.03 & 8.76 & 0.97 & 3.58 \\% [1ex] adds vertical space
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table:nonlin}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[H]
\caption{Precision and Recall for SED for Exps. 1, 3, and 4a.
\label{table:5}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c}
\hline
& P (\%) &  & R (\%) \\
\hline
Case & Segment & Event & Segment & Event \\
\hline
 Exp. 1 & 26.69 & 4.70 & \textbf{52.88} & 16.85 \\
 Exp. 3 & 31.82 & \textbf{7.57} & 51.19 & \textbf{21} \\
 Exp. 4a & \textbf{36.84} & 5.67 & 46.29 & 19.26 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table:nonlin}
\end{table}

\section{CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK}
\label{sec:pagelimit}
Within the limitations of current frame-based CRNN training methods, we proposed an auxiliary learning branch for event activity detection in order to improve polyphonic SED performance. We successfully evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed method on the URBAN-SED dataset. From our experimental results we conclude that: 1) the proposed joint model can improve polyphonic SED performance at both the segment and event levels and, 2) the proposed joint model can alleviate FP errors in both segments and events, and FN errors in events; which in turn improve the temporal localization of sound events. To further validate the method, we need to conduct similar experiments on more unbalanced and real-world datasets. We also plan to add one more branch to the existing method to predict frames conditioned on the event onsets as demonstrated in \cite{hawthorne2017onsets}. We hope such an implementation can bring down the error rate and also help in explicit modeling of sound events.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv