I knew that something good would come out of Japan Animator Expo, and the third short (NSFW), ME!ME!ME!, managed to exceed my expectations-- event if it's on the bizarre side. At the same time, TeddyLoid and daoko's singing did a great job in transitioning the video from a segment that felt like an otaku's inner fantasy to a strange scenario where a guy in a high-tech suit battles an army of creepy-looking digital ladies. Also, it was neat to see that the short's main character owned figures of Misato, Rei, and Asuka in the video.
Thanks to Hibiki Yoshizaki's (Yozakura Quartet ~Hana no Uta~'s Opening Episode Director, Yozakura Quartet ~Tsuki ni Naku~'s Opening Episode Director) great work in his short, my hopes for Animator Expo's content has gone up. Hopefully, this is a sign that the next few weeks will bring us some intriguing pieces. Who knows, we might get to see some more animated music videos as well.
In the meantime, I'll take the time to prepare myself for the next video that'll enter Animator Expo's domain.


Rail commuters are to be hit with even bigger bills for season tickets from the New Year.
So-called regulated fares, which include season tickets, are to rise by up to 3.6 per cent from January 2, 2018, in line with July's Retail Price Index measure of inflation.
The increase is almost twice that of January 2017 and is the highest since 2013.
According to National Rail Enquiries' ready reckoner, the current £10,204 cost of 12-month season ticket from Lincoln to London is set to rise to £10,570 from January 2.
And the cost of commuting between Grantham and the capital is to increase from £7,020 to £7,272.
If you live in Lincoln but work in Nottingham you'll pay £2,348 for next year compared to £2,268 now, and commuters between Lincoln and Sheffield will have an extra £68 to pay to meet the new price of £2,772.
The new price of travel between Grimsby and Lincoln will be £2,584, compared to £2,496 currently, and the cost of a 12-month Sleaford to Lincoln ticket is to rise from £1,588 to £1,644.
And if you're travelling from Market Rasen to Lincoln, expect to pay £48 more as the total bill rises to £1,484.
Unsurprisingly, there has been widespread condemnation of the fare increases that are coming into effect across the country.
But despite the depressing outlook, you can save money if you buy your 2018 season ticket before January.
A spokesman for the watchdog Transport Focus told Lincolnshire Live: "If you buy a season ticket, especially an annual, get it before January 2 to get it at the previous January's rate."
And the National Rail Enquiries website states: "When you buy a ticket you get to travel at the current price for the whole validity of your season ticket, regardless of any future price increase during its validity."
Chief executive of passenger watchdog, Anthony Smith, said that increases should be capped at the Consumer Prices Index measure of inflation, which is currently 2.6 per cent.
He said: "A chill wind will blow down England's platforms in January as rail fare increases bite.
"Many passengers face stagnant or falling incomes while rail fares continue to climb.
"It is time that the fairer, clearer Consumer Prices Index formula is used as the basis for rail fare rises rather than the increasingly outmoded Retail Price Index.
"While substantial, welcome investment in new trains and improved track and signals is continuing, passengers are still seeing the basic promises made by the rail industry broken on too many days.
East Midlands Trains has confirmed that the average increase across all of its fares will be 3.3 per cent, which is below the retail price index (RPI).
However, the Royal Statistical Society says RPI is now out-dated and calls its use 'indefensible'.


The Retrouvaille of Tampa Bay (ROTB) community falls under the Diocese of St. Petersburg, and serves all of Western Florida and beyond. Ours is a community with history dating back to 1987, in the early years of Retrouvaille. Our community went on to help launch many communities throughout the United States, as well as many International communities, including England, Italy, Germany and South Africa.
Our weekends are held in the modern Hampton Inn Tampa Northwest in Oldsmar, which opened in 2013. The location is extremely central for all residents of Tampa Bay, and easy to get to from just about anywhere.Couples attending our weekends are always welcomed with open arms. The Tampa Bay volunteers are all extremely passionate about what we do, and helping you make your marriage shine is truly our purpose in life. We pray that you will reach out and attend one of our programs! If your marriage is in trouble, or even if you need a tune-up, please don't hesitate to contact us.
This table show upcoming dates in Tampa Bay only. To find dates in other areas of North America and worldwide, please click here.
The Retrouvaille program begins with the weekend experice, which lasts from Friday evening until early Sunday evening. We provide all meals beginning with Saturday at breakfast, through Sunday at lunch, as well as your room for the weekend. Retrouvaille pays for these meals and accommodations, but if you occur any incidentals at the hotel, those will be up to you.
During the weekend, you and your spouse will learn a new way of communication meant to help break down the barriers in your marriage. You will not be sharing your personal circumstances with anyone else. Instead, you will hear the stories of three couples who have been through the misery stage in their marriage, and have reconciled through the Retrouvaille programs themselves. The three couple are assisted by a priest, who also shares his life struggles. As they tell you their stories, you and your spouse will be given private reflection and discussion time on various topics in your room between sessions.
The weekend experience is followed by seven weekly "Post Sessions", held each Sunday following the weekend, excluding holiday weekends. Each follow-up session lasts four hours, and is a critical compoent to the program, as we use this time to reinforce weekend concepts, dig deeper and help you build a lasting and loving marriage.


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Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 33 › Binney v. Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company
Binney v. Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company, 33 U.S. 201 (1834)
Binney v. Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company, 33 U.S. 8 Pet. 201 201 (1834)
Binney v. Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company
33 U.S. (8 Pet.) 201
A bill was filed in the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia against the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company, claiming as riparian proprietor from the company a right to use, for manufacturing purposes, the water of the Potomac, introduced through the land of the appellant when the quantity of water so introduced should exceed that required for navigation. The bill charged that the land of the appellant was susceptible of being improved, and was intended so to be, for the purposes of manufacturing by employing the water of the Potomac, prior to 1784, in which year the Potomac Company was chartered. All the chartered rights of that company and all their obligations were, in 1825,
transferred to the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company. By the improvements made by the Potomac Company, much surplus water was introduced and wasted
on the land of the appellant. The Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company had deepened the canal; had made other improvements on the land of the appellant, thus introducing a large quantity of water for navigation and manufacturing. The appellant claims that under the charter of the Potomac Company, held by the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company, he is entitled to use this surplus water for manufacturing purposes. If the water is insufficient for this purpose, he claims to be allowed to have the works enlarged to obtain a sufficient
supply. The court held that under the provisions of the charter, the purposes for which lands were to be condemned and taken were for navigation only,
limiting the quantity taken to such as was necessary for public purposes. By the thirteenth section of the charter of the Potomac Canal Company of 1784, the company were authorized, but not compelled, to enter into agreements for
the use of the surplus water. The owner of the adjacent lands required no such special permission by law; this is a right incident to the ownership of
land. The authority on both sides was left open to the mutual agreements of the parties, but neither could be compelled to enter into an agreement relative to the surplus water.
The appellant, on 5 December, 1831, filed a bill in the Circuit Court of the County of Washington against the appellees by which he charged that he and those under whom he claims held title to and were in possession of three adjacent tracts of land on the shore of the River Potomac, and where the said river is innavigable, prior to the year 1784.
That these lands, being situated on that part of the river called the Little Falls, were susceptible of being improved by
Page 33 U. S. 202
applying the water of the river for manufacturing purposes, and were, prior to the year 1784, intended by the proprietors to be so improved.
That when the charter of the Potomac Company was granted in 1784 by Maryland and Virginia, it was known that such improvement was intended, and the charter expressly secured the rights of such proprietors by the thirteenth section of the act of incorporation, which is in these words:
"Sec. XIII. And whereas some of the places through which it may be necessary to conduct the said canals may be convenient for erecting mills, forges, or other waterworks, and the persons possessors of such situation may design to improve the same, and it is the intention of this act not to interfere with private property, but for the purpose of improving and perfecting the said navigation, be it enacted that the water, or any part thereof, conveyed through any canal or cut, made by the said company shall not be used for any purpose but navigation unless the consent of the proprietors of the land through which the same shall be led be first had, and the said president and directors, or a majority of them, are hereby empowered and directed, if it can be conveniently done to answer both the purposes of navigation and waterworks aforesaid, to enter into reasonable agreements with the proprietors of such situation concerning the just proportion of the expenses of making large canals or cuts, capable of carrying such quantities of water as may be sufficient for the purposes of navigation, and also for any such waterworks as aforesaid."
In the year 1825, the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company obtained a charter, and by this charter and the proceedings under it this company has obtained a surrender from the Potomac Company of all its chartered rights and privileges and property, and now holds the same "in the same manner and to the same effect" as they were before held by the Potomac Company.
The bill charges that in the year 1793, the Potomac Company made a condemnation under its charter of a portion of these lands for a canal, which is exhibited, and made a canal through the same which was so constructed as to admit more water than was necessary for navigation, which surplus water was wasted on the lands of complainant at four sluice gates
and three waste dams, and continued to be so wasted at such places during the continuance of the words of said company.
The complainant further charges that since their incorporation and the surrender of the charter of the Potomac Company, the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company have taken possession of the canal of the former company, and of the land so condemned, and have also entered upon other parts of his said land not condemned, and have greatly enlarged and deepened the said canal, and constructed a part of it as a feeder for their main canal, and erected a permanent stone dam across the river, and introduced therein a large quantity of water for the purpose, as appears, in their own reports, memorials and proceedings, of obtaining "a large volume of surplus water to sell for manufacturing purposes, and to be applied to other canals to be hereafter authorized."
The bill further charges that these works may, if necessary in order to introduce more water into the canal, be enlarged, and though the complainant avers that the quantity of water now admitted is abundant both for navigation and for manufacturing purposes, yet he declares that he has always been, and yet is willing to make an equitable arrangement to pay a fair proportion of the expense of such enlargement if the same should be adjudged necessary.
The complainant further charges that by these works of the said two companies it has been made if not impracticable, yet very expensive and difficult for him to apply the water of the river to works upon his lands without taking the same out of the said canal and feeder. He contends that under these charters he is entitled to be allowed the use of the surplus water out of the canal and feeder, and complains that the defendant has wholly refused to admit him on any terms to use the said surplus water, or to make any equitable agreement for the enlargement of the works, if they shall contend that such enlargement is necessary, and that they avow their determination to take the water through his said lands without his being allowed in any manner or upon any terms the use of said water, and to dispose of the same, after passing through his lands, at such places as they are allowed by the present charter to waste the same, for their own benefit and profit, and also to sell the same wherever they may find it advantageous to do so,
if they can obtain an amendment of their charter to authorize them so to do, for which amendment they are now making application.
The complainant prays to be relieved against these wrongs, to be allowed to use the surplus water now admitted into the canal and feeder, which he avers is abundant both for navigation and manufacturing purposes, and if found insufficient, then to be allowed to have the works enlarged upon equitable terms to admit a sufficient supply of water for both purposes, and also prays for general relief.
The answer denies the right of complainant to the relief sought or to any relief; denies that he or those under whom he claims had any right to use the water of the river on their lands for manufacturing purposes prior to the charter to the Potomac Company in 1784; denies that such right, if he has it, has been affected by the works of either company; denies his right to any use of the water under the charter of that company and under the charter of the present company; admits that they have enlarged the canal and feeder so as to receive more water than is necessary for navigation, and
"that a considerable quantity of surplus water might be used and expended on that part of the canal adjacent to the lands claimed by complainant and through said lands without injury to the navigation of said canal,"
and "claims the said water as their sole and exclusive property," and insists that
"they possess the same right in disposing of the same to determine where it shall be vented from the canal, and in what quantities, and upon what terms it shall be enjoyed by others, as they have in exercising similar acts of ownership over any other description of property to which their title is absolute and unconditional."
It was agreed that the complainant has title to the lands set forth in the bill, and the location of the said lands and their susceptibility of improvement for manufacturing purposes were admitted to be as set forth in the bill.
The appellant made the following points.
1. That the complainant, and those under whom he claims, had the right to apply the water of the river to manufacturing purposes on the said lands, prior to the act of 1784, incorporating the Potomac Company.
2. That this right was affirmed and secured by that act and the terms and manner of exercising it provided for.
3. That the charter of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company does not impair this right.
4. The lands owned by the complainant having the entire and sole command of the falls, and no proprietor of lands below him being able to get the water without taking it through his land, the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company cannot condemn his land and construct their works so as to take the water through his land and dispose of it on lands below him without his consent.
5. The company has no right to take his land or construct their works so as to admit more water into their canal than was necessary for the purposes of navigation, and this the evidence and their own reports and proceedings show they have done.
6. The Potomac Company, having constructed their canal and established sluices and waste dams for the discharge of surplus water on the complainant's lands for more than twenty-five years, which surplus water could have been applied to manufacturing purposes (as proved by the evidence of Payne Pierce and Thompson), the present company is bound to allow the complainant the use of an equal quantity of the surplus water on his said land.
7. The company, having purposely introduced more water than was necessary for navigation with a view to dispose of it for its own benefit, cannot take it through the complainant's land and dispose of it under their charter even at places where it may be necessary to waste what was thus introduced.
8. That the said company has no right to enter upon or condemn any lands of the complainant not included in the condemnation of the Potomac Company, Congress not having given any such power of entry or condemnation and Congress having no right under the Constitution and acts of cession of Maryland and Virginia to give such power.
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FROM
THE COUNTY OF WASHINGTON IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
MR. JUSTICE THOMPSON delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case comes before the Court from the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia for the County of Washington on appeal from a decree dismissing the bill of the complainant in that court, who is the appellant here.
The questions involved in this controversy are highly important to the parties in a pecuniary point of view, and embrace in some measure public considerations connected with the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company. These considerations have led to a range of argument at the bar and the discussion of many questions important and interesting in themselves, but which are not raised by the case now presented to the judgment of this Court, and we shall confine ourselves to the questions properly arising out of the pleadings in the cause.
The bill filed in the court below charges that, prior to the year 1784, the appellant and those under whom he claims held title to and were in possession of certain tracts of land on the shore of the River Potomac, where the said river was innavigable. That these lands, being situated on that part of the river called the Little Falls, were susceptible of being improved by applying the water of the said river to manufacturing purposes, and were, prior to the year 1784, intended by the proprietors to be so improved.
That when the charter of the Potomac Company was granted, it was known that such improvement was intended. And that the charter expressly secured the rights of such proprietors by the thirteenth section of the act incorporating that company in the year 1784.
The bill then charges that in the year 1825, the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company obtained a charter by which and the proceedings under it, this company obtained a surrender from the Potomac Company of all its chartered rights, privileges, and property, and now holds the same in the same manner and to the same effect as they were before held by the Potomac Company.
The bill further charges that in the year 1793, the Potomac Company made a condemnation under its charter of a portion of these lands for a canal, and made a canal through the same which was so constructed as to admit more water than was necessary for navigation. Which surplus water was wasted on the lands of the complainant at four sluice gates and three waste dams, and continued to be so wasted at such places during the continuance of the works of the said company.
That the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company, since its incorporation and the surrender of the charter of the Potomac Company to it, has taken the possession of the canal of that company and of the land so condemned. And has also entered upon other portions of said land adjacent thereto and has greatly enlarged and deepened the said canal and constructed a part of it as a feeder for the main canal and erected a permanent stone dam across the river and introduced into the land a large quantity of water for the purpose, as is alleged, of obtaining a large volume of surplus water to sell for manufacturing purposes and to be applied to other canals to be hereafter authorized.
The bill further alleges that these works may, if necessary, be still further enlarged so as to admit a still further supply of water, which might be conveniently applied to the purposes both of navigation and manufactories. And that although all the water now admitted is abundantly sufficient both for navigation and for manufacturing purposes without enlargement, yet that the complainant has always been and yet is willing to make an equitable arrangement to pay a fair
proportion of the expense of such enlargement if the same shall be adjudged necessary.
The bill further charges that by these works of the two companies it has been made if not impracticable yet very expensive and difficult for him to apply the water of the river to works upon his lands without taking the same out of the said canal and feeder, and he claims that under these charters he is entitled to be allowed the use of the surplus water out of the canal and feeder. But that the defendant has wholly refused to admit him on any terms to use the said surplus water or to make any equitable agreement for the enlargement of the said works if they shall contend that such enlargement is necessary.
And the specific relief prayed is that the complainant be allowed to use the surplus water now admitted into the canal and feeder, which, he avers, is abundantly sufficient both for navigation and manufacturing purposes. And if found insufficient, then to be allowed to have the works enlarged upon equitable terms to admit a sufficient supply of water for both purposes.
The answer denies the right of the appellant to the specific relief prayed or to any relief whatever. Denies that he or those under whom he claims had any right to the use of the water of the river on their lands for manufacturing purposes prior to the charter to the Potomac Company in the year 1784. Denies that such right, if he has it, has been affected by the works of either company. Denies the complainant's right to any use of the water under the charter to the Potomac Company or under the charter to the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal company.
The defendant admits that it has enlarged the canal and feeder so as to receive more water than is necessary for the purpose of navigation, and that a considerable quantity of surplus water might be used on that part of the canal adjacent to the lands claimed by the appellant and through which the canal runs without injury to the navigation of the canal. But it claims said water as its own exclusive property, and insists it has the same right in disposing of it that it has over any other description of property to which its right is absolute and unconditional.
It will be perceived by this statement of the bill and answer
that many of the questions which have been raised and argued at the bar are not necessarily involved in the decision of the cause. The rights of the appellant, and of those under whom he claims, as riparian proprietors antecedent to the charter of 1784 to the Potomac Company are not drawn in question under the allegations in the bill. The appellant does not set up any right in hostility to the rights granted by those charters, but his claim rests upon an affirmance of those charters. His claim is of a right to the use of the surplus water now admitted into the canal and feeder, and if that is insufficient both for navigation and manufacturing purposes, his prayer is that the defendant may be compelled to allow the works to be enlarged so as to admit a sufficient supply of water for both purposes. He seeks, therefore, to divert a still greater quantity of water from the river, and thereby further impairing riparian rights, if any exist which can be affected by diverting such a portion of the water from the river into the canal.
Nor does not bill seek any relief founded on an objection to the validity of the proceedings to obtain a condemnation of the land. Nor is there any complaint that the company entered upon other portions of the land (not included in the condemnation of 1793) without authority. No injunction is prayed to restrain the defendant from the use of such land, and this cannot be granted under the general prayer. No proper case is made for such relief. It does not come within the scope and object of the will, and would be inconsistent with the specific relief prayed, which, instead of restraining the defendant from the use of such lands, seeks to compel it to enlarge the canal still more, if necessary, to accomplish the purposes for which the complainant wants the water.
Nor is it matter of complaint to be made by the appellant that the company avows a determination to dispose of the surplus water after it passes through his land for its own benefit and profit. This cannot in any manner prejudice the complainant. And the bill only charges that such is the avowed purpose of the defendant when it can be done without injury to the navigation and in case it can obtain an enlargement of its charter.
By the appellant's own allegations, therefore, the defendant disclaims any intention to waste the surplus water unless it can
be done without prejudice to the navigation nor without obtaining further permission for that purpose from the competent authority.
The right of the appellant, therefore, to the relief sought is narrowed down to the single inquiry whether his claim can be sustained under the thirteenth section of the charter of 1784 to the Potomac Company.
That section is as follows:
"Whereas some of the places through which it may be necessary to conduct the said canals may be convenient for erecting mills, forges, or other waterworks and the persons, possessors of such situations, may design to improve the same, and it is the intention of this act not to interfere with private property but for the purpose of improving and perfecting the said navigation, be it enacted that the water or any part thereof conveyed through any canal or cut made by the said company shall not be used for any purpose but navigation unless the consent of the proprietors of the land through which the same shall be led be first had. And the said president and directors, or a majority of them, are hereby empowered and directed, if it can be conveniently done to answer both the purposes of navigation and waterworks aforesaid, to enter into reasonable agreements with the proprietors of such situation concerning the just proportion of the expenses of making large canals or cuts capable of carrying such quantities of water as may be sufficient for the purposes of navigation and also for any such waterworks as aforesaid."
We think that the relief sought by the appellant cannot be granted under this section of the charter. The whole structure of the act shows that the great and leading purpose for which this company was incorporated was for the extension of the navigation of the Potomac. Every antecedent provision of the charter looks to that object. The president and directors are authorized to employ persons to cut such canals and erect such locks and perform such other works as they shall judge necessary for opening, improving, and extending the navigation of the river. The said river and the works to be erected thereon in virtue of this act, when completed, are declared forever thereafter to be esteemed and taken to be navigable as a public highway, subject to the payment of certain
tolls, &c. The act declares that it is necessary for the making of said canal, locks, and other works that provision should be made for condemning a quantity of land for that purpose. And the proceedings thereupon are accordingly prescribed by the act where no voluntary agreement can be made with the owners of the land for taking a limited quantity against the will of the owner, on payment of the damages to be assessed by a jury.
After these and some other provisions are made clearly indicating an intention that the purpose for which the lands were to be taken was for navigation only, and limited to a quantity necessary for such public objects, then comes the clause in question, presenting other purposes and providing for other objects where circumstances will justify connecting private enterprises with the leading public purposes of navigation.
But this clause in the act seems studiously to guard against blending these two objects by any compulsory measures, but to make it the result of mutual and voluntary arrangement between the company and the owners of the land upon which the waterworks are to be erected. It is declared in explicit terms that it is the intention of the act not to interfere with private property except for the purpose of improving and perfecting the said navigation, and that the water shall not be used for any purpose but navigation unless the consent of the proprietors of the land through which the canal shall run be first had. It would be a very rigid and forced construction of this act to place the company at the will and pleasure of the owners of the adjacent lands, especially if this should be considered a continual subsisting right, after the canal has been once completed. If the company is prohibited from using the water except for navigation without the consent of the owner of the adjacent land, and yet be obliged to yield to the wishes of such owner to alter and enlarge the canal, there would be wanting that mutuality which is essential to the just and reasonable regulation of all rights. All the legislative provision necessary was to authorize the company to enter into such agreement with respect to the use of the water; the owner of the adjacent land required no such special permission; this is a right incident to his ownership of the land. The authority on both sides to
make such agreement being established, all was left open to the mutual arrangement of the parties, like all other contracts. But to compel one party to consent and leave the other at liberty to consent or not, at his pleasure, would be a violation of all sound principles of justice.
Much stress has been laid on the word "directed" as used in the statute. "The company are hereby empowered and directed, &c." The word, if standing alone, might imply something mandatory to the company. But it must be taken with the context and the general scope and object of the provision in order to ascertain the intention of the legislature. There was an absolute prohibition to the company to give their assent to such private use of the water, and the obvious intention of the act was to remove that prohibition and place the company in a situation capable of entering into arrangements with the owners of the adjacent lands respecting the use of the water for the purpose of carrying on waterworks of various descriptions when it could be done conveniently. But the whole structure of the clause shows it was to be a voluntary and mutual agreement of the parties. It cannot be supposed that if any compulsory measures were contemplated, the act would have been left so entirely silent as to the mode and manner in which this was to be enforced upon the company. If, as we think, it clearly was the intention of the act that their use of the water should be subject to the mutual agreement of the parties, no legislative provision was necessary. The parties having authority to make the agreement, they could make it in any manner or under such modifications as they might think proper.
It is not a well founded objection to this construction of the act that the most apt and appropriate phraseology to convey this meaning has not been employed. The great object is to ascertain the intention of the legislature, and there is certainly nothing in the language used that is repugnant to the construction we have adopted.
If the right of the appellant to compel the company to make the agreement was clearly established, it might be within the province of a court of chancery, to enforce the consummation of such agreement and carry it into effect. But the entire absence of any provision looking to compulsory measures as to
the mode and manner in which the agreement is to be made or executed is a very strong if not conclusive reason to show that no such right exists, and leads irresistibly to the conclusion that this is a matter left open for the voluntary arrangement of the parties.
To consider the company bound to enter into such agreements with the owners of the adjacent land the whole extent of the canal and liable to be called upon to alter and enlarge the same at the pleasure of such owners would be imposing an expense and limitation upon its chartered rights which ought not to be adopted without the most explicit and unequivocal provision in its charter, and which we are very clearly of opinion is not imposed upon the company in the present case.
The decree of the court below is accordingly
This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Columbia holden in and for the County of Washington and was argued by counsel, on consideration whereof it is ordered, adjudged, and decreed by this Court that the decree of the said circuit court in this cause be and the same is hereby affirmed with costs.
33 U.S. 201

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Crusades Holy War, Piety and Politics in Christendom from the First Crusade to the Reconquista
Author: Chris McNab Format: Hardback Release Date: 31/10/2019
Crusading fervour gripped Europe for more than 200 years and yet, almost a millennium later, we continue to question the crusaders' motivation: was it purely spiritual reward or did greed play a part? What did knights from Western Europe have to gain from a hugely risky and expensive missions to the the Holy Land? The Crusades expertly takes the reader into the mindset of crusading knights, exploring, on the one hand, the role played by pilgrimage, penance and piety in Christian life and, on the other, the politics of Western Europe, the Papacy, Byzantium and the Sunni and Shi'a groups in the Middle East. Encompassing both the crusades to the Holy Land, Iberia and the Baltic as well as popular crusading, the book explores how crusades were financed, how the crusader principalities functioned and how they were lost by the end of the 13th century. Looking more broadly at the era, the book reveals how the crusades were reflected in art and the influence they had in reviving Mediterranean trade and in the development of banking. From Christian holy war to Muslim jihad, from the Templars to the Teutonic Knights, from warring monarchs to popular preachers, from pogroms against Jews to crusades against heretics, the book tells the crusading story from the 11th century through to the completion of the Reconquista of Spain in the 15th. Illustrated with 160 photographs, paintings, artworks and maps, The Crusades is a fascinating and accessible history.
Sources for the Crusades Textual Tradition and Literary Influences
Author: Lean Ni Chleirigh Format: Hardback Release Date: 27/09/2019
This volume brings together an international team of scholars to literary influences on selected narratives of the Crusades. The result is an illumination of our understanding of crusading sources and an explanation of the biblical, classical and other literary traditions behind the composition of key texts of the Crusades.
The Fourth Crusade Event and Context
Author: Michael J Angold Format: Hardback Release Date: 18/09/2019
The Fourth Crusade (1202-4) was one of the key events in medieval history The fall of Constantinople to the Venetians and the soldiers of the fourth crusade in April 1204 was its climax. It ensured that Byzantium's days as a great power were over. It equally ensured that westerners would dominate the Levant - the lands of the old Byzantine Empire -until the end of the middle ages. This book asks just how important was the Fourth as a turning point in the Middle East.. The broad setting is the encounter of Byzantium with the West within the framework of the crusades. Differences of outlook and interest meant that this encounter was soon overburdened with mutual distrust. 1204 was some kind of a solution and created situations scarcely conceivable even two years before when the fourth crusade set sail from Venice.
Crusaders An Epic History of the Wars for the Holy Lands
Author: Dan Jones Format: Hardback Release Date: 05/09/2019
From the bestselling author of The Templars. 'Voyages, battles, sieges and slaughter: Dan Jones's tumultuous and thrilling history of the crusades is one of the best' SUNDAY TIMES. 'A powerful story brilliantly told. Dan Jones writes with pace, wit and insight' HELEN CASTOR. 'A fresh and vibrant account of a conflict that raged across medieval centuries' JONATHAN PHILLIPS. Dan Jones, best-selling chronicler of the Middle Ages, turns his attention to the history of the Crusades - the sequence of religious wars fought between the late eleventh century and late medieval periods, in which armies from European Christian states attempted to wrest the Holy Land from Islamic rule, and which have left an enduring imprint on relations between the Muslim world and the West. From the preaching of the First Crusade by Pope Urban II in 1095 to the loss of the last crusader outpost in the Levant in 1302-03, and from the taking of Jerusalem from the Fatimids in 1099 to the fall of Acre to the Mamluks in 1291, Crusaders tells a tale soaked in Islamic, Christian and Jewish blood, peopled by extraordinary characters, and characterised by both low ambition and high principle. Dan Jones is a master of popular narrative history, with the priceless ability to write page-turning narrative history underpinned by authoritative scholarship. Never before has the era of the Crusades been depicted in such bright and striking colours, or their story told with such gusto. PRAISE FOR THE TEMPLARS: 'A fresh, muscular and compelling history of the ultimate military-religious crusading order, combining sensible scholarship with narrative swagger' SIMON SEBAG MONTEFIORE. 'Dan Jones has created a gripping page-turner out of the dramatic history of the Templars' PHILIPPA GREGORY. 'The story of the Templars, the ultimate holy warriors, is an extraordinary saga of fanaticism, bravery, treachery and betrayal, and in Dan Jones they have a worthy chronicler. The Templars is a wonderful book!' BERNARD CORNWELL. 'Told with all Jones's usual verve and panache, this is a dramatic and gripping tale of courage and stupidity, faith and betrayal' MAIL ON SUNDAY. 'This is another triumphant tale from a historian who writes as addictively as any page-turning novelist' OBSERVER. 'The Templars is exhilarating, epic, sword-swinging history' TLS. 'Jones carries the Templars through the crusades with clarity and verve. This is unabashed narrative history, fast-paced and full of incident ... Jones tells their story extremely well' SUNDAY TIMES.
The Wendish Crusade, 1147 The Development of Crusading Ideology in the Twelfth Century
Author: Mihai Dragnea Format: Hardback Release Date: 03/09/2019
The Wendish Crusade of 1147, one of the Northern Crusades and a part of the Second Crusade, took place at a critical phase in the evolution of crusading rhetoric. The initiators and apologists of the campaign employed rhetorical devices to justify the occupation of a region and conversion of a population under the auspices of a crusade. A detailed examination of the primary sources shows that the justification of a crusade against apostates was not only a German endeavour, or the pope's will, but a political reality of the twelfth century. Therefore, the attitude of the papacy is shown to be reactive rather than proactive.
The Templars The Rise, Fall, and Legacy of a Military Religious Order
Author: Jochen Burgtorf Format: Hardback Release Date: 01/09/2019
The Templars: The Rise, Fall, and Legacy of a Military Religious Order, offers a wide range of perspectives on this community's emergence, establishment and lasting resonance. The book includes an introductory essay that sketches out the history of the Templars, both in the context of the crusader states and the medieval Mediterranean but also within the countries of western Europe. This is followed by fifteen case studies which are divided into three parts. Part One explores the order's rise to prominence, Part Two its fall during one of the most spectacular heresy proceedings of the Middle Ages and Part Three its legacy over the subsequent centuries.
The Montbeliards in Outremer A Study of Aristocratic Power in the Latin East in the First Half of the 13th Century
Author: Karol Polejowski Format: Hardback Release Date: 01/09/2019
In the first half of the thirteenth century, one of the most prominent and influential families in the Latin East was the Montbeliard family, originating from Imperial Burgundy. Its most well-known members, Walter and his nephew Odo, held the highest positions in the Kingdom of Cyprus and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, as regents and constables. Thanks to the matrimonial policy they adopted, the Montbeliards created a large familial net in Outremer, including such powerful houses as the Lusignans or Ibelins. This first, separate study concerning the Montbeliard family in Outremer, shows their crusading activity as far as the end of the twelfth century against the background of their position in Burgundy, their relationship with the imperial house of the Hohenstaufens, the circumstances of the brilliant (and unexpected?) career of Walter of Montbeliard, who was the first member of the family permanently settled in Outremer. It was his activities in Outremer, political and familial, which gave impulse to the careers of other families, like the Brienne and Dampierre (sur -Salon). For more than a quarter-century his nephew, Odo, was one of rulers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the absence of the King. In this book the reader will find a wide panorama of the relationship between Outremer, France, Italy, the Papacy and the Roman Empire, as seen through the prism of the extraordinary international career of the Montbeliard family.
Islam Under the Crusaders Colonial Survival in the Thirteenth-Century Kingdom of Valencia
Author: Robert Ignatius Burns Format: Hardback Release Date: 20/06/2019
The struggle between Islam and the Crusaders comprised a dialogue of cultures on a broad geographic scale and a wide expanse of time, a perennial seesaw of conquest in the West as in the East. Father Burns' pioneering work on Valencia has demonstrated that the inner reality of this sustained confrontation lies as much in the colonial interims as in the battles. Originally published in 1974. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
The Byzantine World War
Author: Nick Holmes Format: Paperback / softback Release Date: 30/05/2019
The Crusades shook the world. But why did they happen? Their origins are revealed in a new light. As part of a medieval world war that stretched from Asia to Europe. At its centre was an ancient empire - Byzantium. Told for the first time as a single, linked narrative are three great events that changed history: the fall of Byzantium in the eleventh century, the epic campaign of the First Crusade and the origins of modern Turkey. Nick Holmes not only presents the First Crusade in a wider global context but he also puts forwards new interpretations of the original sources, suggesting that its success was in fact largely accidental, and that the central role of Byzantium in the Crusades has been underestimated.