Certain aspects of a method and system for pre-fetching relevant imaging information from multiple healthcare organizations is disclosed. Aspects of one method may include querying data associated with one or more patients from a shared document registry. The method includes receiving manifests of imaging data associated with one or more patients from a shared document repository based on the queried data. The method also includes pre-fetching imaging data associated with one or more patients from a shared imaging data repository based on the received manifests of the imaging data. The method further includes storing the pre-fetched imaging data in an image storage repository within a picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The stored imaging data may be accessed by a user via one or more PACS work stations.
Certain embodiments of the invention relate to pre-fetching relevant imaging information. More specifically, certain embodiments of the invention relate to a method and system for pre-fetching relevant imaging information from multiple healthcare organizations.
Documents and data representing a patient's medical record may be generated and archived on a variety of systems over the course of diagnosis and treatment. A number of imaging and clinical activities may benefit from a coordinated method for sharing, locating and accessing relevant imaging related documents. Images, diagnostic reports, and evidence documents derived from the processing of images may represent important components of a patient's medical record. These imaging documents may be managed and archived on a variety of imaging information systems such as a radiology information system (RIS) and a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) over the course of diagnosis and treatment.
For example, for a particular patient, some of this imaging information may be produced in departments associated with one or more in-patient facilities, where the patient may have been hospitalized, as well as independent imaging centers. A number of healthcare delivery professionals, for example, referring physicians, radiologists, surgeons, and oncologists may benefit from a coordinated method for locating and accessing relevant imaging information. The creation and subsequent usage of these documents may span several care delivery organizations and may be performed separately over different time periods.
The Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) IT infrastructure developed the cross-enterprise document sharing (XDS) profile to provide an integrated solution to the problem of general purpose document sharing in a broad health care environment. The XDS profile specifies sharing of imaging documents such as radiology images and reports. The cross-enterprise document sharing for imaging (XDS-I) profile is an extension of the XDS profile and enables sharing, locating and accessing digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) instances from its original local sources, for example, for radiologists or oncologists. The information to be shared may include imaging studies that include images acquired on a broad range of different modalities as well as evidence documents, for example, post-processing measurements, and presentation states. The imaging information may also include diagnostic reports or a selection of diagnostically significant images associated with a particular modality.
As medical technology becomes more sophisticated, clinical analysis and imaging related information may also become more sophisticated. Increasing amounts of data are generated and archived electronically. With the advent of clinical information systems, a patient's history may be available at a touch of a button. While accessibility of information is advantageous, time is a scarce commodity in a clinical setting. To realize a full benefit of medical technological growth, there is a need for clinical information to be organized and standardized.
For example, radiologists may frequently need to access historical exams of a patient when making diagnoses on new radiology exams. A user may be enabled to fetch historical exams of a patient from a long-time archive (LTA) of a local PACS so that they are immediately displayable when a new exam is read. However, when a patient has received healthcare services from multiple healthcare organizations, prior exams of the patient may not be available at the LTA of the local PACS. Radiologists typically read images on tight schedules and may not be able to wait for image retrievals of prior exams. There is a need for pre-fetching image related information from one or more healthcare organizations to reduce wait times for image retrievals and to increase the efficiency of medical professionals.
A method and system for pre-fetching relevant imaging information from multiple healthcare organizations is disclosed, substantially as shown in and/or described in connection with at least one of the figures, and as set forth more completely in the claims.
Certain embodiments provide a method for querying data associated with one or more patients from a shared document registry. The method includes receiving manifests of imaging data associated with one or more patients from a shared document repository based on the queried data. The method also includes pre-fetching imaging data associated with one or more patients from a shared imaging data repository based on the received manifests of the imaging data. The imaging data associated with one or more patients may comprise, for example, X-ray images, magnetic reasonance imaging (MRI) data, computer tomography (CT) imaging data, and other medical imaging data. The method further includes storing the pre-fetched imaging data in an image storage repository within a picture archiving and communication system (PACS).
Certain embodiments provide a PACS for accessing imaging information from one or more healthcare organizations. The PACS may comprise a query engine for querying data associated with one or more patients from a shared document registry. The PACS may also comprise a processing engine for receiving manifests of imaging data associated with one or more patients based on the queried data from a shared document repository. The PACS may further comprise a pre-fetching engine for pre-fetching the imaging data associated with one or more patients from a shared imaging data repository based on the received manifests of the imaging data. The PACS may further comprise an image storage repository for storing the pre-fetched imaging data.
Certain embodiments provide a method for pre-fetching imaging data associated with one or more patients from a shared imaging data repository based on a set of selection criteria. The selection criteria may include one or more of: a modality, a procedure, a body part, and/or a time period. The method also includes storing the pre-fetched imaging data in an image storage repository.
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary picture archiving and communication system (PACS), in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary PACS utilized for pre-fetching relevant imaging information from multiple healthcare organizations, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating exemplary steps for pre-fetching imaging information from multiple healthcare organizations, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary picture archiving and communication system (PACS), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a PACS system 100. The PACS system 100 may include one or more imaging modalities 110, acquisition workstations 120, PACS 130 and PACS workstations 140 and may not be limited to the embodiment of PACS system 100 illustrated in FIG. 1. The components of the PACS system 100 may communicate via wired and/or wireless communication, for example, and may be separate systems and/or integrated to varying degrees, for example.
In operation, the imaging modality 110 may be enabled to obtain one or more images of a patient's anatomy. The imaging modality 110 may include any device capable of capturing an image of a patient's anatomy such as a medical diagnostic imaging device. For example, the imaging modality 110 may include an X-ray imager, ultrasound scanner, magnetic resonance imager, or the like. An imaging data representative of the image(s) may be communicated between the imaging modality 110 and the acquisition workstation 120. The imaging data may be communicated electronically over a wired or wireless connection, for example.
In an embodiment, the acquisition workstation 120 may apply one or more preprocessing functions, for example, to the imaging data in order to prepare the image for viewing on a PACS workstation 140. For example, the acquisition workstation 120 may convert raw imaging data into a DICOM standard format or attach a DICOM header. The preprocessing functions may be characterized as modality-specific enhancements, for example, contrast or frequency compensation functions specific to a particular X-ray imaging device may be applied at the beginning of an imaging and display workflow. The preprocessing functions may differ from processing functions applied to imaging data in that the processing functions may not be modality specific but may be applied at the end of the imaging and display workflow, for example, at a display workstation 140. The imaging data may then be communicated between the acquisition workstation 120 and the PACS 130. The imaging data may be communicated electronically over a wired or wireless connection, for example.
The PACS 130 may include computer-readable storage media suitable for storing the imaging data for later retrieval and viewing at a PACS workstation 140. The PACS 130 may also include one or more software applications for additional processing and/or preprocessing of the imaging data by one or more PACS workstations 140.
One or more PACS workstations 140 may be capable of or may be configured to communicate with the PACS 130. The PACS workstations 140 may include a general purpose processing circuit, a PACS 130 interface, a software memory, and/or an image display monitor, for example. The PACS 130 interface may be implemented as a network card connecting to a TCP/IP based network, but may also be implemented as a parallel port interface, for example.
The PACS workstations 140 may also be capable of or may be configured to apply processing functions to imaging data. For example, a user may desire to apply processing functions to enhance features within an image representative of the imaging data. The processing functions may therefore adjust an image of a patient's anatomy in order to ease a user's diagnosis of the image. Such processing functions may include any software-based application that may alter a visual appearance or representation of imaging data. For example, a processing function may include any one or more of flipping an image, zooming in on an image, panning across an image, altering a window and/or level in a grayscale representation of the imaging data, and altering a contrast and/or brightness of an image.
The PACS workstations 140 may retrieve or receive imaging data from the PACS 130 for display to one or more users. For example, a PACS workstation 140 may retrieve or receive imaging data representative of a computed radiography image of a patient's chest. A radiologist may then examine the image as displayed on a display device for any objects of interest, for example, tumors or lesions.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary PACS utilized for pre-fetching relevant imaging information from multiple healthcare organizations, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a PACS 202 that is communicatively coupled to a shared document registry, for example, a cross-enterprise document sharing (XDS) document registry 204, a shared document repository, for example, a XDS document repository 206, a shared imaging data repository, for example, a cross-enterprise document sharing for imaging (XDS-I) image document repository 208, and a plurality of PACS workstations 210. The PACS 202 comprises a shared document interface, for example, a XDS interface 212, a processing engine 214, and a PACS image storage 216. The XDS interface 212 may comprise a shared imaging data interface, for example, a XDS-I interface 218 to handle imaging information. The processing engine 214 may comprise a query engine 220 and a pre-fetching engine 222.
The PACS 202 may be enabled to provide a single point of access for patient-related document and imaging information. The PACS 202 may also interface with existing hospital information systems, for example, hospital information system (HIS) and radiology information system (RIS) to provide a more consistent and reliable dataset. The PACS 202 may also be enabled to retrieve imaging information relevant to a particular patient based on, for example, patient name, patient number, and/or accession number for upcoming cases and present the retrieved imaging information to a technologist. The PACS 202 may be enabled to compare embedded imaging data with a list of scheduled studies from RIS, and flag a warning, if the imaging data does not match with a scheduled study, for example. The PACS 202 may also be enabled to pre-fetch imaging information from storage devices, for example, the long-time archive (LTA), tape libraries or local hard disk drives and store the pre-fetched imaging information onto online disk storage such as a redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID) array.
In operation, document sharing may be facilitated by the PACS 202 integrated with the shared document interface, for example, the XDS interface 212. Patient data may be passed from one or more sources using an interface standard, such as the Health Level Seven (HL7) and/or Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) communication interface and file format standards. The IHE has developed several integration profiles for sharing patient care information among multiple healthcare organizations to facilitate cross-enterprise interoperability. For example, the XDS-I profile combined with the XDS integration profile may facilitate sharing of imaging related documents among participating healthcare enterprises. A participant organization may determine the availability of images of a patient that are sharable from other healthcare enterprises and fetch those images to local storage.
In certain embodiments, the shared document interface, for example, the XDS interface 212 may be enabled by an XDS profile and/or protocol, such as an Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise Cross-Enterprise Sharing of Medical Summaries (IHE XDS-MS) integration profile or protocol to define a coupling or connection between one or more entities for patient document sharing. For example, the XDS interface 212 coupled with the processing engine 214 may be enabled to form a query, identifying sources with information about a particular patient and/or other criteria, determining an identifier used to associate clinical data related to the patient and/or other criteria, and request patient information from the appropriate source, such as the XDS document registry 204.
In certain embodiments, the shared imaging data interface, for example, the XDS-T interface 218 may be enabled by an XDS-I profile and/or protocol. The XDS-I interface 218 coupled with the processing engine 214 may be enabled to query imaging information associated with one or more patients from the shared document registry, for example, the XDS document registry 204 based on a set of selection criteria. For example, a PACS 202 user may query imaging information for the previous three months for a particular patient. In another embodiment, a PACS 202 user may query four most recent exams for a particular modality of the scheduled exam from the XDS document registry 204, for example.
In certain embodiments, the query engine 220 may be enabled to receive query information using an interface standard, such as the X.12 and/or National Council for Prescription Drug Programs (NCPDP) communication standard. The query engine 220 may serve as a message hub and/or switch to route query messages to one or more shared document repositories, for example, a XDS document repository 206. In an embodiment, the query engine 220 may be enabled to query data associated with one or more patients from the shared document registry, for example, the XDS document registry 204.
In certain embodiments, the shared document registry, for example, the XDS document registry 204 may be enabled to acknowledge the queried data associated with one or more patients by communicating the availability of the queried data to the PACS 202. In an embodiment, the PACS 202 may be enabled to receive an acknowledgement from the XDS document registry 204 based on the queried data.
In certain embodiments, the processing engine 214 may be enabled to request manifests or instances of the imaging data associated with one or more patients based on the received acknowledgement from the XDS document registry 204. In an embodiment, the processing engine 214 may be enabled to receive manifests of imaging data associated with one or more patients based on the queried data from the shared document repository, for example, the XDS document repository 206.
In certain embodiments, the shared document repository, for example, the XDS document repository 206 may be populated at least in part by Continuity of Care Documents (CCD) or other clinical summary documents from the Electronic Medical Record (EMR), or by personal health record (PHR) documents. For example, the XDS document repository 206 may include exchanging personal health record (XPHR) content providing common information requested by healthcare providers. Through XPHR, patients may provide a summary of their PHR information to providers, and providers may suggest updates to a patient's PHR after a healthcare encounter. Information from the XDS document repository 206 may be exchanged with a community of one or more physicians or one or more PACS located at other healthcare institutions. For example, information relating to care management, decision support, reporting, imaging, and/or physician signoff may be exchanged.
In certain embodiments, the shared document repository, for example, the XDS document repository 206 may comprise documents, imaging information, and patient related information from other healthcare institutions, where a patient has received healthcare services. In an embodiment, the XDS document repository 206 may communicate manifests or instances of images in a standard format, such as a DICOM format for a plurality of image sets requested by the PACS 202.
In an embodiment, the pre-fetching engine 222 may evaluate and select one or more instances or manifests of images based on a set of selection criteria. The selection criteria may be, for example, one or more of: a modality, a procedure, a body part, and/or a time period. For example, the pre-fetching engine 222 may pre-fetch the imaging data for the previous three months for a particular patient. In an embodiment, the pre-fetching engine 222 may pre-fetch the imaging data for the four most recent exams for a particular modality of the scheduled exam, for example. In another embodiment, the pre-fetching engine 222 may pre-fetch the imaging data for a particular body part, such as the chest of a patient. In another embodiment, the pre-fetching engine 222 may pre-fetch the imaging data for a particular medical procedure.
In another embodiment, the pre-fetching engine 222 may be enabled to pre-fetch imaging information from the shared imaging data repository, for example, the XDS-T image document repository 208 based on the information in the manifests or instances of images received from the XDS document repository 206. The XDS-T image document repository 208 may comprise imaging information, and patient related diagnostic reports from other healthcare institutions, where a patient has received healthcare services. The images stored in the XDS-T image document repository 208 may be stored in a standard format, such as a DICOM format. For example, the PACS 202 may be enabled to pre-fetch imaging information for one or more patients based on a set of selection criteria from the XDS-T image document repository 208 at a configurable time each day. In an embodiment, the PACS 202 may be enabled to pre-fetch imaging information from the XDS-T image document repository 208 for one or more patients that are scheduled for an exam the next day.
In certain embodiments, the image storage repository, for example, the PACS image storage repository 216 may be enabled to store the pre-fetched imaging data. In an embodiment, the PACS image storage repository 216 may comprise a set of local hard disk drives. In another embodiment, the PACS image storage repository 216 may comprise online disk storage such as a redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID) array.
In certain embodiments, a user, for example, a radiologist may be enabled to access the pre-fetched imaging information stored in the PACS image storage repository 216 via one or more PACS work stations 210. The one or more PACS work stations 210 may be coupled to the PACS 202. For example, if the PACS 202 pre-fetches and stores imaging information for one or more patients that are scheduled for an exam the next day, a radiologist may access the patient's imaging information and other diagnostic reports, which may further reduce wait times for image retrievals and may increase the efficiency of medical professionals.
In another embodiment, a PACS 202 user may query the XDS document registry 204 for desired data regarding one or more patients. The requested patient-related documents may be retrieved from the XDS document repository 206. The PACS 202 user's right to access the patient-related documents may be determined based on the authenticated security context for the user and patient consent attributes associated with the selected documents. If the PACS 202 user is authorized, then the documents may be transmitted for viewing by the user.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating exemplary steps for pre-fetching imaging information from multiple healthcare organizations, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Referring to FIG. 3, exemplary steps may begin at step 302. In step 304, data associated with one or more patients may be queried from a shared document registry, for example, the XDS document registry 204. In step 306, an acknowledgement may be received from the shared document registry, for example, the XDS document registry 204 based on the availability of the queried data. In step 308, the manifests of imaging data associated with one or more patients may be received from a shared document repository, for example, the XDS document repository 206 based on the queried data.
In step 310, a set of the received manifests of imaging data may be evaluated and selected based on one or more selection criteria. The selection criteria may be one or more of: a modality, a procedure, a body part, and/or a time period. For example, the manifests of imaging information for the previous three months for a particular patient may be selected. In an embodiment, the manifests of imaging information for the four most recent exams for a particular modality of the scheduled exam may be selected, for example. In another embodiment, the manifests of imaging information for a particular body part, such as the chest of a patient may be selected. In another embodiment, the manifests of imaging information for a particular medical procedure may be selected.
In step 312, the selected set of imaging data associated with one or more patients may be pre-fetched from a shared imaging data repository, for example, the XDS-T imaging data repository based on the received manifests of the imaging data. In step 314, the pre-fetched imaging data may be stored in an image storage repository, for example, the PACS image storage repository 216. In step 316, the stored imaging data may be accessed by a user via one or more PACS work stations 210. For example, a radiologist may be enabled to access the pre-fetched and stored imaging information via one or more PACS work stations 210.
One or more of the steps of the method for pre-fetching relevant imaging information from multiple healthcare organizations may be implemented alone or in combination in hardware, firmware, and/or as a set of instructions in software, for example. Certain embodiments may be provided as a set of instructions residing on a computer-readable medium, such as a memory, hard disk, DVD, or CD, for execution on a general purpose computer or other processing device.
In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a method for pre-fetching relevant imaging information from multiple healthcare organizations may comprise querying data associated with one or more patients from a shared document registry, for example, the XDS document registry 204. An acknowledgement may be received from the shared document registry, for example, the XDS document registry 204 based on the availability of the queried data. The data associated with one or more patients may be queried based on one or more selection criteria. The selection criteria may be, for example, one or more of: a modality, a procedure, a body part, and/or a time period. For example, the data associated with one or more patients for the previous three months for a particular patient may be queried. In an embodiment, the data associated with one or more patients for the four most recent exams for a particular modality of the scheduled exam may be queried, for example. In another embodiment, the data associated with one or more patients for a particular body part, such as the chest of a patient may be queried. In another embodiment, the data associated with one or more patients for a particular medical procedure may be queried.
In an embodiment, the manifests of imaging data associated with one or more patients may be requested by the PACS 202 based on the received acknowledgement. The manifests of imaging data associated with one or more patients may be received from a shared document repository, for example, the XDS document repository 206 based on the queried data. A set of the received manifests of imaging data may be selected based on one or more selection criteria. For example, the manifests of imaging information for the previous three months for a particular patient may be selected. In an embodiment, the manifests of imaging information for the four most recent exams for a particular modality of the scheduled exam may be selected, for example. In another embodiment, the manifests of imaging information for a particular body part, such as the chest of a patient may be selected. In another embodiment, the manifests of imaging information for a particular medical procedure may be selected.
The selected set of imaging data associated with one or more patients may be pre-fetched from a shared imaging data repository, for example, the XDS-I imaging data repository 208 based on the received manifests of the imaging data. The imaging data associated with one or more patients may comprise one or more of X-ray images, magnetic reasonance imaging (MRI) data, computer tomography (CT) imaging data, and other medical imaging data. The pre-fetched imaging data may be stored in an image storage repository, for example, the PACS image storage repository 216. The stored imaging data may be accessed by a user via one or more PACS work stations 210.
In accordance with another embodiment, the imaging data associated with one or more patients may be pre-fetched from a shared imaging data repository, for example, the XDS-T imaging data repository based on one or more selection criteria. For example, the imaging data for the previous three months for a particular patient may be pre-fetched. In an embodiment, the imaging data for the four most recent exams for a particular modality of the scheduled exam may be pre-fetched, for example. In another embodiment, the imaging data for a particular body part, such as the chest of a patient may be pre-fetched. In another embodiment, the imaging data for a particular medical procedure may be pre-fetched. The pre-fetched imaging data may be stored in an image storage repository, for example, the PACS image storage repository 216. The stored imaging data may be accessed by a user via one or more PACS work stations 210.
In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a PACS 202 for pre-fetching relevant imaging information from multiple healthcare organizations may comprise a query engine 220 for querying data associated with one or more patients from a shared document registry, for example, the XDS document registry 204. The PACS 202 may comprise a processing engine 214 for receiving manifests of imaging data associated with one or more patients based on the queried data from the shared document repository, for example, the XDS document repository 206. The PACS 202 may comprise a pre-fetching engine 222 for pre-fetching the imaging data associated with one or more patients from a shared imaging data repository, for example, the XDS-T imaging data repository 208 based on the received manifests of the imaging data.
The PACS 202 may also comprise a shared document interface, for example, the XDS interface 212 for querying the data associated with one or more patients from the shared document registry, for example, the XDS document registry 204. The shared document interface, for example, the XDS interface 212 in combination with the query engine 220 may be enabled to query the data associated with one or more patients based on one or more selection criteria. The selection criteria may include one or more of: a modality, a procedure, a body part, and/or a time period. The shared document interface, for example, the XDS interface 212 in combination with the processing engine 214 may be enabled to receive the manifests of the imaging data associated with one or more patients from the shared document repository, for example, the XDS document repository 206 based on the queried data.
The PACS 202 may also comprise a shared imaging data interface, for example, the XDS-I interface 218 for pre-fetching the imaging data associated with one or more patients from the shared imaging data repository, for example, the XDS-T imaging data repository 208 based on the received manifests of the imaging data. The shared imaging data interface, for example, the XDS-I interface 218 in combination with the pre-fetching engine 222 may be enabled to pre-fetch the imaging data associated with one or more patients from the shared imaging data repository, for example, the XDS-T imaging data repository 208 based on one or more selection criteria. The selection criteria may be, for example, one or more of: a modality, a procedure, a body part, and/or a time period. The PACS 202 may also comprise an image storage repository, for example, the PACS image storage repository 216 for storing the pre-fetched imaging data. The stored imaging data may be accessed by a user via one or more PACS work stations 210.
While the invention has been described with reference to certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
storing said pre-fetched imaging data in an image storage repository.
2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising querying said data associated with said one or more patients based on one or more selection criteria.
3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising receiving an acknowledgement of said queried data associated with said one or more patients.
4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising requesting said manifests of said imaging data associated with said one or more patients from said shared document repository based on said received acknowledgement.
5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising pre-fetching said imaging data associated with said one or more patients based on one or more selection criteria.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said selection criteria comprises one or more of: a modality, a procedure, a body part, and a time period.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said imaging data associated with said one or more patients comprises one or more of: X-ray images, magnetic reasonance imaging data, computer tomography imaging data, and medical imaging data.
9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising querying data associated with said one or more patients from a shared document registry.
10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising receiving manifests of said imaging data associated with said one or more patients based on said queried data from a shared document repository.
11. The method according to claim 8, wherein said imaging data associated with said one or more patients comprises one or more of: X-ray images, magnetic reasonance imaging data, computer tomography imaging data, and medical imaging data.
12. The method according to claim 8, wherein said selection criteria comprises one or more of: a modality, a procedure, a body part, and a time period.
an image storage repository for storing said pre-fetched imaging data.
14. The system according to claim 13, further comprising a shared document interface for querying said data associated with said one or more patients from said shared document registry.
15. The system according to claim 14, wherein said shared document interface enables querying of said data associated with said one or more patients based on one or more selection criteria.
16. The system according to claim 14, wherein said shared document interface receives said manifests of said imaging data associated with said one or more patients based on said queried data from said shared document repository.
17. The system according to claim 13, further comprising a shared imaging data interface for pre-fetching said imaging data associated with said one or more patients from said shared imaging data repository based on said received manifests of said imaging data.
18. The system according to claim 17, wherein said shared imaging data interface enables pre-fetching of said imaging data associated with said one or more patients from said shared imaging data repository based on one or more selection criteria.
19. The system according to claim 18, wherein said selection criteria comprises one or more of: a modality, a procedure, a body part, and a time period.
20. The system according to claim 13, wherein said imaging data associated with said one or more patients comprises one or more of: X-ray images, magnetic reasonance imaging data, computer tomography imaging data, and medical imaging data.


The tool belt, also called the tool bag, nail bag, or tool pouch, comes in many variations. There are the kind that have the bags sewn into the belt; the kind that have suspenders; and the kind that you can design yourself - basically, you buy a belt and customize it with the bags that you need (my preference).
The belt I use is an adjustable nylon quick-release type. I like it because you can adjust it once, when you first put it on, and then all you have to do is snap it together when you are ready to work. I bought the bag shown in the picture (above) because it suits my needs. You might choose a variety of other options depending on the type of work you do.
My belt is similar to the one shown below. There are different types, like leather, for instance, if you don't like nylon.
Once you have your belt, you can select a bag or combination of bags to add to it. I used to have two bags on my tool belt, similar to the ones shown below, because I was working on a project that required carrying lots of nails.
Later, I removed the nail bag because I didn't need it. I can always add it back on at any time.
The sewn-in design includes several different sized pouches to hold your tape measure, hammer, speed square, and pencil, with pockets left over to hold different sized nails, etc. This was the design of my first nail bag. They have come a long way since the one I owned. Although I did not own one exactly like the one below, it seems like a good quality belt.
I recommend visiting a hardware store that sells a good selection of tool bags and try a few of them out.
The suspender type of belt is one that I have never owned, but have know many carpenters that swear by them. I can image that if you carry a heavy load of hand tools, or nails, this is the kind of tool belt you should consider.
The suspender type of nail bag takes the weight off of your hips and waste by distributing it to your shoulders. Here is another suspender type of belt.
If you are a roofer, for instance, you might prefer a tool bag that has a large pocket for holding lots of roofing nails. You may also want to slide on a separate hammer holder or a holder for your tape measure, or even another similar bag, so that you have one on each side. The belt-with-separate pouches might be a good choice.
If you will be wearing your tool bag all day, or you will be carrying a heavy weight of tools/fasteners, the suspender styles that distribute the weight from your waste to your shoulders would probably be a good choice.
If you aren't sure what belt will work best for you, starting out with the sewn-in type would be a good choice. They tend to be less expensive and contain all of the pouches you need to store tools and nails for most carpentry purposes.
If you have some thoughts on nail bags that you would like to share, please feel free to contact us.


text:
Васи́ль Па́влович Аксьо́нов ( , Казань — , Москва) — радянський, американський і російський письменник, сценарист, кінодраматург. Один із лідерів сповідальної радянської прози 1960-х років, де використовується міський молодіжний сленг. Належав до покоління шістдесятників.

Біографія
Народився в сім'ї партійних працівників. 1937 було репресовано матір Євгенію Ґінзбурґ і батька Павла Аксьонова. 1938—1948 виховувався в дитячому будинку. Школу закінчив у Магадані, де його мати перебувала на поселенні.

1956 закінчив Ленінградський медичний інститут. Три роки працював лікарем. З 1960 року — професійний літератор.

Друкуватися почав 1959. Пік популярності його творів у СРСР припадає на другу половину 60-х років, коли твори Аксьонова публікуються в популярних молодіжних журналах та екранізуються на кіностудіях СРСР. Наприкінці 60-х — початку 70-х з завершенням «відлиги» починаються хвилі критичних публікацій, які негативно оцінюють творчість Аксьонова, як «чужу» і «не радянську».

Одночасно перестають друкуватися твори письменника в СРСР, але натомість починають видаватися у США. 1979 року Аксьонов з групою радянських літераторів-однодумців організував «самвидавівський» альманах «Метрополь», в якому було надруковано твори радянських літераторів, які були заборонені радянською цензурою. Цей альманах був виданий пізніше у США.

1980 року виїхав до США і був позбавлений радянського громадянства. До 2004 року жив і працював в США, викладав російську мову. Став професором декількох університетів США. 1990 року йому повертають радянське громадянство. 1980—1991 — активно працює на радіо «Свобода».

Останні роки життя мешкав з родиною у Франції та Москві. Помер у Москві 6 липня 2009 року після тривалої важкої хвороби.

Початок літературної діяльности
З 1960 року Василь Аксьонов — професійний літератор. Повість «Колеги» (написана у 1959 році; однойменна п'єса спільно з Ю. Стабовим, 1961; однойменний фільм, 1962), романи «Зоряний квиток» (1961) (по ньому знятий фільм «Мій молодший брат», 1962), повість «Апельсини з Марокко» (1962), «Пора, мій друже, пора» (1963), збірки «Катапульта» (1964), « На півдорозі до Місяця» (1966), п'єса «Завжди у продажу» (постановка театру «Современник», 1965); у 1968 році опублікована сатирико-фантастична повість «Затоварена бочкотара».

У 1960-х роках твори Аксьонова часто друкуються в журналі «Юность». Протягом декількох років він є членом редколегії журналу. Пригодницька дилогія для дітей: «Мій дідусь — пам'ятник» (1970) і «Скринька, у якій щось стукає» (1972).

До історико-біографічного жанру належить повість про Л. Красіна «Любов до електрики» (1971). Експериментальний твір «Пошуки жанру» був написаний у 1972 році (перша публікація в журналі «Новый мир»; у підзаголовку, що вказує на жанр твору, також позначено «Пошуки жанру»).

Також 1972 спільно з О. Горчаковим і Г. Поженяном написав роман-пародію на шпигунський бойовик «Джин Грін — недоторканний» () під псевдонімом Гривадій Горпожакс (комбінація імен і прізвищ реальних авторів).

Твори

Проза
 1959 — повість «Колеги» («Коллеги»), у 1960 опублікована у журналі «Юность» (СРСР)
 1961 — роман «Зоряний квиток» («Звёздный билет»)
 1963 — повість «Апельсини з Марокко» («Апельсины из Марокко»)
 1964 — повість «Катапульта»
 1964 — повість «Вже час, мій друже» («Пора, мой друг, пора»)
 1965 — повість «Шкода, що вас не було з нами» («Жаль, что вас не было с нами»)
 1968 — повість «Затоварена бочкотара» («Затоваренная бочкотара»)
 1969 — повість «Любов до електрики» («Любовь к электричеству»)
 1972 — експериментальний роман «Пошуки жанру» («В поисках жанра»)
 1975 — автобіографічний роман «Опік» («Ожог»)
 1979 — роман «Острів Крим» («Остров Крым»)
 1987 — «У пошуках сумного бебі» («В поисках грустного бэби»)
 1994 — роман-епопея «Московська сага» («Московская сага»)
 1995 — збірка оповідань «Неґатив позитивного героя» («Негатив положительного героя»).
 1998 — «Новий солодкозвучний стиль» («Новый сладостный стиль»)
 2004 — роман «Вольтеріанці та вольтеріанки» («Вольтерьянцы и вольтерьянки») (премія «Русский Букер»)
 2006 — роман «Москва Ква-Ква»

П'єси
 1965 — «Завжди у продажу» («Всегда в продаже»)
 1966 — «Твій вбивця» («Твой убийца»)
 1968 — «Чотири темпераменти» («Четыре темперамента»)

Сценарії
 1962 — «Коли розводять мости» («Когда разводят мосты»)
 1962 — «Колеги» («Коллеги») — за мотивами однойменної повісті
 1962 — «Мій молодший брат» («Мой младший брат») — за мотивами роману «Зоряний квиток»

Примітки

Посилання
 Аксьонов, Василь Павлович  // ВУЕ

Російські прозаїки
Автори альтернативної історії з Росії
Автори альтернативної історії зі США
Шістдесятники
Російськомовні письменники XX століття
Кавалери ордена Мистецтв та літератури
Радянська еміграція 1980-х років
Примусово позбавлені радянського громадянства
Письменники-лікарі
Науковці Університету Південної Каліфорнії
Радянські емігранти до США

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
5G-Advanced explained
5G-Advanced is the next evolutionary step in 5G technology. It will bring a new level of enhanced capabilities beyond connectivity and enable a wider set of advanced use cases for verticals. It will support advanced applications with enhanced mobility and high reliability as well as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) that will improve network performance. It will also introduce further improvements in spectral efficiency and energy savings. In this article we will examine what the 5G-Advanced era will bring, how our lives will change and how we will get there.
The current 5G market
Even in its early stages, the pace of the rollout of 5G networks has surpassed 4G/LTE networks. Two years after the first LTE launch there were 25 million subscriptions across 60 networks. By contrast, two years after the first 5G launch there were 340 million subscriptions across 155 networks. GSMA Intelligence has forecast that 5G connections will reach 692 million subscribers globally by the end of 2022. Indeed, in some markets such as South Korea and the US, 5G already covers 80 percent or more of the population. Nokia is also playing a significant role in these developments by delivering 5G networks to the vast majority of countries that have launched commercial 5G services.
Standards body, 3GPP, first standardized the world's first 5G New Radio (NR) solution in 'Release 15' – which introduced a completely new cellular system, to help developers implement new functionality into the network. The key improvements delivered by this iteration were across three areas: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC).
Release 15 formed the basis for 5G Non-Standalone (NSA) deployments, however, these still relied on 4G LTE infrastructure for the delivery of end-to-end services. Indeed, many operators launched commercial 5G services with enhanced eMBB or Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) technology, which were in essence similar to earlier LTE services. However, operators in some more advanced markets, such as South Korea, focused on the development of innovative consumer use cases that utilize 5G's more advanced capabilities such as cloud gaming, Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and 4K video, with the intention of encouraging subscribers to adopt 5G plans. Release 15 has also enabled further advancements by leading to 5G Standalone (SA), in which the 5G New Radio system is complemented by Standalone 5G Core with optional cloud-based network functions.
3GPP followed with Releases 16 and 17 which introduced enhancements for Industrial IoT (IIoT) including innovations to support time-sensitive communication (TSC), and the wider expansion of the 5G ecosystem, enhanced MIMO, small data transmission (SDT), User Equipment energy-saving, and many more enhancements. Other areas include slicing, edge computing, and support for Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN). For mobile operators, these areas presented the opportunity to offer services in industrial environments such as mining, transportation, as well as offer enterprise customers an opportunity to digitalize their operations and processes. Industry 4.0 is one of the first sectors to truly benefit from 5G services to enhance productivity and manufacturing. For example, for certain use cases, 5G offers high-quality video streams, live mobile video capture, and feeds from multiple video streams for a range of uses cases such as advanced video analytics or video surveillance.
The launch of Release 18 marks another major evolution in 5G technology that will lead the industry into the 5G-Advanced era.
The 5G-Advanced era
5G-Advanced is set to evolve 5G to its fullest, richest capabilities. It will create a foundation for more demanding applications and a wider range of use cases than ever before with a truly immersive user experience based on extended reality (XR) features. It will also introduce AI and ML enhancements across the RAN, Core, and network management layer for improved performance, network optimization, and energy efficiency. It will also be fully backwards compatible, so it will be able to co-exist with the current 5G NR Releases 15-17, including the ability to serve legacy 5G devices.
The four dimensions of 5G-Advanced
Nokia regards 5G-Advanced capabilities as means for mobile operators to transform their networks in profound and defined ways. By taking into account the four dimensions of experience, expansion, extension, and operational excellence, Nokia can support its customers with any combination of network requirements, deployment scenarios, and use cases.
Experience: 5G-Advanced will offer an improved experience for people and machines. This cluster of features focuses on improving throughput in the uplink, reducing service interruption time, and enabling superior digital experiences. Truly immersive experiences will be possible thanks to the use of XR, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR), in which the physical and the virtual world will be fused.
Expansion: 5G-Advanced will enable new services beyond traditional communication. By introducing enhanced positioning with sub-10cm accuracy consistently both indoors and outdoors, as well as time synchronization as a service, 5G-Advanced offers valuable benefits for use cases as diverse as smart power grid control, industrial automation, and real-time financial transactions. This will enhance navigation and make logistics systems more efficient.
Extension: 5G-Advanced will extend the reach of connectivity and make it available to new market segments including innovations for improved coverage, enhanced low-cost massive IoT, and further support for non-terrestrial networks (NTN) and drones. This will help bridge the digital divide by extending broadband connectivity into rural and underserved geographies offering people access to economic opportunities and the benefits mobile connectivity provides. It will also be fundamental to the operation of driverless cars, autonomous robots, and industrial automation systems.
Excellence: 5G-Advanced will be powered by operational excellence that aims to enhance and optimize the 5G platform and its operation by the gradual introduction of AI/ML enablers, wireline and wireless convergence, improved resiliency, and energy efficiency enhancements. These operational enhancements will ensure efficient network operation at an affordable operational expense.
Key enhancements in 5G-Advanced
XR (AR, VR, gaming): 5G-Advanced will enhance today's XR experience by expanding the reach of VR and immersive AR applications and the cloud gaming experience. 5G-Advanced will offer users a superior XR experience while on the move, truly enabling a high-data-rate experience. It requires high data rates with strictly bounded latency constraints as well as a high degree of application awareness. This enhanced application awareness helps to move the XR processing load from the device into the network cutting down on the cost, size, and power of user equipment. Older bulkier devices will be replaced by much smaller pocket-sized models that will enable XR use cases everywhere. This could grant users the true perception of being in a remote environment and allow them to efficiently interact in such surroundings, no matter where they are physically located.
Enhanced coverage and MIMO performance: 5G-Advanced will address the huge growth in uplink demanding applications such as live high-quality video streaming. It is expected that 5G-Advanced will offer 20 percent higher data rates compared to 5G through innovations. It will also address lower uplink latencies. A prerequisite for good end-user experience in an XR world is that we have low latencies in both link directions, as XR applications often require highly responsive bidirectional communication. Uplink coverage improvements are also part of 5G-Advanced.
5G to replace GSM-R: Extending 5G-Advanced to certain specialized vertical use cases across sectors from railways and utilities to public safety calls for the ability to deploy NR in dedicated spectrum bandwidths below 5MHz. Delivering next-generation signaling and communications for railways by adapting 5G to their allocated spectrum bandwidth, connecting next-generation smart grids, and powering ultra-connected and responsive blue-light services, is one of the examples. In Europe, it has been decided that the Future Railway Mobile Communication System (FRMCS) which will replace GSM-R will use 5G NR.
Evolution beyond smartphone: 5G-Advanced will also usher in an era of new types of devices that benefit from the coverage and efficient connectivity of 5G. We will see a plethora of new types of full-capability devices beyond smartphones as well as devices that do not need to implement every aspect of its immense performance and flexibility. This also allows for significantly lower device costs. These devices are called 'Reduced Capability' or RedCap devices and are ideal for use cases such as video surveillance for industrial quality control, process monitoring, or sensing and asset tracking. In this way, smart wearable electronics with a small form factor can be designed which have at the same time long-lasting batteries. In industrial process monitoring and quality control scenarios, the frequent transaction of small data packets can be transmitted efficiently to support network performance. Also, the use of full-capability devices such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, is expected to grow with applications ranging from search and rescue to parcel delivery and aerial displays. Not only drones but also autonomous vehicles, robots, and Automated Ground Vehicles (AGVs) will thrive with 5G-Advanced networks tailored to ensure reliable communications with base stations.
Accurate positioning: 5G-Advanced will also offer enhancements in terms of cellular-based positioning including the identification of non-line-of-sight paths as well as centimeter-level accuracy, for both indoors and outdoors scenarios. In indoor, it will work as a complement to outdoor global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and hence can be used in buildings for industrial automation or logistics or tunnels for automotive or public safety. Thanks to accurate positioning and RedCap, 5G connected tags for asset tracking can be implemented. One day, these tags may even be able to harvest energy from their environment.
Resilient timing: 5G is becoming a viable alternative or supplement to GNSS/GPS for providing time synchronization to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) or any well-defined time domain, supporting everything from industrial automation to real-time financial transactions and smart grids. In today's smart grid, electricity flows in multiple directions. Therefore, highly accurate, simultaneous, and continuous monitoring is needed to avoid imbalances and that demands extremely accurate micro-and millisecond-level time information.
Network operation efficiency: 5G-Advanced will introduce new AI and ML technologies across the RAN, core, and network management domains that will enhance performance, automation, and energy efficiency. This includes solutions for more efficient data collection, AI/ML model training and model exchange between AI/ML agents, and for the first time, also introducing AI/ML at the air interface to further boost the 5G-Advanced radio performance. With the exponential growth of cellular traffic, energy efficiency must continue to be addressed in 5G-Advanced with the implementation of new energy-saving features. It will need a combination of well-designed standards and outstanding implementation supported by artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict traffic variations and obtain energy savings in line with the traffic demands. In addition, the operational innovations address slicing enhancement and the integration of non-3GPP access technologies like Wi-Fi.
Enhanced sidelink: 5G-Advanced continues to enhance direct communication between users or users and infrastructure. Sidelink enhancements will include mechanisms to support device-to-device (UE-to-UE) relay allowing users to receive information from networks via other users.
Enhanced mobility: 5G-Advanced will target virtually zero service interruption times during handovers without compromising robustness. This is vital for devices on the move with latency-critical services such as XR, IIoT, or URLLC.
Nokia 5G Explainer
5G-Advanced will change the user experience in numerous ways, allowing consumers and industries to benefit from the highly immersive experience and enhanced mobility. It will improve coverage and capacity and introduce support for a host of new devices. It will also deliver more intelligence into the network using AI and ML, boost performance and reduce power consumption. 5G-Advanced will truly expand 5G capabilities beyond connectivity.
Four ways 5G-Advanced will transform our industry
5G-Advanced: Expanding 5G for the connected world
About Nokia
We create technology that helps the world act together.
As a trusted partner for critical networks, we are committed to innovation and technology leadership across mobile, fixed and cloud networks. We create value with intellectual property and long-term research, led by the award-winning Nokia Bell Labs.
Adhering to the highest standards of integrity and security, we help build the capabilities needed for a more productive, sustainable and inclusive world.
Email: press.services@nokia.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Report on Mackenzie Village raises serious questions about city's ability to pay for infrastructure through Development Cost Charges.
Nov. 18, 2016 6:00 p.m.
The development of Mackenzie Village could force the City of Revelstoke to accelerate several key infrastructure projects and will put significant pressure on city finances, says a new report by the city's director of engineering.
The report includes several alarming figures, including the fact the city will have to spend an estimated $34 million to upgrade the sewage treatment plant to meet future demand on the system.
As well, the city is faced with almost $54 million in total Development Cost Charge projects over the next 15 years, with little in the way of reserves.
The city collects reserves for road, sewer and water projects, but the first two have been used up, writes Thomas.
According to figures in the report, in the next 15 years the city will need to spend $34.25 million on upgrading the sewage treatment plant and other sewer projects, $6 million on road projects, and $13.6 million on water projects. Looking further out to 2040, the report forecasts another $20 million in road spending and $18.7 million in water spending.
The DCC's will be reviewed as part of a bylaw update proposed for 2017, says Thomas.
The alarming report goes in front of council this Tuesday, Nov. 22, right before they are scheduled to approve the Master Development Agreement for the proposed Mackenzie Village development and give the re-zoning bylaw final adoption.
Developer David Evans is proposing to build a 1,200 unit mixed-use development on a 35 acre property he owns off Nichol Road in Arrow Heights.
The report looks at the impacts the development could have on the city if it proceeds to full build-out in 12 years, as proposed. It says it could add the equivalent of 4,244 people to Revelstoke at full build-out. The growth of new water users in that time would be even higher, at 5,555 people, the report says, and Mackenzie Village would take up 76 per cent of new growth in the next 12 years.
The report says several water infrastructure upgrades would be needed, including an extra reservoir in Arrow Heights or at the ski hill, a new pump station, and upgrades to the Greeley Water Treatment Plant and water main.
The impacts on the sewer system are more substantial and the development would force the city to transition to a mechanical sewage treatment plant at a cost of $28 million by 2020 and another $6 million by 2030.
Thomas is asking staff to approve $75,000 in funding for a sewer treatment study in 2017.
Roads are another issue. The report says roundabouts should be built at Airport Way and Nichol Road, and at Hay road and Nichol Road, to handle future traffic.
The report raises questions about the future of the Illecillewaet Bridge. While Thomas says the bridge would be able to handle projected peak traffic volumes 15 years from now, he adds that either a new bridge or twinned crossing should be considered and included in as a project in the new DCC bylaw.
The report also discusses the entire Airport Way/Fourth Street Corridor, though that was not part of the developer's traffic impact assessment. The report notes the $1.5 million in DCCs allotted for upgrading the corridor have been eaten up by the highway intersection project and raises questions about where funding will come from for the Victoria/Fourth/Townley intersection.
Under the existing bylaw, Mackenzie Village would contribute $9.2 million in DCCs to the city, writes Thomas.
"This contribution of $9.2 million would equal 17 per cent of the required funds, further highlighting the risk of proceeding with development in general without addressing the issue of funding the required infrastructure," he says.
One of the risks is the city will have to borrow money to fund new infrastructure and, while it's hoped the money would be paid back through DCCs, it's also possible that if the development proceeds slower than expected, taxpayers would be on the hook for that money.
"If development is slower than predicted, the city's ability to pay back the borrowed funds from DCCs will be reduced, causing secondary or internal borrowing to be required to cover these payments. This has the potential to force debt servicing costs onto the general taxpayer, rather than development." says Thomas.
On top of updating the city's DCC bylaw, Thomas is proposing the city allocate some of the tax revenues collected from the development into reserves that could be spent on infrastructure. Mackenzie Village is expected to contribute about $2.89 million per year to the city coffers at build-out.
"The new development will provide considerable new operating revenues, and through the annual financial plan process, in consultation with finance and engineering staff, council will need to determine how much of this money is required for delivery of programs and administration, and how much can be allocated for debt servicing to fund infrastructure upgrades or for building capital and operating reserves," writes Thomas.
Council will consider Thomas' report this Tuesday, Nov. 22. After, it will vote on approving the master development agreement for Mackenzie Village, and adopting the re-zoning bylaw for the property.


"I wanted to make a Photoshop lasso tool inspired stuff with some part of the letters desaturated, because the landscape of the forest at winter looks the same. The cans worked well at 5 degrees, no problems just clean lines and perfect gradients."
Checkout the photos and video below!


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Dr Ambedkar Government Law College Poompozhil, 5, Greenways Road Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India B.A.LL.B. (Hons.) / Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University Phone: 44 – 25340907 *****
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Government Law College Thiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India LL.B. / Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University Phone: 0422 – 2422454 *****
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Madurai Law College Govt. Law College Building, Vinayaga Nagar, Madurai – 625020 LL.B. / Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University Phone: 2533996, 2651266, 2651267 *****
Tamil Nadu Ambedkar Law University Chennai, Tamil Nadu B.A., B.L. (Hons.) Phone: 044 – 24641212, 044 – 24610813 Email: vc@tndalu.org Website: http://www.tndalu.org
University of Madras University Centenary Buildings Chepauk, Chennai – 600005 Master of Law Phone: 91 – 044 – 25399778 Fax: 91 – 044 – 25366693 Website: www.unom.ac.in
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PAX South 2015 was full of great indie games and development studios, but one developer in particular left a lasting impression on me after visiting its booth. Meet Serenity Forge, a studio of 8-10 bright young minds who pride themselves on tricking gamers into learning advanced scientific concepts like astrophysics while playing the games they dream up. Thanks to their dedication to real life physics in gaming, the Serenity Forge team has attracted the attention of the space community, so much so that the team was invited to a NASA summit to talk about the games they make and how they focus on true to life physics in said games. Yes, they are indeed highly intelligent developers, which is why its first commercial game, Luna's Wandering Stars, is an Indie title to keep your eye on.
While at the show I got to spend a fair amount of time playing through sample levels of what Luna's Wandering Stars has to offer, and while I won't be challenging Einstein's theory of relativity anytime soon based on what I played, it was very apparent that this game has some serious physics going on, which makes up the crux of its gameplay. You control a moon and must navigate our solar system planet by planet while leveraging the game's physics to carefully orbit each planet and collect asteroids to advance to the next level. What makes this concept even more interesting than it sounds is the fact that each of the nine main levels (one for each planet) feature completely unique gameplay thanks to the focus on real life physics, namely the effects of gravity on different sized masses.
For example, while playing the Mercury levels the effects of gravity aren't as great as playing on the Earth levels, so you must take that into account while lining up the intended projection path for your moon to ensure it will orbit the planets without drifting off into space, smashing into the planet itself, or missing the asteroids required to advance. The team takes this concept even further in each level by completely changing the gameplay mechanics, so you can't rely on strategies used for previous planets when you move on to the next. Mercury offers the most simple gameplay, only requiring you to chart your orbit around the planet before ejecting the moon into its circular flight path. Once you send the moon into its orbit it will follow the path you chose, which hopefully adheres to the planet's physics and will gently settle into its circular trajectory and hit all of the required asteroids to move on to the next level. Earth on the other hand requires you to use the mouse in a side to side motion to fluctuate the flight of the moon, while Venus incorporates boosters that you must use to get into the correct flight path to pick up the goods.
What starts out as an easy task on the Mercury levels only gets more difficult as you progress through the solar system, which is why you'll have to learn to adapt and adjust your understandings of the game's physics. This is where Serenity Forge's penchant for tricking gamers to learn advanced scientific concepts without making them feel like they're learning shines. While playing through a few of the Mercury levels I thought I had Luna's gameplay mastered and wondered how entertaining it truly could be over the promised 100 levels, but after trying a few levels on Earth and Venus it was clear that relying on my previous experiences was pointless, and that the only way to succeed is to adapt my thinking each time I enter the orbit of a new planet.
In addition to the intelligent gameplay Luna's Wandering Stars also features a hidden story that is told through an ominous narrator who takes pleasure in making you feel dumb. This helps to give the game a bit of personality making it more than just an exercise in astrophysics, and it also compels you to keep playing to see what sort of cheeky dialogue he'll have for you on the next level.
The game world also looks serenely beautiful, making you feel like you're an omnipotent God looking at the solar system as your sandbox that is full of planets, asteroids, and moons to hurl at them. Each planet obviously reflects what they look like in real life, so there is variety in the environments just like there is variety in the gameplay for each level.
Luna's Wandering Stars is set to hit Steam this March for just $9.95. Its focus on real life physics and the variety of gameplay it offers make it an Indie title worth picking up. What starts as a simple game can get mentally challenging quick thanks to the powers of gravity over different sized masses, so no two planets will feature identical gameplay. This helps to keep each level feeling fresh while also forcing you to think outside of the box to adapt to the new gameplay mechanics that you thought you knew how to master. It also helps that Luna's Wandering Stars is a gem to look at thanks to its simple, yet engaging visual design that may cause you to hear Neil deGrasse Tyson's voice in your head as if you were watching an episode of Cosmos.
You can see Luna's Wandering Stars in action below via its official trailer. If you like what you see make sure to head over to the game's website to get it locked and loaded for its March 2015 Steam release.


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Attorneys general: Keep protections for sex assault victims
By SUSAN MONTOYA BRYAN, Associated Press | Posted - July 19, 2017 at 5:41 p.m.
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) — Attorneys general from Pennsylvania, New Mexico and more than a dozen other states are urging U.S. Education Secretary Betsy DeVos to keep in place protections for victims of sexual assault on college campuses.
The attorneys, all Democrats, sent a letter Wednesday to DeVos voicing their concerns about reports that suggest her office is preparing to roll back guidance from President Barack Obama's era for stepped-up investigations of sexual assault at universities and colleges across the country.
DeVos said last week that the current system isn't working. While allegations of sexual assault can't be dismissed, she said, a system without due process ultimately will serve no one.
The debate continues to percolate following remarks made by the Education Department's top civil rights official, Candice Jackson, who said the vast majority of sexual assault claims resulted from both parties having been drunk. Jackson has repeatedly apologized for her comments.
In their letter, the attorneys general say they see the effects sexual assault has on victims, the educational institutions themselves and the communities.
"We're calling on Secretary DeVos to listen to law enforcement and trust survivors of sexual assault by keeping these protections in place and putting student safety first," Pennsylvania Attorney General Josh Shapiro said in a statement issued Wednesday.
A dozen schools in Shapiro's state are being investigated for improperly handling sexual assault allegations made by students.
In New Mexico, a 2016 investigation by the U.S. Justice Department found that state's flagship university had failed in its handling of such cases.
"Violence on America's campuses must be taken seriously," said New Mexico Attorney General Hector Balderas.
He noted that rolling back the guidance would amount to turning back the clock on the progress some states have made when it comes to improving reporting and implementing programs aimed at curbing sexual assaults.
As of last week, there were 344 open sexual violence investigations at 242 postsecondary schools, according to a Title IX report provided by the Education Department.
The attorneys general said in their letter that any effort to address the problem of sexual assault on college campuses "must be deliberate and allow for meaningful input from all stakeholders, and it must focus on the ultimate goal of ensuring that all students are protected from discrimination, including sexual harassment, assault, stalking and domestic violence, under Title IX."
SUSAN MONTOYA BRYAN
Jay Leno suffers broken bones in motorcycle accident
Why Mitt Romney says US support of Ukraine is good for America


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Conor McGregor and Nate Diaz's UFC 202 press conference turned ugly.
Conor McGregor and Nate Diaz's rivalry was kicked up a notch on Wednesday when a press conference turned ugly.
McGregor and Diaz were promoting their much-anticipated rematch at Saturday's UFC 202 when Diaz suddenly left the stage. He shouted something at McGregor, who responded by calling Diaz's "whole team" a "bunch of crackhead esés." Diaz continued to jaw at McGregor and make obscene gestures as he walked out of the room.
Diaz then threw a bottle of water toward McGregor. McGregor responded by taking the cans of Monster energy drink from the stage and throwing them at Diaz and his entourage, despite UFC president Dana White pleading him to stop.
You can see the altercation in the video below, which contains strong language.
McGregor and Diaz are two of UFC's most volatile personalities and have a fiercely heated rivalry. The two nearly came to blows during their UFC 196 pre-fight press conference.


Have you looked through an outdoor gear catalog recently? We are a highly specialized society – even down to our camping gear accessories. Not that this is a bad thing – its good to know we have choices when it comes to certain equipment. Take first aid kits for example.
Used to be that we'd toss in a few adhesive bandage strips, add a bottle of iodine, grab some alcohol swaps, and drop a few aspirin into a film canister and we'd have our kit. Today we can get kits comprised of supplies designed to treat injuries common to certain activities. There are "bike touring" first aid kits, and backcountry trekking kits; you name the activity and someone has developed a kit specifically appointed to attend to anticipated injuries.
This is not a bad thing. With the costs of products these days, why buy a kit that won't have the kinds of patches and pads and ointments you'll likely need for the particular side step stumble into harm's way you might wander? Rock climbing and bicycling might require more pads and salves to treat abrasions, where a deep woods scrambling kit might offer first aid items for scratches and blisters and bites.
Still there are times when you have to make do without the proper item. Sometimes a first responder won't even have access to a basic kit. A resourceful first aid giver can utilize items at hand to supplement a well-appointed first aid kit. Here are some ways in which we can utilize dual-purpose gear or improvise multiple uses from items typically carried along on a backcountry adventure.
Like any life-saving skill, try to learn as much as you can through courses or good reference books. Many applications of first aid require knowledge, not materials, to be a valuable treatment. The treatment for shock isn't carried in a kit, but rather given through the knowledge of identifying the condition in the field and being able to act accordingly (Treatment: lie on back, feet raised slightly, keep warm if conscious; lie on side or stomach, do not raise feet/legs, keep warm if unconscious). The trauma of a broken or injured spine or neck requires know-how when it comes to moving (or not moving) a person. What do you have at hand to immobilize the victim's neck? (Parts of a PFD could make an adequate cervical collar).
Swelling and bleeding are two common results of common injuries in almost every outdoor activity. Who hasn't scrapped a shin awkwardly exiting a capsizing canoe or during an ill-attempted slippery rocky shore landing. A spacious and thick compress may be ideal, but a handful of sphagnum moss may have to do. Do you know what this moss even looks like? How would you hold it firmly to the wound with enough pressure to stop bleeding? When I was in Boy Scouts one of my most versatile first aid tools was the BSA neckerchief we wore as part of our uniform. Many first aid kits carry a similar item – referred to as a triangular bandage. It's great for securing compresses (commercial or otherwise) to a wound. Cool mud or water-soaked moss can be used as a cold compress against swelling – all the while being held in place by the tri-bandage.
When thought of in terms of multiple uses, that large triangle could be configured into a skull cap-like hat to help keep your ears warm (stuff some grass or fluffy cattail head under it for insulation). If you've thought ahead and bought a bandana in a bright color (yea, I know, the camo' one is going to look way cooler!), it can be tied to hold a sprained ankle in place, too. And... you've just added one more flag signaling item to your camp gear.
Most wounds need to be cleaned out, some even scrubbed if embedded with gravel and minute road grit. You could waste a lot of water trying to direct a large stream onto a wound. You could waste equal time hoping that a light flow will be strong enough to wash debris away. How many of us even know that the little syringe in the first aid kit is a wound irrigator anyway? Here's where a plastic storage bag comes to the rescue.
I carry storage bags along for myriad uses. Once partially filled with sterile water (when available or timely to process), the plastic bag can be compressed and carefully punctured near a lower corner to produce a steady, concentrated stream of water that can be accurately directed at an open wound. I keep small compresses and bandages in a plastic bag so as to have it always handy.
Sometimes our first aid kits just don't have a specific treatment – how many different medicines or ointments can you carry? Take insect stings. There are many bite treatments on the market – but what works for bees may not even work for wasps. A cool compress of mud will oftentimes ease the pain and swelling of such bites. Bee venom is acidic; wasps are alkaline. Use a paste of baking soda for the bees, and vinegar or lemon juice for wasps.
Securing a broken leg with canoe paddles, branches, or other rigid supports are pretty commonplace treatments for such injuries. Don't overlook a folded panel cut from a PFD in time of need. Maybe a panel from a backpack would work when doubled over. If you have the luxury of several sizes of SAM splints you may be covered. Perhaps you might carry one larger one that can be cut down for smaller appendage size breaks? Even larger charts can be folded over to make a rigid sleeve. That triangle bandage comes in handy as a sling, too.
One of the best places to find emergency first aid items is within kitchen/cooking supplies. Besides the baking soda/lemon juice for stings mentioned above, meat tenderizer is said to help minimize the itch of many insect bites. Think about a pinch of table salt added to the water to be offered to someone being treated for heat exhaustion. Ancient remedies for warding off infection were the applications of sugar or honey to open wounds.
Mother Nature has been offering natural medications in her garden since the beginning of time. Learning some of the more common remedies (for many of the more common ailments) can only make you even more first responder savvy. The hardest part is learning to identify these plants. It can help if you are also learning the ones to avoid at the same time. Ironically, a plant whose sticky juice counters the irritation of poison ivy – called jewelweed – happens to grow in the same general vicinity as the evil ivy.
Uva-Ursi – commonly known as kinnikinnick or bearberry, used as a tea to relieve bladder or kidney problems. When smoked (kinnikinnick) it is said to alleviate headaches.
Willow – besides its bark being a source of aspirin (when chewed or in tea), a mash made from leaves can be used to keep bee stings from swelling.
Yarrow – Antiseptic properties are effective when used to pack a wound – leaves can be used to treat ear or tooth aches.
It may make sense to carry a plant guide in your first aid kit. (Hint: If the second part of the Latin name for a plant is listed as "officinale" as in Taraxacum officinale (dandelions) it means this plant was at one time officially considered a medicinal remedy for several ailments).
Clearly first aid is a complex system of treatments that require knowledge of symptoms, affects and remedies that can't be adequately covered in a short article. If you are serious about enjoying the outdoors responsibly, make it a point of taking a wilderness first aid course, or First Responder training. There are many good first aid instruction manuals out there as well as reference books on natural treatments and remedies. Take the time to be a knowledgeable outdoors person.
Tom Watson is an avid sea kayaker and freelance writer. Most of the first aid tips in this article come from Tom's book entitled "How to Think Like A Survivor" available on Amazon.com. His other book, "Kids Gone Paddlin" is also available on Amazon.com.


I'm selling my Uniden UBCD396T P25 digital scanner as I don't use it any more.
Comes as scanner and antenna, no other accessories.
$200 Pick up in Beechboro or Leederville. $230 for registered post anywhere in Australia.


Ezra Klein, feeling a little soft, interviews Kent Conrad—he of the co-op feed stores for health care idea.
My take on the interview is that I seriously believe Conrad's entire knowledge of health care comes from his time being lectured on the vagaries of Medicare reimbursement by a local rural hospital lobbyist, his one visit to a co-op seed store where he found the farmers chatting happily, and his reading the cliff notes (prepared by his staff) of TR Reid's good but not too sophisticated book focusing on the Beveridge v Bismarck distinction—which is high school civics lesson stuff.
Yet he gets to meet 61 times with the Gang of six that was really going to get it all right before time ran out, and he gets to make policy!
And you wonder why the Senate should be abolished.
Capitol Shortage: Can the Two Democratic Parties Get It Together on Health Reform?
I think that my former Senator, Ted Kennedy, actually knew some stuff about health care policy, but he was an exception. Damn, I miss him.
No need to eliminate the Senate. Instead, start another branch of government that is halfway between the judicial and congress. This branch would have no other power than to strike down laws that are on the books.
Soon enough we'd have a body of law that the average person can actually understand, and then we can abolish lawyers.
I have often thought that our entire government has been bought by foreign interests.
I've always said that forcing Congress to buy their health insurance in the individual market would get us to health reform way quicker than anything else.
Once you remove them from their Senate jobs (and the federal employee health paln) they might get a better idea as to why we need meaningful reform.
good you take him for the summer next year! I'll watch Arnold for you in return.
I met with my Senator's "District Director" last month to discuss health care…the guy was absolutely clueless about anything beyond "Medicare for all" and the "Public Option". His contribution to the discussion was to tell us that his recent visit to the emergency room at our largest public hospital was an "eyeopening experience".
If that is any indication of the quality of legislative staffs, it's hard to see how we will ever get meaning reform.
Nate, remember that I believe in group responsibility & shared sacrifice!
But if you abolish the Senate that would mean Harry Reid running around Nevada all day, no thanks keep him in Washington!


Rancilio manufactures high quality espresso machines. Rancilio manufactures all kinds of machines ranging from traditional espresso machines to fully automatic espresso machines.
Epoca is a new and innovative product from Rancilio which is easy to operate and brews good coffee. It comes with a patented feature which helps in brewing good coffee and also makes it a world class product. Epoca is available in red and gray colors with metallic finish. Other Rancilio products are classified into different categories like classe 6, classe 8 and classe 10.
Classe 6 is an essential coffee machine for those who want to have good coffee but has less space for the machine. Classe 6 is a compact model and fits well into a counter space. The three versions of Classe 6 model are classe 6 with lever control version, with manual dosage control or with automatic dosage control. Each version again has different models based on the boiler capacity. The boiler capacity ranges from 5 liters to 16 liters.
Classe 8 is another essential coffee machine with innovative designs and technology which provides high quality. Classe 8 is also a compact version and fits well into a counter space. The two versions of Classe 8 are semi automatic version and with automatic dosage control. The in built computer warns the user of the coffee is not brewed perfectly or if the ground is not perfect. Weekly program can be set and the machine on and off according to the schedule. The automatic steam wand will produce a soft and remarkably compact cr?me. Different versions based on the boiler capacity are available.
Classe 10 is the high end espresso machine and lots of research and experience have been put into designing this model. The three models are Classe 10 with automatic dosage control or with manual dosage control or with mechanical group version that produces high quality espresso. Rancilio espresso machines are available in various models and you can choose the one that suits your need and happy brewing.


text:
Q: invalidArgumentError: when i upload file using google app script I am trying to upload the file "pdf " to google drive through google app script,  but I get an error when I click the button. Also, I wanted to use the array bytes but I don't know how to do because without the array bytes I must disable the chrome v8.
Error message :

2495449455-mae_html_user_bin_i18n_mae_html_user__ar.js:56 Uncaught
InvalidArgumentError: Failed due to illegal value in property: 0

<!DOCTYPE html>

                <base target="_self">
                <?!=include('css');?>

    <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons" rel="stylesheet">

    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/materialize/1.0.0/css/materialize.min.css">

    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />

    <title>  PDF Collector</title>

                    <input placeholder="Your Id" id="employeeId" type="number" class="validate" required pattern ="^\d{10}$" >
                    Your Id

                    <input placeholder="Your name" id="fullname" type="text" class="validate" disabled >
                    Full Name

                      File
                     <input type="file" name="myFile">

                   <input class="file-path validate" type="text">

                <button id="btn" class="btn waves-effect waves-light" type="submit"
                    name="action" > Submit
                    send
                  </button>

    <?!=include('js');?>

JS Code
document.getElementById('btn').addEventListener('click',
        function(e){
          google.script.run.withSuccessHandler(onSuccess).uploadFiles(this.parentNode)
        })

        function onSuccess(data){
          document.getElementById('msg').innerHTML = "Thanks for Uploading";
        }

This the function in .gs
function uploadFiles(data)
{
 var file = data.myFile;
 var folder = DriveApp.getFoldersByName(collected-Pdf);
  Logger.log(folder);
 var createFile = folder.createFile(file);

}

A: On the line google.script.run.withSuccessHandler(onSuccess).uploadFiles(this.parentNode) I don't think you can just send an entire html node to the server, it probably tried to parse it as a json or something and failed, pretty much the most you can do is send the file itself
google.script.run.withSuccessHandler(onSuccess).uploadFiles(document.getElementsByClassName("myFile").files[0])
Plus the parent node of the button isn't the input element anyway, yet you are trying to access the .myFile element of it but I don't think class names are added to the server like that, but even if they were that would only be accessing the input element itself not the .files property of it

A: I have found the answer after dividing the code and test each code one by one. It turned out that the name="action and waves-effect are the reason to stop the code from running. I don't know why but it is working now after removing them from html.
<button id="btn" class="btn  waves-light" type="submit"
                    " > Submit
                    send
                  </button>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In battery-and-coil ignition systems, the coil is the component that generates high enough pulses of voltage to jump the spark plug gaps and ignite the air/fuel mixture.
The DC generator has a long history in the automotive world. Falling out of use in the 1960s, generators have found surprising new life in hybrids.