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Die Luftstreitkräfte der Russischen Föderation (, Woenno-wosduschnye sily Rossiskoi federazii) sind eine Teilstreitkraft der Streitkräfte Russlands, abgekürzt auch WWS (, in der englischen Transkription VVS). Sie gingen nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion aus den sowjetischen Luftstreitkräften hervor und bilden seit 2015 zusammen mit den Weltraumtruppen die Luft- und Weltraumkräfte. Weiterhin existierende, aber nicht den WWS zugehörige fliegende Streitkräfte sind die der Marine unterstellten Seeflieger sowie die Armeeflieger des Heeres.

Geschichte

Am 1. August 2015 wurden die Luftstreitkräfte mit der Weltraumtruppen zu den Luft- und Weltraumkräften vereinigt.

Organisation
Die Luftstreitkräfte der Russischen Föderation gingen 1991 aus den Luftstreitkräften der Sowjetunion hervor. Die zuvor als unabhängige Teilstreitkraft neben Armee, Flotte, Luftwaffe und Raketentruppen bestehenden Luftverteidigungsstreitkräfte (Woiska PWO/Protiwowosduschnaja oborona), in deren Inventar sich die Masse der Abfangjäger und bodengestützten Flugabwehrsysteme befand, wurde 1998 in die Luftstreitkräfte eingegliedert. Im Jahr 2003 wurden die zuvor den Landstreitkräften zugeordneten Heeresfliegereinheiten dem Kommando der Luftstreitkräfte unterstellt. Nicht zu den Luftstreitkräften gehören die Marinefliegereinheiten (Awiazija Wojenno Morskowo Flota, AWMF), die sich unter dem Kommando der Russischen Marine befinden.

Die russischen Luftstreitkräfte verfügen derzeit über eine Gesamtstärke von etwa 165.000 Soldaten.

Dem Luftwaffenoberkommando direkt unterstellt sind die 61. Lufttransportarmee der Transportfliegerkräfte, die 37. Luftarmee (strategisch) der Fernfliegerkräfte sowie die zentrale Verwaltung, zu der verschiedene Ausbildungs- und Forschungseinrichtungen gehören.

Ansonsten sind die russischen Luftstreitkräfte organisatorisch wie folgt auf die sechs Militärbezirke verteilt:

Militärbezirk Leningrad
1. Kommandowanie WWS i PWO (1. Kommando Luftstreitkräfte/Luftverteidigung), Hauptquartier in Sankt Petersburg, früher 6. AWWS i PWO (6. Luftarmee)

 1. BrWKO (Brigada Wosduschno-Kosmitscheskoi Oborony) (1. Brigade der Luft-Weltraum-Verteidigung), Hauptquartier Seweromorsk, früher 21. K PWO (21. Luftverteidigungskorps), Hauptquartier Seweromorsk
 6959. AB (Awiazionnaja Basa, Luftwaffenbasis) in Sawatija bei Kotlas, Zusammenführung des früheren 458. IAP (458. Selbstständiges Jagdfliegerregiment) in Sawatija und des 9. IAP (9. Selbstständiges Jagdfliegerregiment) in Kilp Jawr
 3 Abfangjägerstaffeln mit je 8 MiG-31B
 2 Staffeln mit je 6 Su-27S und
 eine Ausbildungsstaffel mit 4 Su-27UB
 161. SRP (161. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Seweromorsk mit S-300
 583. SRP (583. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Olenogorsk bei Murmansk mit 2 S-300PM und 2 S-300PS
 1488. SRP (1488. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Selenogorsk mit 4 S-300PS
 1528. SRP (1528. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Sewerodwinsk mit 4 S-300PS
 531. SRP (531. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Poljarny mit 5 S-300PM
 1544. SRP (1544. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Wladimirskij mit einer Buk-M1 und 2 S-300W
 1489. SRP (1489. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Baranowo mit 2 S-300PS
 1490. SRP (1490. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Sablino mit 4 S-300PS

 2. BrWKO (Brigada Wosduschno-Kosmitscheskoi Oborony) (2. Brigade der Luft-Kosmos-Verteidigung), Hauptquartier Tosno, früher 54. K PWO (54. Luftverteidigungskorps) in Tajtsi und 149. BAP (149. Bombenfliegerregiment), Hauptquartier Tajtsi
 6964. AB in Montschegorsk, Zusammenführung des früheren 174. OIAP (174. Selbständigen Jagdfliegerregiments) in Montschegorsk mit dem 722. BAP (722. Bombenfliegerregiment) in Smurawjewo (Oblast Pskow) und dem 98. ORAP (98. Selbständiges Aufklärungsfliegerregiment) in Montschegorsk. Das 67. BAP (67. Bombenfliegerregiment) in Siwerskij wurde aufgelöst.
 3 Abfangjägerstaffeln mit je 8 MiG-31BS
 3 Frontbomberstaffeln mit je 8 Su-24M und
 3 Aufklärungsstaffeln mit insgesamt 20 Su-24MR
 6961. AB in Bessowez bei Petrosawodsk, früher 177. IAP (177. Jagdfliegerregiment) in Lodeinoje Pole
 6 Abfangjägerstaffeln mit je 6 Su-27S (Reduzierung auf vier Staffeln mit je 6 Su-27 bis 2011 geplant) und
 eine Ausbildungsstaffel mit 6 Su-27UB
 87. AB in Lewaschowo bei Sankt Petersburg, früher 138. OSAP (138. Selbständiges Gemischtes Fliegerregiment) mit 2 Tu-134, 6 An-26, 5 An-12, 5 Mi-8
 6992. AB in Priblowo bei Wyborg mit 12 Mi-24PN und 12 Mi-8
 6960. AB in Alakurtti (Oblast Murmansk) mit 8 Mi-24 und 8 Mi-8
 922. AB in Puschkin mit 9 Mi-8PPA
 42. SRP (42. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Waldai mit S-300PS
 500. SRP (500. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Gostilizy mit 4 S-300PM

 3. BrWKO (Brigada Wosduschno-Kosmitscheskoi Oborony) (3. Brigade der Luft-Kosmos-Verteidigung), Hauptquartier Kaliningrad
 6967. AB in Tschkalowsk, früher 689. OIAP (689. Selbstständiges Jagdfliegerregiment) der Baltischen Flotte und heute bei den Luftstreitkräften
 6 Abfangjägerstaffeln mit je 6 Su-27 (Reduzierung auf vier Staffeln mit je 6 Su-27 bis 2011 sowie eine Umrüstung auf Su-24M2 bis 2016 geplant) und
 eine Ausbildungsstaffel mit 6 Su-27UB
 6962. AB in Tschernjachowsk
 3 Frontbomberstaffeln mit je 8 Su-24M
 183. SRP (183. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Gwardeisk mit S-300
 43. SRP (43. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Snamensk mit S-300

Militärbezirk Moskau (Angaben teils ungenau)
 4. BrWKO (Brigada Wosduschno-Kosmitscheskoi Oborony) (4. Brigade der Luft-Kosmos-Verteidigung), Hauptquartier Dolgoprudny
 7000. AB in Woronesch mit 24 Su-34, 24 Su-24M, vier An-30 und einer Mi-8
 5. ODRAO (5. Selbständige Fernaufklärungsfliegergruppe) in Woronesch mit 16 An-30
 1729. SRP (1729. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Naro-Fominsk mit zwei Buk-1M sowie zwei S-300W

 5. BrWKO (Brigada Wosduschno-Kosmitscheskoi Oborony) (5. Brigade der Luft-Kosmos-Verteidigung), Hauptquartier Petrowskoje, früher 16. AWWS i PWO (16. Luftarmee)
 6996. AB in Wjasma mit 24 Mi-24, 2 Mi-28N und 12 Mi-8
 6965. AB in Kaluga mit 24 Mi-24 und 12 Mi-8
 214. OWE (Selbständige Hubschrauberstaffel) in Kursk mit 30 Mi-24 und 14 Mi-8
 253. OWE (Selbständige Hubschrauberstaffel) in Kostroma mit 28 Mi-24 und 17 Mi-8
 606. SRP (606. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Elektrostal mit S-400
 93. SRP (93. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Swenigorod mit S-400
 210. SRP (210. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Dmitrow mit S-400
 390. SRP (390. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Nowoje mit S-300PM1
 226. OSAP (226. Selbstständiges Gemischtes Fliegerregiment) in Kubinka mit 8 An-12, 8 An-24, 6 An-26, 13 An-30 und 44 Mi-8

 6. BrWKO (Brigada Wosduschno-Kosmitscheskoi Oborony) (6. Brigade der Luft-Kosmos-Verteidigung), Hauptquartier Rschew, früher 5. DPWO (5. Luftverteidigungsdivision), Hauptquartier Dorotschowo
 6968. AB in Khotilowo nahe Bologoje mit 24 MiG-31B und 12 Su-27S
 6963. AB in Khalino bei Kursk mit 24 MiG-29SMT und 6 MiG-29UBT

Militärbezirk Nordkaukasus
4. Kommandowanie WWS i PWO (4. Kommando Luftstreitkräfte/Luftverteidigung), Hauptquartier in Rostow am Don, früher 4. AWWS i PWO (4. Luftarmee) und 5. AWWS i PWO (5. Luftarmee)

 7. BrWKO (Brigada Wosduschno-Kosmitscheskoi Oborony) (7. Brigade der Luft-Kosmos-Verteidigung), Hauptquartier Rostow am Don
 6969. AB in Millerowo mit 36 MiG-29 und 6 MiG-29UB, früher 19. IAP (19. Jagdfliegerregiment)
 6970. AB in Morosowsk mit 15 Su-34, 24 Su-24 und 30 Su-24M, früher 559. BAP (559. Bombenfliegerregiment)
 6970+. AB in Marinowka südwestlich von Wolgograd mit 24 Su-24MR
 6971. AB in Budjonnowsk mit 24 Su-25SM, 6 Su-25UB, 2 Mi-28N, 20 Mi-24 und 16 Mi-8, früher 368. SchAP (368. Schlachtfliegerregiment) und 487. OWP (487. Selbständiges Hubschrauberregiment)
 6972. AB in Krymsk mit 36 Su-27, 6 Su-27UB, 3 Mi-28N, 20 Mi-24, 16 Mi-8 und 4 Ka-27, früher 3. IAP (3. Jagdfliegerregiment)
 6973. AB in Primorsko-Achtarsk mit 24 Su-25 und 6 Su-25UB, früher 960. SchAP (960. Schlachtfliegerregiment)
 6974. AB in Egorlik südwestlich von Gorodowikowsk mit 16 Mi-8 und 10 Mi-26
 1536. SRP (1536. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Rostow am Don mit 3 S-300PM
 1537. SRP (1537. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Noworossijsk mit 2 S-300PM
 1721. SRP (1721. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Sotschi mit 2 Buk-M1
 3624. AB in Erebuni in Armenien mit 16 MiG-29 und 2 MiG-29UB
 999. AB in Kant in Kirgisistan mit 5 Su-25, 2 An-26, 5 L-39, 2 Mi-8, 2 Il-76 und 1 An-30

Militärbezirk Wolga-Ural-Sibirien
2. Kommandowanie WWS i PWO (2. Kommando Luftstreitkräfte/Luftverteidigung), Hauptquartier in Tschita, früher 14. AWWS i PWO (14. Luftarmee)

 8. BrWKO (Brigada Wosduschno-Kosmitscheskoi Oborony) (8. Brigade der Luft-Kosmos-Verteidigung), Hauptquartier Kuibyschew
 30. AB in Kolzowo bei Jekaterinburg mit 4 Su-27S, 3 Tu-134, 8 An-26, 2 An-12 und 5 Mi-8
 6975. AB in Bobrowka bei Artjomowski mit 12 Mi-24, 16 Mi-8 und 6 Mi-26
 6976. AB in Gissar: 4 Su-25, 1 Su-25UB, 4 Mi-24, 2 Mi-8
 6977. AB in Bolschoje Sawino bei Perm mit 24 MiG-31
 511. SRP (511. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Engels mit 2 S-300PS
 185. SRP (185. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Jekaterinburg mit 2 S-300PS
 568. SRP (568. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Samara mit 3 S-300PS

 9. BrWKO (Brigada Wosduschno-Kosmitscheskoi Oborony) (9. Brigade der Luft-Kosmos-Verteidigung), Hauptquartier Nowosibirsk
 6979. AB in Kansk mit 24 MiG-31BM, früher 712. IAP (712. Jagdfliegerregiment)
 590. SRP (590. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Nowosibirsk mit 3 S-300PS

 10. BrWKO (Brigada Wosduschno-Kosmitscheskoi Oborony) (10. Brigade der Luft-Kosmos-Verteidigung), Hauptquartier Tschita
 6982. AB am Militärflugplatz Domna nahe Tschita mit 36 MiG-29, 6 MiG-29UB
 6980. AB in Dschida nahe dem Baikalsee mit 24 Su-24M, 12 Su-24MR, 1 Mi-8
 6981. AB in Step bei Jasnogorsk mit 24 Su-25, 6 Su-25UB, früher 266. SchAP (266. Schlachtfliegerregiment)
 6978. AB in Berdsk: 20 Mi-24 und 12 Mi-8, früher 337. OWP (337. Selbständiges Hubschrauberregiment)
 320. AB in Nertschinsk mit 8 Mi-8
 1534. SRP (1534. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Angarsk mit 3 S-300PS
 1722. SRP (1722. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Perwomaiski mit 2 S-300W
 388. SRP (388. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Atschinsk mit 3 S-300PS
 1723. SRP (1723. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Dschida nahe dem Baikalsee mit 2 Buk-M1

Militärbezirk Fernost
3. Kommandowanie WWS i PWO (2. Kommando Luftstreitkräfte/Luftverteidigung), Hauptquartier in Chabarowsk, früher 11. AWWS i PWO (11. Luftarmee)

 11. BrWKO (Brigada Wosduschno-Kosmitscheskoi Oborony) (11. Brigade der Luft-Kosmos-Verteidigung), Hauptquartier Komsomolsk am Amur
 6983. AB in Wosschajewka nahe Blagoweschtschensk mit 36 Su-25, 6 Su-25UB, 4 Ka-50, 12 Mi-24 und 12 Mi-8
 6985. AB in Warfolomejewka (Region Primorje) mit 24 Su-24M und 24 Su-24MR
 6986. AB in Garowka nahe Chabarowsk mit 20 Mi-8 und 4 Mi-26
 6987. AB in Dsemgi nahe Komsomolsk am Amur mit 2 Su-35, 24 Su-27SM und 6 Su-27UB
 6988. AB in Churba nahe Komsomolsk am Amur mit 24 Su-24M2 und 24 Su-24M
 265. AB in Chabarowsk mit 1 Tu-154, 1 Tu-134, 6 An-26, 1 An-24 und 15 An-12
 101. OWO (1010. Hubschraubergruppe) in Sokol nahe Juschno-Sachalinsk mit 6 Mi-8
 1530. SRP (1530. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Komsomolsk am Amur mit 5 S-300PS
 1529. SRP (1529. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Chabarowsk mit 3 S-300PS

 12. BrWKO (Brigada Wosduschno-Kosmitscheskoi Oborony) (12. Brigade der Luft-Kosmos-Verteidigung), Hauptquartier Wladiwostok
 6989. AB in Zentralnaja Uglewaja bei Artjom mit 12 MiG-31B, 24 Su-27SM und 6 Su-27UB
 1533. SRP (1533. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Wladiwostok: 1 S-400, S-300PS

 14. BrWKO (Brigada Wosduschno-Kosmitscheskoi Oborony) (14. Brigade der Luft-Kosmos-Verteidigung), Hauptquartier Jelisowo
 6990. AB in Jelisowo mit 36 MiG-31B, 2 An-12, 2 An-26 und 2 Mi-8
 6984. AB in Ukrainka bei Seryschewo mit 12 Mi-24 und 12 Mi-8
 317. OSAP (317. Selbstständiges Gemischtes Fliegerregiment) in Jelisowo mit 8 Il-38, 12 Tu-142MR, 24 Ka-27, 25 Ka-29
 589. SRP (589. Flugabwehrraketenregiment) in Nachodka mit 3 S-300PS

37. WASN (Strategische Luftarmee)

Die strategischen Fernfliegerkräfte, auch als 37. Luftarmee (37 Wosduschnaja Armija) bezeichnet, umfassen die strategischen Langstreckenbomber Russlands, die im Kriegsfall auch nuklear bestückt werden können. Befehlshaber ist derzeit Generalmajor Anatoli Schicharew.

Mit der Übergabe der neuen Bomber vom Typ Tu-160M Walentin Blisnjuk am 5. Juni 2006 und einer weiteren modernisierten Tu-160M befinden sich nach dem Unglück der Michail Gromow am 23. September 2003, bei dem die vierköpfige Crew getötet wurde, nun wieder 15 strategische Überschallbomber Tu-160 im Dienst. Eine weitere neue Tu-160M flog erstmals am 28. Dezember 2007. Eine unbekannte Anzahl soll zur Tu-160M aufgerüstet werden. Das Upgrade umfasst nun auch die Möglichkeit des Einsatzes von Luft-Boden-Raketen Ch-29L, Ch-29T, Ch-25ML oder Ch-25MD, Antiradarraketen Ch-25MP, Ch-58 oder Ch-31P, Antischiffsraketen Ch-35 oder Ch-41, Marschflugkörper Ch-65, Lenkbomben KAB-1 500 und KAB-500KR. Möglich ist eine Aufstockung des Bestandes auf bis zu 30 Maschinen mit zwei bis drei Maschinen pro Jahr. Sie sollen bis 2040 im Einsatz bleiben. Die 70 Tupolew Tu-95MS-16 und Tu-95MS-6 sind nicht aus den 1950er Jahren. Alle diese Maschinen wurden zwischen 1988 und 1992 gebaut und ausgeliefert. Ein Upgrade-Programm, das als Tu-95MSM bezeichnet wird, ist in Planung. Die Tu-22M3 wird bald nur noch in zwei Regimentern fliegen, da mit dem 444. Bombenfliegerregiment eines der drei aktiven Regimenter 2007 der aktiven Reserve zugeteilt wird. Ob das vom Tupolew PSC angebotene Upgrade zu Tu-22M5 noch realisiert wird, ist daher unklar, da viele Tu-22M3 vor allem durch Su-34 ersetzt werden sollen. Auch 20 Tankflugzeuge Il-78 und Il-78M gehören zum Bestand der Fernflieger. Sie sind die einzigen Tanker der russischen Luftstreitkräfte, eine Lücke, die sich im Ernstfall katastrophal auswirken könnte. Mit dem 2006 gestarteten Projekt Il-96-400TM, für das für 2009 die Flugreife erwartet wird, sollen die russischen Luftstreitkräfte eine neue Generation an Tankflugzeugen erhalten. Die Auslieferungen von 40 bis 60 Maschinen ist vorgesehen. Geplant ist offenbar auch der Umbau älterer Suchoi Su-24M zu schnellen Tankflugzeugen (Su-24M können sich mit UPAS-Behältern gegenseitig betanken).

Seit Juli 2007 fliegen die russischen Langstreckenbomber, unter anderem vom Militärflugplatz Engels-2 aus, erstmals seit dem Ende des Kalten Krieges auch wieder Einsätze über das russische Territorium – wie zur Zeit der Sowjetunion – hinaus. Eine Tupolew Tu-95 (NATO-Code "Bear") flog von Blagoweschtschensk bis zum US-Luftwaffenstützpunkt Guam im Pazifik. Generaloberst Alexander Zelin kündigte an, in Zukunft Alarmrotten mit bis zu 20 Bombern gleichzeitig in der Luft zu haben.

Zudem flogen Mitte Juli 2007 eine Tu-95MS zusammen mit zwei Tu-160-Bombern und einem Tankflugzeug vom Typ Iljuschin Il-78 Midas im internationalen Luftraum zwischen Norwegen und Großbritannien und wurden von Tornado-Kampfflugzeugen der britischen Royal Air Force und F-16-Kampfflugzeugen der norwegischen Luftwaffe überwacht.

Seit dem 5. September 2007 fliegen die russischen Luftstreitkräfte wieder die im Jahre 1992 einseitig eingestellten Patrouillenflüge über dem Pazifik, Atlantik sowie über dem Nordpolarmeer und bleiben dank Luftbetankung bis zu 17 Stunden in der Luft. Derzeit befinden sich acht Maschinen in der Luft. Bei ihren Flügen werden sie stets von NATO Kampfjets begleitet.

Struktur ab 2010
Komandowanije DA
 6950. AB in Engels mit 16 Tu-160 und 15 Tu-95MS-6, früher 121. und 184. TBAP (Schweres Bombenfliegerregiment)
 6951. AB in Solzy mit 48 Tu-22M3, früher 52. und 840. TBAP (Schweres Bombenfliegerregiment)
 6952. AB in Ukrainka bei Seryschewo mit 36 Tu-95MS-6, früher 79. TBAP und 182. TBAP (Schweres Bombenfliegerregiment)
 6953. AB in Belaja nahe Ussolje-Sibirskoje mit 30 Tu-22M3, 2 Tu-22MR, 2 Tu-134UBL, 1 An-12, 1 An-26 und 1 An-30B, früher 200. und 444. TBAP (Schweres Bombenfliegerregiment)
 6954. AB in Djagilewo bei Rjasan mit 22 Il-78M
 43. ZBP i PLS in Rjasan mit 4 Tu-22M3, 4 Tu-95MS und 8 Tu-134UBL
 1449. AB in Tambow mit 10 Tu-134, 8 An-26
 199. AB in Tiksi mit 5 An-12 und 5 Mi-8

Modernisierung

Die russischen Luftstreitkräfte wurden seit 2001 langsam in recht großem Umfang modernisiert. Ziel war es, für mindestens eine Hälfte der Bestandsliste neue, für die andere Hälfte modernisierte Einheiten einzusetzen.

WWS i PWO (Luftstreitkräfte/Luftverteidigung)
Die Entwicklung des neuen Jägers der 5. Generation Suchoi Su-57 zog sich in die Länge. Nachdem Indien in das Programm eingestiegen war, wurde der Erstflug auf 2009 verschoben.
Auch der Zulauf der MiG-31BM verzögerte sich. Nach Tests mit zwei Flugzeugen wurde 2007 eine dritte MiG-31 umgerüstet, welche die Erfahrungen aus den Tests berücksichtigen soll. Die MiG-31BM bekommt das Waffenleitsystem Saslon-AM mit einer Verfolgungsreichweite von 320 km und einer Zielerfassungsreichweite von 280 km. Weitere Upgrades sind LCD-MFD in beiden Cockpits sowie die Langstrecken-Luft-Luft-Rakete R-37M mit einer Reichweite von mehr als 200 km. Des Weiteren kann diese Mischung aus Abfangjäger und Jagdbomber Luft-Boden-Raketen Ch-59, Ch-59M, Ch-29T, Antischiffraketen Ch-31A, Antiradarraketen Ch-25MP, Ch-25MPU oder Ch-31P, Lenkbomben KAB-1500 oder acht Lenkbomben KAB-500 mitführen.
Von den WWS kam 2007 grünes Licht für die Modernisierung der vorhandenen MiG-31B auf den BM-Standard. Sechs Regimenter fliegen derzeit 223 Maschinen der Versionen MiG-31DZ, MiG-31B und MiG-31BS. Alle sollen bis 2015 gleichmäßig mit 24 Maschinen ausgerüstet sein, um eine einheitliche Stärke zu erreichen und Geld einzusparen. Das ergibt 144 Maschinen plus jene, die in den Ausbildungs- und Testzentren fliegen.
 458. IAP in Sawatija mit 34 MiG-31B
 174. Gw. OIAP in Montschegorsk mit 33 MiG-31BS
 790. Gw. IAP in Chotilowo mit 41 MiG-31B
 764. IAP in Bolschoje Sawino mit 31 MiG-31B
 712. IAP in Kansk mit 29 MiG-31DZ
 865. OIAP in Jelisowo mit 24 MiG-31B
 530. IAP in Tschugujewka mit 31 MiG-31B
Bis 2020 sollen 1000 neue Hubschrauber und 800 Flugzeuge in Dienst gestellt werden.

Ein ähnliches Upgrade gibt es mit der Aufrüstung der alten Su-27P und Su-27S zur Su-27SM. Sechs Regimenter fliegen 170 Su-27 in vier Modifikationen. Seit Ende 2006 (sechs Maschinen geliefert) fliegen 24 Su-27SM beim 23. IAP auf der AB Tschemgi bei Komsomolsk. Die Wahl des Stützpunktes gleich um die Ecke war wohl mit der Nähe zum Werk zu erklären, falls Nachbesserungen anfielen. Nicht umsonst heißt es bei den WWS, dass beim 23. IAP der Service am besten sei. Vom 10. bis 12. Juli 2007 nahmen die Su-27SM des 23. IAP am Manöver Krylo-2007 teil, bei dem sie die Landung auf der Magistrale Chabarowsk-Komsomolsk trainierten. Am 12. Dezember 2007 wurden die ersten drei von weiteren 24 Su-27SM dem 22. IAP übergeben. Bis Ende 2008 sollen auch hier 24 Maschinen fliegen. Die Modernisierung findet bei KnAAPO in Komsomolsk na Amur statt.

 9. IAP in Kilp Jawr mit 28 Su-27P
 177. IAP in Lodeinoje Pole mit 29 Su-27S
 61. IAP in Dorotschowo mit 30 Su-27P
 3. IAP in Krimskaja im 35 Su-27S
 22. IAP in Zentralnaja Uglewaja mit 24 Su-27SM
 23. IAP in Dsemgi mit 24 Su-27SM

Das Programm MiG-29SMT wird mit einem Regiment umgesetzt. Es handelt sich um 24 Maschinen, die nach Algerien geliefert werden sollten, jedoch wegen qualitativer Mängel zurückgegeben wurden. Die Einsatzregimenter mit MiG-29 wurden seit 2004 radikal von acht auf fünf reduziert. Möglich wäre sogar die Beschaffung der MiG-29M2 bzw. der MiG-35 als Übergangslösung, bis die Suchoi Su-57 eingeführt werden kann.

 28. IAP in Kubinka mit 70 MiG-29
 14. IAP in Kursk mit 45 MiG-29
 31. IAP in Sernograd mit 54 MiG-29
 19. IAP in Millerowo mit 51 MiG-29
 120. IAP in Domna mit 46 MiG-29

Am 19. Dezember 2006 wurden die ersten beiden Su-34 übergeben. Das erste Mal seit 1993 erhielten die Luftstreitkräfte einen neuen Jagdbomber. Nachdem am 31. Juli 2007 die Rote 01 schließlich dem 4. ZBL i PLS in Lipezk übergeben wurde, hatte die Rote 02 ihre Flugerprobung abgeschlossen. Die sechs für 2007 bestellten Maschinen wurden nicht ausgeliefert. Grund ist nicht ein zu knappes Budget, sondern ein Umbau beim Hersteller NAPO, der die Fertigungslinie der An-38 nach Omsk verlegen musste, um Su-34 zu bauen und gleichzeitig Su-24 modernisieren zu können. Für 2008 waren fünf (anstatt der angekündigten zehn) Su-34 vorgesehen, die sich bereits im Flugtest befanden und im Laufe des Jahres übergeben werden sollen. Bis 2020 und darüber hinaus sind 200 Maschinen geplant, was jedoch nur möglich ist, wenn 15 bis 20 Maschinen pro Jahr gebaut werden.

Als Su-24M2 wird eine Variante aus einem Modernisierungsprogramm bezeichnet, das die Su-24M waffentechnisch auf das Niveau der modernsten Su-30-Varianten bringe. Die Maschinen bekommen unter anderem neue GLONASS-kompatible Navigationssysteme, verbesserte Systeme zur elektronischen Kriegführung sowie Waffenleitsysteme, die den Einsatz von modernsten Luft-Boden-Lenkwaffen im Allwettereinsatz ermöglichen. Die ersten Su-24M2 für die russischen Streitkräfte wurden am 15. August 2006 nach Lipezk verbracht. Am 25. Dezember 2007 wurden die ersten sechs Su-24M2 an das 302. BAP übergeben.
 722. BAP in Smurawjewo mit 29 Su-24M
 67. BAP in Siwerski mit 37 Su-24M
 455. BAP in Woronesch mit 34 Su-24
 1. Gw. BAP in Lebjaschje mit 49 Su-24
 559. BAP in Morossowsk mit 30 Su-24
 959. BAP in Jeisk mit 32 Su-24
 2. Gw. BAP in Tschita mit 28 Su-24M
 21. BAP in Bada mit 28 Su-24M
 277. BAP in Churba mit 30 Su-24M
 302. BAP in Perejaslwsk mit 20 Su-24M2
 523. BAP in Wosschajewka mit 30 Su-24

Am 28. Dezember 2006 wurden die ersten sechs Su-25SM in Kubinka übergeben. Das Upgrade umfasst eine umfassende Modernisierung der Avionik, um Navigations- und Zielgenauigkeit bei Präzisionsschlägen zu verbessern. Ebenfalls können jetzt über Helmvisier gesteuerte Luftkampfraketen der R-73-Serie sowie Mittelstreckenraketen R-27R und R-77 mitgeführt werden. Das Waffenleitsystem PrNK-25 Bars verknüpft nun alle Sensoren, zu denen auch der Laserzielbeleuchter Klijon-PS gehört. Die Zuladung stieg von 4000 auf 5000 kg. Die Su-25UBM soll als doppelsitziges Kampfflugzeug für die Su-25SM die Su-25-Familie fortsetzen. Am 22. Februar 2008 begannen die ersten Bodentests. Der Erstflug erfolgte am 6. Dezember 2008. Eine neun bis zwölf Monate dauernde Erprobung folgte. Für 2010 stand die Einführung in die Truppe an. Modernisiert werden die Maschinen bei UUAZ in Ulan-Ude, sie können aber auch neu gebaut werden. Die Avionik und Bewaffnung wird identisch der der Su-25SM sein, es sollen Upgrades u. a. der Su-25UTG folgen. Im Gegensatz zur Su-25UB ist die Su-25UBM voll kampffähig und zu Präzisionsschlägen in der Lage. Die WWS planen zwei Regimenter für die Modernisierung mit Su-25SM/UBM ein.

 899. SchAP in Buturlinowka mit 40 Su-25 und 12 Su-25UB
 461. SchAP in Krasnodar mit 26 Su-25, und 8 Su-25UB
 368. SchAP in Budjonnowsk mit 20 Su-25SM
 960. SchAP in Primorsko-Achtarsk mit 26 Su-25 und 8 Su-25UB
 266. SchAP in Step mit 22 Su-25 und 8 Su-25UB
 18. SchAP in Galenki mit 33 Su-25 und 9 Su-25UB
 187. SchAP in Tschernigowka mit 29 Su-25 und 7 Su-25UB

Ebenfalls Ende 2007 waren die ersten fünf Kampfhubschrauber Mi-28N ausgeliefert. Bis 2015 sollen 67 Maschinen dieses Typs beschafft werden. Damit verfügt Russland über einen modernen Kampfhubschrauber, der mit amerikanischen und europäischen Modellen vergleichbar ist. Außerdem ist eine umfassende Modernisierung für mindestens 100 Mi-24 geplant. Auch nachtkampffähige, mit Komponenten der Mi-28N ausgerüsteten Mi-24PN wurden ausgeliefert.

Innenministerium und Speznas
Die Spezialeinheiten (Speznas) bekommen das modernste Gerät. Obwohl es noch keine konkreten Hinweise gibt, mehren sich Gerüchte über die Beschaffung von einigen Su-25TM bzw. Su-39. Bis 2010 sollen die Spezialeinheiten zwölf Ka-50 und fünf Ka-52 erhalten.

Transportfliegerkräfte (61. Luftarmee)
Der Flugzeugpark an Il-76 ist groß, wobei mehr Il-76MD in Dienst stehen sollen. Das russisch-ukrainische Projekt der An-70 wurde 2014 eingestellt. Im Entwicklungsstadium befindet sich die Tupolew Tu-330WT, ein Transporter, der auch als Tanker zum Einsatz kommen könnte. In Entwicklung befindet sich auch die Il-112 als leichtes Transportflugzeug.

Marinefliegerkräfte
Die Tu-142 bleibt, und zwar als Tu-142M. Sie kann sowohl Torpedos als auch Antischiffsraketen einsetzen. Ein ähnliches Projekt gibt es mit der Il-38. Mit der Militärversion der Be-220 bietet der Flugzeugbauer Berijew ein völlig neues Konzept an. Für die Seeraumüberwachung würden die Marineflieger das Missionsystem Nowella (MAD, Sonarbojen, IR-Kamera) erhalten. Als Bewaffnung kämen Antischiffsraketen Ch-35U und Torpedos in Betracht. Ein anderes Programm schlägt einen Umbau von Trainern Su-27UB zur Schiffsbekämpfungsversion Su-30KN vor, bis die Su-34 auch hier eingeführt werden kann. Die bisherigen Tu-22M3 sind bereits zu alt und müssen dringend ersetzt werden. Außerdem sollen alle 19 Su-33 des Flugdeckkreuzers Admiral Kusnezow eine Modernisierung durchlaufen. Eine Nachbeschaffung der MiG-29K erscheint möglich.

Ausbildungsfliegerkräfte
Die Einführung der dringend benötigten Jak-130 begann im Jahr 2010, in diesem Jahr wurde die erste Serienmaschine, von geplanten 65 Stück, in Dienst gestellt. Eine Beschaffung der MiG-AT erfolgt nicht. Die 90 doppelsitzige Kampfflugzeuge Su-27UB sollen allesamt modifiziert werden, um spätere Ausbildung auf Su-27SM bzw. Su-27SM2 zu gewährleisten. Obwohl sich eine Einführung MiG-29SMT nicht abzeichnet, gibt es großes Interesse an ihrer günstigeren Trainerversion MiG-29UBT, die dank verbesserter Waffenleitsysteme zum Mehrzweckjäger umgerüstet werden kann. Geplant sind 30 Neubeschaffungen und etwa 90 Modernisierungen. Flogen russische Kampfpiloten bis 2001 nur etwa 20 bis 30 Stunden im Jahr, sind es inzwischen etwa 120 Stunden bei den Fernfliegern und 140 Stunden bei den Jagdfliegern.

Personal
Wie auch die anderen Teilstreitkräfte der russischen Armee haben die Luftstreitkräfte mit massiven Problemen im Personalbereich zu kämpfen. Korruption, Gewalt und Erniedrigungen gegenüber Untergebenen sowie niedrige Entlohnung führen zu schlechter Moral und kritischen Nachwuchsproblemen. Für 2007 wurde eine Erhöhung des Verteidigungshaushalts um etwa 2 Milliarden Euro beschlossen, von denen ein großer Teil für die Verbesserung des Lebensstandards der Armeeangehörigenen (Wohnungsbau- und-sanierungsprogramme und Solderhöhungen) verwendet werden soll.

Zusammenfassung
Nach Angaben russischer Experten vor 2009 hatten 57 Prozent der Flugzeuge und Hubschrauber ihre Sollbetriebszeiten überschritten, wurden nach Bedarf gewartet und ihre Betriebszeiten periodisch verlängert. 55 Prozent der Flugzeuge und Hubschrauber waren seit mehr als 15 Jahren im Dienst, 40 Prozent seit fünf bis zehn Jahren. Berechnungen russischer Spezialisten besagten, dass bis 2009 rund 2300 Flugzeuge und 1300 Hubschrauber ausgesondert werden müssen. Um die Kampfkraft zu erhalten und die gestellten Aufgaben erfüllen zu können, sind in den nächsten 20 Jahren jährliche Zuführungen von etwa 120 modernisierten Flugzeugen und 70 Hubschraubern notwendig; es bedarf einer Zuführung von mindestens 60 neuen Flugzeugen und 50 Hubschraubern.

Es wurde erkannt, dass die erste Variante, das heißt der Abbau der Flugzeugflotte, das ganze Problem nur verschlimmern würde, denn die jetzigen für den Einsatz vorgesehenen Flugzeuge entsprechen bei weitem nicht den Sicherheitsbedürfnissen des Landes.

Ein Plan bis 2015 sah die gleichmäßige Ausrüstung jedes Jagdfliegeregiments mit 24 und jedes Bomben- und Schlachtfliegerregimentes mit 20 Flugzeugen vor. Für Modernisierungen werden immer jene Maschinen mit wenigen Flugstunden ausgesucht. Das hat zwar eine weitere radikale Reduzierung der Schlagkraft zur Folge, spart jedoch gleichzeitig Geld, das später für weitere Neubeschaffungen ausgegeben werden kann.

Bis 2015 werden die WWS ihre absolute Mindeststärke erreicht haben. Aufgelistet sind die Maschinen der reinen Einsatzregimenter.

 ein Regiment mit Tu-160M (24 Maschinen)
 zwei Regimenter mit Tu-95MS-6/MSM (48 Maschinen)
 zwei Regimenter mit Tu-22M3 (48 Maschinen)

 sechs Regimenter mit MiG-31B/BM (144 Maschinen)
 sechs Regimenter mit Su-27P/S/SM (144 Maschinen)
 vier Regimenter mit MiG-29A/S (96 Maschinen)

 zwei Regimenter mit Su-34 (40 Maschinen)
 neun Regimenter mit Su-24M/M2 (180 Maschinen)
 sieben Regimenter mit Su-25SM/UBM (140 Maschinen)

Das ergibt:
 72 Strategische Bomber
 48 Taktische Bomber
 384 Jäger
 220 Jagd- bzw. Frontbomber
 140 Schlachtflugzeuge

Die Modernisierung geht voran, trotz weiterer Finanzprobleme. Ziel ist je ein modernisiertes Jagdflieger-, Bombenflieger und Schlachtfliegerregiment pro Militärbezirk, zusammengefasst zu schnellen Einsatzverbänden. Die schleichende Überalterung der Einheiten macht eine umfassende Modernisierung unabdingbar. Mit einem übermäßigen zahlenmäßigen Zuwachs bei den WWS ist nicht zu rechnen. Vielmehr geht der Trend zu einer modernen, kleineren, mobilen, aber dennoch schlagkräftigen Luftwaffe.

Inventar

Das Inventar besteht aus rund 3.863 Luftfahrzeugen und 714 Flugabwehrsystemen, welche sich im aktiven Einsatz befinden. Sie lassen sich in folgende Kategorien einteilen: Es ist jedoch leicht möglich, dass durch den Angriff auf die Ukraine 2022 Fluggerät zerstört worden ist.

Luftfahrzeuge

Ausgemusterte Luftfahrzeuge: Iljuschin Il-62; Kamow Ka-50

Die Werksmaschinen der Unternehmen, z. B. die Demonstrator-Maschinen Su-35, sind dennoch voll kampffähig und werden im Falle eines Angriffes unter das Kommando der Luftstreitkräfte gestellt.

Waffensysteme

Flugabwehrsysteme:
 330× S-300 (160× S-300PS; 150× S-300PM1/PM2; 20× S-300W)
 6× S-350 "Witjas"
 248× S-400 "Triumf"
 80× 9K37M1-2/ M2 Buk
 50× 96K6 Panzir S1/S2

Luft-Luft-Raketen:
 Wympel R-27
 Wympel R-33
 Wympel R-37
 Wympel R-60 T
 Wympel R-73
 Wympel R-74
 Wympel R-77-1

Luft-Boden-Raketen:
 Ch-25 M/MP
 Ch-29
 Ch-31
 Ch-38
 Ch-47M2 Kinschal
 Ch-58
 Ch-59

Panzerabwehrlenkwaffen:
 9M114 Schturm
 9M120 Ataka

Seezielflugkörper:
 Raduga Ch-22
 Ch-35 U

Kernwaffen und Marschflugkörper:
 CH-55 SM/ Ch-555
 CH-101/ CH-102

Bomben:
 KAB-500/ KAB-500 KR/OD/S
 KAB-1500 L/KR
 UPAB 1500

Einsätze

Der Föderationsrat genehmigte am 30. September 2015 einen Militäreinsatz in Syrien, bei welchem es nach russischen Angaben um einen "Anti-Terror-Einsatz" ging; nach deren Angaben seien Stellungen des IS angegriffen worden, nach anderen Angaben sollen gleich am ersten Tag Stellungen einer gemäßigten Gruppe mit dem Namen "Tajamu Alezzah" oder aber der zur Freien Syrischen Armee gehörigen "Tajammu al-Izzah" bei Homs getroffen worden sein. Senator McCain zufolge wurden "von der CIA unterstützte Rebellen" angegriffen. Beim folgenden langjährigen Einsatz kamen Jagdbomber und Erdkampfflugzeuge des Typs Suchoi Su-24, Suchoi Su-25, Suchoi Su-30SM und Suchoi Su-34 zum Einsatz sowie sowohl deren dem Objektschutz der Luftwaffenbasis gehörigen Truppen, als auch Spezialtruppen zur Aufklärung sowie Militärpolizei-Einheiten.

Am 24. November 2015 wurde eine Su-24 von 2 türkischen F-16 abgeschossen. Die Türkei habe die Besatzung der Suchoi über fünf Minuten lang etwa zehnmal gewarnt, bevor der Abschussbefehl erteilt worden sei. Allerdings befand sich die Su-24M2, wenn überhaupt, wohl nur wenige Sekunden über türkischem Gebiet. Nach türkischer Darstellung soll sich die Su-24 zusammen mit einem weiteren russischen Kampfflugzeug 17 Sekunden in türkischem Luftraum aufgehalten haben. Nach russischer Darstellung hat die Su-24 den türkischen Luftraum nicht verletzt. Die beiden Piloten konnten sich zunächst mit dem Schleudersitz retten, wurden aber von Rebellen mit Handfeuerwaffen beschossen, während sie am Fallschirm hingen. Mindestens einer der beiden Piloten wurde dabei getötet. Ein weiterer russischer Militärangehöriger kam bei der Search-and-Rescue-Operation ums Leben, als einer der beiden Mil Mi-8-Hubschrauber von den Rebellen mit einer Panzerabwehrlenkrakete beschossen wurde.

Im Bürgerkrieg in Syrien nach dem Eingreifen Russlands ab 2015 und im Zuge des Russischen Überfalls auf die Ukraine 2022 werden insbesondere die Russischen Luftstreitkräfte zahlreicher Kriegsverbrechen beschuldigt. Sie sollen immer wieder Krankenhäuser, Schulen, sowie Märkte und Lebensmittelausgaben gezielt bombardiert und Wohngebiete mit unterschiedslosen Waffen angegriffen haben.

Im August 2022 waren trotz der russischen Nachrichtensperre die Namen von 67 im Krieg getöteten Luftwaffenoffizieren bekannt. Allein am 24. September 2022 verlor die russische Luftwaffe vier Kampfflugzeuge. Insgesamt werden die Verluste der russischen Luftwaffe auf 57 Kampfflugzeuge, sowie auf 50 Hubschrauber beziffert.

Laut dem britischen Verteidigungsministerium ist die Präsenz der russischen Luftwaffe in der Ukraine kaum gegeben.

Siehe auch
 Zentrales Museum der Luftstreitkräfte der Russischen Föderation
 Geschichte der russischen Luftfahrt
 Dienstgrade der russischen Luftstreitkräfte
 Park Patriot

Literatur

Weblinks

 www.warfare.ru (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Nationale Luftstreitkraft
Wikipedia:Artikel mit Video


This native of western United States, is common along roadsides and damp meadows in the spring. Once established, these pretty blue flowers will spread rapidly through division of rhizomous bulbs. One to three flowers on sturdy stems are blue with white and purplish veins. The leaves are long, and strap-like. Keep these moist but not wet and out of pastures as the rhizomes are mildly toxic.


text:
Montazeri Technical University of Mashhad also known as Mashhad Institute of Technology is one of the oldest and largest public technical university in Iran under the supervision of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology and Technical and Vocational University. At the end of June 2013, Montazeri Technical University of Mashhad was introduced as "The nation's premier center of Technical college among 167 colleges in Iran".

History
Shahid Mohammad Montazeri Technical and Vocational University, one of the oldest and largest public technical university in Iran, was established in 1967. It is a technical and vocational training center. The university and the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology accepts associate and bachelor's degree students.
In the evaluation of the technical and vocational University in the academic year of 2012/2013, in the four educational, cultural, student, and physical education fields, Shahid Mohammad Montazeri ranked first among 167 campuses on the basis of performance evaluation indicators. At the end of June 2013, Shahid Mohammad Montazeri campus was introduced as "national premier center". According to the Council for the Extension of Higher Education of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, this faculty was officially promoted to the Technical and Vocational University of Mashhad on 24.12.2015

Faculties

Bachelor's
 Instrumentation control engineering
 HVAC engineering
 Power engineering
 Electronic engineering
 Computer software
 Quality control
 Civil engineering
 Facilities engineering
 Accountancy
 Sports science
 Auto-mechanics
 Architecture
 Mechanical / manufacturing engineering

References

External links
 Official website
 Iranian Society of Instrumentation and Control Engineers

Universities in Iran
1967 establishments in Iran
Campuses
Buildings and structures in Mashhad
Education in Razavi Khorasan Province

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


What is the change? Work permit renewal applicants are seeing significant delays in Sweden as authorities continue to focus resources on the ongoing migrant crisis.
What does the change mean? Work permit renewals are taking four to six months to process, up significantly compared with standard processing times. Swedish officials continue to prioritize new work permit applications, which are taking four to six weeks to process. New work permit applications for foreign nationals who have worked in Sweden previously are taking three to five months.
Visas/permits affected: Work permits; in particular, work permit renewals.
Who is affected: Employers and non-EU nationals applying for work permit renewals.
Impact on processing times: Processing times for work permit renewals remain significantly delayed. Current processing times can be checked online at this Swedish Migration Agency website.
Business impact: Businesses should take note of the delays and plan accordingly.
Background: Sweden was one of the top destinations for migrants fleeing the Middle East and North Africa in 2015 and 2016, and work permit renewal processes remain backed up.
Under normal circumstances, authorities ask that work permit renewal applications be submitted no more than 30 days before a permit's expiration date. This poses problems, however, because due to the backlog, processing can take up to six months, leaving non-EU nationals with an expired work permit and unable to leave Sweden until they obtain their new permit. Authorities are now accepting applications early, and BAL recommends submitting new applications no later than six months before a permit's expiration date.
Pay slips and other documentation may be requested for the time between when a renewal application is submitted and when it is approved.
BAL Analysis: Those in need of a work permit renewal should work with BAL to make sure they are leaving enough time to account for the delays in processing. Contact BAL with any case-specific questions.


text:
GdS: AC Milan interested in Napoli striker as Gattuso may ask for swap deal
By Oliver Fisher - 30 March 2020, 11:29
AC Milan are interested in signing Napoli striker Arkadiusz Milik, a report claims, with a swap deal potentially on the cards.
Milan have been linked with a move for Milik over the past couple of weeks as he seems destined to leave Napoli, as talks regarding a renewal of the Poland international's deal – which expires in 2021 – have stalled.
According to La Gazzetta dello Sport on Monday (via MilanLive), Milan could try 'to seize an important opportunity in view of next season' by moving for the Poland international.
With Zlatan Ibrahimovic set to end his second spell with the Rossoneri after just six months, the management are on the hunt for a profile capable of picking up where the Swede left off.
Milik could be the perfect opportunity as he has shown a willingness to change clubs this summer and look for new stimuli. He and his partner Jessica are happy in Naples, but at the same time there is the need for a new challenge after four years in the Azzurri shirt.
After the departure of Krzysztof Piatek and with Rafael Leão's best position still unknown, Milik could become a more and more concrete option for the Rossoneri.
Considering Gennaro Gattuso is on the bench at Napoli, a swap deal with the former Milan boss isn't out of the question as he may ask for an old protégé in return, though a price tag of €40m for the 26-year-old has been mentioned.
We are running in the 2020 Football Content Awards in the category 'Best International Club Content Creator'. We would really appreciate it if you could cast your vote for us below! You can also vote for us by tweeting using this link!
Tags AC Milan Arkadiusz Milik
SM: Mandzukic set to join Milan – details of his contract including clause for extension
Pioli discusses two new COVID cases, potential Mandzukic signing and Meite's arrival

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Machine Learning Business Breach (MBB): How Hackers can Use Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Break In
ML, AI, and APTs – A 'Brave' New World?
SLOW READ
UNTERFINGHER
Isaac Asimov, one of the most influential science-fiction writers of all times, envisioned a future populated by sentient and ethically sound machines that have vowed never to let any harm fall upon a human.
While we're still far from hearing an intellectually uplifting conversation between a technophobic detective and a machine struggling to figure out its own existence, technology has come to the point where we can mimic many biological systems.
Take the human brain for instance – even though humans use around 10% of its computing powers to perform day-to-day tasks, it is still considered the most complex computational machine.
For decades, scientists and engineers have strived to boost the computational capabilities of computers by imitating the human brain's neural pathways. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the brainchild (pun intended) of computer engineering and biology.
Most of the apps or software we use today to take advantage of AI. To name just a few, we have Apple's Siri, Microsoft's Cortana, Alexa, DataBot, Hound, and Youper. Although recent compared to traditional data processing and manipulation techniques, AI has already proved its potential.
However, as with any new piece of technology, there's the age-old ethical concern: can it be used to serve nefarious purposes?
All of the data gathered so far supports the idea that 'rogue 'AIs can and has been used to unleash devastating attacks – back in September, one of my colleagues pointed out that a "voice-altering AI" is behind an of CEO-impersonation cyberattacks that have hit numerous companies all over the globe.
Long before DeepFakes, one cannot forget the incident involving Microsoft's short-lived Tay Bot, an experiment shortly discontinued after the AI started to blurt out offensive and inflammatory tweets.
Even Twitch's seemingly innocuous Google Home chitchat took a rather twisted turn, after the two smart home devices plunge into an existential discourse, asking one another about the meaning of life and questioning their identity as machines.
The examples quoted so far are neither malicious nor good, in essence; they just show what AI can do when it starts 'thinking' outside of the box. However, this is not the purpose of this article. We're here to talk about machine learning (ML) and how this 'technique' can potentially be used to serve malicious intents.
Before I tackle the finer points of ML spearheading the malware movement, I would like to say that everything you will read from this point on, will have a "what-if" spin to it; up till now, there have been no indications of machine learning techniques being used in cyberattacks.
However, back in 2016, the US Intelligence community red-flagged the potential use of machine learning in boosting the efficiency of malware attacks. To some, this may be nothing more than the proverbial "red herring", but it still remains a very distinct and not so far-fetched possibility.
Machine Learning in malware dissemination
First of all, it's only fair to determine how ML fits into the big picture. Although they usually appear in the same context, AI and ML are not the same things. Machine Learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence, one that's being used to 'teach' machines how 'to think on their own' rather than rely on explicit instructions. In scientific lingo, ML is the study of statistical models and algorithms which are used to coach computer systems to accomplish various tasks through inference and pattern analysis.
So, do androids dream electrical sheep? No, but they can be taught about how to dream their own world into being. Beyond statistical analysis, probabilities, decision trees, and genetic algorithms, the use of ML for AI coaching are very much like teaching small children about how to tackle various challenges. For instance, you can forbid a child from touching a hot stove, but the only experience can teach him\her why it's not a good idea to place your hand on a hot surface.
That's how ML works in a nutshell: you can write thousands of lines of code telling an AI how to, say identify a smiling face in a picture, but only ML-enforced coaching can really help the machine to figure out how to 'point out' grinning faces in non-explicit contexts. The process I have just described is actually an ML-based IDing technique, with any number of applications, some pertaining to social media.
So, how can Machine Learning be employed to increase the efficiency of malware attacks? The 'easiest' answer is that "it cannot". At least not by its own accord. ML is about teaching and coaching – knowledge is knowledge and, therefore not inherently good or evil. It's the way we choose to exert it, that creates this type of polarity.
From this, we should be able to infer two things:
A) machine learning can be used to gather information on target(s) and
B) machine learning can, theoretically, be used to coordinate advanced malicious attacks, elude detection grids, identify weak points, and instruct malicious scripts to act like sleeper agents in order to avoid pattern-based detection methodologies.
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ML in gathering intel
Information-gathering is an essential step in conducting any type of incursion. Throughout this phase, the attacker attempts to find out as much as possible about the potential victim. Victim profiling is a time-consuming endeavor and, in the end, all may prove to be inconsequential – in this grand game of chess, capturing the king does not necessarily mean that the game is over.
Picture yourself in the role of a person who wants to conduct a cyberattack. What would you need to ensure the success rate of such an endeavor? It's more than obvious that it would be of great help to know something about your potential victim(s).
Gathering and analyzing emails is an efficient way of finding out things about your victim. However, even if someone were to break into your email account, how would he be able to identify those pain-points?
This is one of the possible applications of machine learning; by employing classification models such as clustering, K-means or random forests, the attacker can infer a lot about its victims. For instance, by applying one (or more) of the aforementioned models, he can figure out how many of the victims will click on a malicious link enclosed in an email.
It stands to reason that this information would greatly increase the attack's rate of success since the malicious agents now know whom to go after. Other type of information can be added to further refine the attack method: social media activity, locations, particular hobbies and interests (i.e. using social media tracking and NLP, the hacker can only target users who prefer expensive apparel brands).
Most unfortunate is the fact that those kinds of determinations can be made using legitimate (and, sometimes, licensed) tools. The easiest way to track a person across several social media platforms is to perform what I call a reverse image search.
You can try it right now if you'd like – just go on someone's Facebook account, open an image, save it as .pdf on your desktop, head to Google Images, upload the saved picture, and hit "Search". Indeed, it may not be the preamble to a full-scale APT attack, but it goes to prove just how 'transparent' a person can be in the online world.
The consequences are even more significant when it comes to businesses. Imagine what would happen if some work-sensitive emails would fall into the wrong hands? We're not just talking here about one gullible employee being locked out of his social media accounts because he clicked on a suspicious link, but about the company's declaring insolvency.
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Business Email Compromise attacks have increased, both in number and strength. And now, with the help of Artificial Intelligence (and possibly machine learning), detection may be next to impossible. A recent incident, cited by Euler Hermes Group SA (who declined to disclose the name of the involved parties) comes only to reinforce the idea that once rogue AIs assisted by ML are unleashed, the effects can be utterly devastating.
For those of you unfamiliar with the incident, here are the highlights: the CEO of a well-renowned UK-based company received a rather mysterious phone call from a person who sounded very much like his boss. As the UK location was part of a larger cluster, which, from what we can gather, is headquartered in Germany, the CEO naturally didn't question whether the voice on the other side of the line belongs to his superior or not.
Regrettably, the infelicitous CEO also did not raise any concerns when his alleged boss asked him to transfer €220,000 into the account of a supplier from Hungary. The investigators in charge of this case declared that the victim was convinced that he was talking to this boss over the phone – there were no odd inflections, tremors, or anything that could have hinted that the voice was, in any way, altered. He transferred the funds without hesitation. The scheme came to a grinding halt after the attacker called a second again that day and asked for another payment.
The records reveal that the attack employed a never-before-seen technique that involved the use of machine learning. In theory, with a lot of ML coaching, you can teach an AI not only to recognize not only speech instances, but also to reproduce the timbre, inflections, and even slurs. Furthermore, the pattern analysis can also enable the AI to piece together a conversion, and I'm not talking about a pre-recorded message.
Remember Sophia's appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon? Yes, it was a little bit disturbing to see what manner of interaction between a living person and an android, but that's what AI is all about.
So, if Sophia, who is, without a doubt, a very sophisticated machine, can answer questions and laugh and joke without someone 'whispering' in her ear, imagine how easy it's for an ML-coached AI to have a simple chat with someone. Of course, it's not that simple if you consider the math and science behind this act, but that's where psychology comes into play.
Fact A) when your boss tells you to do something, you just do it. No, it's not "herd mentality syndrome", just something demonstrated times and times again. If you say 'no', there may be…. unforeseen consequences.
Fact B) the boss is always right, no matter how much you try to prove that he isn't. Another 'time-honored' concept that plays on the employee's submissiveness; the proverbial chink in the armor.
Fact C) 'it's not my company, so why would I care?' From where I stand, this one of the easiest points a hacker can explore – I do my job to the best of knowledge, so why should I care if I clicked on a phishing link or that I greenlighted a money transfer to a fictitious account It happens more often than we think, and it's costing company millions of dollars.
Fact D) if something bad happens, the superior is the one accountable, not myself. It can easily be included in the same category as "not my company, not my problem". On that note, it's not the employee's fault for accidentally relieving the firm's bank accounts because it ultimately falls on the manager's/CEO's head.
Given these facts, it's not too difficult to imagine why Business Email Compromise attacks have increased by 77% since January 2017. Are we witnessing a resurgence of B.E.C? Not so much of a resurgence, but something entirely new, dissolute, and against which there is no defense.
Of course, that's a bit of an exaggeration on my part – indeed, AIs can be taught to avoid the usual detection grids such as code- and file-based, behavioral analysis, heuristics, and, in some cases, even simple TTPC.
But they are not infallible; we should not lose track of the fact that even the most sophisticated neural network needs a lot of time to 'figure' things out, even if it has all the data at its disposal. It's very much like a student trying to get a passing grade on the most difficult exam using all the notes he has (or ever had) as reference.
As an info-gathering methodology, machine learning can be employed to probe a business in other ways. For instance, if the human factor venture yields irrelevant results, the AI can be unleashed on the company's network.
It's not uncommon for hackers to deploy 'traffic sniffers' on a victim's network. Traditional, non-software-defined networks (SDNs) are highly susceptible to this type of eavesdropping, and, therefore the shift. SNDs may be more secure, but not unbreakable. This is where ML comes into play: an AI can be taught how to go below the radar and gather key-info on how the company network looks like and operates.
During this phase, ML-powered sniffers can figure out extensive the network is, what kind of security tools does it use, general network virtualization parameters, enforced policies such as QoS (Quality of Service), general policies (how are they applied, under which conditions, are there any exceptions?). What happens after that?
Automation happens; by using ML-specific algorithms, the entire info-gathering and interpretation process can be automated. Whereas the endeavor would take weeks, if not months, with AI+MI, the hacker will have everything at the ready in a matter of days.
AI + ML + APTs = match made in Heaven, a brave new world or the cybersecurity community's worst nightmare coming to life? Whatever the case may be, we should agree that rogue AIs backed by ML is bad news not just for businesses but for everything (and anything) pertaining to our digital lives.
The entire deal reminds of that scene from Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows, when the eponymous character was playing chess with Professor Moriarty, his archnemesis – AI versus AI, locked in mortal combat. Who will win – the good or the bad AI?
There's no way of telling, but given how modern APTs look like, I would have to say that they're evenly matched. AI-driven attacks are, unfortunately, commonplace. The incident I've talked about is just one of many. And now, with the 'cavalry' inbound, there's no telling just how effective traditional countermeasures will be.
Enterprises and home users alike should start giving more thought to cybersecurity. Nowadays, you're not only up against a 'lone wolf' who lunges at your endpoint with a couple of code lines; now we face an entirely different threat, one capable of changing its form, think just like a human, and adapt to any kind of environment and/or situation.
How can we shore up our defenses against such a threat? The first step for businesses would be to see the value of putting together a DFIR (Digital Forensics & Incident Response) team. CISOs would do wise to push this issue to their CEOs. Why? It's of paramount importance to have 'boots on the ground' to investigate, counter, and devise strategies to counter future threats.
The second item on the agenda – shore up your defenses as soon as possible. DNS-filtering prevents malicious eavesdropping and ensures that no malware lands on your endpoints.
Heimdal™ Security's Thor Foresight Enterprise is an excellent addition to your pallet of security solutions, working in tandem with any type of antivirus. Its Threat-to-Process Correlation (TTPC) capabilities can identify even the stealthiest process and sever the connection to the Command & Control server to prevent infection.
Saja on May 15, 2020 at 10:13 am
IVF Centre In Faridabad on February 24, 2020 at 9:17 am
Amazing Blog.
kevin on February 21, 2020 at 10:42 am
hi, thank you will mailsentry be added to Heimdal premium home at some point ? thank you.
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Cicarnus is een uitgestorven monotypisch geslacht van krabben in de familie Carcinidae . De soort werd beschreven uit de midden Eocene Okinoshima Groep.

Soorten
Het geslacht Cicarnus telt slechts één soort :
Cicarnus fumiae Karasawa & Fudouji, 2000

Carcinidae


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Q: Plotting projectile motion of 1 y-position values vs. 2 x-position values using matplotlib and numpy Hi i'm trying to get  a plot of the trajectory of a mass under projectile motion. One with a force acting on the horizontal axis and one without (basically 2 sets of x values plotted against a 1 set of y-values). Here's what i have so far.. I'm new to programming and i can't seem to figure out where this went wrong. Hope you guys can help me. Thank you!
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as pl

def position(y0, v0, theta, g, t):
    y= y0 + v0*np.sin(theta)*t + (g*t**2)/2
    return y

def position2(x0, v0, theta, c, e, alpha, t):
    x1 = x0 + v0*(np.cos(theta))*t + c*(t*(e-1)+(2-2*e)/alpha)
    return x1

def position3(x0, v0, theta, t):
    x2 = x0 + v0*(np.cos(theta))*t
    return x2

t = np.linspace(0,10,1000)

#part1
m = 1
theta = 45
y0 = 2
x0 = 0
v0 = 3
k = 1
alpha = 0.5
g = -9.8
c = (-k/m)*(1/alpha**2)
e = -(np.e**(-alpha*t))

x1 = []
x2 = []
y = []

for a in t:
    x1_data = position2(x0, v0, theta, c, e, alpha, t)
    x1.append(x1_data)
    x2_data = position3(x0, v0, theta, t)
    x2.append(x2_data)
    y_data =  position(y0, v0, theta, g, t)
    y.append(y_data)

print x1_data
print x2_data
print y_data

pl.title('Constant and Time-Dependent Forces')
pl.xlabel(b'x-position')
pl.ylabel(b'y-position')

x1label = 'projectile 1'
x2label = "'normal' projectile"
plot1 = pl.plot(x1_data, y, 'r')
plot2 = pl.plot(x2_data, y, 'b')

pl.legend()
pl.show()

A: I went through your code since i am new to matplotlib and wanted to play a bit with it. The only mistake i found is in the for loop where you do for a in t: but end up passing t to the functions instead of a.
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as pl

sin = np.sin
cos = np.cos
pi = np.pi

def y_position(y0, v0, phi, g, t):
    y_t = y0 + v0 * sin(phi) * t + (g * t**2) / 2
    return y_t

def x_position_force(x0, v0, phi, k, m, alpha, t):
    term1 = (-k / m) * (1 / alpha ** 2)
    term2 = -np.e ** (-alpha * t)
    x_t = x0 + v0 * cos(phi) * t + term1 * (t * (term2 - 1) + (2 - 2 * term2) / alpha)
    return x_t

def x_position_no_force(x0, v0, phi, t):
    x_t = x0 + v0 * cos(phi) * t
    return x_t

time = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)

#-------------  I N P U T  -------------#
x_init  = 0
y_init  = 2
v_init  = 3
theta   = 45
gravity = -9.8
m = 1
k = 1
alpha = 0.5
#-------------  I N P U T  -------------#
x_with_force = []
x_with_no_force = []
y = []

for time_i in time:
    x_with_force.append(x_position_force(x_init, v_init, theta, k, m, alpha, time_i))
    x_with_no_force.append(x_position_no_force(x_init, v_init, theta, time_i))
    y.append(y_position(y_init, v_init, theta, gravity, time_i))

# print(x1_data)
# print(x2_data)
# print(y_data)

pl.subplot(211)
pl.title('Constant and Time-Dependent Forces')
pl.xlabel('time')
plot1 = pl.plot(time, x_with_force, 'r', label='x_coord_dynamicF')
plot2 = pl.plot(time, x_with_no_force, 'g', label='x_coord_staticF')
plot3 = pl.plot(time, y, 'b', label='y_coord')
pl.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(0., 1.02, 1., .102), loc=3, ncol=2, mode="expand", borderaxespad=0.)

pl.subplot(212)
pl.title('Trajectory (x,y)')
pl.xlabel('X')
pl.ylabel('Y')
plot4 = pl.plot(x_with_force, y, 'r^')
plot5 = pl.plot(x_with_no_force, y, 'b*')
pl.show()

I changed a number of things though to make the code inline with PEP8. In my opinion it is the use of bad variable names that lead you to the mistake you did. So i would recommend taking the time to type those few extra characters that ultimately help you and the people reading your code.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ronald Reagan also violated domestic and international law, and the desires of the People of the United States. Though the U.S. Congress outlawed selling weapons to Iran, the Reagan administration did so. U.S. public opinion was against supporting the Contras in Nicaragua, and Congress expressly made it illegal, but the Reagan administration waged a secret war in Nicaragua funded by the arms sales to Iran. Additionally, the CIA violated international law when it mined Nicaraguan harbors, and there is no doubt that the U.S.-backed contras committed war crimes in Nicaragua. No one in the Reagan administration that had been complicit in the affair went to jail. The only jail time even remotely related to the Iran-contra affair went to a pacifist who removed the "John Poindexter Street" sign (named after Reagan's National Security Advisor) in protest. The political establishment did not change, the Presidency still has significant powers to commit the U.S. to action abroad.
Though President Clinton was impeached –only the second President to ever face impeachment– the real crime is that it was for lying about a consensual sexual relationship (though it exposed some nonconsensual acts), and not for ignoring the will of the People of the United States or violating international law. President Clinton bowed to the military industrial complex and continued to increase military spending. He was not impeached for ordering a military-esque strike in Waco that used much more force than was necessary before attempting to negotiate. Nor was he impeached for the getting the U.S. involved in bombing Yugoslavia, ostensibly in the name of protecting Albanian Kosovars, but killing many civilians in the process, and violating international law.
Though Obama is remembered as a calm, cool, and collected President who meant well, even he expanded the scope of Presidential powers at the expense of individual liberties. President Obama expanded the use of drone strikes and even killed U.S. citizens without proving their guilt. President Obama presided over the NSA as it expanded its scope of intelligence gathering to potentially include every person in the United States without judicial oversight of any kind. Though the average United States citizen got less and less privacy during his administration (admittedly with significant leftover programs from Bush Jr.), the People of the United States did nothing to check his power.
Presidents of all kinds have violated individual constitutional protections as well as domestic, international, and humanitarian laws. Yet, even after significant disclosures of horrific acts, and widespread abuse of power, the People of the United States continue to vote for Presidents that will have the same ability to commit the same acts, hoping for a better person to fill the office.
President Trump continues the jingoistic foreign policy that has trapped the United States in too many overseas conflicts and has ravaged or ended the lives of too many people here and abroad. The President is elected by a few, but presides over the lives of many. The many should take some power back.
The People of the United States should band together to pass legislation, or even Constitutional amendments, that will rein in the President. We should limit a president's ability to use force, to violate individual rights, and to commit the People of the United States to unjust actions that may have long-lasting ramifications. The United States should become a party to the Rome Statute and allow our leaders to be tried for any war crimes they commit. We should make all candidates for higher office disclose all relationships, and all their monetary affairs. Constituents should hold greater sway with politicians than large companies do. Let's be prepared for the next political crisis, and when it occurs, use it to the advantage of the People, not a politician's agenda.


text:
Hyphens, En Dashes, and Em Dashes: When to Use Them and How to Type Them
If your writing looks professional, so do you.
Back to articles page
Nancy Tuten
The hyphen, the em dash, and the en dash are all horizontal marks of varying lengths. Each functions quite differently from the others. Below are definitions of each, explanations for when to use them, and instructions for typing them on both PCs and Macs.
The hyphen is the shortest of the three and is used most commonly to combine words (making compounds such as "well-being" and "advanced-level," for example) and to separate numbers that are not inclusive (phone numbers and Social Security numbers, for example).
On computer keyboards, the hyphen appears on the bottom half of the key located on the top row between the "0" and the equals mark (=).
Most people use the hyphen when they need a minus sign in mathematical equations. Some argue that the actual minus sign sits lower than the hyphen, but at least in Microsoft Word, inserting the mathematical minus sign from the symbols list renders the same mark as using the hyphen on the keyboard.
In many instances, correct hyphenation can be a complicated issue. Elsewhere on this site, we discuss the use of hyphens to create compound words and hyphenated adjectives. Here, however, our focus is on the two kinds of dashes.
The Em Dash
The em dash is the mark most of us picture when we hear the term dash. It is significantly longer than the hyphen.
We use the em dash to create a strong break in the structure of a sentence. Dashes can be used in pairs like parentheses—that is, to enclose a word, or a phrase, or a clause (as we've done here)—or they can be used alone to detach one end of a sentence from the main body.
Dashes are particularly useful in a sentence that is long and complex or in one that contains a number of commas, as in this example:
We bought pencils, rulers, notebook paper, pens, and folders—all of which were on sale, of course—for our clients to use in the courtroom.
When we confuse the em dash with the hyphen, we make a sentence virtually impossible to read. If we had used a hyphen in place of each dash two sentences ago, it would seem as though we had hyphenated two pairs of words in the sentence: "parentheses-that" and "clause-or," neither of which makes any sense.
Em Dashes, Parentheses, or Commas?
A good rule of thumb is to reserve em dashes for those places where the comma simply doesn't provide a strong enough break. If a comma (or commas) work, use them.
Parentheses tend to downplay an idea; they suggest that the information in them is helpful but not necessary. Em dashes draw attention to the information they enclose or set apart. Typically the writer is telling the reader that the information being set off by em dashes is important.
The En Dash
The en dash is slightly longer than the hyphen but not as long as the em dash. (It is, in fact, the width of a typesetter's letter "N," whereas the em dash is the width of the letter "M"—thus their names.) The en dash means, quite simply, "through." We use it most commonly to indicate inclusive dates and numbers: July 9–August 17; pp. 37–59.
Many people were not even aware of the distinction between the en dash and the em dash until the advent of word processors, when software programs enabled us to use marks of punctuation that once had been available only to professional printers.
Important: Spacing with Hyphens and Dashes
When using the hyphen, the en dash, or the em dash, most style books advocate putting space neither before nor after them. One exception is, of course, when the hyphen is used as a minus sign. The other exception is with a hanging hyphen (see, for example, the word "nineteenth" in the phrase "nineteenth- and twentieth-century literature"). By definition, a hanging hyphen will have a space after it but not before it.
Typing the En Dash and Em Dash on PCs and Macs
Computer keyboards lack individual keys for either of the dashes. (The symbol above the hyphen is an underline, not a dash.) Before word processing, we had to make do by typing two hyphens. Now we have options.
Note that not all keyboards around the world are the same. We have heard from our readers in countries outside the U.S. that the following shortcuts don't apply to their keyboards. That said, here are guidelines for typing on many keyboards:
On both PCs and Macs, two hyphens (typed with no space before or after either of them) will convert to an em dash—the full-length one that most of us think of when we hear the word "dash."
We can also choose en and em dashes from a menu of symbols that do not appear on the keyboard. In Microsoft Word, for example, we can pull down the "Insert" window, click on "Symbol," and go to the "normal text" window. The en and em dashes appear on the bottom row.
In any software program that handles text, the em dash can be typed on an enhanced keyboard as Alt + 0151—that is, hold down the "alternate" key and, using the numerical pad on the right side of the keyboard, type the numbers 0151. The en dash can be typed as Alt + 0150.
Mac users also have another option: For an em dash, simultaneously press the shift, option, and minus keys. For an en dash, press the option and minus keys.
British (and Canadian) Usage vs. American
British/Canadian style guides seem wildly inconsistent on the issue of the em and en dash. Some say to use the en dash instead of the em dash, while others go so far as to advocate using the hyphen, advice that would lead to confusion, as we have noted above. Our British and Canadian readers—and, indeed, any English speaking reader outside the U.S.—should consult the style manual to which they default.
The esteemed Oxford University Press style guide explains how to use both the em and en dashes, so we can assume that at least this authoritative source advocates using both.
Let's Continue the Conversation
Visit the Get It Write Facebook page and add your comments under the posted article on this topic.
Can you spot any errors in the use of the hyphen, the en dash, or the em dash in the following sentences?
The instructions were written on pages 33-47.
The conference will be held June 30 – July 2 on Hilton Head Island.
Juan had tried begging, bribing, and even demanding cooperation from his staff-all of whom were swamped with other work-before he gave up and wrote the report himself.
No one – not even the president – realized the company would have to dissolve so quickly.
The instructions were written on pages 33–47. [Use an en dash, not a hyphen, to indicate inclusive page numbers.]
The conference will be held June 30–July 2 on Hilton Head Island. [Use an en dash, not a hyphen, to indicate inclusive dates. Do not space before or after dashes.]
Juan tried begging, bribing, and even demanding cooperation from his staff—all of whom were swamped with other work—before he gave up and wrote the report himself. [Use em dashes, not hyphens, to indicate a break in thought.]
No one—not even the president—realized the company would have to dissolve so quickly. [Use em dashes, not hyphens, to show a break in thought. Do not space before or after dashes.]
© 2002 Get It Write. Revised 2019.
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text:
Expand Society News's children
Zhang honored as new ASCE fellow
Guohui Zhang, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, an associate professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa, has been named a fellow by the ASCE Board of Direction.
Zhang's primary research areas include transportation system resilience analysis; large-scale transportation systems modeling; sustainable traffic network infrastructure design, planning, and operation; traffic sensing and senor data analytics; artificial intelligence in transportation; connected and autonomous vehicle systems; traffic-impacted public health; cyber-transportation systems; and transportation safety and security. He has published more than 80 peer-reviewed journal articles and technical reports and presented his research contributions at prestigious international and national conferences. He has developed externally funded active research programs sponsored by various funding agencies with a total award amount of more than $5 million.
Zhang serves as a member of ASCE's Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Impact Committee and the Transportation Research Board's Information Systems and Technology Committee, as well as a panelist for multiple National Collaborative Highway Research Program projects. He has served as an associate editor for four journals, as a TRB paper review coordinator, and as a referee for multiple academic journals and conferences. He earned his doctorate from the University of Washington.
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Two recent directors named official nominees for ASCE 2023 president-elect
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Vietnam Fine Art Museum, 66 Nguyen Thai Hoc, Hanoi.
The typhoon Haiyan is considered as the strongest storm that has ever come into land. Overflew the Philippines in the end of 2013, the terrible storm had left its remarks of huge devastation and heavy consequences.
Being conscious of their indispensable role in the society, The multi-national artists team-Asia Art Link has created several effective activities togerther in order to mobilise the material and immaterial ressources fot the victims of Haiyan. Along with the operations carried out in the Philippines, the Asia Art Link in Vietnam will also organise an exhibition revolving the title of "Recovery after the Storm".
7 artists from the Phillipnes, 8 from the Malaysia, and 11 from the host of Vietnam will be present in the exhibition. There are 24 big size paintings and 3 installation art works which will be displayed in the wonderful space of the Vietnam Fine Art Museum's showroom.
Besides its humanity meaning, "Recovery After The Storm" is expected to give the remarkable contributions to the society in terms of art competence, diversity angle of view, flexible resolutions of artits over the same issue or title, introduction the international art to Vietnam enriching domestic art environment.


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Akali Dal sees conspiracy in demand for reinstating IGP
Chandigarh, April 16 (IANS) The Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) on Tuesday said the "joint conspiracy" of the Congress, the AAP and the PEP to politicize the police action at Behbal Kalan and Kotkapura has been exposed with all three parties approaching the Election Commission to undo the transfer of senior police officer Kunwar Vijay Pratap, a member of the special investigation team.
While claiming that the transfer of the Inspector General of Police had been done by the poll panel "on merit after examination of all facts of the case", SAD Senior Vice President Daljit Singh Cheema accused the Congress of again lying that the SIT investigation into the police firing had been stopped.
"The truth is that only one member of the SIT, Kunwar Vijay Pratap, had been transferred because he had violated the Model Code of Conduct by giving a political interview on the issue. No investigation is stopped due to implementation of Model Code of Conduct," he said in a statement here.
Cheema said that the Congress, in league with the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) and Punjabi Ekta Party (PEP), "had conspired to further politicize the inquiry into the police action and were now feeling frustrated that they had been thwarted from implementing these nefarious goals".
"This is why representatives of all three parties collected together under the leadership of Punjab Congress president Sunil Jakhar to put pressure on the EC to take back its earlier decision on IG Kunwar Vijay Pratap," he alleged.
The SAD leader said it was unfortunate that the IG was also politicizing an issue which involved violation of the Code of Conduct. He said the SAD filed a complaint against the police officer for participating in a political interview.
"This complaint has nothing to do with the investigation being conducted by SIT which has other members in the investigation team," he said, adding the Congress and other parties were deliberately trying to mislead the people on this issue.
Venkaiah visit: Traffic curbs in city today
Poll code breach: Case lodged against Sidhu in Bihar


Explore the city of Laugna (Bayern) by using this interactive map. Navigate within the map of Laugna and zoom in or out.
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Three-season hikers who stick to forest campsites should consider a two-person tent with two or three poles, plentiful mesh, and a vestibule that shelters the main entrance. Factory seam taping, a bathtub floor, and a full-coverage rainfly are desirable features, as is a trail weight of 4 to 6 pounds.
Are you or your hiking partner very tall? You might prefer a three-person tent. Do you often hike in nasty weather? Look for a big vestibule (or two) for storage and cooking.
Tarps and teepees can withstand almost any weather when tautly pitched, providing ample shelter and space for little weight. But you'll need to practice pitching and find sites with secure staking or guying options. For buggy trips, look for mesh sidewalls or a clip-in mesh canopy.
Bivy sacks generally weigh only about 2 pounds, but offer limited space and ventilation. Single-person tents provide more camp comfort at around twice the weight.


Notable: A lot of these touchdowns have come in garbage time.
75.4. That's how many rushing yards Carlos Hyde averages per game, which ranks a respectable ninth in the NFL and puts him on pace to finish with 1,206 yards for the season. The problem is that the running game hasn't been consistent -- it looks good on some drives and terrible on others. Even in the third quarter of the Week 1 win against the Rams -- a time when a strong running game should be taking over the contest -- Hyde carried seven times for seven yards.
Notable: Hyde is tied with San Diego's Melvin Gordon for the league lead with six rushing touchdowns. Both teams have one win.
146.8. This may be the team's most critical defensive statistic. It's the average rushing yards the 49ers are allowing per game, which ranks 31st. The 49ers aren't ranked too poorly against the pass, giving up 223 yards a game, which is good for 10th. Indeed, the secondary appears to be the strength of the unit. But when opponents can run the ball as easily as they have, there's no need for a quarterback to have a prolific outing. Last year the 49ers were terrible at stopping the run, but gave up a 126.3-yard average.
Notable: The 49ers aren't giving up a lot of yards through the air, but their 10 touchdowns passes allowed are the 7th most and their eight sacks are tied the seventh fewest.
357. The 49ers have played more defensive snaps than any other team -- 357 through five games. (Note: Five teams already have had their bye and these stats were compiled before the Monday Night Game). This was cited as a problem as Kelly was leaving Philadelphia last year. Kelly's offenses are on and off the field so quickly, the defense ends up playing more snaps than a typical unit. Last year, the Eagles led the NFL in defensive snaps and some players complained at year's end that they ended up playing the equivalent to two or three extra games. San Francisco's 357 snaps are fewer than the 383 Philadelphia had through five games a year ago. And it's hard to say whether the high snap count is more closely related to three-and-out series by the 49ers offense (see: punt total) or the defense's inability to stop the run (see: rushing defense ranking). One more item to note: Because of injuries, suspensions and poor play, very few individuals have played close to the full compliment of snaps. (Eric Reid, Tramaine Brock and Antoine Bethea are the exceptions). That is, most players on the team have played a typical amount of snaps to date, though it will be something to monitor at year's end.


So I log on to ebay today (I do periodic checks for P&J items) to see if any bargains were in the offing, and I come across a listing for a set of figures (Punch/Judy/Beadle/Devil/Croc). I cannot believe it, they are my first set (3 of which I had made my Brian Clarke in the early 90s) that were stolen from me when I worked at the London Dungeon and had brought them in to entertain the crowds. They held a lot of sentimental value, as the 2 non Clarke puppets were renovated/made by my aunt. Not sure what I can do about it, as so much time as elapsed since the incident occurred and I would struggle to prove ownership. But I am sure many of my fellow punch enthusiasts and especially performers will understand how I might be feeling right now!
Eeee, now that's a bit odd - Not that long ago I got a call from a chap who had bought My stolen set (Including My original 2003 safety ossifer!) from a sale up in York, (As I seem to recall posting on here) - He was kind enough to bring them to my home and was going to return them to me. However, since He bought them 'In good faith' I just took a set of photos and let him have them back. It seemed the right thing to do at the time.
Hey, It's true!!!! - Even I can upload pictures wiv me' new' computey- This one's better than the steam one, -it works on gas!!!
It was generous of you to allow the guy to keep them John, your figures being more personal and individual than usual. Did you ever try to trace how they ended up in a sale in York?
No, Les - I know that when they stole the van they headed out towards Todmorden, (ie; Yorkshire) from the cctv in the restaurant but that's all. The guy who has them hails from Saddleworth of all places, so it's an interesting journey! On another point, since we're on 'chat' To Chris, A sincere apology for my 'Workshop' posting. I have re-read things and yes, I did rather go too far - Must be a bit of rust in the old brain cogs from the extended hibernation I suppose, so again, Sorry for the offence.


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Tag:Backlash 2017
Backlash 2017 pay-per-view results
Here are the results from last night's Backlash pay-per-view which took place from the Allstate Arena in Chicago, Illinois. Tye Dillinger defeated Aiden English in...
Backlash 2017 live on pay-per-view and WWE Network tonight
Live tonight from the Allstate Arena in Chicago, Illinois, WWE presents Backlash on pay-per-view and WWE Network. The full card is as follows: Randy Orton...
Betting odds so far for Backlash 2017
Jinder Mahal remains the favorite to win the WWE title tonight from Randy Orton at Backlash although the odds were slashed a bit from...
Jinder Mahal is currently the favorite to win the WWE title at Backlash
While odds for Backlash will flip-flop several times by the time tomorrow night rolls around, it's interesting to note that Jinder Mahal is currently...
Jinder Mahal becomes #1 contender for WWE title on Smackdown
Smackdown ends up being really the land of opportunity as Jinder Mahal, the former member of 3MB who returned to the company last year,...
Popularity of Canadian football in the 2021/2022 season
Football is the number one sport among fans around the world. The passion and emotion that football matches bring...
Additions to the men and women 2022 Royal Rumble matches
One men and two women were added to their respective Royal Rumble matches last night on Raw, bringing the...


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Le Géant-Bœuf du Carnaval de Paris est un géant catalan de Paris construit en 1998 à Gennevilliers près de Paris par le scénographe, décorateur, marionnettiste Rafaël Estève assisté de sa fille Ophélie. La chemise du géant a été réalisée par la couturière professionnelle Sofia Djerbi.

Rafaël Estève, auteur notamment des décors pour la série télévisée Le Manège enchanté, est né en 1926 à Sabadell et a étudié la scénographie à Barcelone. Arrivé en France en 1950 il connaît bien la tradition des géants de Catalogne et s'en est inspiré pour créer le Géant-Bœuf.

Pour sa création l'artiste s'est aussi inspiré librement du dessin de Gill figurant le Bœuf Gras. Dessin paru en première page de L'Éclipse, le .

En juin 2009, le Géant-Bœuf a disparu dans l'incendie du grenier de la maison où il était entreposé à la campagne entre deux carnavals.

En 2010 un nouveau Géant est créé par l'artiste KTY Catherine Poulain dans un esprit plus contemporain où il est stocké actuellement en région parisienne. Il défile une seule fois.

Histoire du Géant-Bœuf

Le Carnaval de Paris a connu jadis d'autres géants : par exemple un clown géant monté sur un tricycle figure en tête du cortège de la Cavalcade du Bœuf Gras 1897. Œuvre du carnavalier niçois Durante il est filmé par les équipes des frères Lumière. En 1907 un agent de police géant, également monté sur un tricycle défile au Carnaval de Paris, ainsi que, vers la même époque, le géant Gayant, venu spécialement de Douai à cette occasion.

L'année de la renaissance de la Promenade du Bœuf Gras, cortège du Carnaval de Paris, les organisateurs, Alain Riou et Basile Pachkoff se retrouvèrent avec deux dates annoncées pour cet évènement : le 7 juin ou le .

Cette dernière date fut finalement retenue. Restait la première déjà connue du public.

Pour ne pas tout annuler ce jour-là il fut décidé qu'il y aurait le 7 juin un « cortège de pré-carnaval ».

Comme il n'était pas question de faire venir la vache du Carnaval à Paris, elle fut remplacée à ce défilé par le géant construit spécialement pour l'occasion par un ami de Basile Pachkoff : Rafaël Estève.

Il ressort le  et revient ensuite, chaque année participer au cortège du Carnaval de Paris, en suivant la vraie vache héroïne de la fête. Il est porté lors de ses deux premières sorties. À partir de 1999 il défile monté sur un petit tracteur genre quad.

En  le Géant-Bœuf a été restauré et modifié par Alexandra Bristiel assisté de Basile Pachkoff : le museau et le menton ont été dorés, la chemise fleurie, le nœud papillon légèrement modifié par l'ajout en son milieu d'une pièce de tissu bleu clair avec des motifs bleu foncé et le chapeau repeint en couleur rose fuchsia. En , quelques mois après avoir défilé à la Promenade du Bœuf Gras le , le Géant-Bœuf, qui était entreposé à Bugeat en Corrèze a été anéanti dans un incendie.

À la suite de cela, Basile et Alexandra proposent à l'artiste KTY Catherine Poulain, impliquée dans la renaissance du Carnaval de Paris depuis 1994, de concevoir et réaliser un nouveau géant qui surmontera le quad dans le Carnaval de Paris 2010. Ce qu'elle fera en région parisienne, de son temps et à ses frais durant deux mois de préparation. Constitué de matériaux de récupération principalement; plastique, carton, papier, peinture acrylique, et résine assemblés sur une structure en métal. Le géant représente la vache et son roi amoureux avec des notes de musique. Il défilera le , qui est aussi le jour de la Saint Valentin.

La Mairie de Paris décide de supprimer la prise en charge du transport de la vache vivante, du quad et du géant qui était effectuée depuis 1998, sous prétexte de vouloir faire des économies, en 2011, ce qui met fin à l'histoire du géant-bœuf, pour le moment en tout cas.

Technique de fabrication

Selon cette technique peuvent être également construits des géants miniatures, des géants pour enfants, hauts d'environ deux mètres.

La fabrication, non comptée la chemise réalisée à part, a demandé trois semaines de travail pour deux personnes. Le coût en matériaux s'est élevé en mai 1998 à  francs.

Les matériaux utilisés : planche de latté, tasseaux de bois, vrai nœud papillon en tissu jaune, grillage de poulailler, fil de fer, mousse polyéther, polystyrène expansé (pour les cornes, recouvertes ensuite de couches de papier collées, et pour les sabots taillés puis poncés enduits et peints), papier journal, papier mâché, carton de falla, tissus, fil à coudre, fourrure synthétique, laine (pour le bout de la queue), ficelle (grosse pour créer la bordure du canotier et plus fine pour coudre les boutons en bois, sur la chemise), couvercles métalliques de pots de confiture (pour réaliser les boutons de manchettes), peinture, colle, cirage, enduis, vernis.

Le Géant-Bœuf n'a pas été conçu initialement pour durer. Avec ce genre de fabrication ce type de géant est fait pour servir au cours d'un carnaval seulement. La continuité de son utilisation durant une dizaine d'années l'a amené à toutes sortes de dégradations. En particulier ses cornes très fragiles, réalisées en polystyrène expansé monté sur une très petite, courte et large cheville en bois, ont été brisées plusieurs fois. Ces dégradations ont été réparées au fur et à mesure.

À l'origine les quatre tasseaux sur lequel le géant repose étaient munis de rallonges en bois peint. Celles-ci ont été perdues après quelques années d'utilisation.

Notes

Voir aussi

Sources
 Rafaël Estève et Basile Pachkoff Manière de réaliser une grande figure de Carnaval, schéma technique imprimé, .
 Dossiers Actualités Carnaval de la Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris.

Articles connexes
 Carnaval de Paris
 Géants de Catalogne

Liens externes
  La Ronde des Géants: association créée en 1977, dont l'objectif est la sauvegarde, l'étude et la promotion des géants processionnels et de cortèges.
 Site de la fédération des Géants du Nord de la France

Carnaval de Paris
Géant de processions et de cortèges
Culture catalane
Bovin dans la culture