In the past, my biggest gripe about layering was bulk. I felt like the only way to stay warm was to look like a marshmallow. And as awesome as marshmallows are, it's not super practical to be dressed like one.
So, here's my formula for bulk-free layering.
To me, this is the most important layer. It's the layer that's right up next to your skin, so it determines the way your body feels in the outfit — which is a big deal. Usually, no one will see this layer, but even still, it's nice to have a good-looking base layer that can stand on it's own. You know, just in case you get too warm and need to shed your other layers.
In this outfit, I'm wearing my favorite long sleeve base layer under my sweater — it's soft, lightweight, and stretchy. You could also do a fitted short sleeve tee.
My main layer is usually a loose sweater, like this one, but it could also be a lightweight knit or even a silky blouse.
If it's super cold outside, I go with a wool sweater. And remember, it's not itchy because I'm wearing a base layer. Winning!
My love for wool can't be quantified. It's ridiculously warm and it's naturally stain and odor resistant too. Did I ever tell you about the time Aaron spilled an entire glass of red wine on my beloved wool cardigan? I ran to the bathroom thinking it was ruined, but after blotting it with cold water, there was no sign of the stain. Within 10 minutes, I was out enjoying a fresh glass of wine — stain free. Unbelievable.
This could be a rain jacket, a parka, a sweater coatigan, or a pretty wool coat. But no matter what, I value function over form when it comes to my outer layer. Here, I'm wearing a rain jacket, perfect for a drizzly day.
One of the biggest layering mistakes I used to make was buying outerwear that was too fitted. Sure, it fit perfectly with a tee underneath, but a bulky sweater? Not happening. Nothing feels worse than having your sweater bunched up in your armpits because your coat is too small.
I'm currently on the hunt for a super warm winter coat, and when I go to the store to try them on, I purposely wear bulky sweaters. That way, I don't make that mistake again.
BONUS | Scarves, hats, gloves, socks, etc.
If it's super cold out, add these bonus layers to warm up even more.
Curious how to wear socks with ankle booties? Here's three examples.
This outfit, with all it's layers is probably best for a 40 or 50 degree day. But swap the rain coat for a parka, add a scarf and a hat, and you could be set for a day in the teens.
The key to it all is to get dressed knowing you'll add and remove layers throughout the day.
So tell me, how do you approach layering? Got any tips to keep things bulk-free? Also! Do you have any tips on finding a high quality, warm winter coat — not just one that looks warm? I'm on the hunt for a truly warm winter coat, so I'd love to hear your insights. Share away in the comments.
P.S. No post tomorrow, but see you Monday!
Thanks for another great post. In terms of outerwear, I would highly recommend Patagonia!
I've seen lots of good, warm, quality things from Patagonia, Columbia, Eddie Bauer, and Canada Goose. My current one is from Eddie Bauer, but I've been eyeing one from Columbia that claims to be EXTREMELY warm. :) Good luck!
I second checking out Patagonia, because not only are they incredibly warm and well-made but I think you'd also appreciate the ethos of the company. They only use 100% traceable down from well cared for geese, and they take incredibly good care of their employees!
I looove Patagonia. Another great part of their ethos is that they will repair any damaged item, and if they can't repair it they often (but they don't guarantee to) replace it with new and recycle the old one.
I had a Gortex waterproof shell that I had for 13/14 years before some of the taped seams failed. When they couldn't fix it they offered to replace it with a brand new jacket and all I had to pay was the postage to send them my old one! Excellent customer service and now I am a lifelong fan!
Love this post! Coming from Canada, layering is something for mid-season in my case, as our winter is usually quite cold!
For warm winter coats, I would recommend that you look into good quality coats with a god reputation, that are made locally (Canada especially). For instance, Kanuk, Rudsak, Mackage! The prices are quite steep, usually, but you pay for quality. My mom still wears the Kanuk that she bought 15 years ago!
Base layers have been a game changer! I didn't realize how many sweaters of mine I hated to wear because of the itch – but base layers have solved the dilemma! I'm on the hunt for a v-neck base layer. One of my favorite sweaters is boxy and wool but the neck is too low for my typical crew base tees. Warmest jacket ever: https://www.thenorthface.com/shop/womens-jackets-vests-insulated-goose-down/womens-miss-metro-parka?variationId=H2G If you don't mind looking a bit like a marshmallow/like you're wrapped in a sleeping bag, nothing beats this coat. It has helped me survive many a northern winter (going on 8-9 years at this point) and it's surprisingly light weight.
-13 with windchill here in Northern Illinois right now. My layers include leggings under my jeans, fleece socks, t-shirt under long sleeve t-shirts with a cardigan over with a scarf. To leave my house I will add my fuzzy warm boots, my thick oversized zippered sweatshirt (this is my coat because I have not had luck finding one that fits right over all the layers yet.) Hat, gloves, fleece scarf. I don't wear wool for ethical reasons to lots of fleece.
"In fact, 85% of the human-made material found on the shoreline were microfibers, and matched the types of material, such as nylon and acrylic, used in clothing.
I have a couple of snug and cozy cotton cable-knit sweaters that keep me warm. You could definitely find some sustainably farmed cotton to replace wool, if that appeals to you.
Yeah, so many people on this earth, and we all have so much stuff. Buy used when possible. Always more guilt free and environmentally friendly. Cotton has never been warm enough for me and so heavy.
Have you tried Stance socks? They are the biggest thing to hit our retail floor. Skaters and surfers of all ages, men and women, children and adult, LOVE them! Plus, they change up an outfit quickly with their funky designs. They are so soft!
In the UK we're very familiar with layering! All but the warmest summer days need an extra layer. I think your approach is perfect. The trick is definitely to have a fitted base layer and also lots of thin layers can also be very warm. I completely agree about wool – I love it too, it is so warm. For those who find it itchy, merino or cashmere are very soft. This year I bought 2 extra fine merino jumpers from uniqlo and have worn them year round – so versatile.
You can't beat a down jacket with a hood for warmth. We regularly get subzero and single digit temps in the winter here in western New York. my down coat is frequently almost too warm with heavy layers underneath.
for years i bought only wool coats, but the down jacket really is much warmer.
For a truly warm winter coat, you want a multi-layered one. They usually come with an outer-rainproof shell and a iner fleece-like one (I don't know if you have Northface's coat in the US, but it's my go to brand). Or you decide to go for the really really warm and you buy a Canada Goose or a Canuck coat. (You want warm? Trust the canadian expertise! It's currently 5 in Montréal… and we are not in winter yet!) But my most important advise would be : buy good winter shoes. If your feet are warm, you'll get away with a lighter coat.
I'm still struggling with layering without looking like a marshmallow. I just get so cold in the winter, so usually, I've got 3-4 layers on top!
I live in far northern Minnesota, where it is -20 degrees today. For you readers who live in super frosty areas, may I suggest a merino wool base layer and socks? Mine are from smart wool and aren't even a little bit itchy. On a cold windy day, my classroom in our old school gets pretty drafty, and the wool base layer is a life saver.
Loved this! I always feel like a puff ball when I layer too, so this was a good read. In terms of winter coats, we just moved to Denmark this past February and did a complete outerwear overhaul. I'm loving my Marmot 3 in 1 commuter jacket. It has a down coat that zips in and out of a waterproof shell. It's mid thigh length and cut for women so I don't feel like I'm wearing a garbage bag. Both pieces are beautiful on their own, and worn together they keep me super warm and dry in Scandinavian winters! Good luck!
Must say you've nailed it bang on with this post! Here in Canada (about 6 hours drive north of Seattle) this is exactly how we do it, with a daytime high of 14. Not quite cold enough for felt bootie lined boots, but I do wear my grey wool felt booties on their own with loungewear, my rustic version of chic. Looks great with plaid flannel shirts and jeans too!(You probably don't own such a pair 😉 but here we use them snowmobiling and definitely further north). We love the snow and cold for this season and can still manage to look put together!
I'm a big fan of down…puffer type, mid thigh length with a belt and hood. There is nothing lighter or warmer than this style coat.
I, too, try coats on with sweaters but if you don't want to pass out from the heat in stores, I recommend just grabbing a puffer vest off a nearby display…it'll serve to bulk you up temporarily without melting you!!! Try your coat on over that!!
For base layers, I rely on Uniqlo tops. They are super soft and have a great fit. Plus they come in turtle neck, scoop, and crew neck styles. They have quite a few color choices and they look great on their own. They run $15, $10 on sale!
I live in Northern Michigan (where the wind chill is currently -5 today) so layering have a warm winter coat is SUPER important to me. My down parka is from Aritzia and I love it. It fits perfectly, is incredibly warm, stylish, and best of all it's Responsible Down Standard Certified, so I can really feel good about my purchase.
I'm curious about how many base layer shirts you have. Are they all the same color? Have a great day!
I agree with Aritzia. I just got a TNA parka. While it's not regularly cold enough in KC for it, I'm so exited to take it to Colorado and Canada for our ski trips this winter.
Thank you Thank you Thank you! I am basically crying as a girl that lives in Maine and has desperately for years been looking for a weather appropriate stylish coat!
Hi Caroline – Have you looked at Nau? I indulged in one of their beautiful down coats 2 years ago & I'm still in love. Its made from 650-fill down so its super warm without needing to be bulky. The quality is top-notch. I did some pretty hard travelling for 9 months in mine & it still looks brand new. Highly recommend! Nau.com. Good luck in your search!
any description/ photo on base layer brand name or maker and type of fabric you prefer? ie Patagonia polyester or catalog silk etc?
I put off buying winter parka for a while because I didn't want to spend the money but finally decided warmth is worth it. I live in Nashville, and the high is only in the 20's today. So grateful for my parka. I actually bought it last year in January which is a great time to go coat shopping because stores already have them on clearance. I got a North Face Metropolis. And you are so right about buying comfortable outerwear. I'm usually a small or x-small and purchased a size small. It looked super cute – nice and fitted, but the arms felt a little too short over my sweaters and the coat felt really tight when I'd get in and out of my car. Exchanged it for a medium, and I'm so glad I did. It's like zipping myself up into a warm down blanket. Love it!
For a good winter coat, if you can invest! It is worth the money in the long run. Patagonia, North Face and Canada Goose are all quality brands. I have a great one from Patagonia that is like 3 coats in one. There's a puffy coat and an outer shell that is waterproof and wind proof. You can wear them all together or each separately depending on the climate. And hoods are essential!
In WI, where our high is 5 today, and windchill makes it even colder, a down coat is a must. They may make me look more marshmallow-like than I prefer, but function over form wins in this climate.
A note about that jacket, in case anyone sees it and falls in love with it. I spotted the same jacket on a girl at Trader Joe's one rainy Saturday evening and immediately hunted it down online. This version is the Penfield Vassan, not the Kasson, which is unlined and is 70/30 nylon/cotton versus the 60/40 blend in the Kasson jackets. As far as I can tell, it's sold out and the dark green color modeled here was sold primarily by Madewell. I managed to scoop one up on eBay.
Tip for a great warm winter coat: Didriksons 1913. It's a Swedish brand and designed for Swedish winters, so really warm. They're also waterproof. I've had my parka for three years and actually look forward to winter so I can wear it again. I absolutely love it.
Let us know what warm coat you buy! I'm also in the market for one, but am overwhelmed by choice.
One of my biggest challenges in finding base layers are ones that will match the neckline of my sweaters. I hate crewneck style on me, so my sweaters are all boatneck, v neck or scoop neck. I have trouble finding base layers that will not peek out!
I recently moved from Alabama to Kentucky, and having also lived through a couple of North Carolina winters, I had promised myself I would never ever get caught shoveling snow without proper snow gear again. I picked up a pair of snow boots on Zulily, and there's a place close to my parents in Alabama called Unclaimed Baggage (https://www.unclaimedbaggage.com/), which is exactly what it sounds like. They purchase lost and unclaimed luggage from airports and sell off the contents. Every year they have a big annual ski sale, and this year I picked up a Helly Hansen ski jacket and a pair of ski pants, all second hand but in great condition, for about $160 total.
If you really want warmth, definitely look for real down, not the synthetic polyfill stuff. I'm a big fan of LL Bean for quality, too – and have had great success with their customer service. Basically, buy one item from them, and they will replace it no matter what happens to it.
It's already -20 C here in Ontario so the layers have been broken out. the key is to be warm when you're outside but to have easy removable layers for when you go inside and there is heating. Nothing worse than overheating in all of your layers. This is one of the main reasons I love online shopping, no need for the coat-less sprint into the mall!
PS thanks for the layering tips! I totally agree on the bulk thing, but this is helpful!
Thanks for the post, I like your thoughts and the outfit. Your posts always leave me thinking creatively about what I have instead of wanting to shop for more.
Really, your post is often one of the first treats after a long workday.
I try on winter coats with sweaters underneath, too. But cocoon cardigans were stick bulky under the armpits. When it's not too cold (= above freezing) I wear a poncho over my cocoon cardigans to avoid the marshmallow feeling. Works fine, but not for long hours outside.
Great post. Winter is the most challenging season for me in terms of clothing. I am always cold. I grew up in P.R. and moved to New England 15 years ago. I love the seasons just find it a bit challenging to dress in winter with all the layers that I need to stay warm. Merino wool socks have been game changers. A couple of years ago I found a down/feather long jacket for $20! It has been the best winter coat I've had to date. I also have a Columbia sportswear jacket to hang out in the snow (playing or shoveling).
I really recommend Nau for coats. They are high tech, but designed for city people, meaning you get the benefit of something from Patagonia with NYC level cool factor. The,y are also extremely environment and people friendly. Ethical fashion at its finest.
I own their Prato Wool Down Trench – its wooly outside, 100% waterproof (I'm in Portland, so super important), down lined and not overly bulky. There's also a removable hood, which is super useful and can be removed if I want it to be classier. It's not overly hot in mid range temps and I've been in it as low as 5 degrees without any chill!
Good luck, coats are a tough one!
That's two for Nau! Thank you, Rebecca!
I am shopping for a mid length light weight down puffer coat. They are super light weight, not bulky, but nice and warm. Bonus, they usually roll up into a tiny pouch that packs easily.
These are such great tips for layering. I'm currently struggling with that myself since I just end up piling on more and more clothes just to keep warm. I wish that I had some good tips for finding a coat, but I'm also trying to figure that out myself.
Patagonia. I got their Tres 3-in-1 coat last year and it's amazing. If you want an awesome look into how the company is run the Podcast, How I Built This, just interviewed their founder and it's all sorts of inspiring for those of us who are anti-fast fashion and looking for sustainable options.
Good luck! I was on the coat search last year and it can be overwhelming.
Hi there! I recently moved to Chicago from San Diego and, out of fear of the winter, felt that I needed to scour the internet for the warmest parka that I could afford. I ended up with Penfield's Lexington parka (link below) and it's so warm that I only wear it when it's bitter cold outside! The other day it was 26F and with a sweater and boots I walked a half mile with it open because otherwise I would have been sweating. Can't wait to watch it stand up to the polar vortex this weekend :). Happy shopping!
Hi Caroline! I always enjoy your posts. I moved to New England two years ago and have had to start seriously considering the cold weather when planning my wardrobe (or else I would never leave my house). I would suggest looking for a warm coat from companies that cater more towards outdoor activities like hiking and camping instead of from those that are more about fashion. I suggest REI, LL Bean, Patagonia, or Columbia. A lot of these places will give their coats some sort of weather rating about the kind of conditions they are intended for.
My layering approach here in Scotland is to create one warm impermeable layer under my clothes. You can get away with surprisingly lightweight fabrics to layer as long as there's no nook or cranny where the cold air can find your skin. So base layers tucked into tights; high rises with long tops tucked in, etc. The thin fabrics I favour for base layers are also some of the warmest, like silk and merino wool. I tend to wear a ribbed base layer as they fit very close to the body, which helps to reduce bulk but also keeps me feeling feminine, a perennial difficulty in winter dressing. Sometimes I wear a vintage thermal camisole underneath a base layer, so cosy with that edge of girlie charm. I'm a big fan of vintage thermals in general, I find them warmer than modern versions. The same is true of coats – my cosiest are all vintage wool in various styles, quite heavy but made to endure rough treatment and with a lot of attention to detail. I bought my favourite, a '60s trapeze in an autumnal check wool, for £24 nine years ago. I've worn it to death and only this year has the lining needed replacing, a comparatively small expense.
All such excellent tips. Thanks for sharing, Clare!
I have Canada goose parka and a Woolrich parka, they are most def worth their price!
This would definitely not be good for winter here in the ski-resort filled mountains, but I can picture it perfectly for later fall, or even in the spring. Looks great as always!
The best habit I have gotten into is checking the weather before I get dressed in the morning. Nothing is worse than wearing a super cute outfit to work and getting rain poured on you.
Base layers made from a hybrid of natural fibres are my favourite, such as merino-silk or silk-cashmere. The silk keeps everything light but it's still incredibly insulating when combined with the wool. Most importantly it's breatheable too, so you don't get stinky if you sweat, and you won't overheat.
For super cold days I'd double base layer with silk-merino/cashmere >and< a lightweight merino-cashmere before adding a main layer. Again, very little bulk because the combo fibres are the best of both worlds without the marshmallow effect, but still incredibly insulating and all breatheable. I'd also play with sleeveless or short sleeve to avoid tightness on the arms if I was double basing, but will still keep the torso warm.
And if the words silk or cashmere freak ppl out based solely on price, there are several places that sell quality of both or combined at affordable prices. These materials will also wear and keep better than any synthetic equivalent purchased from an outdoorsy place.
For finding a warm coat – I lived in a cold climate for a year last year (VA, colder than SC) and bought a Columbia 3 in1 jacket. It's perfect!! What's great is that is not too bulky – it's looks like a winter coat so it isn't form fitting but it still looks good and doesn't swallow me up – and since it's a 3 in 1, I have options with the warmth level. I can wear the outer layer for a cool day, the inner layer for a cooler day, or both together for the oldest days. I highly recommend. I got mineon sale at REI and chose one that wasn't the most expensive and it's great.
For warm coats osc cross is great! Canadian made.
I'm looking into the arc teryx jacket, ethically made and fits petite frames like a charm! Thanks for the tips!
I'm in Washington where we don't quite have Canadian weather, but we are professionals at buying outerwear. :) I have tons of Patagonia outerwear and can definitely vouch for the ethics and longevity (my oldest stuff has been going strong for 8-10 years). I've got a Columbia down jacket (hip length) that's incredibly warm, and my warmest coat is a Merrell parka (I'd link to it but it looks like it's no longer available). Best to look for: a size up or a looser fit as you mentioned, hidden cuffs to keep wrists warm, down or primaloft (there are different ratings for the latter), a parka length for the most warmth, water resistant.
I saw someone else mentioned really good socks to stay warm and I have to ditto that- I LOVE my smart wool socks. Not itchy, tons of patterns/colors/types, and responsibly made. Check Sierra Trading Post if you haven't before. We've bought lots of outerwear (and Smartwool!) there over the years- great deals. Also, my fav base layers are the Gap pure body tees. I must have half a dozen by now because they're the first thing I grab!
Love the jeans with boots detail you showed! I have a pair of taller Born boots similar to what you have and struggle to wear them with all but the skinniest of jeans and leggings. Yours look so cute. I'd love to see a sweater round up some time- we are at the point in winter where I wear one 6 out 7 days a week and I've nearly worn out the ones that I have.
Alrighty, this is going to sound MAJOR weird to some (likely, most) folks, but I've heard wonderful things about knitting with dog fur/hair. Apparently, you can even get your own Fido's fur made into something wearable by specialty shops online – a resource some people use to keep their pets close to them even after they are gone. I've never actually worn anything made with dog fur, but hear it beats out even felted wool in terms of water-resistance and long-term warmth. It is something I wouldn't mind trying if someone dropped one off for me, LOL. it definitely pushes the envelope in terms of societal norms, but I think it's a neat idea, especially for dedicated pet lovers out there.
Ah, I loved this post.
It's true that the key to staying warm is all about layering. BUT I found out, that the materials of the layers matters a lot. Silk, polyester, or very fine wool (merino) as a base layer instead of cotton makes a huge difference, because cotton can not keep the warmth from your body as well. It's something I learned by chance when I went hiking in winter – and then I just applied it to real live, fancy dressing and since then I haven't been cold. Yay!
Do you layer on the bottom as well?
This look could be my uniform for the whole winter. It's everything I like to wear. And also, what a great concept! Bulk free layering. Loved it.
I usually dress a lot in the winter as I am that type of person freezing with 5 types of layers on so the bulky sweaters are the best for me along with fleeces and warm long cardigans. As a baselayer, I use the long sleeve tees that I usually dress for climbing.
They keep the sweating away, easy-dry and also keeping me warm.
I have mine for over three years and I intend to keep it three more at least.
Lots of good tips on coats here, so I'll add a recommendation for silk base layer and scarf. Silk is soft, lightweight and regulates body temperature — that means it keeps you warm in cool weather, but cool in hot weather. For years I wore wool winter scarves, then I got a beautiful silk scarf as a gift. It feels much, much less bulky, but keeps my neck much warmer than a wool scarf. AND once you shed the coat, but the room is still a bit chilly, you can keep the scarf on!
I want to add support for the value of silk long underwear as a base layer. I like the long underwear scoopneck tops from LL Bean – they are thin enough to wear under long sleeve t-shirts or light sweaters and they really make a difference for warmth!
I just moved to Alaska from North Carolina and am learning so many new things about layering! I love the mountaineering socks from Darn Tough- knee high and really warm. I prefer these to leggings under jeans, since my jacket goes down to my knees as is. I'm trying to find the balance of adding extra warmth just where I need it, not all over! I also LOVE a good down vest.
This one from Brooklyn Industries is great! It's not lightweight, but it's very warm, and well-made, and has all of those special details like ribbed wrist cuffs and a cozy hood. I loved it when I lived on the east coast, but it's a little too warm for Pacific Northwest winters.
Thanks for the suggestion, Steph! :) Love that it's lasting so long!
I really love the "jeans & boots" outfit! It is so warm and sporty. I'm used to wear something similar in the winter working days. It make me feel in a such comfortable sensation.
Love this post! My personal favorites for base layers and jackets are merino wool pieces from Icebreaker. While not waterproof, they are super warm, non-itchy, and easy to take care of. They have an admirable supply chain, too (and a great warranty policy)!
I prefer to shop used when I can and a few months ago I stumbled across a beautiful camel hair coat that was originally sold from Nordstrom at a thrift store. While I do understand the ethical reasons not to have a camel coat, I didn't mind buying it used and it's been so warm. There are always so many beautiful, timeless coats at secondhand shops, so I definitely recommend checking them out!
I moved from Southern California to Moscow, Russia for 2 years. To avoid buying an entirely new wardrobe, I bought 2 sets of long johns: "expedition weight" from REI and a pair of silk long johns, a fall/spring coat that was lined and had a drawstring at the waist to hold the heat in and a long wool coat. I also had wool hats, scarves and shearling lined mittens, an inherited black cashmere crewneck sweater (from the 1950's) that I layered under everything and fleece inserts for my boots. If you don't live in the cold long-term, having that warm base layer and keeping your head, hands and feet toasty is key!
I live in Seattle and I got so fed up with everyone wearing black outerwear. SO BORING. And, it's hard to see pedestrians in the dark which is a serious hazard. Last year for my birthday I got the Burton AK 2L Embark jacket. It comes it lots of fun colors and patterns and is incredible quality. The Gortex keeps me totally dry even in a frigid downpour. And I swear to you – cross my heart – it magically keeps you just warm enough, no matter the temperature. Like from 50 to -20, it's just right. I don't roast, and I never freeze. How do they do it?! It's about $500 but well worth it. Good luck!
Whoops, one more thing! It's also not too bulky.
Emerson Fry makes amazing winter coats. Bonus is that they're small batch and made in the USA and she frequently has sample sales.
Hi Caroline! Thank you for bringing responsibly made options to the surface in your blog. What you're doing is so critical and so appreciated as we look to the future. XOXO!
I moved from Austin, Texas to Northern England last year and learning to layer has been a life saver. While I'll never be good with the cold, I've definitely gotten to the point I handle it much better! After trying the traditionally puffy jacket (and feeling like a marshmallow for 4 months) I found a clearance J Crew Stadium-Cloth Cocoon Coat this fall that has treated me like a dream. It's wool, which I share your feelings about, and is such a wearable piece. It dresses up and down well and keeps me incredibly warm without any bulk. While it's probably too warm for the central Texas winter your having now, it's been too good a purchase to not share!
Nice tips! I have a really really warm coat from Uniqlo. It's watteproof and it's super light, it even comes with a small bag that you can fold the coat and put it inside. I love it!
Thank you, Caroline and all Un-Fancy readers, for all of your comments. I have gone through *all* of your tips, ideas and recommendations as I am searching for a warm winter coat as well (I seem to always be cold). It's a lot of work to find the appropriate coat, but I believe it's worth it. I will also be getting some cozy base layers :).
I saw that a lot of your recommendations include down coats. However, many companies use down of undeclared origins. Personally, I will not buy any of those as I saw articles on how down is often 'produced' (ripping the feathers from the birds as they're still alive, every month or two!). I will opt for other, man-made materials, or re-used / responsibly produced down.
Thanks again, this articl and the comments have proved to be SO useful!!!


text:
William  Newman  (1811–1864) was the inaugural Dean of Cape Town.

Notes

1811 births
19th-century South African Anglican priests
Deans of Cape Town
1864 deaths

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Victorinox Classic SD 2018 Alps Love Swiss Army Knifeis part of the Victorinox Swiss Army Knife Classic SD Collection in year 2018. It feature 7 essentials tools. This miniature knife is small enough to fit in any pocket, glove compartment or handbag.
The Victorinox Classic SD 2018 Alps Love Swiss Army Knife is designed by Eduard Hawlistschek who from Switzerland. The story behind the design ofVictorinox Classic SD 2018 Alps Love Swiss Army Knife is all about love. It portrays a typical young couple in love in the mountains and the classic Climb to the Alps, as it heroes the traditional Swiss art of paper cutting.
He created the "Alps Love" design for Victorinox, inspired by his love for the beautiful country of Switzerland and the love of his life. Along with its imaginative design, this Classic SD LE features seven essential tools. It is a small pocket knife with places of the world (Representing Switzerland and its traditional art).


text:
Charles Houston Long (August 23, 1926 – February 12, 2020) was an African-American cultural historian, religious studies scholar, and essayist in the areas of religion, theology, philosophy and studies of modernity. He was a faculty member at the University of Chicago, UNC Chapel Hill, Syracuse University, Duke University, and UC Santa Barbara.

Life, education, and teaching career
Long was born in Little Rock, Arkansas on August 23, 1926, to Samuel Preston Long and Geneva (Thompson) Long. He grew up as the seventh of nine children with his father being an ordained Baptist minister. He graduated from Dunbar Junior College in 1947 after spending almost two years in the United States Army Air Force. He then continued to the University of Chicago where he received a Bachelor of Divinity in 1953 and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1962. He was named Doctor of Humane Letters by Dickinson College in 1971.

Long served as an assistant dean at the University of Chicago while completing his doctorate. After completing his doctorate, he was officially appointed as a faculty member of the Divinity School at the University of Chicago. He subsequently served as chair of the History of Religions Field and of the Committee on African Studies at the University of Chicago. After his time at the University of Chicago, Long went on to teach at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Duke University, the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Syracuse University.

He died in North Carolina on February 12, 2020.

Achievement and accolades
 President of the American Academy of Religion (1973)
 President of the Society for the Study of Black Religion (1986-1989)
 University of Chicago Divinity School's Alumni of the Year (1984)
 Guggenheim Fellow (1997)

Significations
In his work, Significations: Signs, Symbols and Images in the Interpretation of Religion, Long points out two issues regarding the ambiguity of religion in the modern United States. First, the Enlightenment in Europe prioritized universal and communal ways to understand the world. Second, the Western conception of religion has been shaped by colonialism, conquest, and the idea of a non-Western "Other". Long raises the question of whether religion can be universal, given the diversity of observed religious phenomena around the world.

According to Long, the Enlightenment, while attempting to be objective, had some glaring blind spots. Long states, "While the reformist structure of the Enlightenment had mounted a polemic against the divisive meaning of religion in Western culture and set forth alternate meanings for the understanding of the human, the same ideological structures through various intellectual strategies paved the ground for historical evolutionary thinking, racial theories, and forms of color symbolism that made the economic and military conquest of various cultures and peoples justifiable and defensible". Religious scholars attempted empirical methodology based on Enlightenment principles of rationality but worked from upper-class, white, cisgender, heterosexual, male assumptions, which also implicitly located other peoples and religions as inferior. Humanistic religious studies were a double-edged sword–they allowed for new ways of understanding religious traditions that had been a controlling and violent force in Europe, but they also provided a framework for thinking which justified the racist exploitation of colonialism.

Long also explores the role of symbols in religious life and the process of signification. He begins with two epigraphs: first, Ferdinand de Saussure's statement that the "bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary"; and second, an "Afro-American colloquial expression: Signifying is worse than lying". The epigraphs bring together central themes in Long's work: the power relationship between those who control language; and the negotiations between those who are signified and those who signify. "For the majority culture of this country, blacks have always been signified". A "sign" in linguistics is something that communicates meaning outside of the sign itself. For example, when a red octagon communicates the meaning "stop," the signifier is the object (red octagon), and the signified is the meaning (stop). Long points to black communities as an example of how minoritized communities can work to "form new and different relationships within a discourse that was already taking place". At the same time, Long points out that his community, the black community, "was a community signified by another community," and that this reinforced a "subordinate relationship of power".  Religious symbols, Long argues, have an arbitrary bond to their meaning. This means that these symbols must be studied at the level of signification. It is not enough to study the surface level of religion–the study of religion should exist on a level that takes into account how the religion becomes a sign (literally, sign-ification). Long points to the Enlightenment as the time in which "religion and cultures and peoples throughout the world were created anew through academic disciplinary orientations–they were signified".

Long also uses Black communities in the United States as an example of the effects of Enlightenment and colonial religious definition. Long distinguishes between those who have the power to shape signification about others, and those who are the objects of that signification" (the "signified"). He suggests that black people in the US have been subject to "the same structures of cultural categories that create the categories of the primitives and colonized people of the contemporary world." Such communities have an "extensive literature… about them, most of it written and presided over by others". Such language functions to uphold the status quo and the primacy of white Western culture: "it exists primarily to keep the others in their place." He describes how Black communities' criticism of the United States cultural system reflects both an internalizing and rejection of Western Enlightenment ideas. In one sense, they are criticizing it for not living up to its own ideals, which shows that they have internalized its ideals as something to be valued. But on the other hand, because the power systems of the United States have been built to oppress Black people, they have a uniquely critical position of radical Otherness. Long states, "The situation of the cultures of black peoples in the United States afforded a religious experience of radical otherness, a resourceful and critical moment that allowed these communities to undertake radical internal criticisms of themselves, their situation, and the situation of the majority culture."

Role of colonization
The category of "religion" was invented during the Enlightenment. Long claims that the creation of the category of religion was a result of colonization in efforts to deem the "other" people and culture as inferior outsiders. Long believes that this provides a new way to label and identify people and provides another way to reinforce the idea that the West is superior. In order to create these labels, "forms of evolutionary thinking… re-named and re-created 'others' within languages and categories that the colonizers could understand in a nefarious process of translation". This additionally "signaled the beginning of a 'necessary lie' that framed Europeans as superior in relation to a primitive 'other'. According to the West, the "primitives" are understood as both religious and empirical "others" as their actions differ from those in the West and are thus seen as deviating from the normal. Long explains how describing the "primitives" as "others" provides a significance to the West by offering a civilization that can be contrasted to Western norms. These differences reinforce the idea that "the primitives operate as a negative structure of concreteness that allows civilization to define itself as a structure superior to this ill-defined and inferior 'other'."

Cargo cults
The term cargo cult was first coined by anthropologists studying South Pacific Island civilizations in the late nineteenth century. When these "primitive" civilizations engaged in international trade with Western societies, modern technology and cultural imperialism were just some developments that had not made it to their communities yet. Thus, as technology that allowed for efficient manufacturing processes were largely unknown to them, cargo cults were centered around the idea that the mass availability of goods and services was made possible through spiritual means. The central belief system of cargo cults was based on a fundamental misunderstanding of Western culture: they believed that these societies with an abundance of goods obtained them through deceit, malice, or even by mistake. Some argued that, within this trade relationship, cargo cults were "portrayed as primitive peoples suffering from a grave misunderstanding of their role in systems of mass production, resource distribution, and Western commodity fetishism". Long disagreed; he believed that this depiction of these societies were "paternalistic and patronizing". Instead, he argued that "these groups provide a unique and alternate meaning of human freedom in the modern world. Their traditions demythologized through contact with the modern world, the cult prophets undertake a new quest for a world of sacred meaning". The significance of building and sustaining new social relationships is most paramount here. Global colonialism, perceived through this lens (with a focal point centered on the relationship between cargo cults and western societies in the late nineteenth century), suggested that societies could and should find equilibrium to create new social relationships. Long recentered the indigenous experience in his interpretation of cargo cults. "On the one hand, the members of the indigenous cultures must positively undergo their domination on the historical level, but on the other hand they actively participate in and think through the meaning of this historical domination in mythical modes".

Selected publications

References

Further reading

1926 births
2020 deaths
Writers from Little Rock, Arkansas
Duke University faculty
Syracuse University faculty
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
University of Chicago Divinity School alumni
University of Chicago Divinity School faculty
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty


text:
Yarrall
ValeurRecorded in many spelling forms including Yarrall, Yarrell, Yarroll, Yerrall, Yerrell, Yerrill, Yarill, Yerill, Yourl, Yourell, and many others, all quite rare, this is an English surname. It is locational and originates from the hamlet of Yarwell in Northamptonshire, or possibly from Gorwell in Essex or Gorrel in the county of Devonshire. The name and various place names is seemingly a fusing of the pre 7th century words 'yore or gore' meaning a triangle of land or sometimes swampy land, with 'waella' a spring, and hyl, a hill or mound. Another possibility is thsat the surname is a dialectal form of Yarkhill in the county of Hereford. This place name means 'The hill by the river'. Another possible explanation is that the name originates from a now 'lost' medieval village. Some three thousand English surnames are known to come from such places, whose only memory in the 21st century is the surname itself. When a village was abandoned for whatever reason such as plage, or changes in farming, the original inhabitants often scattered, taking as their surname, the name of their former home. This would also explain the wide variety of spelling forms. Early examples of the surname recordings include: Saray Yarle, of Gosberton, Lincolnshire, on July 6th 1586, George Yeorle who married Agnes Home at St Margarets church, Westminster on May 3rd 1557, Marguerite Yerll, who married Lenard Tayller (!) at St Stephans, city of London, on April 11th 1619, and Diana Yarrall who married David Anderson at St Sepulchre church in the city of London, on February 24th 1789. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to 'develop', often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.
Сапоги не любит Галя,
Гале нравятся сандалии.
Лепи свой мир духовной глиной
И станешь счастлива, Галина!
(Дмитрий Пинский)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Aboutcaret-down
Teacher's Guidecaret-down
Frankenstein Book
I am by birth a Genevese; and my family is one of the most distinguished of that republic. My ancestors had been for many years counsellors and syndics; and my father had filled several public situations with honour and reputation. He was respected by all who knew him for his integrity and indefatigable attention to public business. He passed his younger days perpetually occupied by the affairs of his country; and it was not until the decline of life that he thought of marrying, and bestowing on the state sons who might carry his virtues and his name down to posterity.
As the circumstances of his marriage illustrate his character, I cannot refrain from relating them. One of his most intimate friends was a merchant, who, from a flourishing state, fell, through numerous mischances, into poverty. This man, whose name was Beaufort, was of a proud and unbending disposition, and could not bear to live in poverty and oblivion in the same country where he had formerly been distinguished for his rank and magnificence. Having paid his debts, therefore, in the most honourable manner, he retreated with his daughter to the town of Lucerne, where he lived unknown and in wretchedness. My father loved Beaufort with the truest friendship, and was deeply grieved by his retreat in these unfortunate circumstances. He grieved also for the loss of his society, and resolved to seek him out and endeavour to persuade him to begin the world again through his credit and assistance.
Beaufort had taken effectual measures to conceal himself; and it was ten months before my father discovered his abode. Overjoyed at this discovery, he hastened to the house, which was situated in a mean street, near the Reuss. But when he entered, misery and despair alone welcomed him. Beaufort had saved but a very small sum of money from the wreck of his fortunes; but it was sufficient to provide him with sustenance for some months, and in the mean time he hoped to procure some respectable employment in a merchant's house. The interval was consequently spent in inaction; his grief only became more deep and rankling, when he had leisure for reflection; and at length it took so fast hold of his mind, that at the end of three months he lay on a bed of sickness, incapable of any exertion.
His daughter attended him with the greatest tenderness; but she saw with despair that their little fund was rapidly decreasing, and that there was no other prospect of support. But Caroline Beaufort possessed a mind of an uncommon mould; and her courage rose to support her in her adversity. She procured plain work; she plaited straw; and by various means contrived to earn a pittance scarcely sufficient to support life.
Several months passed in this manner. Her father grew worse; her time was more entirely occupied in attending him; her means of subsistence decreased; and in the tenth month her father died in her arms, leaving her an orphan and a beggar. This last blow overcame her; and she knelt by Beaufort's coffin, weeping bitterly, when my father entered the chamber. He came like a protecting spirit to the poor girl, who committed herself to his care, and after the interment of his friend he conducted her to Geneva, and placed her under the protection of a relation. Two years after this event Caroline became his wife.
When my father became a husband and a parent, he found his time so occupied by the duties of his new situation, that he relinquished many of his public employments, and devoted himself to the education of his children. Of these I was the eldest, and the destined successor to all his labours and utility. No creature could have more tender parents than mine. My improvement and health were their constant care, especially as I remained for several years their only child. But before I continue my narrative, I must record an incident which took place when I was four years of age.
My father had a sister, whom he tenderly loved, and who had married early in life an Italian gentleman. Soon after her marriage, she had accompanied her husband into his native country, and for some years my father had very little communication with her. About the time I mentioned she died; and a few months afterwards he received a letter from her husband, acquainting him with his intention of marrying an Italian lady, and requesting my father to take charge of the infant Elizabeth, the only child of his deceased sister. "It is my wish," he said, "that you should consider her as your own daughter, and educate her thus. Her mother's fortune is secured to her, the documents of which I will commit to your keeping. Reflect upon this proposition; and decide whether you would prefer educating your niece yourself to her being brought up by a stepmother."
My father did not hesitate, and immediately went to Italy, that he might accompany the little Elizabeth to her future home. I have often heard my mother say, that she was at that time the most beautiful child she had ever seen, and shewed signs even then of a gentle and affectionate disposition. These indications, and a desire to bind as closely as possible the ties of domestic love, determined my mother to consider Elizabeth as my future wife; a design which she never found reason to repent.
From this time Elizabeth Lavenza became my playfellow, and, as we grew older, my friend. She was docile and good tempered, yet gay and playful as a summer insect. Although she was lively and animated, her feelings were strong and deep, and her disposition uncommonly affectionate. No one could better enjoy liberty, yet no one could submit with more grace than she did to constraint and caprice. Her imagination was luxuriant, yet her capability of application was great. Her person was the image of her mind; her hazel eyes, although as lively as a bird's, possessed an attractive softness. Her figure was light and airy; and, though capable of enduring great fatigue, she appeared the most fragile creature in the world. While I admired her understanding and fancy, I loved to tend on her, as I should on a favourite animal; and I never saw so much grace both of person and mind united to so little pretension.
Every one adored Elizabeth. If the servants had any request to make, it was always through her intercession. We were strangers to any species of disunion and dispute; for although there was a great dissimilitude in our characters, there was an harmony in that very dissimilitude. I was more calm and philosophical than my companion; yet my temper was not so yielding. My application was of longer endurance; but it was not so severe whilst it endured. I delighted in investigating the facts relative to the actual world; she busied herself in following the aërial creations of the poets. The world was to me a secret, which I desired to discover; to her it was a vacancy, which she sought to people with imaginations of her own.
My brothers were considerably younger than myself; but I had a friend in one of my schoolfellows, who compensated for this deficiency. Henry Clerval was the son of a merchant of Geneva, an intimate friend of my father. He was a boy of singular talent and fancy. I remember, when he was nine years old, he wrote a fairy tale, which was the delight and amazement of all his companions. His favourite study consisted in books of chivalry and romance; and when very young, I can remember, that we used to act plays composed by him out of these favourite books, the principal characters of which were Orlando, Robin Hood, Amadis, and St. George.
No youth could have passed more happily than mine. My parents were indulgent, and my companions amiable. Our studies were never forced; and by some means we always had an end placed in view, which excited us to ardour in the prosecution of them. It was by this method, and not by emulation, that we were urged to application. Elizabeth was not incited to apply herself to drawing, that her companions might not outstrip her; but through the desire of pleasing her aunt, by the representation of some favourite scene done by her own hand. We learned Latin and English, that we might read the writings in those languages; and so far from study being made odious to us through punishment, we loved application, and our amusements would have been the labours of other children. Perhaps we did not read so many books, or learn languages so quickly, as those who are disciplined according to the ordinary methods; but what we learned was impressed the more deeply on our memories.
In this description of our domestic circle I include Henry Clerval; for he was constantly with us. He went to school with me, and generally passed the afternoon at our house; for being an only child, and destitute of companions at home, his father was well pleased that he should find associates at our house; and we were never completely happy when Clerval was absent.
I feel pleasure in dwelling on the recollections of childhood, before misfortune had tainted my mind, and changed its bright visions of extensive usefulness into gloomy and narrow reflections upon self. But, in drawing the picture of my early days, I must not omit to record those events which led, by insensible steps to my after tale of misery: for when I would account to myself for the birth of that passion, which afterwards ruled my destiny, I find it arise, like a mountain river, from ignoble and almost forgotten sources; but, swelling as it proceeded, it became the torrent which, in its course, has swept away all my hopes and joys.
Natural philosophy is the genius that has regulated my fate; I desire therefore, in this narration, to state those facts which led to my predilection for that science. When I was thirteen years of age, we all went on a party of pleasure to the baths near Thonon: the inclemency of the weather obliged us to remain a day confined to the inn. In this house I chanced to find a volume of the works of Cornelius Agrippa. I opened it with apathy; the theory which he attempts to demonstrate, and the wonderful facts which he relates, soon changed this feeling into enthusiasm. A new light seemed to dawn upon my mind; and, bounding with joy, I communicated my discovery to my father. I cannot help remarking here the many opportunities instructors possess of directing the attention of their pupils to useful knowledge, which they utterly neglect. My father looked carelessly at the title-page of my book, and said, "Ah! Cornelius Agrippa! My dear Victor, do not waste your time upon this; it is sad trash."
If, instead of this remark, my father had taken the pains to explain to me, that the principles of Agrippa had been entirely exploded, and that a modern system of science had been introduced, which possessed much greater powers than the ancient, because the powers of the latter were chimerical, while those of the former were real and practical; under such circumstances, I should certainly have thrown Agrippa aside, and, with my imagination warmed as it was, should probably have applied myself to the more rational theory of chemistry which has resulted from modern discoveries. It is even possible, that the train of my ideas would never have received the fatal impulse that led to my ruin. But the cursory glance my father had taken of my volume by no means assured me that he was acquainted with its contents; and I continued to read with the greatest avidity.
When I returned home, my first care was to procure the whole works of this author, and afterwards of Paracelsus and Albertus Magnus. I read and studied the wild fancies of these writers with delight; they appeared to me treasures known to few beside myself; and although I often wished to communicate these secret stores of knowledge to my father, yet his indefinite censure of my favourite Agrippa always withheld me. I disclosed my discoveries to Elizabeth, therefore, under a promise of strict secrecy; but she did not interest herself in the subject, and I was left by her to pursue my studies alone.
It may appear very strange, that a disciple of Albertus Magnus should arise in the eighteenth century; but our family was not scientifical, and I had not attended any of the lectures given at the schools of Geneva. My dreams were therefore undisturbed by reality; and I entered with the greatest diligence into the search of the philosopher's stone and the elixir of life. But the latter obtained my most undivided attention: wealth was an inferior object; but what glory would attend the discovery, if I could banish disease from the human frame, and render man invulnerable to any but a violent death!
Nor were these my only visions. The raising of ghosts or devils was a promise liberally accorded by my favourite authors, the fulfilment of which I most eagerly sought; and if my incantations were always unsuccessful, I attributed the failure rather to my own inexperience and mistake, than to a want of skill or fidelity in my instructors.
The natural phænomena that take place every day before our eyes did not escape my examinations. Distillation, and the wonderful effects of steam, processes of which my favourite authors were utterly ignorant, excited my astonishment; but my utmost wonder was engaged by some experiments on an air-pump, which I saw employed by a gentleman whom we were in the habit of visiting.
The ignorance of the early philosophers on these and several other points served to decrease their credit with me: but I could not entirely throw them aside, before some other system should occupy their place in my mind.
When I was about fifteen years old, we had retired to our house near Belrive, when we witnessed a most violent and terrible thunder-storm. It advanced from behind the mountains of Jura; and the thunder burst at once with frightful loudness from various quarters of the heavens. I remained, while the storm lasted, watching its progress with curiosity and delight. As I stood at the door, on a sudden I beheld a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oak, which stood about twenty yards from our house; and so soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained but a blasted stump. When we visited it the next morning, we found the tree shattered in a singular manner. It was not splintered by the shock, but entirely reduced to thin ribbands of wood. I never beheld any thing so utterly destroyed.
The catastrophe of this tree excited my extreme astonishment; and I eagerly inquired of my father the nature and origin of thunder and lightning. He replied, "Electricity"; describing at the same time the various effects of that power. He constructed a small electrical machine, and exhibited a few experiments; he made also a kite, with a wire and string, which drew down that fluid from the clouds.
This last stroke completed the overthrow of Cornelius Agrippa, Albertus Magnus, and Paracelsus, who had so long reigned the lords of my imagination. But by some fatality I did not feel inclined to commence the study of any modern system; and this disinclination was influenced by the following circumstance.
My father expressed a wish that I should attend a course of lectures upon natural philosophy, to which I cheerfully consented. Some accident prevented my attending these lectures until the course was nearly finished. The lecture, being therefore one of the last, was entirely incomprehensible to me. The professor discoursed with the greatest fluency of potassium and boron, of sulphates and oxyds, terms to which I could affix no idea; and I became disgusted with the science of natural philosophy, although I still read Pliny and Buffon with delight, authors, in my estimation, of nearly equal interest and utility.
My occupations at this age were principally the mathematics, and most of the branches of study appertaining to that science. I was busily employed in learning languages; Latin was already familiar to me, and I began to read some of the easiest Greek authors without the help of a lexicon. I also perfectly understood English and German. This is the list of my accomplishments at the age of seventeen; and you may conceive that my hours were fully employed in acquiring and maintaining a knowledge of this various literature.
Another task also devolved upon me, when I became the instructor of my brothers. Ernest was six years younger than myself, and was my principal pupil. He had been afflicted with ill health from his infancy, through which Elizabeth and I had been his constant nurses: his disposition was gentle, but he was incapable of cany severe application. William, the youngest of our family, was yet an infant, and the most beautiful little fellow in the world; his lively blue eyes, dimpled cheeks, and endearing manners, inspired the tenderest affection.
Such was our domestic circle, from which care and pain seemed for ever banished. My father directed our studies, and my mother partook of our enjoyments. Neither of us possessed the slightest pre-eminence over the other; the voice of command was never heard amongst us; but mutual affection engaged us all to comply with and obey the slightest desire of each other.
Michelle Nguyen:
Aric Maiden:
First reveal of his name?
Health & MedicineMary Shelley
Joey Eschrich:
Mary's mother was the renowned philosopher Mary Wollstonecraft. Tragically, Wollstonecraft died on September 10, 1797, just 11 days after giving birth to Mary, of puerperal fever, a malady common after childbirth in the eighteenth century. Wollstonecraft was an immense influence on Mary and her young-adult intellectual circle (Percy Shelley, Lord Byron, and others); Mary grew up revering and striving to emulate her beloved intellectual titan of a mother. In this passage, Victor recounts how his cousin and eventual spouse Elizabeth Lavenza came into his life as a child. Unlike Elizabeth, who is adopted by her uncle's family, Mary was raised by her father William Godwin and a stepmother, Mary Jane Clairmont, with whom she had a conflictual and troubled relationship.
Influences & AdaptationsScience
Robert Oppenheimer:
Here, Mary plays with archetypes of scientists and poets, scrambling references and blurring the lines between these pursuits. For example, Walton is an amateur poet on a scientific voyage, while Victor was Percy Shelley's pen name in his first published poetry. Mary's scientists and poets share a love of nature, though they express it in different ways—one theorizes about truth, the other rhapsodizes about beauty. While both require a passionate, curious mind observing nature, the scientist tries to understand how it works and the poet tries to communicate how it feels.
Perhaps Mary used these archetypes to represent the ironies of the imagination. We know Mary's reading list included Francis Bacon, who wrote in his Novum Organum (1620), "The present discoveries in science … lie immediately beneath the surface of common notions. It is necessary, however, to penetrate the more secret and remote parts of nature." The imagination produces tantalizing false meanings and delusions, but at the same time, enormous feats of imagination are required to think outside existing belief systems.
Mary would also have read and reviewed the poems Percy wrote during the European tour when she conceived Frankenstein, including "Mont Blanc," where he writes, "What were thou [Mont Blanc, the tallest mountain in the Alps], and earth, and stars, and sea, / If to the human mind's imaginings / Silence and solitude were vacancy?" In "Mont Blanc," Percy describes how human fancies lack the reality and beauty of nature, yet in the same poem he argues that nature is meaningless without the human imagination. Our relationship with our imagination is one of many metaphors in the relationship between Victor and his creation—we create the thing that enslaves us and drives us onward.
Mary ShelleyPhilosophy & Politics
Emily Zarka:
The gratitude expressed by Victor here reflects Mary's own respect and appreciation for her father William Godwin's dedication to her education. As an author, political journalist, and reformer, it comes as little surprise that Godwin supported Mary's informal education, encouraging the development of her reading and writing abilities and paying for a governess. He also frequently hosted noted scholars and writers of the period in their home, and served as her tutor for a variety of subjects. Godwin's devotion to fostering Mary's schooling was also influenced by the thinking of his late wife, Mary's mother Mary Wollstonecraft. Although Godwin admitted he was not following the philosophies presented in Wollstonecraft's Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (1787) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the attention Mary's schooling received was, like her mother's ideas about women's education, radical for the time. Godwin withdrew his support when Mary eloped with Percy Shelley in 1814. However, Mary's decision to dedicate the culmination of her youthful intellectual prowess, Frankenstein, to her father significantly improved their relationship. The modern-day inclusion of Frankenstein in countless curriculums (the book is the most-assigned novel in university courses, according to the Open Syllabus Project) continues the family's educational legacy.
Courtney Argenti:
Health & MedicineScienceTechnology
Frankenbook Editor:
"In stark scientific terms, we know that a species with more genetic diversity is more likely to survive, because it can adapt more easily to an environment that's constantly changing. But putting aside biology, we might still wish to create societies with more diversity and not less.
"The technology of genome editing has enormous potential to relieve suffering, and it may be that in some cases, we will decide that it is justified to remove certain mutations altogether. But as we face those decisions, we must keep in mind how hazy the line can be between benefit and detriment, disease and natural variation. In the words of Brazilian writer Clarice Lispector, 'even self-improvement can be dangerous. You never know which defect holds up the whole building.'"
Want to learn more about genetic engineering, diversity, and the unexpected trickiness of the question "what is a genetic flaw"? Read the complete essay by Jackie Grimm, PhD candidate in the Department of Molecular Biology at Princeton University.
Motivations & Sentiments
JJ LaTourelle:
The young, rebellious, intelligent, and ambitious Victor is motivated by the search for glory and public renown. He wants to make a name for himself. He wants not just to be successful but to be brilliantly, notoriously successful. And he seeks that glorious reputation through modern natural philosophy, what we now call experimental science, the "genius that … regulate[s his] fate". Victor's stated goal, to create a kind of immortality, is just the kind of thing that could bring him the renown he desperately seeks.
David H Guston:
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707–1788), was a French naturalist whose multivolume work Histoire naturelle (Natural history) echoed Pliny the Elder's. In a century in which natural historians were still attempting to understand whether and how species changed, Buffon proposed a theory that New World species, including humans, were degenerate compared to Old World species. His theory led to a heated correspondence with Thomas Jefferson, who sent samples of robust North American wildlife—including a stuffed moose—across the Atlantic to him.
Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) was a Roman naturalist and natural philosopher who published the encyclopedic text Naturalis historia (Natural history). He died in the explosion of Mount Vesuvius while attempting to help friends escape.
Mary ShelleyPhilosophy & PoliticsScienceTechnology
Dehlia Hannah:
Dramatic encounters with natural phenomena are inspirations for scientific as well as literary imagination. This passage reconstructs the way that the philosopher Francis Bacon (1561–1626) thought that scientists come to understand natural phenomena and, in turn, use their understanding to construct technologies that make use of the same underlying processes. In describing how Victor's father translates the mechanisms of thunder and lightning into various technologies—a small electrical machine (perhaps a galvanic pile and Leyden jar) and a kite that attracts and conducts electricity (after Benjamin Franklin's experiment), both of which were part of Percy Shelley's education—the passage foreshadows Victor's eventual use of electricity to animate the creature he creates. The sense of wonder the narrator describes at witnessing the storm is important: delight, curiosity, awe, and other emotions motivate scientific inquiry by captivating the imagination and emotions. Mary likely shared some of her protagonist's emotions as she endured the relentless rains and thunderstorms that plagued Geneva in the summer of 1816.
Equity & InclusionPhilosophy & Politics
Sara Brownell:
Accepting the failure to learn as the student's responsibility can be described as a student-deficit model of instruction, where any gap in learning is the student's fault and instructors are presumed to be faultless in their teaching. This perspective also represents an instructor-centered approach to teaching, where it is the student's responsibility to listen to and learn from the instructor. It stands in stark contrast to how many view education today as a constructivist activity that should be student centered, where students are creating their own learning.
Allison Kavey:
Cornelius Agrippa remains among the most intellectually compelling magical theologians and natural philosophers of his time. His magnum opus, De occulta philosophia libri tres (Three books of occult philosophy), occupied the majority of his life, starting with a juvenile manuscript dedicated to his teacher, Abbot Trithemius of Sponheim; it began to circulate in 1509–1510 and had a first printed edition in 1531 and a final edited edition in 1533. The book attained wide print circulation, appearing in German, Latin, and French editions before 1535 as well as in reprints and in English throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Agrippa's reputation as a dark magician also grew, despite the lack of evidence to support it, and a fourth book spuriously attributed to him was in fact a book of dark magic, appearing in English in the seventeenth century and outselling the original work through the nineteenth century.
It is not clear whether Victor Frankenstein read De occulta philosophia, but his appreciation for the "theory he [Agrippa] attempts to demonstrate" (here) suggests he might have encountered the magical cosmology it contained. Agrippa embeds magic in the Creation, contending that God placed magic in the world as a system of connections, sympathies, and antipathies by which adepts could transcend the natural sphere and influence the superior realms. Although De occulta philosophia clearly engages with Neoplatonic philosophy and sees a clear path by which the study of God's work improves the adept, it is unique in that Agrippa also includes the possibility for the living adept to transcend the natural sphere through magical work and to re-enter the godhead. Through the spiritual improvement (requiring the adept to shed human desires and ambitions) required to attain such magical skills, Agrippa believes the adept would use his magical skills to continue the world order conceived by God—perhaps seeing the adept as an important source of defense in the case of an apocalypse. It is not clear, however, what would happen if a disciplined but evil adept achieved the godhead—perhaps he could derail the order of the world. At any rate, Victor's sense that he can equal God might have come from this text because he read it outside the context of Renaissance theology and without understanding the tremendous discipline required of a magical adept. His creature serves as an object lesson about the threats posed by undisciplined, ambition-fueled, and ego-driven science. It does not operate as a corrective to the problems of Renaissance natural philosophy solved by modern science but instead serves as evidence for the importance of the increasingly common peer-reviewed and institutionally defined investigations that came to be known as science in the early nineteenth century.
This passage implies that formal education is superior to being self-educated. Further, there is a sentiment that formal schooling can ground someone in truth and that a person trying to learn on his or her own may not be able to separate fiction from fact because he or she hasn't been taught what is right by someone else. This is a particularly interesting way to view schooling because all schooling is biased in some way: by the curriculum developed, by the instructor's views on that curriculum, and even by what questions the instructor entertains in the classroom. There is an assumed unbiased truth associated with formal schooling, but this assumption is flawed.
Joel A Klein:
Many European alchemists in the Middle Ages and Renaissance believed that it was possible to produce an "elixir" or medicine that could prolong life or even heal all diseases. Some, including Cornelius Agrippa (Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim, 1486–1535), associated such elixirs or medicines with the philosopher's stone: a substance of alchemical legend that could turn metals such as lead into gold. The medieval theologian Albertus Magnus (c. 1200–1280) did not officially support such views, but a text called the Little Book on Alchemy that falsely purported—but was widely believed—to be by Albertus did. The texts whose ideas on alchemy and life were most influential, however, were attributed to—although likely not penned by—the Renaissance physician and iconoclast Paracelsus (1493–1541). In one of these, a work titled On the Nature of Things, the author describes the artificial creation of a little human called a "homunculus" in a process vaguely similar to Victor's animation of "lifeless matter" (here and here). Heating a sealed flask containing putrefying semen would produce a human form after forty days, and the fully formed homunculus—which would have marvelous powers and knowledge—would be complete after forty weeks of feeding with a preparation of human blood.
Alchemy has roots in the ancient world, although the word itself comes from Arabic. It was concerned primarily with the transformation of materials, notably the transmutation of base metals such as lead and tin into gold and silver. Much historical alchemy can usefully be conceived as protochemistry and included such practices as metallurgy and the making of dyes and imitation gems. Alchemy also had a strong connection with medicine, and for some in the Renaissance it came to be associated with astrology, mysticism, and even magic. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, alchemy was increasingly viewed as a pseudoscience and the domain of charlatans. Both Victor's father and Professor Krempe reflect this view and strongly distinguish between the modern science of chemistry and irrational, premodern alchemy.
Influences & AdaptationsMary ShelleyScience
Natural philosophy and natural philosopher were broadly encompassing terms for the theoretical and empirical inquiry into the natural world and those who conducted such inquiries. The latter was used prior to the rise of the term scientist, which was not coined until 1834, although Mary does use the word scientifical: "our family was not scientifical," says Victor in describing the Frankensteins (here
A biography of Humphry Davy (Golinksi 2016, 1) that focuses on how Davy, who was acquainted with Mary's father William Godwin and whose work was read by Mary, became "a scientist before there was such a thing," uses quotations from Mary's novel as the epigraphs to each chapter, as if to suggest that Davy's difficulty in forging a scientific career is associated with and can be communicated by Mary's portrayal of Victor's similar difficulties.
Philosophy & Politics
Braden Allenby:
This passage is about perceived momentum: the past reconstructed from the viewpoint of the present always appears to have a structure, a momentum, and an obvious path. It is this deep misconception in part that leads to optimism regarding the ability to predict the future and to manipulate the present in such a way as to achieve desired future states. But the challenges of technology and governance in an increasingly complex world mean that such optimism is both hubristic and dysfunctional. It is hubristic because it dramatically overestimates the ability of anyone, technologist or policy maker, to predict future paths of sociotechnological systems, and it is dysfunctional because it leads to becoming lost in a haze of whimsical fantasy rather than to putting effort into the difficult and constantly changing challenge of dealing ethically, responsibly, and rationally with an ever-morphing, fundamentally unpredictable, real world. You can reach back and claim there is a clear stream from your deep past to your present situation, but what you are really doing is building an entirely normative reconstruction, an arbitrary and partial one at best.
Mary ShelleyMotivations & Sentiments
Mary Margaret Fonow:
The setting for the story is Geneva, Switzerland, one of the oldest major capitals of Europe, and Victor is from one of its noblest families. He uses his scientific training to create a new life but then fails to take responsibility for loving and caring for that life. He is shocked and disgusted when his creation doesn't turn out as he planned. Yet he is also mostly unaware that his failure to take care of his creation in turn has created the creature he fears and rejects. Mary and her family traveled in more liberal and even radical circles, and she abhorred and flaunted the conventional mores of high society. In Frankenstein, is she calling attention to the propensity of those at the top to ignore the consequences of their actions? Social status cannot fully protect individuals from unintended consequences. Scientists and engineers who are often at the highest ranks of the academy need to be more mindful of the unintended consequences of their discoveries.
Frankenbook


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Tay-K's Murder Accomplice, Sean Robinson, Pleads Guilty, Faces 40 Years In Prison
Posted on August 31, 2018 by KollegeKidd Staff
Tay-K's deadly robbery case isn't looking to good for him. If the sentences his accomplices have received thus far are any indication of his fate, it's not looking to good for him.
#tayk's murder accomplice, #seanrobinson, pleads guilty in deadly home invasion, Faces 40 years in prison 😮 Click link in bio for story
A post shared by Kollege Kidd (@kollegekidd) on Aug 31, 2018 at 5:15am PDT
Tay-K's accomplice, Sean Robinson, has pleaded guilty for his role in deadly home invasion that left 26-year-old Ethan Walker dead.
Sean, whose was originally charged with capital murder in the case, pleaded guilty to murder in exchange for a 40-year prison sentence.
He'll have to serve 18 years before he's eligible for parole.
Two female suspects – 22-year-old Ariana Bharrat and Megan Holt, 21 – both accepted plea deals, agreeing to testify truthfully in the upcoming capital murder trials of their co-defendants, Sean Robinson, Jalen Bell and Tay-K in exchange for being allowed to plead guilty to the lesser charge of aggravated robbery.
Their testimonies will allow them to avoid capital murder charges and escape the death penalty.
#TayK's Female Robbery Accomplices Will Testify Against Him 😮 Click link in bio for full story
Bharrat's plea deal will allow her to plead guilty to aggravated robbery in exchange for a 25-year prison sentence.
Holt, 21, will receive a 20-year prison sentence if she pleads guilty to aggravated robbery.
A teen girl was sentenced in February to 20 years' confinement after she was found guilty of capital murder and two aggravated robbery charges.
Latharian Merritt, the accused gunman in Walker's shooting, convicted of capital murder by a jury in May. He was sentenced to life in prison.
Tay-K helped plan the robbery with Robinson and other suspects on the night of Monday, July 25, 2016. Two women, Megan Holt, 19, and Ariana Bharrat, 20, were pawns used to gain entry into the home that night.
Megan, Ariana and an unnamed woman drove to Ethan's home to smoke marijuana. A total of three residents were at the home.
Bharrat and Holt began "acting weird, going in and out of the room," the unnamed witness stated in an affidavit. Holt went to the kitchen to get a drink of water three times in 20 minutes.
The witness could see a group text message of "hit a lick" and "is it a go" on Ariana's phone. Megan's name was also reportedly in the group text. "Hit a lick" means to rob a person or burglarize a home.
It wasn't long before a group that included Tay-K, 17, Latharian Merritt, 22, Sean, 22, charged into the home with weapons. A resident told authorities he believes one of the women unlocked the front door.
The home invaders stole drugs and money. Walker was shot as the robbers ran out the front door and later died from his injury at John Peter Smith Hospital In Fort Worth, TX.
The resident who let the women into the house was shot in the shoulder when he fought with a robber. A third resident was injured and treated at the scene.
The three women fled the house behind the robbers and drove away in Megan's car.
Megan and Ariana were arrested on July 27 and July 28, 2016, respectively. The two women face a charge of capital murder, and are being held on $500,000 in Tarrant County Jail.
Latharian was arrested on Aug. 3, 2016 and being held at $145,000 bail. He faces a capital murder charge.
Four juveniles, including Tay-K, were also arrested. A teen girl was the first juvenile arrested, and ordered released on house arrest. Prosecutors attempted to have the girl certified as an adult in the case, but were unsuccessful.
Tay-K was also lucky to be released on house arrest as it went against prosecutors' wishes. Tay-K still decided to cut off his ankle monitor in March, and make a run for it. Unfortunately for Tay-K, U.S. Marshalls captured him on Friday, June 30 in New Jersey, and extradited him to Fort Worth, Texas.
Tay-K's attorneys are confident "The Race" rapper will beat his case.
Tay-K now has entertainment lawyer James McMillan representing him, according to the New York Times. McMillan is known for representing Kodak Black who is battling his own legal troubles.
Tay-K, McMillan said, "has this dire situation on his back, but this opportunity on the other hand. I'm tasked with trying to make sure we maximize his opportunities so he can mount as strong of a criminal defense as possible."
Loftin told The New York Times that the rapper "is ready for his day in court," adding the teen was "upbeat and in good spirits."
#TayK's Attorney Says #TheRace Rapper Will Beat The Case ? Click link in bio for story
Loftin believes Tay-K will be cleared of all of charges.
"Since Day 1, Mr. McIntyre has cooperated with law enforcement entities and maintained his innocence," Loftin said. "We feel confident when all of the evidence is reviewed, Mr. McIntyre will be exonerated of all of the charges."
Tay-K's legal woes don't end with the home invasion case. He is a suspect in another murder in San Antonio after fleeing house arrest, the Star-Telegram reports.
He is also accused of beating and robbing a 65-year-old man in Arlington's Craven Park.
Tay-K gained popularity when he released his "The Race" music video upon his capture by U.S. Marshalls. Tay-K posed with his own wanted flier in the visual. Tay-K also calls himself a shooter like slain Chicago rapper Young Pappy.
He raps, "I tote 50s, I'm a shooter like Young Pappy/B***h tried rob me, make her dance, Michael Jackson."
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Tay-K's Female Accomplice In Deadly Robbery Sentenced To 20 Years In Prison
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Tay-K Smiles In Court [Video]
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This entry was posted in Kidd News and tagged 40 years, guilty, home invasion, murder, prison, robbery, Sean Robinson, tay-k. Bookmark the permalink.


Can be purchased through homepage or at German online-shop gamepad.
"Harvest" is another adventure game from the blooming Independent developer scene, more exactly said, by Michael B. Clark, who developed this 1st-person-game with the help of the program Adventuremaker completely of his own. The game can be purchased both, through the developer's homepage and through German online-shop gamepad.
As often in 1st-person-games, we don't get to know very much about the identity of the person, whose role we take over and through whose eyes we watch the game. Our nameless hero makes an evening walk in the park with his dog Allibaster. The dog runs after an animal and disappears. We search for him and find the entrance to an underground complex. Someone has built here a well-equipped, enormous bunker and bit by bit we get information about the builder, his story and what is driving him. We advance into the psychological depths of a family tragedy, which is the headstone to a still bigger tragedy, concerning the entire population. The designer of the bunker has developed a machine, which can produce drinking water from rocks. But we find out, that such won water will finally poison humans. Retrieving Allibaster is thus not the only challenge in this game.
"Harvest" is exclusively mouse-controlled. The cursor takes over different arrow shapes to indicate scene exits, which we can use by left-click. In the shape of a magnifying glass it lets us look at objects. With the hand-icon we can take up objects, which are then automatically stowed away in the inventory, or also lets us manipulate things. If we can use an inventory object, we see a crosshair. Normally all hotspots are clearly marked, there are however no additional on screen text descriptions. We must wait until an object rests in the inventory, to get a description of the item. A inventory button is always visible in the upper left screen corner. By simply driving the mouse over it, the inventory bar unfolds, which closes again if the mouse leaves this area. The inventory contains a magnifying glass from the start, to zoom objects in full screen mode. Inventory objects can be combined within the inventory. By drag&drop items are selected and used - both in the inventory and at the action screen.
At one point of the game some difficulties with the otherwise very simple handling occured: a large number of small pebbles can be taken up. With that the red inventory area becomes larger and larger that even a part of the necessary interactive area is covered and one cannot use the stones in the desired and for puzzle solution necessary spots. Here the size of the inventory should have better been limited.
With the right mouse button a Windows menu bar is switched on and off, to save, load or exit the game. Savegames are stored in a Windows window. Savegames are not limeted in naming or number. In addition savegames are not sorted alphabetical, but after time descending, so they can be found again easily. Handling and controls are simple and require no additional briefing or explanation.
The puzzles of "Harvest" are various and partly very imaginative. On the one hand we find object-/ inventory-based puzzles, on the other hand mechanical-logical Myst-style puzzles, a slider puzzle, coding and Memory-style puzzles and a maze. Solving the maze once is accaptable, but crossing it again and again makes no fun. Nearly all logically thought out puzzles - except the Memory-style riddle - have a reference somewhere in the game, sometimes at far away locations. Often documents point the correct direction, which you should note down better. The game is predominantly linear, leaves however in some places the sequence of the solution to the gamer. Michael B. Clark understood - with few exceptions - to integrate the puzzles into the quite interesting background story and also deviates the often used paths of finding keys/open doors. In "Harvest" one cannot die, there are no timed puzzles or action elements.
The graphics of "Harvest" consist nearly completely of static background screens, rarely animated In dia-show style one moves through hand drawn and roughly textured locations, which appear nonprofessionell - perspectives and proportions did not always succeed and details are often abstained from. Who is expecting the graphics class of "Dark Fall" or of the freeware adventures "Voodoo", will be disappointed.
Unobtrusive sound and music fit well, however sometimes repeat too often, depending on how long you need for a solution in a certain location, what can be a bit nerving. Speech is like everything else a self production, sometimes only partially understandable. With the ghost voice of the dead father distortion was used, making it really difficult to understand important tasks for gamers to whom English is not the mother-tongue. Unfortunately there are no sub-titles. Very nice the video sequences interspersed in the second half of the game, and the appearance of a real actor. Here actually suspense arises and the action gets a new turn.
The first work of Michael B. Clark is still far from perfection, especially regarding graphics and atmosphere. But we find here a quite psychologically thought out story with solid puzzles and simple handling. Since I, as said in earlier reviews, am no friend of labyrinths and used a walkthrough for that, I can only estimate the total play time with approx. 16 to 18 hours. "Harvest" is recommendable for 1st-person-fans, who don't attach much importance to graphics quality but particularly want to concentrate on tricky puzzles.


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H&R Block co-founder Henry Bloch dies at 96
By: Andres Gutierrez , 41 Action News Staff
The co-founder of Kansas City-based H&R Block, Henry Bloch, died Tuesday, surrounded by family. He was 96.
KANSAS CITY, Mo. — The co-founder of Kansas City-based H&R Block, Henry Bloch, died Tuesday, surrounded by family. He was 96.
Family members confirmed Bloch's passing to 41 Action News.
On Tuesday, the Kansas City community remembered him for his generosity, service and entrepreneurship.
Before a lifetime of philanthropic efforts, Bloch co-founded H&R Block with his brother, Richard, in 1955.
It became a national brand by the 1970s, earning Bloch the nickname "America's Tax Man."
He retired as the company's CEO in 1992, and as chairman of the board in 2000.
"Through his honesty and integrity, Henry embodied the best of American business, entrepreneurship and philanthropy. In so many ways, he was ahead of his time and a model for today's entrepreneur," Jeff Jones, president and chief executive officer of H&R Block Inc., said in a release. "His vision lives on through our H&R Block associates and the many philanthropic organizations that he supported."
Cultural institutions reflected Tuesday on the legacy of the titan that championed his hometown.
Bloch, who served as a navigator on 32 combat missions in World War II , was a longtime supporter of the National WWI Museum and Memorial.
"When the memorial had gone into disrepair and some deferred maintenance had caught up with memorial, he was one of those who believed in its resurrection," said Matthew Naylor, president & CEO of the National WWI Museum and Memorial.
Most recently, Bloch and his foundation contributed toward a $25 million gift to the museum, which led to the new Wylie Gallery.
But his contributions went beyond the financial ones.
"The investment that he made in people, he challenged ordinary people to be extraordinary," Naylor said.
That sentiment is also felt at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art.
"He touched everyone's lives in the museum, and he had a word for each of them, from our guards to every person," said Julián Zugazagoitia, director and CEO of the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. "He always had that right word —an encouraging word — but because of that I have never seen a team work as hard and as fast to accomplish something with the greatest excellence but in a short period of time."
That work resulted in the Bloch galleries that house Bloch's personal collection of paintings.
It was also at the museum where Bloch founded the Business Council in 1985. The council is cited as the most successful of any art museum in the country.
"This is an enormous loss to the community and to the Nelson-Atkins," Richard C. Green, chair of the museum's Board of Trustees, said in a release. "Henry Bloch had an unfailing vision and enthusiasm that was borne of genuine gratitude."
Kansas City Chamber of Commerce President Joe Reardon released a statement Tuesday, saying Bloch's legacy in Kansas City will last generations.
"We are deeply saddened by the passing of someone who is truly a Kansas City legend. Henry Bloch was an absolute champion of Kansas City in everything he did," Reardon said in the statement. "From business endeavors involving H&R Block, to his mentorship, to his philanthropy, and most importantly his character, he was an exceptional man."
A public memorial service will be held at 1:30 p.m. on Monday, April 29, in the Atkins Auditorium at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art.
Additional information about services and the life of Bloch are available on this website.
Bloch is survived by his four children and many grandchildren and great-grandchildren.


There's a lot of things that I miss about my old office – some great friends, the IT work, and the hot chocolate club. From December to January each year they have a hot chocolate club that you can join. Similar to a water club, you pay a small monthly fee and get to enjoy hot chocolate whenever you want. I looked forward to my cup each morning after walking into the building in the cold.
« Happy 1st Birthday Brody!