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ZF Cooperates with Deutsche Bahn on the "Advanced TrainLab"
© ZF Group
Home » News » Supplier News » ZF Cooperates with Deutsche Bahn on the "Advanced TrainLab"
by Railway News
Suppliers ZF Group
ZF is working with Deutsche Bahn AG (DB) to test [email protected], a new advanced condition monitoring system for the rail sector.
[email protected] allows extensive condition monitoring of the components on board the "advanced TrainLab" – a DB test vehicle based on an ICE-TD, which is now running on tracks in Germany for testing purposes. [email protected] also allows the operator to monitor condition of the rail infrastructure for potential hazardous spots, further augmenting safety and efficiency in rail transport in the process.
"Advanced TrainLab" – a DB test vehicle based on an ICE-TD
Mobility is a necessity of modern-day society. In Germany alone, 18.4 million people commute to work every day – 59.4 percent of the country's entire workforce. And this figure is still rising. The passenger car remains the commuter's preferred choice, but traffic jams, a lack of parking space and pressure to reduce emissions call this preference increasingly into question. If rail transport is to play a greater role in society's mobility mix, trains need to withstand peak periods and faster cycle times, and become more efficient to operate. Service interruptions also need to be eliminated.
On Track for the Future
Consequently, Deutsche Bahn is conducting research with the advanced TrainLab – a rolling test laboratory based on a Class 605 multiple train unit (ICE-TD) – on the use of new, innovative technologies designed to achieve these objectives. ZF is working with DB and has incorporated its [email protected] system into the diesel-electric trainset.
Dr. Klaus Geißdörfer, Head of the ZF Industrial Technology Division, described the cooperation:
"The DB test train provides a unique opportunity to test our advanced condition monitoring system for rail equipment under real-world conditions.
"Our company works under the motto 'mobility-life balance' across all ZF business units with a view to achieving the objective of clean, safe mobility for everyone at all times. ZF technologies such as [email protected] help increase the efficiency and safety of all types of rail vehicles."
The advanced TrainLab has been up and running since November 2018. The ZF system was installed during the last upgrade to the train in August. You can find out more about DB's test vehicle here.
All-Round Monitoring
On board the advanced TrainLab, ZF fits wireless accelerometers to the train's unsprung bogie. These accelerometers can also be used to record the operating temperatures, oscillations and vibrations, as well as the tilt angle of the train. Wheel to rail contact can also be monitored. As such, [email protected] not only monitors the condition of the rolling stock, but the condition of the track as well.
Measurement and route data are transferred to the ZF IoT Cloud and can be downloaded using a computer or mobile device for analysis and visualisation. This way the operator receives analyses in real time, which help identify the condition of the rolling stock or the infrastructure and helps facilitate condition-based maintenance cycles. [email protected] helps to ensure the entire rail fleet is operating smoothly and as cost-efficiently as possible. Passengers benefit from more efficient rail transport and enhanced train availability.
Related ZF Group News
10 Mar 2020 | Supplier News
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Use the form opposite to get in touch with ZF Group directly to discuss any requirements you might have.


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Tamil businessman shot dead in Dehiwela
[TamilNet, Tuesday, 20 January 2004, 00:44 GMT]
Daniel Sathasivam, 47, a wealthy businessman from Dehiwela was shot dead Saturday night by unknown gunmen inside the Communications Center he owned in Dehiwela, Uthayan, a popular daily in Jaffna reported.
Mr. Sathasivam owned several communication centers which provided long distance telephone and internet services in Wellawatte, Dehiwela and Kirilappone areas. He also had a thriving air-line ticket business according to reports.
Preliminary investigations into the murder revealed that Mr.Sathasivam has been receiving death threats through telephone from unknown persons for sometime.
Police are conducting further investigations.
Mr.Sathasivam is a father of two children and also ran timber business in Jaffna.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Jerrod Baum sentenced to 4 life sentences for murders of Breezy, Riley
Jun 9, 2022, 6:18 PM | Updated: Jun 10, 2022, 10:33 am
BY ELIZA PACE
Jerrod Baum was sentenced in court Thursday to four life sentences without the possibility of parole for the aggravated kidnapping and murders of 18-year-old Brelynne "Breezy" Otteson and 17-year-old Riley Powell.
Baum was previously found guilty on eight counts, including aggravated murder in the 2017 deaths of Otteson and Riley Powell.
The counts included two counts of aggravated murder, two counts of aggravated kidnapping, two counts of abuse or desecration of a dead human body, one count of obstruction of justice, and one count of possession of a weapon by a restricted person.
In late December, 2017, victims Brelynne "Breezy" Otteson, then 17 and Riley Powell, then 18, visited Morgan Lewis Henderson.
Henderson had previously been in a relationship with Baum and the couple lived together.
Powell and Otteson were last seen together in Spanish Fork on their way home to Eureka, where they lived with Powell's grandfather. By Jan. 2, 2018, the teens were reported missing and detectives investigated the home where Baum and Henderson lived.
Powell's jeep was found and Juab County Sheriff Doug Anderson released a statement that said the condition and location of the Jeep is "highly suspicious" and foul play is "strongly suggested."
In March of 2018, Henderson was pulled over for speeding and arrested on suspicion of drug and weapons charges. She said she felt "tremendous guilt" and told police how Baum killed the teens and where he dumped the bodies, at the Tintic Standard mine. With the aid of a camera, two bodies were located about 100 feet down the mine shaft. The victims had their hands tied and appeared to have stab wounds.
In the trial, Lewis described watching Baum throw the teens' bodies down the mineshaft. She said he then forced her to bathe in bleach and burned her clothing in a barrel to destroy evidence.
The complete timeline of the teens disappearance and deaths can be found here:
TIMELINE: Investigation, trial in the killings of Breezy Otteson and Riley Powell
Tamara Vaifanua
Financial tips to prepare for having kids
Having kids can be exciting, but it requires a lot of financial planning. Here are some smart money moves for new and expecting parents.
Ashley Fredde
County opens warming center after Salt Lake homeless advocates build unsanctioned tent
Temperatures became dangerously low across the state, making people without housing particularly vulnerable.


Cape Town - Andrie Steyn is impressed with how the Proteas women have begun to find a way to emerge victorious in their close-finishing matches during this year's inbound tour against Sri Lanka.
South Africa have twice in four fixtures, found themselves in tight endings, winning by two wickets in the second T20 international in Johannesburg with one ball to spare and winning the first ODI yesterday by seven runs after the visitors had, at a time needed to bat at a run a ball for what would have been their first win so far.
While she admits that it is not ideal for them to find themselves in those situations too often, the opening batter is delighted to see that her side is beginning to live the brand of cricket that they have committed to.
"It's a never-say-die, don't-panic, fight-to-the-very-end type of cricket that we have begun to play and it's really pleasing that we have come out on the winning side of all the close games that we have found ourselves in lately," she explained. "Dané (van Niekerk) talks a lot about our attacking brand of cricket and we are living it, not only when we bat and bowl, but in our fielding as well. It's those game changing moments like Tumi's catch in the Jo'burg T20 that can turn a match on its head.
The home side's win saw them take a 1-0 lead in the three-match One-Day series and Steyn believes that it will do wonders for the team's confidence as they look to make further gains in the ICC Women's Championship log. She and captain Dané van Niekerk shared a match-winning 117-run, third-wicket stand that saw her notch up her fourth ODI half-century (75 off 100 balls) and the skipper her maiden ODI century (102 off 117 balls) as they went.
The hosts find themselves on the brink of another series win if they can successfully clinch Thursday's fixture. Steyn is confident that they have what it takes to do so and have learned a lot of lessons from the first match that they can take into the remainder of the series.
"I think if we stick to our processes we won't have to worry too much about what the conditions are or what the weather is. We saw in the first match when we batted that it wasn't so much about the hard drives up front, but more about finding a way to rotate the strike and find those ones and twos. The bowlers would have found what works for them as well and we all know that when it comes to fielding, there's always room for improvement. But all in all, we're very happy with the direction we're headed in and we are looking forward to Thursday," she concluded.


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American administration
United States prepares a diplomatic offensive in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Published by B92 on Fri, 12/10/2021 - 10:27
In an interview with the Guardian, Derek Cholet, a senior adviser to U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken, said the United States was determined to regain Bosnia and Herzegovina from being "on the edge" amid "secessionist threats by Serbian nationalists and that sanctions were among the options which they are considering".
Read more about United States prepares a diplomatic offensive in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Putin vs. Biden
Published by B92 on Tue, 12/07/2021 - 09:32
They will discuss military tensions and other issues in Ukraine via a video link.
The U.S. President wants to talk with Putin about the deployment of Russian forces on the border with Ukraine, Reuters quoted an unnamed source from the American administration as saying, but also about strategic stability, cyber security and regional issues.
Read more about Putin vs. Biden
Turkey's first choice is to be in F-35 program: Presidential spokesperson
Turkey's first choice is to be in the U.S. F-35 fighter jet program, and its exclusion from the program due to CAATSA sanctions is an unfair and unlawful practice, the country's presidential spokesperson said on Nov. 4.
Read more about Turkey's first choice is to be in F-35 program: Presidential spokesperson
Istanbul's Patriarch Bartholomew meets US officials
Istanbul's Fener Greek Patriarch Bartholomew met with senior officials including President Joe Biden during his 12-day visit to the U.S.
Biden and Bartholomew "discussed efforts to confront climate change, steps to end the global COVID-19 pandemic and the importance of religious freedom as a fundamental human right," according to a statement from the White House.
Read more about Istanbul's Patriarch Bartholomew meets US officials
Erdoğan warns 'race of Islamophobia' by public authorities in the West
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan on May 25 warned that Islamophobia was fueled by public authorities and spreading, especially in the Western countries.
"Although westerners want to soften racism against Muslims [calling it] as Islamophobia, we know that it is enmity against Islam," Erdoğan said, speaking at the first International Media and Islamophobia Symposium.
Read more about Erdoğan warns 'race of Islamophobia' by public authorities in the West
Biden's national security adviser, Erdogan's spokesman hold telephone call
Published by Kathimerini on Tue, 02/02/2021 - 15:55
US President Joe Biden's national security adviser, Jake Sullivan, and Turkey's presidential spokesman Ibrahim Kalin held a telephone call in what marks the first contact between the new American administration and Ankara, according to media reports.
No details were immediately available about the conversation.
Read more about Biden's national security adviser, Erdogan's spokesman hold telephone call
US Ambassador's statement revealed the secret of the participants in NATO aggression
Published by B92 on Mon, 02/01/2021 - 09:27
An official of the American administration has only now confessed that their soldiers also took part in the land invasion of Serbia and that they died in those battles.
Read more about US Ambassador's statement revealed the secret of the participants in NATO aggression
A surprise for us from the White House; "It won't take long"
Published by B92 on Thu, 01/28/2021 - 08:29
The White House has revealed that Western Balkans is among the six priorities of the new US administration. This means that Serbia must be ready for new challenges, primarily pertaining to the Kosovo issue, writes Sputnik.
Read more about A surprise for us from the White House; "It won't take long"
President Iohannis convinced Strategic Partnership development will continue under the new U.S. administration
Published by Agerpres on Mon, 01/18/2021 - 18:52
President Klaus Iohannis, speaking today at the decoration ceremony of U.S. ambassador to Romania, Adrian Zuckerman, said that Romania remains a strong ally and a trusted friend of the United States of America.
Read more about President Iohannis convinced Strategic Partnership development will continue under the new U.S. administration
US Ambassador in Bucharest ends term in office, meets ForMin Bogdan Aurescu
Minister of Foreign Affairs Bogdan Aurescu on Monday received, at the headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MAE), the farewell visit of the Ambassador of the United States to Romania, Adrian Zuckerman, whose term in office has come to an end.
Read more about US Ambassador in Bucharest ends term in office, meets ForMin Bogdan Aurescu
Aegean tourism hotspots flooded by heavy rains
Sexy Evi Adam 'rocks' in Turkey (sexy pics)
EU Launches Proceeding on Agricultural Land Ownership Laws in Bulgaria
Serbian labor minister on visit to Czech Republic
Unfazed by recession, Hines continues its investment program


Sq. Ft.:2,180 to 4,244Sq. Ft.
Tressler's Twin Lakes is a neighborhood in Stuart, Florida. Homes in Tressler's Twin Lakes are 3,100 square feet on average and typically have three bedrooms and two bathrooms. Homes in this neighborhood typically sit on quarter-acre lots. The most common type of parking in the community is garage, and homes in Tressler's Twin Lakes typically have five spaces.
How would you rate Tressler's Twin Lakes?
Recently, there has been 3 home sale in Tressler's Twin Lakes. The home in this community sold for $360,000.


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Denver weather: Storm causes accidents, record…
Denver weather: Storm causes accidents, record snow in Boulder
Roads were clear but icy at 73rd Place in Arvada on Tuesday morning, April 9, 2013.
Yellow narcissus bow under about an inch of new snow in Loveland on April 9, 2013.
A driver recovers from doing a 180 on an icy Sheridan Blvd in Arvada this morning, April 09, 2013 Arvada, Colorado.
Denver Police officer Adolph Chavez waits for a tow truck to arrive where cars are stuck on an on-ramp to Interstate 70 in Denver on April 09, 2013.
A man talks on a phone following a fender bender between a car and a truck near 22nd and Arapahoe in downtown Denver on Tuesday, April 9, 2013.
Jennifer Nixon, a Denver Zoo employee, sits on a bench as she waits for a bus on 28th. Temperatures in Denver reached the mid-teens on Tuesday, April 9, 2013, and the zoo closed for the day.
By Kieran Nicholson | knicholson@denverpost.com and Ryan Parker | rparker@denverpost.com | The Denver Post
PUBLISHED: April 9, 2013 at 12:08 am | UPDATED: April 30, 2016 at 7:35 am
The spring snowstorm that blew in Monday night was causing havoc on the roads late Tuesday.
Multiple accidents were attributed to the icy conditions and poor visibility. In addition, eastbound Interstate 70 was closed Tuesday evening at Burlington because of the adverse conditions in Kansas, according to the Colorado Department of Transportation.
While snow totals were fewer than predictions in some parts of the metro area, Boulder saw a record amount with 13.1 inches, according to The Daily Camera.
Tuesday's snowfall beat the previous April 9 record, which was 11.8 inches, set in 1989.
Snowy, wintry weather will continue into the night Tuesday, lingering in the northeast corner of Colorado before moving out.
Winds gusting up to 40 mph were creating blizzard-like conditions on the northeastern plains Tuesday night, with drifting snow, limited visibilities and dangerous wind chill values, according to the National Weather Service. The wind chill in Sterling overnight could drop to minus-9 degrees. A winter weather advisory on Tuesday remains in effect for northeastern Colorado through midnight.
Tuesday's spring storm, by mid-day, brought 9 inches of snow to Morrison and 8 inches to the Ken Caryl area, according to the weather service. Denver International Airport recorded 4.5 inches of snow by 3 p.m.
Denver's weather was frigid throughout the day, with the high temperature hitting 22 degrees at 12:07 a.m., the weather service said. Most of the day Tuesday, Denver's temperature hovered in the teens.
At Denver International Airport about 486 flights have been canceled and planes will have to de-ice Tuesday before departure, said Heath Montgomery, a DIA spokesman.
The overnight low Wednesday morning will be in the single digits.
Skies over Denver should be partly sunny on Wednesday and the high temperature should top out near 34 degrees.
Kieran Nicholson: 303-954-1822, knicholson@denverpost.com or twitter.com/kierannicholson
Kieran Nicholson
Kieran Nicholson covers breaking news for The Denver Post. He started at the Post in 1986, at the old building on 15th and California streets. Nicholson has covered a variety of beats including suburbs, courts, crime and general assignment.
Follow Kieran Nicholson	@kierannicholson
Ryan Parker
Ryan Parker was a reporter for The Denver Post from 2011 until May 2014. A Colorado native, Parker started his career at smaller weeklies and worked for YourHub before becoming a breaking news reporter for The Post.


This Tile forming machine can form the steel or Aluminum sheet according to customer's requirement continuous, and then automatically cut to length. The equipment adopts PLC control, AC frequency and adjusting the speed technology, and it realize the continuous automatically production, therefore, it is really a new type of energy-saving and high-effective producing equipment for metal roofing tile. And it has many advantages, just like low noise, stable transmission, easy operation, good appearance and so on.
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Recommond Automatic Stacker below match the main machine.


Quite a change overnight from millpond calm at dusk to 80mph gusts around dawn. Such a stir-up was always going to be worth paying attention to and the best of the storm-driven strays were a Sooty Shearwater off the Bill, a Manx Shearwater off Church Ope Cove and the Iceland Gull resurfacing in Chesil Cove; one or more Great Skuas were also about off the Bill. The only other reports were of 43 Brent Geese at Ferrybridge and singles of Great Northern Diver and Goosander in Portland Harbour.


We are a clinic that is growing. If you are a practitioner who would like to work in a clinic, but get paid like you work in a spa, this is perfect for you.
Elements Massage in Langley is a clinic that looks like a spa, where we are able to compensate therapists at a higher rate than in a typical clinical setting. We are a 6 room clinic located in Langley next to the Willowbrook Mall, and we adding practitioners to our team to meet increasing patient demand. We have all of the latest equipment in a custom constructed beautiful facility. Full-time or part-time available. Check out our website at www.elementsmassage.ca/langley.
Our clinic has front end staff on at all times to manage bookings and intake. We supply everything from new hydraulic tables, to linens, lotions and supplies. Our RMT's focus on patient care.
FYI, our one hour appointments have 50 minutes of hands on time. The signing bonus is based on a 30 hour work week.
Please apply at kevinyounghusband@elementsmassage.com or call 604-787-5968 with any inquiries.
I acknowledge and agree that I am applying for a job with Elements Massage® Langley.


arrange private functions such as weddings, confirmations, dinners and parties. Etablert av L/L Bondeheimen (Inntrndelag Ungdomssamlag) ved oppkjp av Andreas Langlies hotellbygning, bygd i 1902. Our dedicated and professional staff will help you arrange a great event for up to 350 people.
The Quality Hotel Grand Steinkjer is a modern conference hotel in the centre of Steinkjer. More information about this can be found under. Se p hotellets webside for nyaktige pningstider. Can't find the right menu for your special event? Catering fra Grand gjr selskapet komplett. Come here to celebrate the end of a great conference, enjoy a family dinner or simply to have a delicious meal! (Foto: Morten Stene 10, mars 2013). Restaurant, after a demanding conference come and enjoy a good dinner in our restaurant, with its fresh and relaxed atmosphere.


When you are looking to sell property, real estate agent commissions and property selling costs are major expenses.
Our real estate agent fees guide will help you know what you should be paying in your area, the different commission structures, marketing fees and other costs involved.
Fees aren't the only thing you need to think about, so look into our guides on picking the best agent, how to sell your house and how to maximise your property value.
Real estate commission is the fee you pay to your real estate agent when they sell your home. It is normally the largest payment you will make during the home selling process, so it's important that you understand not only how it works, but how to negotiate with a real estate agent to make the commission work for you.
There is no standard commission across Australia and when you're selling your home, you will realise that commission not only differs vastly between states and cities, but between suburbs as well. If you would like to see commission information by postcode, visit our comprehensive fees guide page.
While commission rates vary greatly across Australia, fees can be broken down roughly by state. On average, commissions are lowest in South Australia, at 1.99% and highest in Tasmania, at 2.96%. Commission rates tend to be lower in city and metro areas than they are in regional areas because property prices are higher, and there is more demand and competition for property.
If you would like to see agent fee and commission differences between states or find the average agent commission for your suburb, check out our state-by-state guides.
What Fees Do Real Estate Agents Charge in South Australia?
Be sure to look into our in-depth breakdowns on the costs of selling property and the secrets behind why agents charge their fees the way they do below.
Commission rates can be a pain to figure out, so we've developed an online agent fees calculator for you. All you need is a rough value estimate for your property – the calculator will take care of the rest.
Want to know how much your agent fee will be based on the state you're selling in? Have a look at our state agent fee calculators here: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania, South Australia, Australian Capital Territory & Western Australia.
There are two main fee structures used by traditional real estate agencies: fixed and tiered.
Fixed fees are just like they sound: a fixed percentage of the final sales price is agreed upon by the vendor and the agent. It's based on various factors including the state percentage average and the anticipated sale price. Once it's been decided on by the vendor and the agent, the agent can't change it without speaking with the vendor.
The great thing about fixed commission is that you know from the outset roughly how much commission you'll be paying. One of the things people often worry about is that an agent working on a fixed commission won't have as much of an incentive to gain a high sales price. This is why finding a great agent is so important – you want to be sure that you're working with someone who wants to work hard for you.
Tiered commission increases depending on the final sale price of your house. You will often pay a certain percentage of commission up to a certain amount and then more based on how much the property sells for over the asking price. For example, you might decide on a commission rate of 2.6% on the first $500,000 and then 6.5% on anything over that amount.
The idea is that the agent will work harder because they stand to make more money if they sell your property for more. This is agreed upon before the sale and shouldn't be changed by the agent after it's been decided upon between all parties.
Non-traditional agencies, who normally operate online, will often require a flat fee, regardless of how much the vendor ends up selling the property for, or indeed, whether the property sells at all. While this can seem attractive to those selling on a budget, it doesn't offer much incentive to the agent to work hard for your property sale.
Should You Use A Low Commission Agent?
In a highly competitive market, agents might try to undercut one another in order to secure vendor business. This can lead to them offering you low commission rates which can seem like good value to you. Sometimes it is, but often this is not the case. Like we've mentioned, commission is a real estate agent's salary – if they're offering low commission, they might have to take on more work and so have less time to dedicate to your property sale. This might mean that you end up selling for less than you expected or not selling at all.
A higher commission might also absorb some of the other costs associated with selling property, such as advertising and marketing costs. These can add up and you might end up paying more than you had expected. What's important when choosing an agent is not that you find the cheapest commission but that you get the best value on commission. What this means in practise will vary between vendors, but it's one of the reasons we recommend talking to more than one agent, so you can compare their commission rates, amongst other things.
Besides agent commission, there are a lot of other types of costs associated with selling a house.
They are charged at different times of the process, so it's important to know from the very start exactly how much you need to pay before selling and where you could potentially save money.
To help you figure this all out, we've created a property selling costs calculator. Be sure to visit it to find out how much you should pay for marketing and advertising, taxes to the government, and more.
If your home isn't well publicised, you won't generate interest amongst buyers and you're less likely to sell. This is why it's important to understand not only your agent's fee structure but also how much advertising and marketing can cost.
Sometimes, the agent's commission includes the costs of advertising and marketing. If it doesn't, sellers should budget roughly 1% of the expected sale price of their property as a general advertising and marketing budget. We've written in-depth articles about advertising and marketing fees, which you can find collected here.
Advertising online is now the best way to get your home seen, so it's something you have to budget for when you're working out how much you need to sell your house. Licensed agents usually advertise on realestate.com.au and domain.com.au for a lower cost than a private listing.
Advertising costs on realestate.com.au and domain.com.au range between $500 and $5000, depending on the location of your property, the type of ad you would like to run and any discounts the agent may receive.
Getting good images of your property can be make or break when it comes to selling – they're the first thing most buyers will see and if they don't like the photos, they won't bother coming to the open house.
Real estate photography can include photos and videos, with differences based on time of day and need for specialised equipment like drones. Photography can range between $150 to $15,000, depending on how advanced your needs are.
A property that looks its best sells faster and for more. You may choose to use a property stylist, also known as property staging, to help you style your home while selling. These are companies which will bring in furniture to make your property look as good as possible to prospective buyers. Expect to pay between $2000-$8000+ for these services.
While online marketing is becoming more and more important, you shouldn't discount traditional marketing such as signage outside your house, letterbox dropping flyers or newspaper listings. In general, this will factor in as part of your overall marketing budget of around 1% of your property's expected selling price.
Capital Gains Tax is a cost you'll have to take into account if the property you're selling is not your primary residence, it is the difference between the cost of the asset when you bought it and your gains when you dispose of it.
You need to report any capital gains or losses to the Australian Tax Office in your income tax return so that you can pay tax on any gains. There are a number of different methods for calculating capital gains and the tax associated. You can find our capital gains tax calculator here, so you can get an estimate for how much money you could end up paying when your property is sold.
You also need to worry about the foreign resident capital gains tax, even if you are an Australian resident and citizen. Read more about obtaining a ATO clearance certificate to avoid the tax here.
Stamp duty, also called transfer duty, is paid by the buyer to the government as a property tax. The rate paid varies by state and depends on how much your property is worth or how much it sells for. Depending on your property value and state, stamp duty ranges between $300 to $100,000+. Read more about stamp duty in our comprehensive guide here.
Sellers often have a marketing and agent commission budget in mind, but there are still other costs to consider. You may need extra help when it comes to selling property, especially when navigating property law, moving, conducting repairs or hiring an auctioneer. Price ranges are listed under each section.
Conveyancing is an essential part of any property sale and costs can vary depending on whether you use a conveyancer or a solicitor. Fees can range between $400 and $1500, depending on where you're selling your property.
Discerning buyers will always pick up on issues with properties, so it's important to fix them up before it comes up at the negotiation table. Regardless of which state you live in, any upgrades and repairs will depend on the age and the condition of your property.
Moving can be a headache, so it's important to know the costs ahead of time. The costs of hiring removalists will depend on the size of your house and the distance you're moving. A bigger house or a longer move will obviously cost more money.
You should budget between $300 and $1500 for moving, depending on how large your property is. If you want more information, read our comprehensive guide to moving costs.
Mortgage discharge fees are incurred when exiting a home loan earlier than expected. Mortgage discharge fees will depend on your bank and the type of mortgage you have, but they can range from $150 to more than $1000.
The best auctioneers excite crowds, encouraging higher and higher bids for your property. Hiring one is only a concern if you're planning to sell your house by auction. Auctioneers vary by state and city, and work with two different price structures. Either you pay a flat rate for the sale or a percentage of the final sale price.
It's increasingly common to offer bonuses to auctioneers for achieving prices above the reserve. Expect to pay between $200 to $1000 for your auctioneer.
Now that you're armed with the information you need about agent's fees and commissions, you'll should be looking to find an agent to sell your home. We can help you compare agents and their fees in your area so you don't have to worry about getting ripped off by an inexperienced, expensive agent.
Working with over 60,000 agents across Australia, we know great agents in your area and we can do the research for you. So why wait? Start looking for your agent today!


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Right call made in dismissals of Davis, Mosquera-Perea
The message sent from IU announcing the dismissals of Devin Davis and Hanner Mosquera-Perea on Thursday was succinct. It needed no further explanation.
In less than 35 words, the program announced Davis and Mosquera-Perea failed to live up to their responsibilities. Effective immediately, they were no longer part of the team.
Both players were given second chances by Tom Crean to remain with the program after making mistakes that exhibited a lack of judgement. In Mosquera-Perea's case, it was operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol on Feb. 14, 2014, which could have resulted – but fortunately did not – in a serious injury. And in the case of Davis, it was a disregard for Crean's advice for 20 minutes earlier that night of what to steer clear of on Halloween night. In the early morning hours of Nov. 1, 2014, Davis was involved in a serious accident that also involved alcohol.
With their poor decisions this week, when Davis was cited for possession of marijuana in an on-campus housing building with Mosquera-Perea also present, both players showed that getting a second chance meant more to Crean than it did to them. And in the process, Davis and Mosquera-Perea lost their futures in Bloomington.
The decision to dismiss them had to be made. They had run out of chances to remain a part of the program.
When Crean reached Sweet 16's in consecutive seasons in 2012 and 2013, his program was led by high character players like Christian Watford, Cody Zeller, Jordan Hulls and Victor Oladipo, who never made headlines for their off the court issues.
But dating back to February of 2014, when Mosquera-Perea was arrested, the program has dealt with arrests and multiple suspensions stemming from an assortment of off the court incidents. All of it came to a tipping point last fall when Davis was hospitalized for 19 days after being struck by a car driven by Emmitt Holt near Memorial Stadium.
But for six months, the focus surrounding Indiana basketball was primarily on the court as the Hoosiers finished 20-14 and made the NCAA tournament after their absence from the postseason in 2013-2014.
This offseason began with great optimism as Thomas Bryant signed with the program and Yogi Ferrell, James Blackmon Jr. and Troy Williams all opted to return to school after exploring their NBA draft options.
As a result, the Hoosiers find themselves in the top 15 in several preseason polls. All of that positive news was apparently not enough for either player to realize that a special season could be on the horizon and both could have been a part of it by simply staying out of trouble.
Those preseason accolades are unlikely to change as a result of either dismissal, but IU's depth certainly took a hit. Now the focus, unnecessarily, has again shifted from on the court to off of it.
There are, of course, no winners as a result of today's news. Crean undoubtedly wants what is best for the players, but ultimately must do what is best for the program as its leader. And for Davis and Mosquera-Perea, the new reality is that both will be looking for new homes to complete their careers.
Filed to: Devin Davis, Hanner Mosquera-Perea, Tom Crean
TomJameson
And the same hope for the rest of the team as well.
Well said Gregory.
IUMIKE1
First off let me say that I'm not a big crean supporter, I was at one time, but would describe myself as being on the fence and waiting for next year's results before deciding what side of the fence I will climb down on. I may have to admit I was wrong about some things and give him his due sometime in the future or I may tell myself that I was right to be on the fence and have my doubts about several things. I have more than 1 or 2 things that I think should be done differently than it is and feel like it is on TC that it isn't getting done for whatever reason.
Anyway I remember watching the clip that you provided the link to, thank you. I rewatched the clip to refresh my memory on exactly what Izzo said and there are a couple of times that he says a little something about TC, " are there some things that he has to own and are there some things that he needs to change about when it comes to coaching bball, yea." He also premised and followed them up with, " but then again I and pretty much everybody else does too ", so I don't know that I would call it Izzo pointing out large and obvious faults of Crean's.
IUfanforever
Can you count Ole Man? 1st chance was when Crean and Indiana gave them a scholarship, 2nd chance for Hanner was a one game suspension for DUI…3rd chance was last summer as a team was when players were tested positive for drugs…ie Stanford Robinson and Troy Williams. Not to include a warning that all the players were moved into on campus dorms to eliminate this kind of problem.. They were warned as a team and as individuals. Then the fact of what happened to DD. CREAN AND this administration has warned them several times and some listened and these 2 did not. So they pay the price of not following rules for the team , the University and society. They are part of a team and if DD plays last year….we perhaps with his talent win 4-5 more games. So DD let his team down and himself. Yes the blame is on them and they earned it. Crean did what was right and to question his judgement on this is a travesty. You are so delusional in your thoughts.
I have followed ITH since 2011. But the premium forum isn't that expensive (less than 35 a year) and the content is better. Alex and Jordan are a lot more involved there as well and the discussions are usually a lot better. I have never once regretted my decision.
Ole Man
The primary travesty is your thinking.
The secondary travesty is that you're sharing that thinking in a post.
1st chance? Seems they were also taking a chance.
Hanner didn't test positive for drugs last summer.
After that the yada, yada gets really thick.
Disagree with your first sentence. U must have watched different games that I did..because after bad plays..people were brought to the bench on several occasions.
The real travesty is your ignorance to simple logic. Let's see you cannot count and you cannot read. If you would have read my previous post correctly Ole Man you would have understood that I said as a team after Hanner had a DUI during last season and that Stanford and Williams was tested positive for weed last summer. All IU basketball players have accountability as a team…so Crean had all players put in dorms to where they could not live in off Campus housing. The YADA YADA comes from the lack of oxygen to your brain to understand simple English.
Grow up little boy. You have drool running out your mouth instead of any logic.
Lol another irrational post by you Ole Man since I am a grown man at 51 years of age and raised two College Athletes in both Basketball and Football. Again your clueless to simple logic and reason. At this point your tongue is hanging out of your mouth so far that it is lapping the ignorance of these posts off your rear end!
HannerTime Hoosier
So an entire season of pathetic defense, how many players were brought to the bench throughout the game???!!! BS
If you're a grown man, then post like one. References to lapping one's rear end belong to juveniles.
Okay what does the comment about suggesting that I have drool running out of my mouth suggest with your juvenile comment? I figured since you couldn't read simple adult English as I had written in earlier posts that you wanted me to talk to you as a 10 year old and that might help you understand simple logic. However as I can see logic and simple common sense doesn't compute into your brain for reasoning.
I was told that by people within the team.
There's an article that if you type in "Win one for Ron Patterson, Indiana Syracuse" Ron talks about it.
It won't let me paste it, but it's easy to find.
Other than that, Noah left early because within a few weeks he already thought Crean was a creep and absolutely hated him. Then followed half the team.
Honestly, we're with Crean for some time as we'll be good enough that you can't fire him and Brad seems set in Boston, so not much else to go after.
Either way, I can still call a spade a spade and admit when my favorite teams coach is a whack job.
Blackmon and Rob..and Troy on multiple occasions I can remember. (It may have been 2 plays after the bad play..but they were pulled) Of course..there was no better defensive player to sub for them..so guess I would have to ask what was the point. U really do need to get over yourself about Crean. "These things have a way of working themselves out."
wow man you get really easily offended. So you're saying as a Hoosier fan you dont want a replacement for a lost player? You're saying its inhumane to want an improvement athletically and discipline-wise? Its not like a said "Oh Hanner and Davis suck I wish them the worst! How Dare they!? How could they!?"…no….i went to IU… i was social…i get it…and on top of it all…they're Indiana boys…I wish them the best…but they're adults ole man. Even your name implies that you understand that there are consequences for poor decisions…and as a result of those consequences the world balances itself out and so will this program. Its nothing personal or inhuman, its just life. And in this state life and basketball go hand in hand.
Vernon Aldrich
Sorry I struck a nerve – with you AND IUMIKE1…Nothing at all to do with race for me, but the fact that you played the card says it's at the core of your thinking. I have been a very strong supporter of both these boys. If you and Mike aren't good friends, I'm sure you will be. Have a good life gentlemen, I'm not interested in wasting my time engaging in fruitless conversation. My point is valid for those that can see it. You two obviously can't. You have my sympathy.
You're right about the stupid BS IUMIKE1, and most of it seems to come from you and "At the Quarries". Regarding the relevance of a person's politics, it's absolutely revealing about a their belief system regarding individual responsibility and their relation to society. My thanks to you and "At the Quarries" for continually making my point through the comments you post. Best regards.
Blair McKee
I will admit to paying far more attention to IU b-ball than all other programs combined, so perhaps I just see more issues in the IU program because I read about this program so much. So, honest question: Do other major college programs have this much knuckle-headedness?
calbert40
Fair point, but I look at it as two young men doing something stupid that nearly resulted in catastrophic injury to someone. DD may have been the one who jumped in front of EH, but they both were being foolish.
As a self-professing Ole Man, I'd hope you'd have a little more maturity than to muck it up with the lowest common denominator on here. Just because some people are resorting to base attacks against DD and HMP doesn't mean that it's okay to respond in like fashion.
As I said previously, I don't always agree with you, but I respect your opinions. But name calling is below the belt, IMO. Unless the person is a complete troll…then we can have some fun with him! 🙂
You have a point on the leniency shown in the past. So far as people on ITH, I'm considered a "Crean lover," though that is an unfair characterization. Still, I was extremely aggravated about that punishment. I thought HMP should have been suspended for the season and his role on the team revisited over that summer based on his contrition.
But that ship has sailed, and just because Crean was lenient in the past does not mean he must remain lenient in the present or future. Every incident is a separate issue, and we aren't privy to all of the details of the back story. So I have no issue at all with Crean laying down the hammer this time. In fact, I think that it is best to error on the side of leniency on a first offense, but to error on the side of harshness on multiple offenses. I do think this harsh punishment will have an effect on the rest of the players on the roster. I think players are now on notice.
They may not have intended to disrespect the university, their teammates or their coach, but they did put their own pleasure and desires above all of them. They acted selfishly and impulsively. They are young, I get it, and all of us have indiscretions from our past. I'm not throwing stones in a glass house. However, just because lots of young people act in a similar manner doesn't excuse their actions. For every action there is a consequence. In this instance, their consequence is severe, but considering there has been a pattern of behavior like this for both of them, I stand with Crean on the punishment.
"Saintly moralizer,"
"Stupid,"
"You'd make a great communist,"
"squealer,"
I fail to see how the socio-economic Marxist model fits here, but it's a great name calling trump card, I guess. And then you quote the Golden Rule out of context too. Keep up the good work, OM. You are hitting it out of the park.
b_side
Probably referring to the 9-game suspension his freshman. HMP was a victim there, but I guess he was technically involved.
Nix was only arrested for driving while high…and then charges were reduced. No second-offenses like HMP or DD.
Korie Lucious had a DUI and then Izzo kicked him off a year or two later for his second offense (smoking weed; oh the irony).
Devin Davis and Hanner Mosquera-Perea dismissed from Indiana
Max Bielfeldt to visit Indiana on Sunday


They have been there every day when you get home, and despite never talking back, both cats and dogs look at you with complete understanding. They both just want to have a good time, and while that good time might involve bringing a mouse into the house as a present, or doing some mud paw-print painting on your new carpet, they only want to make you smile.
The following suggestions are the ultimate reward for any long-standing good behaviour or just because as loving owners, we want to give something back to the pets that are always there for us. You could pick one, or all five, but whichever you choose, each one should act as a prompt for the type of luxury and experience that will show your pet how you really feel about them.
Each recommendation doesn't have to be followed to the letter either. You will know your pet better than anyone, and as such, which activities they will enjoy the most. The most important thing to remember is their enjoyment doesn't need to cost the earth. They will be happy as long as you are with them. At least until they get a whiff of the impending Big Mac meal or a taste of the fish at the fish market, then its all eyes on the prize!
It can be an extra large Big Mac meal (with McFlurry), it can be a roast dinner with all the trimmings, it could even be a colossal rump steak just for them. If you don't mind cleaning up the drool as they wait, your loyal companion will be eternally grateful. Just be sure you know your dog's stomach can handle it and don't include anything that would be dangerous to them, like cooked bones.
Most dogs love the sea, so let them loose to enjoy the ocean in all its glory by giving them a ride on a paddle board. The splashing of the waves will keep them entertained for hours. If the sea is too far, leaving a garden sprinkler on for them to run around is the next best thing.
Undoubtedly, your faithful canine will have made some friends either during puppy classes or in your local area. Why not see if they would like to come over for a celebration meal? The chance to run around, play tug of war and eat cake is every dog's dream.
Dogs are bigger divas than their human owners. They love to feel the wind between their ears as they smile at passers-by. A convertible car is fantastic to live out their stardom, or for the thrill-seeking pooches out there, an open top plane ride or skydive!
We mean the whole nine yards, doggy massage, claws, shampoo, cut and blow-dry. By the time they leave the dog parlour, they will have a new lease of life and confidence. Help them feel as good as you feel every time they greet you after a hard days work.
Partly for their benefit, but mainly for yours. Having a collection of your cats best moments will keep you smiling, even on the rough days at work. Why not share the gracefulness of your four-legged friend by creating their own Instagram account. They may not know a hashtag from a cat bowl, but they will know how much it means to you.
The best things in life are the simplest things. We are not sure we will ever understand a cats determination to fit into any sized box presented to them. Regardless, let them live out their wildest desires and combine the cat fortress suggestion by making it out of boxes. Your cat will be so enthusiastic it won't know where to turn.
Old or young, cats go crazy for the minty plant, catnip. It's like the holy grail of feel-good factor for cats. Let them indulge in an overwhelming sense of euphoria, and unending happiness. If there were a human equivalent, it would be more valuable than gold.
You could replicate this suggestion at home, however for the ultimate fantasy fulfilment, take your cat to a fish market. Whichever one they pick out is theirs, just make sure you have enough space (and money) to take them all home! If the fishmongers are not too accommodating, slyly leave an entire bag of treats out for them to find. They'll have full bellies and a sense of rebellion to go with it.
If we are honest, the only person that rules the household is the cat. What better way to celebrate their reign than to create the ultimate cat fortress. Scratching posts, ledges to jump to, a ton of blankets and as many hanging toys as you can muster. When they are done exploring, they can enjoy pure comfort and snooze until their heart's content.


text:
Opiliones es un orden de arácnidos conocidos vulgarmente como opiliones, morgaños, arañas patonas o segadores. Superficialmente son parecidos a las arañas (orden Araneae) de las que se diferencian enseguida por la ausencia de estrechamiento (cintura o  pedicelo) entre el prosoma y el opistosoma; además los quelíceros acaban en pinza o quela en vez de en una uña, y no poseen glándula venenosa. Se han descrito unas 6700 especies.

Características

El cuerpo no aparece claramente regionalizado como en la mayoría de los arácnidos, sino que prosoma (cefalotórax) y opistosoma (o abdomen) forman un todo globoso en el que apenas se distinguen. El tronco globoso mide típicamente entre 5 y 10 mm, pero puede llegar a 20 en especies tropicales y también hay formas diminutas. Del cuerpo salen los mismos apéndices que en todos los arácnidos: un par de quelíceros, un par de pedipalpos y cuatro pares de patas locomotoras.

Las patas son largas, a veces desmesuradamente, pudiendo cubrir un diámetro de hasta 12 cm. Los tarsos (las piezas terminales) son multiarticulados y las patas son muy flexibles. Aunque normalmente se mueven con parsimonia también pueden maniobrar con agilidad cuando las circunstancias lo requieren. Practican la autotomía (autoamputación) para distraer a los depredadores, continuando la pata separada moviéndose durante mucho tiempo gracias a la posesión de un oscilador nervioso independiente.

Los ojos simples, relativamente grandes, se insertan a ambos lados de una protuberancia colocada en lo alto del prosoma.

La respiración es traqueal, con un par de espiráculos en posición ventral del prosoma y, en algunos casos, en las tibias. La excreción se produce por glándulas coxales (las coxas son los artejos basales de las patas). A ambos lados del prosoma se abren sendas glándulas repugnatorias, que producen quinonas malolientes con las que se defienden de los predadores.

Ecología

Muchas especies son omnívoras, alimentándose principalmente de pequeños insectos, todo tipo de material vegetal, e incluso hongos; frecuentemente saprófagos, o depredadores. Los omnívoros pueden alternar pequeños animales con restos vegetales. A diferencia de muchos otros arácnidos no poseen un estómago succionador y un sistema de filtraje, por lo que ingieren pequeñas partículas de su alimento, haciéndolos vulnerables a parásitos internos tales como las gregarinas.

Utilizan su segundo par de patas como antenas, debido a que sus ojos no son capaces de formar imágenes. Carecen de glándulas venenosas y son absolutamente inofensivos.

Aunque algunas especies utilizan la partenogénesis para reproducirse, la mayoría de los opiliones se reproducen de manera sexual. La fecundación es interna, lo que es raro entre los arácnidos, estando el macho dotado de un órgano copulador, que hace pasar por entre los quelíceros de la hembra. Esta cuenta con un ovipositor, un órgano protráctil que extiende para poner los huevos. En algunas especies los machos cuidan a la hembra luego del coito, mientras que otros defienden el territorio. La hembra pone los huevos poco después o puede demorar meses, siendo muy variable  el periodo de incubación que puede ser desde 20 días a seis meses. Unas pocas especies construyen un nido para este propósito, habiendo una característica única en el modo de incubación de ciertas especies en las que el macho es el único responsable del cuidado de los huevos. Los opiliones necesitan de entre cuatro a ocho estados ninfales para alcanzar la madurez, siendo lo más común seis.

Son frecuentes en hábitats escondidos, como cuevas, troncos huecos o los ojos de los puentes. Algunos opiliones de cuevas se encuentran amenazados por la exigüidad de su área y la vulnerabilidad de su hábitat. Se ha observado que los individuos llegan a congregarse en gran número, desde unos 200 en Laniatores hasta unos 70.000 en ciertos Eupnoi; esto se cree que es una estrategia ante el clima, pero también contra los depredadores, ya que así combinan el efecto de las glándulas repelentes y reducen la vulnerabilidad de cada uno.

Evolución y diversidad
Han sido descritas unos 1500 géneros y más de 6000 especies de todas las latitudes, aunque faltan en las polares y son más abundantes en las tropicales. Los fósiles de mayor antigüedad se encontraron en la formación del Rhynie Chert escocés, de principios del Devónico (hace unos 410 millones de años), y aunque se cuentan entre los más antiguos artrópodos, se parecen ya mucho a los actuales. Como en otros órdenes de arácnidos, los hallazgos confirman la antigüedad de su diferenciación. La posición de los opiliones con respecto a otros arácnidos todavía es incierta, generalmente los estudios moleculares los tienden a  agrupar en un clado junto con Solifugae y Ricinulei, así como también con los ácaros.</small>

Sistemática
Los opiliones se dividen en 4 subórdenes, y 47 familias, de las que no están bien estudiadas las diferencias entre ellas y probablemente haya aún familias no descritas.

 Suborden Cyphophthalmi Simon 1879 (unas 100 especies), considerados el suborden más primitivo, con distribución mundial.
 Tropicophthalmi Shear 1980
 Stylocelloidea Hansen & Sørensen 1904
 Stylocellidae Hansen & Sørensen 1904
 Ogoveoidea Shear 1980
 Ogoveidae Shear 1980
 Neogoveidae Shear 1980
 Temperophthalmi Shear 1980
 Sironoidea Simon 1879
 Pettalidae Shear 1980
 Sironidae Simon 1879
 Troglosironidae Shear 1993

 Suborden Eupnoi Hansen & Sørensen 1904 (unas 1800 especies), también de distribución amplia, son los mejor conocidos.
 Caddoidea Banks 1892
 Caddidae Banks 1892
 Phalangioidea Latreille 1802
 Monoscutidae Forster 1948
 Neopilionidae Lawrence 1931
 Sclerosomatidae Simon 1879
 Phalangiidae Latreille 1802

 Suborden Dyspnoi Hansen & Sørensen 1904 (unas 320 especies), con algunas especies de gran tamaño, habitan en el hemisferio norte.
 Ischyropsalidoidea Simon 1879
 Ceratolasmatidae Shear 1986
 Ischyropsalididae Simon 1879
 Sabaconidae Dresco 1970
 Nemastomatoidea Simon, 1872
 Dicranolasmatidae Simon 1879
 Nemastomatidae Simon 1872
 † Nemastomoididae Petrunkevitch 1955 (fósil: Carbonífero)
 Nipponopsalididae Martens 1976
 Troguloidea Sundevall 1833
 † Eotrogulidae  (fósil: Carbonífero)
 Trogulidae Sundevall 1833

 Suborden Laniatores Thorell, 1876 (unas 4000 species), se encuentran en regiones tropicales y en hemisferio sur.
 Insidiatores Loman, 1900
 Travunioidea Absolon & Kratochvil 1932
 Cladonychiidae Hadzi, 1935
 Pentanychidae Briggs 1971
 Travuniidae Absolon & Kratochvil 1932
 Triaenonychoidea Sørensen, 1886
 Triaenonychidae Sørensen, 1886
 Synthetonychiidae Forster 1954
 Grassatores Kury, 2002
 Samooidea Sørensen, 1886
 Biantidae Thorell, 1889
 Escadabiidae Kury & Pérez, 2003
 Kimulidae Pérez González, Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga, 2007 (= Minuidae Sørensen, 1932)
 Podoctidae Roewer, 1912
 Samoidae Sørensen, 1886
 Stygnommatidae Roewer, 1923
 Epedanoidea Sørensen, 1886
 Epedanidae Sørensen, 1886
 Gonyleptoidea Sundevall, 1833
 Agoristenidae Šilhavý, 1973
 Assamiidae Sørensen, 1884
 Cosmetidae Koch, 1839
 Cranaidae Roewer, 1913
 Gonyleptidae Sundevall, 1833
 Manaosbiidae Roewer, 1943
 Stygnidae Simon, 1879
 Stygnopsidae Sørensen, 1932
 Phalangodoidea Simon, 1879
 Oncopodidae Thorell, 1876 — posiblemente extinguido
 Phalangodidae Simon, 1879
 Zalmoxoidea Sørensen, 1886
 Fissiphalliidae Martens, 1988
 Guasiniidae González-Sponga, 1997
 Icaleptidae Kury & Pérez, 2002
 Zalmoxidae Sørensen, 1886

La familia Stygophalangiidae (1 especie, Stygophalangium karamani, en aguas subterráneas en Macedonia del Norte) a veces es clasificada en Phalangioidea, pero no es un opilión.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Harvestmen on the WEB. Una página universitaria de divulgación en inglés y portugués.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I have a strange behavior with some of my customer but not able to reproduce it for whole (and don't find anything on such an existing feature).
Staff id should be updated which is FK_Opened_by not "Client ID".
Only staff id will change. This is normal as you have staff and queue fields. Staff will be FK open by and Queue would be owner id.
Can you enable "audit Field history tracking" for Client id and staff field?
Do you have any workflows? Doe it go to same client id?
Probably you have created a custom field set for the client details. If that's the case, please add back the standard one and it should be ok. Otherwise contact support.
Nevertheless, we have not created any custom field set for the client detail but for Incident Detail, Status and Priority and Dates Time in Incident form.
This error occurs only with Chrome (including Incognito mode).


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text:
Flatey () es la isla más grande de un archipiélago de unas cuarenta islas grandes e islotes situados en Breiðafjörður en la parte noroeste de Islandia. Flatey y sus islas circundantes fueron creadas según se cree a partir de un gran glaciar durante la era de hielo. En términos de tamaño, Flatey es de unos 2 kilómetros de largo y de alrededor de 1 kilómetro de ancho, de los cuales la mayoría son tierra plana (de ahí su nombre, que significa "isla plana" en islandés), con apenas algunas colinas.

Tiene una vivienda de temporada, pero la mayoría de las casas no están ocupadas, excepto durante el verano. En invierno, la población total de la isla es de cinco personas. A pesar de esto, Flatey solía ser uno de los principales centros culturales de Islandia, con su monasterio que ya no existente (fundado en 1172) en su punto más alto. El nombre del Flateyjarbók, el mayor y uno de los más bellos manuscritos medievales, significa justamente 'el libro de Flatey'. A mediados del siglo XIX, la isla seguía siendo un centro cultural y artístico.

Véase también
 Islas de Islandia

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Þorsteinn Jósepsson, Steindór Steindórsson og Páll Líndal: Landið þitt Ísland, A-G, Örn og Örlygur, 1982.
 Björn Hróarsson: Á ferð um landið, Borgarfjörður og Mýrar, Mál og menning, 1994. ISBN 9979-3-0657-2

Enlaces externos

Archipiélagos e islas de Islandia
Vestfirðir


text:
Q: Save a Site Collection As A Site Template (.stp) File I would like to be able to save a SharePoint 2007 site collection as a site template (.stp) file.  Is this possible?
Thanks, MagicAndi

A: You cannot save the whole website structure of a site collection (SPSite) into a single site template file. A site templates is only for single website (SPWeb). But you can backup and restore a site collection via the STSADM tool.
Perhaps you tell us what you're trying to archive, this way you might get better answers.

A: A site template (.stp) is merely the "surfacing" of a given SP site. If you want to backup/restore an entire site collection you have only a couple of options:
stsadm -o restore -url http://mysite/sites/sitecollection -filename myfile -overwrite
stsadm -o import -url http://mysite/sites/sitecollection -filename myfile.cmp -updateversions 2

Out of these two, the first one made me tear my hair out less.

A: Site Actions -> Site Settings -> (under look and feel) Save site as template
hth

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Sudan military rulers 'commit to inclusive dialogue': US
UN Secretary-General condemns airstrikes on Yemen prison
Qatar signs deal to ensure gas supply to Gaza power plant
Iran's Vienna Gambit
Qatar leads region with over $26m donations to UNHCR
Qatar leads region with over $26m donations to UN refugees agency
Qatar's contributions to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has helped ease the live of hundreds of thousands of refugees from around the globe, Doha says.
Qatar is the largest donor to the UN agency from the region [Getty]
Qatar contributed more than $26m to the UN's refugee agency last year, making it the largest donor from the Middle East and North Africa region.
Doha's contributions to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has helped ease the situation for hundreds of thousands of refugees and forcibly displaced families from Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Lebanon, Ethiopia, Somalia among others.
"At time where 20 people are forcibly displaced every minute, Qatar's generous contributions are much needed, and have played an integral role in UNHCR's emergency response," Khaled Khalifa, UNHCR Regional Representative to the GCC countries noted
"Thanks to the generous contribution, UNHCR was able to secure shelter, health services, cash assistance, education and other essential support for some of the world's most vulnerable people," Khalifa added.
The figures were revealed in a summary of contributions to UNHCR for 2017, placing the tiny Gulf emirate as the refugee agency's 19th donor.
Meanwhile, the Qatar Fund for Development recently donated $6m to support basic needs and shelter for displaced people in Iraq.
"Qatar has a long-standing history of addressing the needs of those affected by conflict and persecution. As a nation, we believe that we must, whenever possible, assist those less fortunate, particularly those who have been forced to flee their homes," said Khalifa al-Kuwari, director General of Qatar Fund for Development.
"UNHCR's work with regard to the oppressed and displaced people is of utmost importance, and we look forward to jointly alleviating the plight of the forcibly displaced people globally," he added.
According to UNHCR figures, more 60 million people were forcibly displaced due to war and conflict in recent years, creating the worst refugee crisis since the Second World War.
A UNHCR report said 53 percent of all refugees in 2014 came from Syria, Afghanistan and Somalia.
The New Arab Staff


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Home » Environmental Protection » How One Flooring Company Is Leading the Charge for Sustainable Business
Back in 1994, Interface's founder, Ray Anderson decided his company would become the world's first environmentally sustainable and restorative company. That was a big shock to the carpet industry's petroleum-intensive manufacturing practices.
That's when they started their Mission Zero sustainability efforts with the goal of eliminating their negative impact on the environment by 2020.
"It's just been remarkable, the progress we've made over the past 25 years," says Jay Gould, Interface's CEO, who explains, "When we started with Mission Zero, we didn't know how we were going to achieve that."
Big impact
The company's green changes since 1996 include an 89 percent reduction in water-use intensity; a 96 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions intensity from energy-use at manufacturing facilities — due to facility improvements and renewable energy use; and a 69 percent reduced average carbon footprint of Interface carpet tile products.
They regularly receive Global Sustainability Leadership Recognition and they're the only company to remain on the list each year since the survey started in 1997.
"Interface is a legendary story of how businesses can change and be profitable and do good for the planet," says Dr. Jonathan Foley, executive director of Project Drawdown, a nonprofit focused on substantive solutions to global warming.
He says more businesses should follow Interface's lead: "You can look at this as a problem or an opportunity and the opportunity will win," he says. "This is an opportunity to make the world better and their customers better."
While carbon dioxide keeps the Earth warm, too much of it means the climate is getting hotter at an accelerated rate. According to Conservation International, the concentration of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere — 408 parts per million in 2018 — is the highest level in 3 million years.
The flooring manufacturer went from "doing no harm" to doing good. They're looking for ways to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by producing products that sequester carbon through the use of bio-based materials. And, in the meantime, all the products the company sells are carbon-neutral through the full lifecycle of the product.
With their Climate Take Back™ sustainability mission, they've changed their business model and revised how they think about their supply chain.
One of their products, CircuitBac™ Green, a commercially available backing, uses natural, plant-derived carbon in its materials and ultimately stores more carbon during its life cycle than it emits. With up to 87 percent total recycled and bio-based content, the backing stores more carbon than is emitted during manufacturing, making it "carbon negative."
"If we are able to figure out how to filter [carbon dioxide] back out of the atmosphere and convert it back into value in the supply chain, we'll be able to solve climate change and do so in a way that creates a whole range of opportunities for economic growth and innovation," says Noah Deich, executive director of Carbon 180, a climate-focused NGO on a mission to fundamentally rethink carbon.
He says more companies need to be on board if we want to meet our climate goals.
"Very, very few companies understand the idea of pulling carbon from the atmosphere and using it as a potential resource and turning this waste back into an asset," says Deich. "Interface has long been a leader in this space."
Sustainability is better for business.
"If we can do it, anyone can do it," says Gould. "If anyone can do it, everyone should do it." They're encouraging other big corporations to help reverse global warming before it's too late.
"People are taken aback when we say, 'we're climate optimists,' but we say that because there are actions both large and small that everyone can take to make a difference in this journey," says Gould, who's committed to making the company carbon negative by 2040.
"Everyone can do something little, which adds up to a big impact."
Kristen Castillo, [email protected]
Mediaplanet
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Chris Hemsworth (born 11 August 1983) is an Australian actor. He is best known for his roles as Kim Hyde in the Australian TV series Home and Away (2004) and as Thor in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Thor (2011), The Avengers (2012), Thor: The Dark World (2013) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015). He has also appeared in the science fiction action film Star Trek(2009), the thriller adventure A Perfect Getaway (2009), the horror comedy The Cabin in the Woods (2012), the dark fantasy action film Snow White and the Huntsman (2012), the war film Red Dawn (2012) and the biographical sports drama film Rush (2013). Description above from the Wikipedia article Chris Hemsworth, licensed under CC-BY-SA, full list of contributors on Wikipedia.
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Jiquipilas está ubicado en la región de los Valles, al oeste del estado de Chiapas, a 64 km de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, la capital del Estado. Sus actividades económicas principales son el comercio, la ganadería, la silvicultura, la apicultura, la agricultura: de maíz, sorgo, cacahuate, frijol y tomate. A este pueblo se le considera como la cuna de la marimba en Chiapas, instrumento musical chiapaneco por excelencia.

El municipio de Jiquipilas limita con otros municipios, entre los que se encuentran Ocozocoautla y Cintalapa al norte y al este continúa colindando con Ocozocoautla y con Villaflores, este último también colinda al sur así como el municipio de Arriaga y al este colinda con Cintalapa. Tiene una superficie territorial de 1,197.3 kilómetros cuadrados. Se encuentra a una altura promedio de 520 metros sobre el nivel del mar (msnm). De acuerdo al mapa de la República Mexicana, el municipio de Jiquipilas se encuentra situado entre las coordenadas geográficas 16° 40' latitud norte y entre 93° 39' longitud oeste.

Medio físico

Límites
El municipio de Jiquipilas colinda con los siguientes municipios:
 Al norte con Ocozocoautla de Espinosa y Cintalapa.
 Al este con Ocozocuautla de Espinosa y Villaflores.
 Al sur con Villaflores y Arriaga.
 Al oeste con Cintalapa.

Localidades
Las 15 principales localidades del municipio son:
 Jiquipilas (cabecera municipal)
 Tierra y Libertad
 Tiltepec
 José María Pino Suárez
 Cuahutemoc
 Palestina
 Quintana Roo
 El Triunfo
 Vicente Guerrero
 Miguel Hidalgo
 Sinaloa
 Unión agrarista
 Plan de Ayala
 Nueva Francia
 Emiliano Zapata.

Clima
Predomina el tipo cálido-subhúmedo con lluvias en verano. Los meses más calurosos son marzo, abril y mayo. La cabecera registra una temperatura media anual de 25.4 °C y una precipitación pluvial de 1.018 milímetros; los vientos por lo general se dirigen de norte a sur, las temperaturas son bastante cálidas la mayor parte del año.

Fisiografía
Jiquipilas comparte junto a Cintalapa la orografía de un extenso valle, solamente divididos por una pequeña serranía central al mismo, que puede servir como límite geográfico de los dos municipios, por su parte el Valle de Cintalapa más extenso que el Valle de Jiquipilas, donde principalmente se desarrollaron históricas fincas del Estado de Chiapas. En el valle de Jiquipilas se asientan la mayor parte de las comunidades ejidales que conforman el municipio, todas estas bordeadas por la pequeña serranía que divide los municipios de Jiquipilas y Cintalapa al noreste y sureste la Sierra Madre de Chiapas. El valle comienza  en frontera con las montañas del municipio de Ocozocoautla hasta el ejido Tiltepec que es acceso a la Sierra Madre de Chiapas a la Llanura Costera del Pacífico.

Orografía
El territorio del municipio está compuesto por tres tipos de relieve, el 40% de su superficie está compuesta por  terrenos planos, el 30% son zonas semiplanas y el restante 30% es terreno accidentado

Hidrografía
Los cursos de agua que irrigan el municipio son los ríos Jiquipilas (Río Soyatenco) Santa Lucía y Las Flores (La Venta) y los arroyos La Cintal, Las Palmas, Monte los Micos, San Isidro, Carolinas y Rancho Bonito, todos ellos de caudal permanente.

Vegetación

Flora
En el aspecto de la flora podemos contemplar varias especies siendo las más importantes duraznillo, cacho novillo, barbasco, cedro, caoba, hormiguillo, pino, pinabeto, guanacaste, fresno, nanche, roble, matilishuate (Tabebuia rosea), ciprés, romerillo, sabino, manzanilla, camarón, cepillo, cupapé, guaje, huisache (Acacia farnesiana), tepezcohuite, ishcanal, mezquite y sospó (Pseudobombax ellipticum).

Fauna nativa
Las principales especies encontradas en el municipio tigrillo, mico de noche, zorra, tepezcuintle, oso hormiguero, mapache, jabalí, culebra ocotera, nauyaca de frío, cascabel, cantil, chachalaca, pájaro carpintero, danta (tapir), gavilán, golondrino, ardilla voladora, iguana, ocotero, mochuelo rayado, urraca copetona, colibrí, urraca, zorrillo, armadillo y venado.

Demografía
El municipio de Jiquipilas tiene una población de 37,818 habitantes, 0.79% a nivel estatal; 18,758 (0.80%) son hombres y 19,060 (0.78%) mujeres. El 25.8% de sus habitantes son jóvenes menores de 25 años. En la década de 1990 al 2000, se registró una Tasa Media Anual de Crecimiento (TMAC) del 0.04%, el indicador en el ámbito regional y estatal fue de 2.88% y 2.06%, respectivamente. (INEGI 2000)

Etnografía
La gran población que habita en el municipio son descendientes de mestizos, criollos y algunas familias descendientes de judíos conversos (criptojudíos), así como de esclavos africanos. Desde la época de la colonia también hallaron en estas tierras un buen lugar donde poder habitar. En años recientes en todo el municipio según los resultados que presentó el INEGI en el año 2005, Jiquipilas cuenta con 1,675 personas que hablan algún idioma indígena. En años recientes han emigrado a la zona personas de las etnias tseltal y algunos tsotsiles que, tras haber sido desplazados del norte de Chiapas, han dado origen a nuevos asentamientos humanos en la zona montañosa del norte del municipio.

Historia
Los vestigios arqueológicos que se han encontrado en la región pertenecen a la cultura Olmeca; posteriormente, durante los siglos XI y XII de nuestra era, arribaron los toltecas y más tarde fue la cultura Zoque que se asentó en el territorio del actual municipio de Jiquipilas. Antes de la llegada de los conquistadores españoles, existían dos Xiquipilas: "La Grande" y "La Chica", a principios de la época colonial solo sobrevive "Jiquipilas la chica". Según un documento conocido como la relación de Ocozocoautla, Xiquipilas era gobernada por sus propios señores, quienes no pagaban tributo a los aztecas y se encontraban en continua guerra con los Chiapa. El 6 de marzo de 1940, se le concede a Xiquipilas la categoría de municipio de segunda.

La primera marimba de la que se tiene noticias en Chiapas es de 1545 en la hacienda de Santa Lucía, en Jiquipilas; y podría considerarse como la cuna de la marimba en Chiapas. Aunque la marimba tiene su origen en África, llegó a esta región traída por los esclavos negros, en forma de un instrumento antecesor de la marimba, que se hacía llamar macagüil. Según un documento fechado el 9 de octubre de 1545, en la Hacienda de Santa Lucía, en Jiquipilas, Chiapas, Pedro Gentil de Bustamante relata una celebración de indígenas mixtecos:

 ...dicho instrumento está compuesto de ocho tablillas de madera roja, desiguales de tamaño, questán agujereadas unidas con cordón y producen eco alegre con tablas del palo de macaguil (macagüil) (...) las hileras de tablas amarradas a orquestas (sic) cortas embradas y estiradas bajo dicho instrumento un hoyo en el suelo y pegados con resina en las tablas cascabeles de serpientes que hacen vibrar musicales con golpes de dos pequeños palillos con cabeza de cera negra uno para cada mano...

que esta música lo acompaña un tambor del cuero de animal (...)

Toponimia
El nombre de Jiquipilas tiene varias connotaciones que varían dependiendo de la etnia.

 Para los aztecas Xiquipilli significaba "medida de 8000 unidades".
 Para los mixes Jiquipil significaba "almacén de semillas o troje". Los mixes, tribu procedente del estado de Oaxaca, que tuvieron contacto con tribus chiapanecas construían graneros o trojes que llamaban Xiquipil, servían para almacenar mazorcas de maíz.
 En Nahoa Siquipilli significaba "Lugar de las alforjas".

Sin embargo se asegura que Jiquipilas proviene de los vocablos Xiqui e Ilpil que significa "Lugar de prisioneros vencidos".

Los primeros cronistas conquistadores a tierras jiquipiltecas se encontraron con dialectos y confundieron el sonido de las letras lo cual trajo las transformación de los nombres de muchos pueblos se sustituyeron todas las palabras, la letra x por la j así en la palabra Jiquipilas cambiaron la pronunciación ju por la ji el sonido de la chi la fonetización con el uso de qui ya que el nombre del municipio era Juchipilas.

Personajes ilustres
 Javier Espinosa Mandujano – Político y escritor.
 José Figueroa Rodríguez – Periodista.
 Héctor Ventura Cruz, 1920 - 2010, pintor y grabador de la Escuela Mexicana de Pintura.
Mario Camacho Espinosa – Educador.
http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM07chiapas/municipios/07046a.html

Hechos históricos relevantes
1940. El 6 de marzo, se le concede la categoría de municipio de segunda.

1950 - 1959. Se fundan los ejidos de Tiltepec y el de tierra y libertad.

1960 - 1969. Se pavimenta la carretera Panamericana.

1981. El huracán "Herminia" hace grandes destrozos a gran parte de la población.

Infraestructura

Carreteras
En el 2000 el municipio, contaba con una red carretera de 303 km integrados principalmente por la red rural de la SCT(33.40), la red de Comisión Estatal de Caminos (213.80) y por caminos rurales construidos por las Secretarías de Obras Públicas, Desarrollo Rural, Defensa Nacional y la Comisión Nacional del Agua (56). La red carretera del municipio representa el 9.20% de la región.

Transportes públicos
El medio de transporte público con más afluencia de usuarios, es el taxi; es empleado para trasladarse de Jiquipilas a Cintalapa. También se utiliza como medio de transporte el ecotaxi y los colectivos para transportarse dentro de la cabecera municipal; camionetas acondicionadas llamadas "pasajeras" sirven como medio de transporte entre las colonias aledañas y la cabecera municipal. Actualmente las líneas de autobuses que corren desde Jiquipilas hasta la ciudad de Tuxtla Gutiérrez procedente de Cintalapa son: transportes AVC y Rápidos del Sur. La autopista Ocozocoautla - Arriaga esta en funciones, y el 70% esta en el municipio de Jiquipilas y esta en proyecto la ampliación a 4 carriles de la carretera Cintalapa-Ocozocoautla.

Servicios Públicos
El 97.24% de las viviendas disponen de energía eléctrica, 74.65% cuentan con agua de la red pública y el 91.79% tienen drenaje. (INEGI 2010)
Además de los microbuses que recorren todo Jiquipilas en la ruta preparatoria, esta 8 y centro, además de pasar por el fraccionamiento Juan Sabines.

Educación
En el 2000, el municipio el índice de analfabetismo fue del 16.96%, indicador que en 1990 tuvo un 19.31%. De la población mayor de 15 años, 33.73% tiene primaria incompleta, 17.08% completo los estudios de primaria y 31.25% cursó algún grado de instrucción posterior a este nivel.

Fiestas y Tradiciones
Las fiestas más populares de Jiquipilas son: fiestas del Señor Esquipulas, fiesta Patronal de San Pedro, Virgen de la Concepción, exposición ganadera (en los meses de junio y diciembre). En el municipio también se celebra la Semana Santa, día de la Santa Cruz, día de los Muertos, los viejos de Pascua (extinta), Navidad y Año Nuevo.

Cocina tradicional
La comida típica del municipio son los tamales de juacané, chipilín y los pictes (tamales de elote). Entre los dulces tradicionales destacan los de papaya, camote, y las bebidas que se acostumbran son el atole agrio, la taberna, chicha, tepache y el pozol.

Antiguas leyendas
Entre las leyendas que circulan en el municipio están el Sombrerón, la llorona, la Tisigua (conocida en otras regiones del estado como Yegualcihuatl, Tishanila o Mala Mujer), la Cocha Desenfrenada y la Carreta de San Pascualito, El Cadejo, La Novia y el Novio, El Duende.

Religiones
Las religiones profesadas en el municipio se dividen de la siguiente manera:

 72.22 % Católica
 9.53 % Protestante
 5.75 % Bíblica no evangélica
 12.45 % diferente credo o no profesa credo.

De acuerdo a los últimos censos hechos, es notable el aumento de la diversidad religiosa mayoritariamente de sectas evangélicas de corte neopentecostal, aunque la religión predominante es el cristianismo católico, sin embargo podemos hallar entre sus habitantes lo que parece ser  una especie de sincretismo de antiguas creencias indígenas y el cristianismo, habiendo varias casas donde se practica ciertos rituales de chamanismo con imágenes católicas.

Con el auge de las redes sociales y la globalización algunos descendientes de criptojudíos han comenzado a profesar cierta observancia de la fe judía, en algunos casos una mezcla de judaísmo y cristianismo llamada "mesianismo" y en algunos otros alejados ya de tradiciones cristianas han optado por un judaísmo puro de tradición sefardí, sin que logren concretar comunidades, han estado emigrando a ciudades más grandes como Tuxtla Gutiérrez y San Cristóbal donde se afilian a grupos que siguen estas religiones.

Lugares de interés
 Templo católico colonial con ruinas anexas a la actual parroquia que datan del siglo XIX.
 El Cerro de San Lorenzo y su leyendas del Encanto. Así como las cañadas del cañón de la venta que se puede llegar desde el ejido Benito Juárez, de la misma manera en este lugar se puede practicar turismo de aventura, como camping, montañismo, caminata y espeleología.
 Las ruinas de la antigua hacienda de Santa Lucía, cuna de la Marimba.
 Corral de Piedra, que fuera un antiguo fuerte de resistencia Zoque ante la Conquista Española en estas tierras, y que luego fuera usado en épocas de los Mapaches y la revolución mexicana como lugar de campamento.
 Las Posas de Aguas Azules, ubicados en el rancho EL Pozo, propiedad del señor Germán Cruz Castañón.  Masa de agua efluente de acuífero superficial; que maravilla con su agua cristalina y de color azul turquesa.

Haciendas
1. Hacienda San José (Ubicado cerca de Nva. Palestina)
2. Hacienda de San Jesús
3. Hacienda San Martín
4. Hacienda Nuestra Señora
5. Hacienda Santa Catarina
6. Hacienda Morelia
7. Hacienda El Habanero
8. Hacienda La Trinidad
9. Hacienda San Francisco
10. Hacienda Acapulco
11. Hacienda Santa Rosa
12. Hacienda La Candelaria
13. Hacienda Magdalena
14. Rancho la Juchiteca.
15. Rancho San Juan
16. Hacienda de Santa Lucía.
18. Hacienda Santa Martha.

Deportes
El municipio cuenta con unidades deportivas, auditorio municipal y en la mayoría de las comunidades cuentan con canchas deportivas.

Jiquipilas destaca principalmente en el baloncesto. El primer equipo de la cabecera municipal fueron las Águilas Descalzas. Recibieron su nombre debido a que el equipo jugaba sin zapatos deportivos. Al ganar el campeonato estatal una famosa zapatería de la capital Tuxtla Gutiérrez, decidió patrocinar al equipo proporcionándoles calzado.
También el equipo Plan de Ayala que fueron los campeones en la temporada 2010-2011 ganándole a Guerrero a la mano de Don Rica.

Referencias

http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/ResultadosR/CPV/Default.aspx?texto=jiquipilas
 Zepeda, Eraclio. (2000) De la marimba al son. Ediciones Casa Juan Pablos (México). ISBN 9709059742

Bibliografía
 Los municipios de Chiapas (1987)
 Plan de desarrollo Jiquipilas 2002 - 2004 (2002)

Municipios del estado de Chiapas


PSNI — Provision of Security and Operational Support Services.
Supply of Security and Operational support Services to the PSNI across various police districts in Northern Ireland. Services include manned guarding, CCTV, Property Management, Fixed Penalty processing, Station Enquiry Assistants, Close Protection, Transport Co-ordinators and Safety Camera Operatives.
The purpose of this notice is to alert any interested economic operators that the Police Service of Northern Ireland intends to tender it contract requirements for the provision of security and operational support services across the PSNI estate. It is anticipated that the tender will be published in September 2017.
The purpose of this notice is to alert any interested economic operators that the Police Service of Northern Ireland intends to tender its contract requirements for the provision of security and operational support services across the PSNI estate. It is anticipated that the tender will be published in September 2017.


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Current (electricity)
(Redirected from Electric current)
In electricity, current refers to electric current, which is the flow of electric charge. Lightning is an example of an electric current, as is the solar wind, the source of the polar aurora. Probably the most familiar form of electric current is the flow of conduction electrons in a metallic wire. This is how the electric company delivers electricity. In electronics, electric current is most often the flow of electrons through conductors and devices such as resistors, but it is also the flow of ions inside a battery or the flow of holes within a semiconductor.
The symbol typically used for the amount of current (the amount of charge flowing per unit of time) is I, from the German word Intensität, which means 'intensity'. The SI unit of electrical current is the ampere. Electric current is therefore sometimes informally referred to as amperage, by analogy with the term voltage. Though this is a valid term, some engineers frown on it.
1 Conventional current
2 The speed of an electric current
3 Current density
4 Electromagnetism
5 Ohm's law
6 Electrical safety
7 SI electricity units
Conventional current
Conventional current was defined early in the history of electrical science as a flow of positive charge. In solid metals, like wires, the positive charges are immobile, and only the negatively charged electrons flow in the direction opposite conventional current, but this is not the case in most non-metallic conductors. In other materials, charged particles flow in both directions at the same time. Electric currents in electrolytes are flows of electrically charged atoms (ions), which exist in both positive and negative varieties. For example, an electrochemical cell may be constructed with salt water (a solution of sodium chloride) on one side of a membrane and pure water on the other. The membrane lets the positive sodium ions pass, but not the negative chlorine ions, so a net current results. Electric currents in plasma are flows of electrons as well as positive and negative ions. In ice and in certain solid electrolytes, flowing protons constitute the electric current. To simplify this situation, the original definition of conventional current still stands.
There are also instances where the electrons are the charge that is physically moving, but where it makes more sense to think of the current as the movement of positive "holes" (the spots that should have an electron to make the conductor neutral). This is the case in a p-type semiconductor.
The speed of an electric current
The charged particles whose movement causes an electric current do not always move in straight lines. In metals, for example, they follow an erratic path, bouncing from atom to atom, but generally drifting in the direction of the electric field. The speed at which they drift can be calculated from the equation:
<math>I=nAvQ<math>
I is the current
n is number of charged particles per unit volume
A is the cross-sectional area of the conductor
v is the drift velocity, and
Q is the charge on each particle.
For example, in a copper wire of cross-section 0.5 mm², carrying a current of 5 A, the drift velocity of the electrons is of the order of a millimetre per second. To take a different example, in the near-vacuum inside a cathode ray tube, the electrons travel in near-straight lines ("ballistically") at about a tenth of the speed of light.
However, we know that an electric signal travels much faster than this; usually close to the speed of light. These results show that the speed of the charged particles is not necessarily related to the speed of the electric signal. To understand how signals travel faster than the particles that carry them, it is necessary to understand the properties of electromagnetic waves (see article).
Current density is the current per unit (cross-sectional) area.
Mathematically, current is defined as the net flux through an area. Thus:
<math>
\phi = j \cdot A <math>
where, in the MKS or SI system of measurement,
φ is the current, measured in amperes
j is the "current density" measured in amperes per square metre
A is the area through which the current is flowing, measured in square metres
The current density is defined as:
j=\int_i n_i \cdot x_i \cdot \mathbf{u_i} <math>
n is the particle density (number of particles per unit volume)
x is the mass, charge, or any other characteristic whose flow one would like to measure.
u is the average velocity of the particles in each volume
Current density is an important consideration in the design of electrical and electronic systems. Most electrical conductors have a finite, positive resistance, making them dissipate power in the form of heat. The current density must be kept sufficiently low to prevent the conductor from melting or burning up, or the insulating material failing. In superconductors, excessive current density may generate a strong enough magnetic field to cause spontaneous loss of the superconductive property.
Every electric current produces a magnetic field. The magnetic field can be visualized as a pattern of circular field lines surrounding the wire.
Electric current can be directly measured with a galvanometer, but this method involves breaking the circuit, which is sometimes inconvenient. Current can also be measured without breaking the circuit by detecting the magnetic field it creates. Devices used for this include Hall effect sensors, current clamps and Rogowski coils.
Ohm's law
Ohm's law predicts the current in an (ideal) resistor (or other ohmic device) to be the quotient of applied voltage over electrical resistance:
I = \frac{V}{R} <math>
I is the current, measured in amperes
V is the potential difference measured in volts
R is the resistance measured in ohms
The danger of an electric shock depends on the current (in milliamperes), duration and the current's path in the body:
1 mA causes a tingle
5 mA causes a slight shock
50 to 150 mA may result in death, e.g. through rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown) and resultant acute renal failure
1-4 A causes ventricular fibrillation
10 A causes cardiac arrest (only at this current will a typical home fuse break the circuit)
Currents through the heart and the nervous system are the most dangerous. As most dangerous sources are voltage sources, the current present depends on the resistance of the body between the points of contact and any current limiting built into the source.
SI electricity units
Template:SI electromagnetism units
electrical conduction for more information on the physical mechanism of current flow in materials
Which direction does electricity really flow? (http://amasci.com/amateur/elecdir.html)ar:تيار كهربائي
cs:Elektrický proud da:Elektrisk strøm de:Elektrischer Strom et:Elektrivool es:Corriente eléctrica fi:Sähkövirta fr:Courant électrique id:Arus listrik it:Corrente elettrica ja:電流 nl:Elektrische stroom pl:Natężenie prądu elektrycznego pt:Corrente elétrica ru:Сила тока sl:Električni tok zh:电流
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Categories: Electricity | Physical quantity | Magnetism
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