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Dogs of War: A Saint Bernard Mascot – 67th Coastal Artillery Company Veteran "Barney"
August 7, 2015 / portraitsofwar	/ Leave a comment
It's been a long time since I've posted here to PortraitsofWar, so I'm taking a quick moment to add a recently acquired real photo postcard of a St. Bernard mascot from the 67th Coastal Artillery Company. He's even sporting his own uniform! Check out the 1st Army variant patch with the 67 denoting the unit number and a double overseas chevron for a year of service. Good work Barney!
Mascot photos are one of my favorite avenues of WWI photo collecting. They are relatively hard to come by and are tough to research. All the better for a unique challenge when trolling through the pages of eBay.
Barney the St. Bernard in WWI
Women of the YMCA in WWI: Kittie Kunz's Service in YMCA Hut 16
February 22, 2015 February 22, 2015 / portraitsofwar	/ 2 Comments
Material related to wartime (and postwar) activities of the YMCA can be easily researched through the help of internet databases, digitized books, collectors forums and various other digital avenues. What is lacking, however, is information directly related to the individuals who volunteered their time and money to travel to a foreign county to serve donuts to war-weary doughboys waiting to return to their families in the US.
I was lucky enough to track down a large grouping of ephemera collected during the war by a YMCA canteen entertainer, a Miss Kittie Kunz. Included in the grouping is a selection of rare YMCA "unit history" paperwork which gives names and identities to many of the women and men who served alongside Kittie. I researched each of the names in hopes of tracking down passport application portraits. I was overwhelmingly successful and found nearly 75% of the names in the US Passport database that matched perfectly. Each was listed as being a member of the YMCA or Red Cross, and each matches the date range for the YMCA hut. A neat find! Please read on to see the faces of the women who served alongside Kittie. You will also find a smattering of hard-to-find ephemera related to the YMCA. It's amazing that Kittie saved some of these items. Not all the paperwork is contained in this post, but the scanned material gives a quick glimpse into the typical material a YMCA canteen worker would deal with.
Kittie Kunz's YMCA ID
Kittie's YMCA Paris Travel Permit
Kittie's YMCA Paris Travel Permit Reverse
Kittie's Permit to Travel to Reims
YMCA War Service Pin Card
YMCA War Service Pin Card Interior
Tea Service Notice for the 28th Division
Here is where my favorite piece of researching WWI material came handy….. I was able to research the names of the women listed in the distribution section and track down their WWI era passport applications. Here are my results:
YMCA Women
Miss Gertrude Garden – YMCA
Miss Dorothy Berry – YMCA
Harriet McKenzie – YMCA
Margaret Robinson – YMCA
Katherine Parks – YMCA
Janet Kunz – YMCA (sister to Kittie Kunz)
Kittie Kunz – YMCA
Pauline Brown – YMCA
Mary Waden – YMCA
Dora Lewis – YMCA
Katherine Beakes – YMCA
Cora A. Kennedy – YMCA
RED CROSS WOMEN
Lois Loyhed – Red Cross
Harriet Maxon – Red Cross
Dorothy Peters – Red Cross
Alice McCoy – Red Cross
Esther Edmondson – Red Cross
Mary Jones – Red Cross
Eleanor Little – Red Cross
Mary Healy – Red Cross
WWII Photo – Lancaster, PA WWII Veteran Portrait Photos on Display, 1944
August 24, 2014 August 24, 2014 / portraitsofwar	/ Leave a comment
Straight from the dusty PortraitsofWar archives comes an incredibly unique 8×10 photo of a window display in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during World War Two. I typically shy away from purchasing and posting "press photos" taken during the war, but this shot has so much potential research that I felt it deserved to be digitized.
Lancaster, PA WWII Portrait Photo Display
I purchased this photo while visiting a friend in the Philadelphia area. The reverse side of the photo identifies the photo as the F.W. Woolworth building in Lancaster, PA. The store identity is confirmed in the image; the tiled entrance and gilded placard identify the establishment as such. The date of the photo wasn't noted, but the presence of the 4th Liberty Loan Bond dates the image to 1944.
4th War Loan Drive Poster, ca. 1944
My guess is that the store asked for portrait photos of local veterans to post in the storefront. A rough estimate puts the number at 100 portraits visible in the window. The shots runt he gamut of WWII service branches, including the Marine leathernecks, Army Air Force pilots, female WAC and Waves, Navy Sailors as well as regular Army soldiers.
4th Loan Poster
I plan on contacting a number of Lancaster, PA historical societies, veteran groups and newspapers in hopes of identifying a few of the veterans posed in the Woolworth's window.
Moving WWII Candid Snapshot – The FFI Free French and Captured Female German Collaborators
August 21, 2014 October 9, 2015 / portraitsofwar	/ Leave a comment
This incredibly moving snapshot from my WWII collection captures a wide range of emotions. The only identification I have for the photo is that it was taken in a town/village/city named Poules during the tail end of the war. A US GI followed a joyous parade of French citizens and Free French (FFI) underground soldiers as they proudly walk down the streets of their newly liberated city. It's a photo that speaks volumes.
German Collaborator Parade
After nearly four years of German occupation, a contingent of the French population were eager to fight back against the oppressive rule of their German visitors. In this post's main photo we see a young, attractive female underground soldier causally smoking a cigarette, toting German "potato masher" stick grenades while holding a captured German rifle and briefcase. To her left we see a group of young French women who have been publicly shamed. Their shaved heads were shaped to show a swastika. A joyous moment for the FFI, yet a horrible moment for the women who were caught up in the frenzy of the German occupation. This photo has never been digitized for display on the web. You're the first to see it!
Collaborator Parade
FFI Female Underground Fighter
US Signal Corps Footage of Collaborator Hair Cuts
Similar Photos From the Web
Another hero of the French Resistance during World War II and decorated for saving the lives of U.S. soldiers shot down behind enemy lines was Micheline Blum-Picard. Only eighteen-years-old when she first became involved in the Resistance, Blum-Picard started by carrying messages taped to her back and then progressed to photographing inside factories damaged by bombing raids By D-Day, however, she was carrying a rifle, a pistol, and a hand grenade wherever she went. inyourfacewomen.blogspot.com
Female French Resistance
World War II resistant woman fighter – Paris,1940s photograph the New York Public Library Picture Collection
Member of the French resistance with German tunic and thompson machine gun by Jo Hedwig Teeuwisse, via Flickr
My 200,000th Viewer Post! – Remembering My Grandfather, Ambrose R. Canty, 777th Tank Battalion, 69th Division
August 8, 2014 January 4, 2019 / portraitsofwar	/ 7 Comments
Today I quietly celebrated my 200,000th blog view from my desk at work. I knew the number was coming, and with nearly 300 views a day I was able to predict that the 200k plateau would be reached this week. What should I write about on this momentous day? I thought back to all my favorite posts…….
Ambrose R. Canty ca. 1944
With all those topics in mind I kept coming back to the one man who "brought me into the fold" of researching WWII history. My grandfather. Ambrose R. Canty taught me from a young age that you should respect your elders, listen to their stories, as well as how to play poker, pitch, bridge, rummy and pocketknife baseball. He also told me stories of his experiences during the second world war. Stories that would be gradually elaborated on as I grew older. Having spent the majority of my youth with him, I was able to learn a lot about the 69th Infantry Regiment and specifically the 777th Tank Battalion.
Ambrose on Furlough, 1944
My interest in WWII history started with my grandfather, and I feel that on my 200,000th view that I should post a rememberance post to him. Although he passed away nearly five years ago, I still feel a connection with him. My early interaction with him live on through this website, and I hope I'm able to help pass on the passion Amby imbued in me at a young age.
Amby (second from right) Holds a Captured German Flag in Leipzig
Grampy, thanks for everything.
Ambrose Washing his Mess Kit, Germany 1945
777th Reproduction WWII Patch
And his 2009 Obituary:
Ambrose "Amby" Richard Canty
Published Tuesday September 1, 2009 at 12:01 am
Ambrose �Amby� Richard Canty of 26 Roosevelt Dr. in Southbridge, died Sunday, August 30th, 2009, at home in the company of his family.
He leaves his wife of 55 years, Mary J. (Damian) Canty; 7 children: Ambrose �Amby� R. Canty Jr. and his wife Sandra of Davenport, IA, Anne P. Canty of Port Orange, FL, Jane E. Gauthier and her husband Richard of Southbridge, Joan R. Murphy and her husband Donald of Worcester, MaryLynne Deshaies and her husband Gerald of Sturbridge, John D. Canty and his wife Kimberly of Webster, and Kathryn M. Canty of Redondo Beach, CA; 12 grandchildren: Adam, Matthew, David, and Tom Canty of Davenport IA, Christhanha Canty of Port Orange FL, Brennan and Connor Gauthier of Southbridge, Maria and Anna Murphy of Worcester, Cailyn, Ryan and Kelsey Canty of Webster, MA; and many nieces, nephews and great grandchildren. He was predeceased by his 6 brothers and 7 sisters.
He was born in Webster, one of fourteen children of Patrick and Anne (McCauley) Canty. He lived in Webster and Southbridge all his life. He graduated from Saint Louis High School in Webster, was a graduate of Holy Cross College in Worcester, and received a Masters Degree in Social Work Administration from Boston College. He was an accomplished athlete lettering in 3 varsity sports at St. Louis High School: Basketball, Baseball and Track. He also played semi-pro football for the Webster Colonials, and refereed and coached basketball teams at various levels for many years, including a championship basketball team with 5 of his daughters and several nieces.
He proudly served in World War II as a member of the United States Army�s 69th Infantry Division from 1944 to 1946. The division rescued a sub-camp of the Buchenwald concentration camp in Leipzig, Germany and is recognized as a �Liberating Unit� by the US Holocaust Memorial Museum. He was a member of the Webster-Dudley American Legion Post # 184.
Ambrose served as the Webster Public Welfare Director for 16 years and the Massachusetts Director of Public Welfare in Worcester for 20 years before retiring. He was a member of St. Mary�s Parish in Southbridge and a member of the Webster-Dudley Knights of Columbus. He also served on the Massachusetts Mental Retardation Board, and as a member of the Tri-Area Fresh Air Program.
The funeral, with full military honors, will be held on Friday, September 4th with a Mass at 12:00 PM at St. Mary�s Church, 263 Hamilton St., Southbridge. The burial will be at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Southbridge. The Webster-Dudley Veterans Council will perform military honors. There will be no calling hours. Following the burial, the family will receive friends and relatives at the �12 Crane St.� banquet facility in Southbridge. Funeral arrangements are under the direction of Daniel T. Morrill Funeral Home in Southbridge.
In lieu of flowers, memorial donations may be made to the St. Mary�s Parish Ministry Center Completion Campaign, 263 Hamilton St. Southbridge, MA 01550.
morrillfuneralhome.com
http://www.telegram.com/article/20090901/OBIT/909010312
The First US Fighter Ace of the European Theater of Operation: Charles P. London of Long Beach, California
January 8, 2014 / portraitsofwar	/ Leave a comment
Military historians constantly refer to "Aces" as being military aviators credited with shooting down five or more enemy planes during aerial combat. Most of these historians don't actually know the name of the first ETO fighter ace. I was only made aware of his story while researching a recent photograph acquisition through an internet source who acquired the wartime collection of the Baltimore Sun newspaper. All priced at US $15.00, the shots made available for resale were mostly unnamed or impossible to research. When I saw that this shot was well identified, dated, cross referenced and well taken, I was "quick to click" and make the purchase.
Captain Charles P. London
Captain London is identified standing in front of his plane with his Crew Chief Sgt. Percy M. Scott cut off from the photo, yet identified in the caption. The photo was acquired by the Baltimore Sun from the USAAF(sic in caption). The photo is a typical standard size shot typical of the USAAF during the war. The shot is crisp, clear and was printed directly from the original negative in 1943. This isn't a shot produced in later years for a book, publication, or film.
Photo Caption
The reverse side of the photo contains an interesting chain of custody record for the image. The first thing likely applied to the photo is the light penciling correctly identifying the pilot as LONDON in cursive in the left top center of the reverse. This shot was then stamped by the Baltimore Sun apparently while a correspondent in the London office compiled shots for publication. Here it was identified, described and prepared for shipment back home. The next application is the ETO Censor stamp from December of 1943. All photos sent home during the war (with some exception) were censor examined before being sent back to the US. The bar code stamp on the top right was placed on the shot by the photography dealer I purchased the shot from. It's incredible how much information can be extrapolated from a few stamps on the back of a piece of paper……
Reverse of Image
Compared to other high-profile US fighter aces of WWII, relatively little can be found about Captain Charles London. He was a Captain with the 78th Fighter Group, 83rd Fighter Squadron in 1943. We also know he is considered the first US fighter ace in the ETO. A description of him in the Stars and Stripes (March 9th, 1944) describes him as follows:
First fighter pilot in the ETO to become an ace. Capt. Charlie London, of Long Beach, Cal., has returned to the States to teach some of the tricks he learned in more than 100 mission, sweeps, and sorties in the ETO. One of the first A4F fighters to score a double victory's over here last June, he started flying P-36's in 1941, then P-40's, next the obsolete P-66 and finally P3Ss before he took over a Thunderbolt. He has destroyed five enemy aircraft.
He awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his work in June and July of 1943,
(Citation Needed) – SYNOPSIS: Captain (Air Corps) Charles P. London (ASN: 0-421260), United States Army Air Forces, was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy while serving as Pilot of a P-47 Fighter Airplane in the 83d Fighter Squadron, 78th Fighter Group, EIGHTH Air Force, in aerial combat against enemy forces from 22 June 1943 through 30 July 1943. On 22 June while engaged in aerial combat, Captain London shot down an enemy airplane. On 29 June Captain London shot down two enemy aircraft in a single engagement. When, on 30 July 1943, Captain London again shot down two enemy aircraft in a single engagement, bringing his total to five victories for the period, he became the first American ACE in the European Theater of Operations. Captain London's unquestionable valor in aerial combat is in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflects great credit upon himself, the 8th Air Force, and the United States Army Air Forces.
General Orders: Headquarters, European Theater of Operations, U.S. Army, General Orders No. 82 (1943)
Action Date: June 22 & 29 & July 14 & 30, 1943
Service: Army Air Forces
Rank: Captain
Company: 83d Fighter Squadron
Regiment: 78th Fighter Group
Division: 8th Air Force
Plus, an article with his photo: http://www.cybermodeler.com/history/354fg/images/63aces.pdf
Maine in the First World War: The Maine National Guard and the 54th Artillery Regiment Coastal Artillery Corps in WWI
March 12, 2013 February 15, 2014 / portraitsofwar	/ 1 Comment
Everyone knows that I love Vermont WWI material, but I also enjoy collecting photos from other New England states as well. I have a handful from every state but only one from Maine. Now I have another!
This fantastic interior studio RPPC has a ton of great qualities that drove me to make the purchase. The crossed flags at center, the helmet and pistol props, the uniform details, and the identification on the reverse all make it a great shot to add to the collection. This particular group is comprised of men from Portland and Bath.
Battery D of the 54th Artillery Regiment, C.A.C.
Identified to a Corporal Carl L. Pearson who I believe is positioned directly right of the flag, this shot shows a group of 19 soldiers posed in a French studio. This may be a record for my collection! I have a few with 6-8, but none with more than 10.
Pearson was from West Falmouth, Maine and was born in January of 1893. He enlisted with the National Guard in Portland in March of 1917 and reported for Federal service in June of that year. He was overseas from March of 1918 to March of 1919. This photo was taken in either late March, or April or May of 1918. He was promoted in early June of 1918. Since this photo shows him as a Corporal at the time of the photo, we know it was taken before his promotion. Also, his lack of OS chevron and the abundance of spats likely points towards an early photo taken in France.
A little info on the 54th CAC
Source: http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cacunithistories/54thcac.htm
WORLD WAR I — 1917 – 1919The Coast Artillery Corps a Maine National Guard were mobilized on 25 July, 1917, and all companies, band, field officers, and non-commissioner staff officers reported on 27 July. 14 staff officers reported at Portland Coast Defenses and were assigned to duty in the Coast Defenses. The several companies were re-designated at once. This designation was changed again on 23 August 1917, and on 25 December 1917, nine of the thirteen C.A.C. Maine National Guard companies were made a part of the 54th Artillery, C.A.C., the supply company and Batteries B, D, E, and F, of the new 54th Artillery, C.A.C. 6 inch guns (Motor drawn), were entirely constituted from the nine companies Maine National Guard.
The 54th Artillery, C.A.C., was organized with a Headquarters Company, a supply company, and three battalions of two batteries each. Of the 6 batteries, four were taken from the Maine National Guard and from 25 December 1917, the further World War history of the C.A.C. Maine National Guard is properly that of the 54th Artillery since over 62 percent of its units were entirely Maine National Guard. In addition, only 30 percent of the units of the Maine National Guard were not included in the organization of the 54th Artillery C.A.C.
The 54th Artillery, CAC, (6-Inch Guns, Motor)
This regiment was organized in Portland Harbor Forts on 25 December 1917, five of its units being formed from National Guard units and three from Regular Army units.
The batteries of the 54th Artillery were organized as follows:
Headquarters Company, and Batteries A and C from the Regular Army.
Supply Company, from 20th Company, Lewiston.
Battery B, from 4th Company, Portland, and 7th Company, Biddeford.
Battery D, from 2nd Company, Portland, and 4th Company, Bath.
Battery E, from 3rd Company, Auburn, and 3rd Company, Kennebunk.
Battery F, from 9th Company, Lewiston and 11th Company, Portland.
Headquarters Company, Batteries C, D, E, and F, sailed from Portland, Maine, on the CANADA, 22 March 1918 and arrived Glasgow, Scotland 2 April, Winchester, England 3 April, and LeHarve, France, 6 April 1918.
The Supply Company, Batteries A and B, left Portland 14 March, sailed from Hoboken 16 March, 1918 on BALTIC arrived LeHarve, France, 6 April 1918.
The 54th Artillery C.A.C. was sent to rest camp at Mailly-le-camp (Aube) and on 2 May 1918, transferred to Haussimont (Marne), as replacement regimen to Railway Artillery Reserve and Tractor Artillery Regiments. On 20 September 1918, the 54th Artillery was reorganized into three battalion stations as follows:
1st Battalion, Training Battalion (A and B Battery) Angers (Marne-et-Loire).
2nd Battalion, Tractor replacement(E and F Battery), Haussimont (Marne) Angers (Marne-et-Loire.)
3rd Battalion, Unknown.
After the Armistice the 54th Artillery was assigned to Brest, and part of the Regiment sailed 23 February 1919 on the Vedic arriving in Boston 7 March 1919. It was completely demobilized at Camp Devons by 13 March 1919.
The four companies (1st, 6th, 10th and 12th) that were not formed into the 54th Artillery, C.A.C. were demobilized in January 1919 at Harbor Defenses of Portland however, but few of the original members of the companies remained in them late in 1918. Two large transfers of enlisted men from these batteries were made. The first was made on 23 August 1917, to the 26th Division Artillery and Engineers. One hundred-sixty-nine men were taken from these four companies in the transfer. On May 31 1918, the other large transfer was made to the 72d Artillery, C.A.C. From the 1st Company, 147 men were taken, and from the other three companies large numbers. However, the transfers were made as individuals no units being reformed or discontinued.
In July 1922, the regiment was reorganized and designated as the First Coast Defense Command, C.A.C., Maine National Guard. The regiment was formed into Headquarters, Headquarters Detachment, Band, Medical Detachment and 1st Fort Command.
1st Fort Command
301st Company, Portland, org. 1803 – later Btry A
306th Company, Sanford, org. 1903 – later Btry B
307th Company, Brunswick, org. 1884 – later Btry C
311th Company, Portland, org. 1807 – later Btry D
2nd Fort Command
303d Company, Camden, org. 1920 – later Btry E
304th Company, Thomaston, org. 1921 – later Btry F
305th Company, Rockland, org. 1921 – later Btry G
302d Company, Vinalhaven, org. 1921 – later Btry H
On 17 September 1923, the 1st C.D.C. was re-designated as the 240th Artillery, C.A.C., and individual batteries as shown above. The designation was again changed to 240th Coast Artillery, Harbor Defense, on 16 April 1924.
WWII Color Slide Photo – Aerial Shot of the Opening Hour of the Battle of Tarawa Shot by Carrier Fighter Pilot
January 15, 2013 / portraitsofwar	/ 1 Comment
Talk about rare! A recent color slide collection has provided a rare glimpse into the opening hours of the infamous Battle of Tarawa. A Navy carrier-based fighter pilot snapped this 35mm color slide while flying cover over Betio on that fateful day on November 20th, 1943. I've never personally seen a color shot taken from the air during this battle. The series I recently acquired may be some of the only known color aerial shots taken during the opening hours of the battle. And the kicker is that I digitized the veteran's audio cassette tape describing the image.
Collectors Note: The best thing about collecting 35mm color and B/W negatives/slides is that they were physically present during the event. Photographs were printed afterwards, but nitrate and celluloid negatives were physically processed through the camera during the event.
Please forward to 3:45 for a verbal description of the slide by the veteran who snapped the image
Aerial Shot of the Invasion of Tarawa
Veteran Description on 35mm Slide Mount
And some info on the opening day of the Battle of Tarawa (from Wikipedia):
The Battle of Tarawa (US code name Operation Galvanic) was a battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II, largely fought from November 20 to November 23, 1943. It was the first American offensive in the critical central Pacific region.
It was also the first time in the war that the United States faced serious Japanese opposition to an amphibious landing. Previous landings met little or no initial resistance. The 4,500 Japanese defenders were well-supplied and well-prepared, and they fought almost to the last man, exacting a heavy toll on the United States Marine Corps. The US had suffered similar casualties in other campaigns, for example over the six months in the campaign for Guadalcanal, but in this case the losses were suffered within the space of 76 hours. Nearly 6,000 Japanese and Americans died on the tiny island in the fighting.[2]
In order to set up forward air bases capable of supporting operations across the mid-Pacific, to the Philippines, and into Japan, the U.S. needed to take the Marianas Islands. The Marianas were heavily defended. Naval doctrine of the time held that in order for attacks to succeed, land-based aircraft would be required to weaken defenses and provide some measure of protection for the invasion forces. The nearest islands capable of supporting such an effort were the Marshall Islands, northeast of Guadalcanal. Taking the Marshalls would provide the base needed to launch an offensive on the Marianas but the Marshalls were cut off from direct communications with Hawaii by a garrison and air base on the small island of Betio, on the western side of Tarawa Atoll in the Gilbert Islands. Thus, to eventually launch an invasion of the Marianas, the battles had to start far to the east, at Tarawa.
Following the completion of their campaign on Guadalcanal, the 2nd Marine Division had been withdrawn to New Zealand for rest and recuperation. Losses were replaced and the men given a chance to recover from the malaria and other illnesses that weakened them through the fighting in the Solomons. On July 20, 1943 the Joint Chiefs directed Admiral Chester Nimitz to prepare plans for an offensive operation in the Gilbert Islands. In August Admiral Raymond Spruance was flown down to New Zealand to meet with the new commander of the 2nd Marine Division, General Julian Smith, and initiate the planning of the invasion with the division's commanders.
Located about 2,400 miles southwest of Pearl Harbor, Betio is the largest island in the Tarawa Atoll. The small, flat island lies at the southern most reach of the lagoon, and was home to the bulk of the Japanese defenders. Shaped roughly like a long, thin triangle, the tiny island is approximately two miles long. It is narrow, being only 800 yards wide at the widest point. A long pier was constructed from the north shore from which cargo ships could unload out past the shallows while at anchor in the protection of the lagoon. The northern coast of the island faces into the lagoon, while the southern and western sides face the deep waters of the open ocean.
Following Carlson's diversionary Makin Island raid of August 1942, the Japanese command was made aware of the vulnerability and strategic significance of the Gilbert Islands. The 6th Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force arrived to reinforce the island in February 1943. In command was Rear Admiral Tomanari Sichero, an experienced engineer who directed the construction of the sophisticated defensive structures on Betio. Upon their arrival the 6th Yokosuka became a garrison force, and the unit's identification was changed to the 3rd Special Base Defense Force. Sichero's primary goal in the Japanese defensive scheme was to stop the attackers in the water or pin them on the beaches. A tremendous number of pill boxes and firing pits were constructed with excellent fields of fire over the water and sandy shore. In the interior of the island was the command post and a number of large shelters designed to protect defenders from air attack and bombardment. The island's defenses were not set up for a battle in depth across the island's interior. The interior structures were large and vented, but did not have firing ports. Defenders in them were limited to firing from the doorways.[3]
The Japanese worked intensely for nearly a year to fortify the island.[4] To aid the garrison in the construction of the defenses, the 1,247 men of the 111th Pioneers, similar to the Seabees of the U.S. Navy, along with the 970 men of the Fourth Fleet's construction battalion were brought in. Approximately 1,200 of the men in these two groups were Korean forced laborers. The garrison itself was made up of forces of the Imperial Japanese Navy. The Special Naval Landing Force was the marine component of the IJN, and were known by US intelligence to be more highly trained, better disciplined, more tenacious and to have better small unit leadership than comparable units of the Imperial Japanese Army. The 3rd Special Base Defense Force assigned to Tarawa had a strength of 1,112 men. They were reinforced by the 7th Sasebo Special Naval Landing Force, with a strength of 1,497 men. It was commanded by Commander Takeo Sugai. This unit was bolstered by 14 Type 95 light tanks under the command of Ensign Ohtani.
A series of fourteen coastal defense guns, including four large Vickers 8-inch guns purchased during the Russo-Japanese War from the British,[2] were secured in concrete bunkers and located around the island to guard the open water and the approaches into the lagoon. It was thought these big guns would make it very difficult for a landing force to enter the lagoon and attack the island from the north side. The island had a total of 500 pillboxes or "stockades" built from logs and sand, many of which were reinforced with cement. Forty artillery pieces were scattered around the island in various reinforced firing pits. An airfield was cut into the bush straight down the center of the island. Trenches connected all points of the island, allowing troops to move where needed under cover. As the command believed their coastal guns would protect the approaches into the lagoon, an attack on the island was anticipated to come from the open waters of the western or southern beaches. Kaigun Shōshō Keiji Shibazaki, an experienced combat officer from the campaigns in China relieved Sichero in July 20, 1943 in anticipation of the coming combat. Shibazaki continued the defensive preparations right up to the day of the invasion. He encouraged his troops, saying "it would take one million men one hundred years" to conquer Tarawa.
Marines alongside an LVT-1 "Alligator".
Marines seek cover amongst the dead and wounded behind the sea wall on Red Beach 3, Tarawa.
The American invasion force to the Gilberts was the largest yet assembled for a single operation in the Pacific, consisting of 17 aircraft carriers (6 CVs, 5 CVLs, and 6 CVEs), 12 battleships, 8 heavy cruisers, 4 light cruisers, 66 destroyers, and 36 transport ships. On board the transports was the 2nd Marine Division and a part of the army's 27th Infantry Division, for a total of about 35,000 troops.
As the invasion flotilla hove to in the predawn hours, the islands four 8 inch guns opened fire on the task force. A gunnery duel soon developed as the main batteries on the battleships Colorado and Maryland commenced a counter-battery fire. The counter-battery proved accurate, with several of the 16 inch shells finding their mark. One shell penetrated the ammunition storage for one of the guns, igniting a huge explosion as the ordnance went up in a massive fireball. Three of the four guns were knocked out in short order. Though all four guns fell silent, one continued intermittent, though inaccurate, fire through the second day. The damage to the big guns left the approach to the lagoon open. It was one of the few successes of the naval bombardment.
Following the gunnery duel and an air attack of the island at 0610, the naval bombardment of the island began in earnest and was sustained for the next three hours. Two mine sweepers with two destroyers to provide covering fire entered the lagoon in the pre-dawn hours and cleared the shallows of mines.[5] A guide light from one of the sweepers then guided the landing craft into the lagoon where they awaited the end of the bombardment. The plan was to land Marines on the north beaches, divided into three sections: Red Beach 1 to the far west of the island, Red Beach 2 in the center just west of the pier, and Red Beach 3 to the east of the pier. Green Beach was a contingency landing beach on the western shoreline and was used for the D+1 landings. Black Beaches 1 and 2 made up the southern shore of the island and were not used. The airstrip, running roughly east-west, divided the island into north and south.
U.S. Coast Guardsmen ferrying supplies pass an LCM-3 which has taken a direct hit at Tarawa.
The Marines started their attack from the lagoon at 09:00, thirty minutes later than expected, but found the tide had still not risen enough to allow their shallow draft Higgins boats to clear the reef. Marine battle planners had not allowed for Betio's neap tide and expected the normal rising tide to provide a water depth of 5 feet (1.5 m) over the reef, allowing larger landing craft, with drafts of at least four feet (1.2 m), to pass with room to spare. But that day and the next, in the words of some observers, "the ocean just sat there," leaving a mean depth of three feet (0.9 m) over the reef. (The neap tide phenomenon occurs twice a month when the moon is near its first or last quarter, because the countering tug of the sun causes water levels to deviate less. But for two days the moon was at its farthest point from earth and exerted even less pull, leaving the waters relatively undisturbed.)
At 0900 the supporting naval bombardment was lifted to allow the Marines to land. The reef proved a daunting obstacle. Only the tracked LVT "Alligators" were able to get across. The Higgins boats, at four feet draft, were unable to clear the reef.[6] With the pause in the naval bombardment those Japanese that survived the shelling dusted themselves off and manned their firing pits. Japanese troops from the southern beaches were shifted up to the northern beaches. As the LVTs made their way over the reef and in to the shallows the number of Japanese troops in the firing pits slowly began to increase, and the amount of combined arms fire the LVTs faced gradually intensified. The LVTs had a myriad of holes punched through their non-armored hulls, and many were knocked out of the battle. Those 'Alligators' that did make it in proved unable to clear the sea wall, leaving the men in the first assault waves pinned down against the log wall along the beach. A number of 'Alligators' went back out to the reef in an attempt to carry in the men who were stuck there, but most of these LVTs were too badly holed to remain sea worthy, leaving the marines stuck on the reef some 500 yards (460 m) off shore. Half of the LVTs were knocked out of action by the end of the first day.
Colonel David Shoup was the senior officer of the landed forces, and he assumed command of all landed Marine Corps troops upon his arrival on shore. Although wounded by an exploding shell soon after landing at the pier, Colonel Shoup took charge of the situation, cleared the pier of Japanese snipers and rallied the first wave of Marines who had become pinned down behind the limited protection of the sea wall. During the next two days, working without rest and under constant withering enemy fire, he directed attacks against strongly defended Japanese positions, pushing forward despite daunting defensive obstructions and heavy fire. Throughout Colonel Shoup was repeatedly exposed to Japanese small arms and artillery fire, inspiring the forces under his command. For his actions on Betio he was awarded the Medal of Honor.
Several early attempts to land tanks for close support and to get past the sea wall failed when the landing craft carrying them were hit on their run into the beach and either sank outright or had to withdraw while taking on water. Two Stuart tanks eventually landed on the east end of the beach but were knocked out of action fairly quickly. Three medium Sherman tanks were landed on the western end of the island and proved considerably more effective. They helped push the line in to about 300 yards (270 m) from shore. One became stuck in a tank trap and another was knocked out by a magnetic mine. The remaining tank took a shell hit to its barrel and had its 75 mm gun disabled. It was used as a portable machine gun pillbox for the rest of the day. A third platoon was able to land all four of its tanks on Red 3 around noon and operated them successfully for much of the day, but by day's end only one tank was still in action.
By noon the Marines had successfully taken the beach as far as the first line of Japanese defenses. By 15:30 the line had moved inland in places but was still generally along the first line of defenses. The arrival of the tanks started the line moving on Red 3 and the end of Red 2 (the right flank, as viewed from the north), and by nightfall the line was about half-way across the island, only a short distance from the main runway.
Colonel David Shoup's command post on Red Beach 2.
The communication lines which the Japanese installed on the island had been laid shallow and were destroyed in the naval bombardment, effectively preventing commander Keiji Shibazaki's direct control of his troops. In mid-afternoon he and his staff abandoned the command post at the west end of the airfield, to allow it to be used to shelter and care for the wounded, and prepared to move to the south side of the island. He had ordered two of his Type 95 light tanks to act as a protective cover for the move, but a 5″ naval high explosive round exploded in the midst of his headquarters personnel as they were assembled outside the central concrete command post, resulting in the death of the commander and most of his staff. This loss further complicated Japanese command problems.[7][8]
As night fell on the first day the Japanese defenders kept up a sporadic harassing fire, but did not launch an attack on the Marines clinging to their beachhead and the territory won in the day's hard fighting. With Rear Admiral Shibazaki killed and their communication lines torn up, each Japanese unit was essentially acting in isolation, and indeed had been since the commencement of the naval bombardment. The Marines brought a battery of 75 mm Pack Howitzers ashore, unpacked them and set them up for action for the next day's fight, but the bulk of the second wave was unable to land. They spent the night floating out in the lagoon without food or water, trying to sleep in their Higgins boats. A number of Japanese marines slipped away in the night, swimming out to a number of the wrecked LVTs in the lagoon, and also to the Niminoa, a wrecked steamship lying west of the main pier. There they laid in wait for dawn, when they would fire upon the US forces from behind. The long night dragged on, but lacking central direction, the Japanese were unable to coordinate for a counterattack against the toe hold the Marines held on the island. The feared counterattack never came and the Marines held their ground. By the end of the first day, of the 5,000 Marines put ashore, 1,500 were casualties, either dead or wounded.
WWI Identified RPPC – 90th Division Veteran Victor H. Horner Poses in Germany 1919
January 7, 2013 / portraitsofwar	/ 5 Comments
Nothing spectacular jumped out at me when I first purchased this image on eBay last week. I knew it was likely identified, but I wasn't sure the name would be searchable. I was pleasantly surprised when the photo arrived and I was able to read the name and successfully search for his name on ancestry.com. He was born in 1895 and passed away in 1978 in Springfield, CO. This photo was likely taken in 1919 after the Armistice. Note the use of French numeric pins on his overseas cap.
Victor H. Horner
FindaGrave.com photo
World War One Solar Eclipse Captured in France 1918 – American Red Cross Nurse Photo Album Image
May 21, 2012 / portraitsofwar	/ 3 Comments
Although my East Coast residence prevented my viewing of the solar eclipse today, I am able to post a wonderful shot of an eclipse captured nearly 100 years ago. Snapped by a US nurse while stationed in Rimaucourt, France. I have an album of nearly 200 images following a Springfield, MA native through her WWI service. Some of the best shots come from her time with the 52nd Base Hospital. Enjoy!
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A Mormon Missionary in WWI: Battling Spanish Influenza in American Samoa
The French 111th Infantry Regiment in the Battle of Verdun
WWI 1st Division Photo Identification, Robert B. Alexander – Portage, Wisconsin Veteran
WWI German Trench Life – May of 1917
WWI Portrait Photo – An AEF Soldier and a French Puppy, a Tribute to Violet
26th division 388th 388th BG 388th Bomb Group 1918 Alva Alegre b-17 doughboy France France 1918 heritage history history photo Knettishall kodachrome korea Korean war Korean War Color military history patch photo photography RPPC Vermont Soldier War world history World War World war one world war one photo world war photo world war two world war two photo WWI wwi doughboy wwi history wwii wwii artist wwii color wwii color slide WWII history wwii marine wwii negative wwii photo WWII photography wwi patch wwi photo wwi postcard wwi research wwi RPPC WWI soldier yankee division


Sonoma offers a wide range of Chardonnay options—but some are simply too outstanding to miss. We surveyed over a hundred area vintners to help determine the top Sonoma Chardonnay producers (under $100).
LaFollette Wines - The LaFollette winery is known for two things—small lot pinot noir, and chardonnay. Despite being a new winery (having just opened in 2010), they are quickly becoming known for their chardonnays. Their chardonnays are characterized by the Burgundian practices of veteran California winemaker Greg La Follette.
Dutton Goldfield - There are two reasons tourists and locals go to Dutton Goldfield: the pinot noir, and the chardonnay. Their well-structured wines are deserving of the label, and have struck a complexity and intensity balance. Their chardonnays have become recognized for their traditional techniques—notably their malolactic fermentation, which gives their wine its signature vibe. In 2012 their Rued Vineyard chardonnay earned a 100-point score in the Critics Challenge Wine Competition.
Hanzell - The Hanzell winery offers chardonnays and pinots that are highly regarded in the industry (and barely known by the average consumer). They base their success on their lifelong love affair with burgundy, and craftsman processing through barrel aging, malolactic fermentation, inert gases and anaerobic techniques. They say that when it comes to Sonoma chardonnays…Hanzell sets the gold standard.
Ramey - While Ramey Winery is an excellent Sonoma wine tour stop for red/white couples (they offer excellent syrahs)—the real treat here for white wine enthusiasts are their chardonnays. They've committed the lions' share of their vineyards to chardonnays, and generally offer 6 different varieties at any given time…creating a tasting bonanza for chard fans.
Williams Seylem - The Williams Seylem winery is quickly becoming known for their chardonnays. Their 2008 Allen Vineyard Chardonnay scored a whopping 95 points from the über-discerning folks at Wine Enthusiast. Today, the winemaking torch has been passed to the skillful hands of Jeff Mangahas and his team, who respect and employ the original handcrafted approach to winemaking for which Williams Selyem is known.
Sojourn Cellars - Sojourn Cellars is renowned for two wine types: chardonnays and pinot noirs (making them another solid destination for red/white couples). Their most recent chardonnay releases earned 90-point+ reviews from Wine Advocate critic Robert Parker. They offer two chardonnay releases, their Sonoma Coast chardonnay, and the slightly more expensive Sangiacomo Vineyard chardonnay.


text:
When are Teams an Asset in Negotiations and When are They a Liability?
E. A. Mannix, M. A. Neale, J. R. Overbeck (Eds.), Research on Managing Groups and Teams: Negotiation and Groups, Vol. 14 (pp. 3-34). Bingley, United Kingdom: Emerald Group Publishing, 2011
49 Pages Posted: 8 May 2014
See all articles by Taya R. Cohen
Taya R. Cohen
Carnegie Mellon University, Tepper School of Business
Leigh Thompson
Northwestern University - Kellogg School of Management
Purpose: We consider the question of when teams are an asset at the negotiating table and when they are a liability.
Methodology: We center our review on three key "empirical truths" about teams. First, teams are better than individuals at solving problems. Second, teams are more self-interested than individuals. Third, teams are trusted less and are less trusting than individuals.
Findings: Teams have an advantage over solo negotiators when there is unshared information and multiple issues on the table. Teams have an advantage in these contexts because of their superior problem-solving abilities. However, teams are more likely than solos to suffer from costly and uncertain legal action due to failures in dispute resolution and earn lower profits than solos in negotiations with a prisoner's dilemma structure. Thus, because teams are more self-interested and less trusted than individuals, they can be a liability in negotiations in which the parties' interests are opposed.
Implications: To the leverage the positive effects of teams in negotiation, it is critical that negotiators determine whether the context is one that allows for coordination and integrative tradeoffs, such as multi-issue deal-making negotiations, versus one that is characterized by noncorrespondent outcomes and incompatible interests, such as disputes and prisoner's dilemma interactions.
Value of the paper: The term "negotiation" has been applied rather broadly to a complex assortment of mixed-motive tasks. Our review indicates that distinguishing among these tasks is paramount to meaningfully address questions of individual versus group performance in negotiation.
Keywords: teams, groups, negotiation, prisoner's dilemma game, dispute resolution,
Cohen, Taya R. and Thompson, Leigh, When are Teams an Asset in Negotiations and When are They a Liability? (2011). E. A. Mannix, M. A. Neale, J. R. Overbeck (Eds.), Research on Managing Groups and Teams: Negotiation and Groups, Vol. 14 (pp. 3-34). Bingley, United Kingdom: Emerald Group Publishing, 2011. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2433763
Taya R. Cohen (Contact Author)
Carnegie Mellon University, Tepper School of Business ( email )
4122686677 (Phone)
HOME PAGE: http://www.tepper.cmu.edu/our-faculty-and-research/about-our-faculty/faculty-profiles/tcohen/cohen-t
Northwestern University - Kellogg School of Management ( email )
Donald P. Jacobs Center
HOME PAGE: http://www.LeighThompson.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sam Keenan is a visual artist, UX Illustrator, musician and composer who works in multimedia production. He is an ex-longtime public radio recording engineer and producer and current public radio refugee. Keenan coproduces Level with Emily Reese – @LevelwithEmily – a podcast about the video game industry.
Liz Wood is a senior in Linguistics at the University of Tennessee. She's held News Editor and Staff Writer positions at the Daily Beacon, and Layout Editor at the Tangerine, UT's satirical news publication. Liz is passionate about writing, learning about language and sociolinguistics. She also enjoys photography and visual art.


Popular French consumer electronics company Withings was acquired by Nokia about two years back for €170 million, though the things didn't go as planned for Nokia to enter the digital health business and soon had to sell back to the original co-founder Eric Carreel. Just recently, Withings introduced Steel HR Sports smartwatch which made the comeback of the company in the digital health business. Now in the latest development, Withings has introduced a Pulse HR Fitness tracker as a competitor to the Fitbit Charge 3.
The fitness tracker monitors your heart rate continuously in the workout mode. Interesting the tracker gets to detect your activities and initiates different tracking modes accordingly. Supporting 10 activities, the tracker automatically after detects the type of activity you're into, keeps track of the metrics as calories burnt and the distance you've traveled with the help of GPS.
Likewise, you could also monitor your sleep patterns with the help of the sleep monitor. The device also wakes you up gently using the smart wakeup feature knowing once you're done resting. WITHINGS promises 20 days of battery time, though practically testing it would suggest its performance in this regard.
Are you a fan of using fitness trackers? Let us know in the comment section below.
Almost every fitness tracker has a few common features. The looks, the brand, and the pricing is what sets them apart. Puts a question mark as to why I should buy such a tracker of a particular company and not any other.
Now, what I see here a bit different is that different tracking modes are initiated by the tracker accordingly. But putting any illustration would give a better idea.


OCO is a private, non-profit agency that has been supporting communities throughout Oswego County since 1966. A member agency of the United Way of Greater Oswego County, OCO provides more than 50 vital services throughout 80 separate locations. For more information, visit www.oco.org. The mission of Literacy Volunteers of Oswego County is to be a leader in providing adult students the English communication and literacy skills they need to reach their full potential as individuals, parents, workers and citizens.
Note: This is NOT a secure fax machine – Do not use this number to send confidential information. Each OCO program has its own fax number, which can be found on that program's page. Thank you.


Many of the wrecks in the Scilly Isles have occurred due to weather conditions, maybe causing a ship to founder on the numerous jagged rocks. A good number lie in diveable depths and have accompanying reef rocks that succeed in providing the diver with an ideal multi-level profile. The southwest prevailing wind cuts into the Western Rocks, the latter directly in the path of stricken vessels. Back in 1912 at the start of winter, the 2600 ton Greek steamship Antonios came to grief just off Pednathise Head, the southern most area of Western Rocks.
This dive is a great pleasure to do, not just for the wreckage but the surrounding rocks. Don't just spend time in the wreckage area as so much is waiting in its vicinity. Dropping down the shot a small insignificant gully is passed through and at first around 17m it doesn't seem there is much to see. But at this depth immediately on the left of the shot line a rock looks rather rounded in appearance. On closer inspection it is revealed to be a large boiler with its casing broken in places, where steam pipes can be seen - easily missed!
With the possibility of conger the shot line deepens to 20m with yet another boiler on the seabed amongst much hull plating, undistinguishable items of wreckage and winches. Dropping to 22m this extends some 30m as a wreckage area where many crabs, starfish and cotton spinners inhabit. Bottoming out at 26m directly in front and hard to miss is a deeply cut gully, some 3m across at its base. To the left hand side is a sheer vertical mass of rock extending almost to the surface, to the right a ridge some 4m high. Dives can go off in differing directions after finishing with the wreckage and our dive led 25m down this previously described gully. Dense clusters of red dead man's fingers were amassed on its flanks, along with gardens of nermetesia or sea beard, a hydroid and favourite food of many a nudibranch.
Visibility on this dive was in excess of 15m and it was no surprise we spotted a large vertical crack in the wall to our left, running all the way up to the top. It was a split in the rock some 1.5m wide with boulders jammed occasionally in its upper reaches. Turning 90 degrees into it and swimming some 35m along its length was quite exhilarating, but the masses of wrasse grazing inside were unperturbed. Ascending to 15m and turning a further 90 degrees, we crossed an area of tall slim kelp topped pinnacles, before arriving at a dark mass of rock. This turned out to be a rock which shaved the water's surface and contained vertical terraced sides from 15m upwards. Interesting for jewel anemones, but it was then the "fun" began. A vertical crack appeared, some 0.5m wide, if that, with light eschewing from its other end. Swimming around we found the other end. Here deeply cut terraces had many condensed masses of plumose anemones, crabs and squat lobster everywhere - a very impressive site indeed. The rock dropped vertically away to 25m+ to the seabed in the 15m+ visibility.
Glancing into the gully where wrasse just kept going into, a silver flash at its base was that of a grey seal. We both realised it was "road" for marine creatures great and small! This was one of those dives that you'd wished wouldn't end, but physics meant ascend and manage the air remaining. Finding a nice enclave of rock at 8m, patrolled by wrasse with occasional pelagic hydroids passing by was just the icing on the cake of delight!


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Are you nervous about taking PTE test? Learn the right approach to be successful.
PTE Academic assesses all four languages skills – Speaking, Reading, Writing and Listening. The test will last approximately three hours. This includes an untimed introduction to the test and one optional break of up to 10 minutes.
PTE Academic consists of three main parts. You will receive a general introduction to the test and specific instructions about that to expect in each part of the test. Each part may contain a number of sections. Each section is individually times. The table below shows the test structure.
English has become an international language, and is used by more and more people around the world as a medium of post-school study.
PTE Academic assesses all four languages skills – listening, reading, speaking and writing. The test will last approximately three hours.
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A Place Where Pte Coaching Is The Best And Learning Is Made More Easy To Understand With Very Good Faculty And Their Support Is Main To Crack Pte .I Was Here For Short Time But At The End Of It I M Confident Enough To Attend My Pte Exam With Desirable Score .
My Overall Experience With This Institute Is Good 4 Star.(Pte) I Would Recommend This Institute For Students And Working Professional Who Are Looking For Pte And IELTS Coaching Classes. They Have Lot Of Mock Tests Conducted And Improvise The Area Where You Are Lacking. Lecturers And Staff'S Are Down To Earth. Institute Does Not Negotiate Single Penny But Money Is Worth It.


text:
Report: Feds considered using 'heat ray' on DC protesters
September 16, 2020 at 11:01 p.m.
DOJ asks to defend Trump in rape accuser's defamation suit
September 8, 2020 at 10:39 p.m.
UK judge rejects bid to delay Assange extradition hearing
September 7, 2020 at 3:48 p.m.
Barr defends aggressive federal response to protests
July 28, 2020 at 5:38 p.m.
Jay-Z, Rihanna urge Attorney General Barr to reopen D.J. Henry case
By Rick Sobey
Justice Department: Springfield narcotics officers used excessive force
July 9, 2020 at 1:42 p.m.
Walsh says he wouldn't have met with AG William Barr, advised his police commissioner against it
By Sean Philip Cotter
June 19, 2020 at 6:14 p.m.
Ex-judge says push to dismiss Flynn case is abuse of power
Barr denies Trump demanded 10,000 troops to quell protests
By Boston Herald Wire Services
June 7, 2020 at 7:24 p.m.
Robbins: AG proves to be perfect Trump minion, Barr none
By Jeff Robbins


Does dozing in on the weekend in fact assist you capture up on beddy-bye? Why am I so slap-satisfied after I reside up backward? If just speaking about beddy-bye makes you are looking to curl up and take a short snooze, perhaps be sure you evaluation these little generic records about sleep health. then, which you can go ahead and leisure up.
Let's initiate with the obtrusive: you need your sleep. Your physique releases essential hormones for those who rest that aid with every thing from immune fitness to metabolism to your universal mood. even though it's as herbal as breathing and blinking, a lot of backyard factors can make a contribution to your beddy-bye health. maybe sleeping subsequent to somebody is impacting your beddy-bye. most likely accent and anxiousness are affecting even if you're getting a fine night's relaxation.
Accepting a consistent sleep hobbies can make beddy-bye appear more straightforward and combat one of the crucial things that are making it elaborate to shut your eyes. earlier than you modify your dead night habits wholly, be sure to likely brush up on that component you've literally been accomplishing due to the fact that you were born. So, locate a comfy chapter, put in your PJs, and settle in. listed here are 21 things be sure you learn about your beddy-bye health.
1. You're probably not accepting enough beddy-bye.
in keeping with a 2016 record by CDC, one in three adults isn't slumbering enough. Adults between the ages of 18 and 60 should still be accepting an outstanding seven hours each and every nighttime.
2. slumbering much less makes you hungry.
As the Alaska beddy-bye sanatorium states, "beddy-bye accident also changes the timing and liberate of urge for food-controlling hormones." Ghrelin, the hormone which tells your physique you're hungry, receives released in higher quantities when you're beddy-bye-deprived.
3. abridgement of beddy-bye is affiliated to other accelerated fitness dangers like heart disease and high claret pressure.
4. insomnia isn't pretty much how tons beddy-bye you get at nighttime.
It has greater to do with the inability to nod off and reside comatose.
5. it would recall you about 10 to 15 minutes to doze off.
If it takes you 5 minutes or much less to nod off, you're probably beddy-bye-deprived. On standard, americans doze off in about seven minutes.
6. married americans report a little bit more desirable beddy-bye fitness.
Sixty-seven percent of married americans cocky-suggested a suit period of beddy-bye, in accordance with the CDC. with the aid of evaluation, sixty two percent of adults who've on no account been affiliated and fifty six p.c of adults who are afar, abandoned, or separated stated the same. My condolences if you have been hoping responsible your companion for your lack of beddy-bye.
7. women want more sleep than guys.
research attributes this gender imbalance to women being "greater prone to multitask, authoritative the brain assignment tougher and wanting greater time to improve," per company cabal.
8. extra girls report terrible sleep than men.
Eighteen % of ladies endure from terrible sleep in comparison to 8 % of guys. research indicates here's alike true in high college with female college students getting less beddy-bye than macho students.
9. snoring interrupts your REM cycles.
in case you snore, your physique will seemingly oscillate amid the primary two degrees of beddy-bye as a substitute of anytime reaching the REM cycle. this is the sleep date where your body goes into restoration approach, accidental to a healthy immune gadget and regulating the urge for food-suppressing and urge for food-inducing hormones.
10. "couthy Jet Lag" is the identify on your Monday morning apathy.
while no longer a medically recognized condition, dysania is acclimated to describe intense lethargy in the mornings. It could be linked to melancholy.
One examine found that after individuals went 17 to 19 hours with out sleep, their performance reduced equal or worse to somebody with a BAC of 0.05 percent. As a reminder, 0.08 percent is the legal restrict.
13. NASA says the excellent nap lasts 26 account.
however, no longer all researchers agree.
14. song might also assist you sleep stronger at nighttime.
15. in case you fly a lot, you may additionally accept a harder time snoozing.
and not just as a result of jet lag. research suggests excessive-distance environments can abnormally have an effect on your beddy-bye cycle.
16. activity unnerved after a daydream is general.
despite the fact, ordinary nightmares were linked to feelings of nervousness whereas unsleeping as well as issues like indisposition that may have an effect on usual beddy-bye health.
17. beddy-bye deprivation may annihilate you quicker than meals deprivation, in response to some experts.
surely, neither are most excellent. however, chic Schwartz, in an article for the Harvard business assessment, posits how every week devoid of meals would have much less terrible side results than a week with out beddy-bye. Schwartz additionally cites how sleep denial is a type of ache in line with amnesty foreign.
18. beddy-bye apnea impacts your capacity to consider memories.
A 2019 study found that the situation the place breathing quickly stops all through sleep can also affect a person's autobiographical memories making it more elaborate to recall very own recollections adventures.
19. melancholy, prostate concerns, and arthritis are only three of the health problems that could have an effect on your sleep.
lack of ability to beddy-bye is regularly no longer an remoted problem. no longer most effective can it result in other fitness issues, but it may also be an indication of present circumstances.
20. accent-precipitated beddy-bye accident could cause our brain cells to change.
A contemporary examine performed in mice discovered that REM beddy-bye elevated back mild day by day accent multiplied. additionally, the brain modified in constitution as a acknowledgment to demanding beddy-bye, exceptionally within the hippocampus which helps manner accent.
21. "communicable up" on sleep on the weekends doesn't always accomplish up for your abridgement of sleep right through the week.
whilst you might also suppose extra neatly-rested afterwards sound asleep in on Saturday, some studies suggest the normal lack of beddy-bye may also accept greater lasting consequences on your metabolism. So, it's finest to get an effective seven-ish hours on a daily basis.