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A woman, black and blind, Rio native Nathalia Santos has dreams of becoming a journalist and doesn't feel entitled to deny characteristics that make her who she is
May 24, 2017 Marques Travae Black News From Brazil 2
capa8
Photo: Sofie Mentens
Note from BW of Brazil: What a great example of self-determination, inspiration and a discipline that says "no excuses". Many of the women featured on this blog already have two to three social disadvantages that make their ascension more difficult than others. In general, these disadvantages include being female, black and poor. Well, the subject of today's post comes with these three disadvantages and still one more: she's blind. But the way that Nathalia Santos maintains her focus and continues to thrive for success, it seems that none of these socially stigmatized categories will stop her from succeeding in life. I knew that the time would eventually come to feature a story on Nathalia since I first learned of her story back in April of 2014 through a story featured in Trip magazine. In that article, she was actually presented as Nathalia Rodrigues.
I had first intended to include that report here at BW of Brazil but, as with other stories, the report got put on the backburner. But almost as a sign of things to come, she was first featured here in a post about British supermodel Naomi Campbell who was featured on three Vogue Brasil magazine covers in a celebration of the beauty of negras brasileiras, highlighting 11 prominent black Brazilian women. Then last month, she was featured in a post entitled "'Protagonism is not ceded, it is conquered': In panel, various successful Afro-Brazilian women discuss challenges black women face in Brazilian society" which featured her as well as other black Brazilian women who've made a mark on society such as journalist Flavia Oliveira, singer Iza, actress Tais Araújo, and Brazil's first black female judge, Luislinda Valois. So finally, today, I present a post focusing solely on the wonderful story of Nathalia and Nathalia alone!
"Becoming blind at age 15 transformed me for the better," says student in report. Rio native Nathalia Santos, 24, has already faced depression and prejudice: "A woman, black and blind in Brazil, but I don't feel entitled to deny the characteristics that make me who I am"
By Flávia Bezerra
"I could begin this testimony by talking about the difficulties – which are not few – of being a woman, black and blind in Brazil, but I don't feel entitled to deny all the characteristics that make me who I am. Going blind at 15 transformed me for the better: I became strong, courageous and optimistic. The mark of this change came in 2004 when I was diagnosed at 12 with retinitis pigmentosa, a dystrophy that kills all the cells in the retina. I remember correctly: I was with my mother at the Hospital of the Fire Department of Rio de Janeiro, where my father works, when the doctor advised me to learn braille since I would lose my sight within months.
While my mother was deeply depressed by the news, I was relieved. Anyway, I had the diagnosis of the mysterious disease that has affected me since childhood. Still, in the consultation, my only reaction was to think of all the books and places I would like to read and know before the world darkened. And that's exactly what I did: in three years, I read more than 100 books and decorated all the streets of Rio, where, today, I live with complete independence.
THE START OF EVERYTHING
Let's go back to 1992, the year I was born. At that time, I lived with my parents and my older brother in Cidade Alta, a community in the north of Rio. At 6 months, my mother realized that I only responded to visual stimuli when they were accompanied by noise. She then took me to the hospital and was labeled a crazy, coitadinha (poor thing). That's because I had – and to this day I still have – quite lively eyes. Physically, one can hardly tell that I'm blind. Not to mention that there were never any cases in the family and, according to the history of the maternity where I was born, everything seemed normal, although no examination had been done.
The truth is that I was born blind, but my vision was miraculously opening itself. Within a little over a year, I had been diagnosed with myopia and astigmatism, and I started wearing glasses – which didn't help me! The memories I have of early childhood, around the age of three, are of a distorted classroom full of figures. Oh, and I could hardly see colors either: everything was always preto ou branco (black or white).
At 6, they told me that I had subnormal vision, a disease that drastically decreases the peripheral vision of the eyes. At the time, besides figures, I began to see as if looking through a tube. This way was leaving me with 20% of my vision!
"Not seeing, but not being blind, it bothered me. When I lost 100% of my vision, I felt relief and not revolt"
When my father became a firefighter and the family's financial situation improved, I got more effective treatment. Just in the hospital of the quarters, I did more than 50 exams before having been diagnosed with such retinosis. I took advantage of the time with little vision to finish elementary school, study braille, read all the books I wanted and, most importantly, get a feel for the city, already preparing for the independence that I have today. The total darkness came at 15.
1. Nath with Naomi Campbell in a shoot for Vogue Brasil. 2 – With the diva Taís Araújo during a "Elas por Elas" (women by women) panel, that took place last month, in Rio
Even more curious than the disease is the fact that I am approached by several people who don't believe in the possibility of someone not feeling fear or anger because of being blind; and I swear: I don't feel it! Not seeing, but not being blind, it was a kind of term that bothered me so much that when I lost 100% of my vision, I felt relieved.
Do you want to know what really bothers me? Not believing in my ability. Now people want to deprive me of doing things or want to do them for me. And that scares me … My biggest dream, for example, is being a mother. And I know I'll be great! But it anguishes me knowing that people close to me may not consider this …
ADOLESCENCE IN THE DARK
Despite the blindness, I lived a supernormal adolescence and I didn't stop doing anything. I went to the balada (dances), I slept in the house of friends, I traveled, studied, I took numerous scoldings from my mother and I dated. My first date happened at 16, already blind. As he was my neighbor, everything went very fast: we met, fell in love and rolled with it. But it lasted only six months. Our biggest snag was his grandmother. She had always been against the relationship and meant, in a veiled prejudice, that I was a retard in his life.
What I did later was to dive into the books! I went to high school at Faetec, Rio's technical school, and as soon as I arrived I introduced myself to all the rooms and showed that I would need help. Fortunately, the mobilization was immediate! In a short time, the school already had the Inclusion Room, a place where the demands of the disabled students were easily solved. These years also served my instincts to surface. Today, I hear very well, my touch is incredibly sharp and my perception of life is almost paranormal! I'll explain: when a person talks to me, I know when he is turning his eyes. How do I know? Because it is not necessary to see to receive the signals that the body produces. I hear from the breathing in the way they project speech.
I only didn't leave school with the diploma in management technique, because prejudice didn't allow it. I swear to you that I sought internships in all the companies in Rio, but the deficiency was always put above the curriculum. In fact, few people know, but it is very easy for a blind person to adapt to the work environment. Do you know what we need? Two free computer programs: a screen reader and an adaptation of the (Microsoft) Office program. However, hearing "we don't hire people like you" has often done me a lot of harm. I had an onset of depression at age 18 and, for the first time, I doubted my ability.
Until, in February 2012, I went on a recording of (the Globo TV variety show) Esquenta! and everything changed. In one of the programs, Regina Casé asked the audience who could read braille and I raised my hand. She was not only thrilled with my story (and surprised by my lively eye) as she gave me the greatest opportunity of my life: working in her production. I started the following week and only left when the program ended.
The experience was so incredible that it motivated me to study journalism. I passed the vestibular (college entrance exam) with excellence, I won a scholarship and I started college in January 2013. The sad thing is that it was precisely then that I experienced the worst moment of my life: a hit and run kidnapping. I was approached at the exit of the elevator by five people. They took me to a corner, hid my cane and threatened me, saying that they would make my life hell. I'm not going to lie: it upset me. So much so that I only told my family two weeks later. I went to the school board, denounced (the incident) and requested the images of the security cameras. But they didn't register the incident! What remained was the words of an aluna negra (black student) and bolsista (scholarship recipient) facing a renowned teaching institution. Upset, I transferred to another college.
"Being happy, even with all the difficulties, is a choice"
The reality is that when I graduate this year, I will be the first in the family to have a diploma universitário (college degree) – and that victory is greater than any illness or prejudice. I love life and everything that is part of it! Maybe that's why, for me, seeing is not so fundamental. I fix my hair, I do my own makeup, I ride my bike, I go to the movies…
Still from Nathalia Santos's YouTube channel 'Como Assim Cega?'
I recently did a YouTube channel, (called) Como Assim Cega? (What do you mean blind?) In it, I answer doubts of young blind people like me and the people who live with them. Helping them accomplishes me. Obviously, I still have many dreams (working as a journalist is one of them), but I know there is no magic recipe for happiness. Being happy, even with difficulties, is a choice.
BEAUTY: MISS EMANUELLE; FASHION: MARINA BRUM AND ALINE DIAS. THANKS: GRAN MELIÁ NACIONAL HOTEL (RJ).
Source: Revista Glamour
Afro-Brazilian women
"The Case of the Wrong Man" documentary exposes the genocide of black youth in Brazil
"The revolution will be crespo (kinky/curly)": With skillful lyrics packed with Rap, Jazz, and R & B rhythms, singer Tássia Reis uses music to fight against racism
Thiago Gregorio.
That's what all the blacks the do and think like, instead of whining. Pretty much like this blog, is always looking for excuses and prejudice to blame on.
"should do and think".


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Arabic and Philosophy
UCAS Code: TV65
African and modern middle eastern studiesPhilosophy
Languages and area studiesPhilosophy
Although there aren't a lot of jobs around for professional philosophers, philosophy degrees are a relatively popular option, with more than 2,000 students graduating in a philosophy-related subject in 2015 - a little down on previous years, but still healthy. Nearly a quarter of philosophy graduates take a postgraduate qualification, and it's a relatively common subject at both Masters and doctorate level — so if you think academic life might be for you, think ahead about how you might fund further study. For those who go into work, philosophy grads tend to go into teaching, accountancy, consulting, journalism, PR, housing, marketing, human resources and the arts while a few go into the computer industry every year, where their logical training is highly rated.
Languages and area studiesPhilosophy and religious studies
What's it like studying a degree in Philosophy
Persian and Philosophy
Philosophy and Linguistics
Comparative Literature/Philosophy
Arabic and Biblical Studies
Modern Languages (Arabic and Spanish) and Ancient History (year abroad)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


And as some of you may know by now, Dorie Greenspan had published another book called Around my French Table.
And a cook-a-long group soon follow. And because you guys know that I'm crazy, I joined up. To be fair, this was being discussed in the TWD group months ago, and in fact it was projected to start in 2011. But the book got an early release and here we are. Over 1000 home cooks have joined the French Fridays with Dorie (FFwD) movement and we all be sharing our experiences in cooking through the 500 page book every Friday. So along with my Sweet Kitchen Tips, I will also post any recipe that I make from the book.


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Portions of Alabama Should Watch Out for Isolated Severe Storms Later Today
There is the possibility for some isolated storms later today and into the evening hours for portions of our Townsquare Media coverage areas. These "isolated severe storms will be possible due to a very warm and unstable air mass ahead of an approaching surface front," said the National Weather Service in Birmingham.
James Spann, ABC 33/40, and Townsquare Media Tuscaloosa Chief Meteorologist said that is for "mainly over the southern half of the state. Like yesterday, where storms do form, they could produce small hail and gusty winds, but most of the state will stay dry. The high today will be in the mid to upper 80s."
Along and south of a line from Sumter, Chilton, to Chambers Counties.
Today and tonight from 1 pm to 9 pm. Storms should dissipate during the overnight hours.
Damaging straight-line winds to 60mph and quarter-size hail. No threat for tornadoes
(Source) For more from the National Weather Service Birmingham, click here. Click here to follow the Facebook Page for James Spann.
Step Inside Eutaw, Alabama's Most Expensive Historic Estate
This Alabama Home Features Spectacular Views of Wheeler Lake
This Rare French Style Georgia Home is Straight Out of 'Bridgerton'
Rare Island Home Showcases Panoramic Views of Alabama's Guntersville Lake
Categories: Articles, Local News, Weather


What do I need to do to sell or use Utility Meters?
On this page you will find general information about regulations for utility meters. More specific information for electricity, water and gas meters is available.
Some exemptions to these regulations are explained on the relevant sections on electricity, water and gas.
A utility meter sold or used for trade must be pattern approved.
Pattern approval is the assessment of a meter design as being fit for purpose, and able to operate in the environment in which it is expected to be used.
A utility meter must be verified before it is used for trade.
Verification is the testing of meters that are of a pattern approved design to assess if they are operating within limits of error.
Utility meters are verified by 'Utility Meter Verifiers' (UMVs) appointed by NMI.
The test procedures for verifying utility meters are in the National Instrument Test Procedures for Utility Meters NITP 14.
How can my laboratory provide measurement services for utility meters?
Verifying Authorities: To verify reference standards of measurement.
Utility Meter Verifiers: To verify utility meters for use for trade.
Approving Authorities: To conduct pattern approval testing.
Refer to the appointed legal metrology authorities page for more information.
What utility meters can I install and use for trade?
Some certificates of approval are "grandfathered" or "expired" or "cancelled". In each of these cases, utility meters of that model or design are no longer able to be manufactured; however pre-existing utility meters can continue to be used for trade.
The verification marks which are used can be found in the certificates of appointment of UMVs.
Information about certificates of verification are found in NITP 14.


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Further information: Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
Brick wall of the Warsaw Ghetto dividing the Iron-Gate Square, with view of bombed out Lubomirski Palace (left) on the "Aryan" side of the city, May 24, 1941.
German: Ghetto Warschau
Warsaw: Muranów, Powązki, Nowolipki, Śródmieście Północne, Mirów
(German-occupied Poland)
October 1940 to May 1943
Imprisonment, mass shootings, forced labor, starvation, mass deportations to Treblinka and labour camps in the Lublin Reservation
SS-Totenkopfverbände, Gestapo, Orpo battalions, Einsatzgruppen, Trawnikis, Waffen-SS
Schutzstaffel (SS), RSHA
Treblinka, Majdanek [1]
265,000 at Treblinka [2]
42,000 at Majdanek [2]
92,000 inside the Ghetto [3]
with expellees from Germany, Czechoslovakia and other occupied countries.[4]
Museum of the History of the Polish Jews
Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
Umschlagplatz
Warsaw Ghetto boundary markers
The Warsaw Ghetto[5] (German: Warschauer Ghetto, officially Jüdischer Wohnbezirk in Warschau Jewish Residential District in Warsaw; Polish: getto warszawskie) was the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Europe during World War II. It was established by the German authorities in the Muranów neighborhood of the Polish capital between October and November 16, 1940; within the new General Government territory of German-occupied Poland. There were over 400,000 Jews imprisoned there,[4] at an area of 3.4 km2 (1.3 sq mi), with an average of 9.2 persons per room,[6][7] barely subsisting on meager food rations.[7] From the Warsaw Ghetto, Jews were deported to Nazi camps and mass-killing centers. In the summer of 1942 at least 254,000 Ghetto residents were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp during Großaktion Warschau under the guise of "resettlement in the East" over the course of the summer.[7]
The death toll among the Jewish inhabitants of the Ghetto is estimated to be at least 300,000 killed by bullet or gas,[8] combined with 92,000 victims of rampant hunger and hunger-related diseases, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, and the casualties of the final destruction of the Ghetto.[2][9][10][11]
Before World War II, Warsaw was one of the most diverse cities in the Second Polish Republic. The majority of Polish Jews lived in the merchant districts of Muranów, Powązki, and Stara Praga, while most ethnic Germans lived in Śródmieście.[12] Over 90% of Catholics lived further away from the bustling commercial and vital centre of the capital.[12] The Jewish community was the most prominent there, constituting over 88% of the inhabitants of Muranów; with the total of about 32.7% of the population of the left-bank and 14.9% of the right-bank Warsaw, or 332,938 people in total according to 1931 census.[12] Many Jews left the city during the depression,[12] which was more severe and longer-lasting in Poland than elsewhere in Europe.[13] In 1938 the Jewish population of the Polish capital was estimated at 270,000 people.[14]
The Siege of Warsaw continued until September 29, 1939. On September 10 alone, the Luftwaffe conducted 17 bombing raids on the city;[15] three days later, 50 German planes attacked the city centre, targeting specifically Wola and Żoliborz. In total, some 30,000 people were killed,[15] and 10 percent of the city was destroyed.[4] Along with the advancing Wehrmacht, the Einsatzgruppe EG IV and the Einsatzkommandos rolled into town. On November 7, 1939, the Reichsführer-SS reorganized them into local security service (SD). Meanwhile, the German fifth column members of Selbstschutz (detained by the defenders of Warsaw) were released immediately. The commander of EG IV, SS-Standartenführer Josef Meisinger (the "Butcher of Warsaw"), was appointed chief of police for the newly formed Distrikt Warschau.[15] After the takeover of Warsaw, the German authorities began the registration of the ethnic Germans who were issued the Kennkarte separate from the rest of the locals.[12] By June 1940 there were 2,500 Reichsdeutsche and 5,500 Volksdeutsche registered in Warsaw. In the next two years their number more than doubled, on top of over 50,000 German military personnel.[12]
Borders of the Warsaw Ghetto in November 1940 (see interactive map), with location of Umschlagplatz for awaiting death trains
Main article: Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
By the end of the September campaign the number of Jews in and around the capital increased dramatically with thousands of refugees escaping the Polish-German front in any way possible, often on foot.[16] In less than a year, the number of refugees in Warsaw exceeded 90,000.[17] Once the partition of the country between Germany and the invading Soviet Union was complete,[6] on October 12, 1939, the General Government was officially established by Adolf Hitler in the occupied area of central Poland.[18] The Jewish Council (Judenrat) in Warsaw was formed by the Nazis on October 7. It was composed of 24 prominent individuals led by Adam Czerniaków, personally responsible for carrying out German orders.[17] The persecution of Jews began soon thereafter. On October 26, the imposition of Jewish forced labour was announced, to clear the rubble from bomb damage among similar tasks. One month later, on November 20, the bank accounts of Polish Jews and any deposits exceeding 2,000 zł were blocked.[18] On November 23, all Jewish establishments were ordered to display a Jewish star on doors and windows. Beginning December 1, all Jews older than ten were compelled to wear a white armband, and on December 11, they were forbidden from using public transit.[18] On January 26, 1940, the Jews were banned from holding communal prayers ostensibly due to the risk of "spreading epidemics".[19] Food stamps were being introduced by the German authorities, and the liquidation of all smaller Jewish communities in the vicinity of Warsaw had intensified. The Jewish population of the capital reached 359,827 before the end of the year.[17]
On the orders of Warsaw District Governor, Ludwig Fischer, the Ghetto wall construction started on April 1, 1940, circling the area of Warsaw inhabited predominantly by Jews. The work was supervised by the Warsaw Judenrat.[20] The Nazi authorities expelled 113,000 ethnic Poles from the neighbourhood, and ordered the relocation of 138,000 Warsaw Jews from the suburbs into the city centre.[21] On October 16, 1940, the creation of the ghetto covering the area of 307 hectares (3.07 km2) was announced officially by the German Governor-General, Hans Frank. The population of the ghetto was 450,000 initially.[17] Before the Holocaust began the number of Jews imprisoned there was between 375,000[22] and 400,000 (about 30% of the general population of the capital).[23] The area of the ghetto constituted only about 2.4% of the overall metropolitan area.[24]
The Germans closed the Warsaw Ghetto to the outside world on November 15, 1940.[16] The wall around it was typically 3 m (9.8 ft) high and topped with barbed wire. Escapees were shot on sight. German policemen from Battalion 61 used to hold victory parties on the days when a large number of desperate prisoners were shot at the ghetto fence.[25] The borders of the ghetto changed and its overall area was gradually reduced, as the captive population was ravaged by outbreaks of infectious diseases, mass hunger, and regular executions.[21]
The ghetto was divided in two along Chłodna Street (pl), which was excluded from it, due to its local importance at that time (as one of Warsaw's east-west thoroughfares).[26] The area south-east of Chłodna was known as the "Small Ghetto", while the area north of it became known as the "Large Ghetto". The two zones were connected at an intersection of Chłodna with Żelazna Street, where a special gate was built. In January 1942, the gate was removed and a wooden footbridge was built over it,[27] which became one of the postwar symbols of the Holocaust in occupied Poland.[28]
Ghetto administration
The first commissioner of the Warsaw Ghetto, appointed by Fischer, was SA-Standartenführer Waldemar Schön, who also supervised the initial Jewish relocations in 1940.[29] He was an attritionist best known for orchestrating an "artificial famine" (künstliche Hungersnot) in January 1941. Schön had eliminated virtually all food supplies to the ghetto causing an uproar among the SS upper echelon.[30] He was relieved of his duties by Frank himself in March 1941 and replaced by Kommissar Heinz Auerswald, a "productionist" who served until November 1942.[31] Like in all Nazi ghettos across occupied Poland, the Germans ascribed the internal administration to a Judenrat Council of the Jews, led by an "Ältester" (the Eldest).[32] In Warsaw, this role was relegated to Adam Czerniaków, who chose a policy of collaboration with the Nazis in the hope of saving lives. Adam Czerniaków confided his harrowing experience in nine diaries.[33] In July 1942, when the Germans ordered him to increase the contingent of people to be deported, he committed suicide.[34]
Czerniaków's collaboration with the German occupation policies was a paradigm for attitude of the majority of European Jews vis à vis Nazism. Although his personality as president of the Warsaw Judenrat may not become as infamous as Chaim Rumkowski, Ältester of the Łódź Ghetto; the SS policies he had followed were systematically anti-Jewish.
Czerniakow's first draft of October, 1939; for organizing the Warsaw Judenrat, was just a rehash of conventional kehilla departments: chancellery, welfare, rabbinate, education, cemetery, tax department, accounting, vital statistics... But the Kehilla was an anomalous institution. Throughout its history in czarist Russia, it served also as an instrument of the state, obligated to carry out the regime's policies within the Jewish community, even though these policies were frequently oppressive and specifically anti-Jewish. — Lucy Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews [32]
The Council of Elders was supported internally by the Jewish Ghetto Police (Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst),[17] formed at the end of September 1940 with 3,000 men, instrumental in enforcing law and order as well as carrying out German ad-hoc regulations, especially after 1941, when the number of refugees and expellees in Warsaw reached 150,000 or nearly one third of the entire Jewish population of the capital.[19]
Warsaw Ghetto, 1941, intersection of Ksawery Lubecki and Gęsia street
A child dying on the sidewalk of the Warsaw Ghetto, September 19, 1941
During the first year and a half, thousands of Polish Jews as well as some Romani people from smaller towns and the countryside were brought into the Ghetto. Nevertheless, the typhus epidemics and starvation kept the inhabitants at about the same number.[35] An average daily food ration in 1941 for Jews in Warsaw was limited to 184 calories, compared to 699 calories allowed for the gentile Poles and 2,613 calories for the Germans.[36] In August, the rations fell to 177 calories per person. The German authorities were solely responsible for the arrival of food aid, consisting usually of dry bread, flour and potatoes of the lowest quality, groats, turnips, and a small monthly supplement of margarine, sugar, and meat.[37]
The only real means of survival was the smuggling of food and bartering; with men, women and children all taking part in it. Up to 80 percent of food consumed in the Ghetto was brought in illegally.[37] Private workshops were created to manufacture goods to be sold secretly on the Aryan side of the city. Foodstuffs were smuggled often by children alone who crossed the Ghetto wall any way possible by the hundreds, sometimes several times a day, returning with goods that could weigh as much as they did. Smuggling was often the only source of subsistence for the Ghetto inhabitants, who would otherwise have died of starvation.[37] Unemployment leading to lack of funds was a major problem in the ghetto.
Despite grave hardships, life in the Warsaw Ghetto had educational and cultural activities, conducted by its underground organizations. Hospitals, public soup kitchens, orphanages, refugee centers and recreation facilities were formed, as well as a school system. Some schools were illegal and operated under the guise of soup kitchens. There were secret libraries, classes for the children and even a symphony orchestra. Rabbi Alexander Friedman,[38] secretary-general of Agudath Israel of Poland, was one of the Torah leaders in the Warsaw Ghetto; he organized an underground network of religious schools, including "a Yesodei HaTorah school for boys, a Bais Yaakov school for girls, a school for elementary Jewish instruction, and three institutions for advanced Jewish studies".[39] These schools, operating under the guise of kindergartens, medical centers and soup kitchens, were a place of refuge for thousands of children and teens, and hundreds of teachers. In 1941, when the Germans gave official permission to the local Judenrat to open schools, these schools came out of hiding and began receiving financial support from the official Jewish community.[40]
Manufacture of German military supplies
Not long after the Ghetto was closed off from the outside world, a number of German war profiteers such as Többens and Schultz appeared in the capital.[41] At first, they acted as middlemen between the high command and the Jewish-run workshops. By spring 1942, the Stickerei Abteilung Division with headquarters at Nowolipie 44 Street had already employed 3,000 workers making shoes, leather products, sweaters and socks for the Wehrmacht. Other divisions were making furs and wool sweaters also, guarded by the Werkschutz police.[42] Some 15,000 Jews were working in the Ghetto for Walter C. Többens from Hamburg, a convicted war criminal,[43] including at his factories on Prosta and Leszno Streets among other locations. His Jewish labour exploitation was a source of envy for other Ghetto inmates living in fear of deportations.[42] In early 1943 Többens gained for himself the appointment of a Jewish deportation commissar of Warsaw in order to keep his own workforce secure, and maximize profits.[44] In May 1943 Többens transferred his businesses, including 10,000 Jewish slave workers to the Poniatowa concentration camp barracks.[45] Fritz Schultz took his manufacture along with 6,000 Jews to the nearby Trawniki concentration camp.[41][46]
Treblinka deportations
Approximately 100,000 Ghetto inmates died of hunger-related diseases and starvation before the mass deportations started in the summer of 1942. Earlier that year, during the Wannsee Conference near Berlin, the Final Solution was set in motion. It was a secretive plan to mass-murder Jewish inhabitants of the General Government. The techniques used to deceive victims were based upon experience gained at the Chełmno extermination camp (Kulmhof).[47] The ghettoised Jews were rounded up, street by street, under the guise of "resettlement", and marched to the Umschlagplatz holding area.[48] From there, they were sent aboard Holocaust trains to the Treblinka death camp, built in a forest 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Warsaw.[49] The operation was headed by the German Resettlement Commissioner, SS-Sturmbannführer Hermann Höfle, on behalf of Sammern-Frankenegg. Upon learning of this plan, Adam Czerniaków, leader of the Judenrat Council committed suicide. He was replaced by Marc Lichtenbaum,[7] tasked with managing roundups with the aid of Jewish Ghetto Police. No-one was informed about the real state of affairs.[50]
The extermination of Jews by means of poisonous gases was carried out at Treblinka II under the auspices of Operation Reinhard, which also included Bełżec, Majdanek, and Sobibór death camps.[47] About 254,000 Warsaw Ghetto inmates (or at least 300,000 by different accounts) were sent to Treblinka during the Grossaktion Warschau, and murdered there between Tisha B'Av (July 23) and Yom Kippur (September 21) of 1942.[9] The ratio between Jews killed on the spot by Orpo and Sipo during roundups, and those deported was approximately 2 percent.[47]
For eight weeks, the deportations of Jews from Warsaw to Treblinka continued on a daily basis via two shuttle trains: each transport carrying about 4,000 to 7,000 people crying for water; 100 people to a cattle truck. The first daily trains rolled into the camp early in the morning often after an overnight wait at a layover yard; and the second, in mid-afternoon.[51] Dr Janusz Korczak, a famed educator, went to Treblinka with his orphanage children in August 1942. He was offered a chance to escape by Polish friends and admirers, but he chose instead to share the fate of his life's work.[52] All new arrivals were sent immediately to the undressing area by the Sonderkommando squad that managed the arrival platform, and from there to the gas chambers. The stripped victims were suffocated to death in batches of 200 with the use of monoxide gas. In September 1942, new gas chambers were built, which could kill as many as 3,000 people in just 2 hours. Civilians were forbidden to approach the camp area.[50] In the last two weeks of Großaktion Warschau ending on September 21, 1942, some 48,000 Warsaw Jews are deported to their deaths. The last transport with 2,200 victims from the Polish capital included the Jewish police involved with deportations, and their families.[53] In October 1942 the Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB) was formed and tasked with opposing further deportations. It was led by 24 year–old Mordechai Anielewicz.[2] Meanwhile, between October 1942 and March 1943, Treblinka received transports of almost 20,000 foreign Jews from the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia via Theresienstadt, and from Bulgarian-occupied Thrace, Macedonia, and Pirot following an agreement with the Nazi-allied Bulgarian government.[54]
By the end of 1942, it was clear that the deportations were to their deaths.[2] The underground activity of Ghetto resistors in the group Oyneg Shabbos increased after learning that the transports for "resettlement" led to the mass killings.[55] Also in 1942, Polish resistance officer Jan Karski reported to the Western governments on the situation in the Ghetto and on the extermination camps. Many of the remaining Jews decided to resist further deportations, and began to smuggle in weapons, ammunition and supplies.[2]
Ghetto Uprising and final destruction of the ghetto
Main article: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
On January 18, 1943, after almost four months without deportations, the Germans suddenly entered the Warsaw Ghetto intent upon further roundups. Within hours, some 600 Jews were shot and 5,000 others removed from their residences. The Germans expected no resistance, but the action was brought to a halt by hundreds of insurgents armed with handguns and Molotov cocktails.[56][57][58]
Preparations to resist had been going on since the previous autumn.[59] The first instance of Jewish armed struggle in Warsaw had begun. The underground fighters from ŻOB (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa: Jewish Combat Organization) and ŻZW (Żydowski Związek Wojskowy: Jewish Military Union) achieved considerable success initially, taking control of the Ghetto. They then barricaded themselves in the bunkers and built dozens of fighting posts, stopping the expulsions. Taking further steps, a number of Jewish collaborators from Żagiew were also executed.[35] An offensive against the Ghetto underground launched by Von Sammern-Frankenegg was unsuccessful. He was relieved of duty by Heinrich Himmler on April 17, 1943 and court-martialed.[60]
The final battle started on the eve of Passover of April 19, 1943, when a Nazi force consisting of several thousand troops entered the ghetto. After initial setbacks, 2,000 Waffen SS soldiers under the field command of Jürgen Stroop systematically burned and blew up the ghetto buildings, block by block, rounding up or murdering anybody they could capture. Significant resistance ended on April 28, and the Nazi operation officially ended in mid-May, symbolically culminating with the demolition of the Great Synagogue of Warsaw on May 16. According to the official report, at least 56,065 people were killed on the spot or deported to German Nazi concentration and death camps (Treblinka, Poniatowa, Majdanek, Trawniki).[61] The site of the Ghetto became the Warsaw concentration camp.
Preserving remnants of the Warsaw Ghetto
The ghetto was almost entirely leveled during the Uprising; however, a number of buildings and streets survived, mostly in the "small ghetto" area, which had been included into the Aryan part of the city in August 1942 and was not involved in the fighting. In 2008 and 2010 Warsaw Ghetto boundary markers were built along the borders of the former Jewish quarter, where from 1940–1943 stood the gates to the ghetto, wooden footbridges over Aryan streets, and the buildings important to the ghetto inmates. The four buildings at 7, 9, 12 and 14 Próżna Street are among the best known original residential buildings that in 1940–41 housed Jewish families in the Warsaw Ghetto. They have largely remained empty since the war. The street is a focus of the annual Warsaw Jewish Festival. In 2011–2013 buildings at number 7 and 9 underwent extensive renovations and have become office space.[62][63]
The Nożyk Synagogue also survived the war. It was used as a horse stable by the German Wehrmacht. The synagogue has today been restored and is once again used as an active synagogue. The best preserved fragments of the ghetto wall are located 55 Sienna Street, 62 Złota Street, and 11 Waliców Street (the last two being walls of the pre-war buildings). There are two Warsaw Ghetto Heroes' monuments, unveiled in 1946 and 1948, near the place where the German troops entered the ghetto on 19 April 1943. In 1988 a stone monument was built to mark the Umschlagplatz.[63]
There is also a small memorial at ul. Mila 18 to commemorate the site of the Socialist ŻOB underground headquarters during the Ghetto Uprising. In December 2012, a controversial statue of a kneeling and praying Adolf Hitler was installed in a courtyard of the Ghetto. The artwork by Italian artist, Maurizio Cattelan, entitled "HIM", has received mixed reactions worldwide. Many feel that it is unnecessarily offensive, while others, such as Poland's chief rabbi, Michael Schudrich, feel that is thought-provoking, even "educational".[64]
People of the Warsaw Ghetto
Tosia Altman – ghetto resistance fighter, escaped the Ghetto in 1943 uprising through the sewers. Died after she was caught by the Gestapo when the celluloid factory where she hid caught fire.
Mordechai Anielewicz – ghetto resistance leader in the ŻOB (alias Aniołek). Died with many of his comrades at their surrounded command post.
Dawid Moryc Apfelbaum – ghetto resistance leader and commander of the ŻZW. Killed in action during the ghetto uprising.[65]
Maria Ajzensztadt – singer known as the Nightingale of the Ghetto
Adam Czerniaków – engineer and senator, head of the Warsaw Judenrat (Jewish council). Committed suicide in 1942.
Mira Fuchrer – ghetto resistance fighter in the ZOB. Died with many of his comrades at their surrounded command post.
Yitzhak Gitterman – director of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee in Poland, resistance fighter. Killed in action during the ghetto uprising.
Itzhak Katzenelson – teacher, poet, dramatist and resistance fighter. Executed at Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1944.
Janusz Korczak – children's author, pediatrician, child pedagogist and orphanage owner. Executed along with his orphans at Treblinka in August, 1942, after refusing an offer to leave his orphans and escape.
Simon Pullman – conductor of the Warsaw Ghetto symphony orchestra. Executed at Treblinka in 1942.
Emanuel Ringelblum – historian, politician and social worker, leader of the Ghetto chroniclers. Discovered in Warsaw and executed together with his family in 1944.
Kalonymus Kalman Shapira – grand rabbi of Piaseczno. Executed at Trawniki during Aktion Erntefest in 1943.
Władysław Szlengel – poet of the Warsaw ghetto; killed in 1943 uprising.
Lidia Zamenhof – Bahá'í-Esperantist daughter of Dr. L. L. Zamenhof. Executed at Treblinka in 1942.
Nathalie Zand – Neurologist and research scientist. Practised as a doctor within the ghetto. Thought to have been executed at Pawiak prison, September 1942.
Rokhl Auerbakh – Polish Jewish writer and essayist; member of the Ghetto chroniclers group led by Emanuel Ringelblum
Mary Berg – 15-year-old diarist (in 1939) born to American mother in Łódź; Pawiak internee exchanged for German POWs in March 1944.[16]
Adolf Berman – leader in Jewish Underground in Warsaw; member of Zegota and Centos – died in 1978
Yitzhak Zuckerman – ghetto resistance leader ("Antek"), founder of the Lohamei HaGeta'ot kibbutz in Israel. Died in 1981.
Marek Edelman – Polish political and social activist, cardiologist. He was the last surviving leader of the ŻOB. Died in 2009.
Jack P. Eisner – author of "The Survivor of the Holocaust". The young boy who hung the Jewish flag atop the burning building in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. ZZW fighter. Commemorator of the Holocaust. Died in 2003.[66]
Ruben Feldschu (Ben Shem) (1900–1980) – Zionist author and political activist[67]
Joseph Friedenson – editor of Dos Yiddishe Vort. Died in 2013.
Bronisław Geremek – Polish social historian and politician. Died in 2008.
Martin Gray – Soviet secret police officer and American and French writer.
Mietek Grocher – Swedish author and the Holocaust remembrance activist.
Alexander J. Groth – Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Davis. Author of Lincoln: Authoritarian Savior and Democracies Against Hitler: Myth, Reality and Prologue, Holocaust Voices, Accomplices: Roosevelt, Churchill and the Holocaust.
Ludwik Hirszfeld – Polish microbiologist and serologist, died in 1954.
Morton Kamien – Polish-American economist, died in 2011.
Zivia Lubetkin – ghetto resistance leader, Aliyah Bet activist, later married Cukierman. Died in 1976.
Vladka Meed – ghetto resistance member; author. Died in 2012.
Uri Orlev – Israeli author of the semi-autobiographical novel The Island on Bird Street recounting his experiences in the Warsaw Ghetto.
Marcel Reich-Ranicki – German literary critic. Died in 2013.
Sol Rosenberg – American steel industrialist and philanthropist. Died in 2009.[68]
Simcha Rotem – ghetto resistance fighter ("Kazik"), Berihah activist, post-war Nazi hunter.
Uri Shulevitz – book illustrator
Władysław Szpilman – Polish pianist, composer and writer, subject of the film The Pianist by Roman Polanski (survivor of the Kraków Ghetto) based on his memoir. Died in 2000.
Menachem Mendel Taub – Kaliver rabbi in Israel.
Dawid Wdowiński – psychiatrist, political leader of the Irgun in Poland, resistance leader of the ŻZW, American memoirist. Died in 1970.
Władysław Bartoszewski – Polish resistance activist of the Żegota organization in Warsaw.
Henryk Iwański – Polish resistance officer in the charge of support for the Ghetto. Died in 1978.[69]
Jan Karski – Polish resistance courier who reported on the Ghetto for the Allies. Died in 2000.
Zofia Kossak-Szczucka – Polish writer and World War II resistance fighter and co-founder of Żegota. Died in 1968.
Irena Sendler – Polish resistance member who smuggled 2,500 Jewish children out of the Ghetto and helped to hide them, subject of the film The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler. Died in 2008.
Szmul Zygielbojm – Polish-Jewish socialist politician. In 1943 committed suicide in London in an act of protest against the Allied indifference to the death of the Warsaw Ghetto.
Adam Czerniaków – Head of Warsaw Judenrat (1939–1942)
Executions in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto (1943–1944)
Ghettos in occupied Europe 1939-1944
Great Synagogue in Warsaw – one of the largest synagogues in the world, demolished in 1943
Grossaktion Warschau – the massive deportation to Treblinka in 1942
Group 13 – Jewish collaborationist secret police also known as Jewish Gestapo, led by Abraham Gancwajch
Heinz Auerswald – Commissioner for the Jewish residential district in Warsaw
Ludwig Hahn – Chief of the Sicherheitspolizei and the Sicherheitsdienst (KdS) for Warsaw
Hermann Höfle – Deputy to Globocnik
Jewish Ghetto Police – Jewish collaborationist police force in Warsaw Ghetto and elsewhere
Jürgen Stroop – Nazi commander during the suppression of the uprising
Miła 18 – place of mass suicide of Mordechai Anielewicz and other leaders of Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Mila 18 – book by Leon Uris
Muranów – a district in Warsaw where the major part of the Ghetto was built
Odilo Globocnik – The Nazi leader responsible for the liquidation of the Ghetto
The Silver Sword – novel focused on a family from Warsaw during the Second World War
Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp
Umschlagplatz – collection point for the deportations to extermination camps
Warsaw concentration camp – established in the former Ghetto
Warschauer Kniefall – gesture by Chancellor of Germany Willy Brandt
Żagiew – group of collaborators posing as a resistance group (see also Hotel Polski affair)
↑ Holocaust Encyclopedia (May 11, 2012). "Holocaust History: Warsaw". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Holocaust Encyclopedia (June 10, 2013) [2008]. "Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". US Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on May 2, 2012.
↑ Engelking, Barbara; Leociak, Jacek (2013) [2001]. Getto warszawskie. Przewodnik po nieistniejącym mieście. Warszawa: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. p. 71. ISBN 978-83-63444-27-3.
1 2 3 Philpott, Colin (2016). Relics of the Reich: The Buildings The Nazis Left Behind. Pen and Sword. p. 122. ISBN 1473844258 – via Google Books.
↑ Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2009). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. Volume II: Ghettos in German-occupied Eastern Europe. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 456–460. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.
1 2 Bains, Alisha (2016). World War II. A Political and Diplomatic History of the Modern World Series. Encyclopædia Britannica. pp. 190–200. ISBN 1680483528.
1 2 3 4 Gutman, Israel (1998). Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 118–119, 200. ISBN 0395901308.
↑ Shapiro, Robert Moses (1999). Holocaust Chronicles. Published by KTAV Publishing. ISBN 0-88125-630-7 – via Google Books, 302 pages. 300,000 Jews murdered by bullet or gas.[page 35]
1 2 Yad Vashem. "Treblinka Extermination Camp in the Generalgouvernement" (PDF). Aktion Reinhard.
↑ Dr. Marcin Urynowicz. "Gross Aktion – Zagłada Warszawskiego Getta" [Gross Aktion – Annihilation of the Warsaw Ghetto]. Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, 7 /7 (2007) pp. 105–114 (in Polish). Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) – via direct download. Likwidacja getta warszawskiego wiosną 1943 r. oznaczała natychmiastową lub chwilowo odwleczoną śmierć ok. 50 tys. osób. Tymczasem Gross Aktion, tzw. Wielka Akcja, zakończyła się wysłaniem do obozu zagłady w Treblince ok. 250 tys. osób. Zatem to lato 1942 r., a nie wiosna 1943, było okresem faktycznej likwidacji społeczności warszawskich Żydów.
↑ Statistical data compiled on the basis of "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" Archived February 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. by Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of the Polish Jews (in English), as well as "Getta Żydowskie" by Gedeon (in Polish) and "Ghetto List" by Michael Peters at ARC.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Gawryszewski, Andrzej (2009). Ludność Warszawy w XX wieku [Population of Warsaw in the 20th Century] (PDF). Język, narodowość, wyznanie. Warsaw: Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego. pp. 191, 193, 195, 202–203. ISBN 978-83-61590-96-5. ISSN 1643-2312 – via direct download, 425 pages.
↑ Melzer, Emanuel (1997). No way out: the politics of Polish Jewry, 1935–1939. Hebrew Union College Press. p. 132. ISBN 0878204180 – via Google Books, 235 pages.
↑ "Warsaw: Life and Death in the Ghetto during WWII". Dr. Peter K. Gessner, Director. Polish Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo. 2000. Archived from the original on January 30, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
1 2 3 Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Intelligenzaktion (PDF). Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu. pp. 46, 51–55, 88–89 – via direct download.
1 2 3 Berg, Mary; Pentlin, Susan Lee (2007) [1945]. The Diary of Mary Berg: Growing up in the Warsaw Ghetto. New York: L. B. Fischer Publishing / Oxford: Oneworld Publications (2nd ed). pp. 2–5, 38. ISBN 1851684727. Hardcover. Chapter I: Warsaw Besieged: ... the roads were jammed, and gradually we were completely engulfed in the slow but steady flow of humanity toward the capital. Mile after mile it was the same ... as tens of thousands of provincials entered Warsaw in the hope of finding shelter there.
1 2 3 4 5 Bielawski, Krzysztof; Dylewski, Adam; Kraus, Anna; Laskowska, Justyna. "Warszawa (part 7)". Virtual Shtetl. POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. [Also in:] "The Warsaw Ghetto (part 2)". Translated by Magdalena Wójcik. Virtual Shtetl. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
1 2 3 Grzesik, Julian (2011). Holocaust – Zagłada Żydów (1939–1945) [Holocaust – Destruction of the Jews (1939–1945)] (PDF). Lublin, 3rd edition, revised. pp. 43–44, 54 – via direct download.
1 2 Trunk, Isaiah (1972). Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 191, 475, 543–544. ISBN 080329428X. The Jewish police have learned how to hit, to enforce order, and to send people to the labor camps, and they are one of the contributing factors that keep people in line. — Emanuel Ringelblum [544]
↑ Czerniaków, Adam; Fuks, Marian. Adama Czerniakowa dziennik getta warszawskiego 6 IX 1939 – 23 VII 1942. Opracowanie i przypisy Marian Fuks. Warszawa 1983: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 101 – via Google Books.
1 2 Bergman, Eleonora. Ludność żydowska w Warszawie [Jewish population of Warsaw]. Book excerpt: Nie masz bóżnicy powszechnej. Synagogi i domy modlitwy w Warszawie od końca XVIII do początku XXI wieku. Virtual Shtetl. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
↑ Levin, Itamar; Neiman, Rachel (2004). Walls Around: The Plunder of Warsaw Jewry During World War II and Its Aftermath. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. ISBN 0275976491.
↑ Holocaust Encyclopedia (2008). "Warsaw Ghetto". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
↑ The Warsaw Ghetto. Local Life Warsaw, Guide.
↑ Browning 1998, p. 41.
↑ Chłodna Street. Warsaw: Google Maps. 2016. 52°14'13.0"N 20°59'18.0"E.
↑ Kajczyk, Agnieszka (January 24, 2015). "The bridge over Chłodna Street". Jewish Historical Institute.
↑ John D Clare (2014), The Warsaw Ghetto, 1940–43. Modern World History Topics.
↑ Gutman, Yisrael (1989). The Jews of Warsaw, 1939–1943: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt. Indiana University Press. pp. 50, 98. ISBN 0253205115.
↑ Browning, Christopher (2005). "Before the "Final Solution": Nazi Ghettoization Policy in Poland (1940–1941)" (PDF). Ghettos 1939–1945. New Research and Perspectives on Definition, Daily Life, and Survival. Symposium Presentations, USHMM. 18 of 175 in PDF.
↑ Yad Vashem. "Auerswald, Heinz" (PDF). Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies – via direct download. [Also in:] Browning, Christopher (2005). "Ghettos 1939–1945. New Research and Perspectives on Definition, Daily Life, and Survival" (PDF). Before the 'Final Solution'. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. PDF file, direct download.
1 2 Dawidowicz, Lucy S. (1975). The war against the Jews 1933–1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 228–229.
↑ Hilberg, Raul, et al. (editors). The Warsaw diary of Adam Czerniakow: Prelude to Doom (Stein & Day, NY, 1979).
↑ Dr. Piotr M. A. Cywinski, Editor-in-chief (2004). "Adam Czerniakow". Dia-pozytyw: People. Translated by Dr. Christina Manetti. Adam Mickiewicz Institute. Archived from the original on August 22, 2004. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
1 2 Wdowiński, David (1963). And we are not saved. New York: Philosophical Library pp. 222. ISBN 0-8022-2486-5. Note: Chariton and Lazar are not co-authors of Wdowiński's memoir. Wdowiński is considered the single author.
↑ Roland, Charles G, "Scenes of Hunger and Starvation" (1992), pages 99–104.
1 2 3 Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). The Holocaust Encyclopedia. Yale University Press. pp. 260–262. ISBN 0300138113.
↑ Farbstein, Esther (2007). Hidden in Thunder: Perspectives on faith, halachah and leadership during the Holocaust. 1. Feldheim Publishers. p. 31. ISBN 9789657265055. Friedman sought to inform world Jewry of the initial transports, he sent a telegram stating: 'Mr. Amos kept his promise from the fifth-third.' This is an allusion to Amos 5:3: 'The city that goes out a thousand strong will have a hundred left, and the one that goes out a hundred strong will have ten left to the House of Israel'.
↑ Frydman, A. Zisha (1986) [1974]. Wellsprings of Torah. Judaica Press. pp. xii–xxiii. ISBN 0910818045 – via Google Books snippet.
↑ Seidman, Hillel. "Alexander Zusia Friedman", in Wellsprings of Torah: An Anthology of Biblical Commentaries, Vol. 1. Nison L. Alpert, ed. The Judaica Press, Inc., 1974, pp. xii–xxiii.
1 2 Menszer, John (2015). "Tobbens' Shop in the Warsaw ghetto". Background information to Survivor Stories. Holocaust Survivors: Encyclopedia.
1 2 Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów (2011). "Getto Warszawskie". Workshops, with internal links to locations (in Polish). CBnZŻ.
↑ Kurzman, Dan (2009). Tobbens Poniatow factories. The Bravest Battle: The Twenty-eight Days Of The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Da Capo Press. p. 346. ISBN 0786748265.
↑ Powell, Lawrence N. (2000). Troubled Memory. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 114. ISBN 0807825042.
↑ Nicosia, Francis; Niewyk, Donald (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 232. ISBN 0231528787. The Jews of Poland were augmented by around 3,000 Slovakian and Austrian Jews (the camp elite) expelled to Poland beforehand, and housed separately from the rest.
↑ Lenarczyk, Wojciech; Libionka, Dariusz (2009). "Obóz pracy dla Żydów w Trawnikach" (PDF / HTML). Erntefest 3–4 listopada 1943 – zapomniany epizod Zagłady, pp. 183–210. Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku: 189–191. ISBN 978-83-925187-5-4. 'Transfer szopów Schultza z getta warszawskiego'.
1 2 3 Browning, Christopher R. (1998) [1992]. The August Deportations to Treblinka (PDF). Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. Penguin Books. pp. 88–96 (115–123 in PDF). Document size 7.91 MB complete. Also as: PDF cache archived by WebCite.
↑ Memorial Museums.org (2013). "Treblinka Museum of Struggle and Martyrdom". Remembrance. Uwe Neumärker (Director). Portal to European Sites of Remembrance.
↑ Kopówka, Edward (February 4, 2010). The Memorial. Treblinka. Nigdy wiecej, Siedlce 2002, pp. 5–54. Muzeum Walki i Męczeństwa w Treblince. Oddział Muzeum Regionalnego w Siedlcach [Museum of Struggle and Martyrdom at Treblinka. Division of the Regional Museum in Siedlce]. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013 – via Internet Archive.
1 2 Edelman, Marek. "The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Interpress Publishers: 17–39. undated. [Also in:] Musial, Bogdan (2004). "Treblinka — ein Todeslager der "Aktion Reinhard"". "Aktion Reinhard" — Die Vernichtung der Juden im Generalgouvernement. Osnabrück: 257–281. [As well as:] "Operation Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations". The Nizkor Project. 2008 [1991]. [Source:] Court of Assizes in Düsseldorf, Germany. "Excerpts From Judgments (Urteilsbegründung)". AZ-LG Düsseldorf: II 931638.
↑ Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011, p. 94.
↑ Lifton, Betty Jean (2006). "Janusz Korczak Biography". The King of Children. American Academy Of Pediatrics. 1st edition. ISBN 1581101848. [Also in:] "Janusz Korczak". Stockholm, Sweden: Living Heritage Association.
↑ Arad, Yitzhak. Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indianapolis. pp. 97–99.
↑ Holocaust Encyclopedia (10 June 2013). "Treblinka: Chronology". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Deportations from Theresienstadt and Bulgarian-occupied territory among others.
↑ Robert Moses Shapiro & Tadeusz Epsztein, eds. (2009). The Warsaw Ghetto Oyneg Shabes—Ringelblum Archive. Catalog and Guide. Introduction by Samuel D. Kassow. Indiana University Press in association with USHMM and the Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw. ISBN 978-0-253-35327-6 – via Academic Publications of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. For years, Oyneg Shabbos had discreetly chronicled conditions and hid their photos, writings, and short films in improvised time capsules. In May 1942, the Germans began filming a propaganda movie titled "Das Ghetto" which was never completed. Footage is shown in the 2010 documentary called "A Film Unfinished" which concerns the making of "Das Ghetto" and correlates scenes from the film with descriptions of them that Czerniakow mentioned in his own diary. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
↑ Seeman, Mary V. (August 25, 2013). "Review of Bohaterowie, Hochsztaplerzy, Opisywacze, Wokol Żydowskiego Związku Wojskowego". Heroes, Hucksters and Story-Tellers: On the Jewish Military Union in the Warsaw Ghetto. Scholars for Peace in the Middle East (SPME).
↑ Patt, Avinoam (2014). Henry, Patrick, ed. Resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto. Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis. CUA Press. pp. 414–425. ISBN 0813225892 – via Google Books.
↑ Schoenberner, Gerhard (2004). The Yellow Star: The Persecution of the Jews in Europe, 1933–1945. The first day of the Uprising. Fordham Univ Press. pp. 204–205. ISBN 0823223906 – via Google Books.
↑ Gilbert, Martin (1986), The Holocaust, pages 522–523.
↑ Jewish Virtual Library, Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg. Source: Danny Dor (Ed.), Brave and Desperate. Israel Ghetto Fighters, 2003, p. 166.
↑ Jürgen Stroop (May 1943). "The Warsaw Ghetto Is No More". The Stroop Report – Translation of Document No. 1061-PS. Nazi Conspriracy and Aggression Volume 3; The Avalon Project: Lillian Goldman Law Library. Archived from the original on November 26, 2010 – via Internet Archive. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
↑ Robert Mielcarek (2016). "Book review". Rafał Chwiszczuk, Ulica Próżna i dzielnica żydowska w Warszawie, Warszawa: Austriackie Forum Kultury, 2013. Forum Żydów Polskich.
1 2 UMSW (2016). "Miejsca historyczne związane z ludnością żydowską w Warszawie" [Historic places connected to Jewish people of Warsaw]. Judaica. Urząd m.st. Warszawy (official website).
↑ ""Controversy over Adolf Hitler statue in Warsaw ghetto"". The Guardian. 2012-12-28. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
↑ Libionka, Dariusz; Weinbaum, Laurence (June 22, 2007). "A legendary commander". Haaretz weekend. Though Apfelbaum is listed in many books and articles devoted to the revolt in the Warsaw Ghetto as one of the commanders of the Jewish Military Union (see: Moshe Arens, "The Development of the Narrative of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising," Israel Affairs, Vol.14, No.1, January 2008), and a square was named for him in Warsaw, historians Dariusz Libionka and Laurence Weinbaum have cast doubt about his existence.
↑ Dariusz Libionka; Laurence Weinbaum (2011). Bohaterowie, hochsztaplerzy, opisywacze: wokół Żydowskiego Związku Wojskowego (in Polish). Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, Polish Academy of Sciences. pp. 534–535. ISBN 9788393220281. Eisner's memoir, 'The Survivor' (published in 1980) is challenged as not a reliable source of information.
↑ Laurence Weinbaum, "Shaking the Dust Off" The Story of the Warsaw Ghetto's Forgotten Chronicler, Jewish Political Studies Review Vol. 22 No. 3-4 (Fall 2010).
↑ Monroe News Star (January 31, 2009), "Businessman Sol Rosenthal dies", Monroe, Louisiana.
↑ Dariusz Libionka, Laurence Weinbaum (June 22, 2007). "A Legendary Commander". Haaretz daily. Though he succeeded in convincing a number of historians of the veracity of his story, according to new research by a Polish-Israeli team of historians, Iwanski's unit never entered the ghetto. See: Dariusz Libionka, Laurence Weinbaum: "Bohaterowie, hochsztaplerzy, opisywacze – Wokół Żydowskiego Związku Wojskowego", Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, Warsaw 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) [also in] Joshua D. Zimmerman (2015). The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 218. ISBN 1107014263.
Edelman, Marek (1994). The Ghetto Fights. London: Bookmarks. ISBN 0-906224-56-X.
Gutman, Israel. Resistance: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. ISBN 0-395-60199-1.
Hilberg, Raul (1979). The Warsaw diary of Adam Czerniakow: Prelude to Doom. et al. (editors). Stein & Day, NY.
Kopówka, Edward; Rytel-Andrianik, Paweł (2011). Treblinka II – Obóz zagłady [Monograph, chapt. 3: Treblinka II Death Camp] (PDF). Dam im imię na wieki [I will give them an everlasting name. Isaiah 56:5] (in Polish). Drohiczyńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe [The Drohiczyn Scientific Society]. ISBN 978-83-7257-496-1. With list of Catholic rescuers of Jews from around Treblinka, selected testimonies, bibliography, alphabetical indexes, photographs, English language summaries, and forewords by Holocaust scholars. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2014 – via direct download 20.2 MB.
Korczak, Janusz (2003). Ghetto Diary. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-89604-004-5 – via Google Books.
Ringelblum, Emmanuel (2015). Notes From The Warsaw Ghetto: The Journal Of Emmanuel Ringelblum. Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN 1786257165 – via Google Books Preview.
Władysław Szpilman, The Pianist: The Extraordinary True Story of One Man's Survival in Warsaw, 1939–1945 , ISBN 0-312-31135-4
Wdowiński, Dawid. And We Are Not Saved. The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City. ISBN 978-0-300-11234-4. ISBN 978-0-8022-2486-6 – via sample in Kindle.
Barbara Engelking & Jacek Leociak, The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City , ISBN 978-0-300-11234-4
Warsaw and Ghetto, Warsaw: B&M Potyralski, 2000, ISBN 83-901501-2-3
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Warsaw Ghetto.
Photographs from the Warsaw Ghetto – Online exhibition from Yad Vashem
Warsaw Ghetto from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not"
Historical Sites of Jewish Warsaw
Warsaw Ghetto Internet Database hosted by Polish Center for Holocaust Research
Detailed, interactive map of the Warsaw Ghetto plotted on pre-war plan of the city
Documents and information about the Warsaw Ghetto from the Jewish Virtual Library
Yad Vashem – About the Holocaust – The Warsaw Ghetto
Warsaw Ghetto poems from the Ringelblum Archive
Lecture on Emanuel Ringelblum and the Warsaw Ghetto Dr. Henry Abramson
Artists of the Warsaw Ghetto
The ramparts of Warsaw 1943–44 (documentary film) by André Bossuroy, 2014, programme 'Active European Remembrance' of the European Commission.
'Warsaw Ghetto – hell in the center of the city'. Collection of testimonies concerning Warsaw Ghetto
Warszawa, Poland at JewishGen
The Holocaust in Poland
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text:
Gnorimus variabilis () è un coleottero appartenente alla famiglia degli Scarabeidi (sottofamiglia Cetoniinae).

Descrizione

Adulto
G. variabilis si presenta come un insetto di dimensioni medie, comprese tra i 16 e i 23 mm. Il suo corpo è ovale e tozzo, con testa, pronoto e dorso ben distinti e di colore nero, spesso punteggiato di puntini bianchi.

Larva

Le larve hanno l'aspetto di grossi vermi dalla forma a "C", con la testa e le tre paia di zampe chitinose e atrofizzate. Lungo il corpo, presentano dei forellini chitinosi che gli permettono di respirare.

Biologia
Gli adulti compaiono a primavera e sono attivi anche in estate. Sono di abitudini diurne e sono soliti volare sui fiori, di cui si nutrono. Rispetto alla specie congenerica Gnorimus nobilis si rinviene al piano basale fino a quote medie. Le larve si sviluppano nutrendosi del legno all'interno delle cavità degli alberi, in particolar modo querce e faggi.

Distribuzione e habitat
G. variabilis è presente in tutta l'Europa, comprese Gran Bretagna e sud della Svezia oltre che nel Caucaso e in Asia Minore. In Italia è presente ad eccezione delle Isole, la Calabria, Puglia, Molise e Abruzzo.

Conservazione
G. variabilis è considerata una specie vulnerabile all'estinzione, sulla Lista rossa IUCN.

Note

Altri progetti

Scarabaeidae
Scarabeidi italiani
Fauna europea
Fauna asiatica

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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Subterranean heritage: exploring the environmental history of lead mining soughs
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Tag Archives: Electricity
Somerset, a 'green and pleasant' energy landscape?
Posted on February 20, 2016 by Jan	One comment
The decommissioned Hinkley Point A nuclear power station in its rural Somerset setting.
Image: Adrian Flint
With its agro-pastoral landscape of hedgerows, fields, and rolling hills and levels, often-sleepy Somerset may be the very picture of rural England – the quintessential 'green and pleasant land'. To reinforce this, the area gained a variety of landscape and environmental designations over the course of the twentieth century, including Exmoor National Park and the Quantock, Mendip and Blackdown Hills Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs).
At the same time the Somerset region is a twenty-first-century hub of energy production that faces further intense energy development, both renewable and non-renewable. It is the site of the Hinkley Point nuclear power stations A and B, and, potentially C, as well as new supersized transmitter pylons. It is also increasingly – often controversially – dotted with wind- and solar-power projects.
To what extent are the two faces of Somerset in conflict with one another? After all, Somerset has a long, proud record of historical energy provision, if its coal mining and other industrial activities are taken into account. How is it that inconsistencies between public expectations of landscape beauty and energy security have developed?
As a historian of the Universities of Bristol and Cambridge, Jill Payne has worked on the historical dichotomy between energy provision and the aesthetics of landscape and environmental protection in South West England. In this episode of the Exploring Environmental History Podcast series, Jill explores what people have come to expect in terms of energy security and how this squares with the issues involved in the desire to protect and preserve landscape and environment in 'green and pleasant' England.
Further reading and resources
Jill Paynes blog posts on the Power and the Water website.
Quantock Hills blog posts on the Histories of Environmental Change website.
Luckin, Bill, Questions of Power: Electricity and Environment in Inter-War Britain (Manchester University Press: Manchester, 1990).
Nye, David E, American Technological Sublime (MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachussetts, 1994).
Williams-Ellis, Clough, England and the Octopus (Geoffrey Bles: London, 1928).
"Marcos Theme" by Loveshadow, available from ccMixter
"Out in the rain" by offlinebouncer, available from ccMixter
This podcast was simultaneously published on the Environmental History Resources website as part of the Exploring Environmental History podcast series.
Posted in Blog, Podcasts & videos
Podcast: The UK National Grid: history of an energy landscape and its impacts
Posted on March 6, 2015 by Jan	Leave a comment
We take electricity for granted and do not think of where it comes from when we switch on a light or use an electrical appliance. But behind the electricity coming out of a wall socket lays an entire energy landscape of poles, wires, electrical substations and power stations. It is imposed on the landscape like a gigantic web, a grid that has become almost part of the natural scenery.
Just over a century ago this electricity grid did not exist. Power generation was local or at best regional and often based on the burning of coal or the use of locally produced gas. In less than a century the grid covered the entire United Kingdom and many other countries. It revolutionised our lives, the way we worked and it made air in cities a whole lot cleaner. But how did the development of this energy landscape impact on the landscape and environment? What were the social and economic consequences of the expansion of the grid?
This history is now researched by Cambridge based PhD candidate Kayt Button. Her project is part of the British Arts and Humanities Research Council funded environmental history initiative "The Power and the Water: Connecting Pasts with Futures", that focuses on environmental connectivities that have emerged in Britain since industrialisation. Episode 66 of the Exploring Environmental History podcast features Kayt's work and discusses the development of the UK National Grid, and how it changed people's lives, its environmental impacts and how the past informs the future development of the grid.
Exeter Memories: Electricity Generation in Exeter
South Western Electricity Historical Society
UK National Grid at 75
"Dance of the Pixels" by Doxent Zsigmond, available from ccMixter
"Snowdaze" by Jeris, available from ccMixter
Watch the video visualisation of the introduction of the podcast:
Here's looking at you, Wills Neck: The rare prospect from within Hinkley B
Posted on September 26, 2014 by Jan	One comment
By Peter Coates
If you ascend the intimate, thickly wooded coombes that notch the northern slopes of the Quantock Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), you eventually enter an open moorland plateau which affords panoramic views that are one of the Quantocks' best known features: nine counties, reputedly, are visible on a clear day. To the north, the view includes Hinkley Point nuclear power station, on the foreshore of the Bristol Channel. This particular prospect is dominated by the squat, twin reactor towers of Hinkley A (on which construction began in 1957, and which is currently undergoing decommissioning) and the more singular hulk of Hinkley B – the first Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor to contribute electricity to the National Grid (on which construction began in 1967). In A Portrait of Somerset (1969), local author Bryan Little hailed the original twin towers of Hinkley as 'for all the world like the twin keep of some great Norman castle' (p. 189).
Others regard Hinkley Point (where work preparing the ground for a third reactor, HInkley C, began in 2012) as a blemish on the local landscape. According to Natural England's National Character Area Profile for the Quantock Hills (2013), the power station represents 'an incongruous element of a scene otherwise ancient in character' (p. 32), compromising the Quantocks' viewshed, whose protection is no less important than looking after the attractions within the AONB.
View from the heights of the Quantocks towards the Hinkley Point power station (Photo credit: Peter Coates, September 2012)
There is also, of course – though it's rarely considered – a view southward from Hinkley to the Quantocks. I was able to consider this view on 12 September, when I visited the plant as part of a group that included five members of the 'Power and Water' team, as well as various others from another AHRC project I'm involved in ('Towards Hydrocitizenship', http://www.hydrocitizenship.com/) (thanks, Jill, for organizing this trip). Probably the most unusual of these views is from a window in a corridor within Hinkley B. EDF's tour guide encouraged us to gaze southward at the Quantock Hills through a window framed in a mock, gilt-edged picture frame. Though it was misty, the highest point on the Hills, Wills Neck (1,2612 feet; 384 metres) was readily detectable. Our guide even joked that we should have been walking around the lovely Quantocks instead of visiting a nuclear power plant. Unfortunately, as visitors' electronic devices are prohibited at the Hinkley site, I was unable to capture this premium view. The view through an identical window immediately opposite on the northern side of the corridor is of the Bristol Channel, and in the far left-hand corner the plant's cooling water intake facility can be glimpsed if you ram your hard hat hard up against the picture frame. This view reminded me of Celia, the Atlantic grey seal who was trapped in Hinkley B's water intake chamber for five days in June 2011, though not unhappily, reported an EDF spokesperson: 'Celia seemed in no hurry to leave as there were plenty of fish for her to eat'.[i]
Hinkley Point B viewed at low tide from the east at Stolford on Bridgwater Bay (photo: Peter Coates)
[i] 'Seal rescued from Hinkley Point B power station water intake', BBC News Somerset, 19 June 2011; 'Grey seal rescued from nuclear power station', The Guardian, 19 June 2011.
The UK National Grid: Environmental Impacts, Consequences and Connectivity
Posted on August 5, 2014 by Jan
A poster presented at the 2nd World Congress of Environmental History, Guimarães, Portugal, July 2014
By Kayt Button
Download high resolution version of the poster.
The national Grid in the UK is essentially the transmission system for electricity in the UK. It was built between 1926 and 1933 to scale up the electricity supply of the United Kingdom from small local suppliers providing different frequency and voltage power for a few customers, to an integrated, unified system for all. In order to address the environmental impacts of the national grid both then and now, we need to address the extraction of the fuel, electricity generation, transmission and the usage by the consumer.
Initially 98% of the electricity generation was from the coal which had to be mined leaving scars on the landscape. Additional impacts were felt over the UK on landscape which accommodates the vast number of pylons and miles of overhead cables. Other effects were on the rivers, water from which was used to cool the power generating stations. This resulted in heating the water courses changing habitats for the flora and fauna within them. Air quality was also affected, dirt particles, carbon dioxide, sulphurous gasses, water vapours and heat all being pumped into the atmosphere. Over time as the grid has developed, new fuels have been used and the electricity industry has gone through nationalisation, privatisation and numerous parliamentary acts and regulatory bodies, and environmental issues have been addressed in different ways with varying levels of success.
Whilst the grid was designed to join everything together giving access to cheap electricity for everyone as the benefits of "economy of scale" were to be realised. The grid is so integrated and accepted that it has almost become invisible. Few people know what fuel is used to create their electricity, or where it comes from, so the environmental impacts of this seem abstract despite using electricity every day. The questions this raises are whether we are actually less connected to our energy supply despite the integrated infrastructure and how this affects our relationship to energy, infrastructure and environment.
Posted in Outputs
A Call For Memories
Posted on July 24, 2014 by Jan
As part of The Power and The Water Project (http://powerwaterproject.net) I am based at the University of East Anglia, and am looking at the creation and development of the Electricity National Grid from Its introduction in discrete towns and cities by entrepreneurial individuals through to the huge infrastructure that supplies our electricity today.
One of the areas I would like to investigate is the effect this had on individual people, families and communities. For example Godalming in Surrey was the first place in Britain to have street lighting powered by electricity. In a letter written to his local paper in 1953 a Mr George S. Tanner recalls his memories as a 12 year old boy;
"The lamps were much as they are now but slipped into two brass slides like an inverted letter U. In those days we boys often had magnets to play with and the similarity intrigued me, so one day in our showroom when no one was about I took a needle to see if the electricity would act as a magnet and held it across the base of these two slides. The needle vanished and on my finger and thumb were deep white hollows where the needle had been. It had instantly fused. This was never done again as you can imagine."
He goes on to recall;
"The wires were not insulated then. The dynamos were at Pullman's Mill and the river gave the power so the wires were brought overhead from there along the bottom of the Vicarage garden. At that time the wooden bridge was out of repair. The present brick bridge (which I remember being built) had taken its use and so it had decayed and become fenced in with a closed fence and the wires were carried along overhead of this, not very high up. There was opposition as you can guess to anything new and the story goes that two men with their cargo of beer came along one night and one lifted the other up to tear the wires down. But when he grasped them the current imprisoned both."
"The story goes that old Mr Bridger who at one time was Mayor (or several times so) had shares in the Gas Company. He, it is said, liked his liquid nourishment. The arc standard by the Market House was loose and one night he was 'out to get one back' for the Gas Company and so embraced it and shook it and was heard muttering, "B- b- b- 'lectric light!""
He finishes his letter by saying;
"I do not suppose all this has much value for your information, but now on the edge of 86 I feel that these little memories should be passed on."
And that is where I would like your help. It is important to understand what happened in areas and individual premises where electricity was introduced. Other stories I have heard include a man found bouncing on his bed whilst trying to blow the electric light out and children being bathed in milk pasteurising containers because they were electrically heated but the farmer didn't trust electricity enough to have it in the house.
Understanding how electricity was both perceived and received by people is important not just for posterity and historical records but also to develop ways of integrating new technologies into everyday life and to understand how better to disseminate information regarding their introduction, use and potential.
I would be very grateful if anyone has any stories or memories they would share with me. The people involved can remain anonymous or if they wish can have their name associated with their comments in any published articles (in which case could they add their name, and place of residence as they would wish to have it published).
You can contact me through any of these methods. Thank you for any hep you can give to me.
Email: K.Button@uea.ac.uk
visit the web pages: http://powerwaterproject.net/
Postal Address: Electricity Memories,
Kayt Button
School of History
Faculty of Arts and Humanities,
NR4 7TJ
Posted in Engagement & Impact, News & events
New Book by Leona Skelton: Tyne after Tyne: An Environmental History of a River's Battle for Protection 1529–2015
Steps in Tyne: Walking to know the Flow
Publication – Reflections on Water: Knowing a River
Environmental History of Tidal Power in the Severn Estuary
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Peter Coates on Steps in Tyne: Walking to know the Flow
David Kemp on Video: Waters Meet, Warden, Northumberland
Marianna Dudley on Reflections on mud, art, history and an exhibition
Peter Coates on Reflections on mud, art, history and an exhibition
Leona Skelton on The Lost Workscape of Tyneside – a video


Aisha, Mariam, Murjanat, Fatima, Zainab and Hadiza, pictured during a Sightsavers-supported schistosomiasis and Soil Transmitted Helminth (deworming) school-based drug distribution in Islamiya Primary School, Koton Karfe village, Kogi State, 2016.
Good Ventures awarded a grant of $2,950,000 to Sightsavers in January 2017 to support its deworming program, in recognition of the program earning a "top charity" ranking from GiveWell in 2016.
GiveWell recommends charities that (1) focus on programs with a strong track record and excellent cost-effectiveness, (2) can use additional funding to expand their core programs and (3) are exceptionally transparent. Our grants to GiveWell-recommended charities are intended to help these outstanding organizations scale their programs and to signal the importance of qualities like cost-effectiveness and transparency to other charities and donors. Read GiveWell's review of Sightsavers' deworming program to learn more about the charity's activities and follow its progress.


text:
A settembre 2006 Intel annunciò che il marchio Pentium sarebbe sopravvissuto anche nel 2007 grazie al processore Pentium Dual Core, che è poi effettivamente arrivato sul mercato il 3 giugno 2007.

Il nuovo processore, pur chiamandosi ancora "Pentium", ha ben pochi punti di contatto con l'omonima CPU del 1993; sostanzialmente si può dire che l'unica caratteristica comune è quella di essere entrambe CPU x86.

I nuovi Pentium Dual Core, sono basati sul core Conroe-L e si tratta di processori, che come dice anche il nome in codice, sono basati su una versione del core Conroe dei Core 2 Duo, quindi costruiti a 65 nm e basati sull'architettura Intel Core.

Modelli originariamente annunciati
Inizialmente era previsto che, a differenza del progetto originale dual core, i nuovi Pentium sarebbero stati single core e, proprio per questo, proposti per la fascia bassa del mercato e indicati con la sigla "E1xxx", dove il numero "1" evidenziava proprio la presenza di un unico core.

Di seguito i modelli inizialmente annunciati da Intel:
 Pentium E1060 - clock di 1,8 GHz, cache L2 da 1 MB, FSB a 800 MHz
 Pentium E1040 - clock di 1,6 GHz, cache L2 da 1 MB, FSB a 800 MHz
 Pentium E1020 - clock di 1,4 GHz, cache L2 da 1 MB, FSB a 800 MHz

Il cambio di rotta
A metà novembre 2006, Intel ha deciso di modificare i propri piani per i processori Pentium E1xxx, rimuovendoli dalla propria "roadmap" e sostituendoli da una nuova famiglia di CPU non più limitata dalla presenza di un solo core di processore.
Sono stati così annunciate le soluzionI della serie Pentium Dual Core, che come il nome lascia facilmente intendere sono basate su architettura dual core.

Il core Conroe-L viene comunque utilizzato anche nell'evoluzione della famiglia di processori Celeron (serie xxx) che però sono single core e, dall'inizio del 2008, nei nuovi Celeron Dual Core.

Caratteristiche tecniche
Le differenze tra un Pentium Dual Core e un Core 2 Duo, sono diventate molto più limitate nel momento in cui si è deciso che anche questi processori sarebbero stati dual core. Tra queste si possono citare la cache L2 limitata a 1 MB e il bus ridotto a 800 MHz; il consumo complessivo è lo stesso dei Core 2 Duo Conroe, ovvero 65 W.

Derivando dal Core 2 Duo, tutte le principali tecnologie implementate sono le stesse: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, EM64T, SpeedStep e XD-bit.
Conseguentemente le prestazioni a parità di frequenza mediamente sono più basse solo del 3-5% facendo del Pentium Dual Core un processore con un rapporto prestazioni/prezzo eccezionale.

Prezzi delle varie versioni di Pentium Dual Core
Al momento della presentazione questi erano i prezzi delle due versioni arrivate sul mercato il 3 giugno 2007:
 Pentium E2160 - 84 $
 Pentium E2140 - 74 $
Il 26 agosto 2007 è arrivato anche il seguente modello:
 Pentium E2180 - 84 $
Il modello precedente E2160 è quindi calato fino a 74 $, mentre il modello base E2140, che originariamente doveva essere progressivamente ritirato, è rimasto a listino al prezzo di 71 $.

Il 2 dicembre 2007 è stato presentato un modello ancora più potente:
 Pentium E2200 - 84 $
Il modello E2180 è passato a 74 $ e l'E2160 a 64 $. La variante E2140 è stata invece ritirata.

Questi nuovi processori contribuiranno a incrementare il numero di architetture dual core disponibili nel mercato. Intel prevede che questi processori contribuiranno, a regime, per il 18% del proprio volume di vendita complessivo, sostituendo progressivamente le vecchie soluzioni Pentium 4 serie 5xx e 6xx, basate sui core Prescott e Cedar Mill, la cui produzione è stata comunque interrotta a fine 2007.

Modelli arrivati sul mercato
La tabella seguente mostra i modelli di Pentium Dual Core arrivati sul mercato. Molti di questi condividono caratteristiche comuni pur essendo basati su diversi core; per questo motivo, allo scopo di rendere maggiormente evidente tali affinità e "alleggerire" la visualizzazione alcune colonne mostrano un valore comune a più righe. Di seguito anche una legenda dei termini (alcuni abbreviati) usati per l'intestazione delle colonne:
 Nome Commerciale: si intende il nome con cui è stato immesso in commercio quel particolare esemplare.
 Data: si intende la data di immissione sul mercato di quel particolare esemplare.
 N°Core: si intende il numero di core montati sul package: 1 se "single core" o 2 se "dual core".
 Socket: lo zoccolo della scheda madre in cui viene inserito il processore. In questo caso il numero rappresenta oltre al nome anche il numero dei pin di contatto.
 Clock: la frequenza di funzionamento del processore.
 Molt.: sta per "Moltiplicatore" ovvero il fattore di moltiplicazione per il quale bisogna moltiplicare la frequenza di bus per ottenere la frequenza del processore.
 Pr.Prod.: sta per "Processo produttivo" e indica tipicamente la dimensione dei gate dei transistors (180 nm, 130 nm, 90 nm) e il numero di transistor integrati nel processore espresso in milioni.
 Voltag.: sta per "Voltaggio" e indica la tensione di alimentazione del processore.
 Watt: si intende il consumo massimo di quel particolare esemplare.
 Bus: frequenza del bus di sistema.
 Cache: dimensione delle cache di 1º e 2º livello.
 XD: sta per "XD-bit" e indica l'implementazione della tecnologia di sicurezza che evita l'esecuzione di codice malevolo sul computer.
 64: sta per "EM64T" e indica l'implementazione della tecnologia a 64 bit di Intel.
 HT: sta per "Hyper-Threading" e indica l'implementazione della esclusiva tecnologia Intel che consente al sistema operativo di vedere 2 core logici.
 ST: sta per "SpeedStep Technology" ovvero la tecnologia di risparmio energetico sviluppata da Intel e inserita negli ultimi Pentium 4 Prescott serie 6xx per contenere il consumo massimo.
 VT: sta per "Vanderpool Technology", la tecnologia di virtualizzazione che rende possibile l'esecuzione simultanea di più sistemi operativi differenti contemporaneamente.
 Core: si intende il nome in codice del progetto alla base di quel particolare esemplare.

Il successore
Intel non ha rilasciato alcuna dichiarazione in merito a possibili successori del Pentium Dual Core, la cui produzione è stata interrotta nel 2010 per essere sostituita dal Pentium. Le serie Desktop E6000 e solo OEM Pentium SU2000 mobile e tutti i modelli successivi si sono chiamati semplicemente Pentium.

Altri progetti

Microprocessori Intel
Architettura x86