text:
This Act is current to July 3, 2019
See the Tables of Legislative Changes for this Act's legislative history, including any changes not in force.
Expropriation Act
[RSBC 1996] CHAPTER	125
Part 1 — Definitions and Application
3 If the owner agrees to transfer or dedicate land
Part 2 — Approval
4 Approval of expropriation
5 Dispensing with approval and inquiry
Part 3 — Pre-expropriation Procedures
6 Expropriation notice
7 Land title office filing and registration
8 Procedures — expropriation on Crown land
9 Entry for limited purposes
10 Request for inquiry
11 Power to refuse to hold public inquiry
12 Setting down the inquiry
13 Speedy inquiry procedure
14 Inquiry
15 Powers and duties of inquiry officer
16 Modification of expropriation
17 Report of inquiry officer
Part 4 — Expropriation
18 Decision of approving authority
19 Abandonment
20 Advance payment
21 Divesting after expropriation
22 Injunction for harmful activity
23 Vesting and possession
24 Correction of errors
Part 5 — Compensation Procedures
25 Owner deemed to have accepted payment
26 Jurisdiction and decision
27 Practice and procedure
28 Repealed
Part 6 — Basis For Compensation
30 Right to compensation
31 Basic formula
32 Definition of market value
33 Exclusions from market value
34 Disturbance damages generally
35 Limited market — churches, hospitals, schools, etc.
36 Frustration of leases
37 Market value of security interests
38 Occupiers and lessees
39 Disturbance damages for lessees
40 Partial takings
41 Injurious affection if no land taken
42 Limitation
43 Substituted land
44 Work or use benefiting claimant
45 Legal and appraisal costs
46 Interest
47 Interest penalties for delay
48 Advance payment of costs
Part 7 — General
49 Service
50 Extension and abridgment of time
52 Liability for taxes
53 Inquiry officer compensation
53.1 Repealed
54 Power to make regulations
1	In this Act:
"approving authority", in relation to an expropriation, means
(a) the minister charged with the administration of the Act under which the expropriating authority is given the power to expropriate, unless, in respect of any particular expropriation, the Lieutenant Governor in Council has designated another member of the executive council as the approving authority for that expropriation,
(b) for an expropriation by a council under the Community Charter, the council, unless the Lieutenant Governor in Council designates the minister responsible for the administration of that Act as the approving authority for the purpose of
(i) expropriations under that Act, or
(ii) any particular expropriation under that Act,
(b.1) for an expropriation by a regional district board under the Local Government Act, the board, unless the Lieutenant Governor in Council designates the minister responsible for the administration of that Act as the approving authority for the purpose of
(c) for an expropriation under the Vancouver Charter, the Vancouver City Council, unless the Lieutenant Governor in Council designates the minister responsible for the administration of that Act as the approving authority for the purpose of
(d) for an expropriation under the School Act, the board of school trustees, unless the Lieutenant Governor in Council designates the minister responsible for the administration of the School Act as the approving authority for the purpose of
(e) for an expropriation under the Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District Act, S.B.C. 1956, c. 59, or the Greater Vancouver Water District Act, S.B.C. 1924, c. 22, the Corporation constituted and incorporated, respectively, under those Acts, unless the Lieutenant Governor in Council designates the minister responsible for the administration of those Acts as the approving authority for the purpose of
(i) expropriations under either or both of those Acts, or
(ii) any particular expropriation under either of those Acts, or
(f) for an expropriation by the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority under the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority Act, the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority, unless the Lieutenant Governor in Council designates the Minister of Finance as the approving authority for the purpose of
(ii) any particular expropriation under that Act;
"court" means
(a) subject to paragraph (b), the Supreme Court, or
(b) in sections 7 (2) (a) (i) and 33 (b), any court;
"expropriate" means the taking of land by an expropriating authority under an enactment without the consent of the owner, but does not include the exercise by the government of any interest, right, privilege or title referred to in section 50 of the Land Act;
"expropriating authority" means a person, including the government, empowered under an enactment to expropriate land;
"highway" means a highway as defined in the Land Title Act and includes a forest service road under section 121 of the Forest Act;
"inquiry officer" means an inquiry officer appointed under section 12;
"owner", in relation to land, means
(a) a person who has an estate, interest, right or title in or to the land including a person who holds a subsisting judgment or builder's lien,
(b) a committee under the Patients Property Act,
(b.1) an attorney under Part 2 of the Power of Attorney Act,
(b.2) a guardian, executor, administrator or trustee in whom land is vested, or
(c) a person who is in legal possession or occupation of land, other than a person who leases residential premises under an agreement that has a term of less than one year;
"plan" means an explanatory plan as defined in the Land Title Act or a reference plan under that Act;
"registrar", except in reference to a registrar of the court, means a registrar as defined in the Land Title Act;
"security interest" means a charge on land, including a claim of lien filed under the Builders Lien Act, which charge is owned or held by a person as security for the payment of money.
2 (1) If an expropriating authority proposes to expropriate land, this Act applies to the expropriation, and, if there is an inconsistency between any of the provisions of this Act and any other enactment respecting the expropriation, the provisions of this Act apply.
(1.1) Despite subsection (1), if there is an inconsistency between any of the provisions of this Act and the Nisga'a Final Agreement, as defined in the Nisga'a Final Agreement Act, the Nisga'a Final Agreement applies.
(1.2) Despite subsection (1), if there is an inconsistency between a provision of this Act and a provision of a final agreement, the provision of the final agreement applies.
(1.3) Despite subsection (1), if there is an inconsistency between a provision of this Act and a provision of either a regulation under section 99 (1) (m.1) of the Oil and Gas Activities Act or an order under section 76 (6) of that Act, the provision of the regulation or order prevails.
(2) This Act does not apply in respect of
(a) an entry on land for the purpose of exercising a power of inspection, investigation or enforcement in the course of administering an enactment,
(b) an entry on land under the authority of an enactment by a land surveyor or a person employed by a land surveyor for the purpose of conducting a survey, soil test or other examination, other than a survey, soil test or other examination conducted for the purpose of an expropriation,
(c) a right exercisable, without payment of compensation, under an exception or reservation to which the title to land is subject, or
(d) an entry on land under section 20 of the Hydro and Power Authority Act or section 8 of the Transportation Act.
(3) This Act does not apply to expropriations under the British Columbia Railway Act, the Emergency Program Act, the Railway Act and the Water Sustainability Act, except to the extent provided for in those Acts.
(3.1) After the coming into force of this subsection, this Act does not apply to an expropriation under section 11 (2) of the Park Act of an interest in land in the form of
(a) rights under a lease, as defined in the Mineral Tenure Act, of the recorded holder of the lease,
(b) rights under a lease, as defined in the Coal Act, of the lessee, or
(c) rights under a Crown granted 2 post claim of its owner.
(4) This Act does not apply to replotting under the Municipal Replotting Act.
(5) [Repealed 2001-41-2.]
(6) This Act does not apply to an expropriation under the Musqueam Reconciliation, Settlement and Benefits Agreement Implementation Act.
(7) This Act does not apply in respect of the Canadian Pacific Railway (Stone and Timber) Settlement Act.
If the owner agrees to transfer or dedicate land
3 (1) If an owner or, if there is more than one owner, all owners agree to transfer or dedicate land to an expropriating authority without expropriation, but cannot agree with the expropriating authority on the compensation to be paid,
(a) Parts 2 to 4, other than section 20, do not apply,
(b) the court must determine the compensation to be paid to the owner as if the land had been expropriated under this Act, and
(c) unless the parties to the agreement otherwise agree, compensation must be determined effective the date the owner agreed to transfer or dedicate the land to the expropriating authority.
(2) An agreement under subsection (1) must be in writing and must state
(a) that the owner consents to the transfer or dedication,
(b) that compensation must be determined by the court,
(c) the date set for possession of the land,
(d) that the owner must take the necessary steps to transfer or dedicate the land to the expropriating authority, and
(e) that the expropriating authority must make an advance payment under section 20.
(3) If the agreement under subsection (1) is made so that the expropriating authority can construct, extend, widen or alter a highway, the owner must dedicate the land covered by the agreement, and
(a) section 107 of the Land Title Act applies,
(b) if the agreement is with the minister responsible for the administration of the Ministry of Forests and Range Act, section 121 (8) of the Forest Act applies, or
(c) if the agreement is with the minister responsible for the administration of the Transportation Act, section 43 of the Transportation Act applies.
(4) If, in respect of a partial taking of a fee simple interest in land,
(a) all owners have agreed to transfer the land to the expropriating authority and have agreed to the consideration to be paid for it, or
(b) an agreement has been made under subsection (1),
section 99 (1) (g) of the Land Title Act applies in respect of the transfer of the land to the expropriating authority.
Approval of expropriation
4 (1) Subject to section 5, an expropriating authority must not expropriate land unless
(a) an expropriation notice is served under section 6 (1) (a), and
(b) the expropriation is approved by the approving authority under section 18.
(2) A person may not, in any proceedings under this Act, dispute the right of an expropriating authority to have recourse to expropriation.
Dispensing with approval and inquiry
5 (1) The Lieutenant Governor in Council may, on the application of the expropriating authority, order that an expropriation proceed without the approval and inquiry procedures if the Lieutenant Governor in Council considers that an emergency exists or undue delay in the project would result.
(2) If an order is made under subsection (1), the Attorney General must report that fact to the Legislative Assembly at the earliest practicable opportunity.
(3) If an order is made under subsection (1), sections 4, 6 and 10 to 18 do not apply to the expropriation.
(4) If an order is made under subsection (1), the minister charged with the administration of this Act must promptly inform the expropriating authority, and on being informed, the expropriating authority must, within 30 days of the making of the order,
(a) serve the order on each registered owner of the land to be expropriated, and
(b) file the order in the land title office.
(5) An order under subsection (1) must contain
(a) the name and address of the expropriating authority, and
(b) the matters referred to in section 6 (4) (b) to (g).
Expropriation notice
6 (1) An expropriating authority that intends to expropriate land must
(a) serve an expropriation notice on the approving authority and on each owner
(i) whose land is to be expropriated, and
(ii) whose interest in that land is recorded in the land title office, other than persons having an interest referred to in section 23 (2) (b) or (c),
(b) serve on each owner referred to in paragraph (a) a copy of this Act,
(c) post or erect, on the land to be expropriated, a sign containing a copy of the expropriation notice or a summary of its contents, and
(d) file a copy of the expropriation notice in the land title office.
(2) If the land to be expropriated is located outside of a municipality, the expropriating authority may, instead of posting or erecting the sign, publish a copy of the expropriation notice or a summary of its contents in a newspaper circulating in the area of the land affected.
(3) If the owner is an individual, the expropriation notice must be served personally or by registered mail.
(4) The expropriation notice must contain
(a) the name and address of the expropriating authority and the approving authority,
(b) subject to paragraph (c), a plan of the land to be expropriated that is sufficient, in the opinion of the registrar, to identify the land in the records of the land title office,
(c) if the fee simple interest in the whole of a parcel is being expropriated, a legal description of the parcel,
(d) the purpose for which the expropriation is required,
(e) if
(i) the land being expropriated is required for a limited time, or
(ii) a limited estate, right, title or interest in the land is required,
the time period, or the nature of the limited estate, right, title or interest that is being taken,
(f) a description of any charge in respect of which the expropriating authority intends to make a directive under section 23 (2) (c), and
(g) other prescribed information.
(5) If a person on whom a notice is required to be served under subsection (1) cannot be located, the expropriating authority may apply to the court for an order for substituted service.
(6) The expropriating authority must serve a copy of the expropriation notice on all persons who have, at the time the expropriation notice is filed under subsection (1) (d), registered a caveat or a certificate of pending litigation against the land to which the expropriation notice relates.
Land title office filing and registration
7 (1) On the filing of
(a) an order under section 5,
(b) an expropriation notice under section 6, or
(c) an amended expropriation notice under section 16 (2) or 18 (5),
the registrar must, without proof of the signature on or the authority of the order or notice, file the order or notice and make a note of it in the records of registered land and endorse it in the proper register.
(2) After the filing of an order or notice under subsection (1), the registrar must not
(a) register another instrument affecting the land covered by the order or notice other than
(i) a court order affecting the land,
(ii) a judgment for the payment of money,
(iii) a notice filed under section 99 of the Family Law Act,
(iv) an entry under section 2 (1) of the Land (Spouse Protection) Act,
(v) a caveat or a certificate of pending litigation,
(vi) a builder's lien or other instrument the application for registration of which was made before the order or notice was filed,
(vii) an easement, restrictive covenant or statutory right of way that does not affect any part of the land being expropriated, or
(viii) any other instrument that may be prescribed, or
(b) deposit a plan of subdivision or otherwise allow any change in the boundaries affecting the land covered by the order or notice.
Procedures — expropriation on Crown land
8 (1) If an expropriating authority has the power to expropriate the interest of a person on land
(a) that is owned by the government, and
(b) the title to which is not registered under the Land Title Act,
the Lieutenant Governor in Council may make regulations that are considered necessary or advisable specifying the procedures that are to be followed in carrying out the expropriation in place of the procedures contained in this Part.
(2) Without limiting subsection (1), the regulations may
(a) specify the form of the expropriation notice and the persons on whom it must be served,
(b) specify what provisions of this Part apply to the expropriation, and
(c) modify provisions of this Part as they relate to the expropriation.
Entry for limited purposes
9 (1) In addition to any other powers under an enactment, a person authorized by the expropriating authority may, before or after serving an order under section 5 (4) (a) or an expropriation notice under section 6 (1) (a),
(a) during daylight hours, and
(b) after making reasonable efforts to notify the owner or occupier of the land,
enter any land for the purposes of
(c) making surveys, inspections, examinations, soil tests or doing other things that are necessary to determine
(i) the location of proposed works, or
(ii) the description of the land that the expropriating authority intends to expropriate, and
(d) completing an appraisal of the value of the land or any interest in it.
(2) The person authorized may, on entering the land, cut down any trees or brush that obstructs the running of survey lines.
(3) The expropriating authority must pay compensation for damages that it causes by the exercise of its rights under this section.
(4) When the land entered on is not expropriated, an action does not lie against the expropriating authority for damage caused by the exercise of a right of entry under this section unless notice in writing, signed by the claimant, is given to the expropriating authority who exercised the right of entry, within 6 months after the entry occurred.
10 (1) In this section, "linear development" includes a highway, a railway, a hydro or other electric transmission or distribution line, a pipeline or a sewer, water or drainage line or main.
(2) An owner whose land is included in an expropriation notice, other than an expropriation notice in respect of an expropriation for the construction, extension or alteration of a linear development, may request an inquiry by serving the minister with a notice of request for an inquiry.
(3) A notice of request for an inquiry must
(a) be in writing,
(b) contain the name and address of the person making the request, his or her interest in the land to be expropriated and his or her reasons for requesting an inquiry, and
(c) be served on the minister and the expropriating authority within 30 days after the date the expropriation notice is served under section 6 (1) (a).
Power to refuse to hold public inquiry
11 (1) The inquiry officer may, by order, refuse to hold a public inquiry if, on the application of the expropriating authority and after granting both parties the opportunity to be heard, the inquiry officer considers that
(a) the request for an inquiry is
(i) frivolous, vexatious or not made in good faith, or
(ii) based solely on a claim for compensation, or
(b) the person who requested the inquiry has, at a previous hearing or otherwise, already had substantially the same opportunity to object to the expropriation that he or she would have at an inquiry under this Act.
(2) If the inquiry officer makes an order under subsection (1), the inquiry officer must promptly serve a copy of the order, together with the reasons for making it, on the person who requested the inquiry and on the expropriating authority.
Setting down the inquiry
12 (1) If the minister receives a request under section 10, the minister must, within 21 days after service under section 10 (3) (c), appoint an inquiry officer who, subject to section 11, must hold a public inquiry.
(2) The inquiry officer must set a date, that is not more than 21 days after the date of his or her appointment, a time and a place for the inquiry and must serve notice of the date, time and place on
(a) the persons served under section 6 (1) (a),
(b) the expropriating authority, and
(c) every person who served a notice of request under section 10 whose request was not refused under section 11.
(3) The participants in the inquiry are
(a) the expropriating authority or its authorized representative,
(b) all persons referred to in subsection (2) (c), and
(c) all persons who are added under section 15 (a).
Speedy inquiry procedure
13 (1) Despite section 12, before an expropriation notice is served by an expropriating authority, the minister may,
(a) on the application of the expropriating authority, and
(b) on being satisfied that a request for an inquiry will be made,
appoint an inquiry officer who must set a date, time and place for an inquiry sufficiently in advance to enable the expropriating authority to comply with subsection (2).
(2) The expropriating authority must
(a) include in the expropriation notice a statement of the date, time and place set for an inquiry under subsection (1), and
(b) comply with section 6 (1) in sufficient time to provide not more than 21 days between the date that section is complied with and the date set for the inquiry.
(3) Subject to section 11, if a notice has been given under this section, any person referred to in section 10 (2) may become a participant in the inquiry.
14 (1) Subject to section 11, the inquiry officer must hold a public hearing for the purpose of inquiring into whether the proposed expropriation of the land is necessary to achieve the objectives of the expropriating authority with respect to the proposed project or work, or whether those objectives could be better achieved by
(a) an alternative site, or
(b) varying the amount of land to be taken or the nature of the interest in the land to be taken.
(2) The necessity for the project or work for which the expropriation is sought must not be considered at the inquiry.
(3) The inquiry officer may combine 2 or more inquiries that are related and conduct them for all purposes as one inquiry.
(4) A participant in the inquiry may
(a) be represented by counsel or agent,
(b) present evidence and argument, and
(c) examine and cross examine witnesses and other participants in the inquiry.
Powers and duties of inquiry officer
15 An inquiry officer may
(a) add as a participant in the inquiry any person who the inquiry officer considers would be entitled to request an inquiry under section 10 (2), and
(b) inspect any land.
Modification of expropriation
16 (1) Before the conclusion of the inquiry, the expropriating authority may alter the expropriation by adding or deleting land from it.
(2) If the expropriation is altered, the expropriating authority must file in the land title office an amended expropriation notice in accordance with section 6 (4) and serve it on
(a) the inquiry officer,
(b) every participant in the inquiry,
(c) each owner of land added or deleted by the amendment, and
(d) the approving authority.
(3) A person served under subsection (2) (c) may become a participant in the inquiry, and the inquiry officer may adjourn the inquiry for a period not exceeding 30 days from the time the person was served.
Report of inquiry officer
17 Subject to an adjournment under section 16 (3), unless the time is extended by the minister, an inquiry officer must, within 30 days after the first day of the inquiry, submit to the approving authority and every participant in the inquiry, a written report of the inquiry officer's findings of fact and recommendations with respect to the proposed expropriation.
Decision of approving authority
18 (1) After considering the report submitted under section 17, the approving authority must approve, approve with modifications or reject the expropriation, but an expropriation must not be modified so as to affect land of a person who was not a participant in the inquiry.
(2) If
(a) an inquiry is not requested or has been refused, or
(b) an owner is not, under section 10 (2), entitled to request an inquiry,
the approving authority must
(c) approve the expropriation, and
(d) notify the expropriating authority and each owner of the approval in writing.
(3) If an inquiry was held, the approving authority must, not later than 30 days after receiving the report submitted under section 17, serve his or her decision, with written reasons, on every participant and every owner of the land expropriated.
(4) If a request for an inquiry is withdrawn, the approving authority may proceed as though the request had not been made.
(5) If the approving authority modifies the expropriation under subsection (1), the expropriating authority must
(a) file in the land title office an amended expropriation notice in accordance with the modification, and section 6 (4) applies, and
(b) notify each owner of the modified approval in writing and accompany the notice with a copy of the amended expropriation notice.
(6) If the approving authority rejects the expropriation,
(a) the expropriating authority must file in the land title office a notice of cancellation in the prescribed form, and
(b) on receiving the notice of cancellation, the registrar must cancel the expropriation notice filed and endorsed under section 7 (1).
19 (1) After the conclusion of the inquiry, or if an inquiry is not held, the expropriating authority may, before the advance payment is made under section 20, abandon all or part of the intended expropriation.
(2) If an abandonment occurs under this section, the expropriating authority must file in the land title office a notice of abandonment in the prescribed form and serve a copy of it on
(a) the approving authority, and
(b) each owner who was served with an expropriation notice under sections 6 (1) (a), 16 (2) (c) and 18 (5) (b).
(3) On receiving a notice of abandonment under subsection (2), the registrar must cancel or amend the endorsement made under section 7 (1).
(4) If the expropriation is abandoned under subsection (1), the expropriating authority must pay
(a) compensation consisting of the damages suffered by an owner as a result of the initiation of the expropriation, and
(b) the reasonable legal, appraisal and other costs incurred by the owner up to the time of the abandonment, in an amount to be agreed on or determined by a registrar of the court.
20 (1) Within 30 days after
(a) an order is filed under section 5 (4) (b),
(b) the approving authority complies with section 18 (2) or (3), or
(c) an agreement is made under section 3 (1),
the expropriating authority must
(d) pay to the owner the amount the expropriating authority estimates is or will be payable to that owner as compensation, other than for business loss referred to in section 34 (3), and
(e) serve on the owner a copy of all appraisal and other reports on which the payment is based.
(2) A payment is deemed to be made under subsection (1) (d) at the time that the expropriating authority tenders the amount of the payment to or to the order of the owner in cash or by cheque, draft, telegraphic or electronic transfer or any other prescribed method.
(3) The appraisal report must be prepared by a person who has been accredited by an institute or body prescribed by the Lieutenant Governor in Council, must be reasonably detailed and must include
(a) a description of the land,
(b) the date of the valuation, which date must be within 6 months of the date of the endorsement by the registrar under section 7 (1),
(c) factual data necessary for the value estimate and the reasoning on which the estimate is based,
(d) the zoning, the highest and best use of the land and any provisions of an official community plan under the Local Government Act that are relevant to a determination of the highest and best use, and
(e) the final estimate of the value of the land.
(4) If, before taking action under subsection (1), the expropriating authority is in doubt as to whether a person is an owner or, if an owner, as to the nature and extent of his or her interest, it may apply to the court for
(a) a determination respecting the state of title to the land, and
(b) an order respecting the nature and extent of the interest of any owner of the land
for the purpose of determining to whom and in what amounts the payment proposed to be made by the authority under subsection (1) is to be distributed.
(5) The expropriating authority must serve a copy of the application on all persons who it considers would be affected by the application.
(6) After hearing an application under subsection (4), the court may, in respect of the payment that the expropriating authority proposes to pay to an owner to comply with this section, order
(a) to whom and in what amounts payment must be made, or
(b) that money be paid into court to be paid out as the court may subsequently direct.
(7) On complying with an order made under subsection (6), the expropriating authority is deemed to have complied with subsection (1).
(8) To assist the expropriating authority in making payment under this section, an owner must, on the authority's request, provide the authority with any information relevant to estimate the compensation to which the owner is or will be entitled.
(9) An owner who withholds relevant information may be penalized by the court in costs and interest to which he or she would otherwise be entitled.
(10) Payment and receipt of compensation under this section is without prejudice to the right of the owner who receives the compensation to have the amount determined in the manner provided for in this Act.
(11) The court may, on application by the expropriating authority and on being satisfied that the authority cannot practicably comply with subsection (1), extend, subject to conditions the court considers appropriate, the period within which the payment is required to be made under that subsection.
(12) The expropriating authority may, at any time before 10 days before the beginning of a hearing to determine compensation, increase the amount of its advance payment made under subsection (1).
Divesting after expropriation
21 (1) If, within 2 years after filing the vesting notice under section 23, the expropriating authority determines that the land is no longer required for its purposes, the authority must not, without the approval of the approving authority, dispose of the land without first offering it to the owner from whom the land was taken, or his or her successor.
(2) If an owner referred to in subsection (1) wishes to re-acquire the land expropriated, but cannot agree with the expropriating authority on the purchase price, the court must summarily determine the market value of the land as at the time of making the summary determination, and that amount is the purchase price.
(3) The costs of proceedings under this section must be borne by the parties, unless the court, in special circumstances, orders the expropriating authority or the owner to bear the costs of the other.
(4) Part 7 of the Land Title Act applies to a re-acquisition under this section.
Injunction for harmful activity
22 If, on the application of the expropriating authority, the court determines that an owner or tenant of land that is to be expropriated, or any other person acting on behalf of the owner or tenant, is doing anything on or to the land that the court considers will harm the condition of the land or anything on it with respect to the purposes for which the expropriating authority is expropriating it, the court may grant an injunction restraining the harmful activity.
Vesting and possession
23 (1) The expropriating authority must, within 30 days after it has complied with section 20 (1) or an order under section 20 (6), file in the land title office, in accordance with the requirements of the Land Title Act, a vesting notice in the prescribed form, and, on filing the notice, the authority must serve a copy of it on the owner.
(2) If a fee simple interest is expropriated, the registrar must file the vesting notice, and, on filing, the land expropriated vests in the expropriating authority free and clear of all charges, as defined in the Land Title Act, that are registered or endorsed against the lands covered by the order or notice filed under section 7 (1) other than
(a) the subsisting conditions, provisos, restrictions, exceptions and reservations, including royalties, contained in the original grant or contained in any other grant or disposition from the government,
(b) a registered charge in respect of an interest in
(i) minerals, as defined in the Mineral Tenure Act,
(ii) coal,
(iii) petroleum, as defined in the Petroleum and Natural Gas Act, and
(iv) gas or gases, and
(c) a charge, specified in the vesting notice, that the expropriating authority directs the registrar not to cancel.
(3) If an estate, right, title or interest less than the fee simple is expropriated,
(a) the estate, right, title or interest in the land covered by the order or notice filed under section 7 (1) vests in the expropriating authority with priority over all charges, as defined in the Land Title Act, that are registered or endorsed against the land, and
(b) the registrar must register the estate, right, title or interest of the expropriating authority against the land that is affected by it.
(4) If the order or notice filed under section 7 (1) refers to land that is intended to become a highway, an indefeasible title must not be registered for the land covered by the order or notice, and the title to that land ceases to be registered under the Land Title Act.
(5) If the order or notice filed under section 7 (1) refers to land that is intended to become a park or a public square, subsection (4) applies unless the expropriating authority requests subsection (2) to apply.
(6) Subject to an agreement between the owner and the authority, if subsection (2) or (3) has been complied with, the expropriating authority is entitled to possession of the land, whether or not it has served a copy of the vesting notice on the owner.
(7) Despite subsection (6), the court may,
(a) on application by the expropriating authority made after it has complied with section 6 (1), or
(b) on the application of an owner made at any time after he or she is notified under section 5 (4) or 18 but before the 30 day period in subsection (1) has expired,
grant possession of land expropriated to the authority at a time and subject to the conditions that the court considers appropriate.
(8) If the expropriating authority is entitled to possession under this section and the owner of the land denies possession to the expropriating authority, the authority may apply to the court for an order for possession.
Correction of errors
24 If an omission, misstatement or error has occurred in a plan contained in the order or notice filed under section 7 (1), the expropriating authority may
(a) register in the land title office a plan replacing or amending the original, or
(b) have the plan corrected under section 106 of the Land Title Act.
Owner deemed to have accepted payment
25 If an application is not made to the court to determine compensation within one year after payment is made under section 20, the owner whose land was expropriated is deemed to have accepted that payment in full settlement of his or her claim for compensation, and proceedings to determine compensation must not be brought by that owner.
Jurisdiction and decision
26 (1) The court must determine
(a) compensation to be paid in respect of every agreement under section 3 (1),
(b) compensation to be paid under sections 9 (3), 19 (4), 30 and 40, and
(c) [Repealed 2004-61-13.]
(d) compensation payable in respect of applications under section 41 (3).
(2) [Repealed 2004-61-13.]
(3) The court must make an order for the amount payable, together with interest, if the court determines that an owner is entitled to compensation in excess of
(a) the amount paid under section 20, or
(b) any other amount paid by the expropriating authority on account of compensation.
(4) to (7) [Repealed 2004-61-13.]
27 (1) The Lieutenant Governor in Council may, by regulation, make rules governing the court's practice and procedure in a proceeding under this Act.
(2) If there is any inconsistency or conflict between a rule made under subsection (1) and a rule made under the Court Rules Act, the rule made under subsection (1) prevails.
28 [Repealed 2004-61-15.]
29 In this Part, "date of expropriation" means the date the vesting notice is filed in the land title office under section 23.
Right to compensation
30 (1) Every owner of land that is expropriated is entitled to compensation, to be determined in accordance with this Act.
(2) If the amount of compensation determined under this Act is less than
(b) any other amount paid by the expropriating authority on account of compensation,
the court must order the amount of the difference as payable to the expropriating authority by the owner to whom the overpayment was made.
(3) Nothing in this Part affects the limitations on compensation provided for by section 121 of the Forest Act.
Basic formula
31	(1) The court must award as compensation to an owner the market value of the owner's estate or interest in the expropriated land plus reasonable damages for disturbance but, if the market value is based on a use of the land other than its use at the date of expropriation, the compensation payable is the greater of
(a) the market value of the land based on its use at the date of expropriation plus reasonable damages under section 34, and
(b) the market value of the land based on its highest and best use at the date of expropriation.
(2) If not included in the market value of land determined in accordance with section 32, the following must be added to that market value:
(a) the value of a special economic advantage to the owner arising out of his or her occupation or use of the land;
(b) the value of improvements made by an owner occupying a residence located on the land.
(3) If there is more than one separate interest in the land expropriated, the value of each interest must, if practical, be established separately.
Definition of market value
32 The market value of an estate or interest in land is the amount that would have been paid for it if it had been sold at the date of expropriation in the open market by a willing seller to a willing buyer.
Exclusions from market value
33 In determining the market value of land, account must not be taken of
(a) the anticipated or actual purpose for which the expropriating authority intends to use the land,
(b) an increase in the value of the land resulting from a use that, at the date of expropriation, was capable of being restrained by a court,
(c) an increase in the value of the land resulting from improvements made to the land after the expropriation notice under section 6 (1) (a) or order under section 5 (4) (a) has been served, but not including improvements that are necessary to preserve the value or state of the land,
(d) an increase or decrease in the value of the land resulting from the development or prospect of the development in respect of which the expropriation is made,
(e) an increase or decrease in the value of the land resulting from any expropriation or prospect of expropriation,
(f) an increase or decrease in the value of the land due to development of other land that forms part of the development for which the expropriated land is taken, or
(g) any increase or decrease in value of the land that results from the enactment or amendment of a zoning bylaw, official community plan or analogous enactment made with a view to the development in respect of which the expropriation is made.
Disturbance damages generally
34 (1) An owner whose land is expropriated is entitled to disturbance damages consisting of the following:
(a) reasonable costs, expenses and financial losses that are directly attributable to the disturbance caused to the owner by the expropriation;
(b) reasonable costs of relocating on other land, including reasonable moving, legal and survey costs that are necessarily incurred in acquiring a similar interest or estate in the other land.
(2) If a cost, expense or loss is claimed as a disturbance damage and that cost, expense or loss has not yet been incurred, either the claimant or the expropriating authority may, with the consent of the court, elect to have the cost, expense or loss determined at the time, not more than 6 months after the date of expropriation, that the cost, expense or loss is incurred.
(3) If an owner whose land is expropriated carried on a business on that land at the date of expropriation and, after the date of expropriation, relocates the business to and operates it from other land, reasonable business losses directly attributable to the expropriation must not, unless that person and the expropriating authority otherwise agree, be determined until the earlier of
(a) 6 months after the owner has operated the business from the other land, and
(b) one year after the date of the expropriation.
(4) If the court determines that it is not feasible for an owner to relocate his or her business, there may be included in the compensation that is otherwise payable, an additional amount not exceeding the value of the goodwill of the business.
Limited market — churches, hospitals, schools, etc.
35 (1) Unless an owner elects to be paid compensation in accordance with the other provisions of this Part, the market value of the owner's estate or interest in the land is deemed to be the reasonable cost of equivalent reinstatement if, at the date of expropriation,
(a) the land is used for a church, hospital, school or similar use for which there is no general demand or market, and
(b) the owner undertakes with the expropriating authority that it will relocate and continue the same use on other land.
(2) In determining the reasonable cost of equivalent reinstatement under subsection (1), depreciation of a building on the expropriated land must not be taken into account if the building was being used for the particular use referred to in subsection (1) on the date the expropriation notice under section 6 (1) (a) or order under section 5 (4) (a) was served.
(3) For the purposes of this section, the reasonable cost of equivalent reinstatement must be determined as of the date that the owner obtains, through purchase or construction, reasonably equivalent lands and improvements, but in no case later than one year after the date of expropriation.
Frustration of leases
36 (1) A lease is deemed to be frustrated if, at the date of expropriation,
(a) the entire interest or estate of a lessee in land is expropriated, or
(b) part of the interest or estate of a lessee in land is expropriated, and the expropriation renders the remaining interest or estate of the lessee unfit for the purposes of the lease.
(2) Subject to subsection (1), if part of the interest or estate in land of a lessee is expropriated, the obligation of the lessee to pay rent under the lease is, to the extent of the interest or estate expropriated, abated.
(3) If there is an inconsistency between a provision of a lease and subsection (1) or (2), that subsection prevails.
Market value of security interests
37 If land subject to a security interest is expropriated, compensation must be determined in the manner and amounts prescribed.
Occupiers and lessees
38 (1) If expropriated land includes a residence that is
(a) occupied by a person who, in respect of that residence, would be entitled to a grant under the Home Owner Grant Act, and
(b) not being offered for sale by him or her on the date the expropriation notice under section 6 (1) (a) or order under section 5 (4) (a) was served on him or her,
the person is entitled to be paid, in addition to the amount required to be paid to him or her under section 34, an amount equivalent to 5% of the market value of his or her estate or interest in that part of the land, not exceeding 0.5 ha, that is used personally by him or her for residential purposes.
(2) If expropriated land includes a rental unit as defined in the Residential Tenancy Act or a manufactured home site as defined in the Manufactured Home Park Tenancy Act, a person who leases or occupies the unit or site under an agreement that has a term of less than one year is entitled to be paid
(a) an amount that is equivalent to 3 months' rent for the rental unit or manufactured home site, and
(b) reasonable moving costs.
Disturbance damages for lessees
39 If land that is subject to a lease having a term greater than one year is expropriated, the lessee, whether or not he or she is an occupant of the land, is entitled to reasonable disturbance damages in an amount to be determined by the court by having regard to
(a) the length of the term of the lease,
(b) the length of the unexpired term of the lease,
(c) any rights to renew or the reasonable prospect of renewal,
(d) the nature of the business, if any, carried out on the land under the lease, and
(e) the extent of the lessee's investment in the land that the lessee cannot reasonably recover.
Partial takings
40 (1) Subject to section 44, if part of the land of an owner is expropriated, he or she is entitled to compensation for
(a) the market value of the owner's estate or interest in the expropriated land, and
(b) the following if and to the extent they are directly attributable to the taking or result from the construction or use of the works for which the land is acquired:
(i) the reduction in the market value of the remaining land;
(ii) reasonable personal and business losses.
(2) If a person claims business losses under subsection (1), the losses must not, unless the person and the expropriating authority otherwise agree, be determined until at least 6 months after the loss was sustained.
(3) If part of the land is expropriated, the amount of compensation payable in respect of the matters referred to in subsection (1) (a) and (b) (i) may be established by determining the market value of the area of all of the land before the date of expropriation and subtracting from it the market value of the land remaining after the expropriation occurs, but in no case, subject to section 44, must compensation be less than the amount determined by multiplying the ratio of the area of the land taken to the area of all of the land before it was taken, times the value of the land before it was taken with the appropriate reduction if the interest expropriated is an easement, right of way or similar interest less than the fee simple interest.
(4) For the purposes of the second calculation referred to in subsection (3), the value of the land before it was taken is the value of the land only, having no regard to improvements on the land.
(5) If, in the case of a partial taking, the character and use, or potential use, of the land before it was taken varies such that the land that was taken was, before the taking, more valuable or less valuable than the average value of the land that was not taken, the court may, after making a determination under subsection (3), make an adjustment to reflect that value accordingly.
(6) For the purposes of this section, expropriation of part of the land of an owner occurs only if
(a) he or she retains land contiguous to the expropriated land, or
(b) he or she owns land close to the land that was expropriated, the value of which was enhanced by unified ownership with the land expropriated.
Injurious affection if no land taken
41 (1) In this section, "injurious affection" means injurious affection caused by an expropriating authority in respect of a work or project for which the expropriating authority had the power to expropriate land.
(2) The repeal of the Expropriation Act, R.S.B.C. 1979, c. 117, and the amendments and repeals in sections 56 to 128 of the Expropriation Act, S.B.C. 1987, c. 23, are deemed not to change the law respecting injurious affection if no land of an owner is expropriated, and an owner whose land is not taken or acquired is, despite those amendments or repeals, entitled to compensation to the same extent, if any, that the owner would have been entitled to had those enactments not been amended or repealed.
(3) An owner referred to in subsection (2) who wishes to make a claim for compensation for injurious affection must make his or her claim by applying to the court, and the court must hear the claim and determine
(a) whether the claimant is entitled to compensation, and
(b) if entitled to compensation, the amount of the compensation.
(4) Without limiting any other provision of this section, the BC Transportation Financing Authority has no greater liability to compensate an owner for injurious affection than does the minister responsible for the administration of the Transportation Act.
42	(1) A claim for compensation under section 41 (3) must be made in writing to the court by the person suffering the damage, with particulars of the claim, within one year after the damage
(a) was sustained, or
(b) became known to the person.
(2) If a claim referred to in subsection (1) is not made in accordance with that subsection, the right to compensation is forever barred.
Substituted land
43 If an expropriating authority and an owner whose land is expropriated agree, the expropriating authority may grant to that owner, in complete or partial satisfaction of the owner's claim for compensation,
(a) other land, or
(b) an interest or estate in the expropriated land or other land.
Work or use benefiting claimant
44 (1) If part of the land of an owner is expropriated, and the expropriation or the construction or use of works by the expropriating authority are of special benefit to that owner or to his or her remaining land beyond any general benefit to any other owner benefited by the expropriation or the construction or use, there must be deducted from the amount of compensation payable to that owner the estimated value of the benefit.
(1.1) If part of the land of an owner is expropriated, and the expropriation or the construction or use of the works for which the expropriated land was acquired are of any benefit to that owner, the estimated value of the benefit must be deducted from the amount of compensation otherwise payable to that owner, under section 40 (1) (b) (i), for the reduction in the market value of the remaining land, whether or not any other owner is benefited by the expropriation of the expropriated land or by the construction or use of the works.
(2) If works are not constructed or used within a reasonable period of time, the owner may apply to the court for an appropriate adjustment of compensation.
Legal and appraisal costs
45 (1) If there is an inquiry, the inquiry officer may order the expropriating authority to pay a participant the reasonable costs, to be set by the inquiry officer, incurred by the participant for the purpose of participating in the inquiry.
(2) An appeal lies to the court from an order under subsection (1).
(3) Subject to subsections (4) to (6), a person whose interest or estate in land is expropriated is entitled to be paid costs necessarily incurred by the person for the purpose of asserting his or her claim for compensation or damages.
(4) If the compensation awarded to an owner, other than for business losses, is greater than 115% of the amount paid by the expropriating authority under section 20 (1) and (12) or otherwise, the authority must pay the owner his or her costs.
(5) If the compensation awarded to an owner is 115% or less of the amount paid by the expropriating authority under section 20 (1) and (12) or otherwise, the court may award the owner all or part of his or her costs.
(6) On a claim under section 41 (3), the court may award, in its discretion, costs to the claimant or the expropriation authority.
(7) The costs payable under subsection (3), (4), (5) or (6) are
(a) the actual reasonable legal, appraisal and other costs, or
(b) if the Lieutenant Governor in Council prescribes a tariff of costs, the amounts prescribed in the tariff and not the costs referred to in paragraph (a).
(8) If an expropriating authority and a person referred to in subsection (3) agree on the amount of compensation or damages, but do not agree on the amount of costs to be paid, the costs must be determined by a registrar of the court.
(9) If the court determines the amount of compensation or damages to which a person is entitled, the amount of costs must be determined by a registrar of the court.
(10) In a determination of costs under subsection (8) or (9), the following considerations must be taken into account:
(a) the number and complexity of the issues;
(b) the degree of success, taking into account
(i) the determination of the issues, and
(ii) the difference between the amount awarded and the advance payment under section 20 (1) and (12) or otherwise;
(c) the manner in which the case was prepared and conducted.
(11) and (12) [Repealed 2004-61-17.]
46 (1) The expropriating authority must pay interest on any amount awarded in excess of any amount paid by the expropriating authority under section 20 (1) or (12) or otherwise, to be calculated annually,
(a) on the market value portion of compensation, from the date that the owner gave up possession, and
(b) on any other amount, from
(i) the date the loss or damages were incurred, or
(ii) any other date that the court considers reasonable.
(2) Interest is payable at an annual rate that is equal to the prime lending rate of the banker to the government.
(3) During the first 6 months of a year, interest must be calculated at the interest rate under subsection (2) as at January 1, and during the last 6 months, interest must be calculated at the interest rate under subsection (2) as at July 1.
(4) If the amount of the payment under section 20 (1) or (12) or otherwise is less than 90% of the compensation awarded, excluding interest and business loss, the court must order the expropriating authority to pay additional interest, at an annual rate of 5%, on the amount of the difference, calculated from the date that the payment is made to the date of the determination of compensation.
Interest penalties for delay
47 If, in the opinion of the court, an unreasonable delay in proceedings under this Act has been caused by an owner or the expropriating authority, the court may penalize
(a) the owner, by depriving the owner, in whole or in part, of the interest to which he or she is entitled, or
(b) the expropriating authority, by increasing, by not more than double, the interest it is required to pay.
Advance payment of costs
48 (1) An owner may, from time to time after an expropriation notice or an order under section 5 (4) (a) has been served on the owner but before the hearing has begun, submit a written bill to the expropriating authority consisting of the reasonable legal, appraisal and other costs that have been incurred by the owner up to the time the bill is submitted.
(2) On receiving a bill under subsection (1), the expropriating authority must either promptly pay the bill or apply to have the bill reviewed by a registrar of the court.
(3) If the expropriating authority fails to comply with subsection (2), the owner who submitted the bill may apply to a registrar of the court to have the bill reviewed.
(5) At a review under subsection (2) or (3), the person conducting the review must, after taking into account all relevant circumstances, assess the reasonableness of the bill and may make an order with respect to its payment, accordingly.
(6) Section 45 (7) applies to reviews under this section.
(7) If the amount of costs paid under this section exceeds the amount of costs awarded under section 45, the expropriating authority may
(a) deduct the amount of the difference from any amounts of compensation then outstanding, and
(b) if all compensation has been paid, recover the excess by action against the owner.
49 (1) Subject to section 6 (5), if a notice or other document is required to be served under this Act, a copy of the notice or other document may be served personally or by registered mail addressed to the person to be served at the person's last known address, or if the person or his or her address is unknown, by publication once in a newspaper having general circulation in the area in which the land is located.
(2) Service is deemed to have been effected
(a) on the date a person is served personally,
(b) if a notice or document is sent to a person by registered mail, on the 14th day after it is sent, or
(c) if a notice or document is published, on the seventh day after the date it is published.
Extension and abridgment of time
50 (1) The court may, on the application of an interested party, extend or abridge the time periods referred to in sections 9 (4), 10 (3) (c), 12 (1) and (2), 16 (3), 17, 18 (3), 20 (1), 23 (1), 34 (2) and (3) and 35 (3), subject to conditions the court considers just.
(2) The court may make an order under subsection (1) even though the application for the extension or the order granting the extension is made after the expiry of the period of time in respect of which the application to extend is made.
51 (1) Legal proceedings to challenge the validity of an expropriation must not be brought after land vests under section 23.
(2) Subject to subsection (1), an application under the Judicial Review Procedure Act must be brought within 30 days after the order or determination subject to review is made.
Liability for taxes
52 The owner of land that is expropriated is liable, to the same extent as if he or she had continued to be the owner, to pay all taxes levied against the land in respect of the period he or she remains in possession of the land, whether possession is under an express agreement or otherwise, and an appropriate adjustment with respect to those taxes must be made between the owner and the expropriating authority.
Inquiry officer compensation
53 Inquiry officers must be reimbursed for reasonable travelling and out of pocket expenses necessarily incurred in the discharge of their duties under this Act and may be paid remuneration for their services and serve in accordance with other terms and conditions as the minister may order.
53.1 [Repealed 2004-61-20.]
Power to make regulations
54 (1) The Lieutenant Governor in Council may make regulations referred to in section 41 of the Interpretation Act.
(2) Without limiting subsection (1), the Lieutenant Governor in Council may make regulations
(a) respecting the practice, procedure or any other similar matters, that the Lieutenant Governor in Council considers necessary or advisable for the better carrying out of Parts 3 and 4, and
(b) prescribing a tariff of costs for the purposes of sections 45 and 48.


Ex: Restocking fee: a charge of 30% restocking fee based on the item's price, because the item is personalized and can no longer be sold as new.
Once your return has been processed, you will receive a confirmation email; please note that it may take an additional 7-10 business days from the date you receive this email for the funds to be available in your account and it may take an additional billing cycle to see the funds on your billing statement.
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Despite a surprising loss as the odds-on favorite in Saturday's $1 million Florida Derby (Grade I), Chadds Ford Stable's Union Rags (#22) is the 7-2 favorite heading into the final day of betting in the third and final pool of Churchill Downs' Kentucky Derby Future Wager ("KDFW").
Although he finished third to fellow KDFW Pool 3 betting interest Take Charge Indy (#21) and longshot Reveron at Gulfstream Park earlier in the day, the Michael Matz-trained Union Rags reclaimed the position of favorite among 24 wagering interests from 2011 2-year-old champion Hansen (#8), who was the 2-1 favorite after the pool's opening day of betting on Friday.
Hansen was the 5-1 second choice and the mutuel field (#24), or "All Others", was next at 6-1 at the end of Saturday's betting at racetracks and off-track betting centers, and online wagering at TwinSpires.com and other advance deposit wagering platform. Odds on Take Charge Indy dropped sharply after his Florida Derby upset for trainer Patrick Byrne. The son of A.P. Indy opened Saturday's betting at 50-1, but was a 21-1 risk at day's end.
Total betting in KDFW Pool stands at $227,072 heading into Pool 3's final day on Sunday. The total includes $172,795 in win betting and $54,277 in exacta wagers.
Kentucky Derby Future betting will resume on Sunday at noon (all times Eastern) and the pool will conclude at special closing time of 6:30 p.m. (Eastern). KDFW pools normally close at 6 p.m., but Sunday's wagering will be extended by 30 minutes to allow fans to consider the results of the $1 million Louisiana Derby (GII) at Fair Grounds, which has a scheduled Sunday post time of 5:55 p.m.
The future bet allows fans of the famed Kentucky Derby Presented by Yum! Brands (GI) the opportunity to wager on Derby contenders weeks in advance of the race. Those bettors will receive odds that are in place at Sunday's conclusion of betting, and they could be considerably larger and more attractive than those available at Churchill Downs on Kentucky Derby Day, Saturday, May 5. The Kentucky Derby Future Wager is a $2 minimum wager and offers win and exacta wagering, along with $1 exacta boxes and part-wheels.
Saturday's other major Kentucky Derby prep went to Mrs. John Magnier, Michael Tabor and Derrick Smith's Daddy Long Legs, who won the $2 million UAE Derby (Group II) at Dubai's Meydan Racecourse and is a member of the "All Others" bet. On Sunday, Pool 3 interest Mark Valeski (#12) heads a field of 14 in the Louisiana Derby at Fair Grounds. Trainer J. Larry Jones' colt is the only KDFW Pool 3 betting interest in that race.
Real time odds and other information on the Kentucky Derby Future Wager can be found at the official event Web site at www.KentuckyDerby.com.
Click here for a PDF file of KDFW Pool 3 odds heading into Sunday's closing day wagering.


When one reads about the disasters that happen to us in the newspapers, such as a person falls off the fifth floor of a building or a gas tank blows up at someone's house, he does not read about the laws that people fail to follow, but about their consequences. He fails to understand where everything is coming from.
Scientists learn that falling from the fifth floor happens according to the law of gravity, and moreover, the strength of the blow to the ground is enough to kill a person. When you put something flammable next to a gas tank, it can explode because it contains a certain gas, a certain system, and so on. In other words, if we study the laws, we will be able to prevent disasters.
So what are the newspapers writing about? They are writing about the consequences of my lack of knowledge of the laws of nature. People need education, upbringing. Then everything will be fine. Not only will I stop jumping off the fifth floor, touching bare electrical wires, or exploding gas tanks, I will see how I cause hurricanes, tsunamis, and so forth. I will stop cutting down trees just to make myself totally needless toys, and I will stop destroying the coral reefs that are essential for the ocean's microflora.
If you explain to everyone that we must be in balance with nature, instead of going against its laws, and that this is the only way for us to win, you will become a practical means of mass education.
What we are doing is called a "means of mass education." Education! It has to be able to give people a feeling of community and dependence. We are relying on regular healthy egoism, which will show people that they are completely dependent on everyone else. Moreover, we are not misleading them. We are simply showing them the actual picture that egoism conceals from them.
If I really depend on all the other people in the world, but I fail to take this into consideration and have no desire to do so, it's only because my egoism misleads me on purpose. It gets in the way and forces me to feel bad, which makes me suffer.
A means of mass education raises the sensitivity of my dependence on others, and I begin to feel that I depend on everyone else. Just like we explain to a child who he should and should not play with and what he should be like, so do I, receiving this influence, become more sensitive towards my connections with others and begin to build them according to an entirely different system.
Then I will be able to enter a completely different financial and economic system and overcome the crisis. We will really be able to facilitate the unification of Europe, instead being in a situation where someone lends something to somebody else so that the latter could survive, although in the end, the collapse is inevitable.
I need to feel a greater dependence on one another, not a formal or imaginary one, but the real one that exists in nature and manifests to us as an increasingly greater connection every day. There is a big difference between the way we were connected one hundred, fifty, or even five years ago. We are constantly moving towards an even greater dependence.
I need to receive necessary information, influence from all sides, through all my senses, and actually instead of information and influence, it should be sensation and perception. We need to raise our sensitivity towards dependence on one another, and then we will build completely different social relations.
Interconnection between people is based on first attaining a common homeostasis, a balance. What kind of balance? All of us will not consume more than we need. Then, half of the time that you now spend on work will free up. You will do work that people really need.
For example, if you produce refrigerators or washing machines, this is something necessary, good, and normal. If tomorrow we invent another system that consumes less energy, we will replace the old refrigerator model with a new one. In other words, everything must be aimed toward saving electric energy and materials.
All these things can only be calculated based on balance. We eliminate from our lives anything that disturbs balance and is unnecessary. This way, 50-60% of people will become unemployed, and that is great! After all, they are not doing anything good, and they benefit the rest of the people by not working.
So, how will they provide for themselves? It will be in the same way as everyone else. We will only procure the things that everyone needs. Today we procure twenty times more than we need. At the same time, half of humanity is starving. This way, we will procure the exact amount everyone needs to make sure that no one goes hungry.
You say it is not possible? Well, it is! What will everyone have? Half of their workday will free up. So, what will we do with this time? Will we end up killing each other? No, we will not. We will be doing a very simple thing: We will study a way to create balance between us and nature. This is where the methods of mass education will come in handy.
Opinion: (Professor Tim Jackson, Author of Prosperity Without Growth – Economics for a Finite Planet): "Constant shocks to the world's financial system over the past few years prompted the BBC World Service's Business Daily programme to ask leading figures whether they thought Western capitalism had failed.
"This extraordinary ramping up of global economic activity is without historical precedent. It is totally at odds with the finite resource base and the fragile ecology on which we depend for survival.
"Most of the time, we avoid the stark reality of these numbers. Growth must go on, we insist. The reasons for this collective blindness are easy enough to find.
"Western capitalism is structurally reliant on growth for its stability. When growth falters – as it has done recently – politicians panic. Businesses struggle to survive. People lose their jobs and sometimes their homes.
"Questioning growth is deemed to be the act of lunatics, idealists and revolutionaries.
My Comment: More and more sensible materials about the end of growth, billions of unemployed, and the reduction of production will encourage people to think about a new attitude towards life, general prosperity, and the other, non-material, fulfillment. After all, after simple calculations we see that the planet cannot provide for us.
This means that we should take a sober view of the future economy of reasonable consumption. Food, shelter, social security, and education and upbringing are to be provided for everyone in a reasonable quantity. The fulfillment of our egoism beyond the necessities should be transferred to other areas of contentment—cultural and spiritual, which require little material and energy. Let's think and we will find a way.
Opinion: (Zbigniew Brzezinski, former National Security Adviser to President Jimmy Carter, political scientist): "Zbigniew Brzezinski…predict[ed] that middle class unrest caused by economic disenfranchisement would soon hit America.
"'I don't want to be a prophet of doom — and I don't think we are approaching doom — but I think we're going to slide into intensified social conflicts, social hostility, some forms of radicalism, there is just going to be a sense that this is not a just society,' Brzezinski said, adding that civil unrest would begin when the lower middle class becomes severely affected by the economic fallout and rising unemployment.
"The former National Security Advisor predicted 'really serious international turmoil' as a result of the United States, Europe and Japan, the three traditional pillars of global economic strength, struggling with deep financial crises.
"However, this is certainly not the first time that Brzezinski has expressed concerns that a growing rage caused by economic and social disenfranchisement could threaten the existing power structure.
"Brzezinski… warned of a 'global political awakening,' mainly comprising of younger people in developing states, that threatened to topple the existing international order.
My Comment: Only the creation of the "round table" in each country, where all the pressing issues of society will be discussed openly with scientists, politicians, economists, and representatives of different sectors of society, when they all gather to solve common problems like family members, will help to reduce social pressure that threatens to grow into riots, a civil war, and beyond.
In the News (from Latin Daily Financial News): "According to a report published in The Lancet, in Greece there are indicators that suggest that access to health services of the Greeks has worsened, especially in vulnerable groups. But it has also increased the number of people who believe that their health is 'bad'. The reasons, yet to be analyzed, may be in budget cuts, among others.
"Another alarming statistic is the increase in the number of suicides, 17% in 2009 compared to 2007, and unofficial data raise the increase to 25% from 2009 to 2010. Other data from the Greek Ministry of Health talks about an increase of 40% in the first half of 2011, compared to the same period in 2010.
In the News (from Euronews): "G20 finance chiefs said the IMF must have adequate resources but stressed it was up to an EU summit next weekend to take decisive action.
"IMF boss Christine Lagarde highlighted fears of a knock-on effect that could hit emerging economies.
My Comment: There is no other treatment for sick Europe but to create an environment that will train us to become integral and ready for joint actions, like a flock of birds or a school of fish. Only animals act instinctively, obeying the collective mind and desire that control the entire group, but we must rise to the level where we act consciously, willingly.
The solution to the crisis is not in financial activities, but the transformation of a human being: He should become an integral, active, and intelligent member of humanity, like a bird in a flock or a fish in a school. The only way to change a person is through a special environment, just as we shape a child under the influence of the environment.
But in this case, we have to create our environment ourselves. Only this action, together with some financial activities aimed at balancing the society, will allow us to come out from the crisis and begin to acquire a new form of society of reasonable consumption.
Opinion: (Jose Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission): "'This Thursday I am going to propose that individual criminal responsibility for financial players be recognised in European law,' Barroso said in comments run by Le Parisien newspaper on Sunday.
"'We have seen abusive behavior on the markets, some of which has provoked the current crisis. We are going to regulate these practices,' Barroso said.
Question: What do we lack in order to attain the revelation? Why are we failing to insert the key into the door of the spiritual world?
Answer: There's a point in the heart encased in the ego shell (Klipa) in every one of us. This shell can only be broken and destroyed through mutual help. No one is able to work alone. Everyone must make sure this happens to others as well.
None of us has the strength to break our own shell or free our own point in the heart. Mutual efforts do not need to be big, but a certain quality is required. So far you have been unable to reach this quality.
We keep stumbling at the threshold: We arrive at the shell referred to as "Klipat Emori," we try to touch it, and it pushes us away. We can't see, touch, or break it because this is only possible through a general connection, by uniting all our forces, whereas we are unable to do so. We think about completely different things, not yet realizing that success only depends on our unity against our mutual egoism. We need to connect our points in the heart, our desires, and break this ego.
And once we begin to connect before this common enemy, our connection will lead us to the understanding that we lack the upper force to break this ego. In other words, we lack the third factor in the equation of: "Israel, the Torah, and the Creator are one." And then we will ask Him and attract the Light of correction AB-SAG, which will break this shell and illuminate both the bad and good desires for us. The Light will clarify everything for us so much that we will no longer be able to continue agreeing with our ego, and we will want to rise out of it at any cost.
Then we will be able to work by faith above reason because we will no longer wish to remain with this egoistic mind. But all this will happen under the condition that we try to unite our forces to break this general egoism.
Mount Sinai is the mountain of our mutual hatred, our enormous egoism. We always reveal our mutual egoism with the exception of some special cases described in the Torah. A golden calf is made with the gold that every person pulls from his heart. Women are happy to give you all of their gold jewelry to make an idol. And the force that can break this egoism must also be joint.
For now we are unable to make this final decision that only together can we break this Klipa and include ourselves in the upper one. We lack inner seriousness even though everything depends on the quality of our effort.
The world is already screaming and has advanced through a lot of threatening states, and our objective is to go ahead of them, to lead them down the final sea (the Red Sea).
With What Can We Appeal To The Light?


Instagram. By now everyone (and their mother) has it or has heard of it. I started my Instagram account way back in the days when it was still new, and only like 12 Facebook friends of mine had it. My oh my has it grown.
Instagram is a wonderful creative outlet for photos and videos, allowing users to share their lives with the rest of the world. To those of you who don't have an Instagram yet, it sounds weird I know. My husband still doesn't understand it.
I've become rather obsessed with finding awesome travel and photography accounts to follow via Insta to get my daily fill on all things wonderful. I'm here today to spread the love and share my favorites! Also please let me know if you have more I can add to my collection!


text:
Photo courtesy of Shirley Wang
Shirley Wang '14 poses for a photo with her father, Lin Wang. Though he passed away, Shirley aspires to keep his memory close and find aspects of him in the world around her.
Interviews upon interviews later, Shirley is now looking towards furthering her career, seeking out a position as a production assistant while continuing to freelance. Reflecting on the story's fame, she pondered how her father would hypothetically react to the national attention received if he were still alive today.
"He told me once that he felt really happy with what he accomplished," she said. "He never wanted worldwide fame."
At times, Shirley felt that processing grief and memories with her father on a national stage was overbearing. Nonetheless, she plans to transform her emotions from this podcast into momentum.
"It's been really intense, and I've definitely cried because it was really overwhelming to deal with," Shirley said. "But now I get to start my career out of this really honest story; it's a story that I created out of something that I needed for myself."
Whittaker fully expects that Shirley's success will continue moving forward in her journalism career.
"Anything she wants to do, I think she'll be able to do," Whittaker said. "I feel like so many doors have opened because of this, and it couldn't have happened to a better person. Her heart's in the right place, and I can't wait to see what great things she continues to make."
It hit on so many different things that every time I listen to it, I pick up on something different."
— Alex Schroeder
Schroeder summed up the podcast's value by saying it "teaches us so much about people." By connecting people from different worlds, he believes Shirley made a lasting impression on all who heard it.
"It hit on so many different things that every time I listen to it, I pick up on something different," Schroeder said. "I'm just grateful to have produced a story like this and learned from it. Hopefully these are the types of stories that 'Only A Game' and myself in my journalism career can continue to tell."
Most importantly though, Shirley feels that through pursuing this story, she learned more about both her father and herself. Cherishing his memory and keeping him close to heart is what propels her to move forward.
"In Buddhism, you're returned to the earth in some sense, and you live on in that way," Shirley said. "That's how it feels: he's just living on in ways that I have to detect myself, but he's always around me. He's touched so many different things in my life, so I'll always have him."
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Going to the theatre is definitely one of my favourite things to do and whether it's a pantomime or an intense political drama, that time immersed in another world is a real joy for me.
I would have to choose musicals as my most loved genre, with West Side Story and My Fair Lady vying for top place in my heart's list; the gorgeous music which will reverberate around my head for days, the magnificent costumes and the fantastic scenery all go together to make a perfect outing for me.
So I was delighted to be invited to a performance of The Winter's Tale by actors from the National Theatre, staged especially for primary school children at our own marvellous Stratford Circus, part of Newham's Every Child programme – and what a great afternoon it was!
There must have been at least 200 10 to 11-year-olds in the audience and they absolutely loved the play which, in its original form, was written by William Shakespeare some 400 years ago.
The very gifted actors used Shakespeare's original language and I might have worried that the children and I would not understand medieval English but the acting was so vivid that we were in no doubt about the story.
I was interested to hear a child ask, during the question time after the play was over, "How do you get used to speaking in that old fashioned English?" and an actor said that they had translated the original words into modern English, so that they were sure that they'd got the meaning right, before reverting to Shakespeare's words for the performance.
Another child asked how long it had taken to learn the play and I think the children were quite surprised to learn that it had taken five weeks.
I was so pleased to see that our children are being introduced to world-class classical theatre and my hope is that the performance that they enjoyed this week will inspire them to try all sorts of other entertainments in the future.


text:
Art Fund Gets 80% Returns at ArtBasel
June 15, 2011 by Marion Maneker
Phillip Hoffman is a go-to source for the art press. Always ready to talk his book, he's particularly bullish at ArtBasel 42 this week. He crowed to Judd Tully:
"I'm amazed at the amount of money being made here today," enthused London-based Fine Art Fund chief executive Philip Hoffman, buttonholed on the escalator up to the second floor expanse of primary-market galleries. "It's a very strong market," enthused the money manager, whose art fund is also profiting at the fair, with a number of works on consignment at several galleries here. According to Hoffman, "We're getting returns of 50 to 80 percent profit from works we bought in 2008, 2009, and even 2010 and that we've consigned here."
Those returns sound fantastic until you see the gross dollars behind them. Hoffman is the first to tell people that the art market has a lot of trouble absorbing all the investment money that is eager to be put to work. As an example, those returns are against $8.2m in gross sales. Even 100% returns will generate no more than $4m for Hoffman's investors and less than $1m for the Fine Art Fund itself.
Nonetheless, the solid profit is has Hoffman in a confident mood when he spoke to Bloomberg's Scott Reyburn:
"This year's Art Basel reminds me of the boom," said Philip Hoffman, chief executive of the London-based Fine Art Fund, which sold four pieces priced at more than 5 million pounds ($8.2 million) through exhibiting dealers. "Wealthy people are looking to art as a hedge against recession. And they're being better advised than they were in 2007. Then I saw some idiots buying anything."
Art Basel Blasts Off With Million-Dollar Sales at Its Turbo-Charged VIP Opening (ArtInfo.com)
Abramovich's Partner Browses Basel; $5.5 Million Rothko Sells in VIP Spree (Bloomberg)
Fine Art Fund Talks Its Book
Art Market Too Small for Pension Funds
Phillip Hoffman's First Art Fund Shows Its Hand
Phillip Hoffman's Charm Offensive
Philip Hoffman, Fine Art Fund
Phillips Steps Up with Solid Sale


text:
# Text Tracks

Text tracks are a feature of HTML5 video for displaying time-triggered text to the viewer. Video.js offers a cross-browser implementation of text tracks.

## Table of Contents

* [A Note on "Remote" Text Tracks](#a-note-on-remote-text-tracks)
* [Creating the Text File](#creating-the-text-file)
* [Adding Text Tracks to Video.js](#adding-text-tracks-to-videojs)
  * [track Attributes](#track-attributes)
    * [kind](#kind)
    * [label](#label)
    * [default](#default)
    * [srclang](#srclang)
  * [Text Tracks from Another Domain](#text-tracks-from-another-domain)
* [Working with Text Tracks](#working-with-text-tracks)
  * [Showing Tracks Programmatically](#showing-tracks-programmatically)
  * [Listen for a Cue Becoming Active](#listen-for-a-cue-becoming-active)
* [Emulated Text Tracks](#emulated-text-tracks)
  * [Text Track Settings](#text-track-settings)
* [Text Track Precedence](#text-track-precedence)
* [API](#api)
  * [Remote Text Tracks](#remote-text-tracks)
  * [Text Tracks](#text-tracks-1)

## A Note on "Remote" Text Tracks

Video.js refers to so-called "remote" text tracks. This is a convenient term for tracks that have an associated `<track>` element rather than those that do not.

Either can be created programmatically, but _only remote text tracks can be removed from a player._ For that reason, we recommend _only_ using remote text tracks.

## Creating the Text File

Timed text requires a text file in [WebVTT](http://dev.w3.org/html5/webvtt/) format. This format defines a list of "cues" that have a start time, an end time, and text to display. [Microsoft has a builder](https://dev.modern.ie/testdrive/demos/captionmaker/) that can help you get started on the file.

> **Note:** When creating captions, there are additional [caption formatting techniques](http://www.theneitherworld.com/mcpoodle/SCC_TOOLS/DOCS/SCC_FORMAT.HTML#style) to make captions more meaningful, like brackets around sound effects (e.g. `[ birds chirping ]`).
>
> For a more in depth style guide for captioning, see the [Captioning Key](http://www.dcmp.org/captioningkey/), but keep in mind not all features are supported by WebVTT or (more likely) the Video.js WebVTT implementation.

## Adding Text Tracks to Video.js

Once you have your WebVTT files created, you can add them to your `video` element using the `track` tag. Similar to `source` elements, `track` elements should be added as children of the `video` element:

```html
<video
  class="video-js"
  controls
  preload="auto"
  width="640"
  height="264"
  data-setup='{}'>
  <source src="//vjs.zencdn.net/v/oceans.mp4" type="video/mp4">
  <source src="//vjs.zencdn.net/v/oceans.webm" type="video/webm">
  <track kind="captions" src="//example.com/path/to/captions.vtt" srclang="en" label="English" default>
</video>
```

Video.js will automatically read `track` elements from the `video` element. Tracks (remote and non-remote) can also be added programmatically.

### `track` Attributes

#### `kind`

> [standard definition](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/embedded-content.html#text-track-kind)

One of the track types supported by Video.js:

* `"subtitles"` (default): Translations of the dialogue in the video for when audio is available but not understood. Subtitles are shown over the video.
* `"captions"`: Transcription of the dialogue, sound effects, musical cues, and other audio information for viewer who are deaf/hard of hearing, or the video is muted. Captions are also shown over the video.
* `"chapters"`: Chapter titles that are used to create navigation within the video. Typically, these are in the form of a list of chapters that the viewer can use to navigate the video.
* `"descriptions"`: Text descriptions of the action in the content for when the video portion isn't available or because the viewer is blind or not using a screen. Descriptions are read by a screen reader or turned into a separate audio track.
* `"metadata"`: Tracks that have data meant for JavaScript to parse and do something with. These aren't shown to the user.

#### `label`

> [standard definition](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/embedded-content.html#text-track-label)

Short descriptive text for the track that will used in the user interface. For example, in a menu for selecting a captions language.

#### `default`

> [standard definition](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/embedded-content.html#dom-track-default)

The boolean `default` attribute can be used to indicate that a track's mode should start as `"showing"`. Otherwise, the viewer would need to select their language from a captions or subtitles menu.

> **Note:** For chapters, `default` is required if you want the chapters menu to show.

#### `srclang`

> [standard definition](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/embedded-content.html#dom-track-srclang)

The valid [BCP 47](https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47) code for the language of the text track, e.g. `"en"` for English or `"es"` for Spanish.

For supported language translations, please see the [languages folder (/lang)](https://github.com/videojs/video.js/tree/master/lang) folder located in the Video.js root and refer to the [languages guide](./languages.md) for more information on languages in Video.js.

### Text Tracks from Another Domain

Because Video.js loads the text track file via JavaScript, the [same-origin policy](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same_origin_policy) applies. If you'd like to have a player served from one domain, but the text track served from another, you'll need to [enable CORS](http://enable-cors.org/) on the server that is serving your text tracks.

In addition to enabling CORS, you will need to add the [`crossorigin` attribute](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/CORS_settings_attributes) to the video element itself. This attribute has two possible values `"anonymous"` and `"use-credentials"`. Most users will want to use `"anonymous"` with cross-origin tracks:

```html
<video class="video-js" crossorigin="anonymous">
  <source src="//vjs.zencdn.net/v/oceans.mp4" type="video/mp4">
  <track src="//example.com/oceans.vtt" kind="captions" srclang="en" label="English">
</video>
```

One thing to be aware of is that the video files themselves will _also_ need CORS headers. This is because some browsers apply the `crossorigin` attribute to the video source itself and not just the tracks. This is considered a [security concern by the spec](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/embedded-content.html#security-and-privacy-considerations).

## Working with Text Tracks

### Showing Tracks Programmatically

Certain use cases call for turning captions on and off programmatically rather than forcing the user to do so themselves. This can be easily achieved by modifying the `mode` property of the text tracks.

The `mode` can be one of three values `"disabled"`, `"hidden"`, and `"showing"`. When a text track's `mode` is `"disabled"`, the track does not show on screen as the video is playing.

When the `mode` is set to `"showing"`, the track is visible to the viewer and updates while the video is playing.

```js
// Get all text tracks for the current player.
var tracks = player.textTracks();

for (var i = 0; i < tracks.length; i++) {
  var track = tracks[i];

  // Find the English captions track and mark it as "showing".
  if (track.kind === 'captions' && track.language === 'en') {
    track.mode = 'showing';
  }
}
```

### Listen for a Cue Becoming Active

One of the supported values for `mode` is `"hidden"`. This `mode` means that the track will update as the video is playing, but it won't be visible to the viewer. This is most useful for tracks where `kind="metadata"`.

A common use case for metadata text tracks is to use them to trigger behaviors when their cues become active. For this purpose, tracks emit a `"cuechange"` event.

```js
// Get all text tracks for the current player.
var tracks = player.textTracks();
var metadataTrack;

for (var i = 0; i < tracks.length; i++) {
  var track = tracks[i];

  // Find the metadata track that's labeled "ads".
  if (track.kind === 'metadata' && track.label === 'ads') {
    track.mode = 'hidden';

    // Store it for usage outside of the loop.
    metadataTrack = track;
  }
}

// Add a listener for the "cuechange" event and start ad playback.
metadataTrack.addEventListener('cuechange', function() {
  player.ads.startLinearAdMode();
});
```

## Emulated Text Tracks

By default, Video.js will use native text tracks and fall back to emulated text tracks if the native functionality is broken, incomplete, or non-existent. The Flash tech will always use the emulated text track functionality.

The Video.js API and TextTrack objects were modeled after the W3C specification. Video.js uses [Mozilla's vtt.js](https://github.com/mozilla/vtt.js) library to parse and display emulated text tracks.

To disable native text track functionality and force Video.js to use emulated text tracks always, the `nativeTextTracks` option can be passed to a tech:

```js
// Create a player, passing `nativeTextTracks: false` to the HTML5 tech.
var player = videojs('myvideo', {
  html5: {
    nativeTextTracks: false
  }
});
```

### Text Track Settings

When using emulated text tracks, captions will have an additional item in the menu called "Caption Settings". This allows the user to alter how captions are styled on screen.

This feature can be disabled by turning off the `TextTrackSettings` component and hiding the menu item.

```js
var player = videojs('myvideo', {
  // Make the text track settings dialog not initialize.
  textTrackSettings: false
});
```

```css
/* Hide the captions settings item from the captions menu. */
.vjs-texttrack-settings {
  display: none;
}
```

## Text Track Precedence

In general, `"descriptions"` tracks are of lower precedence than `"captions"` and `"subtitles"`. What this mean for developers using Video.js?

* If you are using the `default` attribute, Video.js will choose the first track that is marked as `default` and turn it on. If there are multiple tracks marked `default`, it will turn on the first `"captions"` or `"subtitles"` track _before_ any `"descriptions"` tracks.
  * This only applied to the emulated text track support, native text tracks behavior will change depending on the browser.
* If a track is selected from the menu, Video.js will turn off all the other tracks of the same kind. While this suggests Video.js supports both `"subtitles"` and `"captions"` being turned on simultaneously, this is currently not the case; Video.js only supports one track being displayed at a time.
  * This means that for emulated text tracks, Video.js will display the first enabled `"subtitles"` or `"captions"` track.
  * When native text tracks are supported, other tracks of the same kind will still be disabled, but it is possible that multiple text tracks are shown.
  * If a `"descriptions"` track is selected and subsequently a `"subtitles"` or `"captions"` track is selected, the `"descriptions"` track is disabled and its menu button is also disabled.
* When enabling a track programmatically, Video.js performs minimal enforcement.
  * For emulated text tracks, Video.js chooses the first track that's `"showing"` - again choosing `"subtitles"` or `"captions"` over `"descriptions"`.
  * For native text tracks, this behavior depends on the browser. Some browsers will allow multiple text tracks, but others will disable all other tracks when a new one is selected.

## API

For more complete information, refer to the [Video.js API docs](http://docs.videojs.com/docs/api/index.html).

### Remote Text Tracks

As mentioned [above](#a-note-on-remote-text-tracks), remote text tracks represent the recommended API offered by Video.js as they can be removed.

* `Player#remoteTextTracks()`
* `Player#remoteTextTrackEls()`
* `Player#addRemoteTextTrack(Object options)`

  Available options are the same as the [available `track` attributes](#track-attributes). And `language` is a supported option as an alias for the `srclang` attribute - either works here.

* `Player#removeRemoteTextTrack(HTMLTrackElement|TextTrack)`

### Text Tracks

It is generally recommended that you use _remote_ text tracks rather than these purely programmatic text tracks for the majority of use-cases.

* `Player#textTracks()`
* `Player#addTextTrack(String kind, [String label [, String language]])`

  > **Note:** Non-remote text tracks are intended for _purely programmatic usage_ of tracks and have the important limitation that they _cannot be removed once created_.
  >
  > The standard `addTextTrack` does **not** have a corresponding `removeTextTrack` method; so, we actually discourage the use of this method!

* `TextTrackList()`
* `TextTrack()`

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Omniyat plans to complete The Langham Downtown Dubai in 2020
The arrival of the first The Langham hotel in the Middle East will help Dubai establish greater links to the Far East – particularly the growing Chinese market. Since it was announced, Omniyat, the developers of The Langham Downtown Dubai, has registered a significant amount of interest from China and other countries in the Far East.
Although The Langham brand is synonymous with the iconic London hotel that has been a favourite of royalty and A-list celebrities for over 100 years, the holding company Langham Hospitality Group is based in Hong Kong and has multiple developments in the Far East.
Mohammed Hmeid, general manager of sales and marketing at Omniyat, said: "We knew that bringing The Langham brand to Dubai would be first and foremost a game changer in terms of absolute quality and heritage. What is fascinating is the impact the brand has in China and the Far East – the esteem in which it is held is incredible."
"It will give not only The Langham Downtown Dubai a greater presence internationally but also the whole of Dubai and the regional hospitality and lifestyle market."
The Langham Downtown Dubai and The Langham Place Residences will be situated in the heart of the Marasi development on the banks of Dubai Canal, with stunning views of the new marina on one side and the Burj Khalifa on the other. It will be a 167-room hotel with 239 fully serviced five star residences, ranging from one, two and three bedroom suites to duplex penthouses. It is expected to finish late in the third quarter of 2020.
OMNIYAT
The Langham Downtown Dubai
Adaptability in security designs
Attention to detail!
Model Performance