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Meet Claire Wright 9x World Cup Synchro Champion
CLAIRE LOUISE WRIGHT TRAMPOLINE
DOB: 5/08/1979
Place of Birth: Frimley
Residence: Sandhurst
Club: Training at OLGA
Started gymnastics: At seven DAYS old she was at the Guinness School of Sport for one week at Crystal Palace NSC where her mother and father were coaching gymnastics. In 1988 she went to a Trampoline Club.
Personal coach: Nigel Rendell
National Coach: John Beer
Training: 4-5 hours a day, six days a week
First International: GB v Germany 1991
Education: Secondary School: Marist Convent, The Rosary, Sunninghill, Ascot
Farnham Sixth Form College
The University of Wales Institute Cardiff
(GCSE 1996: English Language, English Literature, Maths, French, Religious Studies, Science, Photography, Geography, Physical Education
GCSE 1997: Sociology
GSCE & A Level 1998: Information Technology, English Literature, Physical Education, and General Studies)
2002- Final year of a degree in Sports Science at UWIC (Cardiff).
2005 – Graduates with B.Sc. Hons.
Ambition: To enjoy trampolining for many years to come, and win many more World titles.
photo Alan Edwards
At seven days old (yes SEVEN DAYS!) I did my first gymnastics course at Crystal Palace
photo Mike Driscoll
Ever since that first day I have been in the gym nearly every day off my life, through choice of course. At the age of one I learned a front somersault and at the age of four I learnt a backward somersault on the trampoline in Bulgaria.
I didn't want to be an artistic gymnast and my mum and dad backed me in that decision because they felt it wasn't right to coach your own child but they did give me the option of training at another
club. I didn't take that option but instead chose the discipline of trampolining.
At seven years old I joined the local club and found that I had the same
passion and dedication that my parents had. I loved to train and I loved to
win even more. I hated missing training for anything because I knew that I
had to work hard to get to where I wanted.
My parents were very supportive but never interfered, always took me to
training and picked me up but never asked too many questions about what I
had done, just a simple 'was it good?' They turned up for competitions as
long as they didn't clash with their own and my dad was always the one
falling asleep in the back row reading his paper.
"Claire is dedicated to her sport and very hard on herself", said the National coach John Beer. " She trains with a 110% and likes competing. She is also a very good skier and loves practicing many other sports in her leisure time. She becomes the life and soul of every party- she loves dancing and is an excellent entertainer".
At my first World's I was probably very naive but it was a great moment for me. The other girls on the team were much older than me, in their early and mid twenties at the time. Nothing was expected of me so I didn't feel any pressure. I sailed through my routines and at the end found that my score counted towards us winning the bronze medal as a team, it was such a great feeling and I then couldn't get enough of the sport. After I had completed my A levels I went to the University Of Wales Institute Cardiff and graduated with a degree in Sport and Physical education. Again the university was extremely supportive and gave me
allowances for my sport, they also awarded me with the Sports personality in 2000, something I was very proud of. While I was at the university I came 3rd in the individual at the world championships and won a World Cup.
At this time I was at the Marist Convent School where I had full backing from the teachers and the other students. People respected me for what I did and the teachers realised that what I was doing was really important to me.
I did have to take time off school for competitions because by the age of thirteen I was on the senior national trampoline team and by fourteen I was
competing in my first senior World Championships. Nowadays you cannot be a senior until you are seventeen but I was fortunate enough to compete
internationally from a young age.
• 44 World and European medals and trophies and an FIG pin.
• British Champion 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
• World Championships 2001, bronze medallist team and individual.
• Nine times World Cup Synchro Champion.
• World Cup Final 1st 2002. Synchro
• World Cup individual Champion 2002, Canada.
• World Cup Individual Champion 2004, Moscow
• World Cup Individual Champion 2005, Sofia
After leaving University and coming back home to train I realised how unhappy I had been in training. My coach had done a lot for me over the years but I needed to move on. This was a very low point for me as I am very loyal as a performer and found it hard to move on. Without going into it in too much detail after eighteen years and after a very troubled Olympic year which I got through winning both the World Cup in Russia, the Bronze at the European Championships and winning the British for a record fourth time purely due to the help and support of my family and my osteopath Ivan Lawler. I left the club and now train at OLGA down in Poole. It is a long way to travel, about an hour and a quarter but it has been worth it. My coach for a year now is Nigel Rendell, a former Trampoline Champion and a great guy to work with. In the past year I have had a lot to deal with, illness, stress and injury but he has helped me through every moment. There was a point that I felt I should stop but I love the sport too much to give it all up, I was determined to get my fitness back and enjoy the sport if nothing else.
I did have to take time off school for competitions because by the age of
thirteen I was on the senior national trampoline team and by fourteen I was
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We just deployed a major update to WorkTrail's work reports and statistics. The filter form has been improved to allow to search for work based on projects, tasks and multiple employees. It is now also possible to exclude multiple tasks from the query. In addition we improved Excel export and added a "Sunburst" chart which shows a hierarchical pie chart showing projects and containing tasks on one charts. Read on for more details.


It seems as if in their effort to attract money through marketing, the powers that be at Penn State continue to ignore the very people that make their sports machinery work. First, the disastrous STEP program and now this, just another slap in the face to the fans.
I wonder what else they will think of to drive fans away. Instead of spending piles of money on something this ridiculous, why don't they install escalators to the north upper deck? Oh no, I forgot! That would require actually thinking about the needs of the fans.


Welcome to your cohort's group forum.
This page is where you can have conversations with one another and check in with your colleagues and with the Nonprofit Network staff! You can create topics, reply to questions, and work out loud as cohort.
Miss a session? Review the materials and pose a few questions in the forum below to your colleagues.
Contact Tracey@nonprofnetwork.org or 517-796-4750 with your tech questions!


We welcome and invite new patients and inquiries. We provide extended consultations in an effort to ensure all questions are answered.
When bringing your pet in for an appointment remember that he/she may be a little uneasy about new people and other animals. We strongly recommend that your pet be on a leash, or enclosed in a pet carrier, before entering the hospital. Your pet and others in the waiting area will appreciate the extra care. If you think your pet has a contagious disease, you should call us first with the details. This allows us to decrease exposure to other animals.
We prefer you call for an appointment. Walk-in appointments may be accommodated if time permits.
To book an appointment, please call 613-838-4500.


JKBOSE 10th and 12th class biannual private results of Jammu winter zone declared at www.jkbose.co.in. So, the candidates who have appeared for the examination of JKBOSE class 10th and 12th can now check their results on the official website of Jammu and Kashmir State Board. The Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education has released the results of class 10th biannual 2017 exam and the Higher Secondary Part Two Class 12th Bi-annual Private 2017 exams.
Finally, the wait is over for the Jammu and Kashmir Board students as the board has released the biannual result of class 10th and 12th 2017. And students can now easily access their Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education results of Higher Secondary part two, bi-annual 2017 Leh division examination from the official website.
The Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education is the main board of education across Jammu and Kashmir. It is an autonomous body of the government that has more than 10,609 schools affiliated across the state. It has reported that the board has affiliated to the private institutes that lacked safety certification. The students can now visit the official website of the JKBOSE board i.e., www.jkbose.co.in. And they are advised to download and take out the printout of the results for the future reference.


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Dot Points
26 August 2020 26 August 2020
This week's newsletter (Roundup) is in a different format. Recent feedback has been helpful. Members do not want to read lots of words or lengthy sentences and certainly not paragraphs! Newsletters are 'old-fashioned'. Readers prefer dot-points. This is a trial. Please take a few moments to offer feedback.
May seem boring, but is essential
The Riverland Wine (RW) AGMs for growers and winemakers were convened at the Research Centre on Monday August 10. Details are on the website
RW representatives for the next 12 months are Brett Proud, Sheridan Alm, Peter Hill, Brett Rosenzweig, Jack Papageorgiou, Henry Crawford, John Angove, Joe Russo, Bill Moularadellis, Jim Markeas.
RW contributes very significant time and travel to play our part in supporting and promoting other industry organisations, including Australian Grape and Wine, Wine Grape Council of SA, South Australian Wine Industry Association, Australian Wine Research Institute and of course Wine Australia.
Two years ago, RW initiated the formation of the Inland Wine Regions Alliance (IWRA) under the chairmanship of Jim Caddy. The chairs and executive officers of the inland regions Murray Valley, Riverina and Riverland meet regularly to discuss matters of common interest and advocate on behalf of growers across the inland. Most recently, the IWRA, through Jim, have joined with Australian Grape and Wine to negotiate the revised Wine Industry Code of Conduct.
Without water, the Riverland evaporates
RW has recently established the Riverland Horticulture Futures Group (RHFG) with the Almond Board, Summerfruits SA, Citrus SA, Avocados SA, RIT and CIT.
The RHFG has agreed to jointly fund a program of work with Auricht Projects to develop a regional response to the ACCC Interim Report into Water Markets. This will be submitted prior to COB on Friday, August 28 and available on the RW website soon after.
Fax Machines are Obsolete
The new Customer Relationship Management (CRM) database has been loaded with the details of all members who have provided authorisation for their information to be transferred from Vine Health Australia.
A new Riverland Wine website went live on Monday, August 3. It is interactive with new information and content being added as it comes to hand. Have a look and let us know your impressions including how it might be improved; made more relevant.
The website and the CRM combined will form a 'portal' for all RW members to receive and exchange information
Broader stakeholder audiences, including industry groups, government agencies and visitors from around the globe will also be able to maintain connection with RW via the portal.
The new database will increase RW's capacity to organise members into similar interest groups to provide more targeted support and more relevant communiques.
In addition to the website/CRM work In addition to the website work, the Marketing PR Delivery Group has adapted this year's Riverland Wine and Food Festival to acknowledge our COVID obligations; dispersing activities across a number of sites in collaboration with the Small Winemakers Group, headed up by Jenny Semmler and ably buttressed by the growing number of local producers all 'having a go'.
RW's social media audiences and exchanges are continually setting new standards thanks to Lynda and the team at Purple Giraffe.
You cannot afford to buy anything cheap
In the field of grape and wine technology RW has placed strong emphasis on strengthening relationships with Wine Australia and the main research institutions.
The most exciting current project is Hands off Hectares (HOH), being delivered in partnership with the University of Adelaide and RW members. This is a 3-year, $5M project to develop a digital platform to help RW members reduce production costs as a means of becoming more profitable and competitive.
Other projects currently in train include the new app that will deliver weather information, including disease alerts, to growers' mobile phones from the nearest automatic weather station (AWS). RW now has a network of 30 AWS across the region, a result of a partnership with the NRM Board.
More information on other technical projects will be published in forthcoming 'Roundups'.
Today's Summary
This list of dot-points is by no means a complete dossier of RW works. Rather it is a sample of the initiatives and programs being undertaken at Riverland Wine to raise awareness of the significance of our wine industry and the opportunities that abound for those who want to 'grow the pie'; those working to improve the value of their vineyards and wineries; those who are proud of our huge contribution to our communities, socially, economically and environmentally.
If you prefer this dot-point format as the way to communicate on a weekly basis, let us know. There are plenty of other ideas presently being developed. In another month or two, RW will be trialling regular YouTube communiques. There are plans also for podcasts and possibly blogs and webinars as we transition to a more digital environment both on the farm and at the desk.
We look forward to your input please email Riverland Wine
EcoVineyards Update

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We love seeing this family every summer! Sophie and Stella are growing into the loveliest of ladies!
They have had the busiest vacation! Between the mermaid lessons, paint class, surf lessons, underwater portraits, spa days, ghost crab hunting, and portraits... they will need a vacation from their vacation!
Thanks for being flexible and beating the rain!


Paul Morecroft joined 15 Winckley Square in May 2016 as our Practice Manager.
His career within barristers chambers spans over 28 years and his experience, knowledge and skills are a key to ensuring chambers moves on from strength to strength.
He was shortlisted for a national award in 2014 for 'Senior Clerk / CEO' by the Legal 500.
Paul's role is to ensure our clients and barristers receive the best possible service from his clerks and administrative staff.
He is responsible for the practice development and marketing of the specialist teams within chambers.
Paul is married with one daughter and is actively involved in his community where he serves as a School Governor and was previously a chairman of Bury Round Table. He is also a Founding Member of FC United of Manchester.
Outside chambers, Paul's interests are charitable work, caravanning, computing, cooking and gardening.


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Q: Get JSON response in Pug I set up some APIs in my index.js file to do actions such as create a new post (POST request). I handle it in my Pug file with form elements, like so:
form(method='post' class="addPostForm" target="invis" action='/api/addPost')
  input(type='text' class="addPostInput" name='content' placeholder='Post...')
  input(type='submit' class="submitPostBtn" value='Add!')

However, I need to get the JSON response from my API (e.g. the success, status, etc.) This data would be used to check if a user has successfully added a post, and if so, adjust the  Pug rendering accordingly. How can I do this? I've heard about Ajax, but is that the only way?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Puget Technologies reported today that it is making progress in its plans to roll out its unique line of high-performance 3D printers in the U.S. market. The company continues to make headway in its talks with Weistek, an award-winning 3D printer manufacturer, for acquisition of its first order of 3D printers for American consumers. Weistek recently won the "Best Annual 3D Printer" award at the "2013-2014 Global Interconnection Devices Top 10" ceremony, which took place at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Nevada. The International Consumer Electronics Show is known as the world's largest technology event.
As its progress continues, Puget Technologies is benefiting from expected gains in the tech industry in the future. USA Today recently reported the tech industry has an excellent outlook, estimating profits among technology companies in the S&P 500 index to be 9.3% higher than last year. The newspaper also noted that net profits for tech companies are expected to increase by 5.5%, and U.S. corporate profit operating margins are expected to reach a wholly new record high of 10% of revenues in 2014.
This entry was posted in Puget Technologies Inc. PUGE on January 16, 2014 by QualityStocks.


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Who is Noah Jupe?
Noah Jupe is an English actor. He has appeared in the television series The Night Manager (2016), the dark comedy film Suburbicon (2017), the drama film Wonder (2017), the horror film A Quiet Place (2018), the sports/drama film Ford v Ferrari (2019), the comedy Holmes and Watson (2018) and the drama film Honey Boy (2019).
Noah Jupe - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Jupe
Who is Noah Casford?
Noah Casford Jupe (born 25 February 2005) is an English actor. He is known for appearing in the television series The Night Manager, the dark comedy film Suburbicon, the drama film Wonder, and the horror film A Quiet Place.
What movies has Noah Jupe been in?
Noah Jupe is one of those who entered the world of the entertainment industry with a short role and as of now, Jupe starred more than a dozen movies and television series. His notable project, A Quiet Place (2018), a horror movie and a tv series The Night Manager (2016) gained huge success from the very first day.
Noah Jupe Bio, Age, Height, Net Worth, Parents & Girlfriend
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What nationality is Noah Jupe?
Noah Jupe was born on 25th February 2005 in Islington, London. His birth name is Noah Casford Jupe. He was born to his parents: actress Katy Cavanagh and Chris Jupe. He holds a British nationality and belongs to white ethnicity. His zodiac sign is Pisces.
Noah Jupe (born () 25 February 2005) is a British actor. He has appeared in the television series The Night Manager (2016), the dark comedy film Suburbicon (2017), the drama film Wonder (2017), the horror film A Quiet Place (2018), the sports/drama film Ford v Ferrari (2019), the comedy Holmes and Watson (2018), and the drama film Honey Boy (2019), for which he was nominated for the ...
Noah Jupe Bio, Age, Height, Girlfriend, Net Worth, Movies and ...
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Aug 14, 2020 · Noah Jupe Wonder Jupe was cast as Jack Will in the 2017 American drama film, named Wonder. The film is written by Jack Thorne, Steven Conrad, and Chbosky and directed by Stephen Chbosky. It is derived from the 2012 novel of the same name by R. J. Palacio.
Author: Rhodah
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British actor featured in the George Clooney -directed film Suburbicon after making his feature film acting debut in 2017's The Man with the Iron Heart. He went on to appear in 2017's Wonder and 2018's The Titan and A Quiet Place.
Birth Date: February 25, 2005
Noah Jupe – Age, Bio, Personal Life, Family & Stats | CelebsAges
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Noah Jupe's mother's name is unknown at this time and his father's name is under review. We will continue to update information on Noah Jupe's parents.
Like many famous people and celebrities, Noah Jupe keeps his personal life private. Once more details are available on who he is dating, we will update this section.
The 15-year-old British movie actor has done well thus far. Majority of Noah's money comes from being a movie actor. CelebsMoney has recently updated Noah Jupe's net worth.
Zodiac Sign: Noah Jupe is a Pisces. People of this zodiac sign like romance, to sleep, spiritual themes and dislike the know-it-all, to be criticized, and cruelty of any kind. The strengths of this sign are being compassionate, artistic, gentle, wise, while weaknesses can be to be fearful, overly trusting and desire to escape reality. The greatest overall compatibility with Pieces is Virgo and Taurus. Chinese Zodiac: Noah Jupe was born in the Year of the Rat. People born under this sign are honest, observant and hardworking. They seldom rely on other people in daily life, which can make them impatient when dealing with others. Ruling Planet: Noah Jupe has a ruling planet of Neptune and has a ruling planet of Neptune. Back the early 2,000 B.C. the outer planets, Uranus and Pluto, were not yet discovered, since the telescope had not yet been invented. Astrologers and astronomers could only work with planets visible to the eye.
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Occupation: Movie Actor
Place Of Birth: London, England
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Nov 13, 2020 · Noah Jupe is a popular and hardworking English actor who is known for his role in "A Quiet Place", "Honey Boy" and "Wonder". He has also appeared in a music video named "From Chaos to Harmony" by artist Ian Brown. His parents have a background working in the film industry and from a very young age he wanted to become an actor.
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AbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionAcknowledgmentsReferencesCopyright
Volume 2012 |Article ID 657026 | 10 pages | https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/657026
Effects of Thymol and Carvacrol, Constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil, on the Inflammatory Response
Fernanda Carolina Fachini-Queiroz,1 Raquel Kummer,1 Camila Fernanda Estevão-Silva,1 Maria Dalva de Barros Carvalho,2 Joice Maria Cunha,3 Renata Grespan,1 Ciomar Aparecida Bersani-Amado,1 and Roberto Kenji Nakamura Cuman 1
1Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, State University of Maringá, 870020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
2Department of Medicine, State University of Maringá, 870020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
3Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, 80060-000 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
Academic Editor: Ke Ren
Received09 Feb 2012
Published05 Jul 2012
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L., Lamiaceae) is an aromatic and medicinal plant that has been used in folk medicine, phytopharmaceutical preparations, food preservatives, and as an aromatic ingredient. The effect of Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TEO) and its isolated constituents thymol and cavacrol (CVL) were studied in the following experimental models: ear edema, carrageenan-induced pleurisy, and chemotaxis in vitro. In the pleurisy model, TEO, CVL, and thymol significantly inhibited inflammatory edema. However, only TEO and CVL inhibited leukocyte migration. In the in vitro chemotaxis experiment, CVL inhibited leukocyte migration, whereas thymol exerted a potent chemoattractant effect. In the ear edema model, CVL (10 mg/ear), applied topically, reduced edema formation, exerting a topical anti-inflammatory effect. Thymol did not reduce edema formation but rather presented an irritative response, probably dependent on histamine and prostanoid release. Our data suggest that the antiinflammatory effects of TEO and CVL are attributable to the inhibition of inflammatory edema and leukocyte migration.
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L., Lamiaceae), a small subshrub native to the western Mediterranean region of Europe, has a long history of use and is a chemically variable species [1]. In folk medicine, some Thymus spp. are used for their antihelminthic, expectorant, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidative, antivirotic, carminative, sedative, and diaphoretic effects. They are usually administered by infusion or are used externally in baths to cure rheumatic and skin disease [2, 3]. Reports indicate that the volatile oils of thyme are among the main essential oils used in the food industry and in cosmetics as preservatives and antioxidants [1].
Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TEO) is a mixture of monoterpenes. The main compounds of this oil are the natural terpenoid thymol and its phenol isomer carvacrol (CVL) [4, 5], which have antioxidative, antimicrobial, antitussive, expectorant, antispasmodic, and antibacterial effects [6–10]. Terpenoids, flavonoid aglycones, flavonoids glycosides, and phenolic acids were also found in Thymus spp. [11].
Several studies have been performed with plant extracts [4, 12, 13], but few studies have evaluated the effects of TEO and its isolated constituents in the inflammatory response. In the present study, the effects of TEO and its isolated components thymol and CVL were studied in experimental models of ear edema, carrageenan-induced pleurisy, and chemotaxis in vitro.
2.1. Plant Material and Isolation of the Essential Oil
2.1.1. Plant Material
The fresh leaves of Thymus vulgaris L. were collected from the Profa Irenice Silva Medicinal Plant Garden on the campus of the State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. The leaves were identified and authenticated by botanist Maria Aparecida Sert. A voucher specimen was deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Botany, State University of Maringá (no. 11329).
2.1.2. Isolation of the Essential Oil
The leaves of Thymus vulgaris were extracted by conventional steam distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus for 2 h. The obtained essential oil was dried over sodium sulphate and stored at 4°C in dark vials until tested. The yield of TEO was 1.76% v/w. Thymol and CVL were isolated from TEO as fractions of hydrodistillated oil.
2.2. Analysis of the Essential Oil and Compound Identification
2.2.1. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Gas chromatography (GC) was performed with a Thermo Electron Corporation Focus GC model under the following conditions: DB-5 capillary column (30 m × 0.32 mm, and 0.50 mm); column temperature, 60°C (1 min) to 180°C at 3°C/min; injector temperature, 220°C; detector temperature, 220°C; split ratio, 1 : 10; carrier gas, He; flow rate, 1.0 mL/min. The volume injected (1 μL) was diluted in chloroform (1 : 10). The GC/mass spectrometry (MS) analysis was performed with a Quadrupole mass spectrometer (DSQ II model, Thermo Electron Corporation) that operated at 70 V. The identification of the individual compounds was based on comparisons of their GC retention indices (RI) on an apolar column and comparisons with the mass spectra of authentic standards purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and literature data [14]. The retention indices (RI) were obtained with reference to n-alkane C7H16–C44H90 series (supelco-Bellefonte USA, UK).
2.2.2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was used to prove the chemical structure of the essential oil constituents identified by CG-MS. 1H (300.06 MHz) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR; 75.45 MHz) spectra were recorded in a deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) solution using a Mercury-300BB spectrometer, with δ (ppm) and spectra referenced to CDCl3 (δ 7.27 for 1H and δ 77.00 for 13C) as the internal standard.
2.3. Animals
Male Wistar rats (weighing 180–220 g) and male Swiss mice (weighing 25–30 g) were provided by the Central Animal House of the State University of Maringá. The animals were housed at 22 ± 2°C under a 12 h/12 h light/dark cycle. Prior to the experiments, the animals were fasted overnight, with water provided ad libitum. The experimental protocols were approved by the Ethical Committee in Animal Experimentation of the State University of Maringá (CEAE/UEM 066/2010).
2.4. Bioassays for Cytotoxic Activity
The MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assay is based on the mitochondrial enzyme reduction of tetrazolium dye that detects and determines cell viability. The leukocytes were obtained from the peritoneal cavity of mice 4 h after zymosan injection (1 mg/cavity, i.p.). Briefly, the cells ( cells/well) were exposed to CVL (1, 3, 10, 30, and 90 μg/mL), thymol (1.5, 15, and 150 g/mL, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]), or TEO (1, 3, 10, 30, and 90 μg/mL) for 90 min at 37°C in 5% CO2. A volume of 10 L of MTT (5 mg/mL; Sigma) was added to each well. After 2 h, 150 μL of the supernatant was removed, and 100 μL DMSO was added to each well. The cells were incubated at 25°C for an additional 10 min, and absorbance was measured using a Biochrom Asys Expert plus microplate reader (Asys) at a wavelength of 540 nm. The values of the blank wells were subtracted from each well of treated and control cells. The percentage of viability was determined by the following formula:
2.5. Acute Toxicity Test
Fasted mice were orally treated with TEO. The doses progressively increased to determine the dose necessary to produce lethality in 50% of the animals (LD50). The mice were observed for 7 days following the treatments. Food and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. The number of mice that died within the study period was noted for each group. The LD50 was calculated according to the literature [15]. An equivalent dose of vehicle was administered to the control group.
2.6. Carrageenan-Induced Pleurisy in Rats
This test was performed according to the technique described by Vinegar et al. [16]. The animals were orally pretreated with TEO (250, 500, or 750 mg/kg), CVL (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg), and thymol (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg). Indomethacin (5 mg/kg) and celecoxib (10 mg/kg) were used as standard drugs. Control rats received only water. One hour later, all of the animals, with the exception of the normal group, received an intrapleural injection of carrageenan (200 μg/animal). Four hours later, the animals were euthanized, and the pleural exudate was collected. The volume was determined, and the pleural cavity was washed with 2.0 mL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) that contained EDTA. The exudate volume was measured, and a 50 μL aliquot was used to determine the number of leukocytes in a Neubauer chamber. For total leukocyte count, red blood cells were lysed by adding Turk's solution. For differential cell counting, the fluid was centrifuged at 2500 rotations per minute for 10 min. Exudate smears were prepared, dried, fixed, and stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa. The numbers of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the exudate were determined by optical microscopy, with 100 cells counted per slide. The results are expressed as mean ± SEM.
2.7. In Vitro Chemotaxis
To evaluate the effects of CVL and thymol on chemotaxis, leukocytes were obtained from the peritoneal cavity of mice 4 h after zymozan injection (1 mg/cavity, i.p). The cell number was adjusted to cells/mL in RPMI medium containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). The chemotaxis assay was performed using a 48-well microchemotaxis plate (Neuro Probe), in which the chambers were separated by a polyvinylpyrrolidone-free polycarbonate membrane (5 μm pore size). The chemoattractants N-formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (fMLP; M) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4; M) and a negative control (RPMI 1640) were placed in the lower chamber. A leukocyte suspension ( cells/mL) pretreated with thymol (0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, or 90 μg/mL) and CVL (0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, or 90 μg/mL) for 30 min was then placed in the upper chamber. The cells were allowed to migrate into the membrane for 1 h at 37°C in 5% CO2. Following incubation, the membrane was washed in PBS, fixed in methanol, and stained with Instant Prov. The membrane area of each well was scored using light microscopy to count the intact cells present in five random fields. The results are expressed as the mean number of leukocytes per field and are representative of three separate experiments.
To evaluate the chemoattractant effect of thymol on leukocyte chemotaxis, thymol was tested at concentrations of 1.5, 15, and 150 μg/mL. The cells were obtained from the peritoneal cavity as described above. Thymol or RPMI 1640 were placed in the lower chamber. The leukocyte suspension ( cells/mL) was placed in the upper chamber, and the chemotaxis assay was performed as described above.
2.8. Topical Ear Edema
Cutaneous inflammation was induced by the application of 5% croton oil (10 μL) in acetone (vehicle) to the inner surface of the right ear in mice. The left ear received an equal volume of vehicle. CVL (10, 20, and 40 mg/ear), thymol (10 mg/ear), indomethacin (0.5 mg/ear), dexamethasone (0.1 mg/ear), and vehicle were topically applied to the right ear 1 h before croton oil application. Four hours after the inflammatory stimulation, the mice were sacrificed, and a plug (7 mm diameter) was removed from both the treated and untreated ears (). Edema was measured as the weight difference between the two plugs. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM weight of the ears.
Thymol as a topical irritative was also tested. Ten microliters of thymol was applied to the right ears of mice, and the left ears received an equal volume of vehicle (acetone). The animals were treated with indomethacin (5 mg/kg, orally) or promethazine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) 60 min before the thymol application. Croton oil was used as a positive control. Ear edema was determined 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after the inflammatory stimulation and is expressed as the increase in ear thickness measured with an electronic micrometer (Digimess) before and after the induction of the inflammatory response. The micrometer was applied near to the tip of the ear just distal to the cartilaginous ridges, and the thickness was determined in micrometers. To minimize the variations caused by using this technique, a single investigator made the measurements throughout all of the experiments. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM ear measurements.
2.9. Myeloperoxidase Activity
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was assayed in the supernatant of homogenates of the ear sections (untreated controls and animals treated with CVL, thymol, and 0.1 mg dexamethasone) [17]. The ears were placed in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) that contained 0.5% hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (1 mL/50 mg of tissue; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) in a Potter homogenizer. The homogenate was shaken in a vortex mixer and centrifuged for 5 min. Ten microliters of the supernatant was added to each well in triplicate in a 96-well microplate. Two hundred microliters of the buffer solution that contained 16.7 mg O-dianisidine dihydrochloride (Sigma), 90 mL double-distilled water, 10 mL potassium phosphate buffer, and 50 μL of 1% H2O2 was added. The enzyme reaction was stopped by the addition of sodium acetate. Enzyme activity was determined by the absorbance measured at 460 nm using a microplate spectrophotometer (Spectra Max Plus).
The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM for each group. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way variance analysis followed by Tukey's test. Differences were considered significant at .
The essential oils obtained from the leaves of Thymus are rich in monoterpene phenols, especially thymol and CVL [5]. The chemical composition of TEO was investigated using GC-MS and NMR. The results of the GC-MS analysis (Figure 1) showed a predominance of CVL (45.5%), α-terpineol (22.9%), and endo-Borneol (14.3%). The percentages of the major components and their retention indices are summarized in Table 1.
Retention time Retention indexa Compound Percentual (%) Identification
6.8 945 Solvente — MSb
7.8 960 α-Pinene 1.9 MS, NMRd
8.7 1022 p-Cymene 0.6 MS, NMR
9.9 1022 Limonene 0.6 MS, NMR
10.1 1028 γ-Terpinene 1.1 MS, NMR
11.3 1056 Linalool 0.2 MS, NMR
14.8 1143 Camphor 0.1 MS, NMR
15.7 1163 endo-Borneol 14.3 MS, NMR
16.2 1175 4-Terpineol 0.7 MS, NMR
16.8 1187 α-Terpineol 22.9 MS, NMR
19.1 1240c Carvacrol methyl ether 1.3 MS, NMR
21.0 1289c Thymol 0.9 MS, NMR
21.6 1297c Carvacrol 45.5 MS, NMR
24.8 1417 Geranyl acetate 0.3 MS, NMR
26.6 1417 Caryophyllene 3.2 MS, NMR
30.8 1580 Unknown 0.8 MS, NMR
33.2 1580 Caryophyllene oxide 2.9 MS, NMR
35.3 1637 Germacrene-D 1.8 MS, NMR
Total identified 99.2
aRI: Retention index relative to a homologous series of n-alkanes on the DB-5 capillary column.
bMass spectrometry.
cCalculated considering retention time of 22.65 minutes.
dNuclear magnetic resonance.
Percentual chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris leaves essential oil.
GC chromatogram of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil. Percentage data were obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Peak (1) endo-Borneol (14.3%); (2) α-Terpineol (22.9%); (3) Carvacrol (45.5%).
In the cell viability assay, the treatments were tested at different concentrations. TEO at concentrations of 1, 3, 10, 30, and 90 μg/mL showed cell viability of 88%, 82%, 90%, 92%, and 75%, respectively. CVL at concentrations of 1, 3, 10, 30, and 90 μg/mL showed cell viability of 90%, 90%, 90%, 88%, and 87%, respectively. Thymol at concentrations of 1.5, 15, and 150 μg/mL showed cell viability of 83%, 97%, and 95%, respectively. Our data indicated that TEO, CVL, and thymol did not present in vitro cytotoxicity at any of the concentrations tested.
In the acute toxicology study, TEO was tested orally at doses of 2000 mg/kg, 3000 mg/kg, and 4000 mg/kg. The LD50 value of TEO was 4000 mg/kg. All of the doses used in the present study were lower than the observed LD50 values. Consequently, no apparent behavioral side effects were observed in the animals during our studies. The high LD50 values also suggest that TEO is relatively safe and nontoxic. Therefore, we studied the effects of TEO, CVL, and thymol on the inflammatory response evaluated by antiedematogenic activity and leukocyte migration.
Acute inflammation, typically characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and heat, is one of the most important defense mechanisms against invading pathogens. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can active monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages [18] and induce an oversecretion of various proinflammatory and toxicity-mediating molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), eicosanoids, and nitric oxide (NO) [19]. Prostaglandins (PGs) and NO are two important proinflammatory mediators. The inhibition of the production of PGs and NO via the inhibition of their synthases (i.e., cyclooxygenase 2 [COX-2] and inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS], resp.) has been demonstrated to be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory disease [20]. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), have numerous adverse side effects, such as gastrointestinal discomfort, the inhibition of platelet aggregation, and liver and kidney toxicity [21]. Therefore, the search for natural products with fewer side effects has been increasingly important.
Different mechanisms are well known to be involved in the genesis of inflammatory reactions. The development of inflammatory edema induced by carrageenan is characterized by an initial stage (1-2 h) and is dependent on the release of histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin, followed by a later stage (3-4 h) that is maintained principally by the release of kinins, lysozymes, and prostanoids [22, 23]. Eicosanoids promote the chemotaxis of neutrophils, and they induce the biosynthesis of elastase, collagenase, and other compounds. These enzymes break down structural proteins into peptides. Consequently, vascular permeability and hydrostatic pressure increase, resulting in edema and the migration of neutrophils to the damaged tissue [24]. COX-2, an inducible enzyme found in activated inflammatory cells, plays a crucial role in cytokine production and prostanoid mediator release. The inhibition of COX-2 protein expression has been used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of compounds in vivo and in vitro [19, 25, 26]. TNF-, a key mediator of the inflammatory response, stimulates innate immune responses by activating T-cells and macrophages that stimulate the release of other inflammatory cytokines. TNF-α is also a mediator of carrageenan-induced inflammation and is able to enhance the further release of kinins and leukotrienes [27]. Nitric oxide has been shown to play an important role in both the regulation of vascular permeability and cell migration induced by proinflammatory agents, including carrageenan [28, 29].
The pleurisy model is used to screen anti-inflammatory drugs. Exudate accumulation in the pleural cavity and leukocyte migration can be evaluated [16]. In the pleurisy model, TEO at doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg significantly reduced inflammatory exudates. At a dose of 750 mg/kg, TEO reduced the number of migrated cells (Table 2). The groups treated with indomethacin and celecoxib exhibited a reduction in inflammatory exudates but not a reduction in leukocyte migration. CVL and thymol significantly reduced the volume of pleural inflammatory exudates by 47.3% and 34.2%, respectively, at a dose of 400 mg/kg. CVL decreased the number of migrated cells at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Thymol, however, was not able to reduce cell migration (Tables 3 and 4). These data indicate that TEO, CVL, and thymol significantly inhibited inflammatory edema, but only TEO and CVL exerted inhibitory effects on leukocyte migration to the injury site. Our data corroborate previous studies that demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of different essential oils (i.e., inhibition of inflammatory edema and chemotaxis) [30–34]. CVL acts as a suppressor of COX-2 and activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors [35]. Our data suggest that CVL may inhibit prostanoid release because CVL had effects that were similar to indomethacin and celecoxib (i.e., inhibition of COX-1 and -2) [36] (Table 3).
Group Exudate volume (mL) Inhibition (%) (cells/mm3) 103
Total leukocytes MN PMN
Control b b b b
Indomethacin (5 mg/kg) a,b 56.7 b b b
Celecoxib (10 mg/kg) a,b 43.3 b b b
250 mg/kg a,b 18.4 b b b
750 mg/kg a,b 30.2 a,b b a,b
Data are mean ± SEM of 8–10 animals/group. Indomethacin and celecoxib administered orally were used as reference anti-inflammatory drugs (positive controls). Normal: animals that received injection of saline in the cavity (normal group), Control: animals that received injection of carrageenan in the cavity (negative control). MN: mononuclears cells. PMN: polimorphonuclears cells. a compared to control group; b compared to normal group (ANOVA, Tukey's test).
Effect of Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TEO) treatment on exudate volume and leukocytes number 4 hours after carrageenan injection (200 μg/pleural cavity) in rats.
Group Exsudate volume (mL) Inhibition (%) (cells/mm3) 103
Celecoxib (10 mg/kg) a,b 43.3 b b b
Carvacrol
100 mg/kg b — a,b b b
Effect of carvacrol treatment on exudate volume and leukocytes number 4 hours after carrageenan injection (200 μg/pleural cavity) in rats.
Control b b b
Indomethacin (5 mg/kg) a 56.7 b b b
Celecoxib (10 mg/kg) a 43.3 b b b
100 mg/kg — b b b
400 mg/kg a 34.2 b b b
Effect of thymol treatment on exudate volume and leukocytes number 4 hours after carrageenan injection (200 μg/pleural cavity) in rats.
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte recruitment is an essential factor in the acute inflammatory process, acting as first-line-defense cells in the initiation and resolution phases of this process [37]. In situations in which uncontrolled infiltration of these cells occurs, they can become the main aggressor factor. Under such conditions, pharmacological interventions with drugs that are able to modulate leukocyte recruitment may present an interesting therapeutic possibility.
The present study also evaluated the effects of thymol and CVL at different concentrations on leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro. The chemoattractants fMLP ( M) and LTB4 ( M) were used. CVL at doses of 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, and 90 μg/mL significantly reduced () neutrophil migration in response to fMLP stimulation (20.07 ± 1.02%, 14.79 ± 1.79%, 25.28 ± 2.51%, 29.48 ± 2.21%, 42.92 ± 2.06%, and 52.23 ± 1.75%, resp.) and LTB4 stimulation (19.82 ± 2.50%, 24.81 ± 1.66%, 20.35 ± 1.18%, 30.41 ± 0.61%, 36.44 ± 1.54%, and 61.11 ± 1.82%, resp.; Figures 2(a) and 2(b)). Thymol at doses of 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, and 90 μg/mL did not reduce leukocyte migration in vitro in response to fMLP and LTB4 stimulation (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)). However, thymol at concentrations of 1.5, 15, and 150 μg/mL was a potent chemoattractant agent (Figure 3). CVL and thymol did not affect leukocyte viability at the concentrations tested, suggesting that the direct effects of the treatments on the inhibition of leukocyte chemotaxis did not occur because of the toxic effects that induce cell death.
Effect of CVL and thymol on in vitro leukocyte chemotaxis. Leukocytes were obtained from zymosan-induced peritonitis (200 g/cavity) and stimulated with fMLP ( ) or LTB4 (10−8) after 30 min of CVL (a, b) or thymol (c, d) treatments at doses of 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30 and 90 g/mL. Values are mean ± SEM ( ) and are representative of three independent experiments. * versus Vh (vehicle), # versus group of leukocytes stimulated with fMLP or LTB4.
Thymol used as a chemotactic agent in concentrations of 1.5, 15, and 150 g/mL. Leukocytes were obtained from zymosan-induced peritonitis (200 g/cavity). Values are mean ± SEM ( ) and are representative of three independent experiments. # versus Vh (vehicle).
Only CVL was able to inhibit in vitro chemotaxis induced by fMLP and LTB4, suggesting that CVL and thymol exert their effects on leukocyte chemotaxis through different mechanisms. Leukotriene is a potent chemotactic agent derived from arachidonic acid [38]. fMLP is a chemotactic agent involved in the release of cytokines. Upon binding to its G-protein-coupled receptor, it activates multiple signaling cascade pathways [39]. These pathways include the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) cascades, which are important for the development of the functional responses of neutrophils in inflammation [40, 41]. Our data suggest that CVL may act by inhibiting cytokines and leukotrienes, and these mediators are likely not involved in the mechanism of action of thymol.
To demonstrate the topical effect of thymol and CVL in vivo, we evaluated inflammatory ear edema induced by croton oil. Croton oil is an irritant agent that causes cell damage and activates phospholipase A2, which releases arachidonic acid from the cell plasma membrane. From arachidonic acid, the production of prostaglandins by COX-1 and COX-2 and leukotrienes by 5-lipoxygenase occurs. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators involved in edema and leukocyte migration [42]. Croton oil application to the right ear in mice induced an apparent inflammatory response 4 h later. An increase in the weight of the ears was observed. Indomethacin (0.5 mg/ear) and dexamethasone (0.1 mg/ear) significantly inhibited ear edema by 44% and 36%, respectively (). CVL did not reduce ear edema at concentrations of 20 and 40 mg/ear, but ear edema was reduced at the lowest concentration (10 mg/ear), similar to the 37.2% reduction observed with dexamethasone (; Figure 4(a)).
Effect of CVL on ear edema (a) and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) (b) induced by croton oil in ear tissues from mice. The animals ( ) were treated topically with carvacrol, indomethacin (Indo), or dexamethasone (Dex) 1 h before croton oil application (10 L/ear). Dex (0.1 mg/ear) or Indo (0.5 mg/ear) were used as anti-inflammatory drugs (positive control). The right ears received only the vehicle (Basal). Data are mean ± SEM weight of the ears (a) or MPO activity (b), 4 hours after application of croton oil, # , compared to the control group (croton oil) (ANOVA, Tukey's test).
The present study showed that CVL at 10 mg/ear has an antiedematogenic effect when administered topically, similar to the observations with dexamethasone and indomethacin. In this experimental model, these treatments inhibited both fluid extravasation and cellular influx, indirectly reflected by a reduction in MPO activity. The enzyme MPO is found in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils and other cells of myeloid origin and is considered a marker of polymorphonuclear leukocyte influx into inflamed tissues. Therefore, MPO inhibition may result in an anti-inflammatory effect [23]. CVL (10 mg/ear), indomethacin (0.5 mg/ear), and dexamethasone (0.1 mg/ear) significantly inhibited the activity of this enzyme (43.8%, 52.0%, and 38.3%, resp.; ; Figure 4(b)). Our data showed that CVL effectively inhibited chemotaxis in vitro but also had antiedematogenic and antichemotactic effects in vivo (pleurisy test) when administered systemically.
As shown in Figure 5, the ear edema formation intensities were similar between croton oil and thymol, suggesting similar responses to both irritative agents. Ear edema induced by croton oil involves the activation of phospholipase A2 and biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes [43, 44]. To compare the probable irritative mechanism of the topical effect of thymol and croton oil, the following experiments were performed. The animals were treated with indomethacin (5 mg/kg, p.o.) and promethazine (5 mg/mL, i.p.) 60 min before the application of thymol. Croton oil was used as a positive control. To evaluate the participation of histamine in this inflammatory response, promethazine was used as an antihistaminic reference drug. Ear edema was determined 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after the inflammatory stimulation. The time-course analysis of thymol revealed an increase in edema volume at 60 min (Figure 6). This response could be attributable to the release of different autacoids, including histamine. Essential oils and their isolated compounds can promote the release of histamine and other mediators, acting as irritative agents [45]. Indomethacin treatment effectively reduced the formation of ear edema induced by thymol, whereas promethazine treatment only inhibited the early stage of edema. Our results indicate that the edematogenic response of thymol is partially dependent on histamine and prostanoids. Therefore, our results suggest that thymol has an irritative effect, similar to the effect observed with croton oil.
Effect of thymol on ear edema (a) and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) (b) in ear tissues from mice. The animals ( ) were treated topically with indomethacin (Indo) or dexamethasone (Dex) 1 h before croton oil application (10 L/ear). The group treated with thymol did not received the croton oil. Dex (0.1 mg/ear) and Indo (0.5 mg/ear) were used as anti-inflammatory drugs (positive control). The right ears received only the vehicle. Data are mean ± SEM weight of the ears (a) or MPO activity (b), 4 hours after application of croton oil or thymol. # , compared to the control group (croton oil) (ANOVA, Tukey's test).
Ear edema induced by thymol (10 mg/ear). The animals ( ) were treated with indomethacin (Indo) (5 mg/Kg, v.o.) or promethazine (PTZ) (5 mg/Kg, i.p.) 60 minutes beforethe thymol application. The croton oil (CO) was used for positive control. The ear edema was determined in 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after inflammatory stimuli. Data are mean ± SEM of the ear thickness, # compared to thymol group. * compared to the positive control (ANOVA, Tukey's test).
Thus, our results are consistent with the literature and showed that TEO has anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. However, the isolated compounds thymol and CVL showed antagonist effects. Thymol has an irritative effect that likely involves histamine, prostanoids, and other inflammatory mediators. CVL may be the compound responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of TEO, demonstrated by chemotaxis in vitro. The present study contributes to the growing evidence of the anti-inflammatory effects of natural products. Overall, our data support the hypothesis that the inhibitory effect of CVL on leukocyte migration contributes to its anti-inflammatory action, in addition to the irritant effect of thymol.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.
This study was supported by grants from CAPES (Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), Brazil. The authors thank Mr. Jailson Araujo Dantas and Mrs. Celia Regina Miranda for technical assistance.
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text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

		<meta charset="utf-8">
		<base href="../../../" />

		<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="page.css" />

Instalação

Você pode instalar o three.js através do [link:https://www.npmjs.com/ npm] e modernas ferramentas de build ou começar rapidamente apenas com hospedagem estática ou um CDN. Para a maioria dos usuários, instalar pelo npm é a melhor opção.

Qualquer maneira que escolher, seja consistente e importe todos os arquivos na mesma versão da biblioteca. A mistura de arquivos de versões diferentes pode causar a inclusão de código duplicado ou até mesmo quebrar a aplicação de maneiras inesperadas.

Todos os métodos de instalação do three.js dependem dos ES modules (veja [link:https://eloquentjavascript.net/10_modules.html#h_hF2FmOVxw7 Eloquent JavaScript: ECMAScript Modules]), que permitem incluir somente as partes necessárias da biblioteca no projeto final.

Instalar pelo npm

			Para instalar o módulo do npm do [link:https://www.npmjs.com/package/three three], abra uma janela do terminal na sua pasta do projeto e execute:

		npm install three

			O pacote será baixado e instalado. Então você estará pronto para importar no seu código:

		// Option 1: Import the entire three.js core library.
		import * as THREE from 'three';

		const scene = new THREE.Scene();

		// Option 2: Import just the parts you need.
		import { Scene } from 'three';

		const scene = new Scene();

Ao instalar a partir do npm, você quase sempre usará algum tipo de [link:https://eloquentjavascript.net/10_modules.html#h_zWTXAU93DC ferramenta de build] para combinar todos os pacotes que seu projeto precisa em um único arquivo JavaScript. Embora alguns modernos empacotadores JavaScript possam ser usados com o three.js, a escolha mais popular é o [link:https://webpack.js.org/ webpack].

Nem todos os recursos são acessados diretamente pelo módulo three. Outras partes populares da biblioteca - tais como controls, loaders e post-processing effects - devem ser importados da subpasta [link:https://github.com/mrdoob/three.js/tree/dev/examples/jsm examples/jsm]. Para aprender mais, veja o Exemplo abaixo.

Aprenda mais sobre módulos do npm em [link:https://eloquentjavascript.net/20_node.html#h_J6hW/SmL/a Eloquent JavaScript: Installing with npm].

Instalar através de CDN ou hospedagem estática

A biblioteca three.js pode ser utilizada sem nenhum sistema de build, seja fazendo o upload dos arquivos para seu próprio servidor web ou usando um CDN existente. Como a biblioteca depende dos ES modules, qualquer script que faça referência a eles deve usar type="module" como mostrado abaixo. Também é necessário definir um mapa de importação que resolva a importação direta do `three`.

		<script async src="https://unpkg.com/es-module-shims@1.3.6/dist/es-module-shims.js"></script>

		<script type="importmap">
		  {
		    "imports": {
		      "three": "https://unpkg.com/three@<version>/build/three.module.js"
		    }
		  }
		</script>

		<script type="module">

		  import * as THREE from 'three';

		  const scene = new THREE.Scene();

		</script>

			Nem todos os recursos disponíveis são acessados diretamente através do módulo three. Outras partes populares da biblioteca - tais como controls, loaders e post-processing effects - devem ser importados da subpasta [link:https://github.com/mrdoob/three.js/tree/dev/examples/jsm examples/jsm]. Para aprender mais, veja o Exemplo abaixo.

			Como os mapas de importação ainda não são suportados por todos os navegadores, é necessário adicionar o polyfill *es-module-shims.js*.

Exemplos

			O núcleo do three.js está focado nos componentes mais importantes de uma engine 3D. Muitos outros componentes úteis - como controls, loaders e post-processing effects - fazem parte da pasta [link:https://github.com/mrdoob/three.js/tree/dev/examples/jsm examples/jsm]. Eles são chamados de "exemplos" porque embora você possa usá-los diretamente, eles também podem ser remixados e personalizados. Esses componentes são sempre mantidos em sincronia com a biblioteca principal, enquanto pacotes semelhantes de terceiros no npm são mantidos por pessoas diferentes e podem estar desatualizados.

			Os exemplos não precisam ser instalados separadamente, mas precisam ser importados separadamente. Se o three.js foi instalado com npm, você pode carregar o componente [page:OrbitControls] com:

		import { OrbitControls } from 'three/examples/jsm/controls/OrbitControls.js';

		const controls = new OrbitControls( camera, renderer.domElement );

Se o three.js foi instalado de um CDN, use o mesmo CDN para instalar outros componentes:

		<script type="module">

		  import { OrbitControls } from 'https://unpkg.com/three@<version>/examples/jsm/controls/OrbitControls.js';

		  const controls = new OrbitControls( camera, renderer.domElement );

		</script>

			É importante que todos os arquivos utilizem a mesma versão. Não importe diferentes exemplos de diferentes versões, ou use exemplos de uma versão diferente que a própria biblioteca three.js.

Compatibilidade

Importação CommonJS

			Embora a maioria dos bundlers JavaScript modernos atualmente suportem os ES modules por padrão, algumas ferramentas de build mais antigas podem não suportar. Nesses casos você provavelmente pode configurar o bundler para entender os ES modules: [link:http://browserify.org/ Browserify] precisa apenas do plugin [link:https://github.com/babel/babelify babelify], por exemplo.

Node.js

			Como o three.js foi desenvolvido para a web, ele depende do navegador e das APIs DOM que nem sempre existem no Node.js. Alguns desses problemas podem ser resolvidos usando ferramentas como [link:https://github.com/stackgl/headless-gl headless-gl], ou substituindo componentes como [page:TextureLoader] por alternativas personalizadas. Outras APIs DOM podem ser profundamente entrelaçadas com o código que as utiliza, e serão mais difíceis de contornar. Aceitamos solicitações de pull simples e fáceis de manter para melhorar o suporte ao Node.js, mas recomendo abrir uma issue para discutir suas melhorias primeiro.

			Certifique-se de adicionar `{ "type": "module" }` ao seu `package.json` para habilitar os ES6 modules em seu projeto Node.js.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Sacombank showcases payment technologies at HCM City Innovation and Digital Transformation Week
October, 14/2022 - 10:15
Sacombank has showcased its payment technologies at an exhibition held on October 13 and 14 as part of the HCM City Innovation and Digital Transformation Week.
Customers are excited to experience Sacombank's payment technologies at an exhibition held as part of the HCM City Innovation and Digital Transformation Week in HCM City on October 13 and 14. — Photo courtesy of the bank
HCM CITY — Sacombank has showcased its payment technologies at an exhibition held on October 13 and 14 as part of the HCM City Innovation and Digital Transformation Week.
The exhibition has attracted start-ups and businesses with innovations and digital transformation solutions that serve consumers and contribute to socio-economic development.
Sacombank is displaying QR code, contactless payment, and tap to phone technologies.
Besides, at its exhibition stall, customers can open a payment account with numbers of their choice on the Sacombank Pay application and receive attractive gifts.
Sacombank is a pioneer in deploying these technologies in Việt Nam, which offer customers exceptional payment experiences, increase utility and convenience and help popularise cashless payment.
In particular, the account opening feature on the Sacombank Pay application is deeply appreciated since it is line with the online finance trend, creating maximum convenience for customers in accessing banking services regardless of where they are.
Tap to phone technology is considered an effective support tool for businesses by turning a merchant's smartphone or tablet into a contactless point-of-sale (POS) terminal that can receive payments from customers' contactless cards and mobile wallets.
Businesses with a wide distribution network and small and medium enterprises can deploy a variety of payment acceptance methods at points of sale without requiring big investment.
In addition to modern payment technologies, Sacombank has also invested heavily in digital transformation in management, administration and elsewhere.
It established a digital transformation centre last year, and has begun a series of important projects such as the LinuxONE server project to increase the efficiency of database consolidation, speed up information processing and enhance security, and adopting the customer relationship management system, the Loan Origination System and the Smart Queue for automated transaction flow management system among others to help shorten the process, save time and improve efficiency.
Sacombank's customer base topped 10 million at the end of September 2022.
It has recorded a strong increase in transactions via digital channels with more than 3.6 million users on Sacombank Pay and over 3.2 million Internet Banking/Mobile Banking users, up 71 per cent and 13 per cent from a year earlier.
Transactions via digital channels currently account for 86 per cent of total value. — VNS
Seafood exports' profit expected to fall in 2023
Railway network aims to turn tide against low-cost airlines, cars with improved service
Positive prospects for Việt Nam stock market this year
Government lays down Resolution No.01
NovaGroup, chairman's son to buy 10 million Novaland shares
NovaGroup has just registered to buy eight million shares of No Va Real Estate Investment Group Joint Stock Company (Novaland) by a transfer of share ownership.
Falling plastic granule prices improve firms' profitability
Forecast prices of between US$800 to $1000 per tonne are projected to significantly improve domestic plastic firms' profit margins.
ODA return burden to fiscal planning
Unable to disburse ODA as planned, many ministries and local authorities have begun to return the loans to the Government, adding burden to fiscal planning.
Việt Nam's garment export value up in nine months
Việt Nam's textile and garment export value reached US$35 billion in the first nine months of 2022, up 21 per cent over the same period last year.
Brand building goes hand-in-hand with social responsibility
The chamber stressed the importance of a strong brand that inspires confidence and stability with business partners while strongly associated with social responsibility and the community.
Indices extend rallies on bullish sentiment
Stronger bottom-fishing force supported the market's sentiment to reverse the morning course. In the morning trade, the VN-Index fell slightly 0.47 points.
Vietjet opens direct flights between Việt Nam and Kazakhstan
With flying time per leg of more than nine hours, the routes will be commenced in this October with two flights per week, according to Vietjet.
Food ingredients expo kicks off in HCM City
Food Ingredients Vietnam (Fi Vietnam 2022), the largest food and beverage (F&B) ingredients exhibition in the country, will last until October 14.
Piktina raises $1 million in seed funding
The Piktina app, a pioneering online marketplace for secondhand fashion in Việt Nam, has announced it successfully raised US$1 million in seed funding from Touchstone Partners, a Việt Nam-focused venture capital firm.


My modem take automatic reboot after interval of time? What happen?
From last fifteen days my modem take automatic reboot after interval of time? I don't know What happen? This is very problematic situation for me. It interrupt me while browsing internet. Also I fear that some one hacked my network or like that. If you have any solution then guide me what to do?
Make sure that your power cable of the modem is proper and check out all the connection of your modem and telephone as well. Just remove everything and reconnect it. After that also if it is not working then there may be some internal problem of your Modem.
I will try to solve your problem. First reconnect all your components attached by your modem. The cable may be have some problem. Try to check it. Dont worry nothing may be happen like hacking and all. That wont be the problem over here. May be some physical problem yet in your modem.
I had tried your solution and now problem is solved. Thanks for your valuable information.


text:
T is for Teen: An Easy Guide to the ESRB Ratings
Posted by Keezy Young | October 28, 2013	| Tips for Parents | 11 Comments
Most people know the phrase "T is for Teen." But what does T really mean?
A 2012 survey found that a significant percentage of parents are aware that there are ESRB ratings and consider the ESRB ratings when purchasing a game, and 89% of parents are present and involved in the purchasing decision.
The survey also found that awareness of ratings does not always mean the parent will use ratings when deciding which games to purchase—a finding that could be of some concern. While the ESRB rating system is the most highly enforced rating system in the nation, it is only as good as parents make it.
We've heard time and time again from retailers who witness kids cajoling their parents into buying M-rated titles like Grand Theft Auto. While we don't advocate censoring games, we do want parents to have the tools they need to make the right decisions for their families. For some, that might be buying Grand Theft Auto V for their 10-year-old and using it as a racing game. For others, that might mean putting a foot down and making the kids wait until the age matches the rating.
Here is the ESRB's ratings breakdown:
Content is intended for young children.
Content is generally suitable for all ages. May contain minimal cartoon, fantasy or mild violence and/or infrequent use of mild language.
Content is generally suitable for ages 10 and up. May contain more cartoon, fantasy or mild violence, mild language and/or minimal suggestive themes.
Content is generally suitable for ages 13 and up. May contain violence, suggestive themes, crude humor, minimal blood, simulated gambling and/or infrequent use of strong language.
Content is generally suitable for ages 17 and up. May contain intense violence, blood and gore, sexual content and/or strong language.
Content suitable only for adults ages 18 and up. May include prolonged scenes of intense violence, graphic sexual content and/or gambling with real currency.
RATING PENDING
Not yet assigned a final ESRB rating. Appears only in advertising, marketing and promotional materials related to a game that is expected to carry an ESRB rating, and should be replaced by a game's rating once it has been assigned.
Here's what we think parents may not know, but probably should:
Not all games are created equal. Halo was given an M-rating for its (unrealistic) blood and strong language; Grand Theft Auto V was given an M-Rating for gratuitous torture, pornography, and racial and gendered slurs.
ESRB ratings do not exactly match up with movie ratings.
Content Categories are what the ESRB uses to designate specific content beyond the base rating. In Mass Effect 3, the Content Categories are Blood, Partial Nudity, Sexual Content, Strong Language, and Violence. This can give parents a clearer idea of what is in the game.
However. It's important to note that the "Suggestive Themes" indicator in an M-Rated game like Mass Effect is not the same as "Suggestive Themes" in an E10+ game. Categories are given with the base rating in mind. "Suggestive Themes" in a T-Rated game might mean revealing clothing. "Suggestive Themes" in an M-Rated game might mean foreplay (though, to date, video games have far less sexual content than, say, your average TV show).
The best way to navigate these ratings is to get a good handle on two things: 1) what your kids are comfortable with and ready for, and 2) what the game content really is. Watching Let's Play videos, looking at screenshots, and reading reviews are invaluable. If you're in the store and your kids already have your wallet out, ask the clerk to tell you what they know—most of the people who work in game stores are happy to share their knowledge, and they might also be willing to look it up for you if they have time.
age-appropriatenessE for EveryoneE10+ESRBM for MatureparentsratingsT for Teen
About Keezy Young
Keezy is a gamer, illustrator, and designer. Her background is in teaching and tutoring kids from ages 9 to 19, and she's led workshops for young women in STEM. She is also holds a certificate in teaching English. Her first memory of gaming is when her dad taught her to play the first Warcraft when she was five. You can find her at Key of Zee and on Twitter @KeezyBees.