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Arming for the Workplace Cultural Dynamics
By Tim Garrett
Today's workplace seems to have become a battleground in the culture wars. Will your employees embrace workplace diversity or will they feel embattled?
Focus on relationships, not rules, when it comes to creating a thriving workplace culture.
The workplace is the most prevalent arena of so-called forced diversity. That's not intended as a criticism or qualitative assessment. To the contrary, properly understood and directed, the reality can be a positive development. Rather, the observation notes the following reality — the workplace is both where we spend the greatest amount of time outside the home and where diversity is thrust upon us more than in any other place.
Reasonable people can see the benefit of embracing diversity — diversity of thought, culture and experience. We learn much from each other. The pace of social change — reflective in the workplace — was intentional and deliberate in the past. It started perhaps before 1964, but certainly no later than that year with the passage of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
The pace of social and cultural change has accelerated dramatically recently with several developments:
The Supreme Court recognized same-sex marriage, and that ruling has expanded social relationships on which some workplace policies and benefits depend, such as the Family and Medical Leave Act and employee spousal benefits.
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and other government agencies now interpret the phrase "sex discrimination" — which has been used in various laws, regulations and executive orders since 1964 — as prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. The Affordable Care Act's non-discrimination mandate recently was interpreted to require a health plan to cover gender transition medical treatment. These new interpretations have impacted the workplace — from harassment policies to bathroom access to procedures covered by insurance.
Technology and social media allow people to work anywhere, and many people work everywhere. These advances allow employees to broadcast opinions to a wide audience, including co-workers. The lines between "on duty" and "off duty" are blurred, and broadcasting personal opinions among a large group of fellow workers can impact workplace relationships and taint the workplace environment — and yet these activities have been interpreted as "protected concerted activity" for which an employer may not be able to take any discipline.
The mounting importance of "feelings" in the culture, with a corresponding expectation (albeit unrealistic) that workers should be free of any conduct they find insulting, unaccepting or challenging to their viewpoint.
The Tension
These legal and social changes create tensions that are a huge challenge for employers. The differences in this "forced diversity" are no longer limited to race or gender, but are also reflective in more divergent religious views, ethnic origins, sexual preferences, gender identities and widely divergent political persuasions.
But, as with all challenges, a savvy employer realizes that this challenge also presents an opportunity: Meeting this challenge effectively can be a difference-maker and can provide a means of recruiting and retaining quality talent.
Can employers effectively meet this challenge with the adoption of more policies? Not likely.
As the culture changes more rapidly, many employers — and those advising them — cry that handbooks must be reviewed and policies must be revised. While a team-oriented workplace requires occasional policy review and revision, this approach does not provide an effective solution. Why? The answer is multi-faceted:
No rule, law or policy transforms behavior at its most needed level. Those will only suppress behavior. Fear of discipline becomes the primary motivator. In a fear-based environment, compliance is at risk, cover-up is more likely and the complaint process loses integrity.
According to the National Labor Relations Board, broad civility codes violate Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act; that is, policies with broad expectations of a "positive workplace environment" violate employees' rights to object to, and confront management about, pay practices or working conditions.
Revising a policy does not address issues of unprofessional or inappropriate conduct. For example, consider this scenario: Employee Jane, a Caucasian, sees co-worker Natasha, an African-American, with a new hairdo. Jane compliments Natasha but then asks if the hair is "really hers." Jane means no offense but is clueless as to how this question sounds to Natasha. Natasha appreciates the compliment but sees the comment as reflective of Jane's inherent bias. Natasha complains. Yet, no "rule" or "policy" has been broken. The statement was a compliment and at most, was ambiguous and not expressly reflective of bias. A "rules-first" mindset would not prompt any action. But, that approach would not be responsive to the battle brewing.
So, is more training the answer? Recently announced findings of an EEOC task force say no. After a long and detailed study, the task force found that training requirements were not effective in curbing incidents of harassment.
As one who has attended, and presented, many training sessions, this finding is not surprising. Much training — perhaps most training — focuses on a "rules first" mindset. The training announces the rule, law or policy and then instructs employees or managers that the company has a "zero tolerance" for violations. The message is "comply or else." Worse yet, the training leaves the impression, expressly or implicitly, that the company's interest in training is merely as a defense in any future lawsuit.
Nonetheless, the task force recommended that employers still conduct training. Part of the answer is more training, but of a different sort. It must equip employees with a more powerful narrative than fear or litigation risk avoidance.
Practical Solutions
Wise employers have recognized the differing constituencies in the workplace and have begun evaluating how to balance the needs and rights they present. Savvy management knows that true leadership involves managing relationships in a way that promotes the desired workplace narrative. For example, a savvy manager, when faced with the scenario of Jane and Natasha above, would not ignore the situation. No rule was violated, but the more important relationships within the workplace have been strained.
Practical solution No. 1. Focus on relationships, not rules. A rules-first mentality is misguided. No employer's policy can anticipate all circumstances the human condition can present. Rules are important, and in almost all situations they should be enforced. But a wise employer avoids the entrapment of a "rules-first" mindset and recognizes that its policies serve as important guidelines to foster and promote cohesive, efficient, positive workplace relationships. On occasion, uncritical enforcement of policies may actually undermine those relational objectives. Rules, and their enforcement, must serve relationships, not the other way around.
Practical Solution No. 2. A well-run and efficient team is truly "other-minded." An employer must encourage those within workplace relationships to affirm what they hope is the best in others, rather than focusing on what they fear is the worst. This conflicts with our me-first world. The culture has elevated to idolatrous levels a person's feelings.
While no rule was violated, Jane still needs coaching. Jane needs to understand that her comment could be viewed by others as revealing an underlying bias (would she have asked such a question of a Caucasian co-worker?). Plus, if Jane's cluelessness continues to manifest itself in insensitive comments (or if Jane is a manager and thus arguably should be held to a higher standard), then the employer should conduct higher levels of coaching or discipline.
But, likewise, Natasha needs coaching, too; she needs to work on accepting Jane's comments in the spirit offered; recall Jane intended a compliment, not an affront. The standard of perfection — or better stated, Natasha's expectation that Jane will harbor no inherent bias — is a standard of judgment that Natasha cannot satisfy either. Neither humans, nor workplaces — filled as they are with humans — can withstand being judged under a standard of perfection. When people are offended by statements, we must evaluate both the cluelessness (or worse, the inappropriate bias) of the speaker and also must evaluate the perhaps too-heightened sensitivity (or worse, the biased interpretation and lack of grace) of the hearer. Failing to do so will sow seeds of the very weeds we are trying to uproot.
Practical Solution No. 3. How does an employer encourage employees to affirm what they hope is the best in people and not focus on what they fear is the worst? An employer must reinforce that all work has dignity and that all workers have dignity and deserve respect.
Today's workplaces are filled with not-so-subtle "caste systems." There are white collar jobs and blue collar jobs; there are salaried and hourly workers. In hospitals, there are doctors and nurses (and now physicians' assistants, RNs and LPNs), and techs and housekeeping. These various job titles lure workers into caste-system thinking; some, especially those in the more prestigious roles (i.e., the higher-paid ones) may be lured to feel superior to others in the seemingly less significant roles. But, if someone does not properly clean the countertops in a patient's room, patients will die of infection.
Dare we, in this culture, advance a narrative that all work has dignity? If an employer fails to do so, any talk of a "team" concept rings hollow. And, if an employer can promote effectively the perspective that all work has dignity, then workers will readily see that all workers have dignity and deserve respect.
Practical Solution No. 4. If all workers deserve respect and dignity, then performance management is required. If a manager knows an employee is on an unsuccessful path, and yet says nothing, that manager is not being respectful of the employee. In fact, saying nothing could be another form of bias — the soft bigotry of low expectations.
There is a duty for a manager to act in addressing, and redirecting, the employee to a more successful path. But how? Is it OK to be angry at such poor performance? Yes. But follow one of Martin Luther King Jr.'s principles of non-violence — be aggressive toward problems not people. Proper coaching is not manager versus employee, although the employee may initially feel that way. Rather, proper coaching is manager and employee versus the behavior leading to an unsuccessful outcome.
Practical Solution No. 5. A manager conducting this coaching must be willing and able to recognize and to confess that she too fails to meet this standard on occasion. That is, the manager must approach the performance management process with humility. The manager must recognize that she too has some flaws that prevent her from perfectly fulfilling the standard she espouses.
If the workplace is built upon a fear motivation, these solutions are not possible. Often, those who try to motivate by fear are fearful themselves. Fear is neither an efficient nor a successful motivator. Fear as a motivator sprouts from a rules-first mentality. An employer must evaluate and articulate the relational purposes that the rules are designed to serve and advance those objectives. This analysis necessarily will eliminate (or at least ease) a fear-based environment and focus more on the relationships being served. Focusing on the purposes the rules are designed to serve will result on occasion in an exception to the rules.
But those exceptions will occur in the limited circumstances when the purpose behind the rules is served more effectively by making an exception rather than enforcing the rule.
Tim Garrett is an employment law attorney with Bass, Berry & Sims in Nashville.
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The Marin Avenue Residence was featured in a Houzz article about small gardens. Check it out!
We are excited to be part of the AIASF Small Firms, Great Projects publication this year! Our page features the Waverley Street Residence, which was completed in 2012 but is still a perennial favorite.
It's great to see the Marin Avenue Residence courtyard featured in this article, because we couldn't agree more that this outdoor space is an oasis of calm. The simple material palette, curated landscaping, and water-feature-as-art-piece are all contributors forming a cohesive whole. And it doesn't hurt that you can see the Golden Gate Bridge when seated at the table!
The 12th Street Residence gets a lot of attention for its rubber flooring in the kitchen. The project has been featured in numerous Houzz articles in the past, and there seems to be a steady stream of interest in soft, sustainable flooring that is easy to maintain.
But that's not the first time we've used rubber flooring - the kitchen and mudroom at the Stannage Avenue Residence is also rubber, although you can't see much of it in the final photos.


Senator Abdullahi Adamu has accused other APC lawmakers in the National Assembly of working with other party members in the legislature to sabotage the Buhari-led administration.
In a statement released last night, Adamu who is the chairman of the Senate Committee on Agriculture and one-time governor of Nasarawa state, said the actions of the APC lawmakers is unpatriotic.
He said instead of joining hands to work with the Buhari administration which has been tagged a ''go-slow'' government, the APC lawmakers are working with the opposition members to stop all laws and bills that will help the government.
Last week, the senators accused Adamu of working with the presidency to sack Senate President Bukola Saraki, his deputy Ike Ekweremadu and other senate leaders from office.


Water Focus (Su): At 3rd level, a water warrior adds 1/2 their elementalist level to all damage dealt with frost blasts.
At 9th level, This bonus damage increases to become equal to their elementalist level, and the elementalist may use his class level as his caster level when using the Water package from the Nature sphere. This stacks normally with caster levels gained from other sources.
At 15th level, the bonus damage increases to 1.5 times their elementalist level, and they gain a +2 bonus to their caster level with the Water package from the Nature sphere.
Frost Defense (Ex): At 5th level, a water warrior gains Frost Resistance equal to 5 + their elementalist level.
Water Movement (Su): At 7th level, a water warrior gains a 30 ft swim speed. This improves by 20 ft at 13th and 19th levels.
Water Body: At 20th level, the water warrior's body has become infused with the power of ice. He gains immunity to frost, sneak attacks, and critical hits, and gains DR 10/magic.


What If Shopping For Healthcare Were More Like Shopping For A Car?
You are here: Home / ACOs / What If Shopping For Healthcare Were More Like Shopping For A Car?
It's hard to believe in this day in age, when we are able to get on the internet and research price, safety, and pretty much anything we want to know about any purchase we make, that the same is not true with healthcare. How are we to make decisions with such little transparency? Read more Pricing Cars Like Healthcare, by Debra Gordon. (Source: Debra Gordon, tHEORetically Speaking).


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Schelpenmuseum Paal 14 is een museum op het waddeneiland Schiermonnikoog in de Nederlandse provincie Friesland.

Collectie
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 Schelpen
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Zie ook
 Lijst van musea in Friesland
 Lijst van musea met een schelpenverzameling

Bouwwerk in Schiermonnikoog
Cultuur in Schiermonnikoog
Museum in Friesland
Malacologie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The first-ever UW Biostatistics Colloquium brought together an impressive roster of speakers which included established and emerging voices from the Pacific Northwest biostatistics community. Held November 8, the Colloquium featured senior PhD students, junior alumni investigators and seasoned researchers representing research across academic, non-profit, government and industry. Presentations showcased how the field of biostatistics is changing and the significant ways biostatistics makes a real-life impact in public health research.
"The Biostats Colloquium was eye-opening. It provided a great deal of insight into a variety of ongoing UW research projects and exposed me to new ways in which biostatisticians can have a meaningful impact on public health," said first-year PhD student Avi Kenny.
UW Biostat students listen to a presentation at the UW Biostatistics Colloquium held November 2018.
Presentation topics were wide-ranging and included statistical inference in populations with mixed ancestry, dengue vaccine efficacy, and statistical modeling to inform policies on global health, to name a few.
Jennifer Clark Nelson, PhD, presents "Real-world biostatistics, perspectives from a UW Biostatistics alum." Nelson is a senior investigator and director of biostatistics at Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute. She graduated from UW Biostatistics (MS '96, PhD '99).
During the networking lunch, students were able to interact and seek advice from working professionals. Table hosts included representatives from Adaptive Biotechnology, Amazon, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, The Gates Foundation, Google, and UW's Center for Biostatistical Research.
Sign up to receive information about the next biostatistics colloquium.
Fifth-year PhD student Brian Williamson presents Nonparametric variable assessment using flexible estimation techniques.
Peter Gilbert, PhD, a research professor in biostatistics at UW presents, "Dengue Vaccine Efficacy: Are there immunological and virus markers of differential protection?" Gilbert is director of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology in Fred Hutch's Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division.
Aasthaa Bansal, assistant professor at the UW CHOICE Institute presents, "Personalized risk-adaptive surveillance." Bansal is also a graduate from the UW Biostatistics program (MS '08, PhD '11).
Laina Mercer, research statistician at Institute for Disease Modeling presents, "Statistical modeling to inform policies in global health." Mercer is also a graduate from the UW Biostatistics and Statistics programs (MS Biostat, PhD '16 Stat).
Bryan Ortiz, a research scientist from Amazon presents, "Mesh based solutions to nonparametric regression." Ortiz is also a graduate from the UW Biostatistics program (PhD '18).
Thomas R. Fleming, PhD, UW professor of biostatistics presents, "Some current challenges enlightening ideals we should strive to achieve," highlighting the importance of ethics in the field of research.


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Engine CEO, Jim Moffatt, thinks a chance encounter with Helen Calcraft while stuck in a lift after an interview for a grad scheme – for which he was three hours late because of train disruptions – may have "swung it" on how he got into Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO.
Moffatt wants Engine to "help clients future-proof their businesses" because he thinks the C-suite of every one of the group's clients are facing problems that weren't there 10 years ago.
"Yes of course I've noticed that lack of diversity and on my list of things to do this year is to look long and hard at diversity," Moffatt responds. "It's easy to pay lip service; but what can we do that's actually quite meaningful?"
"It wouldn't have allowed us to have people reappraise the breadth and depth of the capabilities that we have," Moffatt says. "Engine is at best neutral. We are losing some great brands that people are passionate about, but the opportunity for staff now is to be part of building a new company.
He adds: "Being quite blunt, some people love this stuff and they want their name in the headlines. I've never really been that person. I think: do the right thing for your team and for the company and everything will work its way out. Right now, the right thing is telling the Engine story and raising our profile, so you should see more of me."
Engine Creative & Experience Design: Formed from the agencies formerly known as WCRS, NuFu, DF and Partners Andrews Aldridge. Within this pillar there are also two new practices; Engine Sport (formerly known as Synergy) and Engine Brand Experience (formerly known as Slice).
Engine Transformation: Formed from the businesses formerly known as Fuel, Transform and ORC.
Engine Communications: Encompassing Engine|MHP (formerly known as MHP) and Engine|Mischief (formerly known as Mischief).


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AppleShed Inclusive Theatre Company is a brand new venture, rooted in the village of Congresbury in North Somerset. We are a friendly little company, designed to make everyone feel welcome. Our ethos, modelled on Chickenshed Theatre in London, is to help young people who may or may not have additional needs, work together to create truly inclusive theatre events.


A one-of-a-kind symposium for experiential media and technologies.
Featuring over 65 speakers and spanning three days, exploring the challenges of virtual, augmented and mixed reality conceptualization, research and development, production and postproduction, distribution and marketing, sales and metrics.
VRTO works with companies around the world to create powerful matchmaking opportunities. Submit your company to meet with some of the world's leading producers, distributors, investors, and consultants. We are also partnered with a mobile app that will facilitate matchmaking, communication and discovery for a registered participants.
Ranging from students and startups to established industry leaders, where you might find anything from Smart Devices, 3D Printing, IoT (Internet of Things), and meet some of the brightest young minds and companies pushing the envelope with the latest products, services, and demos.
Try out the latest games, prototypes and experiential spaces from indie and AAA studios before anyone else! Meet face-to-face with the developers, artists and programmers from Secret Location, Postopian, IRIS VR, Globacore, BadFly Interactive and Dustin Freeman! Play wireless NES on a jumbo screen, or freeplay pinball on a real F-14 Tomcat table!
Covering complete workflow from conceptualization, principal production through post-production, in a television studio, taught by real industry production teams. If you are curious or interested in producing 360-degree or "spherical" videos, drone footage, ambisonic audio or stitching techniques – and don't want to be within 100 feet of computer code – this is for you!
Educational rooms with tracks for both for seasoned V/A/MR developers, professionals looking to pivot effectively into this space and all interested in a crash course in advanced experiential media concepts and design.
Featuring state-of-the-art prototypes and installations from around the world showcasing the possibilities for somatosensory system interactions: haptics, holograms, networked devices and virtual media designed to stimulate the imagination. Among the offerings on display – the perceptual boundaries of the human mind are explored in a collection of mind-expanding artworks that illustrate the magic that inspire and influence all things VR: 3D imagery pioneer Willy Le Maitre, Inventor and professor of Holography, Michael Page, and Augmented Reality art innovator Alex Mayhew show how 2D images can dazzle and awe.
Dedicated rooms, workshops, training with professors, inventors, modders, hackers: A deep dive into design, principal and production, applications, possibilities and opportunities from global industry leaders. Janus Camp and the creators of JanusVR – James McRae and Dr. Karan Singh will be on hand to discuss the engine and its culture in two highly interactive rooms dedicated to understand the future of mobile web VR. A dedicated Augmented Art Gallery will be accompanied by a track of talks by leading AR developers. The Spatialized Audio pavilion features new and innovative approaches to using sound as a texture, a tool and guide.
From personal wearable health tech, to CBT and NLP, to surgery and pain mitigation, to mindfulness and transcendentalism. Featuring talks by Walter Greenleaf PhD Stanford, Peggy Wu (Associate Director of Human Machine Interaction Research United Technologies Research Center) and Stephane Bouchard!
An Immersive content pavilion experience curated by FIVARS (The Festival of International Virtual and Augmented Reality Stories) featuring the best immersive story-driven content from around the world with the aim of exploring and nurturing this platform for new narrative forms including several world premieres and their producers, directors and actors! FIVARS will be staged inside of a special 8K projection mapped silo created by IglooVision making their Canadian debut!
Note: A Special Exhibits ticket or MultiPass is required to attend this pavilion in order to avoid wait times and ensure a comfortable viewing experience.
*Unapproved live streaming of events via mobile devices is strictly prohibited.
VRTOC2017 is very grateful to our media partners and friends for helping to connect the communities together. If you are interested in helping to spread the word about the VRTO Virtual & Augmented Reality World Conference & EXPO 2017, and reaching the heart of the Canadian entertainment and tech industry, please see the contact section below.
VRTOC2017 is very grateful to our community partners for supporting us in building an important platform for the Experiential Technologies industry domestically and abroad. If you are interested in helping to spread the word about the VRTO Virtual & Augmented Reality World Conference & EXPO 2017, and reaching the international Spatial Media industry through the heart of the Canadian entertainment and tech industry, please see the contact section below.
Are you ready to align your brand with this fast-growing, transformative movement and techno/sociological paradigm shift?
VRTOC2017 takes over Ryerson University's Rogers Communications Centre in the dead centre of downtown Toronto – North America's 4th largest city. The show will encompass over 15 rooms and the central, 3-story atrium, including two complete TV studios over the course of three days.
Finding a good hotel can be tricky. Fortunately, there are many hotels and restaurants located near the event. Be sure to reserve early however, as Toronto is a very busy city in the summer months!
By attending Virtual Reality Toronto Conference and Expo 2017 (aka "VRTO Virtual & Augmented Reality World Conference and Expo," "VRTO Con," or "VRTOC") at [location to be determined] ("the Location") on June 24th – 26th, 2017, you release VRTO Conference and Expo, the Location, all of the event's organizers, volunteers, employees, exhibitors, vendors and contractors from any and all liability – financial or otherwise – that may arise from my attendance at the above mentioned event. You are hereby aware that some people experience nausea, disorientation, motion sickness, general discomfort, headaches or other health issues when experiencing virtual reality.


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Conducting Business with the Government
The importance of corporate lawyers
Litigation and Conflict Management:
Our Company has several accomplishments earned through achieving the goals of our clients before the judicial and executive bodies (commercial and administrative courts, public courts, etc.). We outline the way we provide these services and the achievements accomplished in the following stages:
Drafting the legal study of the case in written form to list the weaknesses and strengths and determine available scenarios to manage the case appropriately.
Meeting with the client to present the legal study, assuring them that all relevant documents are provided. Then we determine the chosen scenario in agreement with the client based on the client's goals and expectations.
Assigning the work team, the client's point of contact, the attorney who represents the client in the court to ensure the progress of the case, and the drafting of notes according to the study approved.
Providing the client with reports on each session in writing and giving the client sufficient time to inquire or express comments on any notes or statements that are submitted before the judiciary. The company's policy requires its employees to submit the report for each session in writing within 24 hours.
The company also has a customized program for it to collectively follow up on the various issues of other companies in a detailed manner. This program is used to provide periodic reports to their boards of directors to inform them of the developments of their cases before the concerned authorities.
Judicial and Executive bodies in which we specialize are as follows:
Commercial courts of all degrees.
Administrative courts of all degrees.
Public courts of all degrees.
Labor courts of all degrees.
Banking Dispute Resolution Authority.
Tax Dispute Resolution Authority.
Insurance Dispute Resolution Authority.
The partners in our company are distinguished in commercial arbitration inside and outside the Kingdom. This is based on the system governing the contractual relationship between the parties of the dispute, whether as designated arbitrators or experts appointed by arbitrators. Some of our partners have professional qualification through their participation in the International Program for Commercial Arbitration that is organized between the Saudi Center for Commercial Arbitration and Chartered Institute of Arbitrators.
Notarization:
Based on the Notarization License No. 39/1382, our company has intentionally provided this service to notarize the official PoAs and other documents according to Notarization Law.
Establishing and Restructuring Companies:
The process of establishing companies or restructuring them in all their forms is a procedural matter subject to the regulations of the concerned authorities following the directives issued by the legislative and regulatory authorities. Our company is distinguished in this service through the adoption of the following policies,
Meeting with the partners to establish their expectations in a Shareholders Agreement, complementing the documents registered at the Ministry of Commerce. It is considered to address points that are not mentioned in the official template of Articles of Association, for example, in the registered Articles of Association, such as the mechanism of financial infusion and scheduling of financing by shareholders and others;
Explaining the legal consequences of each article in the Shareholders Agreement or the company's Articles of Association. This is considered in the establishment or transfer stage, starting from a company's name and legal implications (such as the legal differences between Holding and Limited) and others.
Informing partners of the special conditions and requirements of the concerned authorities for any special activity, such as the specific requirements related to corporate governance.
Starting the establishment or transfer the company based on what the shareholders agreed, by representing them before the relevant authorities.
Types of companies we specialise in establishing:
Limited Liability Companies.
Closed Joint Stock Companies.
Companies listed in the Capital Market Authority, starting from the drafting of the prospectus.
International companies, such as Offshore companies
Legal Advices and Support:
As our relationship with our corporate clients is characterised by efficiently providing annual legal support in accordance with their needs, we seek to guarantee reliability and legal quality while providing legal services, as follows:
Be aware of our client's interests both in the local and international market, to ensure our professional commitment to our clients and to guarantee their interests do not conflict with others.
Determine the point of contact for both parties, ensuring the confidentiality of information;
Set a specific date for clients to provide the requested legal support punctually.
Attend meetings and negotiations on the dates specified by the client, so that our company guarantees that the work team fulfils its role to the highest standard.
Our company is renowned by ensuring we provide high-quality servers, giving excellent protection. Therefore, preventing the printing and archiving of documents that could potentially lead to a breach of privacy. For over 10 years, we have been archiving all our correspondences with our clients in order to protect and reach them at any time.
Drafting and Managing Contracts:
What distinguishes the experiences that our company gives from others is that the drafting of contracts is constructive. We reflect the expectations of the contracting parties and ensure the completion of contractual matters in a way that is manifested in the market, and not only in paper form but through the following steps:
Be aware of all correspondences or negotiations to acknowledge what the parties have agreed upon so that we complete legal matters which support financial affairs;
Drafting contracts or memoranda of understanding based on the previous step according to the best practices, similar to the contractual relationship and activity between the contracting parties, and sending the initial form at the time expected by the client.
Amending the formulation that is sent by the counterparties of the client, taking into consideration and protecting the interests and goals of the client;
Participating in the supervisory or executive committees of contracts or agreements signed between the client and the counterparties, ensuring the protection of the client's interests and contractual rights.
Some contracts and agreements that distinguish us in both Arabic and English:
Franchise Contracts and Commercial Agencies.
Partnership Agreements with foreign or Saudi partners.
Contracting Agreement, including FIDIC.
Management Contracts and Real estate development.
Financing contracts.
Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) and Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDA) for information confidentiality protection.
Intellectual Property:
Our company has excellent experience regarding the legalisation of contracts and partnerships based on the consideration of intellectual property as a fundamental value for clients, for example, trademarks, patents, and more to protect the products. Our company has taken the following policy to protect anything that falls under intellectual property rights as follows:
Registering the intellectual property right for the owner inside and outside the Kingdom, according to the need and spread of the client's project.
Evaluating the intellectual property right before signing between the partners and proving its dependence.
Working to define an independent legal scope for intellectual property protection against infringement by others.
Following up through official channels to announce the registration of intellectual property rights in general, in order to benefit from the right to challenge the imitation of any of the client's intellectual property rights within the regular periods.
Courts representation for the protection of intellectual property rights, regardless of the types and degrees of jurisdiction.
Electronic Trade:
With the openness of the local market on a global scale in a way that urges keeping with the ease of concluding contractual operations in an interactive application despite the multiplicity of contractual operations, Our company has focused on ensuring the legalisation of the electronic trade for the activities of its customers, starting with establishing electronic applications. For example, with operators, so that these applications are in line with established regulations and the activation of financial operations inside and outside the Kingdom.
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text:
Liberia Arbitration Lawyers Desk
Aceris Law's Liberia Arbitration Lawyers Desk is a dedicated team of lawyers at Aceris Law, a specialised international arbitration law firm, which accompanies clients involved in arbitrations concerning Liberia, i.e., where Liberian law applies, a contract is executed in Liberia, the dispute is brought by or against a party in Liberia, or the Liberian State or a Liberian State entity is involved.
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Our Liberia Arbitration Lawyers Desk maintains ties to the best domestic Liberian lawyers, who are involved depending on the specific needs of a given arbitration. This ensures that our clients obtain the best arbitration legal representation while also maintaining cost-effectiveness for arbitrations involving Liberia.
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I wonder if a certain author read I Sam. 22 and following (Sunday May 18th)? It sounds much like an episode from The Adventures of Robin Hood!
"So David left Gath and escaped to the cave of Adullam. Soon his brothers and all his other relatives joined him there. Then others began coming - men who were in trouble or in debt or who were just discontented - until David was the captain of about 400 men," vss. 1, 2.
"So David went to the forest of Hereth," vs. 5.
"So Doeg the Edomite (the Sheriff of Nottingham) turned on them and killed them that day, eighty five priests in all...and the priests' families," vs. 18.
"Again David asked, 'Will the leaders of Keilah betray me and my men to Saul?' And the Lord replied, 'Yes, they will betray you,'" vs. 12.
"So David and his men - about 600 of them now - left Keilah and began roaming the countryside," vs. 13.


Sitting inside a canoe or other boat as you admire the beauty surrounding you as you cast your rod is an amazing and admiring nature can be very relaxing. Although you must have some information beforehand, everything you need to know is contained in this article.
A good tip to remember is to wear clothes that blend in with the surroundings. While they don't have good eyesight, fish can see color and may be frightened away by overly colorful, and therefore may be frightened by vibrant clothing.
Your hook must be sharp if you want to catch as many fish as possible. If your hook isn't sharp, a fish will come for the bait, but not be caught with the hook.
After finding the perfect spot to fish, cast your line upstream. This causes your bait and hook right by the fish. The downstream drift of the water will attract fish to your lure. This method is especially helpful when the fish is in an area happens to be underneath any type of obstruction.
Fishermen should carry a scale with them on their gear. This helps you to determine which catches are worth keeping, giving you proof of your talent.
Loud noises often spook fish away faster than almost anything else. If you sit still and only make low whispering sounds with your voice, try to do so in a voice that is no louder than a soft whisper; this will greatly increase your chances for success.
Grubs make a great bait for catching bass. These small lures can hook you land some large fish. They can even be used to catch largemouth bass. They are an excellent choice for bait when fishing in highland reservoirs where there is not a lot of coverage like reservoirs.
Wet your hands thoroughly before pulling a fish out of the water. This will ensure the fish' skin moist. This is even more important if you're going to release the fish into the water afterward.
Be mindful of what odors are on your hands give off. If you have perfumed hands, or in some other way scented with an unnatural odor, and this will be detected by fish. This can cause you to catch no fish out there in the fish.
You should wet your fishing line before tying a knot. This will reduce the friction when you tie and makes the knot stronger.
When you are out on a fishing trip, be sure to pack enough water and food, especially when it is hot outside. The sun and heat can exhaust you, so make sure to combat this by maintaining proper nutrition and hydration throughout the day. Pack enough drinks and meals based on the length of time you throughout your entire trip.
For instance, catfish go for raw chicken liver, but a bream fish will prefer an insect, you will need to use crickets for bait.
A cloudy sky can make for a good day.When the sky is cloudy, the water will be dark, and fish will be hunting for food in poor lighting.
Be mindful of your bait color and how it will look to fish.You want the fish down there will see your bait. If the water is murky, compensate for that with brightly-colored bait. When the water is clear though, use darker colors that are deep which will not blend into their surroundings.
Fishing is simple once you know the basics. It also helps to know advice from experts. In this article, you have found some valuable tips that will help you to feel confident the next time you have a reel in your hand. So, take some time to enjoy the water and spend your afternoon fishing away!


text:
La pascaline, initialement dénommée machine d'arithmétique puis roue pascaline, est une calculatrice mécanique inventée par Blaise Pascal et considérée comme la première machine à calculer.

C'est en 1642, à l'âge de dix-neuf ans, qu'il en conçut l'idée, voulant soulager la tâche de son père qui venait d'être nommé surintendant de la Haute-Normandie par le cardinal de Richelieu et qui devait remettre en ordre les recettes fiscales de cette province ; elle permettait d'additionner et de soustraire deux nombres d'une façon directe et de faire des multiplications et des divisions par répétitions.

C'est en 1645, après trois ans de recherches et cinquante prototypes, que Pascal présenta sa première machine en la dédiant au chancelier de France, Pierre Séguier. Il construisit une vingtaine de pascalines dans la décennie suivante souvent en les perfectionnant ; huit de ces machines ont survécu jusqu'à nos jours, une neuvième fut assemblée au  avec des pièces restantes. Un privilège royal, promulgué par Louis XIV, lui donna l'exclusivité de la production de machines à calculer en France.

La pascaline fut la seule machine à calculer opérationnelle au  car elle utilisait des pignons lanternes, empruntés aux machines de force (moulins à eau, horloges de clocher) que Pascal avait adaptés et miniaturisés pour sa machine. Ces pignons lanternes permettaient de résister aux mouvements brusques et irréguliers de la main de l'opérateur tout en ajoutant très peu de friction à l'ensemble du mécanisme. De plus, Pascal inventa un reporteur : le sautoir, qui isolait chaque chiffre car il n'était lancé d'un chiffre à l'autre que pour ajouter une unité de retenue à la roue suivante, créant ainsi une progression des retenues en cascade. Grâce au sautoir la pascaline n'était pas limitée en capacité : .

À partir de 1649, Pascal cherche à réduire le coût de fabrication de sa machine, qui la rend inaccessible au grand public. En 1654, toutefois, il abandonne le projet, se retirant définitivement du monde de la science pour se consacrer à l'étude de la philosophie et à la religion. Il a trente-et-un ans.

L'introduction de la pascaline marque le commencement du développement du calcul mécanique en Europe, puis, à partir du milieu du , dans le monde entier. Ce développement, qui passera des machines à calculer aux calculatrices électriques et électroniques des siècles suivants, culminera avec l'invention du microprocesseur par Intel en 1971. Mais c'est aussi Charles Babbage qui concevra sa machine analytique de 1834 à 1837, une machine à calculer programmable qui est l'ancêtre des ordinateurs des années 1940, ceci en associant les inventions de Blaise Pascal et de Jacquard, commandant, avec des instructions écrites sur des cartes perforées, un des descendants de la pascaline, la première machine qui suppléa l'intelligence de l'homme.

La pascaline fut à l'origine de beaucoup de machines et d'inventions clés de cette industrie. En effet, c'est en cherchant à y ajouter une interface de multiplication automatique que Leibniz inventa son fameux cylindre cannelé (1671) ; Thomas de Colmar s'inspira des travaux de Pascal et de Leibniz quand il conçut son arithmomètre, qui, après trente ans de développement, deviendra, en 1851, la première machine à calculer commercialisée au monde ; Dorr E. Felt substitua un clavier à touches aux roues d'entrée de la pascaline pour son comptomètre, qui sera la première machine à calculer utilisant un clavier et, soixante-dix ans plus tard, la première machine à calculer à devenir électronique. La pascaline fut aussi souvent améliorée avec les machines de Boistissandeau en 1730, mais surtout avec les machines de Didier Roth vers 1840, et enfin avec des machines portables jusqu'à l'avènement des premières calculatrices électroniques.

Précurseurs de la machine à calculer

Abaques

Dans les mains d'un professionnel bien entraîné le boulier était un instrument extrêmement rapide et très fiable, si bien qu'au Japon, en 1946, une compétition de vitesse entre un opérateur japonais avec son soroban, la version japonaise du boulier, et un opérateur américain avec un calculateur de bureau dernier cri (machine à calculer électrique) fut gagnée par Kiyoshi Mastuzaki, un employé du service de communication japonais, avec son soroban.

Calculateurs analogiques, automates, podomètres

Toutes les machines à engrenage antérieures à la pascaline sont des précurseurs de la machine à calculer. Elles font partie d'une catégorie de calculateurs analogiques mécaniques qui répondent à l'action répétitive et continue d'un stimulateur comme la rotation d'une manivelle ou la descente d'un poids. Une fois que les données initiales sont entrées dans ces machines elles ne sont plus modifiées que par l'action continue de leurs stimulateurs. Ce genre de machine produit toujours un résultat identique pour des conditions de départ identiques. Certains automates furent aussi des précurseurs de la machine à calculer.

Une liste sommaire se doit d'inclure la machine d'Anticythère, un astrolabe d'avant 87 av. J.-C. unique et sans lendemain puis les astrolabes et les horloges mécaniques à partir du . Ces machines permirent aux sociétés qui les produisaient de se familiariser avec la notion de mouvements à engrenage, avec le travail minutieux des métaux qui les composaient et avec leur assemblage.

Un odomètre, instrument qui mesure la distance parcourue par un véhicule, fut décrit pour la première fois par le Romain Vitruve vers 25 av. J.-C. ; dans le dixième volume de son De architectura il présente un odomètre, installé dans un chariot, qui consistait en une série de roues dentées liées par une progression de retenue. La première roue était entraînée par une des roues du chariot et la dernière faisait tomber une petite boule dans un sac à chaque mille romain parcouru.

Un texte chinois du  décrit un chariot monté de deux figurines en bois et d'un mécanisme qui faisait donner un coup de tambour à une des figurines tous les lis et qui faisait sonner une cloche à l'autre tous les dix lis.

Léonard de Vinci dessina un odomètre avant 1519.

En 1525, l'artisan français Jean Fernel créa le premier podomètre, une machine qui compte le nombre de pas d'un homme ou d'un cheval ; il avait la forme d'une montre et avait quatre cadrans d'affichage (unités, dizaines, centaines, milliers) liés par un système de progression de retenue.

En 1623 et 1624, Wilhelm Schickard, un pasteur et universitaire souabe dessina une horloge à calculer sur deux lettres adressées à Johannes Kepler. La première machine qui devait être construite par un professionnel fut détruite, à moitié finie, dans un incendie en 1624 et Schickard abandonna son projet. Des copies furent construites dans les années 1960, mais il fallut finir la machine avec des roues et des ressorts supplémentaires, de plus le système de retenue à une dent n'était pas adéquat pour ce type de machine. Ce fut le premier des cinq essais infructueux de construire une machine à calculer en utilisant les rouages et le principe d'une horloge à calculer au  (Schickard, un horloger de Rouen vers 1643, Burattini, Morland, Grillet). La première horloge à calculer proprement dite fut construite par l'italien Giovanni Poleni au siècle suivant (1709) et ce n'était pas une machine à mode d'inscription direct (les chiffres étaient inscrits d'abord puis la machine était mise en marche). En 1730, l'Académie des sciences certifia trois machines inventées par Hillerin de Boistissandeau qui avaient un mécanisme d'horloge à calculer. La première machine utilisait un système de retenue à une dent (comme l'horloge de Schickard) et d'après Boistissandeau lui-même la machine ne fonctionnait pas correctement après deux reports consécutifs. Les deux autres machines utilisaient des ressorts pour armer les retenues ce qui est une solution adéquat pour le système de report de retenue d'une horloge à calculer(voir Pascal versus Schickard).

Historique

Développement
Pascal décida de construire une machine à calculer pour aider son père dont l'occupation demandait beaucoup de calculs, mais qui à l'époque étaient effectués par des calculateurs (humains) avec des jetons ou à la plume. Les calculs comptables de cette époque étaient compliqués du fait que le système monétaire n'était pas décimal puisqu'il comptait  dans une livre et  dans un sol. Il en était de même pour le calcul de longueurs et de poids.

Il commença son développement en 1642 et expérimenta avec une cinquantaine de prototypes avant de s'arrêter sur la conception de la première machine qu'il présentera en 1645 ; voici comment il décrivit son effort :

Cette invention le rendit immédiatement célèbre.

Seule machine à calculer opérationnelle au

Leibniz commença à développer des machines à calculer après la mort de Pascal. Il voulait d'abord construire une machine qui pourrait faire des multiplications automatiquement et qu'il voulait installer directement sur la pascaline pensant, à tort, que les roues de la pascaline pouvaient être actionnées simultanément. Il abandonna ce projet, mais, ce faisant, il fut le premier à décrire un système mécanique de calcul qui se basait sur des roues à nombre variable de dents.

Il décida ensuite de construire une machine tout à fait nouvelle, utilisant pour la première fois dans une machine à calculer, des curseurs, une manivelle, un chariot mobile pour les résultats et son cylindre de Leibniz. Toutes ces inventions seront utilisées dans l'arithmomètre, la première machine commercialisée. Il construisit deux machines, une en 1694 et une en 1706. Seule la machine de 1694 nous est parvenue. Elle fut retrouvée après 250 ans d'abandon dans les greniers de l'université de Göttingen. Burkhardt, le premier producteur de clones d'arithmomètres l'examina à la fin du  et trouva un problème avec le report de retenue.

Il faut aussi noter qu'aucun des essais de produire une machine à calculer à partir d'une base d'horloge au  ne furent fructueux :
 l'horloge de Schickard était incomplète et avait un mauvais système de retenue à une dent ;
 celle d'un horloger de Rouen vers 1643 a été décrite comme avorton incomplet par Pascal ;
 les machines de Burattini, Morland, Grillet, qui furent les seules machines à nous être parvenues, n'étaient pas des machines à calculer car elles n'avaient pas de système de report de retenue entre les chiffres de l'accumulateur.

Claude Perrault inventa un « Abaque Rhabdologique » vers 1660 qui est souvent confondu pour une machine à calculer car il a un report de retenue automatique, mais c'est un abaque car l'opérateur doit manipuler la machine différemment après une retenue.

Pascal fut donc le premier et le seul à avoir une machine à calculer opérationnelle au . La seconde machine opérationnelle fut l'horloge à calculer de l'italien Giovanni Poleni construite au début du , en 1709.

Échec commercial

La commercialisation de la pascaline fut un échec principalement à cause de son prix élevé qui était de 100 à 400 livres mais le texte du privilège royal de 1649 montre que Pascal était en train de développer une machine à calculer plus simple :

Pascal voulait donc simplifier sa machine et la rendre plus accessible au grand public mais un accident de carrosse malencontreux, en octobre 1654, le fit se retirer du monde scientifique et se consacrer uniquement à la poursuite de la philosophie et de la religion. L'accident arriva quand deux des quatre chevaux de son carrosse tombèrent dans la Seine sur le pont de Neuilly ; alors,
Cet échec commercial vient aussi du fait que (en parlant des machines de Pascal et de ses successeurs en 1779) :

Il semble aussi qu'au siècle de Pascal les gens n'avaient pas l'habitude d'utiliser des machines, comme cette mise en garde le montre :

Accomplissements
En plus d'être la première machine à calculer dont la description ait été rendue publique en son temps, la pascaline est aussi :

 la première machine à calculer à posséder un reporteur qui permettait la progression effective des retenues en cascade ;
 la première machine à calculer utilisée dans un bureau (celui de son père pour le calcul d'impôt et la levée des tailles) ;
 la première machine à calculer commercialisée (avec vingt exemplaires construits) ;
 la première machine brevetée (privilège royal de 1649) ;
 la seule machine arithmétique décrite dans l'encyclopédie de Diderot & d'Alembert (1751) :

 la première machine à calculer disponible chez un distributeur (« le Sieur de Roberval... au Collège Maître Gervais... tous les matins jusqu'à huit heures ») ;
 la première machine à calculer utilisant d'autres bases que la base dix et adaptant dans la même machine plusieurs bases. Une machine compte les deniers (12 par sol), les sols (20 par livre), et les livres en utilisant des roues de 12,20,et 10 dents. Une autre machine compte les pouces, pieds et toises (12,12,6,10 dents) ;
 la première machine à avoir été copiée (premier clone par un horloger de Rouen avant 1645).

Éloges littéraires
Le génie de Pascal et sa machine furent célébrés par les plus grands écrivains français :

Dans sa lettre dédicatoire au chancelier Seguier, Pascal parle des sciences diverses qu'il utilisa pour construire sa machine d'arithmétique: . À la suite du trois centième anniversaire de sa naissance, Léon Brunschvicg expliqua que :

Pascal lui-même remarqua que :

Son génie et sa machine furent aussi célébrés par quelques poèmes d'auteurs moins connus :

Applications

La roue pascaline comptait dans le système décimal le nombre d'unité d'un ensemble de mesures non-décimales de l'ancien régime. Pour cela il fallait des machines avec des roues de :
  pour les pieds ( dans une toise) ;
 10 dents pour les livres et les toises et pour le système décimal/scientifique ;
  pour les deniers ( dans un sol), les pouces ( dans un pied) et les lignes ( dans un pouce) ;
  pour les sols ( dans une livre).

Trois types de machines nous sont parvenus : scientifiques, comptables et géomètres.

Machines connues et recensées
D'une vingtaine de machines produites au , il n'en subsiste que huit. Une neuvième machine fut construite au  avec des pièces restantes, elle est appelée machine tardive :

Composants

La platine

Vue d'ensemble
La platine a deux parties bien distinctes : la partie basse qui permet l'entrée des données et qui est composée de roues d'inscriptions qui ressemblent aux cadrans téléphoniques du milieu du , et la partie haute, composée d'un ensemble de lucarnes, qui servent à l'affichage des résultats. Chaque lucarne de résultat présente deux chiffres. Ils sont positionnés au-dessus l'un de l'autre et sont complémentaires dans la base choisie ; une barre horizontale, coulissante, masque une ligne à la fois, montrant ainsi soit tous les nombres directs quand elle est le plus près du bord de la machine, soit tous leurs compléments quand elle est positionnée vers le centre de la machine. Chaque lucarne de résultat est directement associée à une roue d'inscription.

Roue d'inscription
Pour une roue de 10 chiffres, l'extérieur fixe est numéroté, dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre, à partir du butoir, avec une suite de nombres d'ordre décroissant de 9 à 0. Une roue étoilée mobile à 10 rayons est positionnée à l'intérieur de ce cadran. Pour ajouter 5 il suffit de positionner la pointe d'un stylet entre les rayons qui encadrent le chiffre 5 et de tourner la roue, dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre, jusqu'au butoir.

Rayons contigus marqués
Sur toutes les machines, les roues ont des marques sur deux rayons consécutifs de la roue étoilée. Le type de marque dépend de la machine (ce sont deux poinçons sur la photo de droite). En positionnant le stylet entre ces deux rayons et en tournant jusqu'au butoir, la roue concernée est mise à son maximum (5, 9, 11, 19), prête à être remise à zéro. En effet la roue étoilée est solidaire de son cylindre d'affichage (c'est pourquoi elle tourne d'un cran pendant un report de retenue) et donc chaque position de la roue correspond à un nombre sur son cylindre. Pour inscrire ces rayons pendant la fabrication d'une machine il suffit d'amener le cylindre à son maximum et de marquer le rayon en dessous du butoir et celui immédiatement à sa droite.

Ces deux rayons marqués peuvent aussi être utilisés pour entrer le premier nombre d'une soustraction dans la fenêtre des compléments. L'opérateur doit inscrire les chiffres de droite à gauche ; pour chaque chiffre dans le nombre, il suffit d'encadrer sa représentation sur la jante fixe avec ces deux rayons sans oublier de le faire aussi pour les zéros d'ordre supérieur. Si l'on procède ainsi, il n'est pas nécessaire de remettre la machine à zéro préalablement.

Les rondelles de mémoire
Quatre des neuf machines recensées possèdent des rondelles de mémoires montées sur la barre horizontale coulissante. Elles sont appelées roues de quotient ou cercles de quotient et sont utilisées par l'opérateur pour mémoriser les quotients dans une division.

Les rondelles concentriques de soustraction
Quatre machines possèdent des rondelles concentriques de soustraction. Ces rondelles sont solidaires des roues étoilées qui les supportent, elles sont placées en leurs centres et tournent avec elles. Il suffit de positionner la pointe d'un stylet entre les rayons qui encadrent un chiffre gravé sur ces rondelles et de tourner dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre jusqu'au butoir pour inscrire ce chiffre directement dans la fenêtre de soustraction. Les deux rayons contigus encadrent le chiffre 0 de la rondelle de soustraction.

Rouages internes

Miniaturisation d'un mécanisme d'horloge de clocher
Pascal passa un peu plus de deux ans pour trouver un mécanisme qui marche, nous savons que son troisième prototype était encore basé sur un mécanisme d'horloge à calculer. Finalement, c'est en miniaturisant des rouages à lanterne, qui se trouvent dans les rouages de moulins à eau et dans ceux d'horloges d'édifice, et qui permettent de résister à des forces et à des secousses très fortes, en ajoutant très peu de friction, qu'il réussira.

Dans le dessin coloré ci-dessus, les rouages bleus (entrée des données) s'emboîtent avec les jaunes (application des règles d'arithmétique, recevant le sautoir du chiffre précédent, et prêt à envoyer son propre sautoir au chiffre suivant) qui eux-mêmes font tourner les rouages d'affichage (rouges). L'intersection de deux cylindres perpendiculaires se fait théoriquement en un point, et donc la friction de tous ces cylindres pour un chiffre donné est théoriquement minimale et presque non-existante.

Roue à cliquet
Pascal adapta aussi une roue à cliquet, qui limite la rotation du mécanisme à un seul sens mais, dans son utilisation, il l'utilisa aussi pour centrer la roue d'affichage et le mécanisme de retenue parfaitement, tout ceci en apportant le moins de friction possible durant son utilisation. Pour une roue donnée, ce mécanisme marcherait six fois si l'opérateur ajoutait un six à la roue d'inscription correspondante.

Le sautoir

Principe de fonctionnement
Pascal disait à propos du sautoir :

Une machine à dix mille roues marcherait aussi bien qu'une machine à deux roues car chaque roue d'entrée est totalement indépendante des autres. Quand il est temps de transmettre l'information de retenue, la roue concernée envoie son sautoir vers la roue suivante sans qu'il y ait de contact entre les deux roues. En tombant de son seul poids, le sautoir se lance vers la roue suivante comme un acrobate qui se jette d'un trapèze à un autre sans que les trapèzes se touchent. Toutes les roues (avec engrenages et sautoir) sont ainsi identiques en poids et en taille quel que soit le nombre de roues.

Pascal utilisa la gravité pour « armer » ses sautoirs. Il faut tourner une roue de cinq crans pour armer le sautoir totalement (il est engagé quand le chiffre du cadran est à 4 et monte progressivement jusqu'à 9) en revanche, quand il transmet la retenue, le sautoir ne doit faire tourner la roue suivante que d'un cran. Le sautoir a donc un surplus d'énergie important, ce qui permet au système de retenue de ne jamais se bloquer.

Tous les sautoirs sont armés par l'entrée des données et par les retenues des roues précédentes. Pour remettre à zéro une machine de dix mille chiffres, si elle existait, il faudrait amener chacun des dix mille cadrans à neuf (ce qui armerait tous les sautoirs) et puis ajouter un 1 à la roue des unités. La propagation des retenues ressemblerait alors à un effet domino très rapide.

Les trois phases de progression de retenue

L'image de droite montre les trois différentes phases de progression de retenue.

 Pour une roue décimale, c'est pendant que le résultat affiché va de 4 à 9 que, l'une après l'autre, les deux chevilles de retenue lèvent le sautoir en le poussant sur sa partie . Pendant ce temps, le cliquet (1) est poussé contre une des chevilles de la roue de retenue grâce à son  mais il n'a aucun effet sur cette roue car le  l'en empêche.
 La retenue se transmet quand le cadran d'affichage va de 9 à 0. En premier lieu, le  dépasse la cheville sur laquelle il était appuyé et son ressort le pousse au-dessus de celle-là prêt à la pousser quand il retombera ; le sautoir continue de monter puis, un instant plus tard, la deuxième cheville de retenue le laisse tomber. Le sautoir est maintenant en chute libre.
 Le cliquet (1) entre en contact avec la cheville de la roue de retenue et la pousse sous l'action de la pesanteur. La roue tourne et le cliquet  se cale entre les deux chevilles suivantes. Le tout s'arrête quand la partie (T) du sautoir rentre en contact avec le .

Compétition
Il fallut attendre trois siècles pour voir ce mécanisme amélioré avec le comptomètre A de Dorr E. Felt. Felt utilisa des ressorts pour armer ses retenues et comme avec la pascaline plus le nombre affiché est haut plus le ressort est armé, prêt à délivrer sa retenue à l'ordre suivant.

Notices d'utilisation
Pascal pensait qu'une notice d'utilisation n'était pas nécessaire :

Il y a une exception décrite dans la Lettre à la Sérénissime Reine de Suède (juin 1652), qu'il écrivit quand il lui fit don d'une de ses machines. Cette lettre dit que M. de Bourdelot, la personne chargée de délivrer cette machine, avait aussi en sa possession un discours qui expliquait :

Ce discours, qui serait le seul manuel d'utilisation écrit par Pascal, n'a jamais été retrouvé.

En 1982, la municipalité de Clermont-Ferrand fit l'acquisition de la copie d'une notice d'utilisation exécutée au  et dont l'auteur pourrait être Étienne Périer. Cette copie intitulée Usage de la machine fut publiée en 1986 dans le numéro 8 du Courrier du centre international Blaise Pascal de Clermont-Ferrand.

Les opérations

Principe
On ne peut effectuer directement que des additions et des soustractions. Les soustractions utilisent le principe du complément à 9. Elles se font aussi facilement que des additions et sont effectuées dans la fenêtre des compléments.

Rien n'empêche de faire des multiplications par additions successives, ni des divisions par soustractions successives. Ce que nous trouverions un peu fastidieux devait être jugé très commode à l'époque de Pascal. Des rondelles de mémoire, présentes sur certaines machines, permettent de conserver des résultats intermédiaires.

Complément à 9
Le complement à 9 d'un chiffre décimal d est 9 - d. Donc le complément à 9 de 4 est 5 et de 9 est 0. D'une manière similaire le complément à 11 de 3 est 8.
Dans une machine décimale à n chiffres, le complément à 9 d'un nombre A vaut:

CP(A)= 10n - 1 - A
et donc le complément à 9 de (A - B) vaut :
CP(A - B)= 10n -1 - (A - B) = 10n -1 - A + B = CP(A) + B

CP(A - B)= CP(A) + BLe complément à 9 de la différence de deux nombres est donc la somme du complément à 9 du premier nombre et du second nombre. Le même principe peut être appliqué à des nombres composés de chiffres de bases différentes (base 6, 10, 12, 20) comme sur les machines comptables et géomètres.

Ce résultat peut aussi être étendu à :CP(A - B - C - D - E)= CP(A) + B + C + D + E

Ceci appliqué à une pascaline décimale:

Le même principe est valable et peut être utilisé avec les pascalines non décimales (comptable et géomètre).

Le complément à 9 est aussi appelé complément pascalien dans certains livres.

Remise à zéro de la machine
Ceci se fait en utilisant les rayons contigus marqués. Pour chaque roue de la machine, il faut positionner le stylet entre ces deux rayons et tourner jusqu'au butoir. Ceci peut se faire dans n'importe quel ordre mais doit être fait sur tous les cadrans. Puis il faut ajouter un au chiffre des unités. Si la barre horizontale est en position d'addition, toutes les roues se remettent à zéro et si elle est en position de soustraction, chacune est mise à son maximum. Dans les deux cas, les rayons contigus marqués encadrent le chiffre maximum de chaque roue d'inscription.

Il faut remarquer que la remise à zéro, nécessaire avant chaque nouvelle opération, prouve que la machine fonctionne parfaitement bien car elle force un report de retenue sur toutes les roues. Ceci est un testament de la solidité et de la qualité de la Pascaline car aucune des critiques de la Pascaline formulées au  n'ont parlé de problèmes avec le système de retenue et pourtant il était entièrement testé, sur toutes les machines, avant toute opération.

Addition
La barre horizontale doit être placée près du bord de la machine en position d'addition. Après avoir mis la machine à zéro, il suffit d'inscrire les nombres les uns après les autres en utilisant les roues étoilées et le stylet. C'est un mode d'inscription direct et donc les retenues se font durant l'inscription des nombres.

Voici comme exemple l'opération: 12.345 + 56.789 = 69.134

Soustraction
Pendant les deux étapes de la soustraction l'accumulateur aura les valeurs CP(A) au début puis CP(A - B) après l'addition de B. En utilisant la fenêtre des compléments nous voyons CP(CP(A)) qui est A et ensuite CP(CP(A - B)) qui est (A - B).

Une soustraction est similaire à une addition ; les deux seules différences sont le choix de la fenêtre de résultat (direct/complément) et la méthode d'entrée du premier nombre (direct/complément).

La barre horizontale doit être placée près du centre de la machine en position de soustraction et donc expose le complément des nombres inscrits. Une remise à zéro de la machine fait apparaître le chiffre maximum sur chaque roue de la forme 99999xxx, x étant un des chiffres 5, 9, 11 ou 19 et dépend du type de machine utilisée (comptable, scientifique, géomètre). Il y a trois méthodes pour inscrire le premier nombre :
 Si la machine a des rondelles concentriques de soustraction, pour chaque chiffre dans le nombre, il suffit de le trouver sur sa rondelle de soustraction, de positionner la pointe d'un stylet entre les rayons qui l'entourent et de tourner la roue étoilée dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre jusqu'au butoir.
 Une autre méthode, aussi simple, est d'utiliser les rayons contigus marqués et, pour chaque chiffre dans le nombre, il suffit de tourner la roue étoilée dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre et de s'arrêter quand ces rayons contigus marqués l'encadrent. Après une remise à zéro, et sur toutes les roues, les rayons contigus marqués encadrent le chiffre maximum (5, 9, 11, 19) de la jante fixe.
 L'opérateur peut aussi utiliser le complément de ce nombre et l'inscrire comme pour une addition. Par exemple, pour faire apparaître 710 dans la fenêtre des compléments d'une machine décimale, il suffit d'inscrire 289 avec les roues étoilées.
Sur une machine de grande capacité et si les nombres à soustraire sont petits, l'opérateur peut soit mettre les chiffres d'ordres supérieurs à zéro, soit les garder à 9, à condition de ne pas les considérer dans le résultat de la soustraction suivante.

L'opérateur peut soustraire autant de nombres qu'il veut tant que le nombre à soustraire est plus petit que le résultat de l'opération précédente.

Les rondelles de mémoire peuvent être utilisées pour mémoriser le résultat d'une soustraction si ce nombre est à utiliser dans une addition suivante.

Voice comme exemple l'opération : 54.321 - 12.345 = 41.976.

Pascal versus Schickard

À partir de l'introduction de la pascaline et pendant plus de trois siècles Pascal fut connu et célébré comme l'inventeur de la machine à calculer.

Ce fait fut remis en question par Franz Hammer, un écrivain biographe de Kepler, qui annonça en 1957 que deux lettres inconnues, écrites par Wilhelm Schickard à son ami Johannes Kepler, venaient d'être retrouvées après trois siècles d'absence. Chacune de ces lettres avait le dessin et la description d'une horloge à calculer oubliée.

Hammer extrapola ses hypothèses et déclara que si cette machine n'avait pas été oubliée et si ses dessins n'avaient pas été perdus pendant plus de trois siècles, elle aurait été considérée comme la première machine à calculer puisqu'elle précédait l'invention de Pascal de vingt ans.

Tous les faits vont à l'encontre des spéculations de Hammer.

Horloges à calculer : impossibles à construire au
Trois machines construites au  avec des rouages d'horloges nous sont parvenues. La machine de Burattini (1659), de Morland (1666) et de Grillet (1673). Aucune de ces machines ne possède un système de report de retenues proprement dit. Les deux premières ont une petite roue de retenue située au-dessus de chaque chiffre mais il n'y a pas de lien entre les chiffres. Celle de Grillet possède vingt-sept roues indépendantes sans aucun système de retenue.

Un horloger de Rouen, ayant pris connaissance des travaux de Pascal, construisit et vendit une horloge à calculer vers 1643. Pascal licencia tous ses ouvriers dès qu'il apprit la nouvelle : . Cependant après avoir examiné cette machine de près Pascal déclara que ce n'était .

À propos de cette horloge à calculer et d'autres potentielles, Pascal parle de . Le problème le plus important, que les inventeurs du  ne réussirent pas à surmonter, vient du fait que les roues d'une horloge à calculer devaient être plus fortes, et donc plus lourdes, pour résister à la force d'entrée des données et donc leurs inerties et frictions cumulées pouvaient entraîner un blocage et une destruction des engrenages quand une retenue devait être propagée sur plusieurs chiffres successifs.

Les dessins de Schickard avaient été publiés dès 1718
En 1718, le premier écrivain biographe de Kepler, Michael Hansch, publia un livre des lettres de Kepler qui contenait les dessins de la machine de Schickard. En 1899, la machine de Schickard fut discutée dans Stuttgarter Zeitschrift für Vermessungswesen et en 1912 les croquis et les notes de Schickard furent publiés dans le magazine Nachrichten des Württembergischen Vermessungstechnischen Vereins. Et donc, la machine de Schickard n'avait pas été oubliée pendant plus de trois siècles contrairement à l'argument principal de Hammer.

Dessins d'une machine incomplète

Le professeur von Freytag Loringhoff, de l'université de Tübingen construisit la première reproduction mais il fallut qu'il perfectionne le système de retenue à une dent qui :

Sans ce système de retenue perfectionné au  avec des roues et des ressorts qui ne figurent ni dans les lettres de Schickard, ni dans ses dessins, les reproductions de son horloge à calculer n'auraient pas fonctionné.

Inadéquate roue de retenue à une dent
Les deux machines utilisent un mode d'inscription direct (les opérations sont effectuées pendant l'entrée des données) et donc les reports de retenues se font durant l'inscription des opérandes

Un report de retenue qui utilise une roue à une dent marchait déjà bien dans les podomètres du  et marchait encore bien dans les compteurs à gaz du  car ces machines ont des mécanismes beaucoup plus simples et beaucoup plus légers.

Dans la machine de Pascal chaque roue est totalement indépendante. Cette indépendance est réalisée grâce à un sautoir à contrepoids . Il faut noter qu'avant toute opération la remise à zéro de la pascaline prouve que son mécanisme est en parfait état de fonctionnement car l'opérateur doit mettre toutes les roues de sa machine à leur maximum puis il doit ajouter 1 à la roue des unités ce qui entraîne un report de retenue sur toutes les roues. Ceci prouve que la pascaline marchait bien car aucune des critiques de la pascaline formulées au  ne fait mention de problèmes avec le système de retenue et pourtant il était testé, sur toutes les machines, avant toute opération.

Conclusion
Bien que la machine de Schickard soit antérieure, elle n'eut aucune influence sur le développement des machines à calculer, même si, contrairement aux présomptions de Hammer, les dessins de cette machine avaient été publiés dès 1718.

 car la machine décrite dans les dessins et les lettres de Schickard n'était pas complète et même avec son mécanisme de retenue finalisé au  elle peut s'autodétruire dans certains cas de figure.

Schickard vécu onze ans après avoir abandonné son projet, il s'occupa d'astronomie, inventa des instruments astronomiques et enseigna, mais il ne parla jamais plus de son horloge.

Par la suite
En 1673, Leibniz invente une machine capable d'effectuer plus simplement multiplications et divisions, grâce à un système de cylindres à dents de longueurs inégales, dits cylindres de Leibniz, servant de « mémoire ».

Certains disent que la Pascaline connut une période de gloire dans les années 1960 en usage interne dans la compagnie IBM, qui en aurait fait fabriquer. C'était alors en effet le seul dispositif bon marché permettant d'effectuer très vite des calculs en numération hexadécimale, comme le demandait la programmation de l'époque.
Cette rumeur repose en fait sur la rencontre de deux événements indépendants :
 la commande par IBM, auprès d'un artisan de New-York, d'une centaine de reproductions exactes de la pascaline de leur collection, qui ont été offertes à leurs meilleurs clients, et que l'on trouve aujourd'hui parfois en vente sur le marché de l'antiquité.
 la réalisation d'une petite machine mécanique de poche, en plastique, basée sur le principe de la pascaline, et possédant 4 roues de 16 chiffres pour calculer en hexadécimal (voir photo).

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Calculatrice mécanique
 Roue à nombre variable de dents
 Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635)
 Tito Livio Burattini (1617-1681)
 Samuel Morland (1625-1695)
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) (cylindre cannelé de Leibniz)
 René Grillet, actif en 1673
 Giovanni Poleni (1683-1761)
 Philipp Matthäus Hahn (1739-1790)
  (1810-1904)
 Arithmaurel (1842)

Liens externes

 Avis nécessaire à ceux qui auront curiosité de voir ladite Machine et s'en servir. Suivi du Privilège du Roy" (1645), texte de Pascal en ligne et commenté sur Bibnum.
 Banque d'images du musée des Arts et Métiers

Calculatrice mécanique
Technologie des calculatrices mécaniques
Blaise Pascal
Invention française
Invention du XVIIe siècle


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Dynamical systems therapy (DST): complex adaptive systems in psychiatry and psychotherapy
Professor Yakov Shapiro and Associate Professor J. Rowan Scott
The synthesis of complexity and nonlinear science with evolutionary theory informs both functional neuroscience and psychotherapeutic exploration of conscious and unconscious processes. The nonlinear dynamical systems approach allows psychiatric practitioners to shift from categorical diagnostic and treatment algorithms to integrative process models of individual and group dynamics. Dynamical systems therapy (DST) represents a complexity derived application that conceptualizes individuals as Complex Adaptive Systems with emergent properties of subjective and cultural experience. It puts self-organization and flexible adaptation to changing environmental demands at the cornerstone of psychological health. Within the DST model, recurrent patterns of feeling, thinking and relating can be analysed by using modified fitness diagrams (adaptive A-landscapes), which integrate objective, subjective and intersubjective clinical data. This approach allows to chart the patient's unique life trajectory through attractor/repellor configurations and reveals a paradigm shift from reductionism towards systemic psychobiology conceptualized as an integrative scientific perspective that incorporates emergent levels of psychobiological complexity.
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Eight candidates for the 2008 Democratic nomination for president squared off last night in a debate held before a predominantly black audience at Howard University in Washington D.C. and televised nationally by PBS. Here is a run-down of how their views on key issues stacked up against the attitudes of the general public, of self-identified Democrats, Republicans and independents, and of African Americans generally, as measured by recent Pew Research Center surveys.
The candidates spent much of the debate discussing their health care plans and the ways in which they would address the AIDS epidemic. Hillary Clinton received loud applause for saying there would be more outrage in this country if white women were as affected as black women by the disease. Some 10% of African Americans name HIV/AIDS as the most important health care problem facing the country today; 4% of the general public and Democrats share this view. When asked specifically about the most difficult health care problem facing "you and your family," African Americans also stand out for their views. Some 8% of blacks cite cost as the most difficult problem they face, notably fewer than Democrats (15%) and the general public (15%). Blacks are more likely to cite diabetes and high blood pressure as health problems faced by their families.
On the topic of opportunity in America, Edwards said that success in life is influenced by a "family lottery" where a person is born into a situation that can greatly improve or harm their chances for success in life. Democrats (35%) are no more likely than the overall public (34%) to agree that "success in life is pretty much determined by forces outside our control." However, some 48% of African Americans either completely (16%) or mostly (32%) agree with that statement and 47% also say that hard work offers little guarantee of success in life. By contrast, only 20% of Republicans say that hard work is no guarantee of success.
On taxes, there was consensus among the candidates that Bush's tax cuts should be repealed. This position finds strong support both within the party and among African Americans. Overall 73% of Democrats think that some or all of the tax cuts should be repealed including 43% who say Bush's tax cuts for the wealthy should be repealed while other tax cuts remain in place, and an additional 30% who say all of the tax cuts should be repealed. Blacks express similar views, but are more likely to support repealing all tax cuts (44%) than to support repealing only those for the wealthy (33%). Not surprisingly, Republicans disagree; only 12% support repealing all of Bush's tax cuts and 23% support repealing cuts for the wealthy.
Rep. Kucinich voiced strong opinions on the issue of corporate profits, especially in regard to private health care companies. Kucinch stated that corporate profits were too high and health care should be run nationally as a non-profit. Democrats strongly agree with Kucnich on the question of whether business corporations make too much profit — 70% say that is the case. Blacks express similar levels of agreement, with 73% saying corporations make too much profit. A majority (54%) of Republicans also share this view as does 65% of the overall public.
Racial discrimination was a recurring topic throughout the forum and one that held particular salience in light of a Supreme Court decision earlier in the day rejecting race as a criterion for school integration. No candidate at the forum denied that racial discrimination still exists in America and Sen. Clinton, Rep. Obama and Sen. Edwards, among others, decried discrimination in the workplace and the criminal justice system. Seven-in-ten African Americans either mostly (29%) or completely (41%) disagree with the statement "discrimination against blacks is rare today." Majorities of Democrats (70%), the general public (62%), whites (60%) and Republicans (54%) also disagree that discrimination against blacks is rare today.
There is somewhat less consensus among demographic groups when it comes to affirmative action and other programs designed to improve the position of blacks and other minorities. A 93% majority of blacks either strongly favor (60%) or favor (33%) affirmative action programs. While majorities of Democrats (83%), the general public (70%), whites (65%) and Republicans (56%) also favor such programs, a 37-point gap divides African Americans and Republicans on the question of support for affirmative action programs.
Opinion divides still more sharply along demographic lines when respondents are asked whether "we should make every possible effort to improve the position of blacks and other minorities even if it means giving them preferential treatment." A 57% majority of blacks and a 67% majority of Hispanics agree with this statement. Only 42% of Democrats, 33% of the general public, 27% of whites and 17% of Republicans agree.
Furthermore, African Americans overwhelmingly see Katrina through the prism of race — fully 66% of blacks told a September 2005 Pew survey that they believed the government's response to Katrina would have been faster if most of the victims had been white. While Democrats (42%) are more likely than the general public (26%), whites (17%) and Republicans (8%) to agree with that position, a majority of Democrats (53%) say it would not have made any difference in the government's response, had most of the victims been white.
Sen. Dodd was one of several candidates who criticized the administrations' leadership on Darfur and stated clearly that the U.S. should take action to protect the people of Darfur. Perhaps surprisingly, blacks (48%) are no more likely than the public (51%) to say that the United States has a responsibility to do something about ethnic genocide in Darfur. There is little party divide on this question with 53% of Republicans and 51% of Democrats expressing support for U.S. action.
Throughout the evening, the Democratic candidates expressed support for expanded federal programs to address issues such as education, health care and recovery along the Gulf Coast. The public is split on whether they would rather have a smaller government providing fewer services (45%) or a bigger government providing more services (43%). However, among blacks, there is no such ambivalence: By a margin of more than three-to-one (69%-21%), blacks favor a bigger government with more services. The candidates are also on firm ground among the Democratic Party's rank-and-file, fully six-in-ten (60%) favor a bigger government compared with 28% who favor a smaller government with fewer services.
Democrats and blacks were likely to have appreciated the amount of time devoted to a discussion of education at the forum. Among Democratic and Democratic-leaning registered voters, 12% name education as the one issue that will be most important to them in choosing among the candidates for the Democratic nomination, making education the 4th most important issue for Democrats overall. Within this group, African Americans are somewhat more likely to name education as the most important issue; 22% do so. By comparison, 5% of Republican and Republican-leaning registered voters list education as the most important issue.


Begun with a handful of dedicated lay persons at Attappadi, in the year 1998, the Sehion Ministries, under the spiritual guidance or Rev. Fr. Xavier Khan Vattayil, and with the Apostolic blessings and support of the Bishop of Palakkad, Mar Jacob Manathodath, has by now been able to spread its evangelizational activities by launching 30 different Ministries catering to the spiritual needs of the faithful in India and abroad.
One of Sehion Ministries' important spiritual services is SEHION TELEVISION ministry, intended to cater to the spiritual needs via visual media. It was during a Retreat at St. Martin De Porres Retreat Centre at Angamaly, the initial prompt from the Spirit of the Lord emerged, signalling to commence a Media Wing. On the 17th December 2004, SEHION TELEVISION was blessed to commence by Mar Jacob Manathodath, Bishop of Palakkad in the presence of Rev. Fr. Xavier Khan Vattayil and other priests and missionaries of Sehion.
Thereafter, under the able leadership of Br. Sabu Kasargod, God has blessed SEHION TELEVISON to produce many spiritual programs in the visual media. On the 3rd April, 2005, the first episode of 'ABHISEKAGNI' was telecast from Shalom T.V. As per the reports from the authorities of telecast of this program, currently a multitude of more than twentyfive lakhs of faithful are watching 'ABHISHEKAGNI' every Sunday, telecast at 8.30am IST.
It was on the 29th April 2007, the 'MARANATHA' program has begun to be telecast in Jeevan T. V.
In Divine T.V., the program titled, 'EL SHADDAI' was first telecast on 14th March 2009.
God blessed the Media Wing, later, to initiate the official live telecast of spiritual services of Sehion, via www.sehion.org/webTV, from the website of Sehion-www.sehion.org.
It was in 2013, the possibilities of widening the viewership of spiritual programs of SEHION MINISTRIES were channelled through the social media networks, formulated by SEHION TELEVISION. Nearly two lakhs of people around the world are at present joining to view the visual short message programs of Sehion at its official Facebook page: www.facebook.com/Sehionministries.
All the spiritual services led by Rev. Fr. Xavier Khan Vattayil are at present made available via Youtube:www.youtube.com/sehionvideo.
God is continually blessing all efforts of SEHION TELEVISON in its errand of spreading the Good News, availing all opportunities in the audio-visual media, so that more people all around the world can realise the True Faith. This great mission of bringing more souls for the Lord is being continued with the whole-hearted supports and blessings from the Bishop of Palakkad, Mar Jacob Manathodath, and with the spiritual initiatives of Rev. Fr. Xavier Khan Vattayil.