text:
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * Created:     H5FAdblkpage.c
 *
 * Purpose:     Data block page routines for fixed array.
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/**********************/
/* Module Declaration */
/**********************/

#include "H5FAmodule.h"         /* This source code file is part of the H5FA module */

/***********************/
/* Other Packages Used */
/***********************/

/***********/
/* Headers */
/***********/
#include "H5private.h"      /* Generic Functions                        */
#include "H5Eprivate.h"     /* Error handling                           */
#include "H5FApkg.h"        /* Fixed Arrays                             */
#include "H5FLprivate.h"    /* Free Lists                               */

/****************/
/* Local Macros */
/****************/

/******************/
/* Local Typedefs */
/******************/

/********************/
/* Package Typedefs */
/********************/

/********************/
/* Local Prototypes */
/********************/

/*********************/
/* Package Variables */
/*********************/

/*****************************/
/* Library Private Variables */
/*****************************/

/*******************/
/* Local Variables */
/*******************/

/* Declare a free list to manage the H5FA_dblk_page_t struct */
H5FL_DEFINE_STATIC(H5FA_dblk_page_t);

/* Declare a free list to manage the page elements */
H5FL_BLK_DEFINE(page_elmts);

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:    H5FA__dblk_page_alloc
 *
 * Purpose:     Allocate fixed array data block page
 *
 * Return:      Non-NULL pointer to data block on success/NULL on failure
 *
 * Programmer:  Vailin Choi
 *              Thursday, April 30, 2009
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
BEGIN_FUNC(PKG, ERR,
H5FA_dblk_page_t *, NULL, NULL,
H5FA__dblk_page_alloc(H5FA_hdr_t *hdr, size_t nelmts))

    /* Local variables */
    H5FA_dblk_page_t *dblk_page = NULL;          /* Fixed array data block page */

    /* Check arguments */
    HDassert(hdr);

    /* Allocate memory for the data block */
    if(NULL == (dblk_page = H5FL_CALLOC(H5FA_dblk_page_t)))
        H5E_THROW(H5E_CANTALLOC, "memory allocation failed for fixed array data block page")

    /* Share common array information */
    if(H5FA__hdr_incr(hdr) < 0)
        H5E_THROW(H5E_CANTINC, "can't increment reference count on shared array header")
    dblk_page->hdr = hdr;

    /* Set non-zero internal fields */
    dblk_page->nelmts = nelmts;

    /* Allocate buffer for elements in data block page */
    if(NULL == (dblk_page->elmts = H5FL_BLK_MALLOC(page_elmts, nelmts * hdr->cparam.cls->nat_elmt_size)))
        H5E_THROW(H5E_CANTALLOC, "memory allocation failed for data block page element buffer")

    /* Set the return value */
    ret_value = dblk_page;

CATCH

    if(!ret_value)
        if(dblk_page && H5FA__dblk_page_dest(dblk_page) < 0)
            H5E_THROW(H5E_CANTFREE, "unable to destroy fixed array data block page")

END_FUNC(PKG)   /* end H5FA__dblk_page_alloc() */

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:    H5FA__dblk_page_create
 *
 * Purpose:     Creates a new fixed array data block page in the file
 *
 * Return:      Valid file address on success/HADDR_UNDEF on failure
 *
 * Programmer:  Vailin Choi
 *              Thursday, April 30, 2009
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
BEGIN_FUNC(PKG, ERR,
herr_t, SUCCEED, FAIL,
H5FA__dblk_page_create(H5FA_hdr_t *hdr, hid_t dxpl_id, haddr_t addr, size_t nelmts))

    /* Local variables */
    H5FA_dblk_page_t *dblk_page = NULL;      /* Fixed array data block page */

#ifdef H5FA_DEBUG
HDfprintf(stderr, "%s: Called, addr = %a\n", FUNC, addr);
#endif /* H5FA_DEBUG */

    /* Sanity check */
    HDassert(hdr);

    /* Allocate the data block page */
    if(NULL == (dblk_page = H5FA__dblk_page_alloc(hdr, nelmts)))
        H5E_THROW(H5E_CANTALLOC, "memory allocation failed for fixed array data block page")

    /* Set info about data block page on disk */
    dblk_page->addr = addr;
    dblk_page->size = H5FA_DBLK_PAGE_SIZE(hdr, nelmts);
#ifdef H5FA_DEBUG
HDfprintf(stderr, "%s: dblk_page->size = %Zu\n", FUNC, dblk_page->size);
#endif /* H5FA_DEBUG */

    /* Clear any elements in data block page to fill value */
    if((hdr->cparam.cls->fill)(dblk_page->elmts, nelmts) < 0)
        H5E_THROW(H5E_CANTSET, "can't set fixed array data block page elements to class's fill value")

    /* Cache the new fixed array data block page */
    if(H5AC_insert_entry(hdr->f, dxpl_id, H5AC_FARRAY_DBLK_PAGE, dblk_page->addr, dblk_page, H5AC__NO_FLAGS_SET) < 0)
        H5E_THROW(H5E_CANTINSERT, "can't add fixed array data block page to cache")

CATCH
    if(ret_value < 0)
        if(dblk_page) {
            /* Destroy data block page */
            if(H5FA__dblk_page_dest(dblk_page) < 0)
                H5E_THROW(H5E_CANTFREE, "unable to destroy fixed array data block page")
        } /* end if */

END_FUNC(PKG)   /* end H5FA__dblk_page_create() */

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:    H5FA__dblk_page_protect
 *
 * Purpose:     Convenience wrapper around protecting fixed array data
 *              block page
 *
 * Return:      Non-NULL pointer to data block page on success/NULL on failure
 *
 * Programmer:  Vailin Choi
 *              Thursday, April 30, 2009
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
BEGIN_FUNC(PKG, ERR,
H5FA_dblk_page_t *, NULL, NULL,
H5FA__dblk_page_protect(H5FA_hdr_t *hdr, hid_t dxpl_id, haddr_t dblk_page_addr,
    size_t dblk_page_nelmts, unsigned flags))

    /* Local variables */
    H5FA_dblk_page_cache_ud_t udata;      /* Information needed for loading data block page */

#ifdef H5FA_DEBUG
HDfprintf(stderr, "%s: Called\n", FUNC);
#endif /* H5FA_DEBUG */

    /* Sanity check */
    HDassert(hdr);
    HDassert(H5F_addr_defined(dblk_page_addr));

    /* only the H5AC__READ_ONLY_FLAG is permitted */
    HDassert((flags & (unsigned)(~H5AC__READ_ONLY_FLAG)) == 0);

    /* Set up user data */
    udata.hdr = hdr;
    udata.nelmts = dblk_page_nelmts;
    udata.dblk_page_addr = dblk_page_addr;

    /* Protect the data block page */
    if(NULL == (ret_value = (H5FA_dblk_page_t *)H5AC_protect(hdr->f, dxpl_id, H5AC_FARRAY_DBLK_PAGE, dblk_page_addr, &udata, flags)))
        H5E_THROW(H5E_CANTPROTECT, "unable to protect fixed array data block page, address = %llu", (unsigned long long)dblk_page_addr)

CATCH

END_FUNC(PKG)   /* end H5FA__dblk_page_protect() */

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:    H5FA__dblk_page_unprotect
 *
 * Purpose:     Convenience wrapper around unprotecting fixed array
 *              data block page
 *
 * Return:      SUCCEED/FAIL
 *
 * Programmer:  Vailin Choi
 *              Thursday, April 30, 2009
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
BEGIN_FUNC(PKG, ERR,
herr_t, SUCCEED, FAIL,
H5FA__dblk_page_unprotect(H5FA_dblk_page_t *dblk_page, hid_t dxpl_id,
    unsigned cache_flags))

    /* Local variables */

#ifdef H5FA_DEBUG
HDfprintf(stderr, "%s: Called\n", FUNC);
#endif /* H5FA_DEBUG */

    /* Sanity check */
    HDassert(dblk_page);

    /* Unprotect the data block page */
    if(H5AC_unprotect(dblk_page->hdr->f, dxpl_id, H5AC_FARRAY_DBLK_PAGE, dblk_page->addr, dblk_page, cache_flags) < 0)
        H5E_THROW(H5E_CANTUNPROTECT, "unable to unprotect fixed array data block page, address = %llu", (unsigned long long)dblk_page->addr)

CATCH

END_FUNC(PKG)   /* end H5FA__dblk_page_unprotect() */

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Function:    H5FA__dblk_page_dest
 *
 * Purpose:     Destroys a fixed array data block page in memory.
 *
 * Return:      SUCCEED/FAIL
 *
 * Programmer:  Vailin Choi
 *              Thursday, April 30, 2009
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
BEGIN_FUNC(PKG, ERR,
herr_t, SUCCEED, FAIL,
H5FA__dblk_page_dest(H5FA_dblk_page_t *dblk_page))

    /* Sanity check */
    HDassert(dblk_page);

    /* Check if header field has been initialized */
    if(dblk_page->hdr) {
        /* Check if buffer for data block page elements has been initialized */
        if(dblk_page->elmts) {
            /* Free buffer for data block page elements */
            dblk_page->elmts = H5FL_BLK_FREE(page_elmts, dblk_page->elmts);
        } /* end if */

        /* Decrement reference count on shared info */
        if(H5FA__hdr_decr(dblk_page->hdr) < 0)
            H5E_THROW(H5E_CANTDEC, "can't decrement reference count on shared array header")
        dblk_page->hdr = NULL;
    } /* end if */

    /* Free the data block page itself */
    dblk_page = H5FL_FREE(H5FA_dblk_page_t, dblk_page);

CATCH

END_FUNC(PKG)   /* end H5FA__dblk_page_dest() */


text:
Royal Vopak can rely on 400 years of experience in storage and transshipment. The timeline below is a historical overview.
First mention of Amsterdam Carriers
1565In the balance
The activities of Vopak's oldest forerunner, the Blaauwhoedenveem, took place in and around the weigh house in Amsterdam. The oldest weigh house was built in the fourteenth century, but the one pictured in this painting opened its doors in 1565.
This graceful Renaissance building, which was built from blue-gray limestone, was situated on Dam Square, in the heart of the city. The weigh house had a double staircase at the front leading to the upper floor, with permanent canopies lining the other three sides. These permitted access to seven scales that were suspended from sturdy beams. Inside was a smaller scale, where the most valuable products were weighed. Carriers, who were often united in storehouses such as the Blaauwhoedenveem, transported goods to and from the weigh house. Based on the weight and quality of the goods, the weighmaster decided how much weighage was owed. The building remained in use for over two centuries. Collection Royal Vopak.
Establishment of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the world's first multinational
The storehouses were first mentioned in a guild letter dated March 26. This date will later be taken as the date on which Blauwhoedenveem was founded
1616De Blaauwhoeden (The Blue Hats).
Source: Royal Vopak.
Oldest known mention of Blauwhoedenveem by Dutch playwright Bredero appeared in his comedy The Spanish Brabander
1617A conservative estimate
As long as historiography has existed regarding Vopak's oldest predecessor - the Blaauwhoedenveem - March 26, 1616 is taken as the founding date.
However, the year in which the storehouse started is unkown. Storehouses were simple partnerships between lumpers in the Amsterdam port who barely kept records, let alone founding documents. The year 1616 is used because it is in that year that the city of Amsterdam issued a statute that mentioned storehouses for the first time.
The first mention of the Blaauwhoedenveem followed a year later. In 1617, the Amsterdam poet and playwright Gerbrand Adriaensz. Bredero published his comedy The Spanish Brabander, in which he portrayed two storehouses: the blue hats and the tricornes. Assuming that in 1617, Bredero portrayed storehouses that were known to a broad public, it is likely that the Blaauwhoedenveem (literally: storehouse of the blue hats) had already existed for some time. Taking 1616 as the founding year is therefore a seemingly conservative estimate. We will probably never be able to find the exact year, but the chances are that the history of Vopak goes back to the sixteenth century.
1667The jewel of herbs
The Europeans were introduced to tea in the second half of the seventeenth century. From 1667, the Dutch East India Company, or VOC, was one of the major importers of the herb from China.
Since the Chinese did not allow foreign merchants into their ports, the trade took place through Chinese middlemen on the island of Java (in present-day Indonesia). Tea was nicknamed the "jewel of herbs" and doctors even prescribed it as a remedy for various ailments. Drinking tea became a respectable ritual, and wealthy families had special tearooms in their homes. By the end of the century, tea became more affordable and tearooms were opened where ordinary citizens could enjoy a cup of tea.
Tea became one of the most important and profitable products for the VOC. However, it was still a very delicate product. The taste and smell of tea could be affected if it came into contact with other (aromatic) goods. It was therefore very important to separate the fragile tea as much as possible. But a ship with only tea as its cargo was not heavy enough to be stable. The solution was to transport tea in combination with porcelain, which provided sufficient weight and did not give off any odor or taste.
In 1825, Philipp Franz von Siebold, tea expert of the Netherlands Trading Society (Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij or NHM), was the first person to succeed in growing Chinese tea on Java. The real breakthrough of tea outside China followed the discovery of Assam Tea by the British in 1835. This tea was found to better suit European tastes, and from 1873 it was also grown by the Dutch on Java. In the following decades, this so-called Java tea supplanted the China tea on the Dutch market.
1717Gentlemen of the Warehouse
The management and the organization of the VOC warehouses were supervised by the Commission of Commerce, also called the "Heren van het Pakhuis" (Gentlemen of the Warehouse).
Until about 1717, they regularly used the storehouses in busy times, but from then onwards the organization was so well established that storehouses were no longer needed. From that point on, two warehouse keepers, four accountants, and two head clerks supervised the warehouses, where 50 to 150 day laborers and garbuleurs (processors of dry goods) worked. The warehouse keepers were in charge, dealing with the administration of all incoming and outgoing goods.
Josua van Eik, who would establish "Pakhuismeesteren van de Thee" a century later, also began his career as a VOC warehouse keeper. When starting his own company he drew extensively on the knowledge and reputation of the VOC.
Silver trowel with inscription, used during the laying of the foundation stone of the Nieuwe Magazijn (New Warehouse) of the Dutch East India Company in Amsterdam on April 18, 1720. This ceremonial task was performed by children of the directors of the VOC. When Pakhuismeesteren van de Thee was founded in 1818, it also used the new warehouse. Collection of the Amsterdam Museum. Photo: Tom Croes.
Beginning of French period. The Dutch Republic falls under French influence
The Dutch East India Company is dissolved
1807The start of a family business
Filippus van Ommeren was born in Rotterdam on March 5, 1807. As soon as he was old enough, he was apprenticed to his father Jan van Ommeren, who was a shipbroker and shipping agent. In 1839, Filippus, who called himself Philippus from 1833, started his own business: the Phs. van Ommeren company.
In 1855, Philippus's 17-year-old son Philippus junior joined the business. Philippus senior hoped that his son would eventually continue the business, but saw this dream shatter when his son died as a result of pneumonia in 1868. Since his two other sons had already chosen other careers, Philippus put his faith in his daughter's fiancé: Hermanus de Jongh. In 1871, shortly after Hermanus married Gerda van Ommeren, he was appointed as an associate.
In 1878 another Van Ommeren joined the company: Philippus junior's son. Like his late father, he started working at the company at the age of 17. In December 1884 he was appointed as a partner alongside Hermanus de Jongh. Founder Philippus van Ommeren could rest assured as the continuity of the family business was secured. He died on June 27, 1888 at the age of 81. Painted in 1939 by: Herman Mees.
The Kingdom of the Netherlands is established under the leadership of King William I
1816Free at last
Officially, all guilds were abolished by constitutional amendment in 1798. These professional organizations, however, had been integrated into society so extensively for centuries that they remained functional for a long time.
This also applied to the carrier guild, which included the storehouses. That guild only lost its influence when weighing rights lapsed in 1816, yet the storehouses continued to exist. Twenty-two storehouses survived the French period: the Blue, Red, Green, White, Yellow-, Black-, Purple, Gray-, Fur and Straw Hats, the Tricornes, the Leiden Storehouse, English Storehouse, Vriesse Storehouse, Zeeland Storehouse, Texel Storehouse, Scottish Storehouse, Medemblik Storehouse, Haarlem Storehouse Wateras Storehouse, Zwartas Storehouse, and Zijde Storehouse.
The Cooperative of the Workers was established as a kind of successor to the carrier guild. However, the usually quirky storehouses had little need for a new umbrella organization and took more and more liberties. They started looking after their own financial and staff policies, resulting in them becoming better organized facilitating growth.
Establishment of Pakhuismeesteren van de Thee (Tea Warehouse Keepers) in Amsterdam and Rotterdam
The charter of Pakhuismeesteren van de Thee in Amsterdam, dated January 15, 1818. Listed at the top are the names of tea brokers and commissioners Voûte, Hageman, and Frymersum, and of warehouse keepers and founders Nolthenius and Van Eik. The warehouse keepers made a reference to their history with the red VOC seal on the left. Collection of Amsterdam City Archives. Photo: Tom Croes.
1828Unexpected competition
In 1828, "Pakhuismeesteren van de Koffij" (Coffee Warehouse Keepers) was founded by coffee specialist P. ten Cate and Joshua van Eik jr., whose father was the founder of "Pakhuismeesteren van de Thee."
Because of this family connection there were very close ties between the tea and coffee storage companies. Unlike "Pakhuismeesteren van de Thee," "Pakhuismeesteren van de Koffij" did not last very long. The company was overly dependent on one particular customer, the Netherlands Trading Society (NHM), established and funded in part by King William I of the Netherlands. When the NHM later opted for "Rijks Entrepotdok" – another company in which the king was financially involved – to store its coffee, it meant the end of "Pakhuismeesteren van de Koffij."
What made the situation even more painful was that the processing of coffee in the Entrepotdok ended up in the hands of a consortium of storehouses that was led by the Blaauwhoedenveem. This was the first time that storehouses, from a much more humble background than the Pakhuismeesteren, manifested themselves as serious competitors. The "Pakhuismeesteren van de Koffij" had regularly used the Blue Hats to help out in the preceding years. They had inadvertently helped their competitor into the saddle.
The Netherlands introduces a system of forced farming in the Dutch East Indies: Indigenous farmers are forced to grow certain crops and to cede a part of it for export to the Netherlands
Delivery of the first Java tea
Founding of the Phs. Van Ommeren shipbroking company by Phillipus van Ommeren
The ship Philippus van Ommeren starts its journey in Rotterdam. Drawn in 1839 by: Jo Spier. Collection of Rotterdam City Archives.
1850Jack-of-all-trades
"Pakhuismeesteren van de Thee" in Amsterdam and Rotterdam were two separate companies, however they traveled the same path for a long time.
Amsterdam was leading as it was the larger company. In January 1850, they surprised their colleagues in Rotterdam with their intention to establish a new company: "Pakhuismeesteren van de Rijst" (Rice Warehouse Keepers). The Amsterdam warehouse keepers thought it very important to keep their name as a tea specialist pure, so they preferred to store other goods under a different name – just as they had done with coffee.
In Rotterdam, where much less tea was traded compared to Amsterdam, the warehouse keepers had also sometimes used their warehouses to store other goods for several years. They must have been pleased with this, for they had plans to make this expansion official. The Amsterdam plans for the rice business worked as a catalyst for this Rotterdam initiative. The very day they heard about the Amsterdam plans, they circulated a statement about their intention to establish "such an establishment for rice and other goods."
"Pakhuismeesteren van de Rijst" never materialized in Amsterdam but the Rotterdam company stuck to its plans. Officially, they established a second company besides "Pakhuismeesteren van de Thee" that stored all other goods, but in practice they did not distinguish between the two. After 1850 they slowly came to be known as simply Pakhuismeesteren.
Rotterdam family De Monchy was involved with Pakhuismeesteren for generations. On the left, Engel Pieter de Monchy (1793-1883), who stood at the head of the Rotterdam company from the foundation of Pakhuismeesteren van de Thee. In the center, his son Salomon Jean René (1824-1917), who was warehouse keeper from 1851 to 1906, and, on the right, Engel Pieter de Monchy (1854-1942), who represents the third generation. The De Monchy's remained involved until the merger with Blaauwhoed in 1967. Collection of Royal Vopak.
Phs. van Ommeren brings first sailing ship into service
Blaauwhoedenveem becomes a general partnership. Start of professionalization
The maturation of the storehouse
Blaauwhoedenveem had long been the wealthiest and largest of the storehouses. Just like "Pakhuismeesteren van de Thee", the storehouse issued warehouse receipts for the goods that it stored – negotiable title deeds.
Apparently the Blue Hats had their records in order and were a reliable party, since the Dutch Central Bank accredited their receipts in 1856. It was an extremely important step in the maturation of the storehouse.
A year later the Blue Hats replaced their cooperative structure with a general partnership. Led by directors B. Lusink, H.J. Klyn, and C.H.L. Klyn, the storehouse was called "Blaauwhoedenveem in partnership with Lusink, Klyn & Co." from January 1, 1857. A year later, Blaauwhoedenveem, as the leading party in a consortium with other storehouses, signed a contract with the Netherlands Trading Society (NHM) for the storage of coffee, which was previously done by "Pakhuismeesteren van de Koffij". The storehouse thus confirmed its new status as a serious storage company. In the wake of Blaauwhoedenveem, Vriesseveem, which became a general partnership in 1861, went through a similar development. Along with Blaauwhoedenveem, they would provide direction to the development of the storehouses for decades.
Pakhuismeesteren van de Koffij (Coffee Warehouse Keepers) is dissolved
First delivery of turpentine in Rotterdam is stored by Pakhuismeesteren
1862A flammable substance
On June 30, 1862 an American ship entered the port of Rotterdam. This wasn't an unusual occurrence, however this ship had a special cargo: barrels of petroleum. This very first crude oil cargo, which was introduced in Rotterdam, was stored by Vopak precursor Pakhuismeesteren.
The properties and hazards of this new product were not well known, since the first modern oil drilling had taken place in Canada and America only a few years earlier. That is why Pakhuismeesteren stored the barrels without further ado in the East India House, a 150-year-old warehouse on the busy Boompjeskade, in the city center. Shortly after the first oil shipments, ominous stories cropped up about explosions in America caused by the combustible material. In consultation with the city council, Pakhuismeesteren built a warehouse outside the city, to the south of the river Maas. The first sheds, designed specifically for the storage of oil, were erected here in 1865 and they would develop into Vopak's core business in the next 150 years.
Pakhuismeesteren commissions first petroleum complex in Feyenoord, Rotterdam
In 1865, the municipality of Rotterdam expands with the addition of the island of Feijenoord. Pakhuismeesteren begins the operation of the first petroleum complex here. Collection of Rotterdam City Archives.
Vriesseveem buys its first warehouses
Opening of the Suez Canal
The system of forced farming (in the Dutch East Indies) is abolished. Trade is liberalized
Vriesseveem comes to Rotterdam
Opening of the New Waterway, making the port of Rotterdam more accessible
1874Ousted by steamships
During the nineteenth century the use of sailing ships came under pressure from the rise in steam shipping.
When sailing ships went through a revival in the 1850s, it prompted Philippus van Ommeren to become a shipowner. In 1855, he put his first ship into service: a brig named Minerva. In order not to bear the entire risk alone, he looked for, in accordance with the part-shipowner principle, various financiers to participate in the ship – looking among family and friends as much as possible. Philippus acted as the bookkeeper. Led by his half-brother George Theodoor, the Minerva sailed to destinations in Europe and North and South America. Although trade was uncertain due to fluctuating prices, Philippus nevertheless managed to extend his bookkeeping to four more ships in subsequent years.
Yet the shipping company was not successful. Van Ommeren's somewhat conservative choice for sailing ships was punished by the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. This led to the final breakthrough of steamships, and thus the end of the era of sailing ships. Philippus van Ommeren did not venture into steamships. He sold the fleet between 1872 and 1874 and withdrew from the shipping company.
Pakhuismeesteren commissions the first petroleum storage in Charlois, Rotterdam
Pakhuismeesteren commissions its first petroleum storage on Sluisjesdijk, Rotterdam. Collection of Royal Vopak.
Opening of Noordzeekanaal (North Sea Canal)
Blaauwhoedenveem completes its first acquisition by taking over Roodhoedenveem (Red Hats Storehouse)
1878Rotterdam, the port of the future
Seven years after competitor Vriesseveem moved from the Amsterdam to the Rotterdam port, Blaauwhoedenveem followed its example. It opened a small office at Scheepmakershaven in 1878.
J.C.A. Hol was given the responsibility for the daily management of Blaauwhoedenveem's Rotterdam branch. He was the first executive in the company to be appointed to such a position not on the basis of his number of years in service but because of his administrative and leadership qualities. Within a few years, he turned the Rotterdam company into a success.
Hol was at the right place at the right time, since the port of Rotterdam was developing fast. After centuries of domination by the Amsterdam port, it was now clear that the future belonged to Rotterdam. Through the direct connection to the sea via the newly opened New Waterway and the liberal, entrepreneurial urban elite, led by men like Marten Mees and Lodewijk Pincoffs, the city experienced unprecedented growth. In the seventies, eighties, and nineties of the 19th century, new port developments were realized in a high tempo. The growth was mainly based on the port's function as a transit port for mass goods for the industrializing German hinterland. Coal, ore, and oil, along with grain, were shipped in large quantities through Rotterdam. Although the Amsterdam storehouses were not familiar with these products, they could still make an impact in Rotterdam. By 1883 Blaauwhoedenveem had already moved to larger premises at Feyenoord.
The Amsterdam and Rotterdam offices of Blaauwhoedenveem merge into Blaauwhoedenveem Inc.
Pakhuismeesteren Rotterdam builds its first oil tank in Charlois, Rotterdam
The Chester is the first tank steamer that moors at Pakhuismeesteren's petroleum tank in Rotterdam, completed that year
Handelskade Inc. in Amsterdam is completely taken over by Blaauwhoedenveem
Van Ommeren's first steamship
A friendly English shipowner introduced Philippus van Ommeren's grandson to the concept of a single ship company in 1889. Despite the bad experiences of his grandfather twenty years earlier, he decided to move into the shipping business.
In 1891 this led to the founding of the Maatschappij Stoomschip Dordrecht (Steamship Dordrecht Company Inc.), in which he placed one ship based on the English model, which was unique in the Netherlands. He sold the shares to relatives and acquaintances in Rotterdam, whom he paid dividends of around 10 percent in the first years. The successes encouraged Van Ommeren to establish two more single ship companies, in which he placed the Sliedrecht and Barendrecht.
After a few years, Van Ommeren concluded that it was inefficient to accommodate each ship in a separate company. In 1898 he asked and received permission from his shareholders to convert the Steamship Dordrecht Company into Stoomvaart Maatschappij De Maas (Steamship Company The Meuse). This was the real start of Van Ommeren as a shipowner.
The formal difference between Pakhuismeesteren's storage of tea and of other goods in Rotterdam disappears
Establishment of Nederlandsche Veem (Dutch Storehouse)
Philippus van Ommeren establishes shipping company Stoomvaart-Maatschappij De Maas
The first share in Stoomvaart-Maatschappij De Maas Collection of Rotterdam City Archives.
1903Thanks to Deterding
Around 1900, Henri Deterding, chief executive of Koninklijke Olie (Royal Dutch Petroleum), wanted to gain a foothold in the port of Rotterdam and from there launch an attack on the monopoly position of rival Standard Oil in Germany.
Partly through his friendship with Philippus van Ommeren, he gained permission to build two tanks and a distillery in Rotterdam. The transport of gas to and from Germany was contracted to Van Ommeren, which became the first company to transport gasoline over the Rhine. The 744-tonne inland tanker Rhenania, completed in 1903, was the first vessel in Van Ommeren's fleet.
The merger of Royal Dutch Petroleum and Shell into the Royal Dutch Shell Group in 1907 produced a lot more work for Philippus van Ommeren. He saw there was a shortage of storage tanks in Rotterdam. He felt that the company should play a larger role in this, but co-partner Hermanus de Jongh had many reservations. Philippus van Ommeren therefore decided to invest in tank storage outside of the company. In 1910, he founded tank storage company Matex. His friendship with Henri Deterding was indirectly not just at the base of Van Ommeren's inland shipping business, but also of the tank storage business.
Vriesseveem is the first storehouse outfitted with a refrigerated warehouse
Philippus van Ommeren III establishes storage company Matex in Vlaardingen
Construction of the grain silo complex St. Job
Blaauwhoedenveem surprised major competitor Vriesseveem with the construction of the huge grain silo complex and warehouse, St. Job, in Rotterdam. Collection of Royal Vopak.
Start of the First World War
1916Cotton Storehouse: a taste for more
In a period in which the storehouses competed fiercely with each other in the port of Rotterdam, some of them also entered into partnerships.
On April 20, 1916 Katoenveem (Cotton Storehouse) was founded by Blaauwhoedenveem, Handelsveem, Hollandsveem, Leydsche Veem, the Dutch Storehouse, Vriesseveem, and Pakhuismeesteren. In order to prevent fires, insurers charged high premiums to pressure the storehouses to store cotton in separate warehouses. This made it so expensive that the storehouses saw no other option but to join forces.
Although the marriage was not born out of love, several storehouses seemed to like the cooperation. A year after the establishment of Katoenveem, Blaauwhoedenveem and Vriesseveem announced a merger.
Blaauwhoedenveem-Vriesseveem created from a merger between Blaauwhoedenveem and Vriesseveem
End of the First World War
From 1919, Blaauwhoedenveem-Vriesseveem operated a subsidiary in the United States, called Bluefries. Until 1940, Bluefries operated from New York City as a shipping agency and warehousing company. Collection of Royal Vopak.
1920Working at Blaauwhoedenveem, an impression
Source: EYE.
First foreign terminal of Van Ommeren: Zeematex in Zeebrugge, Belgium
Van Ommeren sells Matex to the Batavian Petroleum Company. In December of that year, he founds the New Matex, based in Vlaardingen. Four months later the tanks are ready
Van Ommeren's tank storage
Spurred on by Henri Deterding, chairman of Royal Dutch Petroleum, the forerunner of Royal Dutch Shell, Philippus van Ommeren entered into tank storage in 1910.
His co-partner Hermanus de Jongh was not interested in this foreign activity, so Van Ommeren founded tank storage company Matex with private funds. After several difficult years Matex became a successful company, thanks to good contacts within the growing Royal Dutch Shell.
In 1929, Philippus sold Matex to the Batavian Oil Company (Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij or BPM), a subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell. One of the conditions of the sale was that he could start a new tank storage company. He founded New Matex on December 16 of the same year. New Matex initially stored vegetable oils and fats, since BPM had insisted that this new company could not store petroleum or any of its derivatives until 1957. In 1942, when Van Ommeren was eighty years old, he sold his tank storage company to Van Ommeren's Scheepvaartbedrijf (Van Ommeren Shipping).
The VT Group (Verenigde Tankrederijen) is founded. This is a joint venture between New Matex, Pakhuismeesteren, Tankmaatschappij Dipping, and Phs. van Ommeren
1932Rotterdam Mayor Droogleever Fortuyn on the opening of the First Petroleum Port
Source: Beeld en Geluid.
Pakhuismeesteren establishes itself in Pernis, Rotterdam
Start of the Second World War. Rotterdam is bombed on May 14 and the Netherlands surrenders
Philippus van Ommeren's private companies are sold to Van Ommeren Inc. These include VT, Imatex, Zeematex, and Amatex
1944Destructive occupation
In September 1944, the Allies recaptured the port of Antwerp from the Germans. To halt an Allied advance, Berlin ordered the destruction of port facilities in the Netherlands.
Starting from late September 1944, the German occupying forces detonated a vast quantity of bombs in the Rotterdam port and burned down many buildings. Major damage was caused to quays, cranes, docks, shipyards, warehouses, and oil tanks. On October 1, Pakhuismeesteren had only three undamaged tanks left. Warehouse "de Eersteling" was also severely affected. On October 2, the installations of Shell and Matex underwent the same fate.
Matex installations in Amsterdam, the Amatex, endured the German destructiveness thanks to a clever move made by the manager. He had the tanks filled with water so the Germans would not touch them as water was vital to their own supplies. Collection of Royal Vopak.
The end of the Second World War. Blaauwhoedenveem-Vriesseveem, Pakhuismeesteren and Van Ommeren have suffered an enormous damage. Installations have been destroyed and the substantial fleet of Stoomvaart-Maatschappij De Maas has largely been lost. There were also many casualties among the employees of these companies
Merger between Stoomvaart-Maatschappij De Maas and Phs. Van Ommeren Scheepvaartbedrijf
Blaauwhoedenveem-Vriesseveem continues as Blaauwhoed and starts to diversify. Alongside storage activities, the company also ventures into real estate
From storehouse to real estate
Blaauwhoedenveem-Vriesseveem traditionally leaned heavily on the storage of colonial goods. The flow of these products dried up during and after the Second World War when Indonesia gained independence from the Netherlands.
Partly due to this, Blaauwhoedenveem-Vriesseveem faced low occupancy levels in the Amsterdam warehouses in the early 1950s.
Instead of selling a few warehouses, as was previously common when faced with lower trading volumes, the board decided to remodel several warehouses and hire them out to small industries as business premises. It was a radically new approach, which also needed substantial investment, but nevertheless the commissioners agreed to the plan.
This change of course proved a success. The investment costs of 150,000 guilders were recovered within a short time. In 1958 alone, the lease of the properties yielded 195,000 guilders. Following the widening of activities, Blaauwhoedenveem-Vriesseveem changed its name in 1954. The new name, Blaauwhoed, was not only considerably shorter, but the word "veem" (storehouse) had also disappeared. After all, from now on the company focused on more than just storage.
Blaauwhoed takes over a cold store for hides in Rotterdam
Twenty degrees Celsius below zero.
Pakhuismeesteren starts using a new terminal in the Rotterdam Botlek area. Two years later, Van Ommeren follows suit with the opening of Matex Botlek.
Pakhuismeesteren Rotterdam takes over the Amsterdam branch
Blaauwhoed becomes a holding company. The separation between Amsterdam and Rotterdam lapses
After World War II, the Amsterdam and Rotterdam offices of Blaauwhoed developed into two separate companies, each with its own management and commissioners, who developed their own vision of the future.
While the Amsterdam company widened its activities to real estate, the Rotterdam company focused on business expansion in the rapidly growing Rotterdam port. The companies became increasingly more opposed, partly because the Amsterdam company regarded itself as the parent company to which the Rotterdam company had to listen to.
Around 1960, Thomsen's Havenbedrijf – by far the largest stevedore in Rotterdam – attempted to merge with the Rotterdam Blaauwhoed company on two occasions. Although this was seriously considered, it never materialized. Thomsen's overture was food for thought for Blaauwhoed. They realized that they would be in a stronger position if they would organize themselves better. Therefore, they conducted a structural change in 1962 in which Blaauwhoed became a holding company. Operating companies Blaauwhoedenveem-Amsterdam and Blaauwhoedenveem-Rotterdam, as the daughter companies in the respective cities were now named, retained their own boards, but they now both answered to the management of the holding company headquartered in Amsterdam.
In 1964, Van Ommeren opens its new headquarters: Westerlaantoren in Rotterdam. Collection of Rotterdam City Archives.
Pakhuismeesteren and Blaauwhoed (which had recently changed its name to Blauwhoed) merge into Pakhoed. In the years prior to the merger, they both took over several companies
Pakhoed begins operating new terminals in Europoort. This doubles its tank capacity
P.J. van Ommeren is the last Van Ommeren to leave the company
Deer Park in Houston. Collection of Royal Vopak.
Pakhoed increases its share in French road transport company ONATRA to 100 percent. It becomes part of Paktrans
Pakhoed opens a terminal on Bonaire in the Caribbean: BOPEC. It is sold in 1989
Pakhoed takes over Robertson Distribution Systems (RDS) and acquires the Galena Park and Deer Park terminals in Houston, U.S.A.
Pakhoed takes over Pandair. This component is divested again in 1987
Battle for Singapore
In 1980, Van Ommeren started to investigate the possibility of opening a terminal in Singapore, which, with its growing port and strategic location, looked very promising.
The outcome proved positive. The local port authorities were interested in cooperation and the island of Pulau Sebarok, south of Singapore, was found to be an available and convenient location. On August 31, 1983 Van Ommeren opened the first independent oil terminal in Singapore, which at that time had a volume of 484,000 cubic meters. It was later extended to more than 1.2 million cubic meters.
Meanwhile, Pakhoed also tried to gain a foothold in Singapore, but they were too late. Although there was no more room for a terminal next to deep water, they came up with a creative solution: they bought a 300,000-tonne supertanker, which they then converted into a floating storage vessel. They anchored the tanker, with separate compartments for gas oil, fuel oil, gasoline, and other products, off the coast of Singapore. While the tanker was in service as a terminal for several years, Pakhoed created an island through sand suppletion and eventually built its own terminal there with a capacity of 500,000 cubic meters.
After the merger of the competitors into Vopak in 1999, the Pakhoed terminal, the smaller of the two, was sold and Vopak retained the original Van Ommeren terminal. Collection of Royal Vopak.
Pakhoed divests real estate branch Blauwhoed
Van Ommeren merges with Ceteco. For a while, the company is called VOC
VOC, no happy marriage
"Ceteco's considerable experience and substance in trade, the good profitability of its activities, and its human resources pool, coupled with Van Ommeren's financial strength and commercial experience, is considered to be a strong combination by both."
A merger with trade group Ceteco was music to the ears of Van Ommeren's supervisory board in 1987. That a combination of the two names yielded the abbreviation VOC, a reference to the symbol of the Dutch Golden Age, was an added bonus. The merger was confidently announced later that year.
However, it soon transpired that it was not a happy marriage. Ceteco's "fast trading guys in nice suits" and Van Ommeren's "orderly, solemn-faced shipping clerks" understood nothing of each other. The integration of two very different corporate cultures was fraught with difficulty. Poor results in the commercial sector did the rest. The financial world preferred separate, specialized companies than a colossus without focus and pressured change. Van Ommeren sold its trading activities in June 1992. The company continued under its own name and with the familiar core activities such as shipping, inland shipping, and tank storage. Collection of Rotterdam City Archives.
Pakhoed acquires Gebr. Broere
Fall of the Berlin Wall
It has pleased the Queen
On May 25, 1989, Van Ommeren, which at that time was merged into VOC with Ceteco, celebrated its 150th anniversary. As a highlight of a gala performance at the Rotterdam Theatre, VOC received the designation 'Royal'. It was presented by S. Patijn, the Queen's Commissioner in the Province of South Holland, to Ir. W.H. Brouwer, the then chairman of VOC.
Two years later, Pahoed was also allowed to call itself a "Royal" company. On the occasion of the celebration of its 375th anniversary, Chairman of the Board H.P. Crijns received the official certificate from the hands of Rotterdam Mayor Bram Peper.
Although merger companies are normally not allowed to claim previously granted Royal designations, Vopak was allowed to keep on calling itself "Royal" after 1999.
Pakhoed takes over Furness
Completion of Pakhoed terminals on Pulau Busing in Singapore
Van Ommeren sells Ceteco
Pakhoed sells container terminal Unitcentre to Europe Combined Terminals (ECT)
Unitcentre at Pier 6/7 in Waalhaven. Photo: Dick Sellenraad. Collection of Royal Vopak.
Pakhoed opens Tallinn terminal in former Warsaw Pact member Estonia
First Van Ommeren terminal in China: Ningbo
Pakhoed extends its share in trading firm Univar to 100 percent
New entries thanks to chemistry
In 1986, Pakhoed acquired a 35 percent stake in American company Univar and, a few years later, 49 percent in the European branch of the same company. When the takeover was completed in 1996, Pakhoed became the world's largest chemical distributor overnight.
The acquisition of Univar brought great benefits. Pakhoed developed a different relationship with existing customers, whom it now also served with Univar. As a result, when they dealt with big companies such as Exxon and Shell, they were no longer talking to the sales department but to the company's management. This also gave new life to the tank storage business.
When Pakhoed and Van Ommeren merged to become Vopak in 1999, they decided to focus on tank storage and divest all other activities. For this reason, they took leave of Univar in 2002, which became independent and is still successful.
1998From mutual differences to combined forces
Before Van Ommeren and Pakhoed finally merged in 1999, several previous merger talks had amounted to nothing. Although they agreed that it would be a logical move to have the two Rotterdam companies reinforce each other worldwide rather than compete with each other, they failed to reach an agreement.
They had talks several times in the 1990s and they came particularly close to a merger in 1998. However, because executives Van den Driest and Westdijk could not agree on which terminal they would hive off to meet Brussels' competition rules, the talks halted. Thus, at least, was the official version. Another factor that played out in the background was that Pakhoed's harbor men and Van Ommeren's shipowners especially had an eye for the differences rather than the similarities. Van Ommeren was still sore about the failed trade adventure with Ceteco and was, therefore, skeptical about Pakhoed's chemical distribution business. Conversely Pakhoed saw little merit in Van Ommeren's erratic shipping business.
A year later, the merger became reality after all since both camps saw a future in tank storage. Partly at the urging of global customers, Van Ommeren and Pakhoed put aside their differences and joined forces. The result is Royal Vopak, the world's leading independent tank storage company.
Opening of terminal in Fujairah (United Arab Emirates)
Opening ceremony in Fujairah on January 20, 1999. Collection of Royal Vopak.
Merger of Pakhoed and Van Ommeren into Vopak
Demerger of Univar. Vopak focuses on tank storage
2009Part of the gas hub
The Gas Access To Europe (Gate) terminal in the port of Rotterdam is the first LNG terminal in the Netherlands.
The terminal was founded by Gasunie and Vopak, who both have a 50 percent stake, and facilitates the storage of liquefied gas. This allows both companies to anticipate both Dutch and European energy policies, which assume that the Netherlands, when its gas fields will be depleted, will become an importer of gas. The construction of the Gate terminal is an essential part of the efforts of the Dutch government to become the gas hub of Europe.
The construction of the terminal on the Maasvlakte started in 2009 and was openend by Queen Beatrix on September 23, 2011. The terminal has a storage capacity of twelve billion cubic meters, spread over three tanks. In the future, a fourth terminal may be added.
2011Opening of the Gate terminal
Source: Gate LNG terminal
Commissioning of Pengerang Independent Terminals in Malaysia
400th anniversary of Vopak
Vopak's headquarters in Rotterdam. Collection of Royal Vopak.
Concept, text and images: Stad en Bedrijf / Manifesta
Translation: BetterWords

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
By Alex Putterman on 09/04/2017 09/05/2017
About Alex Putterman
Alex is a writer and editor for The Comeback and Awful Announcing. He has written for The Atlantic, VICE Sports, MLB.com, SI.com and more. He is a proud alum of Northwestern University and The Daily Northwestern. You can find him on Twitter @AlexPutterman.
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Five questions still unanswered after the NFL's Sunday Ticket deal with Google
What were the five worst movies of 2022?
Legendary college basketball announcer Billy Packer passes away at 82
Packer once famously said he was "often wrong, but never in doubt."
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decades as the grand dame of Cambodian hotels.
the Post he expects a final contract will be signed "within several weeks,"
an option to renew for another 30 years.
"but we were very encouraged with the opportunity."
medium term I feel very confident," he said.
October with a soft opening slated for July 1995.
and a new swimming pool.
Tourism officials from the FUNCINPEC party.


text:
News / Palestine
Netanyahu rivals, protesters move to bring him down after corruption indictment
Sunday, 24 November 2019 9:36 AM [ Last Update: Sunday, 24 November 2019 11:04 AM ]
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reacts during a meeting of the right-wing bloc at the Knesset (Israeli parliament) in Jerusalem al-Quds on November 20, 2019. (Photo by AFP)
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's political opponents and hundreds of demonstrators have moved to capitalize on the indictment on charges relating to corruption, bribery and breach of trust against him, hoping to strip the weakened 70-year-old leader of power.
On Saturday night, Benny Gantz, the leader of center-left Blue and White political alliance and Netanyahu's main challenger in the two elections this year, called on the Israeli premier to step down, but still offered to form a coalition administration with his Likud political party if there are any chances.
"In light of the circumstances, I call to form a unity administration that is as broad as possible under my leadership," Gantz said at a press conference in Tel Aviv.
Benny Gantz, leader of the Blue and White party, delivers a statement in Tel Aviv, on November 23, 2019. (Photo by Reuters)
He added, "I will be prime minister for the first two years while Netanyahu can work on his legal issues. If he is acquitted, he can come back and be prime minister."
Gantz stressed that Netanyahu must "respect what most of the nation wants and resign from his role and fight to prove his innocence."
"Israeli citizens will not be the hostages of any leader," he asserted.
Israeli demonstrators call on Netanyahu to resign
Earlier in the day, hundreds of demonstrators had staged a rally in the same city of occupied territories to call on Netanyahu to leave office.
Protesters chanted "Bibi go home," and waved signs reading: "Netanyahu, let go already," "Netanyahu, you should quit," and "The corrupt should go home."
Israeli opposition supporters hold banners as they take part in a rally against Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Tel Aviv, on November 23, 2019. (Photo by AFP)
"The victory is yet to come. What you see here is absurd. We have a man who is charged with three major crimes. And he still believes he wants to be [a] prime minister. I mean this is crazy," a protester said.
"Bibi [Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu] should have resigned yesterday. All he wants to do is war, internal and external. He is not a leader. He is the head of the mafia," another demonstrator said.
'PM, Likud doing everything to harm investigation'
A high-ranking Israeli police official said Netanyahu and Likud party officials have resorted to attacks against justice authorities, and are doing all they can in order to harm the police and weaken its capabilities.
"The prime minister and Likud ministers are doing all they can in order to harm the police and undermine its experience and professional capabilities to conduct investigations free of background noise with the sincere intention of eradicating the phenomenon of public corruption that permeated to the very top of the regime," the unnamed official said in an interview with Maariv Online on Saturday evening.
Netanyahu indicted for bribery, fraud and breach of trust
Israel's attorney general indicts Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu for "receiving a bribe, fraud, and breach of trust."
Over half of Israelis think Netanyahu must resign
Separately, an opinion poll revealed that more than half of people in the occupied lands believe that Netanyahu must quit after being indicted on a series of corruption charges.
Election turmoil plunges Israel into political deadlock, economic crisis
With the prospect of a third election in Israel in less than a year, it will be well into 2020 before a new budget is passed, plunging the occupied territories into budget crisis.
According to the survey conducted by Channel 13 and published on Friday evening, 56% said the charges leveled against Netanyahu were too much for him to continue as the Israeli leader, while 35% said he needed not step down and the remaining 9% of the respondents said they didn't know.
The survey added that Blue and White would be the largest party with 36 seats – only two more than its result in the previous election – in case new polls are held in Israel. The Likud would receive 33 seats, one more seat than its previous outcome; whilst Yisrael Beytenu would get eight seats, which is no change from the September vote.
The blocs would also remain more or less the same: the leftist bloc would get 57 seats, and the Right would have 55.
The survey was done among 749 participants, of whom 601 were from the Jewish sector and 148 were from the non-Jewish sector.
On Thursday, Israeli Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit announced his decision regarding the indictment of Netanyahu.
"This is not a matter of politics," Mandelblit said. "This is an obligation placed on us, the people of law enforcement, and upon me personally as the one at its head."
Soon after the top prosecutor's press conference in Jerusalem al-Quds, Netanyahu railed against the indictment in a televised speech. He said the indictment was filled with "false accusations" and called it a "tainted investigation."
He also described it as an "attempted coup" against him.
Gantz wrote in a post published on Twitter in response, "There is no coup in Israel, just a bid (by Netanyahu) to hang onto power."
Netanyahu and his wife, Sara, are suspected of wrongfully accepting $264,000 worth of jewelry, cigars, champagne and other gifts from wealthy businessmen for political favors in one case.
The Israeli prime minister is also accused of interfering with regulatory bodies and lawmakers on behalf of the biggest selling newspaper in the occupied territories, Yedioth Ahronoth, in exchange for positive news coverage and favorable stories about him.
Israeli lawmakers have less than a month to organize a coalition and select a lawmaker to lead a majority administration. There are strong indications that the legislators will not succeed.
Israel will have to hold elections for the third time this year in case Knesset members fail to garner 61 seats in the 120-seat legislature.
Israel Palestine Tel Aviv Middle East Benjamin Netanyahu Netanyahu Benny Gantz Attorney General likud party protest police prime minister corruption resignation breach of privacy protest rally fraud investigation coalition
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The Round tower on Scattery is obviously the most dominant building on the island. Some of the towers features suggest it could be the oldest of all the round towers in Ireland. The most notable of these features is the doorway, which is at ground level. The only other tower with a doorway at ground level is the one at Castledermot. At first glance the 1.43 metre high doorway appears to be arched but on closer inspection you can see a corbelling technique was used with a capstone creating the ached appearance. Above this is a long stone acting as lintel. See image below. The doorway is 0.685 metres wide at the bottom with inclined jambs.
The tower with Kilrush in the background.
Discovery Map 63: Q 9725 5252. Last visit July 2014.
Door: Ground level. Type: Corbelled with a lintel above.
Features: Door at ground level.


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text:
White House Hopes Apprenticeship Ambassador Initiative Puts America Back to Work
National network will expand and diversify program to create career pathways.
Nichole M. Palmer
Professional and Technical Services Technology and Society
Companies across the U.S. hav been scrambling to find solid workers to fill slots vacated due to the Great Resignation. As a way to bolster current resources, companies have offered hybrid work schedules, raised pay scales, extended benefits, and utilized educational options as a way to keep current staff and lure new talent.
However, those tactics don't seem to put a dent in the national unemployment problem. The unemployment rate has been hovering at about 3.7 percent, according the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Not having the needed resources to run a company causes unnecessary financial burdens. Often when positions go unfilled for too long, the work is farmed out to outside vendors, divided among already overworked staffs, or removed from business offerings altogether. What companies need are real solutions.
More for You: Gen Z Leads the Charge
The Biden-Harris Administration hopes its recently launched Apprenticeship Ambassador Initiative will be the stopgap this nation's companies have sought.
The initiative is a national network of more than 200 companies and organizations in the U.S. committed to expanding and diversifying Registered Apprenticeship, which is a career pathway where employers can train their future workforce and individuals through an "earn-to-learn" experience.
Registered Apprenticeship is a nationally recognized program where industry-vetted positions have been approved and validated by the U.S. Department of Labor or a state apprenticeship agency. This program aids companies in hiring a more diverse workforce and provides workers with the needed upskilling experience that clears a path for them to obtain good-paying jobs.
Currently, there are Registered Apprenticeship in more than 40 in-demand industries including mechanical engineering. Through the Ambassador Initiative, companies connected with Registered Apprenticeship have committed to expanding their offerings over the next year by creating 460 new programs.
This also includes hiring more than 10,000 new apprentices and "holding 5,000 outreach, promotional, and training events to help other business, labor, and education leaders launch similar programs," a White House press release stated.
Become a Member: How to Join ASME
In addition, Ambassadors will push to increase access of the Registered Apprenticeship to underserved populations including women, BIPOC communities, rural communities, people with arrest or conviction records, and those with disabilities.
Companies like IBM and Siemens are already leveraging their established apprenticeship programs to cover cybersecurity, software development, data science, design, manufacturing, and engineering. Siemens has even launched its own Electric Vehicle Charging Registered Apprenticeship program at its manufacturing hub in North Carolina. This is in line with the recent launch of a national electric vehicle charging network the White House has pledged $5 billion over the next five years to build.
Higher education institutions like Wake Technical Community College in North Carolina, Trident Technical College in South Carolina, and Prairie View A&M University in Texas are partnering with local companies to help their students launch careers faster than ever before.
So far, recent White House efforts have already garnered more than 4,000 Registered Apprenticeship programs, added 6,700 new company partners, and led to helping more than one million apprentices obtain work. Currently, the White House touts that 93 percent of workers who finish the Registered Apprenticeship programs earn the average beginning wage of $77,000.
For more information about the Apprenticeship Ambassador Initiative or Registered Apprenticeship, visit www.apprenticeship.gov.
Nichole M. Palmer is an independent writer in Petersburg, Va.


text:
Q: Detect if class is UIView subclass or UIView exactly Is there a method to figure out the difference between UIView subclass or UIView class?
Like:
func(UITableView) = false
func(UIView) = true

A: You can use type(of:) to get the type of a variable, then compare that to UIView.self to check if they are an exact match using the equality operators (== and !=).
extension UIView {
    var isCustomView: Bool {
        type(of: self) != UIView.self
    }
}

class MyCustomView: UIView {}

UIView().isCustomView // false
MyCustomView().isCustomView // true

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The south gower coast has some of the world's best beaches, cliff tops and coastline providing an awe inspiring backdrop for your climbing and abseiling adventure.
Whether you're a first time climber or just wanting to brush up your skills we can support you to gain the knowledge and experience you are looking for.
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Walk out to a remote south Gower cliff top to get a wild experience of a stunning coastline. Spend the day developing your skills in climbing and abseiling with our experienced staff and enjoy lighting a fire and having a brew. A truly 'get away from it all' experience..
To find out more information, current availability, and to book your climbing & abseiling adventure, please get in touch through our Murton office. In order to reduce costs, we advise a group booking of 6 people or more.


text:
Death of Film by John Bradburn
Digital / Film. Some Notes.
"As far as I'm concerned, digital projection and DCPs is the death of cinema as I know it ... The fact that most films now are not presented in 35 mm means that the war is lost. Digital projections, that's just television in public. And apparently the whole world is OK with television in public, but what I knew as cinema is dead." "Back in my day, you at least needed 16mm to make something, and that was a Mount Everest most of us couldn't climb. But why an established filmmaker would shoot on digital, I have no f------ idea at all."
What strikes me here is that Tarantino is talking about a delivery system. Television has been filmed on celluloid for years - Friends, MASH and NYPD Blue were all originated on film. Tarantino is raging against the death of the print. The whir in the distance, the flickering light in the darkness. There was a tension with the film print. It could break at any moment. It could stick and it could burn. To watch celluloid is to experience life with the possibility of disaster. Like life it can be repaired but it will always bear the scars.
The digital projection, though pristine, can only fail catastrophically. Like most things to do with computers the digital 'print' cannot be repaired easily. It can be wiped or rebooted. Both suggest no link with history or time. Like Hollywood's obsessive need to reboot Spiderman; treating the audience like amnesiacs who can't remember the first Spiderman 2 from ten years ago.
Recently I bought a record player. The first thing I listened to was my wife's copy of Modern Life is Rubbish by Blur. The vinyl is 21 years old. What we listened to was more crackle than music. "I played this record to death when I was young." She said. What we witnessed were her memories encoded in the decay of the message. Each imperfection was a trace of a previous play. As such this specific copy of Modern Life… has far more meaning in its imperfection than a high bit rate FLAC file has in it's unchanging perfection.
I remember that when I was about 18 my Dad drove me and my mate Ian to watch Touch of Evil at the UCI Cinema Solihull - a cinema chain and building that have long since disappeared. This was our first real visit to see a 'proper' film release at the cinema as college students. The print we saw was scratched, jumpy and the sound muffled. I half remember a scene at the top of a staircase where a hand enters on to a banister momentarily before disappearing. This jump cut is literally that - a jump on screen from a cut in the celluloid where some piece of damaged film has been removed. I have studiously avoided Touch of Evil since; not wanting to find out if that hand was there or not. For me then that print was specific. It felt very alive. It had history.
There is a quote from Godard (I think) that states that "Cinema is death at work." To make a film is to freeze a moment in time. In it's journey between screenings the print will accumulate dirt, fingerprints, scratches and may lose a frame or two. When we see it again these replays will have been encoded into the material of projection. We are watching two films at once here - the story of the narrative and the history of the audiences watching the film. The dilemma being that as it is watched it is slowly destroyed.
I love the faces of my friends because they age. The imperfections are the story of their lives. Those people who have plastic surgery lose their story.
The digital restoration of old classics into brand new full 4k brilliance is itself a face lift. The original story is there but the second story of the print is lost. As the years are removed and the blemishes sandblasted off we are left with a fake original. Not how it looked new but how it looks new now. Just like the 50 year old with the hair plugs and tight skin doesn't look 50 he doesn't look 25 either. He becomes out of time and out of his story. For films to be subject to the same ravages of mold, entropy and time as human bodies is to accept them as beautiful and precious. The housewives in Orange County seem unloved and desperate to be accepted. I get the same feeling from restored classics digitally projected. It must look new to be accepted.
It also strikes me that we have the ghost of celluloid with us. Where the Dogme 95 films brought about radical experimentations with improvisation (tape is cheap) we know have an obsession with the 'film look' and celluloid working methods on set. If anything we have a haunted digital technology that is approached with all of the straight jacket rigours of film but none of it's poetry. The freedom that digital offered has hardly been investigated.
What will be the digital archive of the future? What of the material shot now or in the last 20 years? Anyone who has ever tried to play an old video file on a new computer will agree that there are far more issues around the preservation of digital material that celluloid. However much I disagree with it on a personal level celluloid can be recovered. When digital fails it fails with very little chance of recovery. The capitalist march of progress leaves in it's wake our memories forever unsupported by future updates.
As we race ever forward through HD, 2k, 4k, 6k resolution we will soon reach a point where there will be no difference between video and reality. Cinema exists as a poetic rendering of life - it is about what is left out as much as what is left in. We ignore that maxim when we judge the image only on an alienated numerical value of 'resolution'. The Dogme 95 films were lo-fi, scuzzy dream images of reality. When projected from 35mm film they created an alchemy of video and celluloid. It appeared handmade in the best artisan sense of the word - not like all of those flatpack artisan restaurant chains or instagram filters that look hand made. Now we get the BBFC certificate popping up with all the awful clarity of a powerpoint slide delivered at a sales conference just off the M42.
Video is ultimately capitalist now. As soon as you upgrade to a widescreen TV then you need HD. Now UHD 4K. Recently I watched a UHD TV in Selfridges. A woman next me remarked that "She could see more with this than with her own eyes." In this way digital video is now like advertising. It tells you you are lacking and forever catching up. It is inhuman.
Godard's recent use of video makes me think that the capitalist machine is now destroying technologies before we have had a chance to discover their abilities. It is a shame that no one has continued doggedly working with minidv to find out what it could have done.
The video artist Bill Viola has said that the two forces that most affect human life are technology and revelation. This may be true when artists had hundreds of years to work with egg tempera, marble or oils. Now technologies move past so quickly we cannot discover their revelations.
The Cannon Cinema, Redditch. Early 1990s. An advert plays. Heavily scratched footage of a man climbing the face of a mountain. Then text - "No Matter How You Get Here". More scratched footage - a dingy being thrown about in rapids. More text "It doesn't matter." Scratchy images of a team walking through the arctic. Text "As Long As You Get Here." Fade out. More text 'The Balti Raj' Unicorn Hill. This advert played in front of every film I ever saw at The Cannon. For a while I admit I was in awe that the Balti Raj could afford to make such an advert until I eventually realised that this was a generic opening that different local businesses could have their name sellotaped on to (I think Mount Pleasant Windows and Doors used it for a while too). At the level of projection celluloid was an open medium - it could be messed around with by the projectionist. Digital's democracy is all locked DRM and secure keys counting the amount of screenings.
This is not an isolated issue with digital projection. In 1997 Robert Zemeckis used some digital tool or another to alter Jodie Fosters performance in Contact. The morality of celluloid is defeated. Later when George Lucas continually restored and re-edited the first three Star Wars films we had a glimpse at a possible future. In this future the film is forever rewritten, forever re0released and your memories are forever reformatted. The previous version was old and obsolete (such a digital term) - this is film 2.0, 3.0 and onwards forever. Film is not lost and remembered but history remade. There was a time when you could no longer get the original untouched trilogy on any format. Here the capitalist impulse of digital sleep walked in to Winston Smith's role in the archives of Oceania.
Celluloid is a relic. Light has touched it - light reflected from the face of a long dead star. That light fixed silver nitrate. That was developed and that negative touched the rush prints. There was a final neg struck and then prints made from that. The print you saw in the cinema of Port Talbot, Didcot, Hyde or where-ever had a direct magical connection to that moment. The digital print is a copy. It's cold data. It has no family tree or history. Celluloid is closer to the frozen shadow in Hiroshima than it is to digital video.
I once met a man in a central London pub; a friend of a friend - you know the score. He told me his job was to digitally airbrush out spots frame by frame on the face of a famous actress. He had been doing so for weeks on a low wage. The work had sent him almost insane and he could now empathise with mass shooters or domestic terrorists. The DCP is the final manifestation of a problem that has been growing for maybe 20 years.
The celluloid image had to be developed and overseen at the lab. Pornographers or the makers of stag films would have to find creative ways to smuggle material through. Self styled grandfather of gay pornography Peter De Rome (RIP) would shoot innocuous material at the start and end of each reel correctly assuming that few technicians on a long shift would watch past the thirty second mark. Digital is amoral. It will let anything past. The digital image is built for furtive distribution. Obscenity can occur thoughtlessly and in seconds. It has the coldness of a serial killer. The celluloid image is playful in it's scrapes with the law. More spiv than sociopath.
I frequently misquote Francis Ford Coppola - "In the future an 8 year old in Missouri will make a masterpiece on a home movie camera." This never happened. My friend Rob and I frequently discuss an imaginary filmmaker in Hull who makes a masterpiece on DV while living above a chip shop. Whatever democracy was touted with the coming digital revolution never materialised. The proselytizers of digital had the same loose relationship to democracy as the west does in the middle east.
Idea - maybe the debate around the 'death of celluloid' actually marks a greater issue - the death of writing about cinema. For us all to be focussed on something so insignificant as the technology maybe suggests a greater inability to write about cinema? Or maybe a more significant lack of attention to give to it? The last few times I have been in a cinema there has been plenty of little blue lights flickering on and off in front of me. The cinema is a room for attention and contemplation.
Celluloid used to be a materially different experience to anything else. Celluloid was a window to something else. When in the mid 80s I went to see Transformers the Movie with my Dad the image on the screen was significantly unlike the TV in our living room. The image flickered slightly and jumped around every 20 minutes as the reels changed. Celluloid was rare and meaningful. Now that digital video has become ever present the trip to the cinema seems less different and less meaningful. The difference I think is that digital video is used to distance us from life - just think of any show, wedding or school play you've been to where people witness the event through the screen of their tablet or phone. These videos are rarely ever watched back. Digital video is a distraction, a screen placed in front of the raw organic reality of the world. Celluloid is part of that organic reality. Celluloid is a biproduct of cotton production. It is organic. Gelatin originally set the silver nitrate crystals to the film. Film emerged from nature; from life.
I am in search of a conclusion. Yet I have deliberately written this piece in a way to not form an argument. A finishing off then? Maybe I should admit that as a man in my mid 30s my thoughts are turning frequently to my mortality? Digital video is not like you. Celluloid will age and scar and decay like you will. For that reason we should love it.
"The [digital] image is no longer truthful." Martin Scorsese
Les Années: The Latest Addition by Keifer Taylor
You never know what's round the corner inside Chantal Akerman's fertile warren of films. That said, it's starting to get pretty difficult to describe her work at this stage of the retrospective. I'm even beginning to run out of words that haven't been used in previous articles.
Notoriously known for a group of unwaveringly rigorous shorts and features throughout the 1970s (though Jeanne Dielman is usually the most frequently praised), the filmmaker's humour is often overlooked. All films of this decade were lightly spread with amusements. When Toute une Nuit (1982) was screened, besides my iffy view of this fragmentary multi-narrative of lost, stolen and forced romances, the visual gags became hilariously emphatic. In 1983, with Les Années, not only are Akerman's jovial qualities more pronounced, but also her impeccable ability to surprise audiences and continually redefine her output is intact.
Les Années was designed to aid towards the funding of The Golden Fleece, a musical later entitled The Golden Eighties (1986). Yet the end product feels like much more than this. The rhythmic assortment of taped footage becomes an insightful and joyous examination of the creative process, charged by Chantal's palpable zeal. Guided by the director's familiarly soft voice, her delicate commands and instructions are given to a series of actors during the "auditions" phase. Fragments of the script are rehearsed, providing a slender plot outline revolving around a female hairdresser's love for a man who has feelings for someone else.
The first run-through is initially heard against a black screen. A warm, disembodied voice (presumably Akerman's) utters: "At your age grief soon passes". These tonal inflections establish the on-going search for emotional meaning. Having each performer, intimately framed in close-up, sing directly to the camera was another instance of this investigative journal in emotive expression. Later on, during a recording for one of the featured songs, Akerman seems to have captured the slippery, vivacious essence of her project, urging on the actress/singer. The beaming energy transmitted from this sequence is a remarkable testament to a director already – at the age of 33 – past what is considered her opus (Dielman) and opening her arms to other cinematic forms.
Much of this is revealed in the second half, switching to a series of test screenings. The filmed sequences, shot in a vibrant colour scheme, are reminiscent of Jacques Demy and, in some respect, the sprightly spirit of Akerman's 1968 debut short Saute Ma Ville. What first appeared as a shoddy looking, spontaneous diary of rehearsals is transformed into an elegantly choreographed set of scenes tying into the former. It's only once this section caught me off guard did I truly begin to fall for its charm and think back to how Les Années is a wholly beguiling piece of work.
There are already a few repeated words and variations on phrases present in this entry. Judging by the unpredictable nature of Akerman's vision, however, there's always room for expansion. For such an infamous exhibitor of compositional austerity, her latest addition proves the endless amount of filmic avenues present for filmmakers to venture down. A full-scale musical of overtly synthetic proportions isn't what one would expect. Yet looking back on the measured rotations of La Chambre (1972) or Delphine Seyrig's eloquent rubato in domestic procedures from Jeanne Dielman there's always been a certain musicality to these films.
Les Années raises an exciting question: what will Chantal Akerman offer us next? Masterfully segueing from household oppression and the Holocaust to a mirthful genre of exaggerative heights, we'll have to wait for further showings of this delightfully innovative catalogue of rarely seen works. Hopefully slack film preservers and distributors will clock onto the public need for more of these to be made available on home video.


11/21/1910 Camden, New Jersey [unconfirmed] 1 Master Victor 16698 10-in.
Discography of American Historical Recordings, s.v. "Victor matrix B-9666. That's the fellow I want to get / Billy Murray," accessed April 23, 2019, https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/200009776/B-9666-Thats_the_fellow_I_want_to_get.
Victor matrix B-9666. That's the fellow I want to get / Billy Murray. (2019). In Discography of American Historical Recordings. Retrieved April 23, 2019, from https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/200009776/B-9666-Thats_the_fellow_I_want_to_get.
"Victor matrix B-9666. That's the fellow I want to get / Billy Murray." Discography of American Historical Recordings. UC Santa Barbara Library, 2019. Web. 23 April 2019.


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Il giardino botanico alpino "Esperia" del CAI sezione di Modena, è situato a passo del Lupo nel comune di Sestola a 1.500 m di quota, ai piedi del monte Cimone. Viene classificato tra i giardini alpini appartenenti all'orizzonte montano superiore. Fa parte del Gruppo di lavoro per gli orti botanici e i giardini storici della Società botanica italiana e dell'Associazione internazionale giardini botanici alpini.

Nato nel 1980, oltre alla flora appenninica spontanea, nei suoi 3 ettari il giardino botanico accoglie in 32 aiuole opportunamente predisposte molte specie di piante alpine provenienti dalle Alpi e dall'orto botanico di Modena. Al suo interno comprende una faggeta e un laghetto, e alcuni corsi d'acqua attorno ai quali crescono le specie degli ambienti umidi altomontani. Nel giardino Esperia viene conservato anche un erbario e una fototeca con la raccolta fotografica delle specie presenti.

Il giardino confina con il parco regionale dell'Alto Appennino Modenese.

Note

Voci correlate
Società botanica Italiana
Elenco degli orti botanici in Italia
Gruppo di lavoro per gli orti botanici e i giardini storici

Collegamenti esterni

Orti botanici della provincia di Modena
Sestola

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Which popular rock singer is referred to as 'The Boss'?
Which famous composer's middle name was Amadeus?
What is the difference between a harmonica and mouth-organ?
Which well-known English singer shares his surname with a precious stone?
In which Hindi film did Amitabh Bachchan first sing in his own voice?
What is the first stage of Indian classical performance named?
In the world of entertainment, how do we know Louise Ciccione?
Name the series of albums which are Lata Mangeshkar's tribute to musical greats?
Three of the four sections of an orchestra are Bass, Woodwind and Percussion. Name the fourth.
Sukanya Rajan is the wife of which famous musician?


A general, step-by-step description of the process I experience when I conduct a Spirit Guide Reading.
I am what you would call a relay medium - as opposed to a deep trance medium or a card reader.
My distance Readings -- by email -- are my own unique synthesis of Astrology, Remote Viewing, Clairaudient Relay, and Automatic Writing. If the Questioner is physically present, then I relay my conversation by speaking. When reading by phone or in person, I do not type, write, or take dictation.
Clearly, all the writing is the most time-consuming aspect of preparing a reading.
Food in particular can weaken a number of my mental functions. I usually eat a small breakfast after a few cups of coffee, and these substances propel my energy. Lunch, however, is another story. I'm good for nothing but digestion in the early afternoon.
I look at the list of sitters or Questioners I plan to read for. For the purpose of this exercise, let's say I'm reading for a woman named Lisa who lives in London, England.
Preparation : Prayer I begin each and every morning by invoking the Goddess Mother Mary, regardless of what I plan to do that day. To tell you the truth, I usually say my Morning Prayer to Mary while I'm waiting for my pot of coffee to brew.
Do I meditate before I start the reading? The answer is No, not really.
Were I to conduct the reading at a later time of day, I might require something to re-focus my energy. I have been practicing a Ground and Center meditation -- the basis of all Wiccan Rituals and spellcasting -- since I was 12 years old. After 25 years, I can put myself into the mental state I desire pretty quickly. So, technically, there is a meditative state I enter, but it is more a reflex these days, than any kind of grand ritual theater.
I communicate with my Guides in a very informal and conversational manner. Whenever I want my god posse to gather around I say "Guardies, attend me…"
The Natal Chart -- Identifying The Personal Energy Signature I require a name and detailed birth information in order to perform a distance reading. I use a computer program to cast a graphic Natal Chart Wheel from the data I enter -- the date, place, and time of birth. You've seen these before if you've ever had an astrologer cast your chart -- it looks like a dartboard with concentric circles and the planetary positions marked with astrological symbols.
Just like your fingerprints, the Natal Chart is unique to every single living human being. No two are alike. I believe this corresponds to your Sacred Contract, the mission you charted prior to incarnating. Everyone's Chart is part of the Akashic Record - a kind of collective celestial database of human souls.
Remote Viewing Your Natal Chart acts as a kind of radar screen, portal, or window into your personal energy. I might compare this to using Google-Earth, online maps or satellite photos, to zero and zoom in on your energy. If you're familiar with Harry Potter, it reminds me of looking down into the bowl of Dumbledore's pensieve to view a scene extracted from someone's thoughts.
I guess this is a kind of mish-mash of scrying -- crystal ball gazing -- and remote viewing.
At first, I view your energy as if from above. The angle of the perspective quickly slips to viewing you and the entities that surround you from eye-level, or as if I am then standing in the same room with you.
I am immediately aware of a huddle of entities -- like you are in an office or a small boardroom full of people. The details of this group can vary greatly, but generally there are archangels present, at least two personal guardian angels -- identifiable because of their featureless, anonymous, stoic postures. Your personal guardian angels are expressionless and do not engage me at all.
All the angelic entities are physically larger than spirit guides, ancestors, animal familiars, and animal totems. The spirit guides are usually more physically developed in a recognizable human sense, and the most likely to communicate with me.
The Primary Spirit Guide steps forward...One or two of them may acknowledge me, but one of them always comes forward to speak.
This all happens very quickly - it takes only a minute or two. As I'm looking into the Chart I will call on one of my Guides Angela and say "Angela, I want to connect with someone regarding Lisa. Can you introduce me to Lisa's guides?"
There will be a pause, as I continue to look through the window of the Chart, watching the activity in the space around you. Angela will say to me "Slade, I have Peter for you…"
Peter will acknowledge me. I will tell him "I wish to speak to someone regarding Lisa's financial situation…"
I use a Question to focus the Reading. There are so many entities that are potentially serving anyone I read for -- the Question brings the most relevant voice forward, front and center. I could contact a chatty Guide that wants to gab all day long about your childhood, whereas there may be a very serious, pertinent, immediate issue you're dealing with... And sometimes you may have a temporary Guide that is coming in to help you with a particular process you're going through.
Usually, there is still a primary Voice that comes through as a spokes-entity. Say for instance I contact your spirit guides and say "So, tell me what you know about Lisa..." That is a HUGE conversation... My current process is to approach the group of entities in your posse, make initial contact, and say "Hey, Lisa's got some financial issues she's really struggling with right now, can someone speak to that?"
Interviewing Your Spirit Guides Usually there is a Primary Spirit Guide who speaks on behalf of the group -- both to you and to me -- but that guide may "confer and whisper with the group in a huddle" and then come forward and say "Here's what we can tell you..."
Once I have made contact with a particular guide, should I approach that group again on another occasion for an additional reading, he and I already know one another, and I will tap him on the shoulder first.
"Hey, Peter, how's it going, can I ask you a Question about Lisa's current situation regarding her marriage...?" Peter, the primary spirit Guide, may answer, or he may introduce me to someone else who can speak to the specific information you and I are both looking for.
Your Guide Peter may say "Oh, hey there -- yes, actually, Lisa's started a new process. Let me let you speak with Sarah. She works exclusively with Lisa regarding her relationships…"
The only real difference is how the specific question affects the work that it involves for me -- the Question greatly shortens the conversation and limits the volume of information I get. This helps me control my tendency to write enormous emails that take more time than they should.
I asked MY guides to help me out with what was going on -- they told me this entity's name was Marie, and that she was a long-term guide of Jack's who has always been involved with Music in his life. Marie was assisting the health problem as a sort of "Nurse" to Jeremael -- the angelic surgeon -- because my friend Jack enters a receptive psychic state when he plays piano.
I was then able to suggest to Jack, when I reported back to him, that he communicate and visualize and ask for help with the pain he was experiencing by speaking directly to the Archangel Jeremael. I told him about a guide named Marie who I could not speak with directly, but that all he really needed to know was that there is a particular meditative state he reaches using Music, and to go into that to allow this healing process.
Then I got the hell out of there.
The information I received was actually one of the longest readings I've ever done -- you should see the atrocious, laughable, French I tried to transcribe... I had a difficult time -- at first -- tuning out what I know about Jack as a friend, to keep my ego on a short leash... Actually, it was more a hesitation or fear on my part, that my ego/personal knowledge would interfere. Once I moved forward into the Reading as I always do, I did not experience the block that I feared.
When reading other Psychics or Mediums or people who have a major life theme of spiritual service, I often find that there is greater "security" concerning their Spirit Guides -- human entities are serving in a less active state, going to and fro like quiet maids, in deference to the presence of Angelic entities.
Personal Guardian angels are something like the Guards at Buckingham Palace -- they are stoic and do not engage outsiders, although the Sitter may have very close and communicative relationships with them that I am not privy to.
That blindfold was lifted six months ago, but only after I had 3 or 4 years to explore and write about and form my own body of intuitive knowledge, independent of subjective external influence.
Older PostDo Spirit Guides Have Individual Names?


Kampong Thom provincial authorities ruled yesterday that forest at the centre of a disputed between local residents and a private company was government land.
Rubber Development Company stop clearing land they described as community land that they depended on for their livelihoods.
Kampong Thom deputy governor Uth Sam An said yesterday that the forest is not community-owned land, but belonged to a previous company that purchased a land concession, adding that villagers were confused about the borders of their community-protected land.
"Villagers spoke about the [community] land in Prey Lang forest, but they did not know where the location was," he said.
He added that CRCK Rubber Development Company, which is Vietnamese-owned, had requested a 10,000 hectare land concession to develop rubber plantations in Kampong Thom's Sandan district in May of last year, but received only 6,044 hectares after careful consideration by the government of the effects on the environment, economy and local population.
"If it was a community forest the government would not touch it whatsoever and would leave it for the community to protect," Uth Sam An said yesterday, adding that villagers stopped protesting after authorities clarified the confusion around the land concession.
Nguon Nhel, first deputy president of the National Assembly, said that villagers had not complained to the National Assembly about the development of the disputed land at the time, so the Council of Ministers allowed the company to proceed.
"When I get complaints from the people, I always appoint officials to solve the problem and some people are pleased with the solution … but we must find an acceptable solution for them," he said.


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Fangirl / Marvel / Television
Watch: Daredevil
May 26, 2015 May 25, 2015 astaff261 Comment
It's no secret that when it comes to the world of comics and things based on comics, I am primarily a Marvel girl. I love DC TV shows like Arrow and The Flash, and I'm really looking forward to the upcoming shows Supergirl and Legends of Tomorrow. But Marvel time and again wins my heart. And the Netflix original Daredevil was no different.
It was everything I had hoped for and more. It was dark. It was gritty. It had humor and heart. But most importantly, it had characters I cared about. From the beginning of the series, I was involved and nearly in love with Foggy Nelson and Matt Murdock, played by Elden Henson and Charlie Cox. It was obvious that these two loved each other and would do anything for each other, even if it meant Foggy had to take cases he didn't, at first, want to. Enter Karen Page, a woman who was framed for murder with apparently no clue as to why, played by Deborah Ann Woll. Matt knows there's more than what she's telling them, and as the first episode closes, it's clear this duo will soon become a trio.
As the series continues, we meet Claire Temple, played by Rosario Dawson, a nurse who finds a broken and probably nearly dying Daredevil and heals him. She isn't a regular in the series but every time she comes into play she ends up being a bit of a bad ass. As is Karen. These two, especially Karen, end up in situations where you're not sure that Daredevil will come in time or at all, and they prove themselves resilient and pretty incredible.
And then there's the main antagonist, Wilson Fisk. What the show does with Fisk and Murdock is brilliant. These are two men who want to fix their cities. And they go about it in opposite ways, with Murdock becoming the Devil in Hell's Kitchen, and Fisk working with several different criminal factions. But what the writers do to the audience in terms of Fisk is amazing. He isn't introduced right away, but when he is we begin to learn more and more about him.
What's brilliant about the writing is that they make you care about not just Matt and his friends, but the more you learn about Fisk and his group and friends the more invested you become in what happens to them.
All thirteen episodes are brilliantly written and gorgeously filmed. It's very dark, literally dark. Sometimes it's even hard to see what's happening (which really helps us get on Matt Murdock's level). But there are so many beautiful shots with the darkness. There's one scene where a few of the characters are talking in a parking garage and all you see is their silhouettes. It's a gorgeous shot, and there are so many beautiful shots and impressive fight scenes. It is a very violent show, rated MA, but overall it's a fantastic cinematic piece.
Animated Series, arrow, Charlie Cox, Claire Temple, comics, daredevil, DC, Deborah Ann Woll, Elden Henson, fangirl, Foggy Nelson, Hell's Kitchen, Karen Page, Legends of Tomorrow, Marvel, matt murdock, mature, Mature Audiences, Netflix, Original, recommendation, Review, Rosario Dawson, Supergirl, television, The Flash, tv, watch, Wilson Fisk
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Jessica Jones Full Trailer | Fangirls Are We says:
[…] Defenders – and the first season of Daredevil was incredibly well received. I reviewed it here. Well now, the new two and a half minute trailer for Jessica Jones promises to go just as dark […]