text:
Le Projet Z (aussi appelé Projet du Bombardier Z, ou Z Bombers Project en Anglais) était un projet militaire de l'empire du Japon, similaire au projet nazi Amerika Bomber, visant à concevoir un bombardier intercontinental capable d'atteindre l'Amérique du Nord. Stoppé net à cause de la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il ne fut jamais achevé, comme bien d'autres projets alors en chantier dans les pays de l'Axe.

Développement
L'avion du projet Z devait avoir six moteurs de  chacun. La compagnie aéronautique Nakajima a rapidement commencé à développer des moteurs pour l'avion, et a proposé de doubler les moteurs HA-44 (le moteur le plus puissant disponible au Japon) en un moteur 36 cylindres.

Plusieurs appareils (dessins, maquettes) ont été présentés à l'armée impériale japonaise, y compris le Nakajima Fugaku, le  et le Nakajima G5N. Aucun, mis à part le G5N, ne fut développé au-delà des prototypes ou des modèles de soufflerie. À la fin de la guerre, le projet Z et bien d'autres projets de bombardiers lourds furent annulés, et aucun bombardier intercontinental japonais n'a jamais vu le jour.

Appareils similaires
 Amerika Bomber
 Messerschmitt Me 264
 Heinkel He 277

Références

Avion militaire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Avion militaire japonais
Avion à hélices


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'Relaxation' is not a word that immediately springs to mind in conjunction with multiple sclerosis (MS). Just having MS is intensely stressful. During a bad episode, even the simplest physical actions can just feel so impossibly hard. Learning to cope with MS is a major challenge for the sufferer and those close to them.
A major study at the University of California (reported in the British Medical Journal in March 2004) established that the stress of the condition itself is not the end of the story. Researchers found that what you might call 'ordinary stress' - problems at work, relationship issues, financial worries, etc - is statistically linked to exacerbation of MS symptoms.
This means that, if you are experiencing high stress levels in your life in addition to coping with MS, you may be at risk of exacerbation - a triggering of a 'bad episode'.
So learning the art of deep relaxation can benefit MS sufferers in two ways. It can bring you immediate stress relief from the pressures of the present moment. And it can help bring down your general stress level, thus reducing your risk of exacerbation.
The benefits of using hypnosis to improve immune function, lower blood pressure, relieve irritable bowel syndrome and help other health problems have long been known. But did you know that its usefulness in helping MS sufferers has also been studied?
The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis (April 1997) published a preliminary report on the effectiveness of hypnosis in facilitating healing in a number of different conditions, and specifically in MS.
All three MS cases studied showed improvement either immediately or within several weeks when hypnosis was used to suggest improvement of symptoms.
The Relaxation for MS hypnosis session will allow you not only to enjoy a session of deeply relaxing hypnosis, but will also show you how to relax more deeply each time you listen to it.
You will discover how to influence your own immune system and enhance your general health. You will soon begin to notice how much calmer and more relaxed you feel - about everything.
Download Relaxation for MS now and start to enjoy the benefits of feeling so much better in mind and body. You can listen on your computer or device or via our free app which you can access when you have completed your purchase.
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text:
Francis L. Marini is a Massachusetts politician and jurist who served as a judge in the Taunton District Court.  He retired from Hingham District Court in 2015

An attorney and town politician in Hanson, Massachusetts, Marini was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1994. He served as Minority Whip from 1997 to 1999 and was the House Minority leader from 1999 to 2002.

Marini resigned from the House on November 19, 2002, in order to become a judge in the Taunton District Court.

References

1949 births
Suffolk University alumni
Suffolk University Law School alumni
Cornell University alumni
Massachusetts state court judges
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
People from Hanson, Massachusetts
Politicians from Quincy, Massachusetts
Living people

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Fort Christina National Historic Landmark, one of the partner sites of the First State National Historical Park, offers visitors access to one of the cornerstones of Delaware history and an expanded schedule of activities on weekends from Memorial Day to Labor Day. Building on last year's success, this landmark is now staffed by tour guides who offer free interpretive tours to the public. Children can even earn Junior Ranger badges on the first Saturdays in June, July and August. This special heritage site marks the approximate location where a group of Swedish and Finnish colonists from the ships Kalmar Nyckel and Fogel Grip landed on a natural wharf of "blue rocks" in 1638. It was here that the first Swedish settlement in America began – the first permanent European settlement in Delaware.
Located at 1110 E. Seventh St. in Wilmington, Del., next to the Kalmar Nyckel Foundation and Copeland Maritime Center, Fort Christina will be open between May 26 and September 3, Tuesday through Saturday from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm and each Sunday from 12:00 to 4:00 pm (closed on July 4). Site hours and activities are supported by a partnership between the Delaware Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs, the First Sate National Historical Park and the Kalmar Nyckel Foundation. Admission is free to all visitors.
As part of its new 2018 summer hours, Fort Christina will host a series of First Saturdays celebrations open to the public. On June 2, Celebrate Sweden will mark the founding of the colony of New Sweden (now Delaware) and the anniversary of the site as a park.
Celebrate Pirates at the Wilmington Pirate Festival will be hosted on Saturday, July 7 from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm with family-centered activities and ship tours at the Kalmar Nyckel Shipyard and Fort Christina. The event promises to bring an exciting day of pirate-themed ship tours, demonstrations, games and crafts as well as live music, face painting, food and beverages. The event is open to the public with free admission (fees may apply for some activities).
August will bring Celebrate National Park Service on Saturday, August 4 in recognition of the anniversary of the founding of the U.S. parks system. Educational tours and a variety of activities will be posted at www.KalmarNyckel.org as they are announced.
Learn more about Wilmington's rich history and plan a weekend getaway with out free visitors guide.


text:
Why AXΩ?
National History
Symbols & Traditions
The Greek alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Greek language since about the 9th century BC. It was the first true alphabet, that is, an alphabet with a symbol for each vowel and consonant, and is the oldest alphabetic script in use today.
Besides writing modern Greek, today its letters are used as mathematical symbols, particle names in physics, as names of stars, in the names of fraternities and sororities, in the naming of supernumerary tropical cyclones, and for other purposes. The Greek alphabet originated as a modification of the Phoenician alphabet and in turn gave rise to the Gothic, Glagolitic, Cyrillic, Coptic, and possibly the Armenian alphabets, as well as the Latin alphabet.
Lower Case
Greek Name
Alpha (AL-fuh) a
Beta (BAY-tuh) b
Gamma (GAM-uh) g
Delta (DEL-tuh) d
Epsilon (EP-sil-on) e
Zeta (ZAY-tuh) z
Eta (AY-tuh) h
Theta (THAY-tuh) th
Iota (EYE-o-tuh) i
Kappa (KAP-uh) k
Lambda (LAM-duh) l
Mu (MYOO) m
Nu (NEW) n
Xi (ZEYE) x
Omicron (Oh-mi-kron) o
Pi (PIE) p
Rho (ROW) r
Sigma (SIG-muh) s
Tau (Tow) t
Upsilon (Oop-si-lon) u
Phi (FIE) ph
Chi (K-Eye) ch
Psi (SIGH) ps
Alpha Mu Calendar
at Indiana University
1000 North Jordan Ave
© Copyright 2019 Alpha Mu chapter of Alpha Chi Omega at Indiana University & MCR. All rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Dibs on poison dart frog.
Never has jumping on the green train looked so goddamn fun.
Meet the Conservation Carousel at the L.A. Zoo: It's not the first of it's kind (and the Bronx Zoo beat us to an insect carousel! Jealous!), but it's the first to feature a serval, a maned wolf and a peninsular pronghorn. Also, in place of soul-crushing chimes, it will play music recorded in L.A. in the 1960s and '70s. Songs will include "Tijuana Taxi" by Herb Alpert and The Tijuana Brass.
... it will be the finest endangered-species carousel in the land. Decidedly!
To make things even cuter, each animal can be "adopted" for $25,000. And they're all different! The money goes to rescue efforts, which will make you feel good. Plus, each donor gets a special plaque at the base of the carousel for three years. Come on -- the little children will be so proud. As will the creepy animal nerds who come to have phallic fantasies with endangered species, but we need not get into that here.
Below are photos of the ones still up for adoption, courtesy of the L.A. Zoo. Media-relations lady Susan Clines is sending us a full list of the smug critters who were already picked up; we'll update with those as well.


text:
Read Next:	Visit Films to Sell Sundance Player 'Summer White' (EXCLUSIVE)
September 7, 2014 4:00AM PT
Toronto: Indiegogo Pacts With Canadian Film Centre (EXCLUSIVE)
By Jennie Punter
Jennie Punter
Jennie's Most Recent Stories
Toronto Turns Up the Volume on Women Film Composers
Meryl Streep, Joaquin Phoenix, Roger Deakins Honored at Toronto Film Festival's First Tribute Gala
Film Festivals Have More Work to Do on Diversity and Parity, Says Toronto Panel
Indiegogo and the Canadian Film Centre — the country's premiere accelerator of professional film, TV, acting, music, and digital media talent — have struck a new partnership that will see CFC residents and alumni (which number over 1,600) gain access to one-on-one support and discounted platform fees with Indiegogo.
The pact will be announced today (Sunday) at the CFC's annual BBQ Fundraiser, held at its headquarters on Toronto's historic Windfields Estate.
Since its 2008 launch, Indiegogo has since strong growth in Canada, with a 50% increase in funds raised in Canada over the past year. Earlier this year, the crowdfunding platform made similar partnerships with the Documentary Organization of Canada, and Toronto-based website Twitch Film.
CFC producer alum Jordan Walker and director Jeremy LaLonde's "How To Plan an Orgy in a Small Town" is the first film under the partnership, and follows on the heels of Lalonde's 2012 Indiegogo success with his first feature, "Sex After Kids," which raised CAN$61,057, exceeding its $50,000 goal. "Orgy" has a Sept. 13 close date, and has already exceeded its $70,000 goal.
"I'm in awe of the creativity coming from our Canadian filmmakers," said Indiegogo's Canadian film lead Ayah Norris. "Our collaborations with leading film organizations like the CFC and DOC are part of our ongoing commitment to support emerging talent, and the Canadian industry as a whole."


text:
We're Inspired By Our family – a collection of creative companies and people who have joined us over the years
Cooperation Beyond Words
Jennie-O Turkey Store discovered a remarkable opportunity when they brought members of the deaf community into their workforce
Ethan Watters
Tung Truong likes to tell the story of the first day he met Abdullahi Moallin. As part of the hiring process at the Jennie-O Turkey Store in Faribault, Minnesota, Truong, a production supervisor, takes applicants on a plant tour. The practice is a useful one. It allows prospective employees to see firsthand what sort of work they'll be doing. Moallin stood out from the group right away. He had brought with him an interpreter who was rapidly translating Truong's words into American Sign Language. Moallin, who was born in Somalia, lost his hearing as a result of a childhood illness.
But there were other things about Moallin that made him stand out. "This guy was different," Truong remembers. "He was very excited and engaged with everything I was showing him and teaching him."
As impressive as Moallin's enthusiasm was, Truong knew they would have to make accommodations. The safety of his workers around plant machinery is one of Truong's top concerns, and it would take thoughtful effort and some creativity to insure that he could communicate with Moallin both during a shift and in the case of an emergency. "After that first day meeting him," Truong remembers. "I strongly believed that something really good was going to come from hiring him. I knew that working together, we could figure out how to keep him safe."
Working on the tray-pack production line, Moallin proved to be a remarkably fast learner and a reliable worker. A few months later, Truong found he had another deaf applicant on his plant tour. Moallin, it turned out, had been so pleased with the opportunity he had been given at the Jennie-O Turkey Store, he had begun to spread the word to others in the deaf community.
Expanding The Roster
Truong hired his second deaf employee. Now, only a few years after hiring Moallin, 10 of his 37 team members are deaf or severely hard-of-hearing.
"In the beginning, when I was the only deaf worker, it wasn't easy," said Moallin, communicating through an interpreter. "Now those of us who have already learned the job can teach the new hires and things are much easier."
Offering help and advice to fellow members in the hard-of-hearing community is common, said fellow employee Abdifatah Jimale through a sign language interpreter. Jimale was also born in Somalia, where he lost his hearing as a young boy. "I'm thankful to Abdullahi for taking the lead in introducing us to the Jennie-O Turkey Store plant. He not only encouraged many of us to apply, he's taken the lead in helping orient and train us and has been an advocate for us."
Sign Language Melting Pot
The forms and styles of communication currently employed at the Jennie-O Turkey Store could be the subject of a doctoral dissertation in linguistics. Arabic sign language and American Sign Language seasoned with a Midwestern dialect particular to Minnesota are used between deaf employees. There is also a good amount of lip reading in both English and Arabic. Flashlights and pocket laser pointers are helpful in getting deaf workers' attention or directing their focus. For more in-depth communications, many of the deaf workers wear pagers that can vibrate and deliver short written instructions. A few months ago, the plant installed a two-way videoconferencing system that can connect employees at the plant to a remote sign language translator. Both the equipment and the service are federally funded and provided free of charge to the plant
To top it all off, Truong's crew of workers have developed a body language that is specific to their environment and work. It's a kind of a pantomime or advanced version of charades that allows them to work efficiently as a team and communicate what needs to be done.
So many of the hearing employees use some sign language that if you were just watching the factory floor you wouldn't be able to tell who was deaf and who wasn't.
JODY LONG, PLANT MANAGER
Acceptance and Curiosity
The acceptance and encouragement of the hearing employees on the line has been critical to the success of the hard-of-hearing crew. "Other employees have shown us great support," says Mohammed Yahaya, an immigrant from Ghana who lost his hearing when he was an infant. "At break time they've asked us to teach them some sign language. Now most can greet us in the morning through signing."
"So many of the hearing employees use some sign language, that if you are watching the factory floor, you can't tell who is deaf or hard-of-hearing and who isn't," said Plant Manager Jody Long. "The drive of these workers and the support they have received from their co-workers have been exemplary. They've overcome so many difficulties and challenges. They are dedicated to proving that they have the ability to achieve."
The deaf community has fought for generations for equity in the workplace and much potential remains untapped. More than 144,000 working-aged Americans are totally deaf. Another 360,000 are unable to hear a normal conversation even with the use of a hearing aid. Half of all cases of hearing loss can be easily treated or prevented for those who have access to health care. This explains why many deaf Jennie-O Turkey Store workers are from impoverished or war-torn countries like Somalia where immunizations, antibiotics and child health care aren't widely available.
Superpowers Included
Truong believes his team of employees has benefited in numerous ways from the inclusion of hard-of-hearing workers. There is an added bond within the group, he says, and better long-term retention. He has also observed that his deaf workers have different perceptual abilities that complement the abilities of those able to hear.
Researchers believe that perceptual deficits, like deafness or blindness, free up mental real estate that can be devoted to other senses. They have documented, for instance, that those who are deaf from an early age often have heightened visual perception, particularly when it comes to tracking motion using peripheral vision. Because they don't have the 360-degree sensing ability that hearing allows, their 180-degree visual abilities become more acute. That ability, to both focus on an object and track other objects out of the corner of the eye, is a valuable talent on a busy production line. Truong has also noticed that his deaf employees can feel, through vibrations, whether a machine is working well or in need of maintenance.
My hope is that other companies and other plants will take our momentum and keep going.
Tung Truong
"I think the management here has become convinced that we can do any job we are trained to do," says Moallin. "We know how to overcome obstacles and succeed. I am so proud to work here."
Truong is equally proud of his team. Both men acknowledge that it began with their partnership. Together they built a bridge of communication and trust that others could cross.
"My hope is that other companies and other plants will take our momentum and keep going," says Truong, who plans to learn more American Sign Language. "The deaf workers I've met have such strength and they really want to show off what they can do."
More Inspired Stories
Dinner for Two Make Valentine's Day dinner at home this year
HYPEd Up Millennials are cooking up ways to give back


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text:
Luhrs Building
Description: Luhrs Building
Address: Central and Jefferson Streets, Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona
Type: commercial: office building
Original Client: George Henry Nicholas Luhrs, Sr.
Dimensions and Orientation: L-shaped above the first floor, 10 stories, 121 feet 6 inches x 85 feet 6 inches. Basement
Budget/Cost: $750,000
Other Materials Used: brick venue and terra cotta ornament; copper marquee; reinforced steel and concrete. Interior was to be marble, granite, tile and birch mahogany. Two floor done in pine finish with ivory. Over the entrances on Jefferson and Central a ornamental marquees. Copper used in the metal. Front wall and pillars of granite up to a height of six feet.
Remodeling and Additions: remodeled n 2009 by Hansji Company
Present Owner: Hansji out of California
Location of Drawings: El Paso Public Library: (D-8) 43 sheets, ink-on-linen drawings, numbered 1 through 43, including side, front and rear elevations, dated January, 1923; Luhrs Family collection: two presentation drawings, watercolor over pencil; Arizona State University, Arizona Room Luhrs file: photograph of a rendering; photograph of rendering of proposal
Bibliography: (1)El Paso Herald, December 29, 1922 page 16
(2) Arizona Republic, March 5, 1923 page 6 Bids open at the Commercial Hotel
(3) Arizona Republic, January 22, 1923 page 6
(4) Arizona Republic, December 14, 1922 page 1 Actual Work on $750,000 Edifice Will Begin March 1
Remarks: Commission 2576. In 2007, the Hansji brought the Luhrs block for $28 million. In 2009 the Luhrs Building was restored and renovated. The estimate cost to do the Tower and Building is $8million. Phoenix City Council gave Hansj a $500,000 historical preservation grant.
On Tuesday, March 6 bids were received in the Commercial Hotel. Contractors from all sections of the middle and far west submitted bids on the building, which was to be the largest between El Paso and Los Angeles. Bids came from St. Louis, Dallas, Denver, Salt Lake City, and Los Angeles.
Four upper floors for the Arizona Club. The eighth and ninth floors of the building were set apart as sleeping quarters for the Arizona club members, fifty rooms. All but 8 rooms will have private baths. The tenth floor will house a lounging and club room. A French window will open onto a balcony. A main dining salon will be on the eleventh floor. Roof garden for club members. Three passenger elevator on the west side were used for the Arizona club only.


?Barcelona winger Malcom has expressed his deep gratitude to his family, without whom it wouldn't have been possible for him to pursue a football career.
In particular, the 21-year-old recounted the way in which his grandmother helped him: "I don't know if people know it but my grandmother used to sell cooking pans so I would have money to train," he revealed.
This story gives an insight into the tough everyday realities of life for low income families in the Sao Paulo favela where Malcom grew up. However, it also reveals his family's determination to help him to fulfil his potential.
From an early age, it was clear that Malcom had exceptional talent. As revealed in the same interview, he was one of 100 boys aged 10 or 11 who took a trial at legendary club Corinthians. "You had ten minutes to show your qualities," he explained.
Evidently, he succeeded. Malcom was one of just three boys who passed the trial, and he stayed at Corinthians from 2008 to 2015 before moving to Ligue 1 club Bordeaux.
Yet, in some ways, joining Corinthians was a mixed blessing for Malcom, who said that he 'lost the end of his childhood', although he is now trying to make up for lost time with his friends.
In any case, both his sacrifices and those of his family seem to have paid off – Barca were prepared to pay €41m to secure his services this summer, and he was also coveted by several ?Premier League sides, including ?Arsenal and ?Liverpool.


Shari Verona, the writer/producer behind Verona Music, joined ASCAP at the age of 18, with three songs signed to Lovey Music and record label Philadelphia International offering her a production contract at age 20. Now with BMI, this dynamo has co-written with a Who's Who of old school and new, working with over 500 artists. Partners have included a Grammy member of 2Live Crew. Verona Music's credits include Yves St. Laurent, King Jeep Renault jingles, a theme song for a reality pilot, Mr. Honesty, Songs for Sony Music, plus placements in films Cabin In Time and Lost Everything.


If you are looking for online Spanish lessons then please go to Basic Spanish Words. You will also find a few key phrases at Learn Spanish Online. If your are looking for resources for Spanish lessons then your will find these at learn Spanish or Spanish lessons.
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Cabo Roig Apartment Holiday apartment to rent in Cabo Roig Spain.


text:
Home / Serie A / Liverpool to battle it out with Manchester City for Giorgio Scalvini
Liverpool to battle it out with Manchester City for Giorgio Scalvini
Liverpool are set to battle it out with Manchester City for the signing of Atalanta defender Giorgio Scalvini.
Scalvini has become a regular in the Atalanta side this season, despite being just 18 years old. The six-foot-four defender broke into the first team last season, but has become a key player over the last few months.
With 3 senior national team appearances to his name already, the Italian defender is understandably attracting interest from some of the biggest clubs in the Premier League.
According to Calcio Mercato, Liverpool and Manchester City have entered the race to sign Scalvini.
Scalvini is also capable of playing in a holding midfield role, so Liverpool and Manchester City could be looking to develop him into a long-term Fabinho or Rodri replacement.
If either Jurgen Klopp or Pep Guardiola can get hold of Scalvini at 18 years old with his vast potential, it's scary to think of the player he could develop into.
However, Scalvini is playing regularly for Atalanta at the moment and he's unlikely to get the game time if he moved to Manchester City or Liverpool, so staying in Italy could be best for his career for now.
Man Utd, Liverpool set for transfer saving as Monaco drop asking price for Aurelien Tchouameni
Strikers to replace Gabriel Jesus
Fabrizio confirms Mane will leave Liverpool this summer
Aston Villa eyeing ambitious summer deal for star Gerrard said is the best he's ever played with
Arsenal & Chelsea in the running for ambitious transfer as star makes "huge daily efforts" to leave current club


PURPOSE: Patients, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) D842V-mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are known for their insensitivity to imatinib. However, in clinical practice responses have been observed in some patients. We describe the natural history and treatment outcomes in a cohort of PDGFRA exon 18 mutated GIST patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in PDGFRA exon 18 mutation GIST patients treated in six expert centres in the Netherlands and the United States. Two independent radiologists assessed radiological response to imatinib according to Choi's criteria in all patients with measurable disease treated with imatinib in neo-adjuvant or palliative intent. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients with PDGFRA exon 18 mutation were identified of whom 48 patients (69%) had a D842V mutation. Twenty-two (45.8%) D842V-mutated GIST patients received imatinib treatment, 16 had measurable disease. Fourteen out of the 23 (60.9%) patients with non-D842V mutations received imatinib treatment, eight had measurable disease. Two out of 16 (12.5%) D842V-mutated GIST patients had partial response, 3 patients (18.8%) had stable disease and 9 patients (56.3%) had progressive disease as best response. Two patients did not have follow-up computed tomography scans to assess response. Six out of 8 (75%) patients with non-D842V exon 18 mutations had partial response and two (25%) had stable disease as best response. CONCLUSION: Patients with D842V-mutated GISTs can occasionally respond to imatinib. In the absence of better therapeutic options, imatinib should therefore not be universally withheld in patients with this mutation.


So what do you think, should she stay with him or dump him?
She should stay with him until the bill is paid, then dump him.
This is something between her and him, I don't want to be involved.
She should wait for the final results of this poll.
Tut-an-Geek cries out The G5 is comming, the G5 is comming! , ... mongoose tells the tale of a mindnumbing client , ... dragonman97 fingers the LOTR:Return Of The King Trailer , ... and GMx finds the Absolute prairie Dog Solution.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

The structure of a nucleon is more complicated than the three familiar up and
down valence quarks. These three quarks only account for a small percent of the
nucleon mass. The gluons that bind the quarks split into quark-antiquark pairs
of up, down, and strange flavor. The remainder of the nucleon mass is carried
by this quark-gluon sea. The structure of the sea and how its elements combine
with the valence quarks to give the nucleon its measured structure are not
precisely known.

The net spin of the proton comes from a combination of the spin and orbital
momentum of the quarks and gluons. The net contribution from the spin of
strange quarks and antiquarks, $\Delta s$, is defined as
\begin{equation*}
  \Delta s = \int_0^1 \Delta s(x) \, dx
\end{equation*}
\begin{equation*}
  \Delta s(x) = \sum_{r=\pm 1} r[s^{(r)}(x) + \bar{s}^{(r)}(x)] \,,
\end{equation*}
where $s(\bar{s})$ is the spin-dependent parton distribution function of the
strange (anti)quark, $r$ is the helicity of the quark relative to the proton
helicity and $x$ is the Bjorken scaling variable~\cite{Alberico01}.  In the
static quark model this value is zero.

In the 1980s the European Muon Collaboration~\cite{Ashman89} and several
subsequent experiments found that the Ellis-Jaffe Sum Rule was violated in
polarized, charged-lepton, inclusive, deep inelastic scattering (DIS). The
Ellis-Jaffe sum rule~\cite{Ellis74} assumes that SU(3) flavor symmetry is valid
and that $\Delta s = 0$. For the results to be consistent with exact SU(3)
flavor symmetry, $\Delta s$ must be \textit{negative}. Follow-up measurements
using charged-lepton semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering have been
consistent with $\Delta s = 0$, but these determinations of $\Delta s$ are
highly dependent on the fragmentation functions used~\cite{Aidala12}.

An independent determination of $\Delta s$ can be made using neutral-current
(NC) elastic neutrino-proton scattering. The NC elastic cross section depends
directly on $\Delta s$ and no assumptions about SU(3) flavor symmetry or
fragmentation functions are needed.

\subsection{Neutral Current Elastic Neutrino-Proton Scattering ($\nu p \rightarrow \nu p$)}
To see how the dependence on $\Delta s$ arises, it is illustrative to look at
the simplest case of free nucleon scattering. In reality, the neutrinos are
interacting with nucleons in an argon nucleus which can modify the scattering
cross section and the observed final state. The neutral-current elastic (NCE)
neutrino-proton cross section for free nucleon scattering is given
by~\cite{Alberico01},
\begin{align*}
\begin{split}
\left(\frac{d\sigma}{dQ^2}\right)_{\nu}^{NC} &=\frac{G_F^2}{2\pi} \left[ \frac{1}{2}y^2(G_M^{NC})^2+\left(1-y-\frac{M}{2E}y \right) \frac{(G_E^{NC})^2+\frac{E}{2M}y(G_M^{NC})^2}{1+\frac{E}{2M}y} \right.\\
&+ \left. \left(\frac{1}{2}y^2 + 1 - y + \frac{M}{2E}y \right)(G_A^{NC})^2 \pm 2y \left(1-\frac{1}{2}y \right) G_M^{NC}G_A^{NC} \right]\,,
\end{split}
\end{align*}
where $G_A^{NC}$ is the neutral-current axial form factor, $G_E^{NC}$ is the
neutral-current electromagnetic form factor, and $G_M^{NC}$ is the
neutral-current magnetic form factor. These form factors represent the finite
structure of the proton. The axial form factor represents the spin structure of
the proton. Individual quark contributions to $G_E$ and $G_M$ have been
measured in electron-nucleon scattering, from which we can predict $G_M^{NC}$
and $G_E^{NC}$. The strange quark contribution to the electromagnetic form
factors has been determined to be small. This allows us to determine $G_A^{NC}$
from NCE interactions.

To determine the net strange quark spin contribution we can write $G_A^{NC}$ in
terms of quark flavor and extrapolate to $Q^2 = 0$
\begin{align*}
  G_A^{NC}(Q^2) &= \frac{1}{2}G_A^{CC}(Q^2) + \frac{1}{2}G_A^s(Q^2) \,, \\
  G_A^{NC}(Q^2=0) &= \frac{1}{2}(\Delta u - \Delta d) - \frac{1}{2}\Delta s \,,
\end{align*}
where $(\Delta u - \Delta d) = g_A$ is the weak coupling constant which has
been measured in neutron decay, and $G_A^{CC}$ is the charged-current axial
form factor which contains information about the up and down quark spin
distributions.

While nuclear effects can modify the final state, the signal of a NCE proton
interaction is ideally a single proton track. Without a vertex to help identify
the track as coming from a neutrino interaction, they are difficult to
reconstruct. Everything that we know about this interaction, including momentum
transfer, comes from the single proton track. Since we want to extrapolate
$G_A^{NC}(Q^2)$ to zero, we need to be able to reconstruct very low energy
protons. We estimate that we will be able to detect a proton track if it
traverses at least 2.5~cm ($\sim 8$ wires) in MicroBooNE. This is the range of
a 50~MeV kinetic energy proton in liquid argon, which corresponds to a NC
elastic interaction with $Q^2\sim 0.10\, $GeV$^2$.

\section{Model}
\label{sec:model}

  The model of neutrino interactions in the MicroBooNE detector, including the
  expected neutrino flux, the neutrino-nucleon cross section, the effect of the
  nucleon in an argon nucleus, and the detector response, is simulated in the
  MicroBooNE software. The initial neutrino-argon interactions are simulated
  using the GENIE neutrino generator~\cite{Andreopoulos09}, and the final state
  particles are propagated through the detector geometry using
  Geant4~\cite{Agostinelli02}. In the model, only the neutrino-nucleon cross
  section is affected by the strange axial form factor. This
  allows us to determine how the simulation would change due to a change in the
  neutrino-nucleon cross section by calculating the ratio of the new cross
  section to the cross section used in the simulation. This method is referred
  to as \textit{reweighting}.

  Even though the ``signal" that we are optimizing for is NC elastic
  neutrino-proton interactions in the TPC, other interactions are affected by
  the strange axial form factor and the form of the elastic cross section in
  general. The cross sections for background NC elastic neutrino-neutron
  interactions and any NC elastic interactions that occur outside of the TPC
  are affected by the new strange form factor and need to be calculated.
  Charged current background events aren't affected by the strange axial form
  factor, but we calculate new charged current quasi-elastic (CCQE) cross
  sections for these events so that the cross section parameterization and form
  factor models match the neutral current models that we are using.

  \subsection{Cross Section Model}
  \label{sec:xsecmodel}

  For reweighting both the NC elastic and CCQE cross sections, we use the
  Llewellyn-Smith form:
  \begin{equation}
    \frac{d\sigma}{dQ^2} = \frac{G_F^2}{2\pi E_{\nu}^2}\left[A \pm BW + CW^2 \right]
  \end{equation}
  where the $+(-)$ is for (anti)neutrino scattering, $G_F$ is the Fermi
  coupling constant, $E_{\nu}$ is the incoming neutrino energy, $W =
  \frac{4E_{\nu}}{M_p} - \tau$, $\tau = \frac{Q^2}{4M_p^2}$, and
  \begin{align}
    A &= \frac{(m_l^2 + Q^2)}{4}\left[G_A(1+\tau) - (F_1^2 - \tau F_2^2)(1-\tau) + 4\tau F_1 F_2 \right] \\
    B &= -\frac{Q^2}{4}G_A (F_1 + F_2) \\
    C &= \frac{Q^2}{64\tau}\left[G_A^2 + F_1^2 + \tau F_2^2 \right] \,.
  \end{align}
  Here $m_l$ is the outgoing lepton mass and $G_A$, $F_1$, and $F_2$ are the
  axial, Dirac, and Pauli form factors, respectively. The form factors are
  different for NC  and CC elastic scattering, with
  \begin{align}
    F_{1,2}^{NC} &= \frac{1}{2}F_{1,2}^{CC} \,, \\
    G_A^{NC} &= \frac{1}{2}G_A^{CC} + \frac{1}{2}G_A^s \,,
  \end{align}
  where $G_A^s$ is the strange quark contribution to the
  axial form factor.

  \subsection{Form Factor Model}
  \label{sec:ffmodel}

  For the form factor models, we use a z expansion parameterization for all
  three of the form factors described in~\cite{Ye2018}~and~\cite{Meyer2016}.
  These parameterizations are made by mapping the negative four-momentum
  transfer squared, $Q^2$, onto a domain where the strange axial form factor is
  analytic. This gives a new variable
  \begin{equation}
    z(Q^2,t_{cut},t_0) = \frac{\sqrt{t_{cut} + Q^2} - \sqrt{t_{cut} -
        t_0}}{\sqrt{t_{cut} + Q^2} + \sqrt{t_{cut} - t_0}} \,,
  \end{equation}
  where $t_{cut}$ is the first pole and $t_0 < t_{cut}$ is an arbitrary number
  which can be optimized for the $Q^2$ range of the data.  The new variable,
  $z$, is guaranteed to be small with the optimal choice of $t_0$, so a Taylor
  expansion around it should converge. The form factors are defined by the
  Taylor expansion as
  \begin{equation}
    G(Q^2) = \sum_{k=0}^{k_{max}} a_k z(Q^2)^k \,,
  \end{equation}
  where $a_k$ are the coefficients that are fit to data.

  The fits that we use for the Dirac and Fermi form factors are
  in~\cite{Ye2018}, and the fit for the charged-current axial form factor is
  in~\cite{Meyer2016}.

  We can use the same method to determine the strange part of the
  neutral-current axial form factor from the number of NC elastic events in
  MicroBooNE. We use $t_{cut} = 4m_{\pi}$, the four-pion threshold which is the
  first pole in the axial form factor. If we set $k_{max} = 2$, this becomes a
  simple three parameter fit to the data
  \begin{equation}
    G_A^s(Q^2) = a_0^s + a_1^s\, z(Q^2) + a_2^s\, z(Q^2)^2 \,.
  \end{equation}
  We can redefine the strange axial mass, $M_A^s$, in terms of the slope
  of $G_A^s(Q^2)$ at $Q^2 = 0$ as it is in the dipole form
  \begin{equation}
    M_A^s \equiv \sqrt{\frac{2G_A^s(0)}{(G_A^s)'(0)}} = \sqrt{\frac{2a_0^s}{a_1^s}} \,.
  \end{equation}
  Since we also know that $G_A^s(Q^2 = 0) \equiv \Delta s$, we can write the
  first two coefficients in terms of physical parameters
  \begin{equation}
    a_0^s = \Delta s, \hspace{5mm} a_1^s = \frac{2\Delta s}{(M_A^s)^2} \,.
  \end{equation}

\section{Proton track identification \label{sec:protonid}}

This section has been adapted from Ref.~\cite{UBprotonid}.

\subsubsection{Gradient decision tree boosting}
To identify proton tracks, we use a gradient-boosted decision tree classifier.
We chose to use decision trees because they are easily interpretable and the
inputs can be a mix of numeric and categorical variables. Below is a short
description of gradient tree boosting. A more detailed description can be found
in the documentation for the XGBoost\cite{Chen16} software library that was
used.

A decision tree can be thought of as a series of if/else statements that
separate a data set into two or more classes. The goal of each cut is to
increase the information gain. For numerical variables any cut value can be
selected by the tree.  At each node of the tree, a split is chosen to maximize
information gain until a set level of separation is reached.  At the terminus
of the series of splits, called a leaf, a class is assigned.

Two weaknesses of decision trees are their tendency to over fit the training
data and the fact that the output is a class label and not a probability.
Gradient-boosting addresses both of these issues by combining many weak
classifiers into a strong one. Each weak classifier is built based on the error
of the previous one. For a given training set, whenever a sample is classified
incorrectly by a tree, that sample is given a higher importance when the next
tree is being created.  Mathematically, each tree is training on the gradient
of the loss function. After all of the trees have been created, each tree is
given a weight based on its ability to classify the training set, and the
output of the gradient-boosted decision tree classifier is the probability that
a sample is in a given class.

\subsubsection{The decision tree model}
We created a multi-class gradient-boosted decision tree classifier, using the
XGBoost software library, to separate five different track types: any proton
track, muons or pions from BNB neutrino interactions, tracks from
electromagnetic showers from BNB interactions, and any non-proton track
produced by a cosmic ray interaction. The classifier takes reconstructed track
features as input and outputs a probability of the track having been produced
by each of the given particle types. The reconstructed features are based on
the track's geometric, calorimetric, and optical properties from MicroBooNE TPC
and PMT systems.

The training data that we use to make the decision trees comes from Monte Carlo
simulation. The BNB interactions are simulated using the GENIE neutrino
generator, and cosmic interactions are simulated using the CORSIKA cosmic ray
generator~\cite{Heck98}. The particles generated by GENIE and CORSIKA are
passed to Geant4 where they are propagated through a simulated MicroBooNE
detector. For training and testing of the trees we only use tracks that were
reconstructed in LArSoft.

Figure~\ref{fig:pscoredatamc} shows the decision tree proton score for all
tracks that are contained in the MicroBooNE detector for both a subset of the
neutrino beam data corresponding to $5\times 10^{19}$ protons on target (POT)
and the Monte Carlo simulation.

\begin{figure}[!htb]
  \centering
  \begin{minipage}[t]{16pc}
    \includegraphics[scale=0.34]{pscore_overlay_note.pdf}
  \end{minipage}\hspace{2pc}%
  \begin{minipage}[t]{16pc}
    \includegraphics[scale=0.34]{pscore_overlay_log_note.pdf}\hspace{2pc}%
  \end{minipage}
  \caption{Data to Monte Carlo comparisons of proton ID scores. The left plot
  shows linear scale, and the right plot shows the same thing in a log scale.
  The gray filled histograms are cosmic background tracks, the color filled
  histograms show neutrino-induced Monte Carlo tracks, and the black points
  show tracks in $5\times 10^{19}$ POT data. The dashed line shows the proton
  ID cut for the NC elastic pre-selection. Uncertainty bars are statistical
  only.
  \label{fig:pscoredatamc}}
\end{figure}

If we keep only tracks that have a proton score greater than 0.5 (anything more
likely than not to be a proton) we have an overall proton identification
efficiency of approximately 80\%. This does not include the reconstruction
efficiency for protons.

Figure~\ref{fig:effkence} shows the efficiency of protons from simulated
neutral current elastic events with a proton score greater than 0.5. Both the
proton identification efficiency and the overall, reconstruction plus
identification, efficiency as a function of true proton kinetic energy are
shown for NC elastic events. The average proton ID efficiency over all energies
is 75\% for NC elastic proton interactions. When including the efficiency of
track reconstruction, the average overall proton efficiency for NC elastic
events is 60\%. The proton kinetic energy range of interest for this analysis
is from 0.05 to 0.5 GeV, which end at the very beginning of the drop in proton
efficiency. The average proton ID efficiency in the $0.05-0.5$~GeV kinetic
energy range is 80\% for NC elastic protons and 64\% when including the
efficiency of track reconstruction.

\begin{figure}[!htb]
  \centering
  \begin{minipage}[c]{16pc}
    \includegraphics[scale=0.46]{PID_efficiency_nce_allmcke_note.pdf}\hspace{2pc}%
  \end{minipage}\hspace{2pc}%
  \begin{minipage}[c]{16pc}
    \includegraphics[scale=0.46]{PIDreco_efficiency_nce_mcke_note.pdf}\hspace{2pc}%
  \end{minipage}
  \caption{The proton efficiency in neutral current elastic interactions. The
  left plot shows the NC elastic proton identification efficiency as a function
  of true proton kinetic energy. The proton identification efficiency is
  defined as the fraction of reconstructed true proton tracks that are
  correctly identified as protons. The right plots shows the overall NC elastic
  proton efficiency as a function of true proton kinetic energy. The overall
  proton efficiency is defined at the fraction of simulated NC elastic protons
  that are reconstructed and correctly identified at protons. The decrease in
  efficiency at larger proton kinetic energy is due to the increased
  probability of the proton reinteracting in the argon. The uncertainty is
  statistical only.
  \label{fig:effkence}}
\end{figure}

\section{Selection}
\label{sec:selection}

We start the selection by making pre-cuts to remove a large amount of the
background. The remaining events are evaluated using a logistic regression
model to determine how signal-like they are (described in
Sec.~\ref{sec:logreg}). The logistic regression output gives us a parameter to
tune to maximize our ability to extract the strange axial form factor
parameters.

\subsection{Pre-Selection}\label{sec:presel}

  To reduce the cosmic background, we rejected any events that did not have a
  reconstructed flash with at least 6.5 photoelectrons within the 1.6~$\mu s$
  beam timing window. We select reconstructed tracks that were fully contained
  in the TPC fiducial volume and at least 2.5 cm long as potential proton
  candidates. The track is selected if it is classified as a proton with a
  greater than 50\% probability by the gradient-boosted decision tree
  classifier described in~\ref{sec:protonid}.

  \subsection{Logistic Regression of Selection Variables}
  \label{sec:logreg}

    Our NC elastic events of interest appear as a single isolated proton that
  produces scintillation light during the beam-spill window. The reconstructed
  variables that we use to select these events are: (1) the decision tree proton
  ID score, (2) the distance from the track to the reconstructed flash in the z
  direction, (3) the distance from the track to the reconstructed flash in the y
  direction, (4) the distance between the track candidate and the next closest
  reconstructed track, (5) whether or not the track is in the beam direction, (6)
  the distance between any reconstructed tracks IDed as neutrino-induced muons
  and the reconstructed beam flash, and (7) the distance between any
  reconstructed tracks IDed as neutrino-induced pions and the reconstructed beam
  flash.

  The proton ID score is the same as used in the pre-selection and described in
  detail in Sec.~\ref{sec:protonid}. The muon and pion background candidates
  are defined as any reconstructed track that has a muon ID or pion ID score
  greater than 0.5 from the boosted decision tree classifier. We define the
  one-dimensional distances between reconstructed tracks and reconstructed
  flashes as the difference in position between the midpoint of the track
  (defined by its endpoints) and the photoelectron-weighted center of the
  flash.

  To determine which events are NC elastic like based on these seven variables,
  we use them as input to a logistic regression model~\cite{Hosmer2005}. In
  logistic regression we fit a multi-dimensional sigmoid function to the signal
  and background data. The output is a score that can be used to determine how
  signal-like a data point is.
  \begin{equation*}
    S(g({\bf x})) = \frac{e^{g({\bf x})}}{1 + e^{g({\bf x})}} \,,
  \end{equation*}
  where $g({\bf x})$ is a linear combination of the selection variables, ${\bf x}$,
  \begin{equation*}
    g({\bf x}) = w_0 + w_1 x_1 + w_2 x_2 + ... + w_7 x_7 \,.
  \end{equation*}
  Here $x_1$ is the proton ID score, $x_2$ is the distance to the flash, etc.
  The set of weights, $w_0,...,w_7$ are determined from a fit to the data. We
  determined these weights using the StatsModels module~\cite{pystats} in
  Python to fit the model to a purely Monte Carlo data set.

  If we choose a score cut of 0.8, for example, we get an overall signal
  efficiency of 19\% and purity of 18\%. Figure~\ref{fig:efficiencyLR} shows
  the signal selection efficiency as a function of true negative four-momentum
  transfer for a 0.8 score cut. The reconstructed four-momentum transfer is
  determined entirely from the proton kinetic energy using
  \begin{align*}
    Q^2_p &= -q^2 = -(\bf{p'}_p - \bf{p}_p)^2 \\
          &= -(E'_p - E_p)^2 + (\bar{p}'_p - \bar{p}_p)^2 \\
          &= 2 T_p M_p,
  \end{align*}
  where $\bf{p}$ is four-momentum, $E$ is energy, $\bar{p}$ is three-momentum,
  $M$ is mass, $T$ is kinetic energy determined by the length of the track, the
  $p$ subscript represents the proton in the neutrino-proton interaction, the
  prime represents the final state, and the proton momentum in the nucleus is
  assumed to be small compared to the final proton momentum. When the final
  proton momentum is close to the initial proton momentum in low $Q^2$
  interactions, this assumption isn't as strong and we rely more heavily on the
  nuclear model in the GENIE simulation.

  \begin{figure}[!htb]
    \begin{minipage}[b]{20pc}
      \includegraphics[scale=0.44]{ncsel_efficiency_note.pdf}
    \end{minipage}\hspace{2pc}%
    \begin{minipage}[b]{14pc}%
    \caption{Neutral current elastic selection efficiency as a function of true
    four-momentum transfer for a logistic regression score cut of 0.8. The
    uncertainties are statistical only.
    \label{fig:efficiencyLR}}
    \end{minipage}
  \end{figure}
  Figures~\ref{fig:recoq2LR},~\ref{fig:costhetaLR},~and~\ref{fig:phiLR} show
  the signal and backgrounds selected compared to data for a 0.8 logistic
  regression score cut. The number of simulated events and off-beam data events
  have been normalized to the $5\times 10^{19}$~POT of on-beam data.
  \begin{figure}[!htb]
    \begin{minipage}[b]{20pc}
      \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{ncselection_bacgkrounds_q2_note.pdf} \\
      \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{ncselection_bacgkrounds_q2-ratio_note.pdf}
    \end{minipage}\hspace{2pc}%
    \begin{minipage}[b]{14pc}
      \caption{NC elastic event selection given a logistic regression score cut
      of 0.8 as a function of reconstructed negative four-momentum transfer.
      The top plot shows the signal and itemized backgrounds compared to the
      BNB $5\times 10^{19}$ POT data in black. The bottom plot shows the ratio
      of BNB $5\times 10^{19}$ POT data to BNB MC with cosmic overlay and
      off-beam data. In both plots the uncertainties are statistical only.
      \label{fig:recoq2LR}}
    \end{minipage}
  \end{figure}
  \begin{figure}[!htb]
    \begin{minipage}[b]{20pc}
      \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{ncselection_bacgkrounds_theta_note.pdf} \\
      \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{ncselection_bacgkrounds_theta-ratio_note.pdf}
    \end{minipage}\hspace{2pc}%
    \begin{minipage}[b]{14pc}
      \caption{NC elastic event selection given a logistic regression score cut
      of 0.8 as a function of reconstructed proton cos($\theta_p$), which is
      the proton angle with respect to the neutrino beam direction. The top
      plot shows the signal and itemized backgrounds compared to the BNB
      $5\times 10^{19}$ POT data in black. The bottom plot shows the ratio of
      BNB $5\times 10^{19}$ POT data to BNB MC with cosmic overlay and off-beam
      data. In both plots the uncertainties are statistical only.
      \label{fig:costhetaLR}}
    \end{minipage}
  \end{figure}
  \begin{figure}[!htb]
    \begin{minipage}[b]{20pc}
      \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{ncselection_bacgkrounds_phi_note.pdf} \\
      \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{ncselection_bacgkrounds_phi-ratio_note.pdf}
    \end{minipage}\hspace{2pc}%
    \begin{minipage}[b]{14pc}
      \caption{NC elastic event selection given a logistic regression score cut
      of 0.8 as a function of reconstructed proton $\phi$. The top plot shows
      the signal and itemized backgrounds compared to the BNB $5\times 10^{19}$
      POT data in black. The bottom plot shows the ratio of BNB $5\times
      10^{19}$ POT data to BNB MC with cosmic overlay and off-beam data. In
      both plots the uncertainties are statistical only.
      \label{fig:phiLR}}
    \end{minipage}
  \end{figure}

\subsection{Remaining Backgrounds}

  The remaining backgrounds fall into four separate categories: (1) neutral
  current back interactions in the TPC, (2) charged current interactions in the
  TPC, (3) neutrino interactions outside of the TPC, and (4) cosmic interactions
  in time with the beam.

  The first category, NC backgrounds in the TPC, include NC elastic
  interactions with a {\it neutron} (35\%), NC elastic interactions with a
  correlated neutron-proton pair (35\%), NC resonant interactions (25\%), and NC
  DIS interactions (4\%). The last two, resonant and DIS, are mainly due to
  tracks being reconstructed poorly or not reconstructed at all. The NC
  interaction backgrounds are due to the fact that neutrons are very difficult to
  detect in LArTPCs. In the case of the NC elastic {\it neutron} interactions, we
  select events in which the neutron scatters with a proton mimicking a NC
  elastic neutrino-proton event. In the case of NC interactions with correlated
  neutron-proton pairs, we select the proton from the initial interaction, but
  the neutron goes undetected.

  The second category, CC interactions in the TPC, are almost entirely from the
  muon track being mis-reconstructed, mis-identified as a cosmic, or not
  reconstructed at all. In these events, a secondary proton from the
  interaction or a coincident cosmic proton can be selected as a
  neutrino-induced proton.

  The third category, TPC-external interactions, occur when a neutrino from the
  beam interacts outside of the active TPC volume. A neutron from this
  interaction can enter the TPC and elastically scatter with a proton. The
  neutrino interaction occurs in the liquid argon inside of the cryostat
  $\sim$70\% of the time, and outside of the cryostat in the dirt upstream of
  the detector hall the other $\sim$30\% of the time.  These cryostat-external,
  ``dirt", interactions are simulated separately from the interactions inside
  the cryostat. The normalization of this dirt sample was determined by fitting
  the flash position in the beam direction to data. There is an observed excess
  of flashes from dirt events in the upstream end of the detector. This region
  is excluded in the analysis with fiducial cuts.

  The last category, cosmics in time with the beam, is also the largest.
  However, we can determine the rate and distribution of this background by
  taking data while the neutrino beam is off. This is the
  ``off-beam" data set. These events can then be subtracted from the ``on-beam"
  data.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:summary}

  The contribution of the strange quark spin to the spin of the proton is an
  open and interesting question. A lot can be learned about this physics
  through the strange part of the axial form factor, including the net strange
  spin contribution, $\Delta s$, which is simply the value of the strange axial
  form factor, $G_A^s$, at zero four-momentum transfer. MicroBooNE's ability to
  detect low-energy protons translates into an ability to measure $G_A^s$ at
  low four-momentum transfer.

  Selecting isolated proton-like reconstructed tracks near a beam flash gives
  us sets of events with an enhanced fraction of NC elastic events. The
  efficiency and purity of this selection, as well as the agreement between the
  selection in Monte Carlo and the selection in the BNB $5\times 10^{19}$ POT
  data set can be tuned to optimize the sensitivity to $\Delta s$ using the
  output of our logistic regression model.

  Assuming the current level of neutral current elastic proton event selection
  efficiency, we expect to select on the order of 1000 NC elastic events in the
  full MicroBooNE data set with a $Q^2$ down to 0.1 GeV$^2$. The next stage of
  this analysis will include updated and improved energy calibration which is
  expected to increase the agreement between data and simulation. A full
  treatment of the systematic uncertainty due to the physics models, the proton
  selection, and the detector efficiency will also be included.  This should
  allow us to extract the strange axial form factor parameters with a greater
  precision than has previously been possible in neutrino-nucleon scattering
  experiments.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: how to disable apache mina default logs I am working on an application which uses apache mina to send/receive message.
i am getting apache mina logs on colsole
12:01:29.796 [NioProcessor-2] DEBUG o.a.m.core.filterchain.IoFilterEvent - Firing a SESSION_CREATED event for session 1
12:01:29.797 [NioProcessor-2] DEBUG o.a.m.core.filterchain.IoFilterEvent - Event SESSION_CREATED has been fired for session 1
how to disable these logs.

A: You need to get the Mina logger instance and then disable logging on it. The following should work
    Logger minaLogger = (Logger) LoggerFactory.getLogger("org.apache.mina");
    if(minaLogger!=null)
    {
        minaLogger.setLevel(Level.OFF);
    }

A: With log4j (and slf4j over log4j): you can disable any logs for any specified java package.
You can update your logging configuration inside your log4j.properties configuration file with :

# log4j: how to control logging at package level
log4j.logger.org.apache.mina=LOG_LEVEL
# where LOG_LEVEL will be the level you need: OFF, INFO, DEBUG, ERROR

Maybe these question is a duplicate of :
How do you Change a Package's Log Level using Log4j?

A: I recently had to do this with mina that was integrated with a Spring boot application. Firstly you can use the actuator endpoint to find the logger in question:
GET /actuator/loggers

Examine the output json for the logger in question then adjust the level in the Spring boot application yaml:
logging:
  level:
    org.apache.sshd.server.session.ServerSessionImpl: error

In a Docker environment this silenced a 'connection reset be peer' WARN log line that was repeatedly generated by a container port scanner.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Today in Apple history: Apple IPO mints instant millionaires
By Luke Dormehl • 5:00 am, December 12, 2019
December 12, 1980, was an incredibly important day for Apple.
Photo: Ste Smith/Cult of Mac/401Calculator
December 12, 1980: Apple goes public, floating 4.6 million shares on the stock market at $22 per share.
In the biggest tech IPO of its day, more than 40 out of 1,000 Apple employees become instant millionaires. As Apple's biggest shareholder, 25-year-old Steve Jobs ends the day with a net worth of $217 million. However, the big payday triggers internal tensions as it highlights Cupertino's class divide.
The biggest IPO of its day
Like the IPO of a modern tech giant like Twitter, Apple's public offering was hotly anticipated in the press. "Not since Eve has an Apple posed such temptation," read an article in The Wall Street Journal.
One Merrill Lynch analyst commented that even her brother "who invests in the stock market only on Tuesdays in leap years" had called her to ask what was going on with the hot little computer company from Cupertino.
Unlike some other tech companies that went public but disappointed, the Apple IPO proved a smash hit. It became the biggest IPO since the Ford Motor Company's public offering in 1956, a year after Jobs' birth.
Underwritten by Morgan Stanley and the firm Hambrecht & Quist, Apple stock was filed to sell at $14 per share. However, it opened at $22 — and sold out within minutes. That day alone, AAPL rose 32%, with a closing value of $29 and a total valuation of $1.778 billion.
Apple IPO yields instant millionaires
The Wall Street Journal got excited about Apple's IPO.
Photo: WSJ
Inside Apple, the atmosphere was as jubilant as you'd expect. Then-CEO Mike Scott wheeled in several crates of champagne to celebrate. Meanwhile, a few employees rigged up a mock thermometer in the road separating Apple's two main buildings. They used the prop to mark notches of "heat" as the stock rose throughout the day.
Plenty of other people aside from Jobs got rich off the Apple IPO. Scott made $95.5 million. Mike Markkula, the venture capitalist who helped turn Apple into a "real" company, received a return on his investment to the tune of $203 million. So did fellow VC Arthur Rock, whose $57,600 gamble netted him $21.8 million.
Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak took home $116 million after giving a percentage of his stock options to Apple employees who otherwise would not have qualified for them.
Rod Holt, the chain-smoking Marxist engineer who built the Apple II power supply, found himself sitting on a socialism-challenging personal fortune of $67 million. And so on.
A few Apple employees I've spoken to from this time recall the general craziness of seeing their net worth soar as their stock options made them rich. Because options couldn't be cashed in right away, people had to endure the roller coaster ride of seeing their personal finances rise and fall until they were able to vest the options in question.
"I went through a year of being totally whacko because my mood was entirely tied to the Dow Jones," user interface guru Bruce Tognazzini once told me.
An IPO is a milestone for any company, but for Apple it triggered some big changes. With the awarding of stock options, a class divide simmered at Apple. Salaried employees (such as engineers) received stock options, while hourly, unqualified employees (such as technicians) did not. When some people got insanely rich and others got nothing, some relationships were tested — like that between Steve Jobs and his former friend Dan Kottke, with whom he had traveled around India.
That was just the tip of the iceberg. Two months later, Wozniak was involved in a plane crash. In the aftermath, he began to extricate himself from Apple.
At around the same time, Mike Scott fired a large chunk of Apple employees. The justification for the move was that the company — growing too big, too quickly — had hired a lot of lesser workers.
Scott didn't last much longer as CEO, either, quitting just six months after the firings. A few years later — curiously enough, on December 12, 1985 — Jobs also left Apple to start a new company called NeXT. Around the same time, Jobs invested in a computer graphics company called Pixar. The animation studio's later public offering would make Jobs a billionaire.
In short, it was a strange time to be at Apple. But a historic one, without question.
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Posted in: News, Top stories Tagged: AAPL, Bruce Tognazzini, IPOs, Mike Markkula, Mike Scott, Morgan Stanley, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, TIAH: 1980s, TIAH: Steve Jobs, Today in Apple history


Interesting way to measure consensus, of course it's only meant to be applied to "safe" subjects.
The "Innocence of Muslims" film protests were bigger, and more "enthusiastic" shall we say, than any anti-Jihad protest over the recent comparable period. An American president sided with the religious extremists threatening his citizens, long before Trump/Charlottesville I might add.


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Q: how to get dictionaries of positive and negative words for sentiment analysis I am doing work on  sentiment analysis of tweets .can any one tell me is there any way to get available dictionary for research work that contain positive , negative and neutral words .
THANKS

A: Use SentiWordnet. SentiWordNet is a lexical resource for opinion mining. SentiWordNet assigns to each synset of WordNet three sentiment scores: positivity, negativity, objectivity.
http://sentiwordnet.isti.cnr.it/


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Money, Sex, Love, Christmas, Blood, and Donuts
September 9, 2019 / swampflix
The Gen-X vampire slacker drama Blood & Donuts, our current Movie of the Month, carries a lot of low-key hangout energy for a movie about a bloodsucking immortal ghoul. The film's central vampire, Boya, is reluctant about his role as an eternal seducer & killer, appearing to be genuinely pained by the danger he poses to the vulnerable humans around him. He attempts to limit his sanguine footprint by feeding off street rats and avoiding eye contact with potential romantic partners, until the urge overpowers him or until his vampirism proves useful in saving the day for his mortal friends. One of the ways this small-budget Canuxploitation horror signals this low-key, anti-violence hangout ethos is by setting its story in a 24-hour donut shop, where Boya can hang out in wholesome solidarity with other nocturnal weirdos without frequenting the orgiastic goth nightclubs more typical to vampire cinema. That donut shop is a quirky choice that maybe suggests a livelier horror comedy than Blood & Donuts cares to deliver, but it still helps distinguish the otherwise tempered film as a singular novelty (which can only be a boon in the crowded field of vampire media).
While vampire movies are a dime a dozen, donut shop movies are more of a niche rarity. There are certainly iconic donut shops to be found scattered around pop culture –Big Donut in Steven Universe, Miss Donuts in Boogie Nights, Stan Mikita's Donuts in Wayne's World, Krispy Kreme in Power Rangers, etc. However, those settings are isolated diversions rather than serving as a central location like the one in Blood & Donuts. The only other significant feature film I can think of with a plot that revolves so closely around a donut shop is Sean Baker's 2015 Los Angeles Christmas-chaos piece Tangerine, which is anchored to a real-life LA donut shop called Donut Time. The opening credits of Tangerine scroll over a yellow enamel table at Donut Time, scratched with the names of bored vandals who have visited over the years. The movie serves as a kind of whirlwind feet-on-the-ground tour of a very niche corner of LA, but it's anchored to Donut Time as a significant landmark to establish a sense of order amidst that chaos. It opens there with its two stars (Mya Taylor & Kitana Kiki Rodriguez) splitting a single donut because they're perilously cash-strapped. It also climaxes there in a classic Greek stage drama confrontation between all the film's major players in a single, donut-decorated location that explodes the various hustles & schemes they've been struggling to keep under control throughout. Both Blood & Donuts and Tangerine wander off from their donut shops to explore the city outside (Toronto & Los Angeles, respectively), but their shared novelty locale provides the structure that allows for that indulgence
Like how Boya (Gordon Currie) awakens from a decades-long slumber at the start of Blood & Donuts, the similarly dormant Sindee (Rodriguez) emerges from prison at the start of Tangerine out of the loop on what's been happening in her local trans sex worker microcosm since she's been away. Over the opening shared donut, she learns from her best friend Alexandra (Taylor) that her boyfriend/pimp Chester (James Ransone) has been cheating on her while she was locked up, so she bursts out of Donut Time into the Los Angeles sunshine to enact her revenge on all parties involved. Obviously, this flood of Los Angeles sunlight distinguishes Tangerine from the late-night vampire drama of Blood & Donuts (as well as distinguishing Baker's film as a kind of novelty within its own Christmas movie genre). Otherwise, though, the two films have a similar way of collecting oddball characters in low-income-level gathering spots—like, for instance, donut shops. Tangerine speeds through a blur of 7/11s, laundromats, dive bars, by-the-hour motels, and car washes until it finds its way back to its Donut Time starting point. It finds an unexpected symmetry within the low-rent late-night locales of Blood & Donuts's own tour of Toronto, something that's most readily recognizable in the films' respective visions of impossibly filthy motel rooms. Or maybe it's most recognizable in how David Cronenberg's mobster runs his crime ring out of a bowling alley, while the pimp antagonist of Tangerine runs his own out of a donut shop.
You'd think that a nocturnal vampire comedy from the 90s and a sunlit 2010s trans sex worker drama would have very little in common, especially since the former is so lackadaisical and the latter is commanded by high-energy chaos. Their shared donut shops locales and commitment to exploring the character quirks of the weirdos who frequent them bridge that gap with gusto. The word "donut" may not appear in Tangerine's title the way it does with its Gen-X predecessor, but the film is just as committed to accentuating the novelty of its central location. Despite being far too young to reasonably remember the TV commercial she's referencing, Sindee announces, "Time to make the donuts, bitch!" to her romantic rival as they approach the climactic showdown. She also jokingly asks the Donut Time counter girl, "Do you have watermelon flavor?," an echo of Blood & Donuts's own bizarre inclusion of a kiwi-flavored donut. As a pair, the two films seem to be serving as two pillars of a sparsely populated Donut Movie subgenre. The longer you scrutinize how they use the novelty of that locale the more they appear to have in common despite their drastically different surface details.
For more on September's Movie of the Month, the Gen-X Canuxploitation vampire drama Blood & Donuts (1995), check out our Swampchat discussion of the film.
blood and donuts, brandon ledet, christmas, david cronenberg, donut time, donuts, gordon currie, horror, james ransone, Kitana Kiki Rodriguez, Lists & Articles, los angeles, movie of the month, Mya Taylor, sean baker, tangerine, toronto, vampires
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Manuel Castro, Executive Director
Role: Manuel Castro is the Executive Director of New Immigrant Community Empowerment (NICE), a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the lives of immigrant workers in New York City. With a focus on newly arrived immigrants, who rely on the informal economy for work, such as day laborers and cleaning workers, NICE serves workers at the highest risk of workplace abuse, unpaid wages, and other injustices. To address these problems, NICE operates worker centers in Queens, Brooklyn, and the Bronx, with over 12,000 registered members. It offers a holistic set of direct services and leadership development programs aimed at strengthening the individual and collective capacities of its members. During the COVID-19 crisis, NICE has dispersed over $2.5 million dollars in direct cash assistance and distributed tens of thousand pounds of food to immigrant families in need.
Prior to joining NICE: Manuel led federal and state advocacy campaigns for the New York Immigration Coalition (NYIC), the largest and most diverse statewide immigrant coalition in the country. At NYIC he coordinated a statewide campaign of nearly 200 organizations working to pass federal immigration reform. The campaign played a major role in successfully advocating for President Obama's executive actions on immigration. At NYIC he also coordinated the Immigrants Vote! campaign, the largest, non-partisan voter registration and Get Out the Vote campaign focused on immigrants in NYS.
Honors: In 2021, Manuel was named to City & State's Labor 40-under-40 list, which honors talented individuals under the age of 40 in New York's labor movement and who have distinguished themselves with noteworthy accomplishments. In 2020, Manuel was awarded the David Prize Award among over 6,000 nominees across New York City. Modeled after the MacArthur Genius Grants, the David Prize is dedicated to supporting New Yorkers with grit and vision. Manuel has received various other honors for his work including a proclamation from the New York City Council in recognition of service to the immigrant community and the City.
Board Service: Manuel currently serves on the executive committee of the New York Immigration Coalition (NYIC)s board of directors. Previously he served on the board of trustees at Hampshire College.
Media: Manuel conducts regular media appearances and his work has been covered by the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post, El Diario la Prensa, NPR, WNYC, Univision, Telemundo, Televisa, CNN, MSNBC, NBC, PBS, CBS, and others.
Education: Manuel earned a Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree from the School of Public Affairs at Baruch College, CUNY, and a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in Urban Anthropology and Film from Hampshire College.
Family Roots: When he was five years old, Manuel immigrated with his mother from his native Mexico. He grew up in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, and was part of the early generation of undocumented youth activists known as DREAMers.