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EWU 201-05 Electronic Signatures
Created OnFebruary 26, 2017
University Operations – Administrative
EWU Policy 201-05 Authority: EWU Board of Trustees
Effective: May 12, 2017 Proponent: Business & Finance
Purpose: This policy identifies Eastern Washington University (hereafter "the University") requirements and standards for the use of electronic signatures (hereafter "e-signatures") in conducting business operations in support of the institutional administration of the University's teaching, research, and service operations.
History: This policy is a new policy. It was adopted during open session of the EWU Board of Trustees on May 12, 2017 and is effective as of that date.
Applicability: This policy applies to all uses of electronic signatures for Eastern Washington University business, teaching, research, and service operations.
Chapter 1 – General
This policy is intended to promote efficiency, save resources and provide parameters on the use of e-signatures in university transactions.
This policy codifies how the university will designate transactions for which e-signatures will be required and recognized by the university. This policy also requires the university establish security procedures regarding the use of e-signatures and does not replace any University Information Security Policies.
Employees must have delegated signature authority in order to execute legal documents on behalf of the University.
"Agreement" is a negotiated and legally binding arrangement between parties as to a course of action.
"Electronic" means relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities.
"Electronic signature (e-signature)" is an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a contract or other record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.
"Electronic Record" is information captured through electronic means, which may or may not have a paper record to back it up.
1.3 E-signatures Authorized
An electronic signature may be used with the same force and effect as the use of a signature affixed by hand, as long as the electronic signature and the writing conform to the definition in this policy. Electronic signatures may not be used for any documents that legally require a notarized signature, such as an affidavit or certain real estate transactions. An e-signature used that is not authorized per the requirements of this policy or is used outside of its limitations may be considered invalid by the University.
University employees with signature authority are executing legal documents on behalf of the University; therefore, their electronic signatures must use a secure certificate-based electronic signature service that has been approved by Information Technology.
Chapter 2 – When E-Signatures May Be Used
Before a department can use an e-signature method in place of a paper-based signature, such use must be authorized by the university's designated Risk Manager in accordance with the following process:
2.1 Department Level Risk Assessment
If a department wishes to use a non-paper based signature for an agreement, it must first conduct a department-level risk assessment. The assessment is intended to ascertain the benefits associated with using an e-signature compared to the risks associated with such use. The assessment should also identify the quality and security of the e-signature method required as it relates to operational and legal risk. The department must document its analysis and submit a request to the Risk Manager to approve the use of an e-signature for the transaction.
In conducting the risk analysis, the focus should be identifying risk factors that could lead to a challenge to the validity or enforceability of the e-signature. Guidelines for conducting this analysis are provided in the next section.
2.2 Risk Analysis Factors
The following analysis is a guide to how high or low risk transactions could be:
A. Parties to the Transaction – generally the closer the relationship, the lower the risk of repudiation. Individual departments should consider whether the proposed transaction is:
i. A transaction between university department and/or employees
ii. An inter-agency transaction
iii. A transaction between the University and an outside, non-governmental entity
iv. The University and an individual
v. The University and a foreign government or organization
B. Nature of the Relationship and Frequency of Transactions – risks tend to be lower when there is an ongoing relationship and when they engage in frequent transactions. On the other hand, typically the highest risk usually involves a one-time transaction between a person and an agency that has financial or legal implications. Departments should consider whether the transaction involves:
i. An ongoing relationship,
ii. A new relationship with a known party
iii. A new relationship with an unknown party, or
iv. An in-person signing or remote signing.
C. The Value or Significance of the Transaction – departments should consider the relative value of the type of transaction against the costs associated with implementing technology and management security controls to mitigate risk. Higher risks include:
i. Transactions involving transfer of funds,
ii. Transactions where parties are committing to actions or contracts that could give rise to legal of financial liability, and/or
iii. Transactions with information protected under state or federal law such as where the party is fulfilling a legal responsibility, which if not performed creates a legal liability or where the party is certifying information, which if not true creates a legal liability.
D. The Risk of Unauthorized Alteration or Other Compromise – this risk increases with the likelihood of a security intrusion to the stored record. The likelihood depends on the potential attacker's knowledge that the transaction will occur and value of information. The following transactions are at higher risk:
i. Regular or periodic transactions between parties,
ii. The value of information to outside parties can determine motivation to compromise the information, and
iii. Transactions with certain agencies who have a perceived image or mission that could warrant higher risk of attacks.
E. Whether the Lack of a Signature Invalidates the Transaction – The final overarching factor to consider is the extent of resulting loss or impact. If the signature is required by law then any challenge to the enforceability of the signature will usually invalidate the entire transaction. If the signature is not required but only desired than the transaction will most likely remain valid without a signature. In addition, some transactions require a provable, electronically signed record that can be produced in case of an audit, investigation, dispute, or litigation. Departments must consider the impact an invalidated agreement would have on operations.
2.3 Department Request
After completing the risk analysis above, the department must submit a request to the Risk Manager for use of an e-signature. The department should also identify the type of approved e-signature method (set forth in section 3) that it wishes to use.
2.4 Risk Manager Decision
The Risk Manager, in collaboration with the Data Custodian, Information Technology, and other appropriate university departments (e.g. finance, human resources, etc.) will review the department's request to use an e-signature in place of a paper-based signature. The Risk Manager will go through the same risk management analysis set forth in section 2-3. In addition to assessing the level of risk to the department, the Risk Manager is responsible for assessing the level of risk to the University if an e-signature method is used and to determine if there are mitigating measures that can be used, such as using a more secure e-signature method. The Risk Manager is also responsible for determining whether the department has the capabilities in place to properly maintain electronic signatures in compliance with chapter 4 of this policy and state law.
After completing the risk analysis, the Risk Manager will send the department a memo approving or disapproving the request. The Risk Manager may also place parameters over the use of such signatures or permit them for a limited period of time to test a certain method.
2.5 Periodic Review
A review of each e-signature implementation will be conducted periodically, but no less that every time an approach or solution changes by the department and Risk Manager. This will include an evaluation of the e-signature used to determine whether any applicable legal, business, or data requirements have changed. A determination will be made as to the continued appropriateness of the risk assessment and e-signature implementation method.
A record of this review will be documented and filed as part of the official record for this e-signature implementation maintained by the department. If as a result of the periodic review the risk level changes, a new risk assessment must be completed, including review and approval.
Chapter 3- Authorized E-Signature Methods
3.1 Process for Approving E-signature Methods
There are many different methods of e-signatures. Before a department is permitted to utilize e-signatures, the particular e-signature method must be approved for use by the Vice President for Business and Finance and Vice President of Information Technology. Before approving an e-signature method, the Vice Presidents must assess whether it meets the following criteria:
A. Identification and Authentication of the Signer: A signature must be the act of the specific person identified in the agreement. If the alleged signer later denies signing, the signature could be unenforceable unless there is proof the alleged signer actually signed the record. The parties relying on the terms of a signed transaction must determine the type of electronic signature that best meets the university's needs to identify and authenticate a signature based on level of business impact or loss if the alleged signer denies their involvement in the transaction.
B. Intent to Sign: The signing process should clearly identify the reason for signing and specify the actions to be taken by the signer to signify intent. To avoid confusion regarding a signer's intent, any method used must give the signer an opportunity to review the entire document, ensure it contains the same signature elements as it would if it were a paper record, require the signer to indicate assent to the document by clicking an accept or reject button, and record and retain a copy of the date, time and the signer's indicated intent.
C. Association of Signature to the Record: The e-signature must be attached to, or associated with the electronic record being signed. The data comprising the e-signature must be saved. It is recommended that the following data be affixed with the e-signature:
Identify of the signer
Date and time of the signature,
Method used to sign the record, and
A reasoning for the signing.
Whichever method is used to associate the signature with the document, it is imperative that the university obtain and maintain proof that a specific e-signature was applied to or used in connection with a specific electronic record.
D. Integrity of the Signed Record: The integrity of the document relies on the ability of the storage process used to protect it from unauthorized persons and natural disasters. Steps must be taken to preserve the accuracy and completeness of the electronic information. Further measures should be taken to ensure no unauthorized alterations are made to the document. This protection is possible through the system that manages the electronic record. This system must ensure that a record, its signature, any associated data or links cannot be tampered with or modified.
If the e-signature is being used for interstate transactions or for documents required by the federal government, it must meet all of the requirements of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN), 15 USC § 7001-7031.
3.2 Approved E-signature Methods
The approval of an e-signature method can limit the use of that method to particular electronic records, particular classes of electronic records, or particular university departments.
Types of e-signature methods that may be considered include:
A. Click Through or Click Wrap – This method has a signer affirm his or her intent by clicking a button. Some versions require signers to type his or her name, some personal identifier or type "I agree" before clicking a button. These types of e-signature should only be used for low-risk, low-value transactions.
B. Personal Identification Number (PIN) or Password – This method requires a person to enter identifying information such as a PIN or password and the system verifying that the PIN or password is associated with the person accessing the system to authenticate the person. Examples would include requiring a student to type in a student identification number. This method is more secure than a click through agreement, but less secure than a digitized or digital signature because someone other than the person identified in the agreement could have obtained the other person's PIN or password.
C. Digitized Signature – This method is an image of a handwritten signature. It is most effective if applied at the time of signing and can be compared to copies of digitized signatures on file. If special software judges the two images comparable, the signature is deemed valid.
D. Digital Signature – this method is created when the signer uses his or her private signing key to create a unique mark on an electronic document. The recipient of the document employs the signer's public key to validate the authenticity of the private key to verify the document was not altered after signing. If approved e-signature methods require the use of encryption technology that uses public or private key infrastructure and/or certificates, Information Technology will be responsible for the administration of such public or private keys and certificates.
3.3 Repealing an Approved Method
In the event that it is determined that an approved e-signature method is no longer meeting university needs, the Vice President for Business and Finance and Vice President of Information Technology, may revoke the approval of that e-signature method. In the event authorization of a method is revoked, the university will take steps to minimize the risk, such as having people re-resign documents with an approved signature method.
Chapter 4- Preserving Electronic Agreements and Signatures
Preserving the electronic document is a necessary step in the electronic records process. Electronic records must be retained for the same length of time as if it were signed in ink. Retention of the record means it needs to remain usable, searchable, retrievable and authentic for the entire length of time it must be preserved. For an e-signature, the record must include: what the signer is agreeing to, the signature, date and time of the signing and evidence of the process the person followed to establish their identity and a clear intention to sign. E-signatures must be displayed as close as possible to the other terms of the transaction. The more remote the signature on the display is from the other terms, the more difficult it becomes to prove intent.
Changes in technology need to be considered when retaining electronic records in the event that they need to be changed to other electronic formats.
The department also must maintain chain of custody of the record, including employing sufficient security procedures to prevent additions, modifications, or deletion of a record by unauthorized parities. If there is a break in chain of custody, it must be documented.
Printing and retaining a hard copy is not a substitute for the electronic version unless approved by the records custodian.
Additionally, a record of the risk assessment evaluation, approval from the Risk manager, and e-signature method selection must be maintained by the department.
CHAPTER 5 – AUTHORITY
5-1. Electronic Signatures and records, RCW 19.360
5-2. Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SING) 15 USCA §7001-7031


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An Economic Analysis of Altruism in the name of Social Justice - A Jewish Perspective
I am not an economist nor a philosopher nor a Rabbi, so this essay represents my own thoughts and analysis of an idea. Also, the essay isn't finished yet, but I really need to Get It Done because it is a sermon I am going to deliver this July. You are (of course) at liberty to disregard the advice contained herein, or to argue with it. Feel free to Email me if you want to discuss this further.
My thinking begins with an op-ed piece that appeared in the Sunday, September 26th 1999 issue of the Seattle Times. In this story, we have the following hypothetical: A man saves up for his retirement, and invests in a Bugatti sports car, which he does not insure. One day he parks the car on a railroad track, which he assumes is safe because there is a kid playing on an adjacent track. The man goes for a walk and he spots a train coming. He can dash back to his car and get his car out of he way (maybe), or he can run to a turnout, throw a switch, and save his car; but at the cost of killing the child. What does he do?.
My thinking continued on Friday October 1st when Rabbi Beth Singer of Temple Beth Am in Seattle gave a sermon discussing setting asside money that would be spent eating out and giving that money to the poor.
My thinking is very confused on this subject. On the one hand, I am painfully aware of a looming Malthusian crisis. The human population of our little planet exceeds 6 billion people and it is not clear if the technology exists to support that many people. Such crisis have occured in the past, although not necessarily in human populations. All ecosystems have a finite "carrying capacity" which controls how many members of a species may live there. The "carrying capacity" is a fixed limit, which will change only when the ecosystem changes significantly. The population will usually be less than the carry capacity. For example, if there are a lot of prey animals, there will soon be many preditor animals; eventually, there will be too many preditors and they will kill too many prey. The prey population will crash, and then the preditor population will crash. The prey animals will then (briefly) enjoy a period relatively free of preditation. However, the preditors will make a comeback and eventually, the preditors will enjoy easy hunting. And so on. Humans are omnivorous (Rabbi Beth is a vegetarian) but the same sort of dynamics occur. It is already occuring in Africa, where massive deforestation has destroyed the ecosystem in the sub-saharan region. The theory of evolution predicts this phenomena, and it is one of the reasons why species change over time. See my essay on creation myths for more details. So the engineer in me is tempted to argue that we're all going to die, why not enjoy ourselves before we go?
On the other hand, Rabbi Beth is an extraordinarily intelligent woman and a scholar of the first rank. From a Jewish perspective (and the Jewish perspective goes back 4000 years, while Malthus is a Johny-come-lately in the 18th century), Rabbi Beth is on solid ground. 3200 years ago, some unknown social engineer (or else G-d) wrote (Leviticus 19:9)
~kyhla hwhy yna ~ta bz[t rglw yn[l jqlt al $mrk jrpw llw[t al $mrkw jqlt al $rycq jqlw rcql $df tap hlkt al ~kcra rycq -ta ~krcqbw
""And when ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not wholly reap the corners of thy field, neither shalt thou gather the gleanings of thy harvest. And thou shalt not glean thy vineyard, neither shalt thou gather every grape of thy vineyard; thou shalt leave them for the poor and stranger: I am the LORD your God."
In 20th Century america, we don't farm anymore, so it is important to recast this principle to fit the times. Of course, the answer is that we should donate surplus resources to the less fortunate, and that means money. So when Rabbi Beth tells us to pass up eating out and setting asside the money thusly saved for the poor, she has recast an ancient principle in terms of a modern action. Again, she is on absolutely solid ground, as Rabbis have been recasting Jewish law and practice over the millenia in an effort to fit the times while staying true to our core values of ethical monotheism.
How is an economic analysis like a Russian Doll?
A long time ago, my sister and I were given Russian Dolls - for all I know, she still has hers. Inside this Russian Doll was another Russian Doll. And inside that was another, and inside that was another. Every one of them exquisitely beautiful and every one of them containing yet another Russian Doll.
When I thought about this problem, I discovered that any possible solution had within it other problems, and the solutions to those problems created still other problems. Every time I thought about Rabbi Beth's proposal, I discovered a problem with it, and each time I thought I solved that problem, I found another problem waiting inside. Of course, the current situation also is problematical, and there is no evidence that the current situation is any worse than what Rabbi Beth proposes.
Running faster to stay in place
For example, in the current economic environment we find ourselves in, there are people who are unemployed, and there are also people who are working 50,60,70, or even 80 hour weeks. There are people who are becoming extraordinarily wealthy, and there are vital social needs which are going unfilled. In the United States at the end of the 20th Century, worker productivity is unparalellel at any time in human history thanks to our technology and an economic system which ruthlessly punishes inefficientcy. I myself would like to volunteer at my children's school, and I would like to study more, and write. But I am working all of these extra hours, when hiring another person might be a better solution. However, I am trapped - because I have a wife and an expensive house (and this was before prices went through the ceiling) and children, I not only need to work these lunatic hours but I also need to supplement my earnings with moonlighting. At the same time, the cost of benefits has become almost a third of my salary, so it makes sense to my employer to have me work 80 hours a week instead of hiring another person. In general, it makes sense for relatively few people working relatively nutty hours than have more people, less well paid, working fewer hours.
Increasing productivity is Automating jobs out of existence
However, it gets more complicated. One of the reasons why I am paid so well is that people with my skill set are relatively rare. I can, and have, automated jobs that paid ~$12-$15 per hour out of existance. My next job will probably eliminate sales jobs-sales used to be a well paying profession. The boon in electronic commerce will automate even more jobs out of existance, this time, jobs paying as little as $8/hour can be automated. Eventually, a major disconnect is going to develop: there will be jobs which pay too little to bother automating them, and there will be jobs which are too complicated to automate. Already, this phenomena is occurring: file clerks, secretaries, bank tellers, elevator operators (actually, there are relatively few people still alive who remember elevator operators, but once upon a time, elevators were controlled by an operator who worked a switch to make the elevator go up and down. The ability of the elevator to stop such that the floor of the elevator and the floor of the floor were level was a mark of the skill of the operatior. ), telephone operators, stokers (men who shovel coal in to boilers), the guys who ride in cabooses on trains, all of these jobs are being automated out of existance. There are stories of railroad workers who spent their entire careers at the bottom of the seniority list, because the need for the job shrank at about the same rate as other guys quit or retired or were killed.
Wealth and dehumanization
It gets more complicated. The middle class of the United States is facing an interesting paradox. On the one hand, we are experiencing unprecendented wealth. One the other hand, we are being dehumanized on several levels. Alvin Toeffler predicted, in the early 1970s, that our jobs would become increasingly temporary. Especially in the high tech world, where there is a lot of contract labor, our relationship with our jobs are increasingly temporary. It used to be that work was not only a productive activity but also a social one. But in a system where you show up, fix something, and then leave, it becomes very hard to develop social relationships. I run a program for domestic violence: one of the men made the comment that this group was his social life. I have mixed feelings about this: on the one hand, I am happy to be of service in this way; on the other hand, I am sad that our service is required in this way. But in a world of increasingly temporary assignments, the relationships that uses to happen incidentally to work are no longer happened. Consequently, it is becoming important for people to make the time to work on relationships.
It used to be that when my father wanted to chat, he and I would work on something together in his shop, either fixing a car, or building a machine, or something like that. Today, our cars are too complicated for backyard mechanics to work on (or even regular mechanics - have you noticed how few gas stations have repair bays these days?), and my work is too complicated for me to share it with my son, or my father. My father is an extremely intelligent man, and so is my son, I don't know what happened to me. When I want to talk with my son, I send him an E-mail.
What are surplus resources? It turns out that a lot of our spending is on things that are not really necessary. Rabbi Beth discusses eating out. But that is only part of the story.
We know that public transportation is cheaper and less polluting than a sea of cars, and yet many of us continue to buy cars. A new bus costs about $350,000, the cost of about 20 cars, yet it can carry 60 people on a single trip, and it makes many trips in a day. It never ceases to amaze me to hear that we don't have the money to spend to improve public transportation, when I know that we spend far greater sums on private transport.
It doesn't end there. One of the most popular classes of cars purchased today are Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs). These are large and heavy and big. Families justify purchasing them "because they are safer". They are not. What they do is transfer risk to the other guy, the one driving a small, sensible car (bicyclists like me don't care, I am as much as risk from an 1800 pound Yugo as from a 5000 pound cadillac or a 6000 pound Lexus SUV - and why does Lexus make an SUV?)
It doesn't end there. Those 20 cars will require more than 20 times the maintenance of the single bus. Cars are powered by gasoline engines, buses by diesel engines (some buses are run off of electricity). Diesel engines are lower maintenance machines than gasoline engines.
It doesn't end there. Each kilogram of gasoline (or diesel fuel) burned generates roughly 3 kilos of carbon dioxide! (A gallon of gasoline weighs about 6 kilos). The United States government is trying to push through a treaty on green house gases, but is unwilling to enforce Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards.
Sports stadiums, which are a special case of
Entertainment in general. Now Jews are not Calvinists, the talmud says that there are some pleasures we are entitled to. A bride, for example, is supposed to get 10% of her dowry in cosmetics. The attitude that sex is solely for procreation is an idea alien to Jewish thought. But why is the State of Washington spending almost $1 Billion on sports stadiums in Seattle when we are unable to maintain our schools and pay our teachers properly? We could have spent $1 Billion on improving schools, and that would hired the same number of construction people, and consumed about the same amount of material, but the long term gain would be so much greater.
I am concerned about a slipperty slope here. I myself just went to Israel with Rabbi Jonathan Singer, Rabbi Beth's husband. I can see how somebody would say that this is unnecessary spending, that the $6600 I am spending could be spent on the poor. I am struggling with this. I justify it on the grounds that travel leads to making connections with people, and those connections will help establish peace. We are commanded over and over again to persue peace. This commandment can justified both from a religious point of view and from solid, boring first principles of engineering: a peaceful existance will neccessarily be a more efficient existance, because you don't have to expend resources preparing for and fighting a war. I do give money and time and energy to help the downtrodden. I could, perhaps, give more.
Have you got any good news?
As a matter of fact, I do. In the United States, we have sufficient resources to end hunger, death from preventable disease, and reduce crime, all at the same time. Let me repeat myself: we could, if we had the will, eliminate poverty, improve the average life span, and reduce crime.
Lots and lots of people have commented on the rise of the stock market over the past 20 years. However, the rise of the stock market is not an indication of economic health. Rather, it is an indicator that there are too many dollars with too little to do.
You see, there are all kinds of investments that one can make with a fistful of dollars. Rabbi Beth, in a rather microscopic fashion, is advocating investing those dollars in the human resources of this country. Providing food, shelter, medical care, education for these people is the ticket to getting them out of their condition. Rabbi Beth is on solid ground from the Jewish perspective. Is the good Rabbi on solid ground from an economic perspective - it other words, is it in the enlightened self interest of the United States to Do The Right Thing for the poor?
Pass me another Russian doll, please. Thank you. Yes, it is.
Some proposals for changes in policy for the United States
One of the problems I have with most policy promulgations of do-gooders is that they talk about rights and not responsibilities. In fact, every time you create a right, you also levy a responsibility on somebody else to make sure those rights are enforced. That's one of the reasons why we have government.
I propose the following changes in policy for the United States:
No child, no pregnant woman, no nursing woman, shall ever go hungry. Ever. If a pregnant or lactating woman or a child will go to any government office, there will be procedures and resources in place such that they will be fed. If they are sick or in need of preventive care (vacinations, dental care, etc.), there will be resources and procedures such that they will receive care. If they are cold, they will receive shelter. They will be kept safe. It is the responsibility of men and women who are not pregnant or nursing to develop the resources to accomodate these rights. This isn't rocket science - we know that children and pregnant and lactating women are vulnerable. It is in our enlightened self interest to take care of them. Further, every moral code I have studied, Jewish, Christian, secular (with the exception of Machiavelli and Nietzche) mandates this kind of treatment. Why, then, is this not happening? In particular, why is the Christian right deathly (I use that word deliberately) silent on this issue? Why are those people willing to commit acts of civil disobediance to stop abortions, and yet seem clueless about the hungry and the cold?
Every child shall be educated, and not minimally educated, but fully educated to the extent of the kids' abilities. Each child shall be educated and treated as if he or she is an individual. Children must be educated about reading, writing, and arithmetic; but also in logical reasoning, sex and health, the arts and sciences, and vocational training. Rabbi Jonathan Singer says that they also have to learn to swim, which makes a lot of sense (a lot of people fall into the water and drown - if they would swim, they could reach safety). Again, this should not be so difficult to understand - we are a high tech society and it only works with an educated and involved citizenry.
However, we speak with forked tongue on this issue. In Article 9 of the Washington State Constitution, it clearly says that the education of our children is the paramount duty of the state. Yet, it then turns around and requires a 60% majority vote to pass a school levy. By way of contrast, it takes only a 50% vote to build a sports stadium.
Changes in tax laws:
The marginal tax rate on earned income should be lowered, and the marginal tax rate on unearned income should be raised. The argument is made that we should lower the tax rate on capital gains to encourage investment. The technical term for this argument is "bullshit". The wealthy are going to continue to invest, because for them, that's the only game in town (Why are the Kansas City Royals so popular? What else is there to do in Kansas in the summertime?).
The Internal Revenue Code should recognize the value of donations of time to charity. I am not quite sure about the details of this. My thinking is that I am salaried, so I don't have the option of making more money by working more hours, but society reaps a benefit when I volunteer at a school or when I talk an abusive man out of beating his wife.
While I am on the subject of the Internal Revenue Code: it is too complicated. The complication makes it expensive to enforce, and that is an unproductive use of resources. If the United States Congress wants to encourage some behavior, have some guts, people, and put it in a spending bill where it is on the budget and highly visible. Otherwise, don't do it.
Changes in labor law:
Reduce the number of hours in a full time week to something on the order of 35 or 36.
Professionals ought to be paid by the hour. Certainly lawyers do.
Everybody who works should be covered by health insurance, regardless of whether they're the president of Boeing or flipping burgers at McDonalds. The health insurance is paid for by the state from taxes, with tax money going to health insurance companies. The health insurance companies compete on the basis of efficiencies in handling claims and on their investment income.
The claim is made that this will make business uncompetitive. Not so. If McDonalds, Burger King, and Wendy's all have to pay more to hire their people, they will all raise prices. A little, not a lot. One of the dark secrets of American Business is how much revenue goes to debt service. Under my proposals, the cost of debt service will remain constant.
Changes in environmental law:
Increase taxes on fossil fuels for all classes of consumption: on road, off road, for heating, for cooling (you can't really cool something, you can only pump the heat someplace else). The revenue raised should go into the general fund.
Increased spending on science and engineering. Humans have got three things going for us that no other animal has: 1) We are terrific walkers, the best walkers the planet has ever seen. 2) We have opposable thumbs. 3) We have big brains. There are lots of animals that can run faster than we can, that can outsee us, that can outsmell us, that can outhear us, that are better protected from the cold, that have more powerful muscles and endurance. If we are going to continue to dominate the planet, we have to use our brains, and that means supporting the intellectuals amongst us. Our scientists and engineers have to develop new sources of food, and more energy efficient methods of moving food from producer to consumer. However, we also need
Increased spending on general education, with an enphasis on environmental awareness. I am not a screaming protester from the 60s, at least, I hope not. Yet we need everybody to understand the consequences of their decisions. Even such small changes as turning out the lights when the room is not in use, using 60 watt bulbs instead of 75 watt bulbs and walking instead of going by car all have have potentially dramatic positive impacts on our lives.
Birth Control and Abortion. Both should be freely available. I am not encouraging sex, but rather I am acknowleging that our biological imperatives are not going to be denied. We have too many people, and we need to reduce the number of people. The best way to do that is not to have them in the first place.
The United States could be a paradise for all, but it requires the political will to make it so. Currently, the political will is to get elected. The republicans have sold out their Christian allies for their corporate allies. However, the Republicans keep harping on Abortion, a battle they can't win, but which keeps the Christians in the fold. The democrats have sold out their allies in the labor movement, but who else is labor going to turn to?
Far be it from me to argue with a scholar such as R. Beth! From a Jewish perspective, R. Beth presents a compelling argument. However, effective social policy requires gaining agreement from the majority, and Jews are not the majority. So while R. Beth is correct, she stopped too soon. She failed to see some of the consequences of her arguments from a social point of view, and she did not think of other actions we could take in parallel. She should go into more detail about why we should Do The Right thing from the Jewish point of view, couched in the perspective of a majority point of view.
In this essay, I have tried to go through an analysis of the current world and national situations in population trends, including the distribution of wealth, longevity, and quality of life issues. I am suggesting moderate changes in social policy which I believe will have positive influence on our quality of life.
id="L153"Malthus Reverend Malthus
See Malthus Bicentenary Conference 1998: Malthus and his legacy: The population debate after 200 years. Sponsored by the National Library of Australia, Canberra 17-18 September 1998

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Il Comitato Olimpico Indonesiano (noto anche come Komite Olimpiade Indonesia in indonesiano, abbreviazione: KOI) è il comitato organizzativo dello sport olimpico indonesiano e membro del Consiglio olimpico dell'Asia.

Storia
Il comitato è stato fondato nel 1946 a Giacarta, Indie orientali olandesi. Nel 2005, è stato scorporato dal Comitato Sportivo Nazionale Indonesiano (KONI).

Rappresenta questa nazione presso il Comitato Olimpico Internazionale (CIO) dal 1952 ed ha lo scopo di curare l'organizzazione ed il potenziamento dello sport in Indonesia e, in particolare, la preparazione degli atleti indonesiani, per consentire loro la partecipazione ai Giochi olimpici, asiatici e del Sud-est asiatico.

L'attuale presidente dell'associazione è Rita Subowo, mentre la carica di segretario generale è occupata da Timbul Thomas Lubis.

Organizzazione

Consiglio Direttivo
 Presidente: Rita Subowo
 vicepresidente: Erick Thohir
 segretario generale: Timbul Thomas Lubis
 Vice Segretario Generale: Hifni Hasan
 Tesoriere: Edwin Soeryadjaya
 Vice Tesoriere: Triyuti Mahargjani

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Indonesia
Indonesia ai Giochi olimpici

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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                                     SEO Suite Pro
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                            <comment>Valid values range from 0.0 to 1.0</comment>
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                            After you Flush Images Cache, please re-generate XML sitemaps to avoid 404s in images addresses.

                            Also, we strongly recommend using XML sitemap generation by Cron.
While the sitemap generation our extension creates images' cache, which can be time consuming.]]>
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                                    SEO Suite Ultimate or
                                     SEO Suite Pro
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                        <page_changefreq translate="label">
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                        <page_priority translate="label comment">
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                            <sort_order>115</sort_order>
                            <show_in_default>1</show_in_default>
                            <show_in_website>1</show_in_website>
                            <show_in_store>1</show_in_store>
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                        <product_tags translate="label comment">
                            <![CDATA[Include Product Tags URLs ▾]]>
                            <comment><![CDATA[If
                                    SEO Suite Ultimate or
                                     SEO Suite Pro
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                        <product_tags_changefreq translate="label">
                            <![CDATA[    ]]>Product Tags Frequency
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                            <sort_order>155</sort_order>
                            <show_in_default>1</show_in_default>
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                            <depends>
                                <product_tags>1</product_tags>
                            </depends>
                        </product_tags_changefreq>
                        <product_tags_priority translate="label comment">
                            <![CDATA[    ]]>Product Tags Priority
                            <frontend_type>text</frontend_type>
                            <backend_model>xsitemap/adminhtml_system_config_backend</backend_model>
                            <sort_order>160</sort_order>
                            <show_in_default>1</show_in_default>
                            <show_in_website>1</show_in_website>
                            <show_in_store>1</show_in_store>
                            <depends>
                                <product_tags>1</product_tags>
                            </depends>
                            <comment>Valid values range from 0.0 to 1.0<![CDATA[

]]></comment>
                        </product_tags_priority>
                        <sitemapfile_links_enable translate="label comment">
                            <![CDATA[Include Additional Links ▾]]>
                            <frontend_type>select</frontend_type>
                            <source_model>adminhtml/system_config_source_yesno</source_model>
                            <sort_order>170</sort_order>
                            <show_in_default>1</show_in_default>
                            <show_in_website>1</show_in_website>
                            <show_in_store>1</show_in_store>
                        </sitemapfile_links_enable>
                        <link_changefreq translate="label comment">
                            <![CDATA[    ]]>Additional Links Frequency
                            <frontend_type>select</frontend_type>
                            <source_model>adminhtml/system_config_source_frequency</source_model>
                            <sort_order>175</sort_order>
                            <show_in_default>1</show_in_default>
                            <show_in_website>1</show_in_website>
                            <show_in_store>1</show_in_store>
                            <depends>
                                <sitemapfile_links_enable>1</sitemapfile_links_enable>
                            </depends>
                        </link_changefreq>
                        <link_priority translate="label comment">
                            <![CDATA[    ]]>Additional Links Priority
                            <frontend_type>text</frontend_type>
                            <backend_model>xsitemap/adminhtml_system_config_backend</backend_model>
                            <sort_order>180</sort_order>
                            <show_in_default>1</show_in_default>
                            <show_in_website>1</show_in_website>
                            <show_in_store>1</show_in_store>
                            <depends>
                                <sitemapfile_links_enable>1</sitemapfile_links_enable>
                            </depends>
                            <comment>Valid values range from 0.0 to 1.0</comment>
                        </link_priority>
                        <add_links translate="label comment">
                            <![CDATA[    ]]>Additional Links For<![CDATA[
    ]]>XML Sitemap
                            <frontend_type>textarea</frontend_type>
                            <sort_order>185</sort_order>
                            <show_in_default>1</show_in_default>
                            <show_in_website>1</show_in_website>
                            <show_in_store>1</show_in_store>
                            <depends>
                                <sitemapfile_links_enable>1</sitemapfile_links_enable>
                            </depends>
                            <comment><![CDATA[List of links to append to the XML Sitemap

                                    Example:
Link without 'http[s]://' as customer/account/
will be converted to
 http[s]://(store_URL_here)/customer/account/

                                    Link with 'http[s]://' will be added as is.

]]>
                            </comment>
                        </add_links>
                        <blog translate="label comment">
                            <![CDATA[Include Blog URLs ▾]]>
                            <frontend_type>select</frontend_type>
                            <source_model>adminhtml/system_config_source_yesno</source_model>
                            <sort_order>190</sort_order>
                            <show_in_default>1</show_in_default>
                            <show_in_website>1</show_in_website>
                            <show_in_store>1</show_in_store>
                            <comment><![CDATA[AW blog & Fishpig wordpress plugins are supported.]]>
                            </comment>
                        </blog>
                        <blog_changefreq translate="label">
                            <![CDATA[    ]]>Blog Frequency
                            <frontend_type>select</frontend_type>
                            <source_model>adminhtml/system_config_source_frequency</source_model>
                            <sort_order>195</sort_order>
                            <show_in_default>1</show_in_default>
                            <show_in_website>1</show_in_website>
                            <show_in_store>1</show_in_store>
                            <depends>
                                <blog>1</blog>
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                        </blog_changefreq>
                        <blog_priority translate="label">
                            <![CDATA[    ]]>Blog Priority
                            <frontend_type>text</frontend_type>
                            <backend_model>xsitemap/adminhtml_system_config_backend</backend_model>
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Tragic mum June Thomson returns to rooms where her husband murdered two of their children
SHATTERED mum June Thomson has revealed how her loving daughter fought furiously as her evil dad stabbed her to death in her bedroom.
Marion Scott
June knew Michelle, 25, had battled husband Robert - known as Rab - because of the blood smeared across the pink walls of her room.
Tearful June bravely returned to Muiredge Cottage to speak to the Sunday Mail. In seven-year-old Ryan's room, his favourite football and wrestling stickers are still stuck to his bed and the door.
In Michelle's room, her favourite doll can still be seen in the laundry basket. The gentle 25-year-old had learning difficulties and the understanding of a five year old.
June also entered the room she shared with Thomson for four years and where she discovered him lying, having knifed himself moments after he butchered their children.
He was jailed for life last week after pleading guilty to the double murder. June believes they were killed because a court gave her custody the day before and she planned to leave him.
And she spoke of the horror of finding the bodies of Michelle and Ryan tucked up in bed at their home.
She said: "The day he murdered them, he knew I was coming to pick them up.
"Rab had been out playing in the garden with Michelle, pushing her swing. And he was also seen playing football withRyan.
"All the while, he must have been planning to punish me by killing them.
"After playing with them, he took them back inside, coldly took out a knife and repeatedly stabbed them.
"Michelle's room was covered with blood, so she must have fought him hard.
She had the mind of a child but was built like a young woman.
"She must have been terrified, not understanding why her dad was hurting her.
"The walls of her beautiful pink bedroom were covered in blood from where she'd tried to fight him off. But Rab is so very strong, Michelle wouldn't have stood a chance. After he killed them, he put them to bed and covered them as if they were sleeping. When I pulled back their sheets, I could see the horror that snuffed out their lives."
June decided to leave Thomson, a lorry driver and machine operator, after 27 years of beatings, forced sex, and physical and mental abuse.
Three weeks before the murders, she tried to flee with Ryan and Michelle to make a new life away from the control freak who ruled their lives.
He insisted the family home in Buckhaven, Fife, was in his name only, that Ryan's child benefit was paid to him, and that even Michelle's disability living allowance and incapacity benefit were his.
June said: "The court had granted an interdict preventing Rab from molesting me or being violent towards me.
"I'd left him three times before because of his violence but he'd always forced me to come back home.
"But this time it was different. He knew he was finally losing me."
The couple had married at Kilbirnie Old Kirk on June 10, 1981, despite June's friends begging her to spurn him.
June said: "I was like his skivvy. He'd think nothing of forcing me to get out of bed, get dressed and buy him chips. Rab thought a wife was there to look after his every need. If he wanted sex, he'd take it and I'd get a few slaps or a black eye into the bargain."
She added: "By the time I was pregnant with Michelle, Rab was hitting me and once pushed me down a flight of stairs.
"Nobody realised for a few years after Michelle was born that she had learning difficulties. Because of her, I could never have just upped and left. She needed stability and constant attention.
"We had two older sons, Shaun, 24, and Ross, 20, and Shaun hated his father so much he went to live in England."
On the day Michelle and Ryan were murdered, their cousin Abbi, six, was at the cottage. June said: "As I was leaving, Abbi started to get tearful. At the last minute, Rab asked me to take her.
If I hadn't, Abbi might have been murdered too."
Neighbours told June they had seen Rab playing with his children in the garden.
June said: "Later on, I discovered Rab had told one of Michelle's carers that he was going to kill Michelle and then himself. But she hadn't done anything about it. I don't think she believed him."
The scene that met police and forensic teams that day on May 3 was so harrowing many had to receive counselling.
June said: "After what I found at the house, I could never go back and live there Everything I had in the world was destroyed that day. Now I have to try to rebuild my life as best I can."
Michelle and Ryan were cremated in Kirkcaldy on May 16 and June scattered their ashes on the nearby beach where they had played.
Incredibly she has thought about visiting her killer husband in prison.
She said: "I can never forgive him for what he did. I was the one who was leaving him, not the kids.
"But one day I'll pluck up the courage to go see him. I need to know, face to face, why he did what he did."
JUNE knew she had to leave Robert after he was accused of molesting one of Michelle's carers.
Twisted Thomson was quizzed by police about the alleged attack but it did not reach court.
It was the start of a chain of events which ended in tragedy.
June was finally forced to walk out on Thomson, knowing she had to get custody of the children she doted on.
But she gave him a huge benefit of the doubt by allowing him access - believing all his violence was reserved for her.
Thomson discovered she had won custody of the children just hours before the massacre.
June said: "The police investigation into the sexual assault was the last straw.
"It made me determined that I had to leave him.
"But although I could not live with him, I never stopped Rab seeing his children and I never would have.
"The day he killed them, I'd agreed to let Ryan and Michelle see their father as usual and took them to the cottage.
"I could see he was furious about the court ruling, because it meant he'd lost control.
"But I never dreamed he'd take his revenge by killing the children.
"I believed his violence was solely reserved for me or I never would've allowed the children to go and see him."
SUNDAY EMAIL
m.scott@sundaymail.co.uk
Covid in Scotland LIVE as Nicola Sturgeon reported to statistics authority
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Lanarkshire council staff step in to ease pressure on our hospitals
NHS LanarkshireA number of staff from the North and South authorities are helping to test and vaccinate
Stephen Glass warns Rangers to be careful what they complain about as Aberdeen boss insists SFA talks 'achieve nothing'
Allan McGregorThe Ibrox club are rumoured to have complained Scott Brown used simulation to get Ryan Kent sent off.
Woman's body found on Scots beach as emergency services race to scene
Police ScotlandMercy crews scrambled to Monifieth Beach in Dundee after the discovery was made at around 10am on Friday morning.
Man appears in court and denies being American fugitive traced to Scots hospital
CourtsThe man denied being Nicholas Rossi, 34, during a hearing before Sheriff Alistair Noble on Friday afternoon at Edinburgh Sheriff Court.


Thank you to our Exhibitors and Commercial Supporters!
Masimo is a global medical technology company that develops and manufactures innovative noninvasive patient monitoring technologies, including medical devices and a wide array of sensors. A key medical technology innovator, Masimo is responsible for the invention of award-winning noninvasive technologies that are revolutionizing patient monitoring, including Masimo SET® pulse oximetry, Masimo rainbow® noninvasive and continuous total hemoglobin (SpHb®), acoustic respiration rate (RRa®), Masimo Patient SafetyNet™, SedLine® (EEG-based) Brain Function Monitors, and Phasein™ respiratory monitors.
Chiesi USA, Inc., headquartered in Cary, NC, is a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on commercializing products for the hospital and adjacent specialty markets. Chiesi USA, Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A. For more information, please visit www.chiesiusa.com or call our customer service department at (888) 466-6505.
KARL STORZ offers technology solutions for state-of-the-art airway management. Among these are products that support critical applications in emergency settings, including unexpectedly difficult tracheal intubations. Our C-MAC® S Single-Use Blades are ideal for emergency and pre-clinical situations, with virtually no transport or reprocessing issues. And, our 5.5mm Flexible Intubation Video Endoscope (F.I.V.E.), represents the next step toward a "complete airway management solution." This portable intubation technology combines the video chip and LED light source at the distal tip of the scope. Used to maneuver around obstructions, the scope allows access to the vocal cords and connects directly to C-MAC® monitors.
Moeller Medical Devices USA, distributes LiquoGuard® 7, a revolutionary advancement in spinal cord protection. Precise controlled-flow drainage in lumbar procedures enhances patient safety by preventing life-threatening under-drainage/over-drainage of CSF, a common and difficult to control problem inherent with gravity CSF drainage systems.
The Neurocritical Care Society is a multidisciplinary, international organization whose mission is to improve outcomes for patients with life-threatening neurological illnesses. Stop by our booth to learn more about the benefits of NCS membership and explore our educational products including textbooks, online courses, webinars, and patient and family resources.
A bio-medical high-technology company, Ornim specializes in clinical research, development, and distribution of the highest quality medical devices in the field of tissue and cerebral blood flow and perfusion monitoring.
Ornim's beside monitor, the c-FLOW™, is based on the patented UTLight™ technology designed to provide physicians with unique monitoring solutions that are imperative to individualized and personalized patient care.
c-FLOW™ is the only non-invasive, continuous, real-time, bedside cerebral perfusion monitor.
SmartTots is a Public-Private Partnership between the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the International Anesthesia Research Society (IARS). The mission of this partnership is to coordinate and fund research with the goal of ensuring safe surgery for the millions of infants and young children who undergo anesthesia and/or sedation each year. The FDA and IARS work together with multiple stakeholders to leverage their collective resources in an effort to address this important issue.
At Teleflex, we promote the use of advanced anesthesia techniques to help improve outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. Through our collaboration with global clinical experts, we lead the way in the development of technology, clinical research and education to advance anesthesia practice in a meaningful way. Today, our LMA® and Rusch® brands include some of the most advanced airway management devices on the market. Our Arrow® branded pain management portfolio includes catheters and disposable pain pumps for regional anesthesia; all designed to improve the patients' post-operative pain experience.
At UCB, patients are at the heart of everything we do. Since UCB was established in the U.S. in 1994, the U.S. affiliate of UCB has continuously maintained invaluable programs for patients, healthcare professionals, caregivers and patient communities. Many of the programs we support are noted for their innovative and pioneering work in healthcare.
BRIVIACT® (brivaracetam) available in a tablet formulation for oral use, an oral solution, and IV injection for intravenous use.
BRIVIACT(Briveracetam) is indicated as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients 16 years of age and older with epilepsy.
VIMPAT® (lacosamide)is available as film coated tablet for oral use, oral solution, and injection, for intravenous use.
Wolters Kluwer Health is a leading global provider of information and point of care solutions for the healthcare industry. Our solutions are designed to help professionals build clinical competency and improve practice so they can make important decisions on patient care. We offer evidence-based medical, nursing and allied health content and clinical decision support tools; drug information and patient surveillance; structured documentation and coding; precision medical research tools; and continuing medical education solutions. Our leading product brands include Audio-Digest, Lippincott, Ovid®, UpToDate®, and others.
Codman Neuro, a division of DePuy Orthopaedics, Inc.


2015 2nd place winners of the most participants!
Join us Saturday, May 11th for family friendly fun and celebrate RunWalk for the Kids to benefit CHKD!
The fun begins at 6:30am. Participate in the 8K Run, 2 Mile Walk or 1 Mile FunRun; enjoy kids activities, new routes and a grand finale Finish Line at the WATERSIDE DISTRICT!.
8K participants receive one free beer!
Please join us and help make a difference in the lives of children! Download the 2019 shirt contest form here.
Stop by our donation table to have your photo taken or email your photo to info@kingsdaughters.org. Winners will be chosen by the highest "Likes" on our RunWalk Facebook Page by 1pm May 24th, 2019.
For more details and information call our office at 757.668.7098.
Join us at RunWalk for the Kids this year!
Early Bird Prices for 100 Adult Registrants!
MUST use discount code EarlyBird100.
Can't participate but want to show your support? Create a Fundraising Page and help CHKD's Behavioral Health Program!


U.S. Vice President Mike Pence planned a visit, called it off and finally arrived in Israel Sunday during a dramatic shut down of his government. Meeting with Netanyahu, Pence received a warm head-of-state welcome in Jerusalem and is scheduled to give a speech on U.S.-Israel relations in a special Knesset session.
Pence has called himself "a Christian, a conservative and a Republican in that order." Born in Columbus, Indiana, the former governor is famous for his social conservatism on hot-button issues like abortion and LGBT rights. A devout evangelical, born-again Christian, Pence's heavy influence on the formation of Trump's Israel policy has been widely reported.
Meeting with Netanyahu, Pence said he's hopeful "we are at the dawn of a new era" of renewed efforts to achieve Israeli-Palestinian peace. However, prospects aren't looking great. The Palestinian Authority is boycotting Pence's visit to the region, as are Christian leaders in Israel due to Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital. The night Pence landed, Palestinian demonstrators burned images of the U.S. vice president in Bethlehem in protest of his visit.
All this begs the questions: How does Israel and the Middle East fit in Pence's worldview? What are some things he has said in the past that could give us some idea? If you think you know it all about President Trump's right-hand man, think again.


text:
Skrętka podwójnie ekranowana, (ang. shielded−shielded twisted pair, S-STP) − rodzaj kabla typu skrętka wykorzystywanego do transmisji danych w sieciach takich jak Ethernet. S-STP różni się od skrętki ekranowanej (pojedynczo) STP dodatkowym ekranem wykonanym z siatki z drutów miedzianych miękkich lub z folii estrofolowej pokrytej aluminium. Podobnie jak w kablu STP, każda para kabli jest także pokryta indywidualnie folią.

Kabel umożliwia transmisję o widmie częstotliwości sygnałów do 250/300 MHz (uzależnione jest to od producenta). Skrętka podwójnie ekranowana wykorzystywana jest głównie do transmisji danych w sieci Ethernet 10GBase-T. Wg normy ISO/IEC 11801 wyróżnia się następujące typy skrętek podwójnie ekranowanych:

 F/FTP − każda para foliowana i całość również foliowana,
 S/FTP − każda para foliowana i całość otoczona siatką ekranującą,
 SF/FTP − każda para foliowana i całość również foliowana oraz otoczona siatką ekranującą.

Zobacz też

 okablowanie strukturalne
 UTP – skrętka nieekranowana
 STP – skrętka ekranowana
 ScTP – skrętka foliowana ekranowana
8P8C – opis połączenia kabla
 EIA/TIA-568-A
 EIA/TIA-568-B
 Ethernet
 Token ring

Sprzęt sieciowy